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<title>bioRxiv Channel: Vanderbilt University</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "Vanderbilt University"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extrapolating histone marks across developmental stages, tissues, and species: an enhancer prediction case study 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/010710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDynamic activation and inactivation of gene regulatory DNA produce the expression changes that drive the differentiation of cellular lineages. Identifying regulatory regions active during developmental transitions is necessary to understand how the genome specifies complex developmental programs and how these processes are disrupted in disease. Gene regulatory dynamics are mediated by many factors, including the binding of transcription factors (TFs) and the methylation and acetylation of DNA and histones. Genome-wide maps of TF binding and DNA and histone modifications have been generated for many cellular contexts; however, given the diversity and complexity of animal development, these data cover only a small fraction of the cellular and developmental contexts of interest. Thus, there is a need for methods that use existing epigenetic and functional genomics data to analyze the thousands of contexts that remain uncharacterized.nnResultsTo investigate the utility of histone modification data in the analysis of cellular contexts without such data, I evaluated how well genome-wide H3K27ac and H3K4me1 data collected in different developmental stages, tissues, and species were able to predict experimentally validated heart enhancers active at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) in mouse. Using a machine-learning approach to integrate the data from different contexts, I found that E11.5 heart enhancers can often be predicted accurately from data from other contexts, and I quantified the contribution of each data source to the predictions. The utility of each dataset correlated with nearness in developmental time and tissue to the target context: data from late developmental stages and adult heart tissues were most informative for predicting E11.5 enhancers, while marks from stem cells and early developmental stages were less informative. Predictions based on data collected in non-heart tissues and in human hearts were better than random, but worse than using data from mouse hearts.nnConclusionsThe ability of these algorithms to accurately predict developmental enhancers based on data from related, but distinct, cellular contexts suggests that combining computational models with epigenetic data sampled from relevant contexts may be sufficient to enable functional characterization of many cellular contexts of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John Anthony Capra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/010710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extrapolating histone marks across developmental stages, tissues, and species: an enhancer prediction case study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of Conditional Cooperativity Between HOXA11 and FOXO1 Through Allosteric Regulation 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/014381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) play multiple roles in different cells and stages of development. Given this multitude of functional roles it has been assumed that TFs are evolutionarily highly constrained. Here we investigate the molecular mechanisms for the origin of a derived functional interaction between two TFs that play a key role in mammalian pregnancy, HOXA11 and FOXO1. We have previously shown that the regulatory role of HOXA11 in mammalian endometrial stromal cells requires an interaction with FOXO1, and that the physical interaction between these proteins evolved long before their functional cooperativity. Through a combination of functional, biochemical, and structural approaches, we demonstrate that the derived functional cooperativity between HOXA11 and FOXO1 is due to derived allosteric regulation of HOXA11 by FOXO1. This study shows that TF function can evolve through changes affecting the functional output of a pre-existing protein complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mauris C. Nnamani</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soumya Ganguly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent J. Lynch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laura S. Mizoue</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingchun Tong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather Darling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Fuxreiter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jens Meiler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter P. Wagner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/014381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of Conditional Cooperativity Between HOXA11 and FOXO1 Through Allosteric Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNAseq in the mosquito maxillary palp: a little antennal RNA goes a long way 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/016998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A comparative transcriptomic study of mosquito olfactory tissues recently published in BMC Genomics (Hodges et al, 2014) reported several novel findings that have broad implications for the field of insect olfaction. In this brief commentary, we outline why the conclusions of Hodges et al. are problematic under the current models of insect olfaction and then contrast their findings with those of other RNAseq based studies of mosquito olfactory tissues. We also generated a new RNAseq data set from the maxillary palp of Anopheles gambiae in an effort to replicate the novel results of Hodges et al. but were unable to reproduce their results. Instead, our new RNAseq data support the more straightforward explanation that the novel findings of Hodges et al. were a consequence of contamination by antennal RNA. In summary, we find strong evidence to suggest that the conclusions of Hodges et al were spurious, and that at least some of their RNAseq data sets were irrevocably compromised by cross-contamination between samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David C. Rinker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaofan Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald Jason Pitts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick L. Jones</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonis Rokas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LJ Zwiebel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/016998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNAseq in the mosquito maxillary palp: a little antennal RNA goes a long way]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PrediXcan: Trait Mapping Using Human Transcriptome Regulation 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of variants robustly associated with complex traits. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are, in general, not well understood. We propose a gene-based association method called PrediXcan that directly tests the molecular mechanisms through which genetic variation affects phenotype. The approach estimates the component of gene expression determined by an individuals genetic profile and correlates the "imputed" gene expression with the phenotype under investigation to identify genes involved in the etiology of the phenotype. The genetically regulated gene expression is estimated using whole-genome tissue-dependent prediction models trained with reference transcriptome datasets. PrediXcan enjoys the benefits of gene-based approaches such as reduced multiple testing burden, more comprehensive annotation of gene function compared to that derived from single variants, and a principled approach to the design of follow-up experiments while also integrating knowledge of regulatory function. Since no actual expression data are used in the analysis of GWAS data - only in silico expression - reverse causality problems are largely avoided. PrediXcan harnesses reference transcriptome data for disease mapping studies. Our results demonstrate that PrediXcan can detect known and novel genes associated with disease traits and provide insights into the mechanism of these associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaanan Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahar V Mozaffari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keston Aquino-Michaels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert J Carroll</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne E Eyler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua C Denny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PrediXcan: Trait Mapping Using Human Transcriptome Regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Are Genetic Interactions Influencing Gene Expression Evidence for Biological Epistasis or Statistical Artifacts? 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/020479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The importance of epistasis - or statistical interactions between genetic variants - to the development of complex disease in humans has long been controversial. Genome-wide association studies of statistical interactions influencing human traits have recently become computationally feasible and have identified many putative interactions. However, several factors that are difficult to address confound the statistical models used to detect interactions and make it unclear whether statistical interactions are evidence for true molecular epistasis. In this study, we investigate whether there is evidence for epistasis regulating gene expression after accounting for technical, statistical, and biological confounding factors that affect interaction studies. We identified 1,119 (FDR=5%) interactions within cis-regulatory regions that regulate gene expression in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, a tightly controlled, largely genetically determined phenotype. Approximately half of these interactions replicated in an independent dataset (363 of 803 tested). We then performed an exhaustive analysis of both known and novel confounders, including ceiling/floor effects, missing genotype combinations, haplotype effects, single variants tagged through linkage disequilibrium, and population stratification. Every replicated interaction could be explained by at least one of these confounders, and replication in independent datasets did not protect against this issue. Assuming the confounding factors provide a more parsimonious explanation for each interaction, we find it unlikely that cis-regulatory interactions contribute strongly to human gene expression. As this calls into question the relevance of interactions for other human phenotypes, the analytic framework used here will be useful for protecting future studies of epistasis against confounding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexandra Fish</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John A. Capra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William S Bush</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/020479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Are Genetic Interactions Influencing Gene Expression Evidence for Biological Epistasis or Statistical Artifacts?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus induced visual cortical networks are recapitulated by spontaneous local and inter-areal synchronization 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/021055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsic covariation of brain activity has been studied across many levels of brain organization. Between visual areas, neuronal activity covaries primarily among portions with similar retinotopic selectivity. We hypothesized that spontaneous inter-areal co-activation is subserved by neuronal synchronization. We performed simultaneous high-density electrocorticographic recordings across several visual areas in awake monkeys to investigate spatial patterns of local and inter-areal synchronization. We show that stimulation-induced patterns of inter-areal co-activation were reactivated in the absence of stimulation. Reactivation occurred through both, inter-areal co-fluctuation of local activity and inter-areal phase synchronization. Furthermore, the trial-by-trial covariance of the induced responses recapitulated the pattern of inter-areal coupling observed during stimulation, i.e. the signal correlation. Reactivation-related synchronization showed distinct peaks in the theta, alpha and gamma frequency bands. During passive states, this rhythmic reactivation was augmented by specific patterns of arrhythmic correspondence. These results suggest that networks of intrinsic covariation observed at multiple levels and with several recording techniques are related to synchronization and that behavioral state may affect the structure of intrinsic dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christopher Lewis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrado Bosmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thilo Womelsdorf</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascal Fries</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/021055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus induced visual cortical networks are recapitulated by spontaneous local and inter-areal synchronization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Avoiding accuracy-limiting pitfalls in the study of protein-ligand interactions with isothermal titration calorimetry 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/023796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can yield precise (3%) estimates of the thermodynamic parameters describing biomolecular association (affinity, enthalpy, and entropy), making it an indispensable tool for biochemistry and drug discovery. Surprisingly, interlaboratory comparisons suggest that errors of {bsim} 20% are common and widely underreported. Here, we show how to reduce precision- and accuracy-limiting errors while obtaining good estimates and minimizing material and time consumed by an experiment. We provide a simple spreadsheet that allows practitioners to identify precision-limiting operations during protocol design, track precision during the experiment, and propagate error to yield realistic final uncertainties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarah E. Boyce</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel Tellinghuisen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John D. Chodera</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/023796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Avoiding accuracy-limiting pitfalls in the study of protein-ligand interactions with isothermal titration calorimetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Suboptimal larval habitats modulate oviposition of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selection of oviposition sites by gravid females is a critical behavioural preference in the reproductive cycle of Anopheles gambiae, the principal Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito. Several studies suggest this decision is mediated by semiochemicals associated with potential oviposition sites. To better understand the chemosensory basis of this behaviour and identify compounds that can modulate oviposition, we examined the generally held hypothesis that suboptimal larval habitats give rise to semiochemicals that negatively influence the oviposition preference of gravid females. Dual-choice bioassays indicated that oviposition sites conditioned in this manner do indeed foster significant and concentration dependent aversive effects on the oviposition site selection of gravid females. Headspace analyses derived from aversive habitats consistently noted the presence of dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone) each of which unitarily affected An. gambiae oviposition preference. Electrophysiological assays across the antennae, maxillary palp, and labellum of gravid An. gambiae revealed differential responses to these semiochemicals. Taken together, these findings validate the hypothesis in question and suggest that suboptimal environments for An. gambiae larval development results in the release of DMDS, DMTS and sulcatone that impact the response valence of gravid females to directly modulate the chemical ecology of oviposition site selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eunho Suh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong-Hwan Choe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed M Saveer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurence J Zwiebel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Suboptimal larval habitats modulate oviposition of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
in silico Whole Genome Sequencer &amp;amp; Analyzer (iWGS): a computational pipeline to guide the design and analysis of de novo genome sequencing studies 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/028134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of genomes across the tree of life is highly biased toward vertebrates, pathogens, human disease models, and organisms with relatively small and simple genomes. Recent progress in genomics has enabled the de novo decoding of the genome of virtually any organism, greatly expanding its potential for understanding the biology and evolution of the full spectrum of biodiversity. The increasing diversity of sequencing technologies, assays, and de novo assembly algorithms have augmented the complexity of de novo genome sequencing projects in non-model organisms. To reduce the costs and challenges in de novo genome sequencing projects and streamline their experimental design and analysis, we developed iWGS (in silico Whole Genome Sequencer and Analyzer), an automated pipeline for guiding the choice of appropriate sequencing strategy and assembly protocols. iWGS seamlessly integrates the four key steps of a de novo genome sequencing project: data generation (through simulation), data quality control, de novo assembly, and assembly evaluation and validation. The last three steps can also be applied to the analysis of real data. iWGS is designed to enable the user to have great flexibility in testing the range of experimental designs available for genome sequencing projects, and supports all major sequencing technologies and popular assembly tools. Three case studies illustrate how iWGS can guide the design of de novo genome sequencing projects and evaluate the performance of a wide variety of user-specified sequencing strategies and assembly protocols on genomes of differing architectures. iWGS, along with a detailed documentation, is freely available at https://github.com/zhouxiaofan1983/iWGS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiaofan Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Peris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacek Kominek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cletus P Kurtzman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Todd Hittinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonis Rokas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/028134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[in silico Whole Genome Sequencer &amp;amp; Analyzer (iWGS): a computational pipeline to guide the design and analysis of de novo genome sequencing studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meiotic interactors of a mitotic gene TAO3 revealed by functional analysis of its rare variant 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/033167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studying the molecular consequences of rare genetic variants has the potential of identifying novel and hereto uncharacterized pathways causally contributing to phenotypic variation. Here we characterize the functional consequences of a rare coding variant of TAO3, previously reported to significantly contribute to sporulation efficiency variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. During mitosis TAO3 interacts with CBK1, a conserved NDR kinase and a component of RAM network. The RAM network genes are involved in regulation cell separation and polarization. We demonstrate that the role of the rare allele TAO3(4477C) in meiosis is distinct from its role in mitosis by being independent of ACE2, which is a RAM network target gene. By quantitatively measuring cell morphological dynamics and conditionally expressing TAO3(4477C) allele during sporulation, we show that TAO3 has an early role in meiosis. This early role of TAO3 coincides with entry of cells into meiotic division. Time-resolved transcriptome analyses during early sporulation phase identified regulators of carbon and lipid metabolic pathways as candidate mediators. We experimentally show that during sporulation the TAO3 allele genetically interacts with ERT1 and PIP2, the regulators of tricarboxylic acid cycle and gluconeogenic enzymes, respectively. We thus uncover meiotic functions of TAO3, a mitotic gene and propose ERT1 and PIP2 as novel regulators of sporulation efficiency. Our results demonstrate that study of causal effects of genetic variation on the underlying molecular network has the potential to provide more extensive comprehension of the pathways driving a complex trait. This can help identify prospective personalized targets for intervention in complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saumya Gupta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aparna Radhakrishnan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rachana Nitin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandu Raharja-Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen Lin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lars M Steinmetz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julien Gagneur</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himanshu Sinha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/033167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meiotic interactors of a mitotic gene TAO3 revealed by functional analysis of its rare variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Getting the hologenome concept right: An eco-evolutionary framework for hosts and their microbiomes 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/038596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the complexity of host-microbiota symbioses, scientists and philosophers are asking questions at new biological levels of hierarchical organization - What is a holobiont and hologenome? When should this vocabulary be applied? Are these concepts a null hypothesis for host-microbe systems or limited to a certain spectrum of symbiotic interactions such as host-microbial coevolution? Critical discourse is necessary in this nascent area, but productive discourse requires that skeptics and proponents use the same lexicon. For instance, critiquing the hologenome concept is not synonymous with critiquing coevolution, and arguing that an entity is not a primary unit of selection dismisses that the hologenome concept has always embraced multi-level selection. Holobionts and hologenomes are incontrovertible, multipartite entities that result from ecological, evolutionary and genetic processes at varying levels. They are not restricted to one special process but constitute a wider vocabulary and framework for host biology in light of the microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kevin R Theis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolwenn M. Dheilly</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathan L. Klassen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert M. Brucker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John F. Baines</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas C.G. Bosch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John F. Cryan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott F. Gilbert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles J. Goodnight</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth A. Lloyd</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan Sapp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe Vandenkoornhuyse</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilana Zilber-Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eugene Rosenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth R. Bordenstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/038596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Getting the hologenome concept right: An eco-evolutionary framework for hosts and their microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Survey of the Heritability and Sparsity of Gene Expression Traits Across Human Tissues 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetic architecture of gene expression traits is key to elucidating the underlying mechanisms of complex traits. Here, for the first time, we perform a systematic survey of the heritability and the distribution of effect sizes across all representative tissues in the human body. We find that local h2 can be relatively well characterized with 59% of expressed genes showing significant h2 (FDR < 0.1) in the DGN whole blood cohort. However, current sample sizes (n [&le;] 922) do not allow us to compute distal h2. Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Model (BSLMM) analysis provides strong evidence that the genetic contribution to local expression traits is dominated by a handful of genetic variants rather than by the collective contribution of a large number of variants each of modest size. In other words, the local architecture of gene expression traits is sparse rather than polygenic across all 40 tissues (from DGN and GTEx) examined. This result is confirmed by the sparsity of optimal performing gene expression predictors via elastic net modeling. To further explore the tissue context specificity, we decompose the expression traits into cross-tissue and tissue-specific components using a novel Orthogonal Tissue Decomposition (OTD) approach. Through a series of simulations we show that the cross-tissue and tissue-specific components are identifiable via OTD. Heritability and sparsity estimates of these derived expression phenotypes show similar characteristics to the original traits. Consistent properties relative to prior GTEx multi-tissue analysis results suggest that these traits reflect the expected biology. Finally, we apply this knowledge to develop prediction models of gene expression traits for all tissues. The prediction models, heritability, and prediction performance R2 for original and decomposed expression phenotypes are made publicly available (https://github.com/hakyimlab/PrediXcan).nnAuthor SummaryGene regulation is known to contribute to the underlying mechanisms of complex traits. The GTEx project has generated RNA-Seq data on hundreds of individuals across more than 40 tissues providing a comprehensive atlas of gene expression traits. Here, we systematically examined the local versus distant heritability as well as the sparsity versus polygenicity of protein coding gene expression traits in tissues across the entire human body. To determine tissue context specificity, we decomposed the expression levels into cross-tissue and tissue-specific components. Regardless of tissue type, we found that local heritability, but not distal heritability, can be well characterized with current sample sizes. We found that the distribution of effect sizes is more consistent with a sparse local architecture in all tissues. We also show that the cross-tissue and tissue-specific expression phenotypes constructed with our orthogonal tissue decomposition model recapitulate complex Bayesian multi-tissue analysis results. This knowledge was applied to develop prediction models of gene expression traits for all tissues, which we make publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaanan P Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonathon Brenner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzintzuni Garcia</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keston Aquino-Michaels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Survey of the Heritability and Sparsity of Gene Expression Traits Across Human Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic predictors of gene expression associated with risk of bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/043752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) affects the quality of life of approximately 1% of the population and represents a major public health concern. It is known to be highly heritable but large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered only a handful of markers associated with the disease. Furthermore, the biological mechanisms underlying these markers need to be elucidated. We recently published a gene-level association test, PrediXcan that integrates transcriptome regulation data to characterize the function of these markers in a tissue specific manner. In this study, we developed prediction models for mRNA levels in 10 brain regions using data from the GTEx project and performed PrediXcan analysis in WTCCC as well as in an independent cohort, GAIN. We replicate the association between predicted expression of PTPRE and BD risk in whole blood and recapitulate the association in brain tissues. PTPRE encodes the protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type E, that is known to be involved in RAS signaling and activation of voltage-gated K+ channels. We also found a new genome-wide significant association between lower predicted expression of BBX (bobby sox homolog) in the anterior cingulate cortex region of the brain and increased risk of BD (pWTCCC = 7.02 x 10-6, pGAIN = 4.68 x 10-3, pmeta = 1.11 x 10-7). In sum, we used our mechanistically informed approach, PrediXcan, to identify and replicate two novel genome-wide significant genes using existing GWAS studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaanan Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan L Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/043752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic predictors of gene expression associated with risk of bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Speciation by Symbiosis: The Microbiome and Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species are fundamental units of comparison in biology. The newly discovered importance and ubiquity of host-associated microorganisms is now stimulating work on the roles that microbes can play in animal speciation. We previously synthesized the literature and advanced concepts of speciation by symbiosis with notable attention to hybrid sterility and lethality. Here, we review recent studies and relevant data on microbes as players in host behavior and behavioral isolation, emphasizing the patterns seen in these analyses and highlighting areas worthy of additional exploration. We conclude that the role of microbial symbionts in behavior and speciation is gaining exciting traction, and the holobiont and hologenome concepts afford an evolving intellectual framework to promote research and intellectual exchange between disciplines such as behavior, microbiology, genetics, symbiosis and speciation. Given the increasing centrality of microbiology in macroscopic life, microbial symbiosis is arguably the most neglected aspect of animal and plant speciation, and studying it should yield a better understanding of the origin of species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>J. Dylan Shropshire</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth R. Bordenstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Speciation by Symbiosis: The Microbiome and Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating tissue specific mechanisms into GWAS summary results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/045260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Scalable, integrative methods to understand mechanisms that link genetic variants with phenotypes are needed. Here we derive a mathematical expression to compute PrediXcan (a gene mapping approach) results using summary data (S-PrediXcan) and show its accuracy and general robustness to misspecified reference sets. We apply this framework to 44 GTEx tissues and 100+ phenotypes from GWAS and meta-analysis studies, creating a growing public catalog of associations that seeks to capture the effects of gene expression variation on human phenotypes. Replication in an independent cohort is shown. Most of the associations were tissue specific, suggesting context specificity of the trait etiology. Colocalized significant associations in unexpected tissues underscore the need for an agnostic scanning of multiple contexts to improve our ability to detect causal regulatory mechanisms. Monogenic disease genes are enriched among significant associations for related traits, suggesting that smaller alterations of these genes may cause a spectrum of milder phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvaro Barbeira</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott P Dickinson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M Torres</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric S Torstenson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiamao Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather E Wheeler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaanan P Shah</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd Edwards</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan Nicolae</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hae Kyung Im</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/045260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating tissue specific mechanisms into GWAS summary results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mutational landscape of EGFR-, MYC-, and Kras- driven genetically-engineered mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer are increasingly being utilized to assess putative driver mutations identified by large scale sequencing of human cancer genomes. In order to accurately interpret experiments that introduce additional mutations, an understanding of the somatic genetic profile and evolution of GEMM tumors is necessary. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing of tumors from three GEMMs of lung adenocarcinoma driven by mutant EGFR, mutant Kras or by overexpression of MYC. Tumors from EGFR- and Kras- driven models exhibited respectively 0.02 and 0.07 non-synonymous mutations/megabase, a dramatically lower average mutational frequency than observed in human lung adenocarcinomas. Tumors from models driven by strong cancer drivers (mutant EGFR and Kras) harbored few mutations in known cancer genes, whereas tumors driven by MYC, a weaker initiating oncogene in the murine lung, acquired recurrent clonal oncogenic Kras mutations. In addition, although EGFR- and Kras- driven models both exhibited recurrent whole chromosome DNA copy number alterations, the specific chromosomes altered by gain or loss were different in each model. These data demonstrate that GEMM tumors exhibit relatively simple somatic genotypes compared to human cancers of a similar type, making these autochthonous model systems useful for additive engineering approaches to assess the potential of novel mutations on tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and drug sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David McFadden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katerina Politi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjun Bhutkar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frances K Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoling Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mono Pirun</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip M Santiago</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caroline Kim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James T Platt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Lee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily Hodges</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam P Rosebrock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roderick Bronson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas D Socci</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory Hannon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler Jacks</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harold Varmus</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mutational landscape of EGFR-, MYC-, and Kras- driven genetically-engineered mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unconscious integration of multisensory bodily inputs in the peripersonal space shapes bodily self-consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/048108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have highlighted the role of multisensory integration as a key mechanism of self-consciousness. In particular, integration of bodily signals within the peripersonal space (PPS) underlies the experience of the self in a body we own (self-identification) and that is experienced as occupying a specific location in space (self-location), two main components of bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Experiments investigating the effects of multisensory integration on BSC have typically employed supra-threshold sensory stimuli, neglecting the role of unconscious sensory signals in BSC, as tested in other consciousness research. Here, we used psychophysical techniques to test whether multisensory integration of bodily stimuli underlying BSC may also occur for multisensory inputs presented below the threshold of conscious perception. Our results indicate that visual stimuli rendered invisible (through continuous flash suppression) boost processing of tactile stimuli on the body (Exp. 1), and enhance the perception of near-threshold tactile stimuli (Exp. 2), only once they entered peripersonal space. We then employed unconscious multisensory mechanisms to manipulate BSC. Participants were presented with tactile stimulation on their body and with visual stimuli on a virtual body, seen at a distance, which were either visible or rendered invisible. We report that if visuo-tactile stimulation was synchronized, participants self-identified with the virtual body (Exp. 3), and shifted their self-location toward the virtual body (Exp.4), even if visual stimuli were fully invisible. Our results indicate that multisensory inputs, even outside of awareness, are integrated and affect the phenomenological content of self-consciousness, grounding BSC firmly in the field of psychophysical consciousness studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy Salomon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean Paul Noel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marta Lukowska</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan Faivre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas Metzinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrea Serino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olaf Blanke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/048108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unconscious integration of multisensory bodily inputs in the peripersonal space shapes bodily self-consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic Association Module in Phage WO Genomes from Wolbachia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/049049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses are trifurcated into eukaryotic, archaeal and bacterial categories. This domain-specific ecology underscores why eukaryotic genes are typically co-opted by eukaryotic viruses and bacterial genes are commonly found in bacteriophages. However, the presence of bacteriophages in symbiotic bacteria that obligately reside in eukaryotes may promote eukayotic DNA transfers to bacteriophages. By sequencing full genomes from purified bacteriophage WO particles of Wolbachia, we discover a novel eukaryotic association module with various animal proteins domains, such as the black widow latrotoxin-CTD, that are uninterrupted in intact bacteriophage genomes, enriched with eukaryotic protease cleavage sites, and combined with additional domains to forge some of the largest bacteriophage genes (up to 14,256 bp). These various protein domain families are central to eukaryotic functions and have never before been reported in packaged bacteriophages, and their phylogeny, distribution and sequence diversity implies lateral transfer from animal to bacteriophage genomes. We suggest that the evolution of these eukaryotic protein domains in bacteriophage WO parallels the evolution of eukaryotic genes in canonical eukaryotic viruses, namely those commandeered for viral life cycle adaptations. Analogous selective pressures and evolutionary outcomes may occur in bacteriophage WO as a result of its "two-fold cell challenge" to persist in and traverse cells of obligate intracellular bacteria that strictly reside in animal cells. Finally, the full WO genome sequences and identification of attachment sites will advance eventual genetic manipulation of Wolbachia for disease control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarah R Bordenstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth R Bordenstein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/049049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic Association Module in Phage WO Genomes from Wolbachia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homeostatic responses regulate selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/050930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selfish genetic elements have profound biological and evolutionary consequences. Mutant mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) can be viewed as selfish genetic elements that persist in a state of heteroplasmy despite having potentially deleterious consequences to the organism. We sought to investigate mechanisms that allow selfish mtDNA to achieve and sustain high levels. Here, we establish a large 3.1kb deletion bearing mtDNA variant uaDf5 as a bona fide selfish genome in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Next, using droplet digital PCR to quantify mtDNA copy number, we show that uaDf5 mutant mtDNA replicates in addition to, not at the expense of, wildtype mtDNA. These data suggest existence of homeostatic copy number control for wildtype mtDNA that is exploited by uaDf5 to  hitchhike to high frequency. We also observe activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in animals with uaDf5. Loss of UPRmt results in a decrease in uaDf5 frequency whereas constitutive activation of UPRmt increases uaDf5 levels. These data suggest that UPRmt allows uaDf5 levels to increase. Interestingly, the decreased uaDf5 levels in absence of UPRmt recover in parkin mutants lacking mitophagy, suggesting that UPRmt protects uaDf5 from mitophagy. We propose that cells activate two homeostatic responses, mtDNA copy number control and UPRmt, in uaDf5 heteroplasmic animals. Inadvertently, these homeostatic responses allow uaDf5 levels to be higher than they would be otherwise. In conclusion, our data suggest that homeostatic stress response mechanisms play an important role in regulating selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bryan L Gitschlag</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cait S Kirby</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David C Samuels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rama D Gangula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon A Mallal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maulik R Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/050930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homeostatic responses regulate selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterized by deficits in face recognition without gross brain abnormalities. However, the neural basis of DP is not well understood. We measured population receptive fields (pRFs) in ventral visual cortex of DPs and typical adults to assess the contribution of spatial integration to face processing. While DPs showed typical retinotopic organization of ventral visual cortex and normal pRF sizes in early visual areas, we found significantly reduced pRF sizes in face-selective regions and in intermediate areas hV4 and VO1. Across both typicals and DPs, face recognition ability correlated positively with pRF size in both face-selective regions and VO1, whereby participants with larger pRFs perform better. However, face recognition ability is correlated with both pRF size and ROI volume only in face-selective regions. These findings suggest that smaller pRF sizes in DP may reflect a deficit in spatial integration affecting holistic processing required for face recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathaniel Witthoft</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonia Poltoratski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mai Nguyen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golijeh Golarai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alina Liberman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karen F LaRocque</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mary E Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalanit Grill-Spector</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced spatial integration in the ventral visual cortex underlies face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel homology-based algorithm for the identification of physically linked clusters of paralogous genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/051953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly diverse phenotypic traits are often encoded by clusters of gene paralogs that are physically linked on chromosomes. Examples include olfactory receptor gene clusters involved in the recognition of diverse odors, defensin and phospholipase gene clusters involved in snake venoms, and Hox gene clusters involved in morphological diversity. Historically, gene clusters have been identified subjectively as genomic neighborhoods containing several paralogs, however, their genomic arrangements are often highly variable with respect to gene number, intergenic distance, and synteny. For example, the prolactin gene cluster shows variation in paralogous gene number, order and intergenic distance across mammals, whereas animal Hox gene clusters are often broken into sub-clusters of different sizes. A lack of formal definition for clusters of gene paralogs does not only hamper the study of their evolutionary dynamics, but also the discovery of novel ones in the exponentially growing body of genomic data. To address this gap, we developed a novel homology-based algorithm, CGPFinder, which formalizes and automates the identification of clusters of gene paralogs (CGPs) by examining the physical distribution of individual gene members of families of paralogous genes across chromosomes. Application of CGPFinder to diverse mammalian genomes accurately identified CGPs for many well-known gene clusters in the human and mouse genomes (e.g., Hox, protocadherin, Siglec, and beta-globin gene clusters) as well as for 20 other mammalian genomes. Differences were due to the exclusion of non-homologous genes that have historically been considered parts of specific gene clusters, the inclusion or absence of one or more genes between the CGPs and their corresponding gene clusters, and the splitting of certain gene clusters into distinct CGPs. Finally, examination of human genes showing tissue-specific enhancement of their expression by CGPFinder identified members of several well-known gene clusters (e.g., cytochrome P450, aquaporins, and olfactory receptors) and revealed that they were unequally distributed across tissues. By formalizing and automating the identification of CGPs and of genes that are members of CGPs, CGPFinder will facilitate furthering our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of genomic neighborhoods containing CGPs, their functional implications, and how they are associated with phenotypic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juan F Ortiz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonis Rokas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/051953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel homology-based algorithm for the identification of physically linked clusters of paralogous genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The PAS domain-containing protein HeuR regulates heme uptake in Campylobacter jejuni 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial-derived gastroenteritis. A previous mutant screen demonstrated that the heme uptake system (Chu) is required for full colonization of the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Subsequent work found identified a PAS domain-containing regulator, termed HeuR, as required for chicken colonization. Here we confirmthat both the heme uptake system and HeuR are required for full chicken gastrointestinal tract colonization, with the heuR mutant being particularlyaffected during competition with wild-type C. jejuni. Transcriptomic analysis identified the chu genes-and those encoding other iron uptake systems-as likely regulatory targets of HeuR. Purified HeuR specifically bound the chuZA promoter region in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Consistentwith a role forHeuR in chu expression, heuR mutants wereunable to efficiently use heme asa source of iron in iron-limitingconditions and, mutants exhibited decreased levels of cell-associated ironby massspectrometry.Finally, we demonstrate that a heuR mutant of C. jejuni isresistant to hydrogen peroxide, and that this resistance correlates to elevated levels ofcatalase activity.nnAuthor SummaryCampylobacter jejuni causes millions of gastrointestinal infection every year. This is primarily due to the its ability to reside in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. C.jejuni contaminates chicken meat during harvesting and processing. Following consumption of undercooked chicken or uncooked food that was contaminated with raw chicken juice, humans develop a debilitating illness that is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal cramps. As chickens are the source of most human infections, there is a need to understand how C. jejuni colonizes chickens so we can develop ways to reduce its presence in chickens and thereby improve food safety. Most organisms require iron to thrive and that some bacteria steal iron from host molecules, including hemoglobin. Here we demonstrate that C. jejuni may need to get iron from hemoglobin in order to colonize the chicken and that aregulatory protein, HeuR, controls the ability ofthe bacteria to do this. If we can understand how this protein works, we may be able to develop ways to inhibit its function and reduce the ability of C. jejuni to get iron during chicken colonization. This would limit theamount of C. jejuni in the chicken and make food safer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeremiah Johnson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Gaddy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victor DiRita</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The PAS domain-containing protein HeuR regulates heme uptake in Campylobacter jejuni]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initiation of Retina Regeneration By a Conserved Mechanism of Adult Neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/057893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retina damage or disease in humans often leads to reactive gliosis, preventing the formation of new cells and resulting in visual impairment or blindness. Current efforts to repair damaged retinas are inefficient and not capable of fully restoring vision. Conversely, the zebrafish retina is capable of spontaneous regeneration upon damage, using Muller glia (MG) derived progenitors. Understanding how zebrafish MG initiate regeneration may help develop new treatments that prompt mammalian retinas to regenerate. Here we show that inhibition of GABA signaling facilitates initiation of MG proliferation. GABA levels decrease following damage, and MG are positioned to detect the decrease. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches we demonstrate that GABAA receptor inhibition stimulates regeneration in undamaged retinas while activation inhibits regeneration in damaged retinas. GABA induced proliferation causes upregulation of regeneration associated genes. This is the first evidence that neurotransmitters control retina regeneration in zebrafish through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of neurogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahesh B Rao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominic Didiano</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James G Patton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/057893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initiation of Retina Regeneration By a Conserved Mechanism of Adult Neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lingering representations of stimulus history at encoding influence recall organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/068353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several prominent theories posit that information about recent experiences lingers in the brain and organizes memories for current experiences, by forming a temporal context that is linked to those memories at encoding. According to these theories, if the thoughts preceding an experience X resemble the thoughts preceding an experience Y, then X and Y should show an elevated probability of being recalled together. We tested this prediction by using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of fMRI data to measure neural evidence for lingering processing of preceding stimuli. As predicted, memories encoded with similar lingering thoughts (about the category of preceding stimuli) were more likely to be recalled together, thereby showing that the "fading embers" of previous stimuli help to organize recall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephanie C.Y. Chan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marissa C. Applegate</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal W Morton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sean M. Polyn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenneth A. Norman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/068353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lingering representations of stimulus history at encoding influence recall organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the backbone of the Saccharomycotina yeast phylogeny using genome-scale data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/070235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among the yeasts of the subphylum Saccharomycotina is a prerequisite for understanding the evolution of their metabolisms and ecological lifestyles. In the last two decades, the use of rDNA and multi-locus data sets has greatly advanced our understanding of the yeast phylogeny, but many deep relationships remain unsupported. In contrast, phylogenomic analyses have involved relatively few taxa and lineages that were often selected with limited considerations for covering the breadth of yeast biodiversity. Here we used genome sequence data from 86 publicly available yeast genomes representing 9 of the 11 major lineages and 10 non-yeast fungal outgroups to generate a 1,233-gene, 96-taxon data matrix. Species phylogenies reconstructed using two different methods (concatenation and coalescence) and two data matrices (amino acids or the first two codon positions) yielded identical and highly supported relationships between the 9 major lineages. Aside from the lineage comprised by the family Pichiaceae, all other lineages were monophyletic. Most interrelationships among yeast species were robust across the two methods and data matrices. However, 8 of the 93 internodes conflicted between analyses or data sets, including the placements of: the clade defined by species that have reassigned the CUG codon to encode serine, instead of leucine; the clade defined by a whole genome duplication; and of Ascoidea rubescens. These phylogenomic analyses provide a robust roadmap for future comparative work across the yeast subphylum in the disciplines of taxonomy, molecular genetics, evolutionary biology, ecology, and biotechnology. To further this end, we have also provided a BLAST server to query the 86 Saccharomycotina genomes, which can be found at http://y1000plus.org/blast.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xing-Xing Shen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaofan Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacek Kominek</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cletus P Kurtzman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chris Todd Hittinger</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonis Rokas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/070235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the backbone of the Saccharomycotina yeast phylogeny using genome-scale data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Machine Learning-based Framework to Identify Type 2 Diabetes through Electronic Health Records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/078634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo discover diverse genotype-phenotype associations affiliated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) via genome-wide association study (GWAS) and phenome-wide association study (PheWAS), more cases (T2DM subjects) and controls (subjects without T2DM) are required to be identified (e.g., via Electronic Health Records (EHR)). However, existing expert based identification algorithms often suffer in a low recall rate and could miss a large number of valuable samples under conservative filtering standards. The goal of this work is to develop a semi-automated framework based on machine learning as a pilot study to liberalize filtering criteria to improve recall rate with a keeping of low false positive rate.nnMaterials and MethodsWe propose a data informed framework for identifying subjects with and without T2DM from EHR via feature engineering and machine learning. We evaluate and contrast the identification performance of widely-used machine learning models within our framework, including k-Nearest-Neighbors, Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression. Our framework was conducted on 300 patient samples (161 cases, 60 controls and 79 unconfirmed subjects), randomly selected from 23,281 diabetes related cohort retrieved from a regional distributed EHR repository ranging from 2012 to 2014.nnResultsWe apply top-performing machine learning algorithms on the engineered features. We benchmark and contrast the accuracy, precision, AUC, sensitivity and specificity of classification models against the state-of-the-art expert algorithm for identification of T2DM subjects. Our results indicate that the framework achieved high identification performances (~0.98 in average AUC), which are much higher than the state-of-the-art algorithm (0.71 in AUC).nnDiscussionExpert algorithm-based identification of T2DM subjects from EHR is often hampered by the high missing rates due to their conservative selection criteria. Our framework leverages machine learning and feature engineering to loosen such selection criteria to achieve a high identification rate of cases and controls.nnConclusionsOur proposed framework demonstrates a more accurate and efficient approach for identifying subjects with and without T2DM from EHR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liling Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaoying He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ya Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingrong You</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong Yang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/078634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Machine Learning-based Framework to Identify Type 2 Diabetes through Electronic Health Records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Early Visual Cortex impacts short-term memory precision and guess rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/079178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that activity patterns in early visual areas predict stimulus properties actively maintained in visual short-term memory. Yet, the mechanisms by which such information is represented remain largely unknown. In this study, observers remembered the orientations of 4 briefly presented gratings, one in each quadrant of the visual field. A 10Hz Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) triplet was applied directly at stimulus offset, or midway through a 2-second delay, targeting early visual cortex corresponding retinotopically to a sample item in the lower hemifield. Memory for one of the four gratings was probed at random, and participants reported this orientation via method of adjustment. Replication errors were smaller when the visual field location targeted by TMS overlapped with that of the cued memory item, compared to errors for stimuli probed diagonally to TMS. This implied topographic storage of orientation information, and a memory-enhancing effect at the targeted location. Furthermore, early pulses impaired performance at all four locations, compared to late pulses. Next, response errors were fit empirically using a mixture model analysis to characterize memory precision and guess rates. Memory was more precise for items proximal to the pulse location, irrespective of pulse timing. Guesses were more probable with early TMS pulses, regardless of stimulus location. Thus, whereas TMS administered at the offset of the stimulus array might disrupt early-phase consolidation in a topographically unspecific manner, TMS also boosts the precise representation of an item at its targeted retinotopic location, perhaps by increasing attentional resources or by injecting a beneficial amount of noise.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosanne Rademaker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent G van de Ven</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Tong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander T Sack</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/079178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over Early Visual Cortex impacts short-term memory precision and guess rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global co-expression network approach for connecting genes to specialized metabolic pathways in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plants produce a tremendous diversity of specialized metabolites (SMs) to interact with and manage their environment. A major challenge hindering efforts to tap this seemingly boundless source of pharmacopeia is the identification of SM pathways and their constituent genes. Given the well-established observation that the genes comprising a SM pathway are co-regulated in response to specific environmental conditions, we hypothesized that genes from a given SM pathway would form tight associations (modules) with each other in gene co-expression networks, facilitating their identification. To evaluate this hypothesis, we used 10 global co-expression datasets--each a meta-analysis of hundreds to thousands of expression experiments--across eight plant model organisms to identify hundreds of modules of co-expressed genes for each species. In support of our hypothesis, 15.3-52.6% of modules contained two or more known SM biosynthetic genes (e.g., cytochrome P450s, terpene synthases, and chalcone synthases), and module genes were enriched in SM functions (e.g., glucoside and flavonoid biosynthesis). Moreover, modules recovered many experimentally validated SM pathways in these plants, including all six known to form biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). In contrast, genes predicted based on physical proximity on a chromosome to form plant BGCs were no more co-expressed than the null distribution for neighboring genes. These results not only suggest that most predicted plant BGCs do not represent genuine SM pathways but also argue that BGCs are unlikely to be a hallmark of plant specialized metabolism. We submit that global gene co-expression is a rich, but largely untapped, data source for discovering the genetic basis and architecture of plant natural products, which can be applied even without knowledge of the genome sequence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowsky, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jander, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliebenstein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global co-expression network approach for connecting genes to specialized metabolic pathways in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initiation of DNA replication requires actin dynamics and formin activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/102806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear actin influences transcription in a manner dependent on its dynamics of polymerisation and nucleocytoplasmic translocation. Using human somatic cells and transcriptionally-silent Xenopus egg extracts, we show that actin dynamics is also required for DNA replication. We identify many actin regulators in replicating nuclei from Xenopus egg extracts, and show that in human cells, nuclear actin filaments form in early G1 and disassemble prior to S-phase. In either system, treatments that stabilise nuclear actin filaments abrogate nuclear transport and initiation of DNA replication. Mechanistically, actin directly binds RanGTP-importin complexes and disruption of its dynamics hinders cargo release. This prevents both nuclear pore complex (NPC) formation and active nuclear transport, which we show is required throughout DNA replication. Nuclear formin activity is required for two further steps: loading of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto chromatin and initiation of DNA replication. Thus, actin dynamics and formins are involved in several nuclear processes essential for cell proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasinska, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossignol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camasses, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/102806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initiation of DNA replication requires actin dynamics and formin activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/105429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between genetic variation and cellular environment in skeletal muscle gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/105429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From whole organisms to individual cells, responses to environmental conditions are influenced by genetic makeup, where the effect of genetic variation on a trait depends on the environmental context. RNA-sequencing quantifies gene expression as a molecular trait, and is capable of capturing both genetic and environmental effects. In this study, we explore opportunities of using allele-specific expression (ASE) to discover cis acting genotype-environment interactions (GxE) - genetic effects on gene expression that depend on an environmental condition. Treating 17 common, clinical traits as approximations of the cellular environment of 267 skeletal muscle biopsies, we identify 10 candidate interaction quantitative trait loci (iQTLs) across 6 traits (12 unique gene-environment trait pairs; 10% FDR per trait) including sex, systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although using ASE is in principle a promising approach to detect GxE effects, replication of such signals can be challenging as validation requires harmonization of environmental traits across cohorts and a sufficient sampling of heterozygotes for a transcribed SNP. Comprehensive discovery and replication will require large human transcriptome datasets, or the integration of multiple transcribed SNPs, coupled with standardized clinical phenotyping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casale, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolford, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanus, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narisu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chines, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdos, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinnunen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saramies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundvall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakka, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laakso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuomilehto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koistinen, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegle, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birney, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/105429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between genetic variation and cellular environment in skeletal muscle gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/105502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive Copy Number Variation in Fermentation-Related Genes among Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/105502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to the importance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wine-making, the genomic variation of wine yeast strains has been extensively studied. One of the major insights stemming from these studies is that wine yeast strains harbor low levels of genetic diversity in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genomic structural variants, such as copy number (CN) variants, are another major type of variation segregating in natural populations. To test whether genetic diversity in CN variation is also low across wine yeast strains, we examined genome-wide levels of CN variation in 132 whole-genome sequences of S. cerevisiae wine strains. We found an average of 97.8 CN variable regions (CNVRs) affecting ~4% of the genome per strain. Using two different measures of CN diversity, we found that gene families involved in fermentation-related processes such as copper resistance (CUP), flocculation (FLO), and glucose metabolism (HXT), as well as the SNO gene family whose members are expressed before or during the diauxic shift showed substantial CN diversity across the 132 strains examined. Importantly, these same gene families have been shown, through comparative transcriptomic and functional assays, to be associated with adaptation to the wine fermentation environment. Our results suggest that CN variation is a substantial contributor to the genomic diversity of wine yeast strains and identify several candidate loci whose levels of CN variation may affect the adaptation and performance of wine yeast strains during fermentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/105502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive Copy Number Variation in Fermentation-Related Genes among Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative cross tissue analysis of gene expression identifies novel type 2 diabetes genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/108134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the mechanistic underpinnings of type 2 diabetes (T2D) loci mapped through GWAS, we performed a tissue-specific gene association study in a cohort of over 100K individuals (ncases {approx} 26K,ncontrols {approx} 84K) across 44 human tissues using MetaXcan, a summary statistics extension of PrediXcan. We found that 90 genes significantly (FDR < 0.05) associated with T2D, of which 24 are previously reported T2D genes, 29 are novel in established T2D loci, and 37 are novel genes in novel loci. Of these, 13 reported genes, 15 novel genes in known loci, and 6 genes in novel loci replicated (FDRrep < 0.05) in an independent study (ncases {approx} 10K, ncontrols {approx} 62K). We also found enrichment of significant associations in expected tissues such as liver, pancreas, adipose, and muscle but also in tibial nerve, fibroblasts, and breast. Finally, we found that monogenic diabetes genes are enriched in T2D genes from our analysis suggesting that moderate alterations in monogenic (severe) diabetes genes may promote milder and later onset type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/108134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative cross tissue analysis of gene expression identifies novel type 2 diabetes genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive Analysis of Constraint on the Spatial Distribution of Missense Variants in Human Protein Structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial distribution of genetic variation within proteins is shaped by evolutionary constraint and thus can provide insights into the functional importance of protein regions and the potential pathogenicity of protein alterations. Here, we comprehensively evaluate the 3D spatial patterns of constraint on human germline and somatic variation in 4,568 solved protein structures. Different classes of coding variants have significantly different spatial distributions. Neutral missense variants exhibit a range of 3D constraint patterns, with a general trend of spatial dispersion driven by constraint on core residues. In contrast, germline and somatic disease-causing variants are significantly more likely to be clustered in protein structure space. We demonstrate that this difference in the spatial distributions of disease-associated and benign germline variants provides a signature for accurately classifying variants of unknown significance (VUS) that is complementary to current approaches for VUS classification. We further illustrate the clinical utility of our approach by classifying new mutations identified from patients with familial idiopathic pneumonia (FIP) that segregate with disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/109652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive Analysis of Constraint on the Spatial Distribution of Missense Variants in Human Protein Structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence properties underlying gene regulatory enhancers are conserved across mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/110676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In mammals, genomic regions with enhancer activity turnover rapidly; in contrast, gene expression patterns and transcription factor binding preferences are largely conserved. Based on this conservation, we hypothesized that enhancers active in different mammals would exhibit conserved sequence patterns in spite of their different genomic locations. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the conservation of sequence patterns underlying histone-mark defined enhancers across six diverse mammals in two machine learning frameworks. We first trained support vector machine (SVM) classifiers based on the frequency spectrum of short DNA sequence patterns. These classifiers accurately identified many adult liver, developing limb, and developing brain enhancers in each species. Then, we applied these classifiers across species and found that classifiers trained in one species and tested in another performed nearly as well as classifiers trained and tested on the same species. This indicates that the short sequence patterns predictive of enhancers are largely conserved. We also observed similar cross-species conservation when applying the models to human and mouse enhancers validated in transgenic assays. The sequence patterns most predictive of enhancers in each species matched the binding motifs for a common set of TFs enriched for expression in relevant tissues, supporting the biological relevance of the learned features. To test the conservation of more complex sequences patterns, we trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on enhancer sequences in each species. The CNNs demonstrated better performance overall, but worse cross-species generalization than SVMs, suggesting the importance of combinatorial interactions between motifs, but less conservation of these more complex sequence patterns. Thus, despite the rapid change of active enhancer locations between mammals, cross-species enhancer prediction is often possible. Furthermore, short sequence patterns encoding enhancer activity have been maintained across more than 180 million years of mammalian evolution, with evolutionary change in more complex sequence patterns.nnAuthor summaryAlterations in gene expression levels are a driving force of both speciation and complex disease; therefore, it is of great importance to understand the mechanisms underlying the evolution and function gene regulatory DNA sequences. Recent studies have revealed that while gene expression patterns and transcription factor binding preferences are broadly conserved across diverse animals, there is extensive turnover in distal gene regulatory regions, called enhancers, between closely related species. We investigate this seeming incongruence by analyzing genome-wide enhancer datasets from six diverse mammalian species. We trained two machine-learning classifiers--a k-mer spectrum support vector machine (SVM) and convolutional neural network (CNN)--to distinguish enhancers from the genomic background. The k-mer spectrum SVM models the occurrences of short sequence patterns while the CNN models both the short sequences patterns and their combinatorial patterns. Both the SVM and CNN enhancer prediction models trained in one species are able to predict enhancers in the same cellular context in other species. However, CNNs performed better at predicting enhancers in each species, but they generalize less well across species than the SVMs. This argues that the short sequence properties encoding regulatory activity are remarkably conserved across more than 180 million years of mammalian evolution with more evolutionary turnover in the more complex combinations of the conserved short sequence motifs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/110676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence properties underlying gene regulatory enhancers are conserved across mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short DNA sequence patterns accurately identify broadlyactive human enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/111955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enhancers are DNA regulatory elements that influence gene expression. There is substantial diversity in enhancers activity patterns: some enhancers drive expression in a single cellular context, while others are active across many. Sequence characteristics, such as transcription factor (TF) binding motifs, influence the activity patterns of regulatory sequences; however, the regulatory logic through which specific sequences drive enhancer activity patterns is poorly understood. Recent analysis of Drosophila enhancers suggested that short dinucleotide repeat motifs (DRMs) are general enhancer sequence features that drive broad regulatory activity. However, it is not known whether the regulatory role of DRMs is conserved across species. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between short DNA sequence patterns, including DRMs, and human enhancer activity in 38,538 enhancers across 411 different contexts. In a machine-learning framework, the occurrence patterns of short sequence motifs accurately predicted broadly active human enhancers. However, DRMs alone were weakly predictive of broad enhancer activity in humans and showed different enrichment patterns than in Drosophila. In general, GC-rich sequence motifs were significantly associated with broad enhancer activity; consistent with this enrichment, broadly active human TFs recognize GC-rich motifs. Our results reveal the importance of specific sequence motifs in broadly active human enhancers, demonstrate the lack of evolutionary conservation of the role of DRMs, and provide a computational framework for investigating the logic of enhancer sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colbran, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/111955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short DNA sequence patterns accurately identify broadlyactive human enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread dysregulation of the circadian clock in human cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian circadian clock is a critical regulator of metabolism and cell division. Although multiple lines of evidence indicate that systemic disruption of the circadian clock can promote cancer, whether the clock is disrupted in primary human tumors is unknown. Here we used transcriptome data from mice to define a signature of the mammalian circadian clock based on the co-expression of 12 genes that form the core clock or are directly controlled by the clock. Our approach can be applied to samples that are not labeled with time of day and were not acquired over the entire circadian (24-h) cycle. We validated the clock signature in transcriptome data from healthy human tissues, then developed a metric we call the delta clock correlation distance ({Delta}CCD) to describe the extent to which the signature is perturbed in samples from one condition relative to another. We calculated the {Delta}CCD comparing human tumor and non-tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and eight independent datasets, discovering widespread dysregulation of clock gene co-expression in tumor samples. Subsequent analysis of data from clock gene knockouts in mice suggested that clock dysregulation in human cancer is not caused solely by loss of activity of clock genes. Furthermore, by analyzing a large set of genes previously inferred to be rhythmic in healthy human lung, we found that dysregulation of the clock in human lung cancer is accompanied by dysregulation of broader patterns of circadian co-expression. Our findings suggest that clock dysregulation is a common means by which human cancers achieve unrestrained growth and division, and that restoring clock function could be a viable therapeutic strategy in multiple cancer types. In addition, our approach opens the door to using publicly available transcriptome data to quantify clock disruption in a multitude of human phenotypes. Our method is available as a web application at https://hugheylab.shinyapps.io/deltaccd.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread dysregulation of the circadian clock in human cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COPI Mediates Recycling Of An Exocytic SNARE From Endosomes By Recognition Of A Ubiquitin Sorting Signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/133546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTThe COPI coat forms transport vesicles from the Golgi complex and plays a poorly defined role in endocytic trafficking. Here we show that COPI mediates delivery of a budding yeast SNARE (Snc1) from early endosomes to the Golgi complex through recognition of a polyubiquitin sorting signal. Snc1 is a v-SNARE that drives fusion of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane, and then recycles through early endosomes back to the Golgi for reuse. Removal of ubiquitin from Snc1, or deletion of a {beta}-COP subunit propeller domain that binds K63-linked polyubiquitin, causes aberrant accumulation of Snc1 in early endosomes. Moreover, replacement of the {beta}-COP propeller domain with unrelated ubiquitin-binding domains restores Snc1 recycling. These results indicate that ubiquitination, a modification well known to target membrane proteins to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation, can also function as recycling signal to sort a SNARE into COPI vesicles at early endosomes for Golgi delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hankins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlinger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diab, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piper, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/133546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COPI Mediates Recycling Of An Exocytic SNARE From Endosomes By Recognition Of A Ubiquitin Sorting Signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bayesian Integrated Analysis Of Multiple Types Of Rare Variants To Infer Risk Genes For Schizophrenia And Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/135293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIntegrating rare variation from trio family and case/control studies has successfully implicated specific genes contributing to risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), developmental disorders (DD), and epilepsy (EPI). For schizophrenia (SCZ), however, while sets of genes have been implicated through study of rare variation, only two risk genes have been identified.nnMethodsWe used hierarchical Bayesian modeling of rare variant genetic architecture to estimate mean effect sizes and risk-gene proportions, analyzing the largest available collection of whole exome sequence (WES) data for schizophrenia (1,077 trios, 6,699 cases and 13,028 controls), and data for four NDDs (ASD, ID, DD, and EPI; total 10,792 trios, and 4,058 cases and controls).nnResultsFor SCZ, we estimate 1,551 risk genes, more risk genes and weaker effects than for NDDs. We provide power analyses to predict the number of risk gene discoveries as more data become available, demonstrating greater value of case-control over trio samples. We confirm and augment prior risk gene and gene set enrichment results for SCZ and NDDs. In particular, we detected 98 new DD risk genes at FDR < 0.05. Correlations of risk-gene posterior probabilities are high across four NDDs ({rho} > 0.55), but low between SCZ and the NDDs ({rho} < 0.3). In depth analysis of 288 NDD genes shows highly significant protein-protein interaction (PPI) network connectivity, and functionally distinct PPI subnetworks based on pathway enrichments, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) cell types and multi-region developmental brain RNA-seq.nnConclusionsWe have extended a pipeline used in ASD studies and applied it to infer rare genetic parameters for SCZ and four NDDs. We find many new DD risk genes, supported by gene set enrichment and PPI network connectivity analyses. We find greater similarity among NDDs than between NDDs and SCZ. NDD gene subnetworks are implicated in postnatally expressed presynaptic and postsynaptic genes, and for transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation in prenatal neural progenitor and stem cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genovese, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/135293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bayesian Integrated Analysis Of Multiple Types Of Rare Variants To Infer Risk Genes For Schizophrenia And Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes Involved In Human Sialic Acid Biology Do Not Harbor Signatures Of Recent Positive Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/137034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractSialic acids are nine carbon sugars ubiquitously found on the surfaces of vertebrate cells and are involved in various immune response-related processes. In humans, at least 58 genes spanning diverse functions, from biosynthesis and activation to recycling and degradation, are involved in sialic acid biology. Because of their role in immunity, sialic acid biology genes have been hypothesized to exhibit elevated rates of evolutionary change. Consistent with this hypothesis, several genes involved in sialic acid biology have experienced higher rates of non-synonymous substitutions in the human lineage than their counterparts in other great apes, perhaps in response to ancient pathogens that infected hominins millions of years ago (paleopathogens). To test whether sialic acid biology genes have also experienced more recent positive selection during the evolution of the modern human lineage, reflecting adaptation to contemporary cosmopolitan or geographically-restricted pathogens, we examined whether their protein-coding regions showed evidence of recent hard and soft selective sweeps. This examination involved the calculation of four measures that quantify changes in allele frequency spectra, extent of population differentiation, and haplotype homozygosity caused by recent hard and soft selective sweeps for 55 sialic acid biology genes using publicly available whole genome sequencing data from 1,668 humans from three ethnic groups. To disentangle evidence for selection from confounding demographic effects, we compared the observed patterns in sialic acid biology genes to simulated sequences of the same length under a model of neutral evolution that takes into account human demographic history. We found that the patterns of genetic variation of most sialic acid biology genes did not significantly deviate from neutral expectations and were not significantly different among genes belonging to different functional categories. Those few sialic acid biology genes that significantly deviated from neutrality either experienced soft sweeps or population-specific hard sweeps. Interestingly, while most hard sweeps occurred on genes involved in sialic acid recognition, most soft sweeps involved genes associated with recycling, degradation and activation, transport, and transfer functions. We propose that the lack of signatures of recent positive selection for the majority of the sialic acid biology genes is consistent with the view that these genes regulate immune responses against ancient rather than contemporary cosmopolitan or geographically restricted pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/137034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes Involved In Human Sialic Acid Biology Do Not Harbor Signatures Of Recent Positive Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Fast Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Programs Using Empirical Phylogenomic Data Sets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetics has witnessed dramatic increases in the sizes of data matrices assembled to resolve branches of the tree of life, motivating the development of programs for fast, yet accurate, inference. For example, several different fast programs have been developed in the very popular maximum likelihood framework, including RAxML/ExaML, PhyML, IQ-TREE, and FastTree. Although these four programs are widely used, a systematic evaluation and comparison of their performance using empirical genome-scale data matrices has so far been lacking. To address this question, we evaluated these four programs on 19 empirical phylogenomic data sets from diverse animal, plant, and fungal lineages with respect to likelihood maximization, tree topology, and computational speed. For single-gene tree inference, we found that the more exhaustive and slower strategies (ten searches per alignment) outperformed faster strategies (one tree search per alignment) using RAxML, PhyML, or IQ-TREE. Interestingly, single-gene trees inferred by the three programs yielded comparable coalescent-based species tree estimations. For concatenation-based species tree inference, IQ-TREE consistently achieved the best-observed likelihoods for all data sets, and RAxML/ExaML was a close second. In contrast, PhyML often failed to complete concatenation-based analyses, whereas FastTree was the fastest but generated lower likelihood values and more dissimilar tree topologies in both types of analyses. Finally, data matrix properties, such as the number of taxa and the strength of phylogenetic signal, sometimes substantially influenced the relative performance of the programs. Our results provide real-world gene and species tree phylogenetic inference benchmarks to inform the design and execution of large-scale phylogenomic data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Fast Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Programs Using Empirical Phylogenomic Data Sets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opportunities And Obstacles For Deep Learning In Biology And Medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning, which describes a class of machine learning algorithms, has recently showed impressive results across a variety of domains. Biology and medicine are data rich, but the data are complex and often ill-understood. Problems of this nature may be particularly well-suited to deep learning techniques. We examine applications of deep learning to a variety of biomedical problems--patient classification, fundamental biological processes, and treatment of patients--and discuss whether deep learning will transform these tasks or if the biomedical sphere poses unique challenges. We find that deep learning has yet to revolutionize or definitively resolve any of these problems, but promising advances have been made on the prior state of the art. Even when improvement over a previous baseline has been modest, we have seen signs that deep learning methods may speed or aid human investigation. More work is needed to address concerns related to interpretability and how to best model each problem. Furthermore, the limited amount of labeled data for training presents problems in some domains, as do legal and privacy constraints on work with sensitive health records. Nonetheless, we foresee deep learning powering changes at both bench and bedside with the potential to transform several areas of biology and medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ching, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmelstein, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu-Jones, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinin, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Way, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapow, P.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lengerich, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Israeli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanchantin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woloszynek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrikumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cofer, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCaprio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segler, M. H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitter, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opportunities And Obstacles For Deep Learning In Biology And Medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/143933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractWe assembled and analyzed genetic data of 47,351 multiple sclerosis (MS) subjects and 68,284 control subjects and establish a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 independent associations within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize up to 551 potentially associated MS susceptibility genes, that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we do find enrichment for MS genes in these brain - resident immune cells. Thus, while MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses the functional responses of microglia and other brain cells are also altered and may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system.nnOne Sentence SummaryWe report a detailed genetic and genomic map of multiple sclerosis, and describe the role of putatively affected genes in the peripheral immune system and brain resident microglia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>- International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consorti,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baranzini, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santaniello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoostari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Replogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimpean, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panteliadis, I.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T. F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarzycki, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soelberg Sorensen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biberacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/143933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Multiple Sclerosis Genomic Map: Role of peripheral immune cells and resident microglia in susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Refining The Accuracy Of Validated Target Identification Through Coding Variant Fine-Mapping In Type 2 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of coding variant associations for complex diseases offers a direct route to biological insight, but is dependent on appropriate inference concerning the causal impact of those variants on disease risk. We aggregated exome-array and exome sequencing data for 81,412 type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases and 370,832 controls of diverse ancestry, identifying 40 distinct coding variant association signals (at 38 loci) reaching significance (p<2.2x10-7). Of these, 16 represent novel associations mapping outside known genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals. We make two important observations. First, despite a threefold increase in sample size over previous efforts, only five of the 40 signals are driven by variants with minor allele frequency <5%, and we find no evidence for low-frequency variants with allelic odds ratio >1.36. Second, we used GWAS data from 50,160 T2D cases and 465,272 controls to fine-map associated coding variants in their regional context, with and without additional weighting, to account for the global enrichment of complex trait association signals in coding exons. We demonstrate convincing support (posterior probability >80% under the "annotation-weighted" model) that coding variants are causal for the association at 16 of the 40 signals (including novel signals involving POC5 p.His36Arg, ANKH p.Arg187Gln, WSCD2 p.Thr113Ile, PLCB3 p.Ser778Leu, and PNPLA3 p.Ile148Met). However, one third of coding variant association signals represent "false leads" at which naive analysis would have led to an erroneous inference regarding the effector transcript mediating the signal. Accurate identification of validated targets is dependent on correct specification of the contribution of coding and non-coding mediated mechanisms at associated loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Refining The Accuracy Of Validated Target Identification Through Coding Variant Fine-Mapping In Type 2 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drivers of genetic diversity in secondary metabolic gene clusters in a fungal population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/149856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filamentous fungi produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites (SMs) critical for defense, virulence, and communication. The metabolic pathways that produce SMs are found in contiguous gene clusters in fungal genomes, an atypical arrangement for metabolic pathways in other eukaryotes. Comparative studies of filamentous fungal species have shown that SM gene clusters are often either highly divergent or uniquely present in one or a handful of species, hampering efforts to determine the genetic basis and evolutionary drivers of SM gene cluster divergence. Here we examined SM variation in 66 cosmopolitan strains of a single species, the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Investigation of genome-wide within-species variation revealed five general types of variation in SM gene clusters: non-functional gene polymorphisms, gene gain and loss polymorphisms, whole cluster gain and loss polymorphisms, allelic polymorphisms where different alleles corresponded to distinct, non-homologous clusters, and location polymorphisms in which a cluster was found to differ in its genomic location across strains. These polymorphisms affect the function of representative A. fumigatus SM gene clusters, such as those involved in the production of gliotoxin, fumigaclavine, and helvolic acid, as well as the function of clusters with undefined products. In addition to enabling the identification of polymorphisms whose detection requires extensive genome-wide synteny conservation (e.g., mobile gene clusters and non-homologous cluster alleles), our approach also implicated multiple underlying genetic drivers, including point mutations, recombination, genomic deletion and insertion events, as well as horizontal gene transfer from distant fungi. Finally, most of the variants that we uncover within A. fumigatus have been previously hypothesized to contribute to SM gene cluster diversity across entire fungal classes and phyla. We suggest that the drivers of genetic diversity operating within a fungal species shown here are sufficient to explain SM cluster macroevolutionary patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lameiras, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/149856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drivers of genetic diversity in secondary metabolic gene clusters in a fungal population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid accumulation drives proteome-wide alterations in mouse models of Alzheimers disease like pathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/150623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyloid beta (A{beta}) peptides impair multiple cellular pathways in the brain and play a causative role in Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology, but how the brain proteome is remodeled during this process is unknown. To identify new protein networks associated with AD-like pathology, we performed global quantitative proteomic analysis in three mouse models at pre- and post-symptomatic ages. Our analysis revealed a robust and consistent increase in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in nearly all transgenic brain regions with increased A{beta} levels. Taken together with prior findings on ApoE driving A{beta} accumulation, this analysis points to a pathological dysregulation of the ApoE-A{beta} axis. We also found dysregulation of protein networks involved in excitatory synaptic transmission consistent with AD pathophysiology. Targeted analysis of the AMPA receptor complex revealed a specific loss of TARP{gamma}-2, a key AMPA receptor trafficking protein. Expression of TARP{gamma}-2 in vivo in hAPP transgenic mice led to a restoration of AMPA currents. This database of proteome alterations represents a unique resource for the identification of protein alterations responsible for AD.nnHighlightsO_LIProteomic analysis of mouse brains with AD-like pathology reveals stark remodelingnC_LIO_LIProteomic evidence points to a dysregulation of ApoE levels associated with A{beta} clearance rather than productionnC_LIO_LICo-expression analysis found distinctly impaired synapse and mitochondria modulesnC_LIO_LIIn-depth analyses of AMPAR complex points to loss of TARP{gamma}-2, which may compromise synapses in ADnC_LInneTOC BlurbProteome-wide profiling of brain tissue from three mouse models of AD-like pathology reveals A{beta}, brain region, and age dependent alterations of protein levels. This resource provides a new global protein expression atlas for the Alzheimers disease research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Savas, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNardo, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Bartolome, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hark, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanks, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozzolino, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavallee-Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smukowski, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masliah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/150623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid accumulation drives proteome-wide alterations in mouse models of Alzheimers disease like pathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FUCCI tracking shows that Neurog3 levels vary with cell-cycle phase in endocrine-biased pancreatic progenitors 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/153700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurog3HI endocrine-committing cells are generated from a population of Sox9+ mitotic progenitors with only a low level of Neurog3 transcriptional activity (Neurog3TA.LO). Low-level Neurog3 protein, in Neurog3TA.LO cells, is required to maintain their mitotic endocrine-lineage-primed status. Herein, we describe a Neurog3-driven FUCCI cell-cycle reporter (Neurog3P2A.FUCCI) derived from a Neurog3 BAC transgenic reporter that functions as a loxed cassette acceptor (LCA). In cycling Sox9+ Neurog3TA.LO progenitors, the majority of cells in S-G2-M phases have undetectable levels of Neurog3 with increased expression of endocrine progenitor markers, while those in G1 have low Neurog3 levels with increased expression of endocrine differentiation markers. These findings support a model in which variations in Neurog3 protein levels are coordinated with cell-cycle phase progression in Neurog3TA.LO progenitors with entrance into G1 triggering a concerted effort, beyond increasing Neurog3 levels, to maintain an endocrine-lineage-primed state by initiating expression of the downstream endocrine differentiation program prior to endocrine-commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bechard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bankaitis, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ustione, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piston, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/153700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FUCCI tracking shows that Neurog3 levels vary with cell-cycle phase in endocrine-biased pancreatic progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting single-cell transcription dynamics even when the central limit theorem fails 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/154401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite substantial experimental and computational efforts, mechanistic modeling remains more predictive in engineering than in systems biology. The reason for this discrepancy is not fully understood. Although randomness and complexity of biological systems play roles in this concern, we hypothesize that significant and overlooked challenges arise due to specific features of single-molecule events that control crucial biological responses. Here we show that modern statistical tools to disentangle complexity and stochasticity, which assume normally distributed fluctuations or enormous datasets, don't apply to the discrete, positive, and non-symmetric distributions that characterize spatiotemporal mRNA fluctuations in single-cells. We demonstrate an alternate approach that fully captures discrete, non-normal effects within finite datasets. As an example, we integrate single-molecule measurements and these advanced computational analyses to explore Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase induction of multiple stress response genes. We discover and validate quantitatively precise, reproducible, and predictive understanding of diverse transcription regulation mechanisms, including gene activation, polymerase initiation, elongation, mRNA accumulation, spatial transport, and degradation. Our model-data integration approach extends to any discrete dynamic process with rare events and realistically limited data.nnSignificance StatementSystems biology seeks to combine experiments with computation to predict complex biological behaviors. However, despite tremendous data and knowledge, most biological models make terrible predictions. By analyzing single-cell-single-molecule measurements of mRNA in yeast during stress response, we explore how prediction accuracy is controlled by experimental distributions shapes. We find that asymmetric data distributions, which arise in measurements of positive quantities, can cause standard modeling approaches to yield excellent fits but make meaningless predictions. We demonstrate advanced computational tools that solve this dilemma and achieve predictive understanding of many spatiotemporal mechanisms of transcription control including RNA polymerase initiation and elongation and mRNA accumulation, transport and decay. Our approach extends to any discrete dynamic process with rare events and realistically limited data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/154401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting single-cell transcription dynamics even when the central limit theorem fails]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linearly changing stress environment causes cellular growth phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/155267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells are exposed to changes in extracellular stimulus concentration that vary as a function of rate. However, the effect of stimulation rate on cell behavior and signaling remains poorly understood. Here, we examined how varying the rate of stress application alters budding yeast cell viability and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling at the single-cell level. We show that cell survival and signaling depend on a rate threshold that operates in conjunction with a concentration threshold to determine the timing of MAPK signaling during rate-varying stimulus treatments. We also discovered that the stimulation rate threshold is sensitive to changes in the expression levels of the Ptp2 phosphatase, but not of another phosphatase that similarly regulates osmostress signaling during switch-like treatments. Our results demonstrate that stimulation rate is a regulated determinant of signaling output and provide a paradigm to guide the dissection of major stimulation rate-dependent mechanisms in other systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesler, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiemicke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/155267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linearly changing stress environment causes cellular growth phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unification of Countermanding and Perceptual Decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perceptual decision-making, studied using two-alternative forced-choice tasks, is explained by sequential sampling models of evidence accumulation, which correspond to the dynamics of neurons in sensorimotor structures of the brain12. Response inhibition, studied using stop-signal (countermanding) tasks, is explained by a race model of the initiation or canceling of a response, which correspond to the dynamics of neurons in sensorimotor structures34. Neither standard model accounts for performance of the other task. Sequential sampling models incorporate response initiation as an uninterrupted non-decision time parameter independent of task-related variables. The countermanding race model does not account for the choice process. Here we show with new behavioral, neural and computational results that perceptual decision making of varying difficulty can be countermanded with invariant efficiency, that single prefrontal neurons instantiate both evidence accumulation and response inhibition, and that an interactive race between two GO and one STOP stochastic accumulator fits countermanding choice behavior. Thus, perceptual decision-making and response control, previously regarded as distinct mechanisms, are actually aspects of more flexible behavior supported by a common neural and computational mechanism. The identification of this aspect of decision-making with response production clarifies the component processes of decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Middlebrooks, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandbelt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmeri, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unification of Countermanding and Perceptual Decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing reveals a sparse, but robust pattern of DNA methylation in the Dictyostelium discoideum genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/166033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl (CH3) group to a cytosine residue, is an evolutionarily conserved epigenetic mark involved in a number of different biological functions in eukaryotes, including transcriptional regulation, chromatin structural organization, cellular differentiation and development. In the slime mold Dictyostelium, previous studies have shown the existence of a DNA methyltransferase (DNMA) belonging to the DNMT2 family, but the extent and function of 5-methyl-cytosine in the genome is unclear. Here we present the whole genome DNA methylation profile of Dictyostelium discoideum using deep coverage, replicate sequencing of bisulfite converted gDNA extracted from post-starvation cells. We find an overall very low level of DNA methylation, occurring at only 462 out of the ~7.5 million (0.006%) cytosines in the genome. Despite this sparse profile, significant methylation can be detected at 51 of these sites in replicate experiments, suggesting they are robust targets for DNA methylation. These 5-methyl-cytosines are associated with a broad range of protein-coding genes, tRNA-encoding genes and retrotransposable elements. Our data provides evidence of a minimal, but functional, methylome in Dictyostelium, thereby making Dictyostelium a candidate model organism to further investigate the evolutionary function of DNA methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Denis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dresch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larochelle, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/166033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome bisulfite sequencing reveals a sparse, but robust pattern of DNA methylation in the Dictyostelium discoideum genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quartet-based computations of internode certainty provide accurate and robust measures of phylogenetic incongruence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/168526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Incongruence, or topological conflict, is prevalent in genome-scale data sets but relatively few measures have been developed to quantify it. Internode Certainty (IC) and related measures were recently introduced to explicitly quantify the level of incongruence of a given internode (or internal branch) among a set of phylogenetic trees and complement regular branch support statistics in assessing the confidence of the inferred phylogenetic relationships. Since most phylogenomic studies contain data partitions (e.g., genes) with missing taxa and IC scores stem from the frequencies of bipartitions (or splits) on a set of trees, the calculation of IC scores requires adjusting the frequencies of bipartitions from these partial gene trees. However, when the proportion of missing data is high, current approaches that adjust bipartition frequencies in partial gene trees tend to overestimate IC scores and alternative adjustment approaches differ substantially from each other in their scores. To overcome these issues, we developed three new measures for calculating internode certainty that are based on the frequencies of quartets, which naturally apply to both comprehensive and partial trees. Our comparison of these new quartet-based measures to previous bipartition-based measures on simulated data shows that: 1) on comprehensive trees, both types of measures yield highly similar IC scores; 2) on partial trees, quartet-based measures generate more accurate IC scores; and 3) quartet-based measures are more robust to the absence of phylogenetic signal and errors in the phylogenetic relationships to be assessed. Additionally, analysis of 15 empirical phylogenomic data sets using our quartet-based measures suggests that numerous relationships remain unresolved despite the availability of genome-scale data. Finally, we provide an efficient open-source implementation of these quartet-based measures in the program QuartetScores, which is freely available at https://github.com/algomaus/QuartetScores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutteropp, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czech, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Looz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/168526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quartet-based computations of internode certainty provide accurate and robust measures of phylogenetic incongruence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic dissection of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia including 28 subphenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are highly heritable disorders that share a significant proportion of common risk variation. Understanding the genetic factors underlying the specific symptoms of these disorders will be crucial for improving diagnosis, intervention and treatment. In case-control data consisting of 53,555 cases (20,129 BD, 33,426 SCZ) and 54,065 controls, we identified 114 genome-wide significant loci (GWS) when comparing all cases to controls, of which 41 represented novel findings. Two genome-wide significant loci were identified when comparing SCZ to BD and a third was found when directly incorporating functional information. Regional joint association identified a genomic region of overlapping association in BD and SCZ with disease-independent causal variants indicating a fourth region contributing to differences between these disorders. Regional SNP-heritability analyses demonstrated that the estimated heritability of BD based on the SCZ GWS regions was significantly higher than that based on the average genomic region (91 regions, p = 1.2x10-6) while the inverse was not significant (19 regions, p=0.89). Using our BD and SCZ GWAS we calculated polygenic risk scores and identified several significant correlations with: 1) SCZ subphenotypes: negative symptoms (SCZ, p=3.6x10-6) and manic symptoms (BD, p=2x10-5), 2) BD subphenotypes: psychotic features (SCZ p=1.2x10-10, BD p=5.3x10-5) and age of onset (SCZ p=7.9x10-4). Finally, we show that psychotic features in BD has significant SNP-heritability (h2 snp=0.15, SE=0.06), and a significant genetic correlation with SCZ (rg=0.34) in addition there is a significant sign test result between SCZ GWAS and a GWAS of BD cases contrasting those with and without psychotic features (p=0.0038, one-side binomial test). For the first time, we have identified specific loci pointing to a potential role of 4 genes (DARS2, ARFGEF2, DCAKD and GATAD2A) that distinguish between BD and SCZ, providing an opportunity to understand the biology contributing to clinical differences of these disorders. Our results provide the best evidence so far of genomic components distinguishing between BD and SCZ that contribute directly to specific symptom dimensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>PGC Bipolar Disorder/Schizophrenia Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic dissection of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia including 28 subphenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proofreading-deficient coronaviruses adapt over long-term passage for increased fidelity and fitness without reversion of exoribonuclease-inactivating mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/175562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The coronavirus (CoV) RNA genome is the largest among single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses. CoVs encode a proofreading 3'[-&gt;]5'exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14-ExoN) that is responsible for CoV high-fidelity replication. Alanine substitution of ExoN catalytic residues [ExoN(-)] in SARS-CoV and murine hepatitis virus (MHV) disrupts ExoN activity, yielding viable mutant viruses with defective replication, up to 20-fold decreased fidelity, and increased susceptibility to nucleoside analogs. To test the stability of the ExoN(-) genotype and phenotype, we passaged MHV-ExoN(-) 250 times in cultured cells (P250), in parallel with WT-MHV. Compared to MHV-ExoN(-) P3, MHV-ExoN(-) P250 demonstrated enhanced replication, reduced susceptibility to nucleoside analogs, and increased competitive fitness. However, passage did not select for complete or partial reversion at the ExoN-inactivating mutations. We identified novel amino acid changes within the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12-RdRp) and nsp14 of MHV-ExoN(-) P250 that partially account for the observed changes in replication, susceptibility to nucleoside analogs, and competitive fitness observed in the passaged virus population, indicating that additional determinants can compensate for the activities of nsp14-ExoN. Our results suggest that while selection favors restoration of replication fidelity in ExoN(-) CoVs, there may be a significant barrier to ExoN(-) reversion. These results also support the hypothesis that high-fidelity replication is linked to CoV fitness and identify additional candidate proteins that may regulate CoV replication fidelity.nnIMPORTANCEUnique among RNA viruses, CoVs encode a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) in nsp14 that mediates high-fidelity RNA genome replication. Proofreading-deficient CoVs with disrupted ExoN activity [ExoN(-)] are either non-viable or have significant defects in replication, RNA synthesis, fidelity, fitness, and virulence. In this study, we show that ExoN(-) murine hepatitis virus can adapt over long-term passage for increased replication and fitness without reverting the ExoN-inactivating mutations. Passage-adapted ExoN(-) mutants also demonstrate increasing resistance to nucleoside analogs that is only partially explained by secondary mutations in nsp12 and nsp14. These data suggest that enhanced resistance to nucleoside analogs is mediated by the interplay of multiple replicase proteins and support the proposed link between CoV fidelity and fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graepel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/175562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proofreading-deficient coronaviruses adapt over long-term passage for increased fidelity and fitness without reversion of exoribonuclease-inactivating mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176610v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide Enhancer Maps Differ Significantly in Genomic Distribution, Evolution, and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176610v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-coding gene regulatory enhancers are essential to transcription in mammalian cells. As a result, a large variety of experimental and computational strategies have been developed to identify cis-regulatory enhancer sequences. In practice, most studies consider enhancers identified by only a single method, and the concordance of enhancers identified by different methods has not been comprehensively evaluated. Here, we assess the similarities of enhancer sets identified by ten representative strategies in four biological contexts and evaluate the robustness of downstream conclusions to the choice of identification strategy. All pairs of enhancer sets we evaluated overlap significantly more than expected by chance; however, we also found significant dissimilarity between enhancer sets in their genomic characteristics, evolutionary conservation, and association with functional loci within each context. We find most regions identified as enhancers are supported by only one method. The disagreement is sufficient to influence interpretation of GWAS SNPs and eQTL, and to lead to disparate conclusions about enhancer biology and disease mechanisms. We also find only limited evidence that regions identified by multiple enhancer identification methods are better candidates than those identified by a single method. Our results highlight the inherent complexity of enhancer biology and argue that current approaches have yet to adequately account for enhancer diversity. As a result, we cannot recommend the use of any single enhancer identification strategy in isolation. To facilitate assessment of enhancer diversity on studies conclusions, we developed creDB, a database of enhancer annotations designed to integrate into bioinformatics workflows. While our findings highlight a major challenge to mapping the genetic architecture of complex disease and interpreting regulatory variants found in patient genomes, a systematic understanding of similarities and differences in enhancer identification methodology will ultimately enable robust inferences about gene regulatory sequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talipineni, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176610</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide Enhancer Maps Differ Significantly in Genomic Distribution, Evolution, and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA editing of CAPS1 regulates synaptic vesicle organization, release and retrieval. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/178202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1) facilitates the docking and priming of synaptic and dense core vesicles. A conserved hairpin structure in the CAPS1 pre-mRNA allows an post-transcriptional adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing event to alter a genomically-encoded glutamate to a glycine codon. Functional comparisons of CAPS1 protein isoforms in primary hippocampal neurons show that elevation of edited CAPS1 isoforms facilitates presynaptic vesicle clustering and turnover. Conversely, non-edited CAPS1 isoforms slow evoked release, increase spontaneous fusion, and loosen the clustering of synaptic vesicles. Therefore, CAPS1 editing promotes organization of the vesicle pool in a way that is beneficial for evoked release, while non-edited isoforms promote more lax vesicle organization that widens distribution, attenuates evoked release and eases the control of spontaneous fusion. Overall, RNA editing of CAPS1 is a mechanism to fine tune neurotransmitter release.nnIMPACT STATEMENTPost-transcriptional RNA editing of CAPS1 is a mechanism to regulate neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ulbricht, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelBove, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitko, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarenko, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/178202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA editing of CAPS1 regulates synaptic vesicle organization, release and retrieval.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse hepatitis virus nsp14 exoribonuclease activity is required for resistance to innate immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/182196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTCoronaviruses (CoV) are positive-sense RNA viruses that infect numerous mammalian and avian species and are capable of causing severe and lethal disease in humans. CoVs encode several innate immune antagonists that interact with the host innate immune response to facilitate efficient viral replication. CoV non-structural protein 14 (nsp14) encodes 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease activity (ExoN), which performs a proofreading function and is required for high-fidelity replication. Outside of the order Nidovirales, arenaviruses are the only RNA viruses that encode an ExoN, which functions to degrade dsRNA replication intermediates. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that CoV ExoN may also function to antagonize the innate immune response. We demonstrate that viruses lacking ExoN activity [ExoN(-)] are sensitive to cellular pretreatment with interferon beta (IFN-{beta}) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ExoN(-) virus replication was attenuated in wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and partially restored in interferon alpha/beta receptor deficient (IFNAR-/-) BMMs. ExoN(-) virus replication did not result in IFN-{beta} gene expression, and in the presence of an IFN-{beta}-mediated antiviral state, ExoN(-) viral RNA levels were not substantially reduced relative to untreated. However, ExoN(-) virus generated from IFN-{beta} pretreated cells had reduced specific infectivity and decreased relative fitness, suggesting that ExoN(-) virus generated during an antiviral state is less viable to establish a subsequent infection. Overall, our data suggest MHV ExoN activity is required for resistance to the innate immune response and antiviral mechanisms affecting the viral RNA sequence and/or an RNA modification act on viruses lacking ExoN activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graepel, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/182196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse hepatitis virus nsp14 exoribonuclease activity is required for resistance to innate immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microcircuitry of Performance Monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by R01-MH55806, P30-EY08126, and by Robin and Richard Patton through the E. Bronson Ingram Chair in Neuroscience. We thank J. Easley M. Feurtado, M. Maddox, P. Middlebrooks, S. Motorny, J. Parker, M. Schall, C.R. Subraveti, A. Tomarken, and L. Toy for animal care and other technical assistance. We thank J. Brown, M. Cox, K. Dougherty, S. Errington, A. Maier, V. Stuphorn, A. Tomarken, and J. Westerberg for helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript.nnConflicts of interestNonennCortical circuit mechanisms in medial frontal cortex enabling executive control are unknown. Hence, in monkeys performing a saccade countermanding task to earn larger or smaller fluid rewards, we sampled spiking and synaptic activity simultaneously across all layers of the supplementary eye field (SEF), an agranular cortical area contributing to performance monitoring in nonhuman primate and human studies. Laminar-specific synaptic currents with associated spike rate facilitation and suppression represented error production, reward gain or loss feedback, and reward delivery. The latency, polarity and magnitude of current and spike rate modulation were not predicted by the canonical cortical microcircuit. Pronounced synaptic currents in layer 2/3, which are modulated by loss magnitude, will contribute to the error-related negativity (ERN) and feedback-related negativity (FRN). These unprecedented findings reveal critical features of the cortical microcircuitry supporting performance monitoring and demonstrate that SEF can contribute to the error- and feedback-related negativity.nnSubject termscountermanding, stop signal task, goal selection, response inhibition, executive control, canonical cortical microcircuit, error-related negativity, reinforcement learning, reward prediction error
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godlove, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microcircuitry of Performance Monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salient Experiences are Represented by Unique Transcriptional Signatures in the Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inducible transcription is essential for consolidation of salient experiences into long-term memory. However, the question of whether inducible transcription relays information representing the identity of the experience being encoded, has not been explored. To this end, we have analyzed transcription across multiple brain regions, induced by a variety of rewarding and aversive experiences. Our results define robust transcriptional signatures uniquely characterizing individual salient experiences. A subset of these induced transcriptional markers suffice for near-perfect decoding of the identity of recent experiences at the level of individual mice. Furthermore, experiences with shared attributes display commonalities in their transcriptional representation, exemplified in the representation of valence, habituation and reinforcement. Taken together, our results demonstrate the existence of a neural transcriptional code that represents the encoding of experiences in the mouse brain. This code is comprised of distinct transcriptional signatures that correlate to the affective attributes of the experiences that are being encoded.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ignatowska-Jankowska, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itskovits, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izakson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haritan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleistein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amit, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaslaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salient Experiences are Represented by Unique Transcriptional Signatures in the Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic validation of bipolar disorder identified by automated phenotyping using electronic health records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heritable mood disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Although genomewide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified genetic loci contributing to BD risk, sample size has become a rate-limiting obstacle to genetic discovery. Electronic health records (EHRs) represent a vast but relatively untapped resource for high-throughput phenotyping. As part of the International Cohort Collection for Bipolar Disorder (ICCBD), we previously validated automated EHR-based phenotyping algorithms for BD against in-person diagnostic interviews (Castro et al. 2015). Here, we establish the genetic validity of these phenotypes by determining their genetic correlation with traditionally-ascertained samples. Case and control algorithms were derived from structured and narrative text in the Partners Healthcare system comprising more than 4.6 million patients over 20 years. Genomewide genotype data for 3,330 BD cases and 3,952 controls of European ancestry were used to estimate SNP-based heritability (h2g) and genetic correlation(rg) between EHR-based phenotype definitions and traditionally-ascertained BD cases in GWAS by the ICCBD and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) using LD score regression. We evaluated BD cases identified using 4 EHR-based algorithms: an NLP-based algorithm (95-NLP) and 3 rule-based algorithms using codified EHR with decreasing levels of stringency - "coded-strict", "coded-broad", and "coded-broad based on a single clinical encounter" (coded-broad-SV). The analytic sample comprised 862 95-NLP, 1,968 coded-strict, 2,581 coded-broad, 408 coded-broad-SV BD cases, and 3,952 controls. The estimated h2g were 0.24 (p=0.015), 0.09 (p=0.064), 0.13 (p=0.003), 0.00 (p=0.591) for 95-NLP, coded-strict, coded-broad and coded-broad-SV BD, respectively. The h2g for all EHR-based cases combined except coded-broad-SV (excluded due to 0 h2g) was 0.12 (p=0.004). These h2g were lower or similar to the h2g observed by the ICCBD+PGCBD (0.23, p=3.17E-80, total N=33,181). However, the rg between ICCBD+PGCBD and the EHR-based cases were high for 95-NLP (0.66, p=3.69x10-5), coded-strict (1.00, p=2.40x10-4), and coded-broad (0.74, p=8.11x10-7). The rg between EHR-based BDs ranged from 0.90 to 0.98. These results provide the first genetic validation of automated EHR-based phenotyping for BD and suggest that this approach identifies cases that are highly genetically correlated with those ascertained through conventional methods. High throughput phenotyping using the large data resources available in EHRs represents a viable method for accelerating psychiatric genetic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minnier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic validation of bipolar disorder identified by automated phenotyping using electronic health records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
New evidence of a rhythmic priming effect that enhances grammaticality judgments in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/193961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Musical rhythm and the grammatical structure of language share a surprising number of characteristics that may be intrinsically related in child development. The present study aimed to understand the potential influence of musical rhythmic priming on subsequent spoken grammar task performance in children with typical development who were native speakers of English. Participants (ages 5 to 8 years) listened to rhythmically regular and irregular musical sequences (within-subjects design) followed by blocks of grammatically correct and incorrect sentences upon which they were asked to perform a grammaticality judgment task. Rhythmically regular musical sequences improved performance in grammaticality judgment compared to rhythmically irregular musical sequences. No such effect of rhythmic priming was found in two non-linguistic control tasks, suggesting a neural overlap between rhythm processing and mechanisms recruited during grammar processing. These findings build on previous research investigating the effect of rhythmic priming by extending the paradigm to a different language, testing a younger population, and employing non-language control tasks. These findings of an immediate influence of rhythm on grammar states (temporarily augmented grammaticality judgment performance) also converge with previous findings of associations between rhythm and grammar traits (stable, generalized grammar abilities) in children. Taken together, this study provides additional evidence for shared neural processing for language and music, and warrants future investigations of potentially beneficial effects of innovative musical material on language processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/193961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[New evidence of a rhythmic priming effect that enhances grammaticality judgments in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quaddles: A multidimensional 3D object set with parametrically-controlled and customizable features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/194381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies of vision and cognition require novel three-dimensional object sets defined by a parametric feature space. Creating such sets and verifying that they are suitable for a given task, however, can be extremely time-consuming and effortful. Here we present a new set of multidimensional objects, Quaddles, designed for a study of feature-based learning and attention, but adaptable for many research purposes. Quaddles have features that are all equally-visible from any angle around the vertical axis, and which all have similar response biases on a feature detection task, thus removing one potential source of bias in object selection. They are available as two-dimensional images, rotating videos, and FBX object files suitable for use with any modern video game engine. We also provide examples and tutorials for modifying Quaddles or creating completely new object sets from scratch, hopefully greatly speeding up the development time of future novel object studies.nnAuthors noteThis work was supported by grant MOP 102482 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (TW) and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Brain in Action CREATE-IRTG program (MRW, TW). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of this manuscript. Authors would like to thank Hongying Wang for technical support, and Isabel Gauthier for comments on a draft version of the manuscript.nnThe study described herein was approved by the York University Office of Research Ethics (Certificate # 2016-214).nnA draft version of this manuscript is available online at BioR{chi}iv:
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voloh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naghizadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/194381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quaddles: A multidimensional 3D object set with parametrically-controlled and customizable features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A LaeA- and BrlA-dependent cellular network governs tissue-specific secondary metabolism in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biosynthesis of many ecologically important secondary metabolites (SMs) in filamentous fungi is controlled by several global transcriptional regulators, like the chromatin modifier LaeA, and tied to both development and vegetative growth. In Aspergillus molds, asexual development is regulated by the BrlA>AbaA>WetA transcriptional cascade. To elucidate BrlA pathway involvement in SM regulation, we examined the transcriptional and metabolic profiles of {Delta}brlA, {Delta}abaA, {Delta}wetA and wild-type strains of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. We find that BrlA, in addition to regulating production of developmental SMs, regulates vegetative SMs and the SrbA-regulated hypoxia stress response in a concordant fashion to LaeA. We further show that the transcriptional and metabolic equivalence of {Delta}brlA and {Delta}laeA is mediated by a LaeA requirement preventing heterochromatic marks in the brlA promoter. These results provide a framework for the cellular network regulating not only fungal SMs but diverse cellular processes linked to virulence of this pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soukup, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A LaeA- and BrlA-dependent cellular network governs tissue-specific secondary metabolism in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/201475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) is a highly prevalent and reversible modification within eukaryotic mRNAs that has been linked to many stages of RNA processing and fate. Recent studies suggest that m6A deposition and proteins involved in the m6A pathway play a diverse set of roles in either restricting or modulating the lifecycles of select viruses. Here, we report that m6A levels are significantly increased in cells infected with the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Transcriptome-wide m6A-sequencing of the KSHV-positive renal carcinoma cell line iSLK.219 during lytic reactivation revealed the presence of m6A across multiple kinetic classes of viral transcripts, and a concomitant decrease in m6A levels across much of the host transcriptome. However, we found that depletion of the m6A machinery had differential pro- and anti-viral impacts on viral gene expression depending on the cell-type analyzed. In iSLK.219 and iSLK.BAC16 cells the pathway functioned in a pro-viral manner, as depletion of the m6A writer METTL3 and the reader YTHDF2 significantly impaired virion production. In iSLK.219 cells the defect was linked to their roles in the post-transcriptional accumulation of the major viral lytic transactivator ORF50, which is m6A modified. In contrast, although the ORF50 mRNA was also m6A modified in KSHV infected B cells, ORF50 protein expression was instead increased upon depletion of METTL3, or, to a lesser extent, YTHDF2. These results highlight that the m6A pathway is centrally involved in regulating KSHV gene expression, and underscore how the outcome of this dynamically regulated modification can vary significantly between cell types.nnAuthor SummaryIn addition to its roles in regulating cellular RNA fate, methylation at the N6 position of adenosine (m6A) of mRNA has recently emerged as a mechanism for regulating viral infection. While it has been known for over 40 years that the mRNA of nuclear replicating DNA viruses contain m6A, only recently have studies began to examine the distribution of this modification across viral transcripts, as well as characterize its functional impact upon viral lifecycles. Here, we apply m6A-sequencing to map the location of m6A modifications throughout the transcriptome of the oncogenic human DNA virus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We show that the m6A machinery functions in a cell type specific manner to either promote or inhibit KSHV gene expression. Thus, the KSHV lifecycle is impacted by the m6A pathway, but the functional outcome may depend on cell lineage specific differences in m6A-based regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hesser, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominissini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/201475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N6-methyladenosine modification and the YTHDF2 reader protein play cell type specific roles in lytic viral gene expression during Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.873414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLASH irradiation enhances the therapeutic index of abdominal radiotherapy in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.873414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peritoneal metastases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in ovarian cancer. Despite current surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapies, the majority of patients diagnosed with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer develop recurrent disease and overall survival rates remain poor. It is known that ovarian cancer is a radiosensitive tumor. Historically, total abdominal irradiation (TAI) was used as an effective postsurgical adjuvant therapy in the management of chemotherapy sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer. However, TAI fell out of favor due to high toxicity, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract. We have developed a preclinical irradiation platform that allows for total abdominal ultrahigh dose rate FLASH irradiation. We demonstrate that TAI-FLASH reduces radiation-induced intestinal injury in both healthy and tumor-bearing mice compared to conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation. Single high dose TAI-FLASH reduced mortality from gastrointestinal syndrome, spared gut function and epithelial integrity, and decreased cell death in crypt base columnar cells. Importantly, FLASH and CONV irradiation had similar efficacy in the reduction of ovarian cancer peritoneal metastases. These findings suggest that FLASH irradiation may be an effective strategy to enhance the therapeutic index of radiotherapy for the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer in women.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggold, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manjappa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lartey, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schüler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Rawi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Eyben, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorigo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koong, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxim, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankin, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.873414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLASH irradiation enhances the therapeutic index of abdominal radiotherapy in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.12.874859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex and striatum form a recurrent network whose spiking activity encodes multiple types of learning-relevant information. This spike-encoded information is evident in average firing rates, but finer temporal coding might allow multiplexing and enhanced readout across the connected the network. We tested this hypothesis in the fronto-striatal network of nonhuman primates during reversal learning of feature values. We found that neurons encoding current choice outcomes, outcome prediction errors, and outcome history in their firing rates also carried significant information in their phase-of-firing at a 10-25 Hz beta frequency at which they synchronized across lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum. The phase-of-firing code exceeded information that could be obtained from firing rates alone, was strong for inter-areal connections, and multiplexed information at three different phases of the beta cycle that were offset from the preferred spiking phase of neurons. Taken together, these findings document the multiplexing of three different types of information in the phase-of-firing at an interareally shared beta oscillation frequency during goal-directed behavior.

HighlightsO_LILateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum show phase-of-firing encoding for outcome, outcome history and reward prediction errors.
C_LIO_LINeurons with phase-of-firing code synchronize long-range at 10-25 Hz.
C_LIO_LISpike phases encoding reward prediction errors deviate from preferred synchronization phases.
C_LIO_LIAnterior cingulate cortex neurons show strongest long-range effects.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voloh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.12.874859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RosettaGPCR: Multiple Template Homology Modeling of GPCRs with Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a significant target class for pharmaceutical therapies. However, to date, only about 10% of druggable GPCRs have had their structures characterized at atomic resolution. Further, because of the flexibility of GPCRs, alternative conformations remain to be modeled, even after an experimental structure is available. Thus, computational modeling of GPCRs is a crucial component for understanding biological function and to aid development of new therapeutics. Previous single- and multi-template homology modeling protocols in Rosetta often generated non-native-like conformations of transmembrane -helices and/or extracellular loops. Here we present a new Rosetta protocol for modeling GPCRs that is improved in two critical ways: Firstly, it uses a blended sequence- and structure-based alignment that now accounts for structure conservation in extracellular loops. Secondly, by merging multiple template structures into one comparative model, the best possible template for every region of a target GPCR can be used expanding the conformational space sampled in a meaningful way. This new method allows for accurate modeling of receptors using templates as low as 20% sequence identity, which accounts for nearly the entire druggable space of GPCRs. A model database of all non-odorant GPCRs is made available at www.rosettagpcr.org.

Author SummaryStructure-based drug discovery is among the new technologies driving the development of next generation therapeutics. Inherent to this process is the availability of a protein structure for virtual screening. The most heavily drugged protein family, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), however suffers from a lack of experimental structures that could hinder drug development. Technical challenges prevent the determination of every protein structure, so we turn to computational modeling to predict the structures of the remaining proteins. Again, traditional techniques fail due to the high divergence of this family. Here, we build on available methods specifically for the challenge of modeling GPCRs. This new method outperforms other methods and allows for the ability to accurately model nearly 90% of the entire GPCR family. We therefore generate a model database of all GPCRs (www.rosettagpcr.org) for use in future drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bender, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RosettaGPCR: Multiple Template Homology Modeling of GPCRs with Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stutter: a Transient Dynamic Instability Phase that is Strongly Associated with Catastrophe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal fibers that undergo dynamic instability (DI), a remarkable process involving phases of growth and shortening separated by stochastic transitions called catastrophe and rescue. Dissecting dynamic instability mechanism(s) requires first characterizing and quantifying these dynamics, a subjective process that often ignores complexity in MT behavior. We present a Statistical Tool for Automated Dynamic Instability Analysis (STADIA), which identifies and quantifies not only growth and shortening, but also a category of intermediate behaviors that we term  stutters. During stutters, the rate of MT length change tends to be smaller in magnitude than during typical growth or shortening phases. Quantifying stutters and other behaviors with STADIA demonstrates that stutters precede most catastrophes in our dimer-scale MT simulations and in vitro experiments, suggesting that stutters are mechanistically involved in catastrophes. Related to this idea, we show that the anti-catastrophe factor CLASP2{gamma} works by promoting the return of stuttering MTs to growth. STADIA enables more comprehensive and data-driven analysis of MT dynamics compared to previous methods. The treatment of stutters as distinct and quantifiable DI behaviors provides new opportunities for analyzing mechanisms of MT dynamics and their regulation by binding proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahserejian, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scripture, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauro, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonasson, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodson, H. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stutter: a Transient Dynamic Instability Phase that is Strongly Associated with Catastrophe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the spatial profile of figure enhancement in human V1 through population receptive field modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.18.881722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection and segmentation of meaningful figures from their background is a core function of vision. While work in non-human primates has implicated early visual mechanisms in this figure-ground modulation, neuroimaging in humans has instead largely ascribed the processing of figures and objects to higher stages of the visual hierarchy. Here, we used high-field fMRI at 7Tesla to measure BOLD responses to task-irrelevant orientation-defined figures in human early visual cortex, and employed a novel population receptive field (pRF) mapping-based approach to resolve the spatial profiles of two constituent mechanisms of figure-ground modulation: a local boundary response, and a further enhancement spanning the full extent of the figure region that is driven by global differences in features. Reconstructing the distinct spatial profiles of these effects reveals that figure enhancement modulates responses in human early visual cortex in a manner consistent with a mechanism of automatic, contextually-driven feedback from higher visual areas.

Significance StatementA core function of the visual system is to parse complex 2D input into meaningful figures. We do so constantly and seamlessly, both by processing information about visible edges and by analyzing large-scale differences between figures and background. While influential neurophysiology work has characterized an intriguing mechanism that enhances V1 responses to perceptual figures, we have a poor understanding of how the early visual system contributes to figure-ground processing in humans. Here, we use advanced computational analysis methods and high-field human fMRI data to resolve the distinct spatial profiles of local edge and global figure enhancement in the early visual system (V1 and LGN); the latter is distinct and consistent a mechanism of automatic, stimulus-driven feedback from higher-level visual areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poltoratski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.18.881722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the spatial profile of figure enhancement in human V1 through population receptive field modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.868844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implications of TP53 Allelic State for Genome Stability, Clinical Presentation and Outcomes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.868844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
TP53 mutations are associated with poor clinical outcomes and treatment resistance in myelodysplastic syndromes. However, the biological and clinical relevance of the underlying mono- or bi-allelic state of the mutations is unclear. We analyzed 3,324 MDS patients for TP53 mutations and allelic imbalances of the TP53 locus and found that 1 in 3 TP53-mutated patients had mono-allelic targeting of the gene whereas 2 in 3 had multiple hits consistent with bi-allelic targeting. The established associations for TP53 with complex karyotype, high-risk presentation, poor survival and rapid leukemic transformation were specific to patients with multi-hit state only. TP53 multi-hit state predicted risk of death and leukemic transformation independently of the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System, while mono-allelic patients did not differ from TP53 wild-type patients. The separation by allelic state was retained in therapy-related MDS. Findings were validated in a cohort of 1,120 patients. Ascertainment of TP53 allelic state is critical for diagnosis, risk estimation and prognostication precision in MDS, and future correlative studies of treatment response should consider TP53 allelic state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nannya, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasserjian, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuechler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Martinez, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshizato, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiozawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcovati, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arango, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sole, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cargo, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creignou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germing, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gundem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Loosdrecht, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jadersten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobiasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmider, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follo, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thol, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotsianidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boultwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, F. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schanz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasahara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsurumi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takaori-Kondo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiguchi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polprasert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimek, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savon</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.19.868844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implications of TP53 Allelic State for Genome Stability, Clinical Presentation and Outcomes in Myelodysplastic Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis for the Evolved Instability of a Human G-Protein Coupled Receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.20.884718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane proteins are prone to misfolding and degradation. This is particularly true for mammalian forms of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). Though they function at the plasma membrane, mammalian GnRHRs tend to accumulate within the secretory pathway. Their apparent instability is believed to have evolved in response to selection for attenuated GnRHR activity. Nevertheless, the structural basis of this adaptation remains unclear. We find that this adaptation coincides with a C-terminal truncation and an increase in the polarity of its transmembrane (TM) domains. This enhanced polarity compromises the translocon-mediated cotranslational folding of two TM domains. Moreover, replacing a conserved polar residue in TM6 with an ancestral hydrophobic residue partially restores GnRHR expression with minimal impact on function. An evolutionary analysis suggests variations in the polarity of this residue are associated with reproductive differences. Our findings suggest the marginal energetics of cotranslational folding can be exploited to tune membrane protein fitness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamness, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelt, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziarek, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.20.884718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis for the Evolved Instability of a Human G-Protein Coupled Receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostatic osteopontin expression is associated with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.23.887612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMale lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) occur in more than half of men above 50 years of age. LUTS were traditionally attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and therefore the clinical terminology often use LUTS and BPH interchangeably. More recently, LUTS were also linked to fibrogenic and inflammatory processes. We tested whether osteopontin (OPN), a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecule, is increased in symptomatic BPH. We also tested whether prostate epithelial and stromal cells secrete OPN in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli and identified downstream targets of OPN in prostate stromal cells.

MethodsImmunohistochemistry was performed on prostate sections obtained from the transition zone (TZ) of patients who underwent surgery (Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate) to relieve LUTS i.e. surgical BPH (S-BPH) or patients who underwent radical prostatectomy to remove low-grade prostate cancer (incidental BPH, I-BPH). Images of stained tissue sections were captured with a Nuance Multispectral Imaging system and histoscore, as a measure of OPN staining intensity, was determined with inForm software. OPN protein abundance was determined by Western blot. The ability of prostate cells to secrete osteopontin in response to IL-1{beta} and TGF-{beta}1 was determined in stromal (BHPrS-1) and epithelial (NHPrE-1 and BHPrE-1) cells by ELISA. qPCR was used to measure gene expression changes in these cells in response to OPN.

ResultsOPN immunostaining (p=0.0107) and protein levels were more abundant in S-BPH than I-BPH. Staining was distributed across all cell types with highest levels in epithelial cells. Multiple OPN protein variants were identified in immortalized prostate stromal and epithelial cells. TGF-{beta}1 stimulated OPN secretion by NHPrE-1 cells and both IL-1{beta} and TGF-{beta}1 stimulated OPN secretion by BHPrS-1 cells. Interestingly, recombinant OPN increased the mRNA expression of CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, PTGS2 and IL6 in BHPrS-1, but not in epithelial cell lines.

ConclusionsOPN is more abundant in prostates of men with S-BPH compared to men with I-BPH. OPN secretion is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and OPN acts directly on stromal cells to drive the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mRNAs. Pharmacological manipulation of prostatic OPN may have the potential to reduce LUTS by inhibiting both inflammatory and fibrotic pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popovics, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awadallah, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricke, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vezina, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matusik, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricke, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowska, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.23.887612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostatic osteopontin expression is associated with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting adaptations to synaptic physiology of prefrontal cortex interneuron subtypes in a mouse model of binge drinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.05.895169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects all sexes, however women who develop AUD may be particularly susceptible to cravings and other components of the disease. While many brain regions are involved in AUD etiology, proper function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly important for top-down craving management and the moderation of drinking behaviors. Essential regulation of PFC output is provided by local inhibitory interneurons, yet the effects of chronic drinking on interneuron physiology remain poorly understood, particularly in female individuals. To address this gap, we generated fluorescent reporter transgenic mice to label the two major classes of interneuron in deep layer prelimbic PFC, based on expression of parvalbumin (PV-IN) or somatostatin (SST-IN). We then interrogated PV-IN and SST-IN membrane and synaptic physiology in a rodent model of binge drinking. Beginning in late adolescence, mice received 3-4 weeks of intermittent access (IA) ethanol. One day after the last drinking session, adaptations to PV-IN and SST-IN intrinsic physiology were observed in male mice but not in female mice. Furthermore, IA ethanol precipitated diametrically opposing changes to PV-IN synaptic physiology based on sex. IA ethanol decreased excitatory synaptic strength onto PV-INs from female mice and potentiated excitatory transmission onto PV-INs male mice. In contrast, decreased synaptic strength onto SST-INs was observed following IA ethanol in all groups of mice. Together, these findings illustrate novel sex differences in drinking-related PFC pathophysiology. Discovering means to restore PV-IN and SST-IN dysfunction following extended drinking provides opportunities for developing new treatments for all AUD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.05.895169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting adaptations to synaptic physiology of prefrontal cortex interneuron subtypes in a mouse model of binge drinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free-water metrics in medial temporal lobe white matter tract projections relate to longitudinal cognitive decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveHippocampal volume is a sensitive marker of neurodegeneration and a well-established predictor of age-related cognitive impairment. Recently, free-water (FW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown associations with pathology in Alzheimers disease (AD), but it is still unclear whether these metrics are associated with measures of cognitive impairment. Here, we investigate whether FW and FW-corrected fractional anisotropy (FAT) within medial temporal lobe white matter tracts (cingulum, fornix, uncinate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and tapetum) provides meaningful contribution to cognition and cognitive decline beyond hippocampal volume.

Participants and MethodsVanderbilt Memory & Aging Project participants (n=319, 73{+/-}7 years, 59% male) with normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment (40% of cohort) underwent baseline brain MRI, including structural MRI to quantify hippocampal volume, diffusion MRI to quantify medial temporal lobe white matter tract FW and FAT, and longitudinal neuropsychological assessment with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. Linear regressions were conducted to determine how hippocampal volume and white matter tract FW and FAT interact with baseline memory and executive function performances. Competitive model analyses determined the unique variance provided by white matter tract FW and FAT beyond that of hippocampal volume and other comorbidities. Linear mixed-effects models were conducted to determine how baseline hippocampal volume and white matter tract FW and FAT interact to explain longitudinal change in memory and executive function performances.

ResultsFW in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, tapetum, uncinate fasciculus, and cingulum were robustly associated with baseline memory and executive function. Further, competitive model analysis showed that tract FW contributed unique variance beyond other comorbidities and hippocampal volume for memory ({Delta}Radj2 range: 0.82-2.00%) and executive function ({Delta}Radj2 range: 0.88-1.87%). Longitudinal analyses demonstrated significant interactions of hippocampal volume and FAT in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (p=0.02), tapetum (p=0.02), uncinate fasciculus (p=0.02), and cingulum (p=0.002) with decline in memory. For decline in executive function, we found significant interactions of hippocampal volume and FAT in inferior longitudinal fasciculus (p=0.03), tapetum (p=0.02), uncinate fasciculus (p=0.02), and fornix (p=0.02), as well as cingulum (p=0.02) and fornix (p=0.02) FW.

ConclusionsOur results highlight novel associations between FW and FAT measures of medial temporal lobe tract microstructure and cognitive performance such that individuals with smaller hippocampal volumes and lower tract microstructure experience greater cognitive decline. These results suggest that white matter has a unique role in cognitive decline and, therefore, could be used to provide better disease staging, allowing for more precise disease monitoring in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashikumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.06.896217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free-water metrics in medial temporal lobe white matter tract projections relate to longitudinal cognitive decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neural computations for stimulus presence and modal identity diverge along a shared circuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.09.900563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is comprised of neural circuits that are able to flexibly represent the complexity of the external world. In accomplishing this feat, one of the first attributes the brain must code for is whether a stimulus is present and subsequently what sensory information that stimulus contains. One of the core characteristics of that information is which sensory modality(ies) are being represented. How information regarding both the presence and modal identity of a given stimulus is represented and transformed within the brain remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how the brain represents the presence and modal identity of a given stimulus while tactile, audio, and audio-tactile stimuli were passively presented to non-human primates. We recorded spiking activity from primary somatosensory (S1) and ventral pre-motor (PMv) cortices, two areas known to be instrumental in transforming sensory information into motor commands for action. Using multivariate analyses to decode stimulus presence and identity, we found that information regarding stimulus presence and modal identity were found in both S1 and PMv and extended beyond the duration of significant evoked spiking activity, and that this information followed different time-courses in these two areas. Further, we combined time-generalization decoding with cross-area decoding to demonstrate that while signaling the presence of a stimulus involves a feedforward-feedback coupling between S1-PMv, the processing of modal identity is largely restricted to S1. Together, these results highlight the differing spatiotemporal dynamics of information flow regarding stimulus presence and modal identity in two nodes of an important cortical sensorimotor circuit.

Significance StatementIt is unclear how the structure and function of the brain support differing sensory functions, such as detecting the presence of a stimulus in the environment vs. identifying it. Here, we used multivariate decoding methods on monkey neuronal data to track how information regarding stimulus presence and modal identity flow within a sensorimotor circuit. Results demonstrate that while neural patterns in both primary somatosensory (S1) and ventral pre-motor (PMv) cortices can be used to detect and discriminate between stimuli, they follow different time-courses. Importantly, findings suggest that while information regarding the presence of a stimulus flows reciprocally between S1 and PMv, information regarding stimulus identity is largely contained in S1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tovar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.09.900563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neural computations for stimulus presence and modal identity diverge along a shared circuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries stable across diverse cell types are evolutionarily constrained and enriched for heritability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.10.901967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topologically associating domains (TADs) are fundamental units of three-dimensional (3D) nuclear organization. The regions bordering TADs--TAD boundaries--contribute to the regulation of gene expression by restricting interactions of cis-regulatory sequences to their target genes. TAD and TAD boundary disruption have been implicated in rare disease pathogenesis; however, we have a limited framework for integrating TADs and their variation across cell types into the interpretation of common trait-associated variants. Here, we investigate an attribute of 3D genome architecture--the stability of TAD boundaries across cell types--and demonstrate its relevance to understanding how genetic variation in TADs contribute to complex disease. By synthesizing TAD maps across 37 diverse cell types with 41 genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we investigate the differences in functionality and evolutionary pressure on variation in TADs versus TAD boundaries. We quantify their contribution to trait heritability and sequence-level evolutionary constraint and demonstrate that genetic variation in TAD boundaries contributes more to complex trait heritability, especially for immunologic, hematologic, and metabolic traits. We also show that TAD boundaries are more evolutionarily constrained than TADs. Next, stratifying boundaries by their stability across cell types, we find substantial differences. Boundaries stable across cell types are further enriched for complex trait heritability, evolutionary constraint, CTCF binding, and housekeeping genes compared to boundaries unique to a specific cell type. This suggests greater functional importance for stable boundaries. Thus, considering TAD boundary stability across cell types provides valuable context for understanding the genomes functional landscape and enabling 3D-structure aware variant interpretation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.901967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries stable across diverse cell types are evolutionarily constrained and enriched for heritability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct components of photoperiodic light are differentially encoded by the mammalian circadian clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal light cycles influence multiple physiological functions and are mediated through photoperiodic encoding by the circadian system. Despite our knowledge of the strong connection between seasonal light input and downstream circadian changes, less is known about the specific components of seasonal light cycles that are encoded and induce persistent changes in the circadian system. Using combinations of three T cycles (23, 24, 26 hr.) and two photoperiods per T cycle (Long and Short, with duty cycles scaled to each T cycle), we investigate after-effects of entrainment to these six light cycles. We measure locomotor behavior duration (), period ({tau}), and entrained phase angle ({Psi}) in vivo, and SCN phase distribution ({sigma}{phi}), {tau}, and {Psi} ex vivo in order to refine our understanding of critical light components for influencing particular circadian properties. We find that photoperiod and T cycle length both drive determination of in vivo {Psi} but differentially influence after-effects in  and {tau}, with photoperiod driving changes in  and photoperiod length and T cycle length combining to influence {tau}. Using skeleton photoperiods, we demonstrate that in vivo {Psi} is determined by both parametric and non-parametric components, while changes in  are driven non-parametrically. Within the ex vivo SCN, we find that {Psi} and {sigma}{phi} of the PER2::LUCIFERASE rhythm follow closely with their likely behavioral counterparts ({Psi} and  of the locomotor activity rhythm), while also confirming previous reports of {tau} after-effects of gene expression rhythms showing negative correlations with behavioral {tau} after-effects in response to T cycles. We demonstrate that within-SCN {sigma}{phi} changes, thought to underly  changes in vivo, are induced primarily non-parametrically. Taken together, our results demonstrate distinct components of seasonal light input differentially influence {Psi}, , and {tau}, and suggest the possibility of separate mechanisms driving the persistent changes in circadian behaviors mediated by seasonal light.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct components of photoperiodic light are differentially encoded by the mammalian circadian clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atf-6 regulates lifespan through ER-mitochondrial calcium homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.14.906693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional crosstalk between organelles is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Individually, dysfunction of both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria have been linked to cellular and organismal aging, but little is known about how mechanisms of inter-organelle communication might be targeted to extended longevity. The metazoan unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains ER health through a variety of mechanisms beyond its canonical role in proteostasis, including calcium storage and lipid metabolism. Here we provide evidence that in C. elegans, inhibition of the conserved UPR mediator, activating transcription factor (atf)-6 increases lifespan via modulation of calcium homeostasis and signaling to the mitochondria. Loss of atf-6 confers long life via downregulation of the ER calcium buffering protein, calreticulin. Function of the ER calcium release channel, the inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R/itr-1), is required for atf-6 mutant longevity while a gain-of-function IP3R/itr-1 mutation is sufficient to extend lifespan. IP3R dysfunction leads to altered mitochondrial behavior and hyperfused morphology, which is sufficient to suppress long life in atf-6 mutants. Highlighting a novel and direct role for this inter-organelle coordination of calcium in longevity, the mitochondrial calcium import channel, mcu-1, is also required for atf-6 mutant longevity. Altogether this study reveals the importance of organellar coordination of calcium handling in determining the quality of aging, and highlights calcium homeostasis as a critical output for the UPR and atf-6 in particular.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinbaugh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cram, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.14.906693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atf-6 regulates lifespan through ER-mitochondrial calcium homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.906180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically encoded split luciferase biosensors to measure endosome disruption in real time in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.906180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosomal escape is a critical step in intracellular delivery of biomacromolecular drugs, but quantitative, high throughput study of endosomal vesicle disruption remains elusive. We designed two genetically encoded split luciferase "turn on" reporters that can be assayed rapidly in well plates on live cells using a luminometer. Both systems use non-luminescent N-terminal and C-terminal luciferase fragments which can reconstitute a functional luminescent enzyme when they are held in proximity by their fusion partners. The first system uses Gal8 and CALCOCO2 fused to these fragments, which interact following endosome disruption and facilitate complementation of the split luciferase fragments to produce significant luminescence when luciferin is added. The second system uses the N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain of Gal8 (G8-NCRD) fused to both luciferase fragments. Following endosome disruption, G8-NCRD binds to exposed glycans inside endosomes, concentrating both fragments there to reconstitute active luciferase. Additionally, and in contrast to recently reported Gal8 intracellular tracking with fluorescent microscopy, these split luciferase-based assays enable simultaneous identification and downselection of cytotoxic test conditions because the luciferase reaction requires intracellular ATP. Further, we demonstrate that the lead luminescent cell line is more sensitive to detection of endosomal disruption at lower doses of an endosome disrupting drug carrier than the previously reported Gal8-YFP fluorescent system. These systems represent a first-in-class luminescent assay to detect endosome disruption in high throughput while excluding toxic formulations. Endosome disruption screening with these "turn on" systems has potential as a tool in the discovery and development of intracellular biologic drug delivery formulations.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/906180v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilchrist, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.906180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically encoded split luciferase biosensors to measure endosome disruption in real time in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.911784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Registration-free Distortion Correction of Diffusion Weighted MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.19.911784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion magnetic resonance images may suffer from geometric distortions due to susceptibility induced off resonance fields, which cause geometric mismatch with anatomical images and ultimately affect subsequent quantification of microstructural or connectivity indices. State-of-the art diffusion distortion correction methods typically require data acquired with reverse phase encoding directions, resulting in varying magnitudes and orientations of distortion, which allow estimation of an undistorted volume. Alternatively, additional field maps acquisitions can be used along with sequence information to determine warping fields. However, not all imaging protocols include these additional scans and cannot take advantage of state-of-the art distortion correction. To avoid additional acquisitions, structural MRI (undistorted scans) can be used as registration targets for intensity driven correction. In this study, we aim to (1) enable susceptibility distortion correction with historical and/or limited diffusion datasets that do not include specific sequences for distortion correction and (2) avoid the computationally intensive registration procedure typically required for distortion correction using structural scans. To achieve these aims, we use deep learning (3D U-nets) to synthesize an undistorted b0 image that matches geometry of structural T1w images and intensity contrasts from diffusion images. Importantly, the training dataset is heterogenous, consisting of varying acquisitions of both structural and diffusion. We apply our approach to a withheld test set and show that distortions are successfully corrected after processing. We quantitatively evaluate the proposed distortion correction and intensity-based registration against state-of-the-art distortion correction (FSL topup). The results illustrate that the proposed pipeline results in b0 images that are geometrically similar to non-distorted structural images, and more closely match state-of-the-art correction with additional acquisitions. In addition, we show generalizability of the proposed approach to datasets that were not in the original training / validation / testing datasets. These datasets included varying populations, contrasts, resolutions, and magnitudes and orientations of distortion and show efficacious distortion correction. The method is available as a Singularity container, source code, and an executable trained model to facilitate evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanakaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rex, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.19.911784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Registration-free Distortion Correction of Diffusion Weighted MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.906156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reduced function of the glutathione S-transferase S1 suppresses behavioral hyperexcitability in Drosophila expressing a mutant voltage-gated sodium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.906156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels play a central role in the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells such as neurons and muscles. To determine how the phenotypes of Nav-channel mutants are affected by other genes, we performed a forward genetic screen for dominant modifiers of the seizure-prone, gain-of-function Drosophila melanogaster Nav-channel mutant, paraShu. Our analyses using chromosome deficiencies, gene-specific RNA interference, and single-gene mutants revealed that a null allele of glutathione S-transferase S1 (GstS1) dominantly suppresses paraShu phenotypes. Reduced GstS1 function also suppressed phenotypes of other seizure-prone Nav-channel mutants, paraGEFS+ and parabss. Notably, paraShu mutants expressed 50% less GstS1 than wild-type flies, further supporting the notion that paraShu and GstS1 interact functionally. Introduction of a loss-of-function GstS1 mutation into a paraShu background led to up- and down-regulation of various genes, with those encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes most significantly over-represented in this group. Because GstS1 is a fly ortholog of mammalian hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, and in mammals CYPs are involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids including prostaglandins, our results raise the intriguing possibility that bioactive lipids play a role in GstS1-mediated suppression of paraShu phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasuya, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansdon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sodders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamoto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.906156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reduced function of the glutathione S-transferase S1 suppresses behavioral hyperexcitability in Drosophila expressing a mutant voltage-gated sodium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of family income-to-needs ratio with cortical and subcortical brain volume in adolescent boys and girls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.918847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deviations in neurodevelopment may underlie the association between lower childhood socioeconomic status and difficulties in cognitive and socioemotional domains. Most previous investigations of the association between childhood socioeconomic status and brain morphology have used cross-sectional designs with samples that span wide age ranges, occluding effects specific to adolescence. Sex differences in the association between childhood socioeconomic status and neurodevelopment may emerge or intensify during adolescence. We used tensor-based morphometry, a whole brain approach, to examine sex differences in the cross-sectional association between normative variation in family income-to-needs ratio (INR) and cortical and subcortical gray and white matter volume during early adolescence (ages 9-13 years, N=147), as well as in the longitudinal association between in INR and change in volume from early to later adolescence (ages 11-16 years, N=109). Biological sex interacted with INR to explain variation in volume in several areas cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Effects were primarily in cortical gray matter areas, including regions of the association cortex and sensorimotor processing areas. Effect sizes tended to be larger in boys than in girls. Biological sex may be an important variable to consider in analyses of the effects of family income on structural neurodevelopment during adolescence.

HighlightsO_LISex-specific associations of SES with neurodevelopment may emerge in adolescence.
C_LIO_LIWe used a whole-brain approach to examine gray and white matter volume.
C_LIO_LISex interacted with SES to explain variation in volume across adolescence.
C_LIO_LISex is an important variable to consider in analyses of SES and brain volume.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>King, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlib, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.918847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of family income-to-needs ratio with cortical and subcortical brain volume in adolescent boys and girls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophages Promote Aortic Valve Cell Calcification Through STAT3 Splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.24.919001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveMacrophages have been described in calcific aortic valve disease, but it is unclear if they promote or counteract calcification. We aimed to determine how macrophages are involved in calcification using the Notch1+/- model of calcific aortic valve disease.

Approach and ResultsMacrophages in wild-type and Notch1+/- murine aortic valves were characterized by flow cytometry. Macrophages in Notch1+/- aortic valves had increased expression of MHCII. We then used bone marrow transplants to test if differences in Notch1+/- macrophages drive disease. Notch1+/- mice had increased valve thickness, macrophage infiltration, and M1-like macrophage polarization regardless of transplanted bone marrow genotype. In vitro approaches confirm that Notch1+/- aortic valve cells promote macrophage invasion as quantified by migration index and M1-like polarization quantified by Ly6C and CCR2 positivity regardless of macrophage genotype. Finally, we found that macrophage interaction with aortic valve cells promotes osteogenic, but not dystrophic, calcification by decreasing abundance of the STAT3{beta} isoform.

ConclusionsThis study reveals that Notch1+/- aortic valve disease involves increased macrophage recruitment and polarization driven by altered aortic valve cell secretion, and that increased macrophage recruitment promotes osteogenic calcification through STAT3 splicing changes. Further investigation of STAT3 and macrophage-driven inflammation as therapeutic targets in calcific aortic valve disease is warranted.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/919001v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raddatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffstater, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinfeld, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhur, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.919001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophages Promote Aortic Valve Cell Calcification Through STAT3 Splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.917278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional characterization of clinical isolates of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus nidulans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.917278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus nidulans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen in patients with immunodeficiency and virulence of A. nidulans isolates has mainly been studied in the context of the chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), with characterization of clinical isolates obtained from non-CGD patients remaining elusive. This study therefore carried out a detailed biological characterization of two A. nidulans clinical isolates (CIs), obtained from a patient with breast carcinoma and pneumonia and from a patient with cystic fibrosis that underwent lung transplantation, and compared them to the reference, non-clinical A4 strain. Both CIs presented increased growth in comparison to the reference strain in the presence of physiologically-relevant carbon sources. Metabolomic analyses showed that the three strains are metabolically very different from each other in these carbon sources. Furthermore, the CIs were highly susceptible to cell wall perturbing agents but not to other physiologically-relevant stresses. Genome analyses identified several frame-shift variants in genes encoding cell wall integrity (CWI) signalling components. Significant differences in CWI signalling were confirmed by western blotting among the three strains. In vivo virulence studies using several different models revealed that strain MO80069 had significantly higher virulence in hosts with impaired neutrophil function when compared to the other strains. In summary, this study presents detailed biological characterization of two A. nidulans sensu stricto clinical isolates. Just like in A. fumigatus, strain heterogeneity exists in A. nidulans clinical strains that can define virulence traits. Further studies are required to fully characterize A. nidulans strain-specific virulence traits and pathogenicity.

ImportanceImmunocompromised patients are susceptible to infections with opportunistic filamentous fungi from the genus Aspergillus. Although A. fumigatus is the main etiological agent of Aspergillus spp.-related infections, other species, such as A. nidulans are prevalent in a condition-specific manner. A. nidulans is a predominant infective agent in patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). A. nidulans isolates have mainly been studied in the context of CGD, although infection with A. nidulans also occurs in non-CGD patients. This study carried out a detailed biological characterization of two non-CGD A. nidulans clinical isolates and compared it to a reference strain. Phenotypic, metabolomic and genomic analyses highlight fundamental differences in carbon source utilization, stress responses and maintenance of cell wall integrity among the strains. One clinical strain had increased virulence in models with impaired neutrophil function. Just as in A. fumigatus, strain heterogeneity exists in A. nidulans clinical strains that can define virulence traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Rocha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resendiz-Sharpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagrou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Houben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaldon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakley, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loures, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenlocher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.917278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional characterization of clinical isolates of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus nidulans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse cell stimulation kinetics identify predictive signal transduction models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drive to understand cell signaling responses to environmental, chemical and genetic perturbations has produced outstanding fits of computational models to increasingly intricate experiments, yet predicting quantitative responses for new biological conditions remains challenging. Overcoming this challenge depends not only on good models and detailed experimental data but perhaps more so on how well the two are integrated. Our quantitative, live single-cell fluorescence imaging datasets and computational framework to model generic signaling networks show how different changing environments (hereafter  kinetic stimulations) probe and result in distinct pathway activation dynamics. Utilizing multiple diverse kinetic stimulations better constrains model parameters and enables predictions of signaling dynamics that would be impossible using traditional step-change stimulations. To demonstrate our approachs generality, we use identified models to predict signaling dynamics in normal, mutated, and drug-treated conditions upon multitudes of kinetic stimulations and quantify which proteins and reaction rates are most sensitive to which extracellular stimulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jashnsaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munsky, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse cell stimulation kinetics identify predictive signal transduction models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 Preferentially Partitions into Ordered Phase Membrane Domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.28.923771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ordered environment of membrane rafts is thought to exclude many transmembrane proteins. Nevertheless, some multi-pass transmembrane proteins have been proposed to partition into ordered domains. Here, giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) were employed to quantitatively show that the tetraspan peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) exhibits a pronounced preference for, promotes the formation of, and stabilizes ordered membrane domains. Neither S-palmitoylation of PMP22 nor its putative cholesterol binding motifs are required for partitioning to ordered domains. In contrast, disruption of its unusual first transmembrane helix (TM1) reduced ordered phase preference. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-causing mutations that destabilize PMP22 also reduced or eliminated this preference in favor of the disordered phase. These studies demonstrate PMP22s ordered phase preference derives both from the distinctive properties of TM1 and global structural features associated with its transmembrane domain, providing a first glimpse at the structural factors that promote raft partitioning for multi-pass proteins.

Significance StatementThe preferential partitioning of single span membrane proteins for the ordered phase of ordered/disordered phase-separated membranes is now reasonably well understood, but little is known about this phase preferences of multi-pass membrane proteins. Here, it is shown that the disease-linked tetraspan integral membrane protein, PMP22, displays a pronounced preference to partition into the ordered phase, a preference that is reversed by disease mutations. This phase preference may be related to the role of PMP22 in cholesterol homeostasis in myelinating Schwann cells, a role that is also known to be disrupted under conditions of CMTD peripheral neuropathy caused by pmp22 mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinko, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 Preferentially Partitions into Ordered Phase Membrane Domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.923417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eating breakfast and avoiding the evening snack sustains lipid oxidation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.923417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian (daily) regulation of metabolic pathways implies that food may be metabolized differentially over the daily cycle. To test that hypothesis, we monitored the metabolism of older subjects in a whole-room respiratory chamber over two separate 56-h sessions in a random crossover design. In one session, one of the three daily meals was presented as breakfast whereas in the other session, a nutritionally equivalent meal was presented as a late-evening snack. The duration of the overnight fast was the same for both sessions. Whereas the two sessions did not differ in overall energy expenditure, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was different during sleep between the two sessions. Unexpectedly, this difference in RER due to daily meal timing was not due to daily differences in physical activity, sleep disruption, or core body temperature. Rather, we found that the daily timing of nutrient availability coupled with daily/circadian control of metabolism drives a switch in substrate preference such that the late-evening snack session resulted in significantly lower lipid oxidation compared to the breakfast session. Therefore, the timing of meals during the day/night cycle affects how ingested food is oxidized or stored in humans with important implications for optimal eating habits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.923417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eating breakfast and avoiding the evening snack sustains lipid oxidation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Minimal Biophysical Model of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells: Implications for Frontal Cortex Microcircuitry and Field Potential Generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.29.925180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ spikes initiated in the apical dendrites of layer-5 pyramidal cells (PC) underlie nonlinear dynamic changes in the gain of cellular response, which is critical for top-down cognitive control. Detailed models with several compartments and dozens of ionic channels have been proposed to account for this Ca2+ spike-dependent gain with its associated critical frequency. However, current models do not account for all known Ca2+-dependent features. Previous attempts to include more features have required increasing complexity, limiting their interpretability and utility for studying large population dynamics. We present a minimal 2-compartment biophysical model, overcoming these limitations. In our model, a basal-dendritic/somatic compartment included typical Na+ and K+ conductances, while an apical-dendritic/trunk compartment included persistent Na+, hyperpolarization-activated cation (Ih), slow inactivation K+, muscarinic K+, and Ca2+ L-type. The model replicated the Ca2+ spike morphology and its critical frequency plus three other defining features of layer-5 PC synaptic integration: linear frequency-current relationships, backpropagation-activated Ca2+ spike firing, and a shift in the critical frequency by blocking Ih. Simulating 1,000 synchronized layer-5 PCs, we reproduced the current source density patterns evoked by Ca2+-spikes both with and without Ih current. Thus, a 2-compartment model with five non-classic ionic currents in the apical-dendrites reproduces all features of these neurons. We discuss the utility of this minimal model to study the microcircuitry of agranular areas of the frontal lobe involved in cognitive control and responsible for event-related potentials such as the error-related negativity.

Significance StatementA tractable model of layer-5 pyramidal cells replicates all known features crucial for distal synaptic integration in these neurons. This minimal model enables new multi-scale investigations of microcircuit functions with associated current flows measured by intracranial local field potentials. It thus establishes a foundation for the future computational evaluation of scalp electroencephalogram signatures imprinted by Ca2+ spikes in pyramidal cells, a phenomenon underlying many brain cognitive processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.29.925180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Minimal Biophysical Model of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells: Implications for Frontal Cortex Microcircuitry and Field Potential Generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.925321v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matrix-targeted Nanoparticles for MMP13 RNA Interference Blocks Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.925321v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating and prevalent chronic disease, but there are no approved disease modifying OA drugs (DMOADs), only pharmaceuticals for pain management. OA progression, particularly for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), is associated with inflammation and enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix. In particular, Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) breaks down collagen type 2 (CII), a key structural component of cartilage extracellular matrix, and consequently, matrix degradation fragments perpetuate inflammation and a degenerative cycle that leads to progressive joint pathology. Here, we tested targeted delivery of endosome-escaping, MMP13 RNA interference (RNAi) nanoparticles (NPs) as a DMOAD. The new targeting approach pursued here deviates from the convention of targeting specific cell types (e.g., through cell surface receptors) and instead leverages a monoclonal antibody (mAbCII) that targets extracellular CII that becomes uniquely accessible at early OA focal defects. Targeted mAbCII-siNPs create an in situ NP depot for retention and potent activity within OA joints. The mAbCII-siNPs loaded with MMP13 siRNA (mAbCII-siNP/siMMP13) potently suppressed MMP13 expression (95% silencing) in TNF-stimulated chondrocytes in vitro, and the targeted mAbCII-siNPs had higher binding to trypsin-damaged porcine cartilage than untargeted control NPs. In an acute mechanical injury mouse model of PTOA, mAbCII-siNP/siMMP13 achieved 80% reduction in MMP13 expression (p = 0.00231), whereas a non-targeted control achieved only 55% silencing. In a more severe, PTOA model, weekly mAbCII-siNP/siMMP13 long-term treatment provided significant protection of cartilage integrity (0.45+/- .3 vs 1.6+/-.5 on the OARSI scale; p=0.0166), and overall joint structure (1.3+/-.6 vs 2.8+/-.2 on the Degenerative Joint Disease scale; p<0.05). Intra-articular mAbCII-siNPs better protected articular cartilage (OARSI score) relative to either single or weekly treatment with the clinical gold stand steroid treatment methylprednisolone. Finally, multiplexed gene expression analysis of 254 inflammation-related genes showed that MMP13 inhibition suppressed clusters of genes associated with tissue restructuring, angiogenesis (associated with synovial inflammation and thickening), innate immune response, and proteolysis. This work establishes the new concept of targeting unique local extracellular matrix signatures to sustain retention and increase delivery efficacy of biologics with intracellular activity and also validates the promise of MMP13 RNAi as a DMOAD in a clinically-relevant therapeutic context.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=148 SRC="FIGDIR/small/925321v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (54K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1803795org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c1254dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@78233eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@151d96f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOAbstract Figure:C_FLOATNO PTOA targeted delivery of MMP13 siRNA to block disease progressionThe top left schematic illustrates the progression (left to right) from healthy knee joint, through inflammation induction following traumatic injury, to cartilage loss and degenerative joint disease (including synovial response). Degradation of cartilage enhances inflammation, inducing a degenerative cycle (middle right). The bottom of the graphic illustrates the concept of the matrix targeted nanocarriers for enhanced retention and activity of MMP13 siRNA at sites of cartilage injury.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedingfield, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himmel, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colazo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.925321</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matrix-targeted Nanoparticles for MMP13 RNA Interference Blocks Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selfish mitochondria exploit nutrient status across different levels of selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.30.927202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cooperation and cheating are widespread evolutionary strategies. Competition can simultaneously favor cheating within groups and cooperation between groups. Selfish or cheater mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutants proliferate within hosts while being selected against at the level of host fitness. How does environment govern competition between cooperators and cheaters across different selection levels? Focusing on food availability, we address this question using heteroplasmic Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that by promoting germline development, nutrient status provides the niche space for mtDNA variants to compete. However, the within-host advantage of selfish mtDNA requires additional conditions, namely the FoxO transcription factor DAF-16. During food scarcity, DAF-16 mitigates the host fitness cost of the selfish mtDNA. We conclude that food availability, and resilience to food scarcity, govern selfish mtDNA dynamics across the levels of selection. Our study integrates an evolutionary framework with experimentation to identify cellular mechanisms underlying the multilevel selection that characterizes cheater dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gitschlag, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selfish mitochondria exploit nutrient status across different levels of selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932129v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukotriene B4 licenses inflammasome activation to enhance skin host defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932129v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initial production of inflammatory mediators dictates host defense as well as tissue injury. Inflammasome activation is a constituent of the inflammatory response by recognizing pathogen and host-derived products and eliciting the production of IL-1{beta}, IL-18 as well as inducing a type of inflammatory cell death termed "pyroptosis". Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a lipid mediator produced quickly (seconds to minutes) by phagocytes and induces chemotaxis, enhances cytokine/chemokine production, and enhances antimicrobial effector functions. Whether LTB4 directly activates the inflammasome is not well understood. Our data show that endogenously produced LTB4 is required for the expression of pro-IL-1{beta} in vivo and in vitro and enhances inflammasome assembly. Furthermore, LTB4-mediated Brutons tyrosine kinase (BTK) activation is required for inflammasome assembly in vivo as well for IL-1{beta}-enhanced skin host defense. Together, these data unveil a new role for LTB4 in enhancing the expression and assembly of inflammasome components and suggest that while blocking LTB4 actions could be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent inflammasome-mediated diseases, exogenous LTB4 can be used as an adjuvant to boost inflammasome-dependent host defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salina, A. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klopfenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byers-Glosson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodskyn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavares, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos Da Silva, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932129</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukotriene B4 licenses inflammasome activation to enhance skin host defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energy supply per neuron is constrained by capillary density in the mouse brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.03.932434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal densities vary enormously across sites within a brain. Does the density of the capillary bed accompany the presumably larger energy requirement of sites with more neurons, or with larger neurons, or is energy supply constrained by a mostly homogeneous capillary bed? Here we find evidence for the latter across various sites in the mouse brain and show that as a result, the ratio of capillary cells per neuron, and thus presumably blood and energy supply per neuron, decreases uniformly with increasing neuronal density and therefore smaller average neuronal size across sites. Additionally, we find that local capillary density is also not correlated with local synapse densities, although there is a small but significant correlation between lower neuronal density (and therefore larger neuronal size) and more synapses per neuron within the restricted range of 6,500-9,500 across cortical sites. Further, local variations in the glial/neuron ratio are also not correlated with local variations in number of synapses per neuron or local synaptic densities. These findings suggest that it is not that larger neurons, neurons with more synapses, or even sites with more synapses demand more energy, but simply that larger (and thus fewer) neurons have more energy available per cell, and to its synapses as a whole, than smaller (and thus more numerous) neurons due to competition for limited resources supplied by a capillary bed of fairly homogeneous density throughout the brain.

Significance StatementThe brain is an expensive organ and at rest already uses nearly as much energy as during sensory activation. To ultimately determine whether the high energy cost of the brain is driven by an unusually high energy demand by neurons or constrained by capillary density in the organ, we examine whether sites in the mouse brain with more neurons, larger neurons, or more synapses have more capillary supply, and find instead that capillary density is mostly homogeneous across brain structures. We propose that neurons are constrained to using what energy is available, with little evidence for adjustments according to local demand, which explains its high risk of ischemia and vulnerability to states of compromised metabolism, including normal aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ventura-Antunes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.03.932434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energy supply per neuron is constrained by capillary density in the mouse brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.929430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel mutation in KCNK16 causing a gain-of-function in the TALK-1 potassium channel: a new cause of maturity onset diabetes of the young. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.04.929430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMaturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of monogenic disorders of impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mechanisms include {beta}-cell KATP channel dysfunction (e.g., KCNJ11 (MODY13) or ABCC8 (MODY12) mutations); however, no other {beta}-cell channelopathies have been identified in MODY.

MethodsA four-generation family with autosomal dominant non-obese, non-ketotic antibody-negative diabetes, without mutations in known MODY genes, underwent exome sequencing. Whole-cell and single-channel K+ currents, Ca2+ handling, and GSIS were determined in cells expressing either mutated or wild-type (WT) protein.

ResultsWe identified a novel non-synonymous genetic mutation in KCNK16 (NM_001135105: c.341T>C, p.Leu114Pro) segregating with MODY. KCNK16 is the most abundant and {beta}-cell-restricted K+ channel transcript and encodes the two-pore-domain K+ channel TALK-1. Whole-cell K+ currents in transfected HEK293 cells demonstrated drastic (312-fold increase) gain-of-function with TALK-1 Leu144Pro vs. WT, due to greater single channel activity. Glucose-stimulated cytosolic Ca2+ influx was inhibited in mouse islets expressing TALK-1 Leu114Pro (area under the curve [AUC] at 20mM glucose: Leu114Pro 60.1 vs. WT 89.1; P=0.030) and less endoplasmic reticulum calcium storage (cyclopiazonic acid-induced release AUC: Leu114Pro 17.5 vs. WT 46.8; P=0.008). TALK-1 Leu114Pro significantly blunted GSIS compared to TALK-1 WT in both mouse (52% decrease, P=0.039) and human (38% decrease, P=0.019) islets.

ConclusionsOur data identify a novel MODY-associated gene, KCNK16; with a gain-of-function mutation limiting Ca2+ influx and GSIS. A gain-of-function common polymorphism in KCNK16 is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM); thus, our findings have therapeutic implications not only for KCNK16-associated MODY but also for T2DM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInerney-Leo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.929430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel mutation in KCNK16 causing a gain-of-function in the TALK-1 potassium channel: a new cause of maturity onset diabetes of the young.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.939363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A series of dual-reporter vectors for ratiometric analysis of protein abundance in plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.939363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ratiometric reporter systems enable comparisons of the abundance of a protein of interest, or "target," relative to a reference protein. Both proteins are encoded on a single transcript but are separated during translation. This arrangement bypasses the potential for discordant expression that can arise when the target and reference proteins are encoded by separate genes. We generated a set of 18 Gateway-compatible vectors termed pRATIO that combine a variety of promoters, fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters, and 2A "self-cleaving" peptides. These constructs are easily modified to produce additional combinations or introduce new reporter proteins. We found that mScarlet-I provides the best signal-to-noise ratio among several fluorescent reporter proteins during transient expression experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana. Firefly and Gaussia luciferase also produce high signal-to-noise in N. benthamiana. As proof of concept, we used this system to investigate whether degradation of the receptor KAI2 after karrikin treatment is influenced by its subcellular localization. KAI2 is normally found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of plant cells. In N. benthamiana, karrikin-induced degradation of KAI2 was only observed when it was retained in the nucleus. These vectors are tools to easily monitor in vivo the abundance of a protein that is transiently expressed in plants, and will be particularly useful for investigating protein turnover in response to different stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khosla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Furlan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Norman, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.939363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A series of dual-reporter vectors for ratiometric analysis of protein abundance in plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941351v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multilayered post-GWAS assessment on genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.941351v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a complex disease in which both non-genetic and genetic factors interplay. To-date, 40 GWAS hits have been associated with PC risk in individuals of European descent, explaining 4.1% of the phenotypic variance. Here, we complemented a classical new PC GWAS (1D) with spatial autocorrelation analysis (2D) and Hi-C maps (3D) to gain additional insight into the inherited basis of PC. In-silico functional analysis of public genomic information allowed prioritization of potentially relevant candidate variants. We replicated 17/40 previous PC-GWAS hits and identified novel variants with potential biological functions. The spatial autocorrelation approach prioritized low MAF variants not detected by GWAS. These were further expanded via 3D interactions to 54 target regions with high functional relevance. This multi-step strategy, combined with an in-depth in-silico functional analysis, offers a comprehensive approach to advance the study of PC genetic susceptibility and could be applied to other diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez de Maturana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lao, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina-Montes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Antoniano, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Rubio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawlor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molero, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rorke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbera, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Bellvis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez-Munoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gress, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhaf, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecchini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balsells, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilzarbe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Driscoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Investigators, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Closas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kogevinas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.941351</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multilayered post-GWAS assessment on genetic susceptibility to pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kupffer Cell Release of Platelet Activating Factor Drives Dose Limiting Toxicities of Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.11.944504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vivo nanocarrier-associated toxicity is a significant and poorly understood hurdle to clinical translation of siRNA nanomedicines. In this work, we demonstrate that platelet activating factor (PAF), an inflammatory lipid mediator, plays a key role in nanocarrier-associated toxicities, and that prophylactic inhibition of the PAF receptor (PAFR) completely prevents these toxicities. High-dose intravenous injection of siRNA-polymer nano-complexes (si-NPs) elicited acute, shock-like symptoms (vasodilation and vascular leak) in mice and caused a three-fold increase in blood PAF levels. PAFR inhibition completely prevented these toxicities, indicating PAF activity is a primary driver of systemic si-NP toxicity. Pre-treatment with clodronate liposomes fully abrogated si-NP-associated increases in blood PAF and consequent toxicities, suggesting that nanoparticle uptake by Kupffer macrophages is the source of PAF. Assessment of varied si-NP chemistries further confirmed that toxicity level correlated to relative uptake of the carrier by liver Kupffer cells and that this toxicity mechanism is dependent on the endosome disruptive function of the carrier. Finally, the PAF toxicity mechanism was shown to be generalizable to commercial delivery reagent in vivo-jetPEI(R) and an MC3 lipid nanoparticle formulated to match an FDA-approved siRNA nanomedicine. Greater sensitivity to the PAF mechanism occurs in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, a mammary tumor model known to exhibit increased circulating leukocytes and potential to respond to inflammatory insult. These results establish Kupffer cell release of PAF as a key mediator of in vivo nucleic acid nanocarrier toxicity and identify PAFR inhibition as an effective prophylactic strategy to increase maximum tolerated dose and reduce nanocarrier-associated adverse events.

SignificanceNon-viral nucleic acid nanocarriers can enable in vivo gene therapy, but their potential interaction with innate immune cells can cause dose-limiting toxicities. Nanoparticle toxicities are currently poorly understood, making it difficult to identify relevant design criteria for maximizing nanoparticle safety. This work connects nanoparticle-associated toxicities to the release of platelet activating factor (PAF) by liver Kupffer cells. Small molecule inhibition of the PAF receptor (PAFR) completely prevents severe adverse events associated with high doses of multiple polymer-based formulations and a lipid nanoparticle matching the composition of the first clinically-approved siRNA nanomedicine. This study identifies PAF as a toxicity biomarker for future nanomedicine discovery programs. Further, PAFR inhibition should be explored as a strategy to expand the therapeutic index of nanomedicines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dollinger, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboezem, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedingfield, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.11.944504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kupffer Cell Release of Platelet Activating Factor Drives Dose Limiting Toxicities of Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.948612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerated Simulations of Chemical Reaction Systems using the Stochastic Simulation Algorithm on GPUs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.14.948612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Stochasticity due to fluctuations in chemical reactions can play important roles in cellular network-driven processes. Although the Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA, aka Gillespie Algorithm) has long been accepted as a suitable method to solve the time-dependent chemical master equation, its computational cost is prohibitive for large scale complex networks such as those found in cellular processes. Here we present GPU-SSA, an implementation of the SSA formalism utilizing Graphics Processing Units for use in Python using the PySB modeling framework. We show that the GPU implementation of SSA can achieve significant speedup compared to parallel CPU or single-core CPU implementations. We further include supplementary didactic material to demonstrate how to incorporate GPU-SSA workflows for interested readers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prugger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.948612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerated Simulations of Chemical Reaction Systems using the Stochastic Simulation Algorithm on GPUs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.951046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid quantitative imaging of high intensity ultrasonic pressure fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.15.951046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) is a noninvasive technique for thermal or mechanical treatment of tissues that can lie deep within the body, with a growing body of FDA-approved indications. There is a pressing need for methods to rapidly and quantitatively map FUS beams for quality assurance in the clinic, and to accelerate research and development of new FUS systems and techniques. However, conventional ultrasound pressure beam mapping instruments including hydrophones and optical techniques are slow, not portable, and expensive, and most cannot map beams at actual therapeutic pressure levels. Here, we report a rapid projection imaging method to quantitatively map FUS pressure beams based on continuous-wave background-oriented schlieren (CW-BOS) imaging. The method requires only a water tank, a background pattern and a camera, and uses a multi-layer deep neural network to reconstruct beam maps. Results at two FUS frequencies show that CW-BOS imaging can produce high-resolution quantitative projected FUS pressure maps in under ten seconds, that the technique is linear and robust to beam rotations and translations, and that it can accurately map aberrated beams.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusunose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grissom, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.15.951046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid quantitative imaging of high intensity ultrasonic pressure fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.949768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-mediated isogenic cell-SELEX approach for generating highly specific aptamers against native membrane proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.949768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe generation of affinity reagents that bind native membrane proteins with high specificity remains challenging. Most in vitro selection paradigms utilize different cell types for positive and negative rounds of selection (where the positive selection is against a cell that expresses the desired membrane protein and the negative selection is against a cell that lacks the protein). However, this strategy can yield affinity reagents that bind unintended membrane proteins on the target cells. To address this issue, we developed a systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) scheme that utilizes isogenic pairs of cells generated via CRISPR techniques.

MethodsUsing a Caco-2 epithelial cell line with constitutive Cas9 expression, we knocked out the SLC2A1 gene (encoding the GLUT1 glucose transporter) via lipofection with synthetic gRNAs. Cell-SELEX rounds were carried out against wild-type and GLUT1-null cells using a single-strand DNA (ssDNA) library. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to quantify enrichment of prospective binders to the wild-type cells.

Results10 rounds of cell-SELEX were conducted via simultaneous exposure of ssDNA pools to wild-type and GLUT1-null Caco-2 cells under continuous perfusion. The top binders identified from NGS were validated by flow cytometry and immunostaining for their specificity to the GLUT1 receptor.

ConclusionsOur data indicate that highly specific aptamers can be isolated with a SELEX strategy that utilizes isogenic cell lines. This approach should be broadly useful for generating affinity reagents that selectively bind to membrane proteins in their native conformations on the cell surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balikov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.949768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-mediated isogenic cell-SELEX approach for generating highly specific aptamers against native membrane proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput discovery of trafficking-deficient variants in the cardiac potassium channel KCNH2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundKCHN2 encodes the KV11.1 potassium channel responsible for IKr, a major repolarization current during the cardiomyocyte action potential. Variants in KCNH2 that decrease IKr can cause Type 2 Long QT syndrome, usually due to mistrafficking to the cell surface. Accurately discriminating between variants with normal and abnormal trafficking would help clinicians identify and treat individuals at risk of a major cardiac event. The volume of reported non-synonymous KCNH2 variants preclude the use of conventional electrophysiologic methods for functional study.

ObjectiveTo report a high-throughput, multiplexed screening method for KCNH2 genetic variants capable of measuring the cell surface abundance of hundreds of missense variants in KCNH2.

MethodsWe develop a method to quantitate KCNH2 variant trafficking on a pilot region of 11 residues in the S5 helix, and generate trafficking scores for 220/231 missense variants in this region.

ResultsFor 5/5 variants, high-throughput trafficking scores validated when tested in single variant flow cytometry and confocal microscopy experiments. We additionally compare our results with planar patch electrophysiology and find that loss-of-trafficking variants do not produce IKr, but that some variants which traffic normally may still be functionally compromised.

ConclusionsHere, we describe a new method for detecting trafficking-deficient variants in KCNH2 in a multiplexed assay. This new method accurately generates trafficking data for variants in KCNH2 and can be readily extended to all residues in Kv11.1 and to other cell surface proteins.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSHundreds of KCNH2 variants have been observed to date, and thousands more will be found as clinical and population sequencing efforts become increasingly widespread. The major mechanism of KV11.1 loss of function is misfolding and failure to traffic to the cell surface. Deep mutational scanning of KCNH2 trafficking is a scalable, high-throughput method that can help identify new loss of function variants and decipher the large number of KCNH2 variants being found in the population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kozek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egly, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanags, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matreyek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput discovery of trafficking-deficient variants in the cardiac potassium channel KCNH2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.954651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Variants and Functional Pathways Associated with Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.19.954651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 30% of older adults exhibit the neuropathologic features of Alzheimers disease (AD) without signs of cognitive impairment. Yet, little is known about the genetic factors that allow these potentially resilient individuals to remain cognitively normal in the face of substantial neuropathology. We performed a large, genome-wide association study (GWAS) of two previously validated metrics of cognitive resilience quantified using a latent variable modeling approach and representing better-than-predicted cognitive performance for a given level of neuropathology. Data were harmonized across 5,108 participants from a clinical trial of AD and three longitudinal cohort studies of cognitive aging. All analyses were run across all participants and repeated restricting the sample to individuals with normal cognition to identify variants at the earliest stages of disease. As expected, all resilience metrics were genetically correlated with cognitive performance and education attainment traits (p-values<2.5x10-20), and we observed novel correlations with neuropsychiatric conditions (p-values<7.9x10-4). Notably, neither resilience metric was genetically correlated with clinical AD (p-values>0.42) nor associated with APOE (p-values>0.13). In single variant analyses, we observed a genome-wide significant locus among participants with normal cognition on chromosome 18 upstream of ATP8B1 (index SNP rs2571244, MAF=0.08, p=2.3x10-8). The top variant at this locus (rs2571244) was significantly associated with methylation in prefrontal cortex tissue at multiple CpG sites, including one just upstream of ATPB81 (cg19596477; p=2x10-13). Overall, this comprehensive genetic analysis of resilience implicates a putative role of vascular risk, metabolism, and mental health in protection from the cognitive consequences of neuropathology, while also providing evidence for a novel resilience gene along the bile acid metabolism pathway.

Furthermore, the genetic architecture of resilience appears to be distinct from that of clinical AD, suggesting that a shift in focus to molecular contributors to resilience may identify novel pathways for therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fardo, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trittschuh, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Saucedo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widaman, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Properzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tommet, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambronero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A4 Study Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farre</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.954651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Variants and Functional Pathways Associated with Resilience to Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional control of parallel-acting pathways that remove discrete presynaptic proteins in remodeling neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.21.959700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses are actively dismantled to mediate circuit refinement, but the developmental pathways that regulate synaptic disassembly are largely unknown. We have previously shown that the epithelial sodium channel UNC-8 triggers an activity-dependent mechanism that drives the removal of presynaptic proteins liprin-/SYD-2, Synaptobrevin/SNB-1, RAB-3 and Endophilin/UNC-57 in remodeling GABAergic neurons in C. elegans (Miller-Fleming et al., 2016). Here, we report that the transcription factor Iroquois/IRX-1 regulates UNC-8 expression as well as an additional pathway, independent of UNC-8, that functions in parallel to dismantle functional presynaptic terminals. We show that the additional IRX-1-regulated pathway is selectively required for the removal of the presynaptic proteins, Munc13/UNC-13 and ELKS, which normally mediate synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Our findings are notable because they highlight the key role of transcriptional regulation in synapse elimination and reveal parallel-acting pathways that orchestrate synaptic disassembly by removing specific active zone proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming-Miller, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuentas-Condori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.21.959700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional control of parallel-acting pathways that remove discrete presynaptic proteins in remodeling neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.959874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting changes in protein thermostability upon point mutation with deep 3D convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.959874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting mutation-induced changes in protein thermodynamic stability ({triangleup}{triangleup}G) is of great interest in protein engineering, variant interpretation, and understanding protein biophysics. We introduce ThermoNet, a deep, 3D-convolutional neural network designed for structure-based prediction of {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs upon point mutation. To leverage the image-processing power inherent in convolutional neural networks, we treat protein structures as if they were multi-channel 3D images. In particular, the inputs to ThermoNet are uniformly constructed as multi-channel voxel grids based on biophysical properties derived from raw atom coordinates. We train and evaluate ThermoNet with a curated data set that accounts for protein homology and is balanced with direct and reverse mutations; this provides a framework for addressing biases that have likely influenced many previous {triangleup}{triangleup}G prediction methods. ThermoNet demonstrates performance comparable to the best available methods on the widely used Ssym test set. However, ThermoNet accurately predicts the effects of both stabilizing and destabilizing mutations, while most other methods exhibit a strong bias towards predicting destabilization. We further show that homology between Ssym and widely used training sets like S2648 and VariBench has likely led to overestimated performance in previous studies. Finally, we demonstrate the practical utility of ThermoNet in predicting the {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs for two clinically relevant proteins, p53 and myoglobin, and for pathogenic and benign missense variants from ClinVar. Overall, our results suggest that 3D convolutional neural networks can model the complex, non-linear interactions perturbed by mutations, directly from biophysical properties of atoms.

Author SummaryThe thermodynamic stability of a protein, usually represented as the Gibbs free energy for the biophysical process of protein folding ({triangleup}G), is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity. Predicting mutation-induced changes in protein thermodynamic stability ({triangleup}{triangleup}G) is of great interest in protein engineering, variant interpretation, and understanding protein biophysics. However, predicting {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs in an accurate and unbiased manner has been a long-standing challenge in the field of computational biology. In this work, we introduce ThermoNet, a deep, 3D-convolutional neural network designed for structure-based {triangleup}{triangleup}G prediction. To leverage the image-processing power inherent in convolutional neural networks, we treat protein structures as if they were multi-channel 3D images. ThermoNet demonstrates performance comparable to the best available methods. However, ThermoNet accurately predicts the effects of both stabilizing and destabilizing mutations, while most other methods exhibit a strong bias towards predicting destabilization. We also demonstrate that the presence of homologous proteins in commonly used training and testing sets for {triangleup}{triangleup}G prediction methods has likely influenced previous performance estimates. Finally, we highlight the practical utility of ThermoNet by applying it to predicting the {triangleup}{triangleup}Gs for two clinically relevant proteins, p53 and myoglobin, and for pathogenic and benign missense variants from ClinVar.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.959874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting changes in protein thermostability upon point mutation with deep 3D convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity of clinical isolates of the human pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus lentulus and Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.28.970384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal pathogens are a global threat to human health. For example, fungi from the genus Aspergillus cause a spectrum of diseases collectively known as aspergillosis. Most of the >200,000 life-threatening aspergillosis infections per year worldwide are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Recently, molecular typing techniques have revealed that aspergillosis can also be caused by organisms that are phenotypically similar to A. fumigatus but genetically distinct, such as Aspergillus lentulus and Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis. Importantly, some of these so-called cryptic species exhibit different virulence and drug susceptibility profiles than A. fumigatus, however, our understanding of their biology and pathogenic potential has been stymied by the lack of genome sequences and phenotypic profiling. To fill this gap, we phenotypically characterized the virulence and drug susceptibility of 15 clinical strains of A. fumigatus, A. lentulus, and A. fumigatiaffinis from Spain and sequenced their genomes. We found heterogeneity in virulence and drug susceptibility across species and strains. Genes known to influence drug susceptibility (cyp51A and fks1) vary in paralog number and sequence among these species and strains and correlate with differences in drug susceptibility. Similarly, genes known to be important for virulence in A. fumigatus showed variability in number of paralogs across strains and across species. Characterization of the genomic similarities and differences of clinical strains of A. lentulus, A. fumigatiaffinis, and A. fumigatus that vary in disease-relevant traits will advance our understanding of the variance in pathogenicity between Aspergillus species and strains that are collectively responsible for the vast majority of aspergillosis infections in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivero-Menendez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.28.970384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity of clinical isolates of the human pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus lentulus and Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.974121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A computational framework to explore cellular response mechanisms from multi-omics datasets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.02.974121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent technological advances have made it feasible to collect multi-condition transcriptome and proteome time-courses of cellular response to perturbation. The increasing size and complexity of these datasets impedes mechanism of action discovery due to challenges in data management, analysis, visualization, and interpretation. Here, we introduce MAGINE, a software framework to explore complex time-course multi-omics datasets and build mechanistic hypotheses of dynamic cellular response. MAGINE combines data management, enrichment, and network analysis and visualization within an interactive, Jupyter notebook-based environment to enable human-in-the-loop inquiry of complex datasets. We demonstrate how measurements from HL-60 cellular response to bendamustine treatment can be used to build a mechanistic, multi-resolution description of cellular commitment to fate. We present a systems-level description of signal execution from cellular DNA-damage response, to cell cycle arrest, and eventual commitment to apoptosis, mediated by over 2000 biochemical species. We further show that MAGINE can reveal unexpected, non-canonical effects of bendamustine treatment, including disruption of cellular pathways relevant to HIV infection response. MAGINE is available from https://github.com/lolab-vu/magine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muszynski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikswo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.974121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A computational framework to explore cellular response mechanisms from multi-omics datasets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.971846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation barcode-dependent signal bias of the dopamine D1 receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.03.971846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) must correctly select from hundreds of potential downstream signaling cascades and effectors. To accomplish this, GPCRs first bind to an intermediary signaling protein, such as G protein or arrestin. These intermediaries initiate signaling cascades that promote the activity of different effectors, including several protein kinases. The relative roles of G proteins versus arrestins in initiating and directing signaling is hotly debated, and it remains unclear how the correct final signaling pathway is chosen given the ready availability of protein partners. Here, we begin to deconvolute the process of signal bias from the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) by exploring factors that promote the activation of ERK1/2 or Src, the kinases that lead to cell growth and proliferation. We found that ERK1/2 activation involves both arrestin and Gs, while Src activation depends solely on arrestin. Interestingly, we found that the phosphorylation pattern influences both arrestin and Gs coupling, suggesting an additional way the cells regulate G protein signaling. The phosphorylation sites in the D1R intracellular loop 3 are particularly important for directing the binding of G protein versus arrestin and for selecting between the activation of ERK1/2 and Src. Collectively, these studies correlate functional outcomes with a physical basis for signaling bias and provide fundamental information on how GPCR signaling is directed.

Significance StatementThe functional importance of receptor phosphorylation in GPCR regulation has been demonstrated. Over the past decade, the phospho-barcode concept was developed to explain the multi-dimensional nature of the arrestin-dependent signaling network downstream of GPCRs. Here, we used the dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) to explore the effect of receptor phosphorylation on G protein-dependent and arrestin-dependent ERK and Src activation. Our studies suggest that D1R intracellular loop-3 phosphorylation affects both G proteins and arrestins. Differential D1R phosphorylation can direct signaling toward ERK or Src activation. This implies that phosphorylation induces different conformations of receptor and/or bound arrestin to initiate or select different cellular signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaya, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry Hauser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.03.971846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation barcode-dependent signal bias of the dopamine D1 receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symmetrically substituted dichlorophenes inhibit N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) (EC 3.1.4.4) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of N-acyl-ethanolamides (NAEs). Reduced NAPE-PLD expression and activity may contribute to obesity and inflammation, but a major obstacle to elucidating the role of NAPE-PLD and NAE biosynthesis in various physiological processes has been the lack of effective NAPE-PLD inhibitors. The endogenous bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) inhibits NAPE-PLD activity (IC50 68 M) but LCA is also a highly potent ligand for TGR5 (EC50 0.52 M). Recently, the first selective small molecule inhibitor of NAPE-PLD, ARN19874, was reported (IC50 34 M). To identify more potent inhibitors of NAPE-PLD, we screened compounds using a quenched fluorescent NAPE analog, PED-A1, as a substrate for recombinant mouse NAPE-PLD. Screened compounds included a panel of bile acids as well as a library of experimental compounds (the Spectrum Collection). Muricholic acids and several other bile acids inhibited NAPE-PLD with potency similar to LCA. Fourteen potent NAPE-PLD inhibitors were identified in the Spectrum Collection, with the two most potent (IC50 ~2 M) being symmetrically substituted dichlorophenes: hexachlorophene and bithionol. Structure activity relationship assays using additional substituted dichlorophenes identified key moieties needed for NAPE-PLD inhibition. Both hexachlorophene and bithionol showed significant selectivity for NAPE-PLD compared to non-target lipase activities such as S. chromofuscus PLD activity or serum lipase activity. Both also effectively inhibited NAPE-PLD activity in cultured HEK293 cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrow, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashhadi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symmetrically substituted dichlorophenes inhibit N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Express saccades during a countermanding task 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.20.000760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Express saccades are unusually short latency, visually guided saccadic eye movements. They are most commonly observed when the fixation spot disappears at a consistent, short interval before a target spot appears at a repeated location. The saccade countermanding task includes no fixation-target gap, variable target presentation times, and the requirement to withhold saccades on some trials. These testing conditions should discourage production of express saccades. However, two macaque monkeys performing the saccade countermanding task produced consistent, multimodal distributions of saccadic latencies. These distributions consisted of a longer mode extending from 200 ms to as much as 600 ms after target presentation and another consistently less than 100 ms after target presentation. Simulations revealed that by varying express saccade production, monkeys could earn more reward. If express saccades were not rewarded, they were rarely produced. The distinct mechanisms producing express and longer saccade latencies were revealed further by the influence of regularities in the duration of the fixation interval preceding target presentation on saccade latency. Temporal expectancy systematically affected the latencies of regular but not of express saccades. This study highlights that cognitive control can integrate information across trials and strategically elicit intermittent very short latency saccades to acquire more reward.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Errington, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.20.000760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Express saccades during a countermanding task]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.001719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear envelope-vacuole contacts mitigate nuclear pore complex assembly stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.001719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The intricacy of nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis imposes risks of failure that can cause defects in nuclear transport and nuclear envelope morphology, however, cellular mechanisms utilized to alleviate NPC assembly stress are not well-defined. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we demonstrate that NVJ1- and MDM1-enriched nuclear envelope (NE)-vacuole contacts increase when NPC assembly is compromised in several nup mutants, including nup116{Delta}GLFG cells. These interorganelle nucleus-vacuole junctions (NVJs) cooperate with lipid droplets to maintain viability and enhance NPC formation in assembly mutants. Additionally, NVJs function with ATG1 to promote vacuole-dependent remodeling in nup116{Delta}GLFG cells, which also correlates with proper NPC formation. Importantly, NVJs significantly improve the physiology of NPC assembly mutants, despite having only negligible effects when NPC biogenesis is unperturbed. Collectively, these results define how NE-vacuole interorganelle contacts coordinate responses to mitigate deleterious cellular effects caused by disrupted NPC assembly.

SummaryHow cells respond to deleterious effects imposed by disrupted nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly are not well-defined. The authors demonstrate nuclear envelope-vacuole interactions expand in response to perturbed NPC assembly to promote viability, nuclear envelope remodeling, and proper NPC biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lord, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wente, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.001719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear envelope-vacuole contacts mitigate nuclear pore complex assembly stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.009670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually Antagonistic Selection on Genetic Variation is Rare in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.009670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex and sexual differentiation are ubiquitous across the tree of life. Because females and males often have substantially different functional requirements, we expect selection to differ between the sexes. Recent studies in diverse species, including humans, suggest sexually antagonistic viability selection creates allele frequency differences between the sexes at many different loci. However, theory and population-level simulations indicate that sex-specific differences in viability would need to be very extreme in order to produce and maintain reported levels of between-sex allelic differentiation. We address this paradox between theoretical predictions and empirical observations by evaluating evidence for sexually antagonistic viability selection on autosomal loci in humans using the largest cohort to date (UK Biobank, n=438,427) along with a second large, independent cohort (BioVU, n=93,864). We performed association tests between genetically ascertained sex and genotypes. Although we found dozens of genome-wide significant associations, none replicated across samples. Moreover, closer inspection revealed that all associations are likely due to cross-hybridization with sex chromosome regions during genotyping. We report loci with potential for mis-hybridization found on commonly used genotyping platforms that should be carefully considered in future genetic studies of sex-specific differences. Despite being well-powered to detect allele frequency differences of up to 0.8% between the sexes, we do not detect evidence for this signature of sexually antagonistic viability selection on autosomal variation. These findings suggest a lack of strong ongoing sexually antagonistic viability selection acting on single locus autosomal variation in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kasimatis, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.009670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually Antagonistic Selection on Genetic Variation is Rare in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.006247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure based virtual screening identifies novel competitive inhibitors for the sialoglycan binding protein Hsa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.006247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a cardiovascular disease often caused by bacteria of the viridans group of streptococci, which includes Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis. Previous research has found that a serine-rich repeat (SRR) proteins on the S. gordonii bacterial surface play a critical role in pathogenesis by facilitating bacterial attachment to sialyated glycans displayed on human platelets. Despite its important role in disease progression, there are currently no anti-adhesive drugs available on the market. Here, we performed structure-based virtual screening using an ensemble docking approach followed by consensus scoring to identify novel inhibitors against the sialoglycan binding domain of the SRR adhesin protein Hsa from the S. gordonii strain DL1. In silico cross screening against the glycan binding domains of closely related SRR proteins from five other S. gordonii or S. sanguinis strains was also performed to further reduce false positives. Using our in silico screening strategy we successfully predicted nine compounds which were able to displace the native ligand (sialyl-T antigen) in an in vitro assay and bind competitively to adhesin protein Hsa ([~]20% hit rate).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bensing, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinson, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.006247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure based virtual screening identifies novel competitive inhibitors for the sialoglycan binding protein Hsa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.006320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatlas: a comprehensive and interactive image atlas of the human pancreas in health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.006320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human tissue phenotyping generates complex spatial information from numerous imaging modalities, yet images typically become static figures for publication and original data and metadata are rarely available. While comprehensive image maps exist for some organs, most resources have limited support for multiplexed imaging or have non-intuitive user interfaces. Therefore, we built a Pancreatlas resource that integrates several technologies into a novel interface, allowing users to access richly annotated web pages, drill down to individual images, and deeply explore data online. The current version of Pancreatlas contains over 800 unique images acquired by whole-slide scanning, confocal microscopy, and imaging mass cytometry, and is available at https://www.pancreatlas.org. To create this human pancreas-specific biological imaging resource, we developed a React-based web application and Python-based application programming interface, collectively called Flexible Framework for Integrating and Navigating Data (FFIND), which can be adapted beyond Pancreatlas to meet countless imaging or other structured data management needs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusmartseva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.006320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatlas: a comprehensive and interactive image atlas of the human pancreas in health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small molecule inhibition of human cGAS reduces total cGAMP output and cytokine expression in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.016535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cGAS-STING pathway is a major mechanism that mammalian cells utilize to detect cytoplasmic dsDNA from incoming viruses, bacteria, or self. CYCLIC GMP-AMP SYNTHASE (cGAS) is the sensor protein that directly binds dsDNAs. cGAS synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which binds to the adaptor STIMULATOR OF INTERFERON GENES (STING), activating an INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3 (IRF3)-mediated immune response. Constitutive activation can result in interferonopathies such as Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS) or other lupus-like autoimmune disorders. While inhibitors targeting mouse or human cGAS have been reported, the identification of a small molecule that targets both homologs of cGAS has been challenging. Here, we show that RU.521 is capable of potently and selectively inhibiting mouse and human cGAS in cell lines and human primary cells. This inhibitory activity requires the presence of cGAS, but it cannot suppress an immune response in cells activated by RNA, Toll-like receptor ligands, cGAMP, or recombinant interferon. Importantly, when RU.521 is applied to cells, the production of dsDNA-induced intracellular cGAMP is suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. Our work validates the use of RU.521 for probing DNA-induced innate immune responses and underscores its potential as an ideal scaffold towards pre-clinical development, given its potency against human and mouse cGAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiser, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.30.016535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small molecule inhibition of human cGAS reduces total cGAMP output and cytokine expression in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020289v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane tension can enhance adaptation to maintain polarity of migrating cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020289v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migratory cells are known to adapt to environments that contain wide-ranging levels of chemoattractant. While biochemical models of adaptation have been previously proposed, here we discuss a different mechanism based on mechanosensing, where the interaction between biochemical signaling and cell tension facilitates adaptation. We describe and analyze a model of mechanochemical-based adaptation coupling a mechanics-based physical model of cell tension coupled with the wave-pinning reaction-diffusion model for Rac activity. Mathematical analysis of this model, simulations of a simplified 1D cell geometry, and 2D finite element simulations of deforming cells reveal that as a cell protrudes under the influence of high stimulation levels, tension mediated inhibition of GTPase signaling causes the cell to polarize even when initially over-stimulated. Specifically, tension mediated inhibition of GTPase activation, which has been experimentally observed in recent years, facilitates this adaptation by countering the high levels of environmental stimulation. These results demonstrate how tension related mechanosensing may provide an alternative (and potentially complementary) mechanism for cell adaptation.

Statement of SignificanceMigratory cells such as human neutrophils encounter environments that contain wide-ranging levels of chemoattractant. In order to move, these cells must maintain an organized front-rear signaling polarity despite this wide variation in environmental stimuli. Past research has demonstrated a number of biochemical based mechanisms by which cells adapt to variable signal levels. Here we demonstrate that the interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and tension mediated feedbacks may provide an alternative mechanochemical mechanism for adaptation to high levels of signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zmurchok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.020289</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane tension can enhance adaptation to maintain polarity of migrating cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.023820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Nonlinear Optical and Thermal Imaging Platform for Label-Free Characterization of Biological Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.06.023820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to characterize the combined structural, functional, and thermal properties of biophysically dynamic samples is needed to address critical questions related to tissue structure, physiological dynamics, and disease progression. Towards this, we have developed an imaging platform that enables multiple nonlinear imaging modalities to be combined with thermal imaging on a common sample. Here we demonstrate label-free multimodal imaging of live cells, excised tissues, and live rodent brain models. While potential applications of this technology are wide-ranging, we expect it to be especially useful in addressing biomedical research questions aimed at the biomolecular and biophysical properties of tissue and their physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leiser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Throckmorton, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan-Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.06.023820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Nonlinear Optical and Thermal Imaging Platform for Label-Free Characterization of Biological Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.029538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid Landscape of the Human Retina and Supporting Tissues Revealed by High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.029538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human retina evolved to facilitate complex visual tasks. It supports vision at light levels ranging from starlight to sunlight, and its supporting tissues and vasculature regulate plasma-delivered lipophilic essentials for vision, including retinoids (vitamin A derivatives). The human retina is of particular interest because of its unique anatomic specializations for high-acuity and color vision that are also vulnerable to prevalent blinding diseases. The retinas exquisite cellular architecture is composed of numerous cell types that are aligned horizontally, giving rise to structurally distinct cell, synaptic, and vascular layers that are visible in histology and in diagnostic clinical imaging. Suitable for retinal investigations, MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technologies are now capable of providing images at low micrometer spatial resolution with high levels of chemical specificity. In this study, a multimodal imaging approach combined with a recently developed method of high accuracy multi-image registration was used to define the localization of lipids in human retina tissue at laminar, cellular, and sub-cellular levels. Data acquired by IMS combined with autofluorescence and bright-field microscopy of human retina sections in macular and peripheral regions indicate differences in distributions and abundances of lipid species across and within single cell types. Of note is localization of signals within specific layers of macula, localization within different compartments of photoreceptors and RPE, complementarity of signals between macular retina and non-macular RPE, and evidence that lipids differing by a single double bond can have markedly different distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotnala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curcio, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.029538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid Landscape of the Human Retina and Supporting Tissues Revealed by High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.031732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Modeling of Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Reveals Transcriptional Compensation and Replicates a Trigger-Induced Phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.031732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease caused by heterozygous de novo missense mutations in the ATP1A3 gene that encodes the neuronal specific 3 subunit of the Na,K-ATPase (NKA) pump. Mechanisms underlying patient episodes including environmental triggers remain poorly understood, and there are no empirically proven treatments for AHC. In this study, we generated patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and isogenic controls for the E815K ATP1A3 mutation that causes the most phenotypically severe form of AHC. Using an in vitro iPSC-derived cortical neuron disease model, we found elevated levels of ATP1A3 mRNA in AHC lines compared to controls, without significant perturbations in protein expression. Microelectrode array analyses demonstrated that in cortical neuronal cultures, ATP1A3+/E815K iPSC-derived neurons displayed a non-significant trend toward less overall activity than neurons differentiated from isogenic mutation-corrected and unrelated control cell lines. However, induction of cellular stress by elevated temperature revealed a hyperactivity phenotype following heat stress in ATP1A3+/E815K lines compared to control lines. Treatment with flunarizine, a drug commonly used to prevent AHC episodes, did not impact this stress-triggered phenotype. These findings support the use of iPSC-derived neuronal cultures for studying complex neurodevelopmental conditions such as AHC and provide a potential route toward future therapeutic screening and mechanistic discovery in a human disease model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlake, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klofas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swoboda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.031732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Modeling of Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Reveals Transcriptional Compensation and Replicates a Trigger-Induced Phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Viral cross-linking and solid-phase purification enables discovery of ribonucleoprotein complexes on incoming RNA virus genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The initial interactions between incoming, pre-replicated RNA virus genomes and host protein factors are important in infection and immunity. Yet there are no current methods to study these crucial events. We established VIR-CLASP (VIRal Cross-Linking And Solid-phase Purification) to identify the primary viral RNA-host protein interactions. First, host cells are infected with 4SU-labeled RNA viruses and irradiated with 365 nm light to crosslink 4SU-labeled viral genomes and interacting proteins from host or virus. The cross-linked RBPs are purified by solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads with protein denaturing buffers, and then identified by proteomics. With VIR-CLASP, only the incoming viral genomes are labeled with 4SU, so cross-linking events specifically occur between proteins and pre-replicated viral genomic RNA. Since solid-phase purification under protein-denaturing conditions is used to pull-down total RNA and cross-linked RBPs, this facilitates investigation of potentially all RNA viruses, regardless of RNA sequence. Preparation of 4SU-labeled virus takes [~]7 days and VIR-CLASP takes 1 day.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcos, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.032441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Viral cross-linking and solid-phase purification enables discovery of ribonucleoprotein complexes on incoming RNA virus genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thyroglobulin Interactome Profiling Uncovers Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.08.032482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a secreted iodoglycoprotein serving as the precursor for T3 and T4 hormones. Many characterized Tg gene mutations produce secretion-defective variants resulting in congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Tg processing and secretion is controlled by extensive interactions with chaperone, trafficking, and degradation factors comprising the secretory proteostasis network. While dependencies on individual proteostasis network components are known, the integration of proteostasis pathways mediating Tg protein quality control and the molecular basis of mutant Tg misprocessing remain poorly understood. We employ a multiplexed quantitative affinity purification-mass spectrometry approach to define the Tg proteostasis interactome and changes between WT and several CH-variants. Mutant Tg processing is associated with common imbalances in proteostasis engagement including increased chaperoning, oxidative folding, and routing towards ER-associated degradation components, yet variants are inefficiently degraded. Furthermore, we reveal mutation-specific changes in engagement with N-glycosylation components, suggesting distinct requirements for one Tg variant on dual engagement of both oligosaccharyltransferase complex isoforms for degradation. Modulating dysregulated proteostasis components and pathways may serve as a therapeutic strategy to restore Tg secretion and thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.08.032482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thyroglobulin Interactome Profiling Uncovers Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosynthetic gene clusters, secondary metabolite profiles, and cards of virulence in the closest nonpathogenic relatives of Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.09.033902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is a major human pathogen that causes hundreds of thousands of infections yearly with high mortality rates. In contrast, Aspergillus fischeri and the recently described Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, the two species most closely related to A. fumigatus, are not known to be pathogenic. Some of the "cards of virulence" that A. fumigatus possesses are secondary metabolites that impair the host immune system, protect from host immune cell attacks, or acquire key nutrients. Secondary metabolites and the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that typically encode them often vary within and between fungal species. To gain insight into whether secondary metabolism-associated cards of virulence vary between A. fumigatus, A. oerlinghausenensis, and A. fischeri, we conducted extensive genomic and secondary metabolite profiling analyses. By analyzing multiple A. fumigatus, one A. oerlinghausenensis, and multiple A. fischeri strains, we identified both conserved and diverged secondary metabolism-associated cards of virulence. For example, we found that all species and strains examined biosynthesized the major virulence factor gliotoxin, consistent with the conservation of the gliotoxin BGC across genomes. However, species differed in their biosynthesis of fumagillin and pseurotin, both contributors to host tissue damage during invasive aspergillosis; these differences were reflected in sequence divergence of the intertwined fumagillin/pseurotin BGCs across genomes. These results delineate the similarities and differences in secondary metabolism-associated cards of virulence between a major fungal pathogen and its nonpathogenic closest relatives, shedding light into the genetic and phenotypic changes associated with the evolution of fungal pathogenicity.

ImportanceThe major fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus kills tens of thousands each year. In contrast, the two closest relatives of A. fumigatus, namely Aspergillus fischeri and Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, are not considered pathogenic. A. fumigatus virulence stems, partly, from its ability to produce small molecules called secondary metabolites that have potent activities during infection. In this study, we examined whether A. fumigatus secondary metabolites and the metabolic pathways involved in their production are conserved in A. oerlinghausenensis and A. fischeri. We found that the nonpathogenic close relatives of A. fumigatus produce some, but not all, secondary metabolites thought to contribute to the success of A. fumigatus in causing human disease and that these similarities and differences were reflected in the underlying metabolic pathways involved in their biosynthesis. Compared to its nonpathogenic close relatives, A. fumigatus produces a distinct cocktail of secondary metabolites, which likely contributes to these organisms vastly different potentials to cause human disease. More broadly, the study of nonpathogenic organisms that have virulence-related traits, but are not currently considered agents of human disease, may facilitate the prediction of species capable of posing future threats to human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houbraken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.09.033902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosynthetic gene clusters, secondary metabolite profiles, and cards of virulence in the closest nonpathogenic relatives of Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.034629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SETD2 is an actin lysine methyltransferase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.034629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SET-domain-containing-2 (SETD2) was identified as the methyltransferase responsible for the histone 3 lysine 36 trimethyl (H3K36me3) mark of the histone code. Most recently, SETD2 has been shown to be a dual-function remodeler that regulates genome stability via methylation of dynamic microtubules during mitosis and cytokinesis. Here we show that actin is a bona fide target for methylation by SETD2 in vitro and in cells. Antibodies against the SETD2 trimethyl lysine epitope recognize methylated actin, with this methyl mark localizing to areas of active actin cytoskeleton reorganization in migrating cells. Disruption of this methylation activity causes defects in actin polymerization and impairs collective cell migration. Together, these data identify SETD2 as a multifunctional cytoskeletal remodeler regulating methylation and polymerization of actin filaments, and provide new avenues for understanding how defects in SETD2 drive disease via aberrant cytoskeletal methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seervai, R. N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dere, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.034629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SETD2 is an actin lysine methyltransferase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of mammalian brain aging by the unfolded protein response (UPR) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.039172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the major risk factor for the development of dementia and neurodegenerative disorders, and the aging brain manifests severe deficits in buffering capacity by the proteostasis network. Accordingly, we investigated the significance of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a major signaling pathway that copes with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, to normal mammalian brain aging. Genetic disruption of ER stress sensor IRE1 accelerated cognitive and motor dysfunction during aging. Exogenous bolstering of the UPR by overexpressing an active form of the transcription factor XBP1 restored synaptic and cognitive function in addition to reducing cell senescence. Remarkably, proteomic profiling of hippocampal tissue indicated that XBP1s expression corrected age-related alterations in synaptic function. Collectively, our data demonstrate that strategies to manipulate the UPR sustain healthy brain aging.

One Sentence SummaryThe IRE1/XBP1 pathway dictates when and how brain function declines during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cabral Miranda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medinas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerakis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miedema, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran-Aniotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardilles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibaceta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabusap, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermedo-Garcia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitangcol, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huerta, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriquez, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.13.039172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of mammalian brain aging by the unfolded protein response (UPR)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.030874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinically adaptable polymer enables simultaneous spatial analysis of colonic tissues and biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.030874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial influences on host cells depend upon the identities of the microbes, their spatial localization, and the responses they invoke on specific host cell populations. Multi-modal analyses of both microbes and host cells in a spatially-resolved fashion would enable studies into these complex interactions in native tissue environments, potentially in clinical specimens. While techniques to preserve each of the microbial and host cell compartments have been used to examine tissues and microbes separately, we endeavored to develop approaches to simultaneously analyze both compartments. Herein, we established an original method for mucus preservation using Poloxamer 407 (also known as Pluronic F-127), a thermoreversible polymer with mucus-adhesive characteristics. We demonstrate that this approach can preserve spatially-defined compartments of the mucus bi-layer in the colon and the bacterial communities within, compared with their marked absence when tissues were processed with traditional formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pipelines. Additionally, antigens for antibody staining of host cells were preserved and signal intensity for 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was enhanced in Poloxamer-fixed samples. This in turn enabled us to integrate multi-modal analysis using a modified multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) protocol. Importantly, we have formulated Poloxamer 407 to polymerize and crosslink at room temperature for use in clinical workflows. These results suggest that the fixative formulation of Poloxamer 407 can be integrated into biospecimen collection pipelines for simultaneous analysis of microbes and host cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macedonia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scurrah, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.030874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinically adaptable polymer enables simultaneous spatial analysis of colonic tissues and biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.040477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond the biosynthetic gene cluster paradigm: Genome-wide co-expression networks connect clustered and unclustered transcription factors to secondary metabolic pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.040477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal secondary metabolites are widely used as therapeutics and are vital components of drug discovery programs. A major challenge hindering discovery of novel secondary metabolites is that the underlying pathways involved in their biosynthesis are transcriptionally silent in typical laboratory growth conditions, making it difficult to identify the transcriptional networks that they are embedded in. Furthermore, while the genes participating in secondary metabolic pathways are typically found in contiguous clusters on the genome, known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), this is not always the case, especially for global and pathway-specific regulators of pathways activities. To address these challenges, we used 283 genome-wide gene expression datasets of the ascomycete cell factory Aspergillus niger generated during growth under 155 different conditions to construct two gene co-expression networks based on Spearmans correlation coefficients (SCC) and on mutual rank-transformed Pearsons correlation coefficients (MR-PCC). By mining these networks, we predicted six transcription factors named MjkA - MjkF to concomitantly regulate secondary metabolism in A. niger. Over-expression of each transcription factor using the Tet-on cassette modulated production of multiple secondary metabolites. We found that the SCC and MR-PCC approaches complemented each other, enabling the delineation of global (SCC) and pathway-specific (MR-PCC) transcription factors, respectively. These results highlight the great potential of co-expression network approaches to identify and activate fungal secondary metabolic pathways and their products. More broadly, we argue that novel drug discovery programs in fungi should move beyond the BGC paradigm and focus on understanding the global regulatory networks in which secondary metabolic pathways are embedded.

ImportanceThere is an urgent need for novel bioactive molecules in both agriculture and medicine. The genomes of fungi are thought to contain vast numbers of metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites with diverse bioactivities. Because these metabolites are biosynthesized only under specific conditions, the vast majority of fungal pharmacopeia awaits discovery. To discover the genetic networks that regulate the activity of secondary metabolites, we examined the genome-wide profiles of gene activity of the cell factory Aspergillus niger across hundreds of conditions. By constructing global networks that link genes with similar activities across conditions, we identified six global and pathway-specific regulators of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our study shows that elucidating the behavior of the genetic networks of fungi under diverse conditions harbors enormous promise for understanding fungal secondary metabolism, which ultimately may lead to novel drug candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiniger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.040477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond the biosynthetic gene cluster paradigm: Genome-wide co-expression networks connect clustered and unclustered transcription factors to secondary metabolic pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neonicotinoids Disrupt Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Honey Bees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.042960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Honey bees are critical pollinators in ecosystems and agriculture, but their numbers have significantly declined. Declines in pollinator populations are thought to be due to multiple factors including habitat loss, climate change, increased vulnerability to disease and parasites, and pesticide use. Neonicotinoid pesticides are agonists of insect nicotinic cholinergic receptors, and sub-lethal exposures are linked to reduced honey bee hive survival. Honey bees are highly dependent on circadian clocks to regulate critical behaviors, such as foraging orientation and navigation, time-memory for food sources, sleep, and learning/ memory processes. Because circadian clock neurons in insects receive light input through cholinergic signaling we tested for effects of neonicotinoids on honey bee circadian rhythms and sleep. Neonicotinoid ingestion by feeding over several days results in neonicotinoid accumulation in the bee brain, disrupts circadian rhythmicity in many individual bees, shifts the timing of behavioral circadian rhythms in bees that remain rhythmic, and impairs sleep. Neonicotinoids and light input act synergistically to disrupt bee circadian behavior, and neonicotinoids directly stimulate wake-promoting clock neurons in the fruit fly brain. Neonicotinoids disrupt honey bee circadian rhythms and sleep, likely by aberrant stimulation of clock neurons, to potentially impair honey bee navigation, time-memory, and social communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannoni-Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doll, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto-Rivera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broadie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.15.042960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neonicotinoids Disrupt Circadian Rhythms and Sleep in Honey Bees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation and refinement of synthetic receptor mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.045039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synthetic receptors are powerful tools for engineering mammalian cell-based devices. These biosensors enable cell-based therapies to perform complex tasks such as regulating therapeutic gene expression in response to sensing physiological cues. Although multiple synthetic receptor systems now exist, many aspects of receptor performance are poorly understood. In general, it would be useful to understand how receptor design choices influence performance characteristics. In this study, we examined the modular extracellular sensor architecture (MESA) and systematically evaluated previously unexamined design choices, yielding substantially improved receptors. A key finding that might extend to other receptor systems is that the choice of transmembrane domain (TMD) is important for generating high-performing receptors. To provide mechanistic insights, we adopted and employed a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay to elucidate how TMDs affect receptor complex formation and connected these observations to functional performance. To build further insight into these phenomena, we developed a library of new MESA receptors that sense an expanded set of ligands. Based upon these explorations, we conclude that TMDs affect signaling primarily by modulating intracellular domain geometry. Finally, to guide the design of future receptors, we propose general principles for linking design choices to biophysical mechanisms and performance characteristics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edelstein, H. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldoon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolberg, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battaglia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allchin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.16.045039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation and refinement of synthetic receptor mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic regulator BMI1 promotes fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma proliferation and constitutes a novel therapeutic target 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.048355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive pediatric soft tissue sarcoma that continues to present significant challenges to pediatric oncology. There are two major subtypes of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar and embryonal. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas are characterized by the presence of a PAX-FOXO1 fusion protein and termed fusion-positive (FP-RMS); embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (ERMS) lack these fusions and are termed fusion-negative (FN-RMS).

Fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) harbors PAX-FOXO1 fusion proteins and has a worse overall outcome compared to FN-RMS, underscoring the critical need to identify novel targets for this disease. While fusion proteins remain challenging therapeutic targets, recent studies have begun to reveal the key intersection of PAX-FOXO1 fusion proteins with the malignant epigenome, suggesting that epigenetic proteins may serve as novel targets in FP-RMS. Here, we investigate the contribution of the epigenetic regulator BMI1 to FP-RMS.

We examined RNA-seq tumor datasets and determined that BMI1 is robustly expressed in FP-RMS tumors, patient derived xenografts (PDXs), and cell lines. We depleted BMI1 using RNA interference and find that this leads to a marked decrease in cell growth. Next, we used two BMI1 inhibitors, PTC-209 and PTC-028, and showed that BMI1 inhibition decreases cell cycle progression and increases apoptosis in FP-RMS cell lines. In the in vivo setting, targeting BMI1 leads to decreased tumor growth. Mechanistically, we observe that BMI1 inhibition activates the tumor suppressive Hippo pathway. Collectively, these results identify BMI1 as a novel therapeutic vulnerability in FP-RMS and provide a foundation for further investigation of BMI1 in both FP-RMS and additional sarcoma histotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shields, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potlapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuya-Smith, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pogoriler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathi, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maris, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnepp, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.048355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulator BMI1 promotes fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma proliferation and constitutes a novel therapeutic target]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling biological and analytical factors that give rise to outlier genes in phylogenomic matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.20.049999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomic data revolution has enabled biologists to develop innovative ways to infer key episodes in the history of life. Whether genome-scale data will eventually resolve all branches of the Tree of Life remains uncertain. However, through novel means of interrogating data, some explanations for why evolutionary relationships remain recalcitrant are emerging. Here, we provide four biological and analytical factors that explain why certain genes may exhibit "outlier" behavior, namely, rate of molecular evolution, alignment length, misidentified orthology, and errors in modeling. Using empirical and simulated data we show how excluding genes based on their likelihood or inferring processes from the topology they support in a supermatrix can mislead biological inference of conflict. We next show alignment length accounts for the high influence of two genes reported in empirical datasets. Finally, we also reiterate the impact misidentified orthology and short alignments have on likelihoods in large scale phylogenetics. We suggest that researchers should systematically investigate and describe the source of influential genes, as opposed to discarding them as outliers. Disentangling whether analytical or biological factors are the source of outliers will help uncover new patterns and processes that are shaping the Tree of Life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyroud, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.049999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling biological and analytical factors that give rise to outlier genes in phylogenomic matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.034116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Erythropoietin regulates transcription and YY1 dynamics in a pre-established chromatin architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.034116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The three dimensional architecture of the genome plays an essential role in establishing and maintaining cell identity. By contrast, the magnitude and temporal kinetics of changes in chromatin structure that arise during cell differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we leverage a murine model of erythropoiesis to study the relationship between chromatin conformation, the epigenome, and transcription in erythroid cells. We discover that acute transcriptional responses induced by erythropoietin (EPO), the hormone necessary for erythroid differentiation, occur within an invariant chromatin topology. Within this pre-established landscape, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) occupancy dynamically redistributes to sites in proximity to EPO-regulated genes. Using HiChIP, we identify chromatin contacts mediated by H3K27ac and YY1 that are enriched for enhancer-promoter interactions of EPO-responsive genes. Taken together, these data are consistent with an emerging model that rapid, signal-dependent transcription occurs in the context of a pre-established chromatin architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perreault, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venters, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.034116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Erythropoietin regulates transcription and YY1 dynamics in a pre-established chromatin architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localization of the Lens Intermediate Filament Switch by Imaging Mass Spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) enables targeted and untargeted visualization of the spatial localization of molecules in tissues with great specificity. The lens is a unique tissue that contains fiber cells corresponding to various stages of differentiation that are packed in a highly spatial order. The application of IMS to lens tissue localizes molecular features that are spatially related to the fiber cell organization. Such spatially resolved molecular information assists our understanding of lens structure and physiology; however, protein IMS studies are typically limited to abundant, soluble, low molecular weight proteins. In this study, a method was developed for imaging low solubility cytoskeletal proteins in the lens; a tissue that is filled with high concentrations of soluble crystallins. Optimized tissue washes combined with on-tissue enzymatic digestion allowed successful imaging of peptides corresponding to known lens cytoskeletal proteins. The resulting peptide signals facilitated segmentation of the bovine lens into molecularly distinct regions. A sharp intermediate filament transition from vimentin to lens-specific beaded filament proteins was detected in the lens cortex. MALDI IMS also revealed the region where posttranslational myristoylation of filensin occurs and the results indicate that truncation and myristoylation of filensin starts soon after filensin expression increased in the inner cortex. From intermediate filament switch to filensin truncation and myristoylation, multiple remarkable changes occur in the narrow region of lens cortex. MALDI images delineated the boundaries of distinct lens regions that will guide further proteomic and interactomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.053793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localization of the Lens Intermediate Filament Switch by Imaging Mass Spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Cytoskeletal Function for PBRM1 Reading Methylated Microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.053942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromatin modifier SETD2 was recently shown to be a dual-function methyltransferase that "writes" methyl marks on both chromatin and the mitotic spindle, revealing -tubulin methylation as a new posttranslational modification of microtubules. Here, we report the first cytoskeletal "reader" for this SETD2 methyl mark: the polybromo protein PBRM1. We found PBRM1 directly binds the -Tub-K40me3 mark on tubulin, and localizes to the mitotic spindle and spindle pole during cell division. PBRM1 can assemble a PBAF complex in the absence of chromatin as revealed by mass spectrometry, and can recruit other PBAF complex components including SMARCA4 and ARID2 to -tubulin. In addition to PBRM1, other PBAF components were also localized to the mitotic spindle and spindle pole. This PBAF localization was dependent on recruitment to microtubules by PBRM1, and loss of spindle-associated PBRM1/PBAF led to genomic instability as assessed by increased formation of micronuclei. These data reveal a previously unknown function for PBRM1 beyond its role remodeling chromatin, and expand the repertoire of chromatin remodelers involved in writing and reading methyl marks on the cytoskeleton. The results of this study lay the foundation for a new paradigm for the epigenetic machinery as chromatocytoskeletal modifiers, with coordinated nuclear and cytoskeletal functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangid, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seervai, R. N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertocchio, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotta, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Msaouel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coarfa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dere, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.053942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Cytoskeletal Function for PBRM1 Reading Methylated Microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids model features of Leigh Syndrome and reveal abnormal corticogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.21.054361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leigh syndrome (LS) is a rare, inherited neurometabolic disorder that presents with bilateral brain lesions, caused by defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and associated nuclear-encoded proteins. We generated iPSCs from three patient-derived LS fibroblast lines and identified, by whole-exome and mitochondrial sequencing, unreported mutations in pyruvate dehydrogenase (GM0372, PDH; GM13411, MT-ATP6/PDH) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (GM01503, DLD). LS-derived iPSC lines were viable and generally capable of differentiating into key progenitor populations, but we identified several abnormalities in three-dimensional differentiation models of brain development. LS-derived cerebral organoids showed defects in neural epithelial bud generation, size, and cortical architecture at 100 days. The double mutant MT-ATP6/PDH line produced organoid neural progenitor cells with abnormal mitochondrial morphology characterized by fragmentation and disorganization and showed an increased generation of astrocytes. These studies aim to provide a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of available patient-derived cell lines that can be used as LS model systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero-Morales, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastogi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temuri, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McElroy, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almonacid, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandel, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.21.054361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids model features of Leigh Syndrome and reveal abnormal corticogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic beta cell selective deletion of mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and Mfn2) disrupts mitochondrial architecture and abrogates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.22.055384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aims/hypothesisMitochondrial glucose metabolism is essential for stimulated insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Whether mitochondrial networks may be important for glucose or incretin sensing has yet to be determined.

MethodsHere, we generated mice with beta cell-selective, adult-restricted deletion of the mitofusin genes Mfn1 and Mfn2 ({beta}Mfn1/2 dKO). Whole or dissociated pancreatic islets were used for live beta cell fluorescence imaging of cytosolic or mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration and ATP production or GSIS in response to increasing glucose concentrations or GLP-1 receptor agonists. Serum and blood samples were collected to examine oral and i.p. glucose tolerance.

Results{beta}Mfn1/2 dKO mice displayed elevated fed and fasted glycaemia (p<0.01, p<0.001) and a >five-fold decrease (p<0.0001) in plasma insulin. Mitochondrial length, glucose-induced polarisation, ATP synthesis and cytosolic Ca2+ increases were all reduced (p<0.05,p<0.01,p<0.0001) in dKO islets, and beta cell Ca2+ dynamics were suppressed in vivo (p<0.001). In contrast, oral glucose tolerance was near normal in {beta}Mfn1/2 dKO mice (p<0.05, p<0.01) and GLP-1 or GIP receptor agonists largely corrected defective GSIS from isolated islets through an EPAC-dependent signalling activation.

Conclusions/interpretationMitochondrial fusion and fission cycles are thus essential in the beta cell to maintain normal glucose, but not incretin, sensing. Defects in these cycles in some forms of diabetes might therefore provide opportunities for novel incretin-based or other therapies.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=180 SRC="FIGDIR/small/055384v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (38K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@258053org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c07cborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d3bb1forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a1f128_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Impact of Mfn1/2 deletion on glucose and incretin stimulated-insulin secretion in beta cells. (A) In control animals, glucose is taken up by beta cells through GLUT2 and metabolised by mitochondria (elongated structure) through the citrate (TCA) cycle, leading to an increased mitochondrial proton motive force (hyperpolarised {Delta}{psi}m), accelerated ATP synthesis and O2 consumption rate (OCR). Consequently, the cytoplasmic ATP:ADP ratio rises, which causes closure of KATP channels, depolarisation of plasma membrane potential ({psi}m), opening of VDCCs and influx of cytosolic Ca2+. Elevated [Ca2+]cyt triggers a number of ATP-dependent processes including insulin secretion and improved beta-beta cell communication through connexin 36 (Cx36). (B) Following Mfn1/2 deletion (Mfn1/2 dKO), highly fragmented mitochondria were associated with reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) accumulation, leading to a less polarised {Delta}{psi}m, weaker OCR, lower mtDNA copy number and decreased ATP synthesis. This is expected to result in weaker {psi}m depolarisation, cytosolic Ca2+ influx and beta-beta cell connectivity due to lower expression of Cx36. Despite observing a higher number of docked insulin granules on the plasma membrane, insulin secretion was highly suppressed in these animals. This was also associated with increased beta cell death and reduced beta cell mass. (C) In response to incretins, insulin secretion is potentiated through the activation of GLP1-R and cAMP signalling involving PKA- and EPAC2-dependent pathways. Elevated [Ca2+]cyt triggers a number of ATP-dependent processes including insulin secretion and Ca2+ removal into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).(D) In Mfn1/2 dKO cells, activation of the GLP1-R was shown to be linked with a potentiation of the EPAC2 pathway that is PKA independent, along with an increased ER Ca2+ uptake and improved beta-beta cell communication. How these amplifying signals of glucose metabolism for insulin secretion are linked with fragmented mitochondria remains unknown. Red and bold arrows represent enhanced pathways; dashed arrows represent impaired pathways. This figure was produced using illustrations from Servier Medical Art, http://smart.servier.com/

C_FIG Research in contextWhat is already known about this subject?

Mitochondrial ultrastructural variations and number are altered in beta cells of human T2D patients [1].

Mice lacking Opa1, which controls mitochondrial fusion and inner membrane cristae structure, in beta cells, develop hyperglycaemia and defects in GSIS [2].

What is the key question?

Is an interconnected mitochondrial network essential in primary mouse beta cells for normal insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis?

What are the new findings?

We generated mice with beta cell-selective, adult-restricted deletion of the mitofusin genes Mfn1 and Mfn2 and show that insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis are strongly reduced in vivo.

Cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ increases, {Delta}{psi}m, ATP production and beta cell connectivity are impaired in {beta}Mfn1/2 dKO animals.

Incretins bypass the above defects through an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)-dependent signalling mechanism.

How might this impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?

The ability of incretins to bypass defects in mitochondrial function might be exploited by the design of new agonists which target this pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Georgiadou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabosseau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wern, F. Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stylianides, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothery, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorio, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnemann, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.22.055384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic beta cell selective deletion of mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and Mfn2) disrupts mitochondrial architecture and abrogates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease mediates extensive viral recombination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.057786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses (CoVs) emerge as zoonoses and cause severe disease in humans, demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. RNA recombination is required during normal CoV replication for subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) synthesis and generates defective viral genomes (DVGs) of unknown function. However, the determinants and patterns of CoV recombination are unknown. Here, we show that divergent {beta}-CoVs SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and murine hepatitis virus (MHV) perform extensive RNA recombination in culture, generating similar patterns of recombination junctions and diverse populations of DVGs and sgmRNAs. We demonstrate that the CoV proofreading nonstructural protein (nsp14) 3-to-5 exoribonuclease (nsp14-ExoN) is required for normal CoV recombination and that its genetic inactivation causes significantly decreased frequency and altered patterns of recombination in both infected cells and released virions. Thus, nsp14-ExoN is a key determinant of both high fidelity CoV replication and recombination, and thereby represents a highly-conserved and vulnerable target for virus inhibition and attenuation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gribble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruijssers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson-Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.057786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease mediates extensive viral recombination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.062893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conserved Molecular Function and Regulatory Subfunctionalization of the LORELEI Gene Family in Brassicaceae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.062893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A signaling complex comprising members of the LORELEI (LRE)-LIKE GPI-anchored protein (LLG) and Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) families perceive RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides and regulate growth, reproduction, immunity, and stress responses in Arabidopsis. Genes encoding these proteins are members of multi-gene families in most angiosperms and could generate thousands of signaling complex variants. However, the link(s) between expansion of these gene families and the functional diversification of this critical signaling complex as well as the evolutionary factors underlying the maintenance of gene duplicates remain unknown. Here, we investigated LLG gene family evolution, function, and expression in angiosperms. We found that LLGs in monocots and eudicots are descendants of a duplication early in angiosperm evolution and that both ancient and recent LLG duplicates are retained. Complementation and expression analysis showed that expression divergence of LLGs (regulatory subfunctionalization), rather than functional divergence, explains the retention of paralogs in Brassicales. All but one extant monocot and eudicot species examined maintained an LLG copy with preferential expression in male reproductive tissues, with the other duplicate copies showed highest levels of expression in female or vegetative tissues. Interestingly, the single LLG copy in Amborella (sister to all other angiosperms) is expressed vastly higher in male compared to female reproductive or vegetative tissues. Reconstruction of expression evolution showed that the highest inferred expression levels for the single copy ancestral angiosperm LLG was in male reproductive tissues. We propose that expression divergence played an important role in maintenance of LLG duplicates in angiosperms.

One Sentence SummaryExpression divergence played an important role in maintenance of two sub-groups of LLG duplicates in angiosperms
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noble, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.-C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFalco, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stegmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiu, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zipfel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beilstein, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palanivelu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.062893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conserved Molecular Function and Regulatory Subfunctionalization of the LORELEI Gene Family in Brassicaceae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Criterion Validity and Relationships between Alternative Hierarchical Dimensional Models of General and Specific Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychopathology can be viewed as a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Many studies have supported this conceptualization, but they have used alternative statistical models with differing interpretations. In bifactor models, every symptom loads on both the general factor and one specific factor (e.g., internalizing), which partitions the total explained variance in each symptom between these orthogonal factors. In second-order models, symptoms load on one of several correlated lower-order factors. These lower-order factors load on a second-order general factor, which is defined by the variance shared by the lower-order factors. Thus, the factors in second-order models are not orthogonal. Choosing between these valid statistical models depends on the hypothesis being tested. Because bifactor models define orthogonal phenotypes with distinct sources of variance, they are optimal for studies of shared and unique associations of the dimensions of psychopathology with external variables putatively relevant to etiology and mechanisms. Concerns have been raised, however, about the reliability of the orthogonal specific factors in bifactor models. We evaluated this concern using parent symptom ratings of 9-10 year olds in the ABCD Study. Psychometric indices indicated that all factors in both bifactor and second-order models exhibited at least adequate construct reliability and estimated replicability. The factors defined in bifactor and second-order models were highly to moderately correlated across models, but have different interpretations. All factors in both models demonstrated significant associations with external criterion variables of theoretical and clinical importance, but the interpretation of such associations in second-order models was ambiguous due to shared variance among factors.

General Scientific SummarySome investigators have proposed that viewing the correlated symptoms of psychopathology as a hierarchy in which all symptoms are related to both a general (p) factor of psychopathology and a more specific factor will make it easier to distinguish potential risk factors and mechanisms that are nonspecifically related to all forms of psychopathology versus those that are associated with specific dimensions of psychopathology. Parent ratings of child psychopathology items from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed using two alternative statistical models of the proposed hierarchy. All factors of psychopathology defined in both bifactor and second-order models demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and criterion validity, but associations of psychopathology factors with external variables were more easily interpreted in bifactor than in second-order models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkurkin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDowell, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tackett, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Iniguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akcelik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedeker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Criterion Validity and Relationships between Alternative Hierarchical Dimensional Models of General and Specific Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.065136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificity of Gβ and γ subunits to SNARE complex both at rest and after α2aadrenergic receptor stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.065136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Though much is known about the various physiological functions of each GPCR and the specificity of G subunits, the specificity of G{beta}{gamma} activated by a given GPCR and activating each effector in vivo is not known. Previously, we identified different G{beta} and G{gamma} subunits interacting specifically with 2a-adrenergic receptors (2aAR). In this study, we examined its in vivo specificity to the soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNARE) complex in adrenergic (auto-2aAR) and non-adrenergic (hetero-2aAR) neurons. We applied a quantitative targeted multiple reaction monitoring proteomic analysis of G{beta} and G{gamma} subunits bound to the SNARE complex, and found only a subset of G{beta} and G{gamma} bound. Without stimulation of auto-2aAR, G{beta}1 and G{gamma}3 interacted with the SNARE complex. When auto-2aAR were activated, G{beta}1, G{beta}2, and G{gamma}3 were found. Further understanding of in vivo G{beta}{gamma} specificity to its effectors provides new insights into the multiplicity of genes for G{beta} and G{gamma}.

SummarySpecific G{beta}{gamma} dimers interact with the SNARE complex following presynaptic 2aAR activation in both adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yim, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betke, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilsbach, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.065136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificity of Gβ and γ subunits to SNARE complex both at rest and after α2aadrenergic receptor stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impairment of the Gβγ-SNAP25 brake on exocytosis enhances insulin action, protects against diet-induced obesity, and promotes adipocyte browning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative regulation of exocytosis from secretory cells throughout the body is accomplished through inhibitory signals from Gi/o G protein-coupled receptors by G{beta}{gamma} subunit inhibition of two common mechanisms: (i) decreased calcium entry and (ii) direct interaction of G{beta}{gamma} with the Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment Protein (SNAP) Receptor (SNARE) plasma membrane fusion machinery. We have previously shown that disabling the second mechanism with a truncation of SNAP25 (SNAP25{Delta}3/{Delta}3) decreases the affinity of G{beta}{gamma} for the SNARE complex, leaving exocytotic fusion as well as modulation of calcium entry intact but disabling GPCR inhibition of exocytosis. Here we report significant beneficial metabolic remodeling in mice carrying this mutation. Chow-fed SNAP25{Delta}3/{Delta}3 mice exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity and increased beiging of white fat. In response to a high fat diet, the metabolic protection was amplified in SNAP25{Delta}3/{Delta}3 mice. Glucose homeostasis, whole body insulin action, and insulin-mediated glucose uptake into white adipose tissue were improved along with resistance to diet-induced obesity. This metabolic protection in SNAP25{Delta}3/{Delta}3 mice occurred without compromising the physiological response to fasting or cold. All metabolic phenotypes were reversed at thermoneutrality, suggesting basal autonomic activity is required. Direct electrode stimulation of sympathetic neurons exocytosis from SNAP25{Delta}3/{Delta}3 inguinal adipose depot resulted in enhanced and prolonged norepinephrine release. Thus, the G{beta}{gamma}-SNARE interaction represents a cellular mechanism that deserves further exploration as a new avenue for combatting metabolic disease.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/069138v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adegboye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impairment of the Gβγ-SNAP25 brake on exocytosis enhances insulin action, protects against diet-induced obesity, and promotes adipocyte browning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Critical Residues of Gβγ for the interaction with the SNARE Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms and regulation of neurotransmitter release is a complex process involving many co-factors and proteins. One critical interaction is the regulation of exocytosis when G-protein {beta}{gamma} (G{beta}{gamma}) dimers bind to the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein complex. The complex is comprised of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein-25 (SNAP-25), syntaxin 1A, and synaptobrevin. Herein we probe across the entire family of human G{beta} and G{gamma} proteins for residues critical for the interaction with SNARE, by systematically screening peptide sequences for their ability to bind to tSNARE. The coiled-coil region of G{beta}{gamma} showed high affinity to tSNARE, along with the propeller region of G{beta} on the opposite side from the coiled-coil region. Peptides based on G{beta}1{gamma}2, shown to have high affinity to SNARE, tSNARE were screened further by alanine scanning to probe for residues critical for binding to tSNARE. Full length G{beta}1{gamma}2 and SNARE were docked computationally using Rosetta, to examine the experimentally determined binding sites. Docking converged on two possible sites of interaction using two distinct regions of both G{beta}1{gamma}2 and SNARE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.29.069187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Critical Residues of Gβγ for the interaction with the SNARE Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-muscle myosin-2 contractility-dependent actin turnover limits the length of epithelial microvilli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.072389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial brush borders are large arrays of microvilli that enable efficient solute uptake from luminal spaces. In the context of the intestinal tract, brush border microvilli drive functions that are critical for physiological homeostasis, including nutrient uptake and host defense. However, cytoskeletal mechanisms that regulate the assembly and morphology of these protrusions are poorly understood. The parallel actin bundles that support microvilli have their pointed-end rootlets anchored in a highly crosslinked filamentous meshwork referred to as the "terminal web". Although classic EM studies revealed complex ultrastructure, the composition, organization, and function of the terminal web remains unclear. Here, we identify non-muscle myosin-2C (NM2C) as a major component of the brush border terminal web. NM2C is found in a dense, isotropic layer of puncta across the sub-apical domain, which transects the rootlets of microvillar actin bundles. Puncta in this network are separated by [~]210 nm, dimensions that are comparable to the expected size of filaments formed by NM2C. In primary intestinal organoid cultures, the terminal web NM2C network is highly dynamic and exhibits continuous remodeling. Using pharmacological and genetic perturbations to disrupt NM2C activity in cultured intestinal epithelial cells, we found that this motor controls the length of growing microvilli by regulating actin turnover in a manner that requires a fully active motor domain. Our findings answer a decades old question on the function of terminal web myosin and hold broad implications for understanding apical morphogenesis in diverse epithelial systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chinowsky, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinette, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-muscle myosin-2 contractility-dependent actin turnover limits the length of epithelial microvilli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining sex-differentiated genetic effects across neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.04.076042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe origin of sex differences in prevalence and presentation of neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits is largely unknown. Given established genetic contributions and correlations across these traits, we tested for a sex-differentiated genetic architecture within and between traits.

MethodsUsing genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for 20 neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits, we tested for differences in SNP-based heritability (h2) and genetic correlation (rg<1) between sexes. For each trait, we computed z-scores from sex-stratified GWAS regression coefficients and identified genes with sex-differentiated effects. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between z-scores for each trait pair, to assess whether specific pairs share variants with sex-differentiated effects. Finally, we tested for sex differences in between-trait genetic correlations.

ResultsWith current sample sizes (and power), we found no significant, consistent sex differences in SNP-based h2. Between-sex, within-trait genetic correlations were consistently high, although significantly less than 1 for educational attainment and risk-taking behavior. We identified genome-wide significant genes with sex-differentiated effects for eight traits. Several trait pairs shared sex-differentiated effects. The top 0.1% of genes with sex-differentiated effects across traits overlapped with neuron- and synapse-related gene sets. Most between-trait genetic correlation estimates were similar across sex, with several exceptions (e.g. educational attainment & risk-taking behavior).

ConclusionsSex differences in the common autosomal genetic architecture of neuropsychiatric and behavioral phenotypes are small and polygenic, requiring large sample sizes. Genes with sex-differentiated effects are enriched for neuron-related gene sets. This work motivates further investigation of genetic, as well as environmental, influences on sex differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goleva, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traglia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hübel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winham, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petryshen, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sex Differences Cross-Disorder Analysis Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.04.076042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining sex-differentiated genetic effects across neuropsychiatric and behavioral traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Teacher-student neural coupling during teaching and learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.082958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human communication is remarkably versatile, enabling teachers to share highly abstracted and novel information with their students. What neural processes enable such transfer of information across brains during naturalistic teaching and learning? Here, we show that during lectures, wherein information transmission is unidirectional and flows from the teacher to the student, the students brain mirrors the teachers brain and that this neural coupling is correlated with learning outcomes. A teacher was scanned in fMRI giving an oral lecture with slides on a scientific topic followed by a review lecture. Students were then scanned watching either the intact lecture and review (N = 20) or a temporally scrambled version of the lecture (N = 20). Using intersubject correlation (ISC), we observed widespread teacher-student neural coupling spanning sensory cortex and language regions along the superior temporal sulcus as well as higher-level regions including posterior medial cortex (PMC), superior parietal lobule (SPL), and dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Teacher-student alignment in higher-level areas was not observed when learning was disrupted by temporally scrambling the lecture. Moreover, teacher-student coupling in PMC was significantly correlated with learning outcomes: the more closely the students brain mirrored the teachers brain, the more the student improved between behavioral pre-learning and post-learning assessments. Together, these results suggest that the alignment of neural responses between teacher and students may underlie effective communication of complex information across brains in classroom settings.

Significance statementHow is technical, non-narrative information communicated from one brain to another during teaching and learning? In this fMRI study, we show that the DMN activity of teachers and students are coupled during naturalistic teaching. This teacher-student neural coupling emerges only during intact learning and is correlated with learning outcomes. Together, these findings suggest that teacher-student neural alignment underlies effective communication during teaching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshulam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.082958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Teacher-student neural coupling during teaching and learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Characterization of Complex Binding Interactions of Cellulolytic Enzymes Highlights Limitations of Classical Approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellulolytic microorganisms, like Trichoderma reesei or Clostridium thermocellum, frequently have non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) associated with secreted or cell surface bound multidomain carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) like cellulases. Mostly type-A family CBMs are known to promote cellulose deconstruction by increasing the substrate-bound concentration of cognate cellulase catalytic domains. However, due to the interfacial nature of cellulose hydrolysis and the structural heterogeneity of cellulose, it has been challenging to fully understand the role of CBMs on cellulase activity using classical protein-ligand binding assays. Here, we report a single-molecule CAZyme assay for an industrially relevant processive cellulase Cel7A (from T. reesei) to reveal how subtle CBM1 binding differences can drastically impact cellulase motility/velocity and commitment to initial processive motion for deconstruction of two well-studied crystalline cellulose allomorphs (namely cellulose I and III). We take a multifaceted approach to characterize the complex binding interactions of all major type-A family representative CBMs including CBM1, using an optical-tweezers based single-molecule CBM-cellulose bond  rupture assay to complement several classical bulk ensemble protein-ligand binding characterization methods. While our work provides a basis for the  cautious use of Langmuir-type adsorption models to characterize classical protein-ligand binding assay data, we highlight the critical limitations of using such overly simplistic models to gain a truly molecular-level understanding of interfacial protein binding interactions at heterogeneous solid-liquid interfaces. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations provided a theoretical basis for the complex binding behavior seen for CBM1 towards two distinct cellulose allomorphs reconciling experimental findings from multiscale analytical methods.

Significance StatementMultimodal biomolecular binding interactions involving carbohydrate polymers (e.g., cellulose, starch, chitin, glycosaminoglycans) are fundamental molecular processes relevant to the recognition, biosynthesis, and degradation of all major terrestrial and aquatic biomass. Protein-carbohydrate binding interactions are also critical to industrial biotechnology operations such as enzymatically-catalyzed bioconversion of starch and lignocellulose into biochemicals like ethanol. However, despite the ubiquitous importance of such interfacial processes, we have a poor molecular-level understanding of protein-polysaccharide binding interactions. Here, we provide a comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of bulk ensemble versus single-molecule binding interactions of enzyme motors and associated non-catalytic binding domains with cellulosic polysaccharides to highlight the critical limitations of applying classical biochemical assay techniques alone to understanding protein adsorption or biological activity at solid-liquid interfaces.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chundawat, S. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemmaru, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnanakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Characterization of Complex Binding Interactions of Cellulolytic Enzymes Highlights Limitations of Classical Approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-specific EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits anti-tumor immunity by recruiting suppressive myeloid populations in NSCLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.08.084830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given the success of both targeted and immunotherapies against cancer, there is increasing utility for identifying targeted agents that also promote anti-tumor immunity. EphA2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that contributes to tumor growth and metastasis and has been identified as a viable target for many solid cancers. Investigating EphA2s impact on the host immune system may advance our understanding of tumor immune evasion and the consequences of targeting EphA2 on the tumor microenvironment. Here, we examine how tumor-specific EphA2 affects the activation and infiltration of immune cell populations and the cytokine and chemokine milieu in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Effects of EphA2 overexpression in murine NSCLC cells were evaluated in both in vitro cell viability assays and in vivo tumor models. Tumor immune infiltrate was assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokine and chemokine expression was evaluated using NanoString technology and qRT-PCR. Although EphA2 overexpression in NSCLC cells did not display proliferative advantage in vitro, it conferred a growth advantage in vivo. Analysis of lung tumor infiltrate revealed decreased natural killer and T cells in the EphA2-overexpressing tumors, as well as increased myeloid populations, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). T cell activation, particularly in CD8 T cells, was decreased, while PD-1 expression was increased. These changes were accompanied by increased monocyte-attracting chemokines, specifically CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, and CCL12, and immunosuppressive proteins TGF-{beta} and arginase 1. Our studies suggest EphA2 on tumor cells recruits monocytes and promotes their differentiation into TAMs that likely inhibit activation and infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes, promoting tumor immune escape. Further studies are needed to determine the molecular mechanisms by which EphA2 affects the recruitment of these cell types and to test the function of these myeloid cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiuan, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brantley-Sieders, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.084830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-specific EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits anti-tumor immunity by recruiting suppressive myeloid populations in NSCLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage-derived miR-21 drives overwhelming glycolytic and inflammatory response during sepsis via repression of the PGE2/IL-10 axis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.09.086421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid cells play a critical role in the development of systemic inflammation and organ damage during sepsis. The mechanisms the development of aberrant inflammatory response remains to be elucidated. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that could prevent the expression of inflammatory molecules. Although the microRNA-21 (miR-21) is abundantly expressed in macrophages, the role of miR-21 in sepsis is controversial. Here we showed that miR-21 is upregulated in neutrophils and macrophages from septic mice. We found that myeloid-specific miR-21 deletion enhances animal survival, followed by decreased bacterial growth and organ damage during sepsis. Increased resistance against sepsis was associated with a reduction of aerobic glycolysis (as determined by reduced extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and expression of glycolytic enzymes) and systemic inflammatory response (IL-1{beta}TNF and IL-6). While miR-21-/- macrophages failed to induce aerobic glycolysis and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, we observed increased levels of the anti-inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL10. Using blocking antibodies and pharmacological tools, we further discovered that increased survival and decreased systemic inflammation in miR21{Delta}myel during sepsis is dependent on the PGE2/IL10-mediated glycolysis inhibition. Together, we are showing a heretofore unknown role of macrophage miR21 in the orchestrating the balance between anti-inflammatory mediators and metabolic reprogramming that drives cytokine storm and tissue damage during sepsis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.09.086421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage-derived miR-21 drives overwhelming glycolytic and inflammatory response during sepsis via repression of the PGE2/IL-10 axis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired state-dependent potentiation of GABAergic synaptic currents triggers seizures in an idiopathic generalized epilepsy model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.087114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic generalized epilepsy(IGE) patients have genetic causes and their seizure onset mechanisms particularly during sleep remain elusive. Here we proposed that sleep-like slow-wave oscillations(0.5 Hz SWOs) potentiated excitatory or inhibitory synaptic currents in layer V cortical pyramidal neurons from wild-type(wt) mouse ex vivo brain slices. In contrast, SWOs potentiated excitatory, not inhibitory, currents in cortical neurons from heterozygous(het) knock-in(KI) IGE mice(GABAA receptor {gamma}2 subunit Gabrg2Q390X mutation), creating an imbalance between evoked excitatory and inhibitory currents to effectively prompt neuronal action potentials. Similarly, more physiologically similar up/down-state(present during slow-wave sleep) induction in cortical neurons could potentiate excitatory synaptic currents within slices from wt/het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice. Consequently, SWOs or up/down-state induction in vivo (using optogenetic method) could trigger epileptic spike-wave discharges(SWDs) in het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice. To our knowledge, this is the first operative mechanism to explain why epileptic SWDs preferentially happen during non-REM sleep or quiet-wakefulness in human IGE patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catron, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdondald, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.087114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired state-dependent potentiation of GABAergic synaptic currents triggers seizures in an idiopathic generalized epilepsy model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-scale phylogeny and contrasting modes of genome evolution in the fungal phylum Ascomycota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.088658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ascomycota, the largest and best-studied phylum of fungi, contains three subphyla: Saccharomycotina (budding yeasts), Pezizomycotina (filamentous fungi), and Taphrinomycotina (fission yeasts); organisms from all three subphyla have been invaluable as models in diverse fields (e.g., biotechnology, cell biology, genetics, and medicine). Despite its importance, we still lack a comprehensive genome-scale phylogeny or understanding of the similarities and differences in the mode of genome evolution within this phylum. To address these gaps, we examined 1,107 genomes from Saccharomycotina (332), Pezizomycotina (761), and Taphrinomycotina (14) species to infer the Ascomycota phylogeny, estimate its timetree, and examine the evolution of key genomic properties. We inferred a robust genome-wide phylogeny that resolves several contentious relationships and estimated that the Ascomycota last common ancestor likely originated in the Ediacaran (~563 {+/-} 68 million years ago). Comparisons of genomic properties revealed that Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina, the two taxon-rich subphyla, differed greatly in their genome properties. Saccharomycotina typically have smaller genomes, lower GC contents, lower numbers of genes, and higher rates of molecular sequence evolution compared to Pezizomycotina. Ancestral state reconstruction showed that the genome properties of the Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina last common ancestors were very similar, enabling inference of the direction of evolutionary change. For example, we found that a lineage-specific acceleration led to a 1.6-fold higher evolutionary rate in Saccharomycotina, whereas the 10% difference in GC content between Saccharomycotina and Pezizomycotina genomes stems from a trend toward AT bases within budding yeasts and toward GC bases within filamentous fungi. These results provide a robust evolutionary framework for understanding the diversification of the largest fungal phylum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kominek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.088658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-scale phylogeny and contrasting modes of genome evolution in the fungal phylum Ascomycota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid isolation and profiling of a diverse panel of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.091462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies are a principal determinant of immunity for most RNA viruses and have promise to reduce infection or disease during major epidemics. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths to date1,2. In response, we used a rapid antibody discovery platform to isolate hundreds of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We stratify these mAbs into five major classes based on their reactivity to subdomains of S protein as well as their cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV. Many of these mAbs inhibit infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus, with most neutralizing mAbs recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S. This work defines sites of vulnerability on SARS-CoV-2 S and demonstrates the speed and robustness of new antibody discovery methodologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrihari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrowski, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didier, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRenaris, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, F. E.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.091462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid isolation and profiling of a diverse panel of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution-guided mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic incompatibility proteins:  Identifying CifAs complex functional repertoire and new essential regions in CifB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.093815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia are the worlds most common, maternally-inherited, arthropod endosymbionts. Their worldwide distribution is due in part to a selfish drive system termed cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) that confers a relative fitness advantage to females that transmit Wolbachia to their offspring. CI results in embryonic death when infected males mate with uninfected females but not infected females. Under the Two-by-One genetic model of CI, males expressing the two phage WO proteins CifA and CifB cause CI, and females expressing CifA rescue CI. While each protein is predicted to harbor three functional domains, there is no knowledge on how sites across these Cif domains, rather than in any one particular domain, contribute to CI and rescue. Here, we use evolution-guided, substitution mutagenesis of conserved amino acids across the Cif proteins, coupled with transgenic expression in uninfected Drosophila melanogaster, to determine the functional impacts of conserved residues evolving mostly under purifying selection. We report that amino acids in CifAs N-terminal unannotated region and annotated catalase-related domain are important for both complete CI and rescue, whereas C-terminal residues in CifAs putative domain of unknown function are solely important for CI. Moreover, conserved CifB amino acids in the predicted nucleases, peptidase, and unannotated regions are essential for CI. Taken together, these findings indicate that (i) all CifA amino acids determined to be involved in rescue are correspondingly involved in CI, (ii) an additional set of CifA amino acids are uniquely important in CI, and (iii) CifB amino acids across the protein, rather than in one particular domain, are all essential for CI. We discuss how these findings advance an expanded view of Cif protein evolution and function, inform the mechanistic and biochemical bases of Cif-induced CI/rescue, and continue to substantiate the Two-by-One genetic model of CI.

Article summaryWolbachia are maternally-transmitted, intracellular bacteria that occur in approximately half of arthropod species worldwide. They can spread rapidly though host populations via the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) drive system. CI causes embryonic death when infected males mate with infected females, but offspring of infected females are rescued. Two proteins, CifA and CifB, underlie the genetic basis of CI and rescue, but how amino acid sites across these proteins contribute to CI and/or rescue remain unknown. Here, we employed evolution-guided, combinatorial mutagenesis on conserved amino acids to understand their relative contributions to CI and rescue. The results of this study reveal a phenotypic complexity underlying the expression of these proteins and provide relevance to the biochemical and mechanistic bases of CI and rescue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shropshire, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution-guided mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic incompatibility proteins:  Identifying CifAs complex functional repertoire and new essential regions in CifB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene Editing Reveals Obligate and Modulatory Components of the CO2 Receptor Complex in the Malaria Vector Mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.094995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sensitivity to volatile carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by humans and other animals is a critical component in the host preference behaviors of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. The molecular receptors responsible for the ability to sense CO2 are encoded by three putative gustatory receptor (Gr) genes (Gr22,23,24) which are expressed in a distinctive array of sensory neurons housed in maxillary palp capitate peg sensilla of An. coluzzii. Despite the identification of these components and subsequent studies, there is a paucity of understanding regarding the respective roles of these three GRs in the mosquitos CO2 transduction process. To address this, we have used CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing techniques combined with in vivo electrophysiological recordings to directly examine the role of Gr22,23,24 in detecting CO2 in An. coluzzii. These studies reveal that both Gr23 and Gr24 are absolutely required to maintain in vivo CO2 sensitivity while, in contrast, Gr22 knock out mutants are still able to respond to CO2 stimuli albeit with significantly weaker sensitivity. Our data supports a model in which Gr22 plays a modulatory role to enhance the functionality of Gr23/24 complexes that are responsible for CO2 sensitivity of mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.094995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene Editing Reveals Obligate and Modulatory Components of the CO2 Receptor Complex in the Malaria Vector Mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dengue and Zika virus infection are impaired by small molecule ER proteostasis regulator 147 in an ATF6-independent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.098624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flaviviruses, including Dengue and Zika, are widespread human pathogens, however, no broadly active therapeutics exist to fight infection. Here, we establish the recently discovered pharmacologic modulator of ER proteostasis 147 as an effective host-centered antiviral strategy. Compound 147 reduces infection by attenuating viral replication without causing toxicity in host cells. 147 is a preferential activator of the ATF6 pathway of the unfolded protein response, which requires targeting of cysteine residues primarily on protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). We find that the antiviral activity of 147 is independent of ATF6 induction but does require modification of reactive thiols on protein targets. Targeting PDIs using RNAi and other PDI small molecule inhibitors was unable to recapitulate the antiviral effects, suggesting additional identified protein targets of 147 may mediate the activity. Importantly, 147 can impair infection of multiple strains of Dengue and Zika virus, indicating that it is suitable as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almasy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisy, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirgar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.098624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dengue and Zika virus infection are impaired by small molecule ER proteostasis regulator 147 in an ATF6-independent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.099200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexually dimorphic roles for the type 2 diabetes-associated C2cd4b gene in murine glucose homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.099200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants close to the VPS13C/C2CD4A/C2CD4B locus are associated with altered risk of type 2 diabetes in genome-wide association studies. Whilst previous functional work has suggested roles for VPS13C and C2CD4A in disease development, none has explored the role of C2CD4B. Here, we show that systemic inactivation of C2cd4b in mice leads to marked, but highly sexually dimorphic, changes in body weight and glucose homeostasis. Female C2cd4b mice display unchanged body weight but abnormal glucose tolerance and defective in vivo, but not in vitro, insulin secretion, associated with a marked decrease in follicle stimulating hormone levels. In sharp contrast, male C2cd4b null mice displayed normal glucose tolerance but an increase in body weight and fasting glycemia after maintenance on high fat diet. No metabolic disturbances were observed after global inactivation of C2cd4a in mice, or in pancreatic {beta} cell function at larval stages in C2cd4ab null zebrafish. These studies suggest that C2cd4b may act centrally to influence sex-dependent circuits which control pancreatic {beta} cell function and glucose tolerance in rodents. However, the absence of sexual dimorphism in the impact of diabetes risk variants argues for additional roles for C2CD4A or VPS13C in the control of glucose homeostasis in man.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mousavy-Gharavy, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millership, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabosseau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasoez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiadou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, N. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idevall, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ninov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Diaz, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani-Guglielmacci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibberson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.099200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexually dimorphic roles for the type 2 diabetes-associated C2cd4b gene in murine glucose homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practical gradient non-linearity correction of multi-site diffusion weighted MRI with empirical field maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.18.102558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAchieving inter-site / inter-scanner reproducibility of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) metrics has been challenging given differences in acquisition protocols, analysis models, and hardware factors.

PurposeMagnetic field gradients impart scanner-dependent spatial variations in the applied diffusion weighting that can be corrected if the gradient nonlinearities are known. However, retrieving manufacturer nonlinearity specifications is not well supported and may introduce errors in interpretation of units or coordinate systems. We propose an empirical approach to mapping the gradient nonlinearities with sequences that are supported across the major scanner vendors.

Study TypeProspective observational study

SubjectsA spherical isotropic diffusion phantom, and a single human control volunteer

Field Strength/Sequence3T (two scanners). Stejskal-Tanner spin echo sequence with b-values of 1000, 2000 s/mm2 with 12, 32, and 384 diffusion gradient directions per shell.

AssessmentWe compare the proposed correction with the prior approach using manufacturer specifications against typical diffusion pre-processing pipelines (i.e., ignoring spatial gradient nonlinearities). In phantom data, we evaluate metrics against the ground truth. In human and phantom data, we evaluate reproducibility across scans, sessions, and hardware.

Statistical TestsWilcoxon rank-sum test between uncorrected and corrected data.

ResultsIn phantom data, our correction method reduces variation in mean diffusivity across sessions over uncorrected data (p<0.05). In human data, we show that this method can also reduce variation in mean diffusivity across scanners (p<0.05).

ConclusionOur method is relatively simple, fast, and can be applied retroactively. We advocate incorporating voxel-specific b-value and b-vector maps should be incorporated in DW-MRI harmonization preprocessing pipelines to improve quantitative accuracy of measured diffusion parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaber, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfanoglu, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierpaoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.102558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practical gradient non-linearity correction of multi-site diffusion weighted MRI with empirical field maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient sensing pathways regulating adult reproductive diapause in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.108340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic and environmental manipulations, such as dietary restriction (DR), can improve both health span and lifespan in a wide range of organisms, including humans. Changes in nutrient intake trigger often overlapping metabolic pathways that can generate distinct or even opposite outputs depending on several factors, such as when DR occurs in the lifecycle of the organism or the nature of the changes in nutrients. Due to the complexity of metabolic pathways and the diversity in outputs, the underlying mechanisms regulating diet-associated pro-longevity are not yet well understood. Adult reproductive diapause (ARD) in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a DR model that is associated with lengthened lifespan and reproductive potential (Angelo and Van Gilst 2009). As the metabolic pathways regulating ARD have not yet been explored in depth, we performed a candidate-based genetic screen analyzing select nutrient-sensing pathways to determine their contribution to the regulation of ARD. Focusing on the three phases of ARD (initiation, maintenance, and recovery), we find that ARD initiation is regulated by fatty acid metabolism, sirtuins, AMPK, and the O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) pathway. Although ARD maintenance was not significantly influenced by the nutrient sensors in our screen, we found that ARD recovery was modulated by energy sensing, stress response, insulin-like signaling, and the TOR pathway. We also discovered that fatty acid {beta}-oxidation regulates ARD initiation through a pathway involving the O-GlcNAc cycling enzyme, OGT-1, acting with the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-49. Consistent with these findings, our analysis revealed a change in levels of neutral lipids associated with ARD entry defects. Our findings thus identify novel conserved genetic pathways required for ARD entry and recovery and identify new genetic interactions that provide insight into the role of OGT and OGA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eustice, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reece, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanover, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.108340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient sensing pathways regulating adult reproductive diapause in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potently neutralizing human antibodies that block SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding and protect animals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat to global health for which there are only limited medical countermeasures, and we lack a thorough understanding of mechanisms of humoral immunity1,2. From a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the spike (S) glycoprotein isolated from the B cells of infected subjects, we identified several mAbs that exhibited potent neutralizing activity with IC50 values as low as 0.9 or 15 ng/mL in pseudovirus or wild-type (wt) SARS-CoV-2 neutralization tests, respectively. The most potent mAbs fully block the receptor-binding domain of S (SRBD) from interacting with human ACE2. Competition-binding, structural, and functional studies allowed clustering of the mAbs into defined classes recognizing distinct epitopes within major antigenic sites on the SRBD. Electron microscopy studies revealed that these mAbs recognize distinct conformational states of trimeric S protein. Potent neutralizing mAbs recognizing unique sites, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, bound simultaneously to S and synergistically neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. In two murine models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, passive transfer of either COV2-2916 or COV2-2130 alone or a combination of both mAbs protected mice from severe weight loss and reduced viral burden and inflammation in the lung. These results identify protective epitopes on the SRBD and provide a structure-based framework for rational vaccine design and the selection of robust immunotherapeutic cocktails.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafai, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhardt, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallewaard, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potently neutralizing human antibodies that block SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding and protect animals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ebola and Marburg virus matrix layers are locally ordered assemblies of VP40 dimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.25.114462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step in the life cycle of enveloped viruses is the budding of nascent virions from the host membrane. In filoviruses such as Ebola and Marburg virus, this process is achieved by the matrix protein VP40. When expressed alone, VP40 induces the budding of filamentous virus-like particles, suggesting that localization to the plasma membrane, oligomerization into a matrix layer, and the generation of membrane curvature are intrinsic properties of VP40. While a number of crystal structures of VP40 have been determined in various oligomerization states, there has been no direct information on the structure of assembled VP40 matrix layers within viruses or virus-like particles. Here, we present structures of Ebola and Marburg VP40 matrix layers in intact virus-like particles, as well as within intact Marburg viruses. We find that the matrix layers are formed from VP40 dimers which assemble into extended chains via C-terminal domain interactions. These chains stack into layers, forming a 2D lattice below the membrane surface. However, these 2D lattices are only locally ordered, forming a patchwork assembly across the membrane surfaces and suggesting that assembly may begin at multiple points. These observations define the structure and arrangement of the matrix protein layer that mediates the formation of filamentous filovirus particles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornholdt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.25.114462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ebola and Marburg virus matrix layers are locally ordered assemblies of VP40 dimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The recent report by Liu and Zhang Claiming "No support for the adaptive hypothesis of lagging-strand encoding in bacterial genomes" is factually incorrect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.26.117366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several previous studies by our group suggest that positive selection can drive certain (not all) genes to be retained in the lagging strand orientation2,5,6. This is likely the result of multiple factors including accelerated evolution through replication-transcription conflicts. Liu and Zhang challenge this view, and claim that our method for detecting gene inversions is flawed. Below, we provide empirical evidence that their criticisms are largely unfounded, and show that our original analysis and conclusions are well supported. Though the GC skew method does have a detection limit, we provide new evidence that the fundamental assumptions of our model are accurate, and introduce an improved GC skew calculation which correctly identified 100% of the authors gene inversions. Our new findings indicate that the trends we originally identified are stronger than they initially appeared: across species, 89-96% of lagging strand genes appear to be natively leading strand genes that changed orientation. Our statistical analyses offer further support for the notion that for some genes, the lagging strand orientation can be adaptive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.26.117366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The recent report by Liu and Zhang Claiming "No support for the adaptive hypothesis of lagging-strand encoding in bacterial genomes" is factually incorrect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association and function studies identify Mfd as a critical RNA polymerase co-factor at hard-to-transcribe regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase (RNAP) encounters various roadblocks during transcription. These obstacles can impede RNAP movement, influence transcription, ultimately necessitating the activity of RNAP associated factors. One such factor is the bacterial protein Mfd; a highly conserved DNA translocase and evolvability factor that interacts with RNAP. Although Mfd is thought to function primarily in the repair of DNA lesions that stall RNAP, increasing evidence suggests that it may also be important for transcription regulation. However, this is yet to be fully characterized.

To shed light on Mfds in vivo functions, we identified the chromosomal regions where it associates. We analyzed Mfds impact on RNAP association and transcription regulation genome-wide. We found that Mfd represses RNAP association at many chromosomal regions. We found that these regions show increased RNAP pausing, suggesting that they are hard-to-transcribe. Interestingly, we noticed that the majority of the regions where Mfd regulates transcription contain highly structured regulatory RNAs. The RNAs identified regulate a myriad of biological processes, ranging from metabolism, to tRNA regulation, to toxin-antitoxin (TA) functions. We found that transcription regulation by Mfd, at least at some TA loci, is critical for cell survival. Lastly, we found that Mfd promotes mutagenesis in at least one toxin gene, suggesting that its function in regulating transcription may promote evolution of certain TA systems, and other regions containing strong RNA secondary structures. We conclude that Mfd is an RNAP co-factor that is important, and at times critical, for transcription regulation at hard-to-transcribe regions, especially those that express structured regulatory RNAs.

SignificanceThe bacterial DNA translocase Mfd binds to stalled RNAPs and is generally thought to facilitate transcription-coupled DNA repair. Most of our knowledge about Mfd is based on data from biochemical studies. However, little is known about Mfds function in living cells, especially in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. Here, we show that Mfd modulates RNAP association and alters transcription at a variety of chromosomal loci, especially those containing highly structured, regulatory RNAs. As such, this work improves our understanding of Mfds function in living cells, and assigns it a new function as a transcription regulator.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ragheb, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association and function studies identify Mfd as a critical RNA polymerase co-factor at hard-to-transcribe regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two new immature and dysfunctional neutrophil cell subsets define a predictive signature of sepsis useable in clinical practice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in adult intensive care units. At present, sepsis diagnosis relies on non-specific clinical features. It could transform clinical care to have objective immune cell biomarkers that could predict sepsis diagnosis and guide treatment. For decades, neutrophil phenotypes have been studied in sepsis, but a diagnostic cell subset has yet to be identified. Here, high dimensional mass cytometry was used to reveal for the first time a specific neutrophil signature of sepsis severity that does not overlap with other inflammatory biomarkers, and that distinguishes patients with sepsis from those with non-infectious inflammatory syndrome. Unsupervised analysis of 42-dimesional mass cytometry data characterized previously unappreciated heterogeneity within the CD64+ immature neutrophils and revealed two new subsets distinguished by CD123 and PD-L1 expression. These immature neutrophils exhibited diminished activation and phagocytosis functions. The proportion of CD123-expressing neutrophils also correlated with clinical severity. Critically, this study showed that these two new neutrophil subsets were specific to sepsis and detectable by routine flow cytometry using seven markers. The demonstration here that a simple blood test distinguishes sepsis from other inflammatory conditions represents a key biological milestone that can be immediately translated into improvements in patient care.

One Sentence SummaryCD123+ and/or PD-L1+ immature and dysfunctional neutrophil subsets identified by mass cytometry, define an early human blood signature of sepsis
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meghraoui-Kheddar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chousterman, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granjeaud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corneau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guessous, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boissonnas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combadiere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two new immature and dysfunctional neutrophil cell subsets define a predictive signature of sepsis useable in clinical practice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying digenic disease genes using machine learning in the undiagnosed diseases network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.31.125716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rare diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, and diagnosing their genetic causes is challenging. The Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) was formed in 2014 to identify and treat novel rare genetic diseases, and despite many successes, more than half of UDN patients remain undiagnosed. The central hypothesis of this work is that many unsolved rare genetic disorders are caused by multiple variants in more than one gene. However, given the large number of variants in each individual genome, experimentally evaluating even just pairs of variants for potential to cause disease is currently infeasible. To address this challenge, we developed DiGePred, a random forest classifier for identifying candidate digenic disease gene pairs using features derived from biological networks, genomics, evolutionary history, and functional annotations. We trained the DiGePred classifier using DIDA, the largest available database of known digenic disease causing gene pairs, and several sets of non-digenic gene pairs, including variant pairs derived from unaffected relatives of UDN patients. DiGePred achieved high precision and recall in cross-validation and on a held out test set (PR area under the curve >77%), and we further demonstrate its utility using novel digenic pairs from the recent literature. In contrast to other approaches, DiGePred also appropriately controls the number of false positives when applied in realistic clinical settings like the UDN. Finally, to facilitate the rapid screening of variant gene pairs for digenic disease potential, we freely provide the predictions of DiGePred on all human gene pairs. Our work facilitates the discovery of genetic causes for rare non-monogenic diseases by providing a means to rapidly evaluate variant gene pairs for the potential to cause digenic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Diseases Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.125716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying digenic disease genes using machine learning in the undiagnosed diseases network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.133678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure and assembly of CAV1 8S complexes revealed by single particle electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.133678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly stable oligomeric complexes of the monotopic membrane protein caveolin serve as fundamental building blocks of caveolae. Current evidence suggests these complexes are disc shaped, but the details of their structural organization and how they assemble are poorly understood. Here, we address these questions using single particle electron microscopy of negatively stained recombinant 8S complexes of human Caveolin-1. We show that 8S complexes are toroidal structures ~15 nm in diameter that consist of an outer ring, an inner ring, and central protruding stalk. Moreover, we map the position of the N- and C-termini and determine their role in complex assembly, and visualize the 8S complexes in heterologous caveolae. Our findings provide critical insights into the structural features of 8S complexes and allow us to propose a new model for how these highly stable membrane-embedded complexes are generated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porta, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanks, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peskova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dryden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure and assembly of CAV1 8S complexes revealed by single particle electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.133942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Factors Influencing Precision Medicine Knowledge and Attitudes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.133942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision medicine holds great promise for improving health and reducing health disparities that can be most fully realized by advancing diversity and inclusion in research participants. Without engaging underrepresented groups, precision medicine could not only fail to achieve its promise but also further exacerbate the health disparities already burdening the most vulnerable. Yet underrepresentation by people of non-European ancestry continues in precision medicine research and there are disparities across racial groups in the uptake of precision medicine applications and services. Studies have explored possible explanations for population differences in precision medicine participation, but full appreciation of the factors involved is still developing. To better inform the potential for addressing health disparities through PM, we assessed the relationship of precision medicine knowledge and trust in biomedical research with sociodemographic variables. Using a series of linear regression models applied to survey data collected in a diverse sample, we analyzed variation in both precision medicine knowledge and trust in biomedical research with socioeconomic factors as a way to understand the range of precision medicine knowledge (PMK) in a broadly representative group and its relationship to trust in research and demographic characteristics. Our results demonstrate that identifying as Black, while significantly PMK, explains only 1.5% of the PMK variance in unadjusted models and 7% of overall variance in models adjusted for meaningful covariates such as age, marital status, employment, and education. We also found a positive association between PMK and trust in biomedical research. These results indicate that race is a factor affecting PMK, even after accounting for differences in sociodemographic variables. Additional work is needed, however, to identify other factors contributing to variation in PMK as we work to increase diversity and inclusion in precision medicine applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canedo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Factors Influencing Precision Medicine Knowledge and Attitudes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct genetic pathways define pre-leukemic and compensatory clonal hematopoiesis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.134692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with predisposition to developing leukemia. We found that multiple independent somatic hematopoietic clones arise early in life, most commonly harboring heterozygous mutations in EIF6 or TP53. EIF6 mutations cause functional compensation for the germline deficiency by alleviating the SDS ribosome joining defect, improving translation, and reducing p53 activation. TP53 mutations decrease checkpoint activation without affecting ribosome assembly. We link development of leukemia with acquisition of biallelic TP53 alterations. Our results define distinct pathways of clonal selection driven by germline fitness constraint and provide a mechanistic framework for clinical surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarda, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furutani, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscato, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballotti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malsch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gansner, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakano, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertuch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlachos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churpek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hijiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamble, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norkin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieglitz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkovich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brendel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimamura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.134692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct genetic pathways define pre-leukemic and compensatory clonal hematopoiesis in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.133090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCL1 dependence across MDS subtypes and dual inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 in MISTRG6 mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.133090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remains insufficient due to clonal heterogeneity and clinical complexity. Dysregulation of apoptosis is observed across MDS subtypes regardless of mutations and represents an attractive therapeutic opportunity. Venetoclax (VEN), a selective inhibitor of anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), has yielded impressive responses in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BCL2 family anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-XL and induced myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) are implicated in leukemia survival, and upregulation of MCL1 is seen in VEN-resistant AML and MDS. Here, we determined the in vitro sensitivity of MDS patient samples to selective inhibitors of BCL2, BCL-XL and MCL1. While VEN response positively correlated with increasing blast counts, all MDS subtypes responded to the MCL1 inhibitor, S63845. Treatment with combined VEN+S63845 was synergistic in all MDS subtypes and reduced MDS engraftment in MISTRG6 mice supporting the pursuit of clinical trials with combined BCL2+MCL1 inhibition in MDS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbyli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrate, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villaume, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childress, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savona, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.133090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCL1 dependence across MDS subtypes and dual inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 in MISTRG6 mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A unifying framework disentangles genetic, epigenetic, and stochastic sources of drug-response variability in an in vitro model of tumor heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor heterogeneity is a primary cause of treatment failure and acquired resistance in cancer patients. Even in cancers driven by a single mutated oncogene, variability of targeted therapy response is observed. Additional genetic mutations can only partially explain this variability, leading to consideration of non-genetic factors, such as "stem-like" and "mesenchymal" phenotypic states, as critical contributors to tumor relapse and resistance. Here, we show that both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to targeted drug-response variability in an experimental tumor heterogeneity model based on multiple versions and clonal sublines of PC9, the archetypal EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer cell line. We observe significant drug-response variability across PC9 cell line versions, among sublines, and within sublines. To disentangle genetic, epigenetic, and stochastic components underlying this variability, we adopt a theoretical framework whereby distinct genetic states give rise to multiple epigenetic "basins of attraction", across which cells can transition driven by stochastic factors such as gene expression noise and asymmetric cell division. Using mutational impact analysis, single-cell differential gene expression, and semantic similarity of gene ontology terms to connect genomics and transcriptomics, we establish a baseline of genetic differences explaining drug-response variability across PC9 cell line versions. In contrast, with the same approach, we conclude that in all but one of the clonal sublines, drug-response variability is due to epigenetic rather than genetic differences. Finally, using a clonal drug-response assay and stochastic simulations, we attribute drug-response variability within sublines to intracellular stochastic fluctuations and confirm that one subline likely contains a genetic resistance mutation that emerged in the absence of selective pressures. We propose that a theoretical framework deconvolving the complex interplay among genetic, epigenetic, and stochastic sources of intratumoral heterogeneity will lead to novel therapeutic strategies to combat tumor relapse and resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A unifying framework disentangles genetic, epigenetic, and stochastic sources of drug-response variability in an in vitro model of tumor heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Long-term Optogenetic Stimulation and Bioluminescence Recording to Study Neural Plasticity Induced by Circadian Entrainment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.136440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How daily clocks in the brain are set by light to local environmental time and encode the seasons is not fully understood. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a central circadian clock that orchestrates physiology and behavior in tune with daily and seasonal light cycles. Here we have found that optogenetically simulated light input to explanted SCN changes the waveform of the molecular clockworks from sinusoidal in free-running conditions to highly asymmetrical shapes with accelerated synthetic (rising) phases and extended degradative (falling) phases marking clock advances and delays at simulated dawn and dusk. Daily waveform changes are sufficient to entrain to simulated winter and summer photoperiods, and to non-24h periods. SCN imaging further reveals that acute waveform shifts are greatest in the ventrolateral SCN, while period effects are greatest in the dorsomedial SCN. Thus, circadian entrainment is encoded by SCN clock gene waveform changes that arise from spatiotemporally distinct intrinsic responses within the SCN neural network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.136440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Long-term Optogenetic Stimulation and Bioluminescence Recording to Study Neural Plasticity Induced by Circadian Entrainment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.138735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry Genome- and Phenome-wide Association Studies of Diverticular Disease in Electronic Health Records with Natural Language Processing enriched phenotype algorithm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.138735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and aimsDiverticular disease is among the most prevalent conditions encountered by gastroenterologists, affecting [~]50% of Americans before the age of 60. Our aim was to identify genetic risk variants and clinical phenotypes associated with diverticular disease, utilizing the electronic health record (EHR) with Natural Language Processing (NLP).

MethodsWe developed a NLP-enriched phenotype algorithm that incorporated colonoscopy or abdominal imaging reports to accurately identify patients with diverticulosis and diverticulitis from multicenter EHRs. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of diverticular disease in European, African and multi-ancestry participants, followed by phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) of the risk variants to identify their potential comorbid/pleiotropic effects in the clinical phenome. For more in-depth investigation of associated clinical phenotypes, we also performed PheWAS with the previously reported 52 GWAS susceptibility variants for diverticular disease.

ResultsAncestry-stratified GWAS analyses confirmed the well-established associations between ARHGAP15 loci with diverticular disease in European cohorts, and found similar positive effect sizes in African cohorts but with non-significant p-values. With overall intensified GWAS signals in diverticulitis patients compared to diverticulosis patients, we found substantial genetic correlations between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, up to 0.997 in European ancestry. PheWAS analyses identified associations between the diverticular disease GWAS variants and circulatory system, genitourinary, and neoplastic EHR phenotypes.

ConclusionOur multiancestry GWAS-PheWAS study demonstrated an effective use of multidimensional EHR information in disease case/control classification with NLP for more comprehensive and scalable phenotyping, and implementation of an integrative analytical pipeline to facilitate etiological investigation of a disease from a clinical perspective.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen-Torvik, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borthwick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrell, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linneman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peissig, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tromp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veerappan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawron, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.138735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry Genome- and Phenome-wide Association Studies of Diverticular Disease in Electronic Health Records with Natural Language Processing enriched phenotype algorithm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying the contribution of Neanderthal introgression to the heritability of complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNearly all Eurasians have [~]2% Neanderthal ancestry due to several events of inbreeding between anatomically modern humans and archaic hominins. Previous studies characterizing the legacy of Neanderthal ancestry in modern Eurasians have identified examples of both adaptive and deleterious effects of admixture. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the genome-wide influence of Neanderthal introgression on modern human diseases and traits.

ResultsWe integrate recent maps of Neanderthal ancestry with well-powered association studies for more than 400 diverse traits to estimate heritability enrichment patterns in regions of the human genome tolerant of Neanderthal ancestry and in introgressed Neanderthal variants themselves. First, we find that variants in regions tolerant of Neanderthal ancestry are depleted of heritability for all traits considered, except skin and hair-related traits. Second, the introgressed variants remaining in modern Europeans are depleted of heritability for most traits; however, we discover that they are enriched for heritability of several traits with potential relevance to human adaptation to non-African environments, including hair and skin traits, autoimmunity, chronotype, bone density, lung capacity, and menopause age. To better understand the phenotypic consequences of these enrichments, we adapt recent methods to test for consistent directional effects of introgressed alleles, and we find directionality for several traits. Finally, we use a direction-of-effect-aware approach to highlight novel candidate introgressed variants that influence risk for disease.

ConclusionOur results demonstrate that genomic regions retaining Neanderthal ancestry are not only less functional at the molecular-level, but are also depleted for variation influencing a diverse array of complex traits in modern humans. In spite of this depletion, we identify traits where introgression has an outsized effect. Integrating our results, we propose a framework for using quantification of trait heritability and direction of effect in introgressed regions to understand how Neanderthals were different from modern humans, how selection acted on different traits, and how introgression may have facilitated adaptation to non-African environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying the contribution of Neanderthal introgression to the heritability of complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ClipKIT: a multiple sequence alignment-trimming algorithm for accurate phylogenomic inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.08.140384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly divergent sites in multiple sequence alignments, which stem from erroneous inference of homology and saturation of substitutions, are thought to negatively impact phylogenetic inference. Trimming methods aim to remove these sites before phylogenetic inference, but recent analysis suggests that doing so can worsen inference. We introduce ClipKIT, a trimming method that instead aims to retain phylogenetically-informative sites; phylogenetic inference using ClipKIT-trimmed alignments is accurate, robust, and time-saving.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.08.140384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ClipKIT: a multiple sequence alignment-trimming algorithm for accurate phylogenomic inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.144071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori diversification during chronic infection within a single host generates sub-populations with distinct phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.144071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori chronically infects the stomach of approximately half of the worlds population. Manifestation of clinical diseases associated with H. pylori infection, including cancer, is driven by strain properties and host responses; and as chronic infection persists, both are subject to change. Previous studies have documented frequent and extensive within-host bacterial genetic variation. To define how within-host diversity contributes to phenotypes related to H. pylori pathogenesis, this project leverages a collection of 39 clinical isolates acquired prospectively from a single subject at two time points and from multiple gastric sites. During the six years separating collection of these isolates, this individual, initially harboring a duodenal ulcer, progressed to gastric atrophy and concomitant loss of acid secretion. Whole genome sequence analysis identified 2,232 unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across isolates and a nucleotide substitution rate of 1.3x10-4 substitutions/site/year. Gene ontology analysis identified cell envelope genes among the genes with excess accumulation of nonsynonymous SNPs (nSNPs). A dendrogram based on genetic similarity, clusters isolates from each time point separately. Within time points, there is segregation of subgroups with phenotypic differences in bacterial morphology, ability to induce inflammatory cytokines, and mouse colonization. Higher inflammatory cytokine induction in recent isolates maps to shared polymorphisms in the Cag PAI protein, CagY, while rod morphology in a subgroup of recent isolates mapped to eight mutations in three distinct helical cell shape determining (csd) genes. The presence of subgroups with unique genetic and phenotypic properties suggest complex selective forces and multiple sub-niches within the stomach during chronic infection.

Author SummaryHelicobacter pylori, one of the most common bacterial pathogens colonizing humans, is the main agent responsible for stomach ulcers and cancer. Certain strain types are associated with increased risk of disease, however many factors contributing to disease outcome remain unknown. Prior work has documented genetic diversity among bacterial populations within single individuals, but the impact of this diversity for continued bacterial infection or disease progression remains understudied. In our analysis we examined both genetic and functional features of many stomach isolates from a single individual infected over six years. During these six years the subject shifted from having excess acid production and a duodenal ulcer to lower acid production from gastric atrophy. The 39 isolates form sub-populations based on gene sequence changes that accumulated in the different isolates. In addition to having distinguishing genetic features, these sub-populations also have differences in several bacterial properties, including cell shape, ability to activate immune responses, and colonization in a mouse model of infection. This apparent functional specialization suggests that the bacterial sub-populations may have adapted to distinct sub-niches within the stomach during chronic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgibbon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishna, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.144071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori diversification during chronic infection within a single host generates sub-populations with distinct phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.145920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.145920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is needed to control the global COVID-19 public health crisis. Atomic-level structures directed the application of prefusion-stabilizing mutations that improved expression and immunogenicity of betacoronavirus spike proteins. Using this established immunogen design, the release of SARS-CoV-2 sequences triggered immediate rapid manufacturing of an mRNA vaccine expressing the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer (mRNA-1273). Here, we show that mRNA-1273 induces both potent neutralizing antibody and CD8 T cell responses and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in lungs and noses of mice without evidence of immunopathology. mRNA-1273 is currently in a Phase 2 clinical trial with a trajectory towards Phase 3 efficacy evaluation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corbett, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiona, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyoglu-Barnum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himansu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziwawo, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiPiazza, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elbashir, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritch, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagata, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Dominguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renzi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, W.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loomis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altaras, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presnyak, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gully, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.145920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Development Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistence of quantal synaptic vesicle recycling following dynamin depletion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.147975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamins are GTPases required for pinching vesicles off the plasma membrane once a critical curvature is reached during endocytosis. Here, we probed dynamin function in central synapses by depleting all three dynamin isoforms in postnatal hippocampal neurons. We found a decrease in the propensity of evoked neurotransmission as well as a reduction in synaptic vesicle numbers. Using the fluorescent reporter vGluT1-pHluorin, we observed that compensatory endocytosis after 20 Hz stimulation was arrested in ~40% of presynaptic boutons, while remaining synapses showed only a modest effect suggesting the existence of a dynamin-independent endocytic pathway in central synapses. Surprisingly, we found that the retrieval of single synaptic vesicles, after either evoked or spontaneous fusion, was largely impervious to disruption of dynamins. Overall, our results suggest that classical dynamin-dependent endocytosis is not essential for retrieval of synaptic vesicle proteins after quantal single synaptic vesicle fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afuwape, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanaday, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasap, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteggia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.147975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistence of quantal synaptic vesicle recycling following dynamin depletion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubules regulate pancreatic beta cell heterogeneity via spatiotemporal control of insulin secretion hot spots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heterogeneity of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islets is physiologically important but poorly understood. Here, we utilize whole mouse islets to determine how microtubules affect secretion toward the vascular extracellular matrix. Our data indicate that microtubule stability in the {beta}-cell population is heterogenous, and that cells with more stable microtubules secrete less in response to a stimulus. Consistently, microtubule hyper-stabilization prevents, and microtubule depolymerization promotes {beta}-cell activation. Analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of secretion events shows that microtubule depolymerization activates otherwise dormant {beta}-cells via initiation of secretion clusters (hot spots). Microtubule depolymerization also enhances secretion from individual cells, introducing both additional clusters and scattered events. Interestingly, without microtubules, the timing of clustered secretion is dysregulated, extending the first phase of GSIS. Our findings uncover a novel microtubule function in tuning insulin secretion hot spots, which leads to accurately measured and timed response to glucose stimuli and promotes functional {beta}-cell heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trogden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinney, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Folland, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osipovich, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubules regulate pancreatic beta cell heterogeneity via spatiotemporal control of insulin secretion hot spots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pandora: 4-D white matter bundle population-based atlasesderived from diffusion MRI fiber tractography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain atlases have proven to be valuable neuroscience tools for localizing regions of interest and performing statistical inferences on populations. Although many human brain atlases exist, most do not contain information about white matter structures, often neglecting them completely or labelling all white matter as a single homogenous substrate. While few white matter atlases do exist based on diffusion MRI fiber tractography, they are often limited to descriptions of white matter as spatially separate "regions" rather than as white matter "bundles" or fascicles, which are well-known to overlap throughout the brain. Additional limitations include small sample sizes, few white matter pathways, and the use of outdated diffusion models and techniques. Here, we present a new population-based collection of white matter atlases represented in both volumetric and surface coordinates in a standard space. These atlases are based on 2443 subjects, and include 216 white matter bundles derived from 6 different state-of-the-art tractography techniques. This atlas is freely available and will be a useful resource for parcellation and segmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandio, B. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadnavis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garyfallidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pandora: 4-D white matter bundle population-based atlasesderived from diffusion MRI fiber tractography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.149310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heritable Genetic Background Alters Survival and Phenotype of Mll-AF9-Induced Leukemias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.13.149310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The MLL-AF9 fusion protein occurring as a result of t(9;11) translocation gives rise to pediatric and adult acute leukemias of distinct lineages, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL). The mechanisms underlying how this same fusion protein results in diverse leukemia phenotypes among different individuals is not well understood. Given emerging evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that genetic risk factors contribute to MLL-rearranged leukemogenesis, here we tested the impact of genetic background on survival and phenotype of a well-characterized Mll-AF9 knockin mouse model. We crossed this model to five distinct inbred strains (129, A/J, C57BL/6, NOD, CAST), and tested their F1 hybrid progeny for dominant genetic effects on Mll-AF9 phenotypes. We discovered that genetic background altered peripheral blood composition, with Mll-AF9 CAST F1 demonstrating significantly increased B lymphocyte frequency while the remainder of the strains exhibited myeloid-biased hematopoiesis, similar to the parental line. Genetic background also impacted overall survival, with Mll-AF9 A/J F1 and Mll-AF9 129 F1 having significantly shorter survival, and Mll-AF9 CAST F1 having longer survival, compared to the parental line. Furthermore, we observed a range of hematologic malignancies, with Mll-AF9 A/J F1, Mll-AF9 129 F1 and Mll-AF9 B6 F1 developing exclusively myeloid cell malignancies (myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) and AML) whereas a subset of Mll-AF9 NOD F1 developed MPAL and Mll-AF9 CAST F1 developed ALL. This study provides a novel in vivo experimental model to evaluate the underlying mechanisms by which MLL-AF9 results in diverse leukemia phenotypes and provides definitive experimental evidence that genetic risk factors contribute to survival and phenotype of MLL-rearranged leukemogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eudy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mujica, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trowbridge, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.13.149310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heritable Genetic Background Alters Survival and Phenotype of Mll-AF9-Induced Leukemias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.151118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent enhancement of motion direction discrimination with transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.151118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the widespread use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical care, the underlying mechanisms-of-actions that mediate modulatory effects remain poorly understood. To fill this gap, we studied dose-response functions of TMS for modulation of visual processing. Our approach combined electroencephalography (EEG) with application of single pulse TMS to visual cortex as participants performed a motion perception task. During participants first visit, motion coherence thresholds, 64-channel visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and TMS resting motor thresholds (RMT) were measured. In second and third visits, single pulse TMS was delivered 30 ms before the onset of motion or at the onset latency of the N2 VEP component derived from the first session. TMS was delivered at 0%, 80%, 100%, or 120% of RMT over the site of N2 peak activity, or at 120% over vertex. Behavioral results demonstrated a significant main effect of TMS timing on accuracy, with better performance when TMS was applied at N2-Onset timing versus Pre-Onset, as well as a significant interaction, indicating that 80% intensity produced higher accuracy than other conditions. TMS effects on VEPs showed reduced amplitudes in the 80% Pre-Onset condition, an increase for the 120% N2-Onset condition, and monotonic amplitude scaling with stimulation intensity. The N2 component was not affected by TMS. These findings reveal dose-response relationships between intensity and timing of TMS on visual perception and electrophysiological brain activity, generally indicating greater facilitation at stimulation intensities below RMT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arana, O. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannhauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hile, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamdan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterchev, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.151118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent enhancement of motion direction discrimination with transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.151159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Definition of a Small Core Transcriptional Circuit Regulated by AML1-ETO 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.151159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors regulate gene networks controlling normal hematopoiesis and are frequently deregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Critical to our understanding of the mechanism of cellular transformation by oncogenic transcription factors is the ability to define their direct gene targets. While this seems to be a straight forward task, gene network cascades can change within minutes to hours, making it difficult to distinguish direct from secondary or compensatory transcriptional changes by traditional methodologies. We describe an approach utilizing CRISPR-based genome editing to insert a degron tag into the endogenous AML1-ETO locus of Kasumi-1 cells, as well as overexpression of a degradable AML1-ETO protein in CD34+ human cord blood cells, which is a an AML1-ETO-dependent pre-leukemia model. Upon addition of a small molecule proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), the AML1-ETO protein was rapidly degraded in both systems. Furthermore, by combining rapid degradation with nascent transcript analysis (PRO-seq), RNA-seq and Cut&Run, we have defined the core AML1-ETO regulatory network, which consists of fewer than 100 direct gene targets. The ability of AML1-ETO to regulate this relatively small gene pool is critical for maintaining cells in a self-renewing state, and AML1-ETO degradation set off a cascade of transcriptional events resulting in myeloid differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stengel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spielman, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomber, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.14.151159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Definition of a Small Core Transcriptional Circuit Regulated by AML1-ETO]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Determinants of Cholesterol Recognition in Helical Integral Membrane Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholesterol (CLR) is an integral component of mammalian membranes. It has been shown to modulate membrane dynamics and alter integral membrane protein (IMP) function. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms of these processes is complicated by limited and conflicting structural data: Specifically, in co-crystal structures of CLR-IMP complexes it is difficult to distinguish specific and biologically relevant CLR-IMP interactions from a nonspecific association captured by the crystallization process. The only widely recognized search algorithm for CLR-IMP interaction sites is sequence-based, i.e. searching for the so-called  CRAC or  CARC motifs. While these motifs are present in numerous IMPs, there is inconclusive evidence to support their necessity or sufficiency for CLR binding. Here we leverage the increasing number of experimental CLR-IMP structures to systematically analyze putative interaction sites based on their spatial arrangement and evolutionary conservation. From this analysis we create three-dimensional representations of general CLR interaction sites that form clusters across multiple IMP classes and classify them as being either specific or nonspecific. Information gleaned from our characterization will eventually enable a structure-based approach for prediction and design of CLR-IMP interaction sites.

SIGNIFICANCECLR plays an important role in composition and function of membranes and often surrounds and interacts with IMPs. It is a daunting challenge to disentangle CLRs dual roles as a direct modulator of IMP function through binding or indirect actor as a modulator of membrane plasticity. Only recently studies have delved into characterizing specific CLR-IMP interactions. We build on this previous work by using a combination of structural and evolutionary characteristics to distinguish specific from nonspecific CLR interaction sites. Understanding how CLR interacts with IMPs will underpin future development towards detecting and engineering CLR-IMP interaction sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marlow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Determinants of Cholesterol Recognition in Helical Integral Membrane Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of amphipathic helix - membrane interactions with Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.152322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amphipathic helices have hydrophobic and hydrophilic/charged residues situated on opposite faces of the helix. They can anchor peripheral membrane proteins to the membrane, be attached to integral membrane proteins, or exist as independent peptides. Despite the widespread presence of membrane-interacting amphipathic helices, there is no computational tool within Rosetta to model their interactions with membranes. In order to address this need, we developed the AmphiScan protocol with PyRosetta, which runs a grid search to find the most favorable position of an amphipathic helix with respect to the membrane. The performance of the algorithm was tested in benchmarks with the RosettaMembrane, ref2015_memb, and franklin2019 score functions on six engineered and 44 naturally-occurring amphipathic helices using membrane coordinates from the OPM and PDBTM databases, OREMPRO server, and MD simulations for comparison. The AmphiScan protocol predicted the coordinates of amphipathic helices within less than 3[A] of the reference structures and identified membrane-embedded residues with a Matthews Correlation Constant (MCC) of up to 0.57. Overall, AmphiScan stands as fast, accurate, and highly-customizable protocol that can be pipelined with other Rosetta and Python applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.152322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of amphipathic helix - membrane interactions with Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.162883v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of ubiquitin Ser57 kinases regulating the oxidative stress response in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.20.162883v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ubiquitination regulates many different cellular processes, including protein quality control, membrane trafficking, and stress responses. The diversity of ubiquitin functions in the cell is partly due to its ability to form chains with distinct linkages that can alter the fate of substrate proteins in unique ways. The complexity of the ubiquitin code is further enhanced by post-translational modifications on ubiquitin itself, the biological functions of which are not well understood. Here, we present genetic and biochemical evidence that serine 57 (Ser57) phosphorylation of ubiquitin functions in stress responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including the oxidative stress response. We also identify and characterize the first known Ser57 ubiquitin kinases in yeast and human cells, and we report that two Ser57 ubiquitin kinases regulate the oxidative stress response in yeast. These studies implicate ubiquitin phosphorylation at the Ser57 position as an important modifier of ubiquitin function, particularly in response to proteotoxic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumolo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.20.162883</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of ubiquitin Ser57 kinases regulating the oxidative stress response in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC regulates ribosome biogenesis and mitochondrial gene expression programs through interaction with Host Cell Factor-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.22.164764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The oncoprotein transcription factor MYC is a major driver of malignancy and a highly-validated but challenging target for development of anti-cancer therapies. Novel strategies to inhibit MYC may come from understanding the co-factors it uses to drive pro-tumorigenic gene expression programs, providing their role in MYC activity is understood. Here, we interrogate how one MYC co-factor, Host Cell Factor (HCF)-1, contributes to MYC activity in a Burkitt lymphoma setting. We identify genes connected to mitochondrial function and ribosome biogenesis as direct MYC/HCF-1 targets, and demonstrate how modulation of the MYC-HCF-1 interaction influences cell growth, metabolite profiles, global gene expression patterns, and tumor growth in vivo. This work defines HCF-1 as a critical MYC co-factor, places the MYC-HCF-1 interaction in biological context, and highlights HCF-1 as a focal point for development of novel anti-MYC therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popay, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorey, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machida, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissmiller, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eischen, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC regulates ribosome biogenesis and mitochondrial gene expression programs through interaction with Host Cell Factor-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of genetic, transcriptomic, and clinical data provides insight into 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 CNV genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.166181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deletions and duplications of the multigenic 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 copy number variants (CNVs) are associated with brain-related disorders including schizophrenia, intellectual disability, obesity, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The contribution of individual CNV genes to each of these phenotypes is unknown, as is the contribution of CNV genes to subtler health impacts. Hypothesizing that DNA copy number acts via RNA expression, we attempted a novel in silico fine-mapping approach in non-carriers using both GWAS and biobank data. We first asked whether expression level of a CNV gene impacts risk for a known brain-related phenotype(s). Using transcriptomic imputation, we tested for association within GWAS for schizophrenia, IQ, BMI, bipolar disorder, and ASD. We found individual genes in 16p11.2 associated with schizophrenia, BMI, and IQ (SPN), using conditional analysis to identify INO80E as the driver of schizophrenia, and SPN and INO80E as drivers of BMI. Second, we used a biobank containing electronic health data to compare the medical phenome of CNV carriers to controls within 700,000 individuals to investigate a spectrum of health effects, identifying novel and previously observed traits. Third, we used genotypes for over 48,000 biobank individuals to perform phenome-wide association studies between imputed expressions of 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 genes and over 1,500 health traits, finding seventeen significant gene-trait pairs, including psychosis (NPIPB11, SLX1B) and mood disorders (SCARF2), and overall enrichment of mental traits. Our results demonstrate how integration of genetic and clinical data aids in understanding CNV gene function, and implicate pleiotropy and multigenicity in CNV biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vysotskiy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Fleming, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Autism Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.166181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of genetic, transcriptomic, and clinical data provides insight into 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 CNV genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication-transcription conflicts promote adaptive evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells may be able to promote adaptive evolution in a gene-specific and temporally-controlled manner. Genes encoded on the lagging strand have a higher mutation rate and evolve faster than genes on the leading strand. This effect is likely driven by head-on replication-transcription conflicts, which occur when lagging strand genes are transcribed during DNA replication. We previously suggested that the ability to selectively increase mutagenesis in a subset of genes may provide an adaptive advantage for cells. However, it is also possible that this effect could be neutral or even highly deleterious. Distinguishing between these models is important because, if the adaptive model is correct, it would indicate that 1) head-on conflicts, which are generally deleterious, can also provide a benefit to cells, and 2) cells possess the remarkable ability to fine-tune adaptive evolution. Furthermore, investigating these models may address the long-standing debate regarding whether accelerated evolution through conflicts can be adaptive. To distinguish between the adaptive and neutral models, we conducted single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses on wild strains of bacteria, from divergent phyla. To test the adaptive hypothesis, we analyzed convergent mutation patterns. As a simple test of the neutral hypothesis, we performed in silico modeling. Our results show that convergent mutations are enriched in lagging strand genes and that these mutations are unlikely to have arisen by chance. Additionally, we observe that convergent mutation frequency has a stronger positive correlation with gene-length in lagging strand genes. This effect strongly suggests that head-on conflicts between the DNA replication and transcription machineries are a key mechanism driving the formation of convergent mutations. Together, our data indicate that head-on replication-transcription conflicts can promote adaptive evolution in a variety of bacterial species, and potentially other organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangiameli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication-transcription conflicts promote adaptive evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.168567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The native structure of the full-length, assembled influenza A virus matrix protein, M1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.168567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus causes millions of severe illnesses during annual epidemics. The most abundant protein in influenza virions is the matrix protein M1 that mediates virus assembly by forming an endoskeleton beneath the virus membrane. The structure of full-length M1, and how it oligomerizes to mediate assembly of virions, is unknown. Here we have determined the complete structure of assembled M1 within intact virus particles, as well as the structure of M1 oligomers reconstituted in vitro. We found that the C-terminal domain of M1 is disordered in solution, but can fold and bind in trans to the N-terminal domain of another M1 monomer, thus polymerising M1 into linear strands which coat the interior surface of the assembling virion membrane. In the M1 polymer, five histidine residues, contributed by three different M1 monomers, form a cluster that can serve as the pH-sensitive disassembly switch after entry into a target cell. These structures therefore provide mechanisms for influenza virus assembly and disassembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peukes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlendsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calder, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraidt, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, S. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kräusslich, H.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, J. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.168567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The native structure of the full-length, assembled influenza A virus matrix protein, M1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Circadian photoperiod alters TREK-1 channel function and expression in dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal daylength has been linked to the development and prevalence of mood disorders, however, the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that developmental exposure to seasonal photoperiods has enduring effects on the activity of mouse dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons, their intrinsic electrical properties, as well as on depression and anxiety-related behaviors. Here we focus on the possible ionic mechanisms that underlie the observed photoperiodic programming of the electrophysiological properties of serotonin neurons, focusing on the twin-pore K+ channels TREK-1 and TASK-1 that set resting membrane potential and regulate excitability. Using multielectrode array recordings in ex vivo dorsal raphe slices, we examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of these channels on the spike rates of serotonin neurons of mice from different photoperiods. Pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 significantly increased spike frequency in Short and Equinox photoperiod cohorts, but did not further elevate the firing rate in slices from Long photoperiod mice, suggesting that TREK-1 function is reduced in Long photoperiods. In contrast, inhibition of TASK-1 resulted in increases in firing rates across all photoperiods, suggesting that it contributes to setting excitability, but is not regulated by photoperiod. To examine if photoperiod impacts transcriptional regulation of TREK-1, we quantified Kcnk2 mRNA levels specifically in dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons using triple-label RNAscope. We found that Long photoperiod significantly reduced levels of Kcnk2 in serotonin neurons co-expressing Tph2, and Pet-1, Photoperiodic effects on the function and expression of TREK-1 were blocked in melatonin 1 receptor knockout (MT-1KO) mice, consistent with previous findings that MT-1 signaling is necessary for photoperiodic programming of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons. Taken together these results indicate that photoperiodic regulation of TREK-1 expression and function plays a key role in photoperiodic programming the excitability of dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giannoni-Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitakahara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Circadian photoperiod alters TREK-1 channel function and expression in dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exofacial membrane composition and lipid metabolism regulates plasma membrane P4-ATPase substrate specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.24.169672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The plasma membrane of a cell is characterized by an asymmetric distribution of lipid species across the exofacial and cytofacial aspects of the bilayer. The regulation of membrane asymmetry is a fundamental characteristic of membrane biology, and is crucial for signal transduction, vesicle transport, and cell division. The type-IV family of P-ATPases, or P4-ATPases, establish membrane asymmetry by selection and transfer of a subset of membrane lipids from the lumenal or exofacial leaflet to the cytofacial aspect of the bilayer. It is still unclear how these enzymes sort through the spectrum of lipids within the membrane to identify their desired substrate(s) and how the membrane environment modulates this activity. Therefore, we tested how the yeast plasma membrane P4-ATPase, Dnf2, responds to changes in membrane composition induced by perturbation of endogenous lipid biosynthetic pathways or exogenous application of lipid. The primary substrates of Dnf2 are two chemically divergent lipids, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and phosphatidylcholine ((PC) or their lyso-lipid derivatives), and we find that these substrates compete with each other for transport. Acutely inhibiting sphingolipid synthesis using myriocin attenuates transport of exogenously applied GlcCer without perturbing PC transport. Deletion of genes controlling later steps of glycosphingolipid production also perturb GlcCer transport to a greater extent than PC transport. Surprisingly, application of lipids that are poor transport substrates differentially affect PC and GlcCer transport by Dnf2, thus altering substrate preference. Our data indicate that Dnf2 exhibits exquisite sensitivity to the membrane composition; thus, providing feedback onto the function of the P4-ATPases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roland, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.169672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exofacial membrane composition and lipid metabolism regulates plasma membrane P4-ATPase substrate specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.166884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Learning for Virtual Screening: Five Reasons to Use ROC Cost Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.166884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computer-aided drug discovery is an essential component of modern drug development. Therein, deep learning has become an important tool for rapid screening of billions of molecules in silico for potential hits containing desired chemical features. Despite its importance, substantial challenges persist in training these models, such as severe class imbalance, high decision thresholds, and lack of ground truth labels in some datasets. In this work we argue in favor of directly optimizing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) in such cases, due to its robustness to class imbalance, its ability to compromise over different decision thresholds, certain freedom to influence the relative weights in this compromise, fidelity to typical benchmarking measures, and equivalence to positive/unlabeled learning. We also propose new training schemes (coherent mini-batch arrangement, and usage of out-of-batch samples) for cost functions based on the ROC, as well as a cost function based on the logAUC metric that facilitates early enrichment (i.e. improves performance at high decision thresholds, as often desired when synthesizing predicted hit compounds). We demonstrate that these approaches outperform standard deep learning approaches on a series of PubChem high-throughput screening datasets that represent realistic and diverse drug discovery campaigns on major drug target families.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Golkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plop, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuturilo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davoudi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendenhall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cremers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.166884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Learning for Virtual Screening: Five Reasons to Use ROC Cost Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoperiodic Effects on Monoamine Signaling & Gene Expression Throughout Development in the Serotonin & Dopamine Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.171470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoperiod or the duration of daylight has been implicated as a risk factor in the development of mood disorders. The dopamine and serotonin systems are impacted by photoperiod and are consistently associated with affective disorders. Hence, we evaluated, at multiple stages of postnatal development, the expression of key dopaminergic (TH) and serotonergic (Tph2, SERT, and Pet-1) genes, and midbrain monoamine content in mice raised under control Equinox (LD 12:12), Short winter-like (LD 8:16), or Long summerlike (LD 16:8) photoperiods. Focusing in early adulthood, we evaluated the midbrain levels of these serotonergic genes, and also assayed these gene levels in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) with RNAScope. Mice that developed under Short photoperiods demonstrated elevated midbrain TH expression levels, specifically during perinatal development compared to mice raised under Long photoperiods, and significantly decreased serotonin and dopamine content throughout the course of development. In adulthood, Long photoperiod mice demonstrated decreased midbrain Tph2 and SERT expression levels and reduced Tph2 levels in the DRN compared Short photoperiod mice. Thus, evaluating gene x environment interactions in the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems during multiple stages of development may lead to novel insights into the underlying mechanisms in the development of affective disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siemann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emeson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.171470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoperiodic Effects on Monoamine Signaling & Gene Expression Throughout Development in the Serotonin & Dopamine Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal coding in the macaque supplementary eye fields: landmark influence in the target-to-gaze transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.25.172031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye-centered (egocentric) and landmark-centered (allocentric) visual signals influence spatial cognition, navigation and goal-directed action, but the neural mechanisms that integrate these signals for motor control are poorly understood. A likely candidate for ego / allocentric integration in the gaze control system is the supplementary eye fields (SEF), a mediofrontal structure with high-level  executive functions, spatially tuned visual / motor response fields, and reciprocal projections with the frontal eye fields (FEF). To test this hypothesis, we trained two head-unrestrained animals to saccade toward a remembered visual target in the presence of a visual landmark that shifted during the delay, causing gaze end points to shift partially in the same direction. 256 SEF neurons were recorded, including 68 with spatially tuned response fields. Model fits to the latter established that, like the FEF and superior colliculus, spatially tuned SEF responses primarily showed an egocentric (eye-centered) target-to-gaze position transformation. However, the landmark shift influenced this default egocentric transformation: during the delay, motor neurons (with no visual response) showed a transient but unintegrated shift (i.e., not correlated with the target-to-gaze transformation), whereas during the saccade-related burst visuomotor neurons showed an integrated shift (i.e., correlated with the target-to-gaze transformation). This differed from our simultaneous FEF recordings (Bharmauria et al., 2020), which showed a transient shift in visuomotor neurons, followed by an integrated response in all motor responses. Based on these findings and past literature, we propose that prefrontal cortex incorporates landmark-centered information into a distributed, eye-centered target-to-gaze transformation through a reciprocal prefrontal circuit.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharmauria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.172031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal coding in the macaque supplementary eye fields: landmark influence in the target-to-gaze transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nf2 fine-tunes proliferation and tissue alignment during closure of the optic fissure in the embryonic mouse eye 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uveal coloboma represents one of the most common congenital ocular malformations accounting for up to 10% of childhood blindness (1~ in 5,000 live birth). Coloboma originates from defective fusion of the optic fissure (OF), a transient gap that forms during eye morphogenesis by asymmetric, ventral invagination. Genetic heterogeneity combined with the activity of developmentally regulated genes suggest multiple mechanisms regulating OF closure. The tumor suppressor and FERM domain protein neurofibromin 2 (NF2) controls diverse processes in cancer, development and regeneration, via Hippo pathway and cytoskeleton regulation. In humans, NF2 mutations can cause ocular abnormalities, including coloboma, however, its actual role in OF closure is unknown. Using conditional inactivation in the embryonic mouse eye, our data indicates that loss of Nf2 function results in a novel underlying cause for coloboma. In particular, mutant eyes show substantially increased RPE proliferation in the fissure region with concomitant acquisition of RPE cell fate. Cells lining the OF margin can maintain RPE fate ectopically and fail to transition from neuroepithelial to cuboidal shape. In the dorsal RPE of the optic cup, Nf2 inactivation leads to a robust increase in cell number, with local disorganization of the cytoskeleton components F-actin and pMLC2. We propose that RPE hyperproliferation is the primary cause for the observed defects causing insufficient alignment of the OF margins in Nf2 mutants and failure to fuse properly, resulting in persistent coloboma. Our findings indicate that limiting proliferation particularly in the RPE layer is a critical mechanism during optic fissure closure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiller, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nf2 fine-tunes proliferation and tissue alignment during closure of the optic fissure in the embryonic mouse eye]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature Frequency Profile-based phylogenies are inaccurate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.28.176479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Choi and Kim (PNAS, 117: 3678-3686; first published February 4, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915766117) used the alignment-free Feature Frequency Profile (FFP) method to reconstruct a broad sketch of the tree of life based on proteome data from 4,023 taxa. The FFP-based reconstruction reports many relationships that strongly contradict the current consensus view of the tree of life and its accuracy has not been tested. Comparison of FFP with current standard approaches, such as concatenation and coalescence, using simulation analyses shows that FFP performs poorly. We conclude that the phylogeny of the tree of life reconstructed by Choi and Kim is suspect based on methodology as well as prior phylogenetic evidence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halanych, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.28.176479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature Frequency Profile-based phylogenies are inaccurate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.177527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male-biased islet β cell dysfunction is caused by the MODY MAFA S64F variant inducing premature aging and senescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.177527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A heterozygous missense mutation producing a variant of the islet {beta}-cell-enriched MAFA transcription factor (Ser(S)64Phe(F) MAFA) was identified in humans who developed adult-onset, {beta}-cell dysfunction (diabetes or insulinomatosis), with men more prone to diabetes. This mutation engenders increased stability to the normally unstable MAFA protein. To obtain insight into how this variant impacts {beta} cell function, we developed a mouse model expressing S64F MafA and found sex-dependent phenotypes, with heterozygous mutant males displaying impaired glucose tolerance while females were slightly hypoglycemic with improved blood glucose clearance. Only heterozygous males showed transiently higher MafA protein levels preceding the onset of glucose intolerance and sex-dependent, differential expression of genes involved in calcium signaling, DNA damage, aging, and senescence. Functional changes in islet calcium handling and signs of islet aging and senescence processes were uniquely observed in male animals. In addition, S64F MAFA expression in human, male EndoC-{beta}H2 {beta} cells accelerated cellular senescence and increased production of senescence-associated secretory proteins compared to cells expressing wild-type MAFA. Together, these results implicate a conserved mechanism of accelerated islet aging and senescence in promoting diabetes in S64F MAFA carriers in a sex-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacovazzo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauvais-Jarvis, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbonits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stafford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.177527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male-biased islet β cell dysfunction is caused by the MODY MAFA S64F variant inducing premature aging and senescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes to zonular tension alters the subcellular distribution of AQP5 in regions of influx and efflux of water in the rat lens. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.29.178756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe lens utilizes circulating fluxes of ions and water that enter the lens at both poles and exit at the equator to maintain its optical properties. We have mapped the subcellular distribution of the lens aquaporins (AQP0, 1, & 5) in these water influx and efflux zones and investigated how their membrane location is affected by changes in tension applied to the lens by the zonules.

MethodsImmunohistochemistry using AQP antibodies was performed on axial sections obtained from rat lenses that had been removed from the eye and then fixed, or were fixed in situ to maintain zonular tension. Zonular tension was pharmacologically modulated by applying either tropicamide (increased), or pilocarpine (decreased). AQP labelling was visualized using confocal microscopy.

ResultsModulation of zonular tension had no effect on AQP1 or AQP0 labelling in either the water efflux, or influx zones. In contrast, AQP5 labelling changed from membranous to cytoplasmic in response to both mechanical and pharmacologically induced reductions in zonular tension in both the efflux zone, and anterior (but not posterior) influx zone associated with the lens sutures.

ConclusionsAltering zonular tension dynamically regulates the membrane trafficking of AQP5 in the efflux and anterior influx zones to potentially change the magnitude of circulating water fluxes in the lens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrova, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bavana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.29.178756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes to zonular tension alters the subcellular distribution of AQP5 in regions of influx and efflux of water in the rat lens.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptin suppresses development of GLP-1 Inputs to the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.180513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus of the solitary tract is critical for the central integration of signals from visceral organs and contains preproglucagon (PPG) neurons, which express leptin receptors and send direct projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Here, we visualized neuronal projections of PPG neurons in leptin-deficient Lepob/ob mice and found that projections from PPG neurons are elevated compared with controls, and PPG projections were normalized by targeted rescue of leptin receptors in LepRbTB/TB mice, which lack functional neuronal leptin receptors. Moreover, Lepob/ob and LepRbTB/TB mice displayed increased levels of neuronal activation in the PVH following vagal stimulation, and whole-cell patch recordings of GLP-1 receptor-expressing PVH neurons revealed enhanced excitatory neurotransmission, suggesting that leptin acts cell autonomously to suppress representation of excitatory afferents from PPG neurons, thereby diminishing the impact of visceral sensory information on GLP-1 receptor neurons in the PVH.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biddinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarenko, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simerly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptin suppresses development of GLP-1 Inputs to the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FLN-1/Filamin is required to anchor the actomyosin cytoskeleton and for global organization of sub-cellular organelles in a contractile tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.186965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actomyosin networks are organized in space, direction, size, and connectivity to produce coordinated contractions across cells. We use the C. elegans spermatheca, a tube composed of contractile myoepithelial cells, to study how actomyosin structures are organized. FLN-1/filamin is required for the formation and stabilization of a regular array of parallel, contractile, actomyosin fibers in this tissue. Loss of fln-1 results in the detachment of actin fibers from the basal surface, which then accumulate along the cell junctions and are stabilized by spectrin. In addition, actin and myosin are captured at the nucleus by the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex (LINC) complex, where they form large foci. Nuclear positioning and morphology, distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondrial network are also disrupted. These results demonstrate that filamin is required to prevent large actin bundle formation and detachment, to prevent excess nuclear localization of actin and myosin, and to ensure correct positioning of organelles.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.AbbreviationsFRAPfluorescence recovery after photobleachingGFPgreen fluorescent proteinKASHKlarsicht/ANC-1/Syne homologyLINClinker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeletonmoeABDmoesin actin binding domainRNAiRNA interferencesp-utspermatheca-uterineSUNSad1/UNC-84WTwild typeView Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelley, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triplett, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cram, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.186965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FLN-1/Filamin is required to anchor the actomyosin cytoskeleton and for global organization of sub-cellular organelles in a contractile tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial transcriptional profiling of mouse and human enteric neurons identifies shared and disparate subtypes in situ. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.187211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSBACKGROUND & AIMSC_ST_ABSThe enteric nervous system (ENS) coordinates essential intestinal functions through the concerted action of diverse enteric neurons (EN). However, integrated molecular knowledge of EN subtypes is lacking. To compare human and mouse ENs, we transcriptionally profiled healthy ENS from adult humans and mice. We aimed to identify transcripts marking discrete neuron subtypes and visualize conserved EN subtypes for humans and mice in multiple bowel regions.

METHODSHuman myenteric ganglia and adjacent smooth muscle were isolated by laser-capture microdissection for RNA-Seq. Ganglia-specific transcriptional profiles were identified by computationally subtracting muscle gene signatures. Nuclei from mouse myenteric neurons were isolated and subjected to single-nucleus RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq), totaling over four billion reads and 25,208 neurons. Neuronal subtypes were defined using mouse snRNA-Seq data. Comparative informatics between human and mouse datasets identified shared EN subtype markers, which were visualized in situ using hybridization chain reaction (HCR).

RESULTSSeveral EN subtypes in the duodenum, ileum, and colon are conserved between humans and mice based on orthologous gene expression. However, some EN subtype-specific genes from mice are expressed in completely distinct morphologically defined subtypes in humans. In mice, we identified several neuronal subtypes that stably express gene modules across all intestinal segments, with graded, regional expression of one or more marker genes.

CONCLUSIONSOur combined transcriptional profiling of human myenteric ganglia and mouse EN provides a rich foundation for developing novel intestinal therapeutics. There is congruency among some EN subtypes, but we note multiple species differences that should be carefully considered when relating findings from mouse ENS research to human GI studies.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycksen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deal, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benthal, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehler, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.187211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial transcriptional profiling of mouse and human enteric neurons identifies shared and disparate subtypes in situ.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Which animals are at risk? Predicting species susceptibility to Covid-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.194563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In only a few months, the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic, leaving physicians, scientists, and public health officials racing to understand, treat, and contain this zoonotic disease. SARS-CoV-2 has made the leap from animals to humans, but little is known about variations in species susceptibility that could identify potential reservoir species, animal models, and the risk to pets, wildlife, and livestock. While there is evidence that certain species, such as cats, are susceptible, the vast majority of animal species, including those in close contact with humans, have unknown susceptibility. Hence, methods to predict their infection risk are urgently needed. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is critical for viral cell entry and infection. Here we identified key ACE2 residues that distinguish susceptible from resistant species using in-depth sequence and structural analyses of ACE2 and its binding to SARS-CoV-2. Our findings have important implications for identification of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 residues for therapeutic targeting and identification of animal species with increased susceptibility for infection on which to focus research and protection measures for environmental and public health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew R Alexander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara T. Schoeder</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquelyn A. Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles D. Smart</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher W. Moth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John P. Wikswo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Anthony Capra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jens Meiler</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenbiao Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meena S. Madhur</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.194563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Which animals are at risk? Predicting species susceptibility to Covid-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinetics of osmotic stress regulates a cell fate switch of cell survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.10.197871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure of cells to diverse types of stressful environments differentially regulate cell fate. Although many types of stresses causing this differential regulation are known, it is unknown how changes over time of the same stressor regulate cell fate. Changes in extracellular osmolarity are critically involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes in several tissues. We observe that human cells survive gradual but not acute hyperosmotic stress. We find that stress, caspase, and apoptosis signaling do not activate during gradual stress in contrast to acute treatments. Contrary to the current paradigm, we see a substantial accumulation of proline in cells treated with gradual but not acute stresses. We show that proline can protect cells from hyperosmotic stress similar to the osmoprotection in plants and bacteria. Our studies found a cell fate switch that enables cells to survive gradually changing stress environments by preventing caspase activation and protect cells through proline accumulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander Thiemicke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregor Neuert</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.10.197871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinetics of osmotic stress regulates a cell fate switch of cell survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Aging is Initiated at Middle Age Through Decline in Local Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.11.198846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for lifelong maintenance and regeneration of the blood system. With aging, loss of HSC function is a major contributor to decline in overall hematopoietic function, leading to increased rate of infection, poor vaccination response, clonal hematopoiesis, and increased risk of hematologic malignancies. While cellular and molecular hallmarks of HSC aging have been defined1-3, the lack of understanding of the nature and timing of the initiating events that cause HSC aging is a barrier to achieving the goal of extending healthy hematopoietic function into older age. Here we discover that hallmarks of HSC aging and myeloid-biased hematopoiesis accumulate by middle age in mice, and that the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment at middle age induces and is indispensable for hematopoietic aging phenotypes. Using unbiased transcriptome-based approaches, we identify decreased production of IGF1 by cells in the middle-aged BM microenvironment as a factor causing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell aging and show that direct stimulation with IGF1 rescues hallmarks of hematopoietic aging. Declining IGF1 in the BM microenvironment at middle age represents a compelling target for intervention using prophylactic therapies to effectively extend healthspan and to prevent functional decline during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kira Young</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Eudy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca Bell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthew Loberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tim Stearns</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lars Velten</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Haas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennifer Trowbridge</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.11.198846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Aging is Initiated at Middle Age Through Decline in Local Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.199513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandin E2 promotes intestinal inflammation via inhibiting microbiota-dependent regulatory T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.12.199513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota fundamentally regulates intestinal homeostasis and disease partially through mechanisms that involve modulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), yet how the microbiota-Treg crosstalk is physiologically controlled is incompletely defined. Here, we report that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a well-known mediator of inflammation, inhibits mucosal Tregs in a manner depending on the gut microbiota. PGE2 through its receptor EP4 diminishes Treg-favorable commensal microbiota. Transfer of the gut microbiota that was modified by PGE2-EP4 signaling modulates mucosal Treg responses and exacerbates intestinal inflammation. Mechanistically, PGE2-modified microbiota regulates intestinal mononuclear phagocytes and type I interferon signaling. Depletion of mononuclear phagocytes or deficiency of type I interferon receptor contracts PGE2-dependent Treg inhibition. Taken together, our findings provide emergent evidence that PGE2-mediated disruption of microbiota-Treg communication fosters intestinal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siobhan Crittenden</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marie Goepp</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolinda Pollock</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calum T Robb</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle J Smyth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Andrews</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Victoria Tyrrell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Adima</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard A OConnor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke Davies</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue-Feng Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatti X Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gwo-Tzer Ho</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaozhong Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amil Mair</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonja Vermeren</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binzhi Qian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian James Mole</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurgen Schwarze</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard M Breyer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark J Arends</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerie O'Donnell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John P Iredale</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen M Anderton</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuh Narumiya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rick M Maizels</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adriano G Rossi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Howie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chengcan Yao</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.199513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandin E2 promotes intestinal inflammation via inhibiting microbiota-dependent regulatory T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine-Containing E-cigarette Vapor Downregulate Lung WWOX Expression Which is Associated with Increased Severity of Murine ARDS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.200832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALEA history of chronic cigarette smoking is known to increase risk for ARDS, but the corresponding risks associated with chronic e-cigarette use are largely unknown. The chromosomal fragile site gene, WWOX, is highly susceptible to genotoxic stress from environmental exposures, and thus an interesting candidate gene for the study of exposure-related lung disease.

METHODS AND RESULTSLungs harvested from current versus former/never smokers exhibited a 47% decrease in WWOX mRNA levels. Exposure to nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapor resulted in an average 57% decrease in WWOX mRNA levels relative to vehicle treated controls. In separate studies, endothelial (EC)-specific WWOX KO versus wild type mice were examined under ARDS-producing conditions. EC WWOX KO mice exhibited significantly greater levels of vascular leak and histologic lung injury. ECs were isolated from digested lungs of untreated EC WWOX KO mice using sorting by flow cytometry for CD31+CD45- cells. These were grown in culture, confirmed to be WWOX-deficient by RT-PCR and Western blotting, and analyzed by electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS) as well as a FITC dextran transwell assay for their barrier properties during MRSA or LPS exposure. WWOX KO ECs demonstrated significantly greater declines in barrier function relative to wild type cells during either MRSA or LPS treatment as measured by both ECIS and the transwell assay.

CONCLUSIONThe increased risk for ARDS observed in chronic smokers may be mechanistically linked, at least in part, to lung WWOX downregulation, and this phenomenon may also manifest in the near future in chronic users of e-cigarettes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldaz, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudek, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.200832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cigarette Smoke and Nicotine-Containing E-cigarette Vapor Downregulate Lung WWOX Expression Which is Associated with Increased Severity of Murine ARDS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.201517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative multiplexed interactomics of SARS-CoV-2 and homologous coronavirus non-structural proteins identifies unique and shared host-cell dependencies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.13.201517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human coronaviruses (hCoV) have become a threat to global health and society, as evident from the SARS outbreak in 2002 caused by SARS-CoV-1 and the most recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Despite high sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and -2, each strain has distinctive virulence. A better understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms mediating changes in virulence is needed. Here, we profile the virus-host protein-protein interactions of two hCoV non-structural proteins (nsps) that are critical for virus replication. We use tandem mass tag-multiplexed quantitative proteomics to sensitively compare and contrast the interactomes of nsp2 and nsp4 from three betacoronavirus strains: SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and hCoV-OC43 - an endemic strain associated with the common cold. This approach enables the identification of both unique and shared host cell protein binding partners and the ability to further compare the enrichment of common interactions across homologs from related strains. We identify common nsp2 interactors involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ signaling and mitochondria biogenesis. We also identifiy nsp4 interactors unique to each strain, such as E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes for SARS-CoV-1 and ER homeostasis factors for SARS-CoV-2. Common nsp4 interactors include N-linked glycosylation machinery, unfolded protein response (UPR) associated proteins, and anti-viral innate immune signaling factors. Both nsp2 and nsp4 interactors are strongly enriched in proteins localized at mitochondrial-associated ER membranes suggesting a new functional role for modulating host processes, such as calcium homeostasis, at these organelle contact sites. Our results shed light on the role these hCoV proteins play in the infection cycle, as well as host factors that may mediate the divergent pathogenesis of OC43 from SARS strains. Our mass spectrometry workflow enables rapid and robust comparisons of multiple bait proteins, which can be applied to additional viral proteins. Furthermore, the identified common interactions may present new targets for exploration by host-directed anti-viral therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almasy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.13.201517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative multiplexed interactomics of SARS-CoV-2 and homologous coronavirus non-structural proteins identifies unique and shared host-cell dependencies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACDC: Automated Cell Detection and Counting for Time-lapse Fluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.14.202804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in microscopy imaging technologies have enabled the visualization of live-cell dynamic processes using time-lapse microscopy imaging. However, modern methods exhibit several limitations related to the training phases and to time constraints, hindering their application in the laboratory practice. In this work, we present a novel method, named Automated Cell Detection and Counting (ACDC), designed for activity detection of fluorescent labeled cell nuclei in time-lapse microscopy. ACDC overcomes the limitations of the literature methods, by first applying bilateral filtering on the original image to smooth the input cell images while preserving edge sharpness, and then by exploiting the watershed transform and morphological filtering. Moreover, ACDC represents a feasible solution for the laboratory practice, as it can leverage multi-core architectures in computer clusters to efficiently handle large-scale imaging datasets. Indeed, our Parent-Workers implementation of ACDC allows to obtain up to a 3.7x speed-up compared to the sequential counterpart. ACDC was tested on two distinct cell imaging datasets to assess its accuracy and effectiveness on images with different characteristics. We achieved an accurate cell-count and nuclei segmentation without relying on large-scale annotated datasets, a result confirmed by the average Dice Similarity Coefficients of 76.84 and 88.64 and the Pearson coefficients of 0.99 and 0.96, calculated against the manual cell counting, on the two tested datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rundo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangherloni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Militello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spolaor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobile, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besozzi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazzaniga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.14.202804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACDC: Automated Cell Detection and Counting for Time-lapse Fluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRPM7 is a critical regulator of pancreatic endocrine development and high-fat diet-induced β-cell proliferation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.204974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The melastatin subfamily of the transient receptor potential channels (TRPM) are regulators of pancreatic {beta}-cell function. TRPM7 is the most abundant islet TRPM channel; however, the role of TRPM7 in {beta}-cell function has not been determined. Here, we utilized various spatiotemporal transgenic mouse models to investigate how TRPM7 knockout influences pancreatic endocrine development, proliferation, and function. Ablation of TRPM7 within pancreatic progenitors reduced pancreatic size, as well as -cell and {beta}-cell mass. This resulted in impaired glucose tolerance due to decreased serum insulin levels. However, ablation of TRPM7 following endocrine specification or in adult mice did not impact endocrine expansion or glucose tolerance. As TRPM7 regulates cell proliferation, we assessed how TRPM7 influences {beta}-cell hyperplasia under insulin resistant conditions. {beta}-cell proliferation induced by high-fat diet was significantly decreased in TRPM7 deficient {beta}-cells. The endocrine roles of TRPM7 may be influenced by cation flux through the channel, and indeed we find that TRPM7 ablation alters {beta}-cell intracellular Mg2+. Together, these findings reveal that TRPM7 controls pancreatic progenitor expansion and {beta}-cell proliferation, which is likely due to regulation of Mg2+ homeostasis.

SummaryThis manuscript identifies a critical developmental role for TRPM7 channels in pancreatic progenitor cells. The manuscript also determines that TRPM7 plays a key role in {beta}-cell proliferation under insulin-resistant conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Altman, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galletta, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarnath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.204974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRPM7 is a critical regulator of pancreatic endocrine development and high-fat diet-induced β-cell proliferation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of optimal codon usage predict metabolic ecology in budding yeasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.214635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reverse ecology is the inference of ecological information from patterns of genomic variation. One rich, heretofore underutilized, source of ecologically-relevant genomic information is codon optimality or adaptation. Bias toward codons that match the tRNA pool is robustly associated with high gene expression in diverse organisms, suggesting that codon optimization could be used in a reverse ecology framework to identify highly expressed, ecologically relevant genes. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between optimal codon usage in the classic galactose metabolism (GAL) pathway and known ecological niches for 329 species of budding yeasts, a diverse subphylum of fungi. We find that optimal codon usage in the GAL pathway is positively correlated with quantitative growth on galactose, suggesting that GAL codon optimization reflects increased capacity to grow on galactose. Optimal codon usage in the GAL pathway is also positively correlated with human-associated ecological niches in yeasts of the CUG-Ser1 clade and with dairy-associated ecological niches in the family Saccharomycetaceae. For example, optimal codon usage of GAL genes is greater than 85% of all genes in the major human pathogen Candida albicans (CUG-Ser1 clade) and greater than 75% of genes in the dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (family Saccharomycetaceae). We further find a correlation between optimization in the thiamine biosynthesis and GAL pathways. As a result, optimal codon usage in thiamine biosynthesis genes is also associated with dairy ecological niches in Saccharomycetaceae, which may reflect competition with co-occurring microbes for extracellular thiamine. This work highlights the potential of codon optimization as a tool for gaining insights into the metabolic ecology of microbial eukaryotes. Doing so may be especially illuminating for studying fungal dark matter--species that have yet to be cultured in the lab or have only been identified by genomic material.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.214635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of optimal codon usage predict metabolic ecology in budding yeasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repeated horizontal gene transfer of GALactose metabolism genes violates Dollo's law of irreversible loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dollos law posits that evolutionary losses are irreversible, thereby narrowing the potential paths of evolutionary change. While phenotypic reversals to ancestral states have been observed, little is known about their underlying genetic causes. The genomes of budding yeasts have been shaped by extensive reductive evolution, such as reduced genome sizes and the losses of metabolic capabilities. However, the extent and mechanisms of trait reacquisition after gene loss in yeasts have not been thoroughly studied. Here, through phylogenomic analyses, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the yeast galactose utilization pathway and observed widespread and repeated losses of the ability to utilize galactose, which occurred concurrently with the losses of GALactose (GAL) utilization genes. Unexpectedly, we detected three galactose-utilizing lineages that were deeply embedded within clades that underwent ancient losses of galactose utilization. We show that at least two, and possibly three, lineages reacquired the GAL pathway via yeast-to-yeast horizontal gene transfer. Our results show how trait reacquisition can occur tens of millions of years after an initial loss via horizontal gene transfer from distant relatives. These findings demonstrate that the losses of complex traits and even whole pathways are not always evolutionary dead-ends, highlighting how reversals to ancestral states can occur.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kominek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVirgilio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulfachor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repeated horizontal gene transfer of GALactose metabolism genes violates Dollo's law of irreversible loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interneuron Specific Gamma Synchronization Encodes Uncertain Cues and Prediction Errors in Lateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitory interneurons are believed to realize critical gating functions in cortical circuits, but it has been difficult to ascertain the content of gated information for well characterized interneurons in primate cortex. Here, we address this question by characterizing putative interneurons in primate prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex while monkeys engaged in attention demanding reversal learning. We find that subclasses of narrow spiking neurons have a relative suppressive effect on the local circuit indicating they are inhibitory interneurons. One of these interneuron subclasses showed prominent firing rate modulations and (35-45 Hz) gamma synchronous spiking during periods of uncertainty in both, lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In LPFC this interneuron subclass activated when the uncertainty of attention cues was resolved during flexible learning, whereas in ACC it fired and gamma-synchronized when outcomes were uncertain and prediction errors were high during learning. Computational modeling of this interneuron-specific gamma band activity in simple circuit motifs suggests it could reflect a soft winner-take-all gating of information having high degree of uncertainty. Together, these findings elucidate an electrophysiologically-characterized interneuron subclass in the primate, that forms gamma synchronous networks in two different areas when resolving uncertainty during adaptive goal-directed behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.220319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interneuron Specific Gamma Synchronization Encodes Uncertain Cues and Prediction Errors in Lateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mtg16-dependent repression of E protein activity is required for early lymphopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ETO/MTG family of transcriptional co-repressors play a key role in adult stem cell functions in various tissues. These factors are commonly found in complex with E proteins such as E2A, HEB, and Lyl1 as well as PRDM14 and BTB/POZ domain factors. Structural studies identified a region in the first domain of MTGs that is conserved in the Drosophila homologue Nervy (Nervy Homology Domain-1, or NHR1) that is essential for ETO/MTG8 to inhibit E protein-dependent transcription. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified cancer associated single nucleotide variants (SNVs) near the MTG16:E protein contact site. We tested these SNVs using sensitive yeast two-hybrid association assays, which suggested that only P209T significantly affected E protein binding. We then used CRISPR-Cas9 and homology directed DNA repair to insert P209T and a known inactivating mutation, F210A, into NHR1 of Mtg16 in the germ line of mice. These mice developed normally, but in competitive bone marrow transplantation assays, the F210A-containing stem cells failed to contribute to lymphopoiesis, while P209T mutant cells were reduced in mature T cell populations. High content fluorescent activated analytical flow cytometry assays identified a defect in the multi-potent progenitor to common lymphoid progenitor transition during lymphopoiesis. These data indicate that the cancer associated changes are likely benign polymorphisms, and the MTG:E protein association is required for lymphopoiesis, but less important for myelopoiesis and stem cell functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampathi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.220525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mtg16-dependent repression of E protein activity is required for early lymphopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.221036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence for basigin/CD147 as a direct SARS-CoV-2 spike binding receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.25.221036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is known to enable viral invasion into human cells through direct binding to host receptors including ACE2. An alternate entry receptor for the virus was recently proposed to be basigin/CD147. These early studies have already prompted a clinical trial and multiple published hypotheses of the role of this host receptor in viral infection and pathogenesis. We sought to independently characterize the basigin-spike protein interaction. After conducting several lines of experiments, we report that we are unable to find evidence supporting the role of basigin as a putative spike-binding receptor. Recombinant forms of both the entire ectodomain and S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that directly bind ACE2 do not interact with basigin expressed on the surface of human cells. Using specialized assays tailored to detect receptor interactions as weak or weaker than the proposed basigin-spike binding, we report no evidence for direct binding of the viral spike to either of the two common isoforms of basigin. Given the pressing need for clarity on which targets of SARS-CoV-2 may lead to promising therapeutics, we present these findings to allow more informed decisions about the translational relevance of this putative mechanism in the race to understand and treat COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shilts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.25.221036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence for basigin/CD147 as a direct SARS-CoV-2 spike binding receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tet1 isoforms differentially regulate gene expression, synaptic transmission and memory in the mammalian brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dynamic regulation of DNA methylation in post-mitotic neurons is necessary for memory formation and other adaptive behaviors. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) plays a part in these processes by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thereby initiating active DNA demethylation. However, attempts to pinpoint its exact role in the nervous system have been hindered by contradictory findings, perhaps due in part, to a recent discovery that two isoforms of the Tet1 gene are differentially expressed from early development into adulthood. Here, we demonstrate that both the shorter transcript (Tet1S) encoding an N-terminally truncated TET1 protein and a full-length Tet1 (Tet1FL) transcript encoding canonical TET1 are co-expressed in the adult brain. We show that Tet1S is the predominantly expressed isoform, and is highly enriched in neurons, whereas Tet1FL is generally expressed at lower levels and more abundant in glia, suggesting their roles are at least partially cell-type specific. Using viral-mediated, isoform- and neuron-specific molecular tools, we find that Tet1S repression enhances, while Tet1FL impairs, hippocampal-dependent memory. In addition, the individual disruption of the two isoforms leads to contrasting changes in basal synaptic transmission and the dysregulation of unique gene ensembles in hippocampal neurons. Together, our findings demonstrate that each Tet1 isoform serves a distinct role in the mammalian brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greer, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarenko, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chronister, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweatt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tet1 isoforms differentially regulate gene expression, synaptic transmission and memory in the mammalian brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.221325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Digital spatial profiling of coronary plaques from persons living with HIV reveals high levels of STING and CD163 in macrophage enriched regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.221325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundChronic innate and adaptive immune activation may contribute to high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in persons living with HIV (PLWH).

MethodsWe assessed coronary plaques from deceased PLWH (n=6) and HIV-negative (n=6) persons matched by age and gender. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded 5m thick sections were processed using Movat, hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence stains. Immune cell populations were measured using surface antibodies, and immune-related protein expression from macrophage rich, T-cell rich and perivascular adipose tissue regions using GeoMx(R) digital spatial profiling.

ResultsCoronary plaques from PLWH and HIV-negative persons had similar plaque area and percent stenosis. Percent CD163+ cells as measured by immunohistochemical staining was significantly higher in PLWH, median 0.29% (IQR 0.11-0.90) vs. 0.01% (IQR 0.0013-0.11) in HIV-negative plaque, p = 0.02 (Figure 1A). Other surface markers of innate cells (CD68 +, p=0.18), adaptive immune cells (CD3+, p=0.39; CD4+, p=0.09; CD8+, p=0.18) and immune trafficking markers (CX3CR1+, p=0.09) within the coronary plaque trended higher in HIV-positive plaques but did not reach statistical significance. GeoMx(R) digital spatial profiling showed higher differential protein expression of CD163 (scavenger receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex), stimulator of interferon gamma (STING, a cytosolic DNA sensor), CD25 and granzyme-B in the HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative, p<0.05(Figure 1B).

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/221325v1_fig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (51K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a4757forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e2236org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@582f4borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@188f376_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 1.C_FLOATNO Characterization of coronary plaques. Representative coronary plaques from three HIV-positive and three HIV-negative individuals were stained with H&E and Movat stain (A). Plaque area (m2) and % plaque stenosis were measured and calculated in 6 individuals per group (B). Statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney; ns not significant

C_FIG ConclusionsIncreased inflammation within the coronary plaques of PLWH is characterized by more innate and adaptive immune cells. Higher STING expression in PLWH suggests that immune response to viral antigens within the plaque might be a driver above other stimulants. STING inhibitors are available and could be investigated as a future therapeutic target in PWH if these results are replicated with a larger number of plaques.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/221325v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (42K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@27fa00org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e4a65org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b65320org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10b7c9a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIImmunohistochemical and fluorescent stains combined with GeoMx(R) digital spatial profiling allowed for deep characterization of immune cells within intact coronary plaques and perivascular adipose tissue
C_LIO_LICoronary plaques from HIV-positive persons had higher proportion of CD163+ immune cells compared to HIV-negative persons
C_LIO_LIDifferential protein expression of immune-rich regions of interest within intact 5m sections of coronary plaques revealed higher levels of stimulator of interferon gamma (STING) in HIV-positive persons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virmani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.221325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Digital spatial profiling of coronary plaques from persons living with HIV reveals high levels of STING and CD163 in macrophage enriched regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of CD4+ T cell epitopes after Shingrix vaccination. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infections with varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, are associated with a range of clinical manifestations. Primary infection with VZV causes chicken pox, and due to the viruss capacity to remain latent in neurons, it can reactivate later in life causing herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles. Two different vaccines have been developed to prevent HZ, one based on a live attenuated VZV strain (Zostavax) and the other on adjuvanted gE recombinant protein (Shingrix). While Zostavax efficacy wanes with age, Shingrix protection retains its efficacy in elderly subjects (80 years of age and beyond). In this context, it is of much interest to understand if there is a role for T cell immunity in differential clinical outcome, and if there is a correlate of protection between T cell immunity and Shingrix efficacy. In this study, we characterized Shingrix specific ex vivo CD4 T cell responses in the context of natural exposure and HZ vaccination using pools of predicted epitopes. We show that T cell reactivity following natural infection and Zostavax vaccination dominantly targets non-structural proteins (NS), while Shingrix vaccination redirects dominant reactivity to target gE. We mapped the gE-specific responses following Shingrix vaccination to 89 different gE epitopes, 34 of which accounted for 80% of the response. Using antigen presentation assays and single HLA molecule transfected lines, we experimentally determined HLA restrictions for 94 different donor/peptide combinations. Finally, we used our results as a training set to assess strategies to predict restrictions based on measured or predicted HLA binding and the corresponding HLA types of responding subjects.

ImportanceUnderstanding the T cell profile associated with the protection observed in elderly vaccinees following Shingrix vaccination is relevant to the general definition of correlates of vaccine efficacy. Our study enables these future studies by clarifying patterns of immunodominance associated with Shingrix vaccination, as opposed to natural infection or Zostavax vaccination. Identification of epitopes recognized by Shingrix-induced CD4 T cells and their associated HLA restrictions enables the generation of tetrameric staining reagents and, more broadly, the capability to characterize specificity, magnitude and phenotype of VZV specific T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voic, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubiro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of CD4+ T cell epitopes after Shingrix vaccination.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-Linked Super-Trafficking of a Mutant Potassium Channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.227231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the KCNQ1 voltage-gated potassium channel can induce cardiac arrhythmia. We tested whether any of the known GOF disease mutations in KCNQ1 act by increasing the amount of KCNQ1 that reaches the cell surface--"super-trafficking". We found that levels of R231C KCNQ1 in the plasma membrane are 5-fold higher than wild type KCNQ1. This arises from both enhanced translocon-mediated membrane integration of the S4 voltage-sensor helix and an energetic linkage of C231 with the V129 and F166 side chains. Whole-cell electrophysiology recordings confirmed that R231C KCNQ1 in complex with KCNE1 is constitutively active, but also revealed the single channel activity of this mutant to be only 20% that of WT. The GOF phenotype associated with R231C therefore reflects the net effects of super-trafficking, reduced single channel activity, and constitutive channel activation. These investigations document membrane protein super-trafficking as a contributing mechanism to human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamness, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.227231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-Linked Super-Trafficking of a Mutant Potassium Channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.190454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised machine learning reveals key immune cell subsets in COVID-19, rhinovirus infection, and cancer therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.190454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For an emerging disease like COVID-19, systems immunology tools may quickly identify and quantitatively characterize cells associated with disease progression or clinical response. With repeated sampling, immune monitoring creates a real-time portrait of the cells reacting to a novel virus before disease specific knowledge and tools are established. However, single cell analysis tools can struggle to reveal rare cells that are under 0.1% of the population. Here, the machine learning workflow Tracking Responders Expanding (T-REX) was created to identify changes in both very rare and common cells in diverse human immune monitoring settings. T-REX identified cells that were highly similar in phenotype and localized to hotspots of significant change during rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Specialized reagents used to detect the rhinovirus-specific CD4+ cells, MHCII tetramers, were not used during unsupervised analysis and instead  left out to serve as a test of whether T-REX identified biologically significant cells. In the rhinovirus challenge study, T-REX identified virus-specific CD4+ T cells based on these cells being a distinct phenotype that expanded by [&ge;]95% following infection. T-REX successfully identified hotspots containing virus-specific T cells using pairs of samples comparing Day 7 of infection to samples taken either prior to infection (Day 0) or after clearing the infection (Day 28). Mapping pairwise comparisons in samples according to both the direction and degree of change provided a framework to compare systems level immune changes during infectious disease or therapy response. This revealed that the magnitude and direction of systemic immune change in some COVID-19 patients was comparable to that of blast crisis acute myeloid leukemia patients undergoing induction chemotherapy and characterized the identity of the immune cells that changed the most. Other COVID-19 patients instead matched an immune trajectory like that of individuals with rhinovirus infection or melanoma patients receiving checkpoint inhibitor therapy. T-REX analysis of paired blood samples provides an approach to rapidly identify and characterize mechanistically significant cells and to place emerging diseases into a systems immunology context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barone, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, A. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehling, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lannigan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodfolk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.190454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised machine learning reveals key immune cell subsets in COVID-19, rhinovirus infection, and cancer therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noise-robust recognition of objects by humans and deep neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.234625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks (DNNs) for object classification have been argued to provide the most promising model of the visual system, accompanied by claims that they have attained or even surpassed human-level performance. Here, we evaluated whether DNNs provide a viable model of human vision when tested with challenging noisy images of objects, sometimes presented at the very limits of visibility. We show that popular state-of-the-art DNNs perform in a qualitatively different manner than humans - they are unusually susceptible to spatially uncorrelated white noise and less impaired by spatially correlated noise. We implemented a noise-training procedure to determine whether noise-trained DNNs exhibit more robust responses that better match human behavioral and neural performance. We found that noise-trained DNNs provide a better qualitative match to human performance; moreover, they reliably predict human recognition thresholds on an image-by-image basis. Functional neuroimaging revealed that noise-trained DNNs provide a better correspondence to the pattern-specific neural representations found in both early visual areas and high-level object areas. A layer-specific analysis of the DNNs indicated that noise training led to broad-ranging modifications throughout the network, with greater benefits of noise robustness accruing in progressively higher layers. Our findings demonstrate that noise-trained DNNs provide a viable model to account for human behavioral and neural responses to objects in challenging noisy viewing conditions. Further, they suggest that robustness to noise may be acquired through a process of visual learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.234625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noise-robust recognition of objects by humans and deep neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235051v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the evolutionary architectures of human enhancer sequences reveals distinct origins, functions, and associations with human-trait variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235051v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationDespite the importance of gene regulatory enhancers in human biology and evolution, we lack a comprehensive evolutionary model of enhancer sequence architecture and function. This substantially limits our understanding of the genetic basis for divergence between species and our ability to interpret the effects of non-coding variants on human traits.

ResultsTo explore enhancer sequence evolution and its relationship to regulatory function, we traced the evolutionary origins of human sequences with enhancer activity defined by eRNA from diverse tissues and cellular contexts. The majority of enhancers are sequences of a single evolutionary age ("simple" enhancer architectures), likely indicating constraint against genomic rearrangements. A minority of enhancers are composites of sequences of multiple evolutionary ages ("complex" enhancer architectures). Compared to simple enhancers, complex enhancers are older, more pleiotropic, and more active across species. Genetic variants within complex enhancers are also less likely to have effects on human traits and biochemical activity. Transposable-element-derived sequences have made diverse contributions to enhancer architectures; some have nucleated enhancers with simple architectures, while others have remodeled older sequences to create complex regulatory architectures.

ConclusionsBased on these results, we propose a framework for modeling enhancer sequence architecture and evolution. Applying this framework to human enhancer sequences reveals multiple, distinct trajectories of human regulatory sequence evolution. Considering these evolutionary histories can aid interpretation of the effects of variants on enhancer function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fong, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235051</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the evolutionary architectures of human enhancer sequences reveals distinct origins, functions, and associations with human-trait variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus G-protein coupled receptors GprM and GprJ are important for the regulation of the cell wall integrity pathway, secondary metabolite production, and virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.235119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are extracellular signalling receptors that sense environmental cues to coordinate a biological response. Fungi sense their environment primarily through GPCR-mediated signalling pathways, which in turn regulate fungal development, metabolism, virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis. A. fumigatus is an important human pathogen that causes aspergillosis, a heterogeneous group of diseases that presents a wide range of clinical manifestations. Here, we investigate in detail the role of the GPCRs GprM and GprJ in growth and gene expression. GprM and GprJ are important for melanin production and the regulation of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. Overexpression of gprM and gprJ causes a 20 and 50% reduction in growth rate when compared to the wild-type (WT) strain, and increases sensitivity to cell wall-damaging agents. Phosphorylation of the CWI protein kinase MpkA is increased in the {Delta}gprM and {Delta}gprJ strains and decreased in the overexpression mutants when compared to the WT strain. Furthermore, differences in cell wall polysaccharide concentrations and organization were observed in these strains. RNA-sequencing suggests that GprM and GprJ negatively regulate genes encoding secondary metabolites (SMs). Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the production of fumagillin, pyripyropene, fumigaclavine C, fumiquinazoline, and fumitremorgin is reduced in the {Delta}gprM and {Delta}gprJ strains, and that this regulation occurs, at least partially, through the activation of MpkA. Overexpression of grpM also resulted in the regulation of many transcription factors, with AsgA predicted to function downstream of GprM and MpkA signalling. Finally, we show that the {Delta}gprM and {Delta}gprJ mutants are reduced in virulence in the Galleria mellonella insect model of invasive aspergillosis. This work further contributes to unravelling functions of A. fumigatus GPCRs and shows that GprM and GprJ are essential for CWI, secondary metabolite production and virulence.

Author summaryA. fumigatus is the main ethiological agent of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, a life-threatening fungal disease that occurs in severely immuno-compromised humans. Withstanding the host environment is essential for A. fumigatus virulence and sensing of extracellular cues occurs primarily through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate signal transduction pathways, which in turn regulate fungal development, metabolism, virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The A. fumigatus genome encodes 15 putative classical GPCRs, with only three having been functionally characterized to date. In this work, we show that the two GPCRs GprM and GprJ regulate the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase MpkA and thus control the regulation of the cell wall integrity pathway. GprM and GprJ are also involved in the regulation of the production of the secondary metabolites fumagillin, pyripyropene, fumigaclavine C, fumiquinazoline, melanin, and fumitremorgin and this regulation partially occurs through the activation of MpkA. Furthermore, GprM and GprJ are important for virulence in the insect model Galleria mellonella. This work therefore functionally characterizes two GPCRs and shows how they regulate several intracellular pathways that have been shown to be crucial for A. fumigatus virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>da Costa Filho, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brancini, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malavazi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Moraes Pontes, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.235119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspergillus fumigatus G-protein coupled receptors GprM and GprJ are important for the regulation of the cell wall integrity pathway, secondary metabolite production, and virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.235382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in weak pair-wise correlations during running reshapes network state in the main olfactory bulb 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.235382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural codes for sensory representations are thought to reside in a broader space defined by the patterns of spontaneous activity that occur when stimuli are not being presented. To understand the structure of this spontaneous activity in the olfactory system, we performed high-density recordings of population activity in the main olfactory bulb of awake mice. We found that spontaneous activity patterns of ensembles of mitral and tufted (M/T) cells in the main olfactory bulb changed dramatically during locomotion, including decreases in pairwise correlations between neurons and increases in the entropy of the population. Maximum entropy models of the ensemble activity revealed that pair-wise interactions were better at predicting patterns of activity when the animal was stationary than while running, suggesting that higher order (3rd, 4th order) interactions between neurons shape activity during locomotion. Taken together, we found that locomotion influenced the structure of spontaneous population activity at the earliest stages of olfactory processing, 1 synapse away from the sensory receptors in the nasal epithelium.

New and NoteworthyThe organization and structure of spontaneous population activity in the olfactory system places constraints of how odor information is represented. Using high-density electrophysiological recordings of mitral and tufted cells, we found that running increases the dimensionality of spontaneous activity, implicating higher-order interactions among neurons during locomotion. Behavior thus flexibly alters neuronal activity at the earliest stages of sensory processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chockanathan, u.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosier, E. J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.235382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in weak pair-wise correlations during running reshapes network state in the main olfactory bulb]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociation of Medial Frontal β-Bursts and Executive Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.06.240606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural mechanisms of executive and motor control concern both basic researchers and clinicians. In human studies, preparation and cancellation of movements are accompanied by changes in the {beta}-frequency band (15-29 Hz) of EEG. Previous studies with human participants performing stop signal (countermanding) tasks have described reduced frequency of transient {beta}-bursts over sensorimotor cortical areas before movement initiation and increased {beta}-bursting over medial frontal areas with movement cancellation. This modulation has been interpreted as contributing to the trial-by-trial control of behavior. We performed identical analyses of EEG recorded over the frontal lobe of macaque monkeys performing a saccade countermanding task. Whilst, we replicate the occurrence and modulation of {beta}-bursts associated with initiation and cancellation of saccades, we found that {beta}-bursts occur too infrequently to account for the observed stopping behavior. We also found {beta}-bursts were more common after errors, but their incidence was unrelated to response time adaptation. These results demonstrate the homology of this EEG signature between humans and macaques but raise questions about the current interpretation of {beta}-band functional significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Errington, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.240606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociation of Medial Frontal β-Bursts and Executive Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.238428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Programmed Nutrient Partitioning in the Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.238428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes transformed cancer and infiltrating immune cells1,2. Cancer cells can consume large quantities of glucose through Warburg metabolism3,4 that can be visualized with positron emission tomography (PET). While infiltrating immune cells also rely on glucose, disruptions to metabolism can contribute to tumor immunological evasion5-9. How immune cell metabolism is programmed or restrained by competition with cancer cells for nutrients, remains uncertain. Here we used PET tracers to measure the accessibility of glucose and glutamine to cell subsets in the TME. Surprisingly, myeloid cells including macrophages were the greatest consumers of intra-tumoral glucose, followed by T cells and cancer cells. Cancer cells, in contrast, had the highest glutamine uptake. This distinct nutrient partitioning was programmed through selective mTORC1 signaling and glucose or glutamine-related gene expression. Inhibition of glutamine uptake enhanced glucose uptake across tumor resident cell types and shifted macrophage phenotype, demonstrating glucose is not limiting in the TME. Thus, cancer cells are not the only cells in tumors which exhibit high glucose uptake in vivo and instead preferentially utilize glutamine over other cell types. We observe that intrinsic cellular programs can play a major role in the use of some nutrients. Together, these data argue cell selective partitioning of glucose and glutamine can be exploited to develop therapies and imaging strategies to alter the metabolic programs of specific cell populations in the TME.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinfeld, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chytil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffstater, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tantawy, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckermann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Heiden, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.238428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Programmed Nutrient Partitioning in the Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.239871v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A combined proteomics and Mendelian randomization approach to investigate the effects of aspirin-targeted proteins on colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.239871v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEvidence for aspirins chemopreventative properties on colorectal cancer (CRC) is substantial, but its mechanism of action is not well-understood. We combined a proteomic approach with Mendelian randomization (MR) to identify possible new aspirin targets that decrease CRC risk.

MethodsHuman colorectal adenoma cells (RG/C2) were treated with aspirin (24 hours) and a stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) based proteomics approach identified altered protein expression. Protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) from INTERVAL (N=3,301) and expression QTLs (eQTLs) from the eQTLGen Consortium (N=31,684) were used as genetic proxies for protein and mRNA expression levels. Two-sample MR of mRNA/protein expression on CRC risk was performed using eQTL/pQTL data combined with CRC genetic summary data from the Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), Colorectal Transdisciplinary (CORECT), Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer (GECCO) consortia and UK Biobank (55,168 cases and 65,160 controls).

ResultsAltered expression was detected for 125/5886 proteins. Of these, aspirin decreased MCM6, RRM2 and ARFIP2 expression and MR analysis showed that a standard deviation increase in mRNA/protein expression was associated with increased CRC risk (OR:1.08, 95% CI:1.03-1.13, OR:3.33, 95% CI:2.46-4.50 and OR:1.15, 95% CI:1.02-1.29, respectively).

ConclusionMCM6 and RRM2 are involved in DNA repair whereby reduced expression may lead to increased DNA aberrations and ultimately cancer cell death, whereas ARFIP2 is involved in actin cytoskeletal regulation indicating a possible role in aspirins reduction of metastasis.

ImpactOur approach has shown how laboratory experiments and population-based approaches can combine to identify aspirin-targeted proteins possibly affecting CRC risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nounu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heesom, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopper, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindor, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Marchand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Duijnhoven, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gsur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vodicka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vodickova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakoda, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slattery, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunter, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellvi-Bel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rok Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kweon, S.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.239871</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A combined proteomics and Mendelian randomization approach to investigate the effects of aspirin-targeted proteins on colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Strand DNA Breaks Cause Replisome Disassembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA damage impedes replication fork progression and threatens genome stability. Upon encounter with most DNA adducts, the replicative CMG helicase (CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS) stalls or uncouples from the point of synthesis, yet CMG eventually resumes replication. However, little is known about the effect on replication of single-strand breaks or "nicks", which are abundant in mammalian cells. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we reveal that CMG collision with a nick in the leading strand template generates a blunt-ended double-strand break (DSB). Moreover, CMG, which encircles the leading strand template, "runs off" the end of the DSB. In contrast, CMG collision with a lagging strand nick generates a broken end with a single-stranded overhang. In this setting, CMG translocates beyond the nick on double-stranded DNA and is then actively removed from chromatin by the p97 ATPase. Our results show that nicks are uniquely dangerous DNA lesions that invariably cause replisome disassembly, and they argue that CMG cannot be deposited on dsDNA while cells resolve replication stress.

HighlightsO_LIThe structures of leading and lagging strand collapsed forks are different
C_LIO_LICMG passively "runs off" the broken DNA end during leading strand fork collapse
C_LIO_LICMG is unloaded from duplex DNA after lag collapse in a p97-dependent manner
C_LIO_LINicks are uniquely toxic lesions that cause fork collapse and replisome disassembly
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vrtis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chistol, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Strand DNA Breaks Cause Replisome Disassembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Colony Temperature in the Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms of Honey Bee Foragers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Honey bees utilize their circadian rhythms to accurately predict the time of day. This ability allows foragers to remember the specific timing of food availability and its location for several days. Previous studies have provided strong evidence toward light/dark cycles being the primary Zeitgeber for honey bees. Work in our laboratory described large individual variation in the endogenous period length of honey bee foragers from the same colony and differences in the endogenous rhythms under different constant temperatures. In this study, we further this work by examining temperature inside the honey bee colony. By placing temperature and light data loggers at different locations inside the colony we measured temperature at various locations within the colony. We observed significant oscillations of temperature inside the hive, that show seasonal patterns. We then simulated the observed temperature oscillations in the laboratory and found that using the temperature cycle as a Zeitgeber, foragers present large individual differences in the phase of locomotor rhythms with respect to temperature. Moreover, foragers successfully synchronize their locomotor rhythms to these simulated temperature cycles. Advancing the cycle by six hours, resulted in changes in the phase of activity in some foragers in the assay. The results shown in this study highlight the importance of temperature as a potential Zeitgeber in the field. Future studies will examine the possible functional and evolutionary role of the observed phase differences of circadian rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giannoni Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melendez Moreno, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubirel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Ramos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto Rivera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Colony Temperature in the Entrainment of Circadian Rhythms of Honey Bee Foragers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic ablation of serotonin receptor 2B improves aortic valve hemodynamics in a high-cholesterol diet mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.255414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a deadly disease that is rising in prevalence due to population aging. While the disease is complex and poorly understood, one well-documented driver of valvulopathy is serotonin agonism. Both serotonin overexpression, as seen with carcinoid tumors and drug-related agonism, such as with Fenfluramine use, are linked with various diseases of the valves. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if genetic ablation or pharmacological antagonism of the 5-HT2B serotonin receptor (gene: Htr2b) could improve the hemodynamic and histological progression of calcific aortic valve disease. Htr2b mutant mice were crossed with Notch1+/- mice, an established small animal model of CAVD, to determine if genetic ablation affects CAVD progression. To assess the effect of pharmacological inhibition on CAVD progression, Notch1+/- mice were treated with the 5-HT2B receptor antagonist SB204741. Mice were analyzed using echocardiography, histology, immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Htr2b mutant mice showed lower aortic valve peak velocity and mean pressure gradient - classical hemodynamic indicators of aortic valve stenosis - without concurrent left ventricle change. 5-HT2B receptor antagonism, however, did not affect hemodynamic progression. Leaflet thickness, collagen density, and CAVD-associated transcriptional markers were not significantly different in any group. This study reveals that genetic ablation of Htr2b attenuates hemodynamic development of CAVD in the Notch1+/- mice, but pharmacological antagonism may require high doses or long-term treatment to slow progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joll, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raddatz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.255414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic ablation of serotonin receptor 2B improves aortic valve hemodynamics in a high-cholesterol diet mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functions of Gle1 are governed by two distinct modes of self-association 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.20.259564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gle1 is a conserved, essential regulator of DEAD-box RNA helicases, with critical roles defined in mRNA export, translation initiation, translation termination, and stress granule formation. Mechanisms that specify which, where and when DDXs are targeted by Gle1 are critical to understand. In addition to roles for stress-induced phosphorylation and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) binding in specifying Gle1 function, Gle1 oligomerizes via its N-terminal domain in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. However, a thorough analysis of the role for Gle1 self-association is lacking. Here, we find that Gle1 self-association is driven by two distinct regions: a coiled-coil domain and a novel ten amino acid aggregation prone region, both of which are necessary for proper Gle1 oligomerization. By exogenous expression in HeLa cells, we tested the function of a series of mutations that impact the oligomerization domains of the Gle1A and Gle1B isoforms. Gle1 oligomerization is necessary for many, but not all aspects of Gle1A and Gle1B function, and the requirements for each interaction domain differ. Whereas the coiled-coil domain and aggregation prone region additively contribute to competent mRNA export and stress granule formation, both self-association domains are independently required for regulation of translation under cellular stress. In contrast, Gle1 self-association is dispensable for phosphorylation and non-stressed translation initiation. Collectively, we reveal self-association functions as an additional mode of Gle1 regulation to ensure proper mRNA export and translation. This work also provides further insight into the mechanisms underlying human gle1 disease mutants found in prenatally lethal forms of arthrogryposis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wente, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.259564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functions of Gle1 are governed by two distinct modes of self-association]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.262857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale phylogeny of Fungi; insights into early evolution, radiations, and the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.23.262857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenomic studies based on genome-scale amounts of data have greatly improved understanding of the tree of life. Despite their diversity, ecological significance, and biomedical and industrial importance, large-scale phylogenomic studies of Fungi are lacking. Furthermore, several evolutionary relationships among major fungal lineages remain controversial, especially those at the base of the fungal phylogeny. To begin filling these gaps and assess progress toward a genome-scale phylogeny of the entire fungal kingdom, we compiled a phylogenomic data matrix of 290 genes from the genomes of 1,644 fungal species that includes representatives from most major fungal lineages; we also compiled 11 additional data matrices by subsampling genes or taxa based on filtering criteria previously shown to improve phylogenomic inference. Analyses of these 12 data matrices using concatenation- and coalescent-based approaches yielded a robust phylogeny of the kingdom in which [~]85% of internal branches were congruent across data matrices and approaches used. We found support for several relationships that have been historically contentious (e.g., for the placement of Wallemiomycotina (Basidiomycota), as sister to Agaricomycotina), as well as evidence for polytomies likely stemming from episodes of ancient diversification (e.g., at the base of Basidiomycota). By examining the relative evolutionary divergence of taxonomic groups of equivalent rank, we found that fungal taxonomy is broadly aligned with genome sequence divergence, but also identified lineages, such as the subphylum Saccharomycotina, where current taxonomic circumscription does not fully account for their high levels of evolutionary divergence. Our results provide a robust phylogenomic framework to explore the tempo and mode of fungal evolution and directions for future fungal phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stajich, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spatafora, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.262857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale phylogeny of Fungi; insights into early evolution, radiations, and the relationship between taxonomy and phylogeny]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.263418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ELAVL1 Exclusively Couples mRNA Stability with the 3'UTRs of Interferon Stimulated Genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.24.263418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upon detection of a pathogen, the innate immune system triggers signaling events leading to the transcription of mRNAs that encode for pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial effectors. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) interact with these functionally critical mRNAs and temporally regulate their fates at the post-transcriptional level. One such RBP is ELAVL1, which is known to bind to introns and 3UTRs. While significant progress has been made in understanding how ELAVL1 regulates mRNAs, how its target repertoire and binding affinity changes within an immunological context remains poorly understood. Here, we overlap four distinct high-throughput approaches to define its cell-type and context-dependent targets and determine its regulatory impact during immune activation. ELAVL1 overwhelmingly binds to intronic sites in a naive state, but during an innate immune response, ELAVL1 targets the 3UTR - binding both previously and newly expressed mRNAs. We find that ELAVL1 mediates the RNA stability of genes that regulate the pathways involved in pathogen sensing and cytokine production. Our findings reveal the importance of examining RBP regulatory impact under dynamic transcriptomic events to best understand their post-transcriptional regulatory roles within specific biological circuitries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rothamel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcos, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.24.263418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ELAVL1 Exclusively Couples mRNA Stability with the 3'UTRs of Interferon Stimulated Genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel cryo-electron tomography structure of Arp2/3 complex in cells reveals mechanisms of branch formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The actin-related protein (Arp)2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filament networks pivotal for cell migration, endocytosis and pathogen infection. Its activation is tightly regulated and involves complex structural rearrangements and actin filament binding, which are yet to be understood. Here, we report a 9.0[A] resolution structure of the actin filament Arp2/3 complex branch junction in cells using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging. This allows us to generate an accurate model of the active Arp2/3 complex in the branch junction and its interaction with actin filaments. Our structure indicates a central role for the ArpC3 subunit in stabilizing the active conformation and suggests that in the branch junction relocation of the ArpC5 N-terminus and the C-terminal tail of Arp3 is important to fix Arp2 and Arp3 in an actin dimer-like conformation. Notably, our model of the branch junction in cells significantly differs from the previous in vitro branch junction model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faessler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimchev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodirnau, V.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schur, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.266262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel cryo-electron tomography structure of Arp2/3 complex in cells reveals mechanisms of branch formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transport mechanism of class-3 P4 ATPase lipid flippases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.25.266742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The P4 ATPases are a large family of membrane-embedded enzymes that use ATP hydrolysis to transport large lipid substrates across lipid bilayers. P4 ATPases differ in their cellular membrane location and their substrates. The structures of the endosome- and Golgi-localized class-1 phosphatidylserine flippases--such as the yeast Drs2 and human ATP8A1--have recently been reported, revealing a substrate binding site on the lumenal side and several transport states. However, a substrate binding site on the cytosolic side has not been found, and the transport mechanisms of P4 ATPases in other classes are still unknown. Here we report a systematic structural and functional study on two plasma-membrane localized, class-3 P4 ATPases that have broader substrate specificity, the S. cerevisiae Dnf1-Lem3 and Dnf2-Lem3 complexes. We have captured substrate lipids on both the exoplasmic and cytosolic sides, and we found that these two enzymes have very similar structures, consistent with their high sequence identity and redundant function. Unexpectedly, Lem3 contributes to substrate binding near the cytosolic surface. We found that the conformational transitions through the substrate transport cycle of these two class-3 enzymes match those of the class-1 enzymes, suggesting a conserved lipid-flipping mechanism among all classes of the P4 ATPases. Our study also revealed a helix-turn-helix insertion in the cytosolic P domain that is unique to the class-3 enzymes and plays a crucial role in their function. Therefore, the P4 ATPases may have retained an overall transport mechanism while evolving distinct features for cellular membrane localization, regulatory mechanisms, and transporting different lipid substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.25.266742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transport mechanism of class-3 P4 ATPase lipid flippases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.265728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated interactions between endothelial cells and macrophages in the islet microenvironment promote beta cell regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.265728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endogenous {beta} cell regeneration could alleviate diabetes, but proliferative stimuli within the islet microenvironment are incompletely understood. We previously found that {beta} cell recovery following hypervascularization-induced {beta} cell loss involves interactions with endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages (M{Phi}s). Here we show that proliferative ECs modulate M{Phi} infiltration and phenotype during {beta} cell loss, and recruited M{Phi}s are essential for {beta} cell recovery. Furthermore, VEGFR2 inactivation in quiescent ECs accelerates islet vascular regression during {beta} cell recovery and leads to increased {beta} cell proliferation without changes in M{Phi} phenotype or number. Transcriptome analysis of {beta} cells, ECs, and M{Phi}s reveals that {beta} cell proliferation coincides with elevated expression of extracellular matrix remodeling molecules and growth factors likely driving activation of proliferative signaling pathways in {beta} cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a new {beta} cell regeneration paradigm whereby coordinated interactions between intra-islet M{Phi}s, ECs, and extracellular matrix mediate {beta} cell self-renewal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aamodt, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkirk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.265728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated interactions between endothelial cells and macrophages in the islet microenvironment promote beta cell regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural analysis of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System Core Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.28.271460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic pathogen that causes the potentially fatal pneumonia Legionnaires Disease. This infection and subsequent pathology require the Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) to deliver effector proteins into host cells. Compared to prototypical T4SSs, the Dot/Icm assembly is much larger, containing ~27 different components including a core complex reported to be composed of five proteins: DotC, DotD, DotF, DotG, and DotH. Using single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we report reconstructions of the core complex of the Dot/Icm T4SS that includes a symmetry mismatch between distinct structural features of the outer membrane cap (OMC) and periplasmic ring (PR). We present models of known core complex proteins, DotC, DotD, and DotH, and two structurally similar proteins within the core complex, DotK and Lpg0657. This analysis reveals the stoichiometry and contact interfaces between the key proteins of the Dot/Icm T4SS core complex and provides a framework for understanding a complex molecular machine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Durie, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheedlo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.28.271460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural analysis of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Type IV Secretion System Core Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Murine intrarectal instillation of purified recombinant C. difficile toxins enables mechanistic studies of pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is linked to nearly 225,000 antibiotic-associated diarrheal infections and almost 13,000 deaths per year in the United States. Pathogenic strains of C. difficile produce toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), which can directly kill cells and induce an inflammatory response in the colonic mucosa. Hirota, et al. first introduced the intrarectal instillation model of intoxication using TcdA and TcdB purified from VPI 10463 and 630 C. difficile strains. Here, we expand this technique by instilling purified, recombinant TcdA and TcdB, which allows for the interrogation of how specifically mutated toxins affect tissue. Mouse colons were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for blinded evaluation and scoring by a board-certified gastrointestinal pathologist. The amount of TcdA or TcdB needed to produce damage was lower than previously reported in vivo and ex vivo. Furthermore, TcdB mutants lacking either endosomal pore-formation or glucosyltransferase activity resemble sham negative controls. Immunofluorescent staining revealed how TcdB initially damages colonic tissue by altering the epithelial architecture closest to the lumen. Tissue sections were also immunostained for markers of acute inflammatory infiltration. These staining patterns were compared with slides from a human C. difficile infection (CDI). The intrarectal instillation mouse model with purified recombinant TcdA and/or TcdB provides the flexibility needed to better understand structure/function relationships across different stages of CDI pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloch, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shupe, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laubacher, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Murine intrarectal instillation of purified recombinant C. difficile toxins enables mechanistic studies of pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are Expressed in the Pancreas but Not in Islet Endocrine Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.275719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractReports of new-onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis in individuals with COVID-19 have led to the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is directly cytotoxic to pancreatic islet {beta} cells. This would require binding and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host {beta} cells via cell surface co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the putative receptor and effector protease, respectively. To define ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in the human pancreas, we examined six transcriptional datasets from primary human islet cells and assessed protein expression by immunofluorescence in pancreata from donors with and without diabetes. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 transcripts were low or undetectable in pancreatic islet endocrine cells as determined by bulk or single cell RNA sequencing, and neither protein was detected in  or {beta} cells from these donors. Instead, ACE2 protein was expressed in the islet and exocrine tissue microvasculature and also found in a subset of pancreatic ducts, whereas TMPRSS2 protein was restricted to ductal cells. The absence of significant ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression in islet endocrine cells reduces the likelihood that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects pancreatic islet {beta} cells through these cell entry proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coate, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasolino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.275719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are Expressed in the Pancreas but Not in Islet Endocrine Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.267112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced synaptic transmission in the extended amygdala and altered excitability in an extended amygdala to brainstem circuit in a Dravet syndrome mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.267112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveDravet syndrome (DS) is a severe, early-onset epilepsy with an increased incidence of sudden death. Evidence of interictal breathing deficits in DS suggest that alterations in subcortical projections to brainstem nuclei may exist, which might be driving comorbidities in DS. The aim of this study was to determine if a subcortical structure, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in the extended amygdala, is activated by seizures, exhibits changes in excitability, and expresses any alterations in neurons projecting to a brainstem nucleus associated with respiration, stress response and homeostasis.

MethodsExperiments were conducted using F1 mice generated by breeding 129.Scn1a+/- mice with wildtype C57BL/6J mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify neuronal c-fos activation in DS mice after observed spontaneous seizures. Whole cell patch clamp and current clamp electrophysiology recordings were conducted to evaluate changes in intrinsic and synaptic excitability in the BNST.

ResultsSpontaneous seizures in DS mice significantly enhanced neuronal c-fos expression in the BNST. Further, the BNST had altered AMPA/NMDA postsynaptic receptor composition and showed changes in spontaneous neurotransmission, with greater excitation and decreased inhibition. BNST to parabrachial nucleus (PBN) projection neurons exhibited intrinsic excitability in wildtype mice, while these projection neurons were hypoexcitable in DS mice.

SignificanceThe findings suggest that there is altered excitability in neurons of the BNST, including BNST to PBN projection neurons, in DS mice. These alterations could potentially be driving comorbid aspects of DS outside of seizures, including respiratory dysfunction and sudden death.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDravet syndrome (DS) is an early-onset epilepsy with an increased risk of sudden death. We determined that there are alterations in a subcortical nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of the extended amygdala, in a murine DS model. The BNST is involved in stress, anxiety, feeding, and respiratory function. We found enhanced activation in the BNST after seizures and alterations in basal synaptic neurotransmission-with enhanced spontaneous excitatory and decreased spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic events. Evaluating those neurons that project to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), a nucleus with multiple homeostatic roles, we found them to be hypoexcitable in DS. Alterations in BNST to brainstem projections could be implicated in comorbid aspects of DS, including respiratory dysfunction and sudden death.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetkovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobis, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.267112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced synaptic transmission in the extended amygdala and altered excitability in an extended amygdala to brainstem circuit in a Dravet syndrome mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.267773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-targeted proteomics of the host-pathogen interface during staphylococcal abscess formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.267773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of invasive and life-threatening infections that are often multi-drug resistant. To develop novel treatment approaches, a detailed understanding of the complex host-pathogen interactions during infection is essential. This is particularly true for the molecular processes that govern the formation of tissue abscesses, as these heterogeneous structures are important contributors to staphylococcal pathogenicity. To fully characterize the developmental process leading to mature abscesses, temporal and spatial analytical approaches are required. Spatially targeted proteomic technologies, such as micro liquid extraction surface analysis, offer insight into complex biological systems including detection of bacterial proteins, and their abundance in the host environment. By analyzing the proteomic constituents of different abscess regions across the course of infection, we defined the immune response and bacterial contribution to abscess development through spatial and temporal proteomic assessment. The information gathered was mapped to biochemical pathways to characterize the metabolic processes and immune strategies employed by the host. These data provide insights into the physiological state of bacteria within abscesses and elucidate pathogenic processes at the host-pathogen interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guiberson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.267773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-targeted proteomics of the host-pathogen interface during staphylococcal abscess formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM reveals species-specific components within the Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system core complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.277012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer is dependent on delivery of CagA into host cells through a type IV secretion system (T4SS). The H. pylori Cag T4SS includes a large membrane-spanning core complex containing 5 proteins, organized into an outer membrane cap (OMC), a periplasmic ring (PR) and a stalk. Here, we report cryo-EM reconstructions of a core complex lacking Cag3 and an improved map of the wild-type complex. We define the structures of two unique species-specific components (Cag3 and CagM) and show that Cag3 is structurally similar to CagT. Unexpectedly, components of the OMC are organized in a 1:1:2:2:5 molar ratio (CagY:CagX:CagT:CagM:Cag3). CagX and CagY are components of both the OMC and the PR and bridge the symmetry mismatch between these regions. These results reveal that assembly of the H. pylori T4SS core complex is dependent on incorporation of interwoven species-specific components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheedlo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawhney, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durie, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cover, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.277012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM reveals species-specific components within the Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system core complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gains and Losses Differentially Regulate Attentional Efficacy and Learning at Low and High Attentional Load 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prospective gains and losses modulate cognitive processing, but it is unresolved whether gains and losses can facilitate flexible learning in changing environments. The prospect of gains might enhance flexible learning through prioritized processing of reward-predicting stimuli but is unclear how far this learning benefit extends when task demands increase. Similarly, experiencing losses might facilitate learning when they trigger attentional re-orienting away from loss-inducing stimuli, but losses may also impair learning by reducing the precise encoding of loss-inducing stimuli. To clarify these divergent views, we tested how varying magnitudes of gains and losses affect the flexible learning of object values in environments that varied attentional load by increasing the number of interfering object features during learning. With this task design we found that larger prospective gains improved learning efficacy and learning speed, but only when attentional load was low. In contrast, expecting losses generally impaired learning efficacy and this impairment was larger at higher attentional load. These findings functionally dissociate the contributions of prospective gains and losses on flexible learning, suggesting they operate via separate control mechanisms. One process is triggered by experiencing loss and seems to disrupt the encoding of specific loss-inducing features which leads to less efficient exploration during learning. The second process is triggered by experiencing gains which enhances learning through a more efficient prioritizing of reward-predicting stimulus features as long as the interference of distracting information is limited. These results demonstrate strengths and limitations of motivational regulation of learning efficacy in multidimensional environments having variable attentional loads.

Significance statementIncreasing the prospective gains is assumed to enhance flexible learning, but there is no consensus on whether imposing losses enhances or impairs flexible learning. We show that anticipating loss of already attained assets generally reduced learning changes in the relevance of visual objects and that this learning impediment is more pronounced when learning demands higher attentional control of interference from distracting object features. Moreover, we show that increasing the prospective gains indeed facilitates learning, but only when the learning problem has intermediate or low attentional demands. These findings document that the beneficial effects of gains hit a limit when task demands increase, and that prospective losses reduce cognitive flexibility already at low task demands which is exacerbated when task demands increase. These findings provide novel insight into the strengths and limitations of gains and of losses to support flexible learning in multidimensional environments imposing variable attentional loads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gains and Losses Differentially Regulate Attentional Efficacy and Learning at Low and High Attentional Load]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SPECIES-DEPENDENT HETEROPHILIC AND HOMOPHILIC CADHERIN INTERACTIONS IN INTESTINAL INTERMICROVILLAR LINKS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterocytes are specialized epithelial cells lining the luminal surface of the small intestine that build densely packed arrays of microvilli known as brush borders. These microvilli drive nutrient absorption and are arranged in a hexagonal pattern maintained by intermicrovillar links formed by two non-classical members of the cadherin superfamily of calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins: protocadherin-24 (PCDH24, also known as CDHR2) and the mucin-like protocadherin (CDHR5). The extracellular domains of these proteins are involved in heterophilic and homophilic interactions important for intermicrovillar function, yet the structural determinants of these interactions remain unresolved. Here we present X-ray crystal structures of the PCDH24 and CDHR5 extracellular tips and analyze their species-specific features relevant for adhesive interactions. In parallel, we use binding assays to identify the PCDH24 and CDHR5 domains involved in both heterophilic and homophilic adhesion for human and mouse proteins. Our results suggest that homophilic and heterophilic interactions involving PCDH24 and CDHR5 are species dependent with unique and distinct minimal adhesive units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotomayor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SPECIES-DEPENDENT HETEROPHILIC AND HOMOPHILIC CADHERIN INTERACTIONS IN INTESTINAL INTERMICROVILLAR LINKS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutagenesis of the Orco Odorant Receptor Co-receptor Impairs Olfactory Function in the Malaria Vector Anopheles coluzzii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosquitoes rely heavily on their olfactory systems for host seeking, selection of oviposition sites, and avoiding predators and other environmental dangers. Of these behaviors, the preferential selection of a human blood-meal host drives the vectorial capacity of anthropophilic female Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are dispersed across several appendages on the head and express an obligate odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) coupled with a "tuning" odorant receptor (OR) to form heteromeric, odor-gated ion channels in the membrane of these neurons. To examine the mechanistic and functional contributions of Orco/OR complexes to the chemosensory processes of An. coluzzii, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create a line of homozygous, Orco-knockout, mutant mosquitoes. As expected, orco-/- ORNs across both adult and larval stages of An. coluzzii display significantly lower background activity and lack nearly all odor-evoked responses. In addition, blood-meal-seeking, adult female, orco- /- mutant mosquitoes exhibit severely reduced attraction to human- and non-human-derived odors while gravid females are significantly less responsive to established oviposition attractants. These results reinforce observations in other insects that Orco is crucial in maintaining the activity of ORNs. In that light, it significantly influences a range of olfactory-driven behaviors central to the anthropophilic host preference that is critical to the vectorial capacity of An. coluzzii as a primary vector for human malaria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutagenesis of the Orco Odorant Receptor Co-receptor Impairs Olfactory Function in the Malaria Vector Anopheles coluzzii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A heterologous in-cell assay for investigating intermicrovillar adhesion complex interactions and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.06.285171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Solute transporting epithelial cells build arrays of microvilli on their apical surface to increase membrane scaffolding capacity and enhance function potential. In epithelial tissues such as the kidney and gut, microvilli are length-matched and assembled into tightly packed  brush borders, which are organized by [~]50 nm thread-like links that form between the distal tips of adjacent protrusions. Composed of protocadherins CDHR2 and CDHR5, adhesion links are stabilized at the tips by a cytoplasmic tripartite module containing the scaffolds USH1C and ANKS4B, and the actin-based motor, MYO7B. As several questions about the formation and function of this  intermicrovillar adhesion complex remain open, we devised a system that allows one to study individual binary interactions between specific complex components and MYO7B. Our approach employs a chimeric myosin consisting of the motor domain of MYO10 fused to the cargo-binding tail domain of MYO7B. When expressed in HeLa cells, which do not normally produce adhesion complex proteins, this motor exhibited robust trafficking to the tips of filopodia and was also able to transport individual components to these sites. Unexpectedly, the MYO10/MYO7B chimera was able to deliver CDHR2 and CDHR5 to distal tips in the absence USH1C or ANKS4B. Cells engineered to localize high levels of CDHR2 at filopodial tips acquired inter-filopodial adhesion and exhibited a striking dynamic length matching activity that aligned distal tips over time. These observations reveal a robust adhesion-dependent mechanism for matching the lengths of adjacent surface protrusions, and may offer insight on how epithelial cells minimize microvillar length variability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weck, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.06.285171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A heterologous in-cell assay for investigating intermicrovillar adhesion complex interactions and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Odor Coding in the Larval Sensory Cone of Anopheles coluzzii: Complex Responses from a Simple System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheles mosquitoes are the sole vectors of malaria and other diseases that represent significant threats to global public health. While adult female mosquitoes are responsible for disease transmission, the pre-adult larval stages of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii and other mosquitoes rely on a broad spectrum of sensory cues to navigate their aquatic habitats efficiently to avoid predators and search for food. Of these, mosquito larvae rely heavily on volatile chemical signals that directly activate their olfactory apparatus. Because most studies on mosquito olfaction focus on adults, a paucity of attention has been given to the larval olfactory system, in which the peripheral components are associated with the sensory cone of the larval antennae. To address this, we have investigated the electrophysiological response profile of the larval sensory cone in Anopheles mosquitoes. We found that the larval sensory cone is particularly tuned to alcohols, thiazoles and heterocyclics. Furthermore, these responses can be assigned to discrete groups of sensory cone neurons with distinctive, dose-dependent odorant-response profiles that also provide larvae with the ability to discriminate among compounds with similar chemical structures. A correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between specific larval chemosensory receptors and the response profiles of sensory cone neuron groups. These studies reveal that the larval sensory cone is a highly sophisticated organ that is sensitive to a broad range of compounds and is capable of a remarkable degree of chemical discrimination. Taken together, this study presents critical insights into olfactory coding processes in An. coluzzii larvae that further our understanding of larval chemical ecology and will contribute to the development of novel larval-based strategies and tools for mosquito control and the reduction of vector-borne disease transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Odor Coding in the Larval Sensory Cone of Anopheles coluzzii: Complex Responses from a Simple System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic, protein-DNA interaction, and metabolomic studies of VosA, VelB, and WetA in Aspergillus nidulans asexual spores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.09.290809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In filamentous fungi, asexual development involves morphological differentiation and metabolic changes leading to the formation of asexual spores. The process of asexual spore formation in Aspergillus is precisely regulated by multiple transcription factors (TFs), including VosA, VelB, and WetA, and these three TFs are key regulators of the formation and maturation of asexual spores (conidia) in Aspergillus including the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. To gain a mechanistic insight on the complex regulatory roles of these TFs in asexual spores, we conducted genome-wide studies on the expression, protein-DNA interactions, and primary and secondary metabolism employing A. nidulans conidia. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing data have revealed that the three TFs directly or indirectly regulate the expression of genes associated with spore-wall formation/integrity, asexual development, and secondary metabolism. In addition, metabolomics analyses of wild-type and mutant conidia indicate that these three TFs regulate a diverse array of primary and secondary metabolism. In summary, WetA, VosA, and VelB play inter-dependent and distinct roles governing morphological development and primary/secondary metabolic remodeling in Aspergillus conidia.

ImportanceFilamentous fungi produce a vast number of asexual spores that act as reproductive and propagator cells. These spores affect humans, due to the infectious or allergenic nature of the propagule. Aspergillus species produce asexual spores called conidia and their formation involves morphological development and metabolic changes, and the associated regulatory systems are coordinated by spore-specific transcription factors. To understand the underlying global regulatory programs and cellular outcomes associated with conidia formation, functional genomic and metabolomic analyses were performed in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Our results show that the fungus specific WetA/VosA/VelB transcription factors govern the coordination of morphological and chemical developments during sporogenesis. The results of this study provide insights into the genetic regulatory networks about how morphological developments and metabolic changes are coordinated in fungi. The findings are relevant for other Aspergillus species such as the major human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the aflatoxin-producer Aspergillus flavus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhaus, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adpressa, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martien, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amador-Noguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesgen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic, protein-DNA interaction, and metabolomic studies of VosA, VelB, and WetA in Aspergillus nidulans asexual spores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A long-range chromatin interaction regulates SATB homeobox 1 gene expression in trophoblast stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.11.294181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SATB homeobox proteins are important regulators of developmental gene expression. Among the stem cell lineages determined during early embryonic development, trophoblast stem (TS) cells exhibit robust SATB expression. Both SATB1 and SATB2 act to maintain trophoblast stem-state. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate TS-specific Satb expression are not yet known. We identified Satb1 variant 2 as the predominant transcript in trophoblasts. Histone marks, and RNA polymerase II occupancy in TS cells indicated active state of the promoter. A novel cis-regulatory region with active histone marks was identified [~]21kbp upstream of variant 2 promoter. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated disruption of this sequence decreased Satb1 expression in TS cells and chromatin conformation capture confirmed looping of this regulatory region into the promoter. Scanning position weight matrices across the enhancer predicted two ELF5 binding sites in close vicinity of SATB1 sites, which were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Knockdown of ELF5 downregulated Satb1 expression in TS cells and overexpression of ELF5 increased the enhancer-reporter activity. Interestingly, ELF5 interacts with SATB1 in TS cells, and the enhancer activity was upregulated following SATB overexpression. Our findings indicate that trophoblast-specific Satb1 expression is regulated by long-range chromatin looping of an enhancer that interacts with ELF5 and SATB proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthi, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borosha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starks, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuteja, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumi, M. A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.11.294181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A long-range chromatin interaction regulates SATB homeobox 1 gene expression in trophoblast stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemical Stabilization of the HIV-1 Capsid Results in Efficient HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.302315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A defining activity of retroviruses is reverse transcription, the process during which the viral genomic RNA is converted into the double strand DNA required for virus replication. Reverse transcriptase (RT), the viral enzyme responsible for this process, was identified in 1970 by assaying permeabilized retrovirus particles for DNA synthesis in vitro. Such reactions are inefficient with only a small fraction of viral genomes being converted to full-length double strand DNA molecules, possibly owing to disruption of the structure of the viral core. Here we show that reverse transcription in purified HIV-1 cores is enhanced by the addition of the capsid-binding host cell metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). IP6 potently enhanced full-length minus strand synthesis, as did hexacarboxybenzene (HCB) which also stabilizes the HIV-1 capsid. Both IP6 and HCB stabilized the association of the viral CA and RT proteins with HIV-1 cores. In contrast to the wild type, cores isolated from mutant HIV-1 particles containing intrinsically hyperstable capsids exhibited efficient reverse transcription in the absence of IP6, further indicating that the compound promotes reverse transcription by stabilizing the viral capsid. Our results show that stabilization of the HIV-1 capsid permits efficient reverse transcription in HIV-1 cores, providing a sensitive experimental system for analyzing the functions of viral and host cell molecules and the role of capsid disassembly (uncoating) in the process.

IMPORTANCEHIV-1 infection requires reverse transcription of the viral genome. While much is known about the biochemistry of reverse transcription from simplified biochemical reactions, reverse transcription during infection takes place within a viral core. However, endogenous reverse transcription reactions using permeabilized virions or purified viral cores have been inefficient. Using viral cores purified from infectious HIV-1 particles, we show that efficient reverse transcription is achieved in vitro by addition of the capsid-stabilizing metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate. Enhancement of reverse transcription was linked to the capsid-stabilizing effect of the compound, consistent with the known requirement for an intact or semi-intact viral capsid for HIV-1 infection. Our results establish a biologically relevant system for dissecting the function of the viral capsid and its disassembly during reverse transcription. The system may also prove useful for mechanistic studies of emerging capsid-targeting antiviral drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jennings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.302315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemical Stabilization of the HIV-1 Capsid Results in Efficient HIV-1 Reverse Transcription in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.304964v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered lipid metabolism marks glioblastoma stem and non-stem cells in separate tumor niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.20.304964v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is marked by cellular heterogeneity, including metabolic heterogeneity, that varies among cellular microenvironments in the same tumor. Altered cellular metabolism in cancer is well-established, but how lipid metabolism is altered to suit different microenvironmental conditions and cellular states within a tumor remains unexplored.

MethodsWe assessed GBM organoid models that mimic the transition zone between nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor pseudopalisading/perinecrotic tumor zones and performed spatial RNA-sequencing of cells to interrogate lipid metabolism. Using targeted lipidomic analysis, we assessed differences in acutely enriched cancer stem cells (CSCs) and non-CSCs from multiple patient-derived models to explore the link between the stem cell state and lipid metabolism.

ResultsSpatial analysis revealed a striking difference in lipid content between microenvironments, with lipid enrichment in the hypoxic organoid cores and the perinecrotic and pseudopalisading regions of primary patient tumors. This was accompanied by regionally restricted upregulation of hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated (HILPDA) gene expression in organoid cores and in clinical GBM specimens, but not lower-grade brain tumors, that was specifically localized to pseudopalisading regions of patient tumors. CSCs have low lipid droplet accumulation compared to non-CSCs in organoid models and xenograft tumors, and prospectively sorted lipid-low GBM cells are functionally enriched for stem cell activity. Targeted lipidomic analysis revealed that CSCs had decreased levels of major classes of neutral lipids compared to non-CSCs but had significantly increased polyunsaturated fatty acid production due to high fatty acid desaturase (FADS1/2) expression.

ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that lipid metabolism is differentially altered across GBM microenvironments and cellular hierarchies, providing guidance for targeting of these altered lipid metabolic pathways.

Key pointsO_LIGBM cells in nutrient-poor tumor regions have increased accumulation of lipid droplets.
C_LIO_LICSCs have reduced lipid content compared to non-CSCs.
C_LIO_LIGBM CSCs and non-CSCs have disparate lipid metabolisms that may be uniquely targetable.
C_LI

Importance of the StudyMetabolic targeting has long been advocated as a therapy against many tumors including GBM, and it remains an outstanding question whether cancer stem cells (CSCs) have altered lipid metabolism. We demonstrated striking differences in lipid metabolism between diverse cell populations from the same patient. These spatially and phenotypically distinct lipid phenotypes occur clinically in the majority of patients and can be recapitulated in laboratory models. Lipidomic analysis of multiple patient-derived models shows a significant shift in lipid metabolism between GBM CSCs and non-CSCs, suggesting that lipid levels may not be simply a product of the microenvironment but also may be a reflection of cellular state. Our results suggest that therapeutic targeting of GBM lipid metabolism must consider multiple separate tumor cell populations to be effective, and we provide a methodologic framework for studying these metabolically diverse cellular populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gromovsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knudsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prager, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penalva, L. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristensen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.20.304964</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered lipid metabolism marks glioblastoma stem and non-stem cells in separate tumor niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.304196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multivariate GWAS elucidates the genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and misuse, corrects biases, and reveals novel associations with disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.304196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), a ten-item screener for alcohol use disorder (AUD), have elucidated novel loci for alcohol consumption and misuse. However, these studies also revealed that GWASs can be influenced by numerous biases (e.g., measurement error, selection bias), which have led to inconsistent genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and AUD, as well as paradoxically negative genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and psychiatric disorders/medical conditions. To explore these unexpected differences in genetic correlations, we conducted the first item-level and largest GWAS of AUDIT items (N=160,824), and applied a multivariate framework to mitigate previous biases. In doing so, we identified novel patterns of similarity (and dissimilarity) among the AUDIT items, and found evidence of a correlated two-factor structure at the genetic level (Consumption and Problems, rg=.80). Moreover, by applying empirically-derived weights to each of the AUDIT items, we constructed an aggregate measure of alcohol consumption that is strongly associated with alcohol dependence (rg=.67) and several other psychiatric disorders, and no longer positively associated with health and positive socioeconomic outcomes. Lastly, by performing polygenic analyses in three independent cohorts that differed in their ascertainment and prevalence of AUD, we identified novel genetic associations between alcohol consumption, alcohol misuse, and human health. Our work further emphasizes the value of AUDIT for both clinical and genetic studies of AUD, and the importance of using multivariate methods to study genetic associations that are more closely related to AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anokhin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Geus, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.304196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multivariate GWAS elucidates the genetic architecture of alcohol consumption and misuse, corrects biases, and reveals novel associations with disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia uncouples HIF gene transcription and metabolic flux in proliferating primary cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia requires metabolic adaptations to sustain energetically demanding cellular activities. While the metabolic consequences of hypoxia have been studied extensively in cancer cell models, comparatively little is known about the metabolic response of primary cells to hypoxia. We performed metabolic flux analyses of proliferating human lung fibroblasts and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in hypoxia. Unexpectedly, hypoxia decreased glycolytic flux despite activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and increased glycolytic enzyme expression. Pharmacologic activation of HIF with the prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor molidustat in normoxia did increase glycolytic flux, but hypoxia abrogated this effect. Multi-omic profiling revealed distinct molecular responses to hypoxia and pharmacologic PHD inhibition and suggested a critical role for MYC in modulating the HIF response in hypoxia. MYC knockdown in hypoxia increased lactate efflux, while MYC overexpression in normoxia blunted the effects of molidustat treatment. Together, these data suggest that other factors, notably MYC, supersede the anticipated effects of HIF-dependent up-regulation of glycolytic gene expression on glycolytic flux in hypoxic proliferating primary cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Copeland, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olenchock, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loscalzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldham, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia uncouples HIF gene transcription and metabolic flux in proliferating primary cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insufficient Eye Tracking Data Leads to Errors in Evaluating Typical and Atypical Fixation Preferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eye tracking provides insights into social processing and its deficits in disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially in conjunction with dynamic, naturalistic stimuli. However, reliance on manual stimuli segmentation severely limits scalability. We assessed how the amount of available data impacts individual reliability of fixation preference for different facial features, and the effect of this reliability on between-group differences. We trained an artificial neural network to segment 22 Hollywood movie clips (7410 frames). We then analyzed fixation preferences in typically developing participants and participants with ASD as we incrementally introduced movie data for analysis. Although fixations were initially variable, results stabilized as more data was added. Additionally, while those with ASD displayed significantly fewer face-centered fixations (p<.001), they did not differ in eye or mouth fixations. Our results highlight the validity of treating fixation preferences as a stable individual trait, and the risk of misinterpretation with insufficient data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reimann, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csumitta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClure, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insufficient Eye Tracking Data Leads to Errors in Evaluating Typical and Atypical Fixation Preferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.295550v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Granulosa cell genes that regulate ovarian follicle development beyond the antral stage: the role of estrogen receptor β 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.25.295550v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Follicle development beyond the preantral stage is dependent on gonadotropins. FSH signaling is crucial for the advancement of preantral follicles to the antral stage, and LH signaling is essential for further maturation of preovulatory follicles. Estrogen is intricately tied to gonadotropin signaling during the advanced stages of folliculogenesis. We observed that Er{beta}null ovarian follicles fail to develop beyond the antral stage, even after exogenous gonadotropin stimulation. As ER{beta} is primarily expressed in the granulosa cells (GCs), we explored the gonadotropin-regulated GC genes that induce maturation of antral follicles. Synchronized follicle development was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropins to wildtype 4-wk-old female rats. The GC transcriptome was analyzed via RNA-sequencing before and after gonadotropin stimulation. An Er{beta}null mutant model that fails to show follicle maturation was also included in order to identify the ER{beta}-regulated genes involved at this step. We observed that specific groups of genes were differentially expressed in response to PMSG or hCG administration in wildtype rats. While some of the PMSG or hCG-induced genes showed a similar expression pattern in Er{beta}null GCs, a subset of PMSG- or hCG-induced genes showed a differential expression in Er{beta}null GCs. These latter ER{beta}-regulated genes included previously known FSH or LH target genes including Lhcgr, Cyp11a1, Cyp19a1, Pgr, Runx2, Egfr, Kiss1, and Ptgs2, which are involved in follicle development, oocyte maturation, and ovulation. We also identified novel ER{beta}-regulated genes including Jaml, Galnt6, Znf750, Dusp9, Wnt16, and Mageb16 that failed to respond to gonadotropin stimulation in Er{beta}null GCs. Our findings indicate that the gonadotropin-induced spatiotemporal pattern of gene expression is essential for ovarian follicle maturation beyond the antral stage. However, expression of a subset of those gonadotropin-induced genes is dependent on transcriptional regulation by ER{beta}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthi, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borosha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roby, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rumi, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.25.295550</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Granulosa cell genes that regulate ovarian follicle development beyond the antral stage: the role of estrogen receptor β]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning at variable attentional load requires cooperation between working memory, meta-learning and attention-augmented reinforcement learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Flexible learning of changing reward contingencies can be realized with different strategies. A fast learning strategy involves using working memory of recently rewarded objects to guide choices. A slower learning strategy uses prediction errors to gradually update value expectations to improve choices. How the fast and slow strategies work together in scenarios with real-world stimulus complexity is not well known. Here, we disentangle their relative contributions in rhesus monkeys while they learned the relevance of object features at variable attentional load. We found that learning behavior across six subjects is consistently best predicted with a model combining (i) fast working memory (ii) slower reinforcement learning from differently weighted positive and negative prediction errors, as well as (iii) selective suppression of non-chosen feature values and (iv) a meta-learning mechanism adjusting exploration rates based on a memory trace of recent errors. These mechanisms cooperate differently at low and high attentional loads. While working memory was essential for efficient learning at lower attentional loads, enhanced weighting of negative prediction errors and meta-learning were essential for efficient learning at higher attentional loads. Together, these findings pinpoint a canonical set of learning mechanisms and demonstrate how they cooperate when subjects flexibly adjust to environments with variable real-world attentional demands.

Significance statementLearning which visual features are relevant for achieving our goals is challenging in real-world scenarios with multiple distracting features and feature dimensions. It is known that in such scenarios learning benefits significantly from attentional prioritization. Here we show that beyond attention, flexible learning uses a working memory system, a separate learning gain for avoiding negative outcomes, and a meta-learning process that adaptively increases exploration rates whenever errors accumulate. These subcomponent processes of cognitive flexibility depend on distinct learning signals that operate at varying timescales, including the most recent reward outcome (for working memory), memories of recent outcomes (for adjusting exploration), and reward prediction errors (for attention augmented reinforcement learning). These results illustrate the specific mechanisms that cooperate during cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning at variable attentional load requires cooperation between working memory, meta-learning and attention-augmented reinforcement learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring effects of trainee professional development on research productivity: A cross-institutional meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.316422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PhD-trained scientists are essential contributors to the workforce in diverse employment sectors that include academia, industry, government, and non-profit organizations. Hence, best practices for training the future biomedical workforce are of national concern. Complementing coursework and laboratory research training, many institutions now offer professional training that enables career exploration and develops a broad set of skills critical to various career paths. The National Institutes of Health funded academic institutions to design innovative programming to enable this professional development through a mechanism known as Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST). Programming at the BEST awardee institutions included career panels, skill-building workshops, job-searching workshops, site visits, and internships. An initial concern was since doctoral training is lengthy and requires focused attention on dissertation research, having students participate in additional complementary training activities might lengthen time to degree and hamper student research productivity. To address this concern, using time to degree and publication records as measures of efficiency and productivity, metrics were analyzed from ten BEST awardee institutions. Comparing doctoral students who participated to those who did not, results revealed that across these diverse academic institutions, there were no differences in time to degree or manuscript output. Furthermore, a few institutions even demonstrated a positive correlation between participation in career and professional development activities and productivity. Our findings suggest that doctoral students should be encouraged to participate in career and professional development opportunities to ensure their preparedness for a variety of diverse and important careers in the workforce.

Significance StatementOur study is unique in that it compiled doctoral degree durations at ten different universities, recorded individual participation in career and professional development activities in terms of dosage, and tracked individual engagement in real-time rather than relying on surveys sent to trainees after graduation. Participation in career and professional development activities, including internships, did not decrease efficiency or productivity. Our findings suggest that doctoral students should be encouraged to participate in career and professional development opportunities to ensure their preparedness for a variety of diverse and important careers in the workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolgioni-Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fruman, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmquist, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennwald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.316422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring effects of trainee professional development on research productivity: A cross-institutional meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon limits Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.28.317107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The innate immune response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection culminates in forming an abscess that prevents the bacterial spread and tissue damage. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) dictate the balance between microbial control and tissue damage. Therefore, intracellular brakes are of fundamental importance to tune the appropriate host defense while preventing injury. The intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1); is a classic JAK/STAT inhibitor that prevents PRR responses by influencing the expression and actions of PRR adaptors and downstream effectors. Whether SOCS-1 is a molecular component of skin host defense remains to be determined. Here, we hypothesized that SOCS-1 decreases type I interferon production and IFNAR-mediated antimicrobial effector functions of the inflammatory response during MRSA skin infection. Our data show that MRSA skin infection enhances SOCS-1 expression, and both SOCS-1 inhibitor peptide treated and myeloid-specific SOCS-1 deficient mice display decreased lesion size, bacterial loads, and increased abscess thickness when compared to wild-type mice treated or not with scrambled peptide control. SOCS-1 deletion/inhibition increases phagocytosis and bacterial killing, dependent on nitric oxide release. SOCS-1 inhibition also increases antimicrobial effector function correlated with type I and type II interferon levels in vivo. IFNAR deletion and antibody blockage abolished the beneficial effects of SOCS-1 inhibition in vivo. Notably, we unveiled that hyperglycemia triggers aberrant SOCS-1 expression that correlates with decreased overall IFN signatures in the skin. SOCS-1 inhibition restores skin host defense in highly susceptible hyperglycemic mice. Overall, these data demonstrate a role for type I interferons in enhancing microbial clearance and host defense during MRSA skin infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klopsfenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.28.317107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon limits Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.322735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A patient-designed tissue-engineered model of the infiltrative glioblastoma microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.322735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain cancer characterized by diffuse infiltration. Infiltrated glioma cells persist in the brain post-resection where they interact with glial cells and experience interstitial fluid flow. We recreate this infiltrative microenvironment in vitro based on resected patient tumors and examine malignancy metrics (invasion, proliferation, and stemness) in the context of cellular and biophysical factors and therapies. Our 3D tissue-engineered model comprises patient-derived glioma stem cells, human astrocytes and microglia, and interstitial fluid flow. We found flow contributes to all outcomes across seven patient-derived lines, and glial effects are driven by CCL2 and differential glial activation. We conducted a six-drug screen using four outcomes and find expression of putative stemness marker CD71, opposed to viability IC50, significantly predicts murine xenograft survival. Our results dispute the paradigm of viability as predictive of drug efficacy. We posit this patient-centric, infiltrative tumor model is a novel advance towards translational personalized medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cornelison, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrosky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloomfield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwager, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bafakih, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandell, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purow, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.322735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A patient-designed tissue-engineered model of the infiltrative glioblastoma microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324301v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Non-Canonical NF-κB Signaling as a Potent Regulator of Density-dependent Proliferation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.02.324301v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells possess intrinsic mechanisms to maintain an appropriate cell density for normal tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Defects in such mechanisms likely contribute to hyperplasia and cancer initiation. To identify genes that regulate the density-dependent proliferation of murine mammary epithelial cells, we developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay based on FUCCI, which marks different stages of the cell cycle with distinct fluorophores. Using this powerful assay, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen, selecting for cells that proliferate normally at low density but continue to divide at high density. Unexpectedly, one top hit was Traf3, a negative regulator of NF-{kappa}B signaling that has never previously been linked to density-dependent proliferation. We demonstrate that loss of Traf3 specifically activates non-canonical NF-{kappa}B signaling. This in turn triggers an innate immune response and drives cell division independently of known density-dependent proliferation mechanisms, including YAP/TAZ signaling and cyclin kinase inhibitors, by blocking entry into quiescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fomicheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.02.324301</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Non-Canonical NF-κB Signaling as a Potent Regulator of Density-dependent Proliferation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-antibody (504B3)validation by free-solution assay and interferometry identifies off-target binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.327122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody specificity and sensitivity is required in basic and clinical research for ensuring scientific rigor and reproducibility, while off-target cross-reactivity could generate erroneous conclusions. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid being targeted clinically by antibody strategies. Here, we reexamined binding properties of a commercially available monoclonal antibody (504B3) reported as specific for LPA using a free-solution assay measured in a compensated interferometric reader. The antibody showed comparable binding affinities to LPA and non-LPA lipids including phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). These results may alter conclusions drawn from current and past basic and clinical studies employing anti-LPA antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kihara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornhop, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.327122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-antibody (504B3)validation by free-solution assay and interferometry identifies off-target binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.321083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tractography dissection variability: what happens when 42 groups dissect 14 white matter bundles on the same dataset? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.321083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same intended white matter pathways, which directly affects tractography results, quantification, and interpretation. In this study, we aim to evaluate and quantify the variability that arises from different protocols for bundle segmentation. Through an open call to users of fiber tractography, including anatomists, clinicians, and algorithm developers, 42 independent teams were given processed sets of human whole-brain streamlines and asked to segment 14 white matter fascicles on six subjects. In total, we received 57 different bundle segmentation protocols, which enabled detailed volume-based and streamline-based analyses of agreement and disagreement among protocols for each fiber pathway. Results show that even when given the exact same sets of underlying streamlines, the variability across protocols for bundle segmentation is greater than all other sources of variability in the virtual dissection process, including variability within protocols and variability across subjects. In order to foster the use of tractography bundle dissection in routine clinical settings, and as a fundamental analytical tool, future endeavors must aim to resolve and reduce this heterogeneity. Although external validation is needed to verify the anatomical accuracy of bundle dissections, reducing heterogeneity is a step towards reproducible research and may be achieved through the use of standard nomenclature and definitions of white matter bundles and well-chosen constraints and decisions in the dissection process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael-Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischi-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo-Pineda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granziera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innocenti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiran, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wastling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cocozza, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petracca, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pontillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakharia, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzanedo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Morales, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Melian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calamante, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeen, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korobova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambili Vijayakumari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.321083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tractography dissection variability: what happens when 42 groups dissect 14 white matter bundles on the same dataset?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing of oncogenic KRAS by mutant-selective small interfering RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.331835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene are well-established drivers of cancer. While the recently developed KRASG12C inhibitors offer a targeted KRAS therapy and have shown success in the clinic, KRASG12C represents only 11% of all KRAS mutations. Current therapeutic approaches for all other KRAS mutations are both indirect and non-mutant-selective, largely focusing on inhibition of downstream KRAS effectors such as MAP kinases. Inhibition of KRAS downstream signaling results in a system-wide down-modulation of the respective targets, raising concerns about systemic cell toxicity. Here, we describe a custom short interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotide (EFTX-D1) designed to preferentially bind mRNA of the most commonly occurring KRAS missense mutations in codons 12 and 13. We determined that EFTX-D1 preferentially reduced the mutant KRAS sequence versus wild-type at the levels of both transcription and translation, and reversed oncogenic KRAS-induced morphologic and growth transformation. Furthermore, EFTX-D1 significantly impaired the proliferation of several KRAS mutant cancer cell lines in 2-D as well as 3-D assays. Taken together, our data indicate a novel use of RNA interference (RNAi) to target oncogenic KRAS-driven cancers specifically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azam, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Swearingen, A. E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Ford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallan, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Der, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecot, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing of oncogenic KRAS by mutant-selective small interfering RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated quality control and cell identification of droplet-based single-cell data using dropkick 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.08.332288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge for droplet-based single-cell sequencing technologies is distinguishing true cells from uninformative barcodes in datasets with disparate library sizes confounded by high technical noise (i.e. batch-specific ambient RNA). We present dropkick, a fully automated software tool for quality control and filtering of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data with a focus on excluding ambient barcodes and recovering real cells bordering the quality threshold. By automatically determining dataset-specific training labels based on predictive global heuristics, dropkick learns a gene-based representation of real cells and ambient noise, calculating a cell probability score for each barcode. Using simulated and real-world scRNA-seq data, we benchmarked dropkick against a conventional thresholding approach and EmptyDrops, a popular computational method, demonstrating greater recovery of rare cell types and exclusion of empty droplets and noisy, uninformative barcodes. We show for both low and high-background datasets that dropkicks weakly supervised model reliably learns which genes are enriched in ambient barcodes and draws a multidimensional boundary that is more robust to dataset-specific variation than existing filtering approaches. dropkick provides a fast, automated tool for reproducible cell identification from scRNA-seq data that is critical to downstream analysis and compatible with popular single-cell analysis Python packages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.332288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated quality control and cell identification of droplet-based single-cell data using dropkick]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clock proteins regulate spatiotemporal organization of clock genes to control circadian rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.333732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks regulate [~]24 hour oscillations in gene expression, behavior, and physiology. While the molecular and neural mechanisms of circadian rhythms are well characterized, how cellular organization of clock components controls circadian clock regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidate how clock proteins regulate circadian rhythms by controlling the spatiotemporal organization of clock genes. Using high-resolution live imaging techniques we demonstrate that Drosophila clock proteins are concentrated in a few discrete foci and are organized at the nuclear envelope; these results are in contrast to longstanding expectations that clock proteins are diffusely distributed in the nucleus. We also show that clock protein foci are highly dynamic and change in number, size, and localization over the circadian cycle. Further, we demonstrate that clock genes are positioned at the nuclear periphery by the clock proteins precisely during the circadian repression phase, suggesting that subnuclear localization of clock genes plays an important role in the control of rhythmic gene expression. Finally, we show that Lamin B receptor, a nuclear envelope protein, is required for peripheral localization of clock protein foci and clock genes and for normal circadian rhythms. These results reveal that clock proteins form dynamic nuclear foci and play a hitherto unexpected role in the subnuclear reorganization of clock genes to control circadian rhythms, identifying a novel mechanism of circadian regulation. Our results further suggest a new role for clock protein foci in the clustering of clock-regulated genes during the repression phase to control gene co-regulation and circadian rhythms.

SIGNIFICANCEAlmost all living organisms have evolved circadian clocks to tell time. Circadian clocks regulate [~]24-hour oscillations in gene expression, behavior and physiology. Here, we reveal the surprisingly sophisticated spatiotemporal organization of clock proteins and clock genes and its critical role in circadian clock function. We show, in contrast to current expectations, that clock proteins are concentrated in a few discrete, dynamic nuclear foci at the nuclear envelope during the repression phase. Further, we uncovered several unexpected features of clock protein foci, including their role in positioning the clock genes at the nuclear envelope precisely during the repression phase to enable circadian rhythms. These studies provide fundamental new insights into the cellular mechanisms of circadian rhythms and establish direct links between nuclear organization and circadian clocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadlapalli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.09.333732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clock proteins regulate spatiotemporal organization of clock genes to control circadian rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.324152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of the first selective M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists with in vivo anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.324152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-selective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that broadly inhibit all five mAChR subtypes provide an efficacious treatment for some movement disorders, including Parkinson disease and dystonia. Despite their efficacy in these and other central nervous system disorders, anti-muscarinic therapy has limited utility due to severe adverse effects that often limit their tolerability by patients. Recent advances in understanding the roles that each mAChR subtype plays in disease pathology suggest that highly selective ligands for individual subtypes may underlie the anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy observed with the use of non-selective anti-muscarinic therapeutics. Our recent work has indicated that the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has several important roles in opposing aberrant neurotransmitter release, intracellular signaling pathways, and brain circuits associated with movement disorders. This raises the possibility that selective antagonists of M4 may recapitulate the efficacy of non-selective anti-muscarinic therapeutics and may decrease or eliminate the adverse effects associated with these drugs. However, this has not been directly tested due to lack of selective antagonists of M4. Here we utilize genetic mAChR knockout animals in combination with non-selective mAChR antagonists to confirm that the M4 receptor underlies the locomotor-stimulating and anti-parkinsonian efficacy in rodent models. We also report the synthesis, discovery, and characterization of the first-in-class selective M4 antagonists VU6013720, VU6021302, and VU6021625 and confirm that these optimized compounds have anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy in pharmacological and genetic models of movement disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moehle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donsante, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryany, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridges, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niswender, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.324152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of the first selective M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists with in vivo anti-parkinsonian and anti-dystonic efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dominant-negative variant in the dopamine transporter PDZ-binding motif is linked to parkinsonism and neuropsychiatric disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopaminergic dysfunction is central to movement disorders and mental diseases. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is essential for the regulation of extracellular dopamine but the genetic and mechanistic link between DAT function and dopamine-related pathologies remains elusive. Particularly, the pathophysiological significance of monoallelic missense mutations in DAT is unknown. Here we identify a novel coding DAT variant, DAT-K619N, in a patient with early-onset parkinsonism and comorbid neuropsychiatric disease and in 22 individuals from exome-sequenced samples of neuropsychiatric patients. The variant localizes to the critical C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of DAT and causes reduced uptake capacity, decreased surface expression, and accelerated turnover of DAT in vitro. In vivo, we demonstrate that expression of DAT-K619N in mice and dropsophila imposes impairments in dopamine transmission with accompanying changes in dopamine-directed behaviors. Importantly, both cellular studies and viral overexpression of DAT-K619N in mice show that DAT-K619N has a dominant-negative effect which collectively implies that a single dominant-negative genetic DAT variant can confer risk for neuropsychiatric disease and neurodegenerative early-onset parkinsonism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herborg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arends, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posselt, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lund, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erreger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rickhag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lycas, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonsdale, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahbek-Clemmensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loekkegaard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaerulff, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthies, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjermind, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gether, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dominant-negative variant in the dopamine transporter PDZ-binding motif is linked to parkinsonism and neuropsychiatric disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myofibrillar Structural Variability Underlies Contractile Function in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.336685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disease modeling and pharmaceutical testing using cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC-CMs) requires accurate assessment of contractile function. Micropatterning iPSC-CMs on elastic substrates controls cell shape and alignment to enable contractile studies, but determinants of intrinsic variability in this system have been incompletely characterized. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of myofibrillar structure on contractile function in iPSC-CMs. Automated analysis of micropatterned iPSC-CMs labeled with a cell permeant F-actin dye revealed that myofibrillar abundance is widely variable among iPSC-CMs and strongly correlates with contractile function. This variability is not reduced by subcloning from single iPSCs and is independent of iPSC-CM purification method. Controlling for myofibrillar structure reduces false positive findings related to batch effect and improves sensitivity for pharmacologic testing and disease modeling. This analysis provides compelling evidence that myofibrillar structure should be assessed concurrently in studies investigating contractile function in iPSC-CMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ufford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbs, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsan, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielas, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helms, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.13.336685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myofibrillar Structural Variability Underlies Contractile Function in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergence of a common solution to broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap directed human antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.14.340026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies that target the glycan cap epitope on ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) are common in the adaptive response of survivors. A subset is known to be broadly neutralizing, but the details of their epitopes and basis for neutralization is not well-understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of several glycan cap antibodies that variably synergize with GP base-binding antibodies. These structures describe a conserved site of vulnerability that anchors the mucin-like domains (MLD) to the glycan cap, which we name the MLD-anchor and cradle. Antibodies that bind to the MLD-cradle share common features, including the use of IGHV1-69 and IGHJ6 germline genes, which exploit hydrophobic residues and form beta-hairpin structures to mimic the MLD-anchor, disrupt MLD attachment, destabilize GP quaternary structure and block cleavage events required for receptor binding. Our results collectively provide a molecular basis for ebolavirus neutralization by broadly reactive glycan cap antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murin, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilinykh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunh, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkutkar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flyak, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukreyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.14.340026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergence of a common solution to broad ebolavirus neutralization by glycan cap directed human antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.339663v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emergence of prefrontal neuron maturation properties by training recurrent neural networks in cognitive tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.339663v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory and response inhibition are functions that mature relatively late in life, after adolescence, paralleling the maturation of the prefrontal cortex. The link between behavioral and neural maturation is not obvious, however, making it challenging to understand how neural activity underlies the maturation of cognitive function. To gain insights into the nature of observed changes in prefrontal activity between adolescence and adulthood, we investigated the progressive changes in unit activity of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) as they were trained to perform working memory and response inhibition tasks. These included increased delay period activity during working memory tasks, and increased activation in antisaccade tasks. These findings reveal universal properties underlying the neuronal computations behind cognitive tasks and explicate the nature of changes that occur as the result of developmental maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.339663</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emergence of prefrontal neuron maturation properties by training recurrent neural networks in cognitive tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.341248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct visualization of epithelial microvilli biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.341248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvilli are actin bundle supported surface protrusions that play essential roles in diverse epithelial cell functions. To develop our understanding of microvilli biogenesis, we used live imaging to directly visualize protrusion growth at early stages of epithelial differentiation. Time-lapse data revealed that an "initiation complex" enriched in EPS8 and IRTKS appears at future sites of microvillus growth minutes before core actin bundle assembly. Elongation of a new core bundle occurs in parallel with the arrival of EZRIN and plasma membrane encapsulation. In addition to de novo growth, we also observed that new microvilli emerge from pre-existing protrusions. Additionally, we found that new microvilli can also collapse, characterized first by loss of membrane wrapping and Ezrin enrichment, followed by a sharp decrease in distal tip EPS8 and IRTKS. These studies are the first to offer a temporally resolved microvillus growth mechanism and highlight critical factors that drive this process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaeta, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postema, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cencer, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.341248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct visualization of epithelial microvilli biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular determinants for α-tubulin methylation by SETD2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.349365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications to tubulin are important for many microtubule-based functions inside cells. A recently identified tubulin modification, methylation, occurs on mitotic spindle microtubules during cell division, and is enzymatically added to tubulin by the histone methyltransferase SETD2. We used a truncated version of human SETD2 (tSETD2) containing the catalytic SET and C-terminal Set2 Rpb1 interacting (SRI) domains to investigate the biochemical mechanism of tubulin methylation. We found that recombinant tSETD2 has a higher activity towards tubulin dimers than polymerized microtubules. Using recombinant single-isotype tubulin, we demonstrate that methylation is restricted to lysine 40 (K40) of -tubulin. We then introduced pathogenic mutations into tSETD2 to probe the recognition of histone and tubulin substrates. A mutation in the catalytic domain, R1625C, bound to tubulin but could not methylate it whereas a mutation in the SRI domain, R2510H, caused loss of both tubulin binding and methylation. We thus further probed a role for the SRI domain in substrate binding and found that mutations within this region had differential effects on the ability of tSETD2 to bind to tubulin versus RNA Polymerase II substrates, suggesting distinct mechanisms for tubulin and histone methylation by SETD2. Lastly, we found that substrate recognition also requires the negatively-charged C-terminal tail of -tubulin. Together, this work provides a framework for understanding how SETD2 serves as a dual methyltransferase for histone and tubulin methylation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kearns, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, I. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhey, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.349365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular determinants for α-tubulin methylation by SETD2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Training-induced prefrontal neuronal changes transfer between tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Training to improve working memory is associated with changes in prefrontal activation and confers lasting benefits, some of which generalize to untrained tasks, though the issue remains contentious and the neural substrate underlying such transfer are unknown. To assess how neural activity changes induced by training transfer across tasks, we recorded single units, multi-unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFP) with chronic electrode arrays implanted in the prefrontal cortex of two monkeys, as they were trained to perform cognitive tasks. Mastering different tasks was associated with distinct changes in neural activity, which included redistribution of power across frequency bands in the LFP, recruitment of larger numbers of MUA sites, and increase or decrease of mean neural activity across single units. In every training phase, changes induced by the actively learned task transferred to an untrained control task, which remained the same across the training period. The results explicate the neural basis through which training can transfer across cognitive tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Training-induced prefrontal neuronal changes transfer between tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bacterial Signaling Network Controls Antibiotic Resistance by Regulating Anaplerosis of 2-oxoglutarate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.22.351270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibiotic resistance has become a global threat. In addition to acquiring resistance via horizontal gene transfer, bacteria can evade killing by temporarily modifying their cell envelope to prevent antibiotic-bacterial interactions. A critical gap in knowledge is how bacteria balance the metabolic needs of altering the cell envelope with the constant need to generate energy. Cross-regulation between two signaling networks in Escherichia coli increases resistance to positively charged antibiotics. We show that increased resistance is supported by metabolic re-wiring controlled by the QseB transcription factor. QseB controls the increase in 2-oxoglutarate required for lipid A modification, by upregulating three anaplerotic pathways that feed acetyl Co-A, succinate and fumarate into the TCA cycle. Exogenous addition of 2-oxoglutarate restores antibiotic resistance in the qseB deletion mutant. Antibiotic resistant clinical isolates bear mutations within QseB-mediated anaplerotic pathways. These findings are significant, because they uncover a previously unknown mechanism of metabolic control of antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurst, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebout, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mersfelder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guckes, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.22.351270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bacterial Signaling Network Controls Antibiotic Resistance by Regulating Anaplerosis of 2-oxoglutarate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional silencing of ALDH2 in acute myeloid leukemia confers a dependency on Fanconi anemia proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hundreds of genes become aberrantly silenced in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with most of these epigenetic changes being of unknown functional consequence. Here, we demonstrate how gene silencing can lead to an acquired dependency on the DNA repair machinery in AML. We make this observation by profiling the essentiality of the ubiquitin conjugation and ligation machinery in cancer cell lines using domain-focused CRISPR screening, which revealed Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins UBE2T (an E2) and FANCL (an E3) as unique dependencies in AML. We demonstrate that these dependencies are due to a synthetic lethal interaction between FA proteins and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), which function in parallel pathways to counteract the genotoxic effects of endogenous aldehydes. We provide evidence that DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of ALDH2 occur in a recurrent manner in human AML patient samples, which is sufficient to confer FA pathway dependency in this disease. Taken together, our study suggests that targeting of the ubiquitination reaction catalyzed by FA proteins can eliminate ALDH2-deficient AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingbeil, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerdash, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smogorzewska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakoc, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional silencing of ALDH2 in acute myeloid leukemia confers a dependency on Fanconi anemia proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SETD2 regulates the methylation of translation elongation factor eEF1A1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SET domain-containing protein 2 (SETD2) is commonly mutated in renal cell carcinoma. SETD2 methylates histone H3 as well as a growing list of non-histone proteins. To explore SETD2-dependent regulation of the kidney cancer proteome, we performed a systems-wide analysis of protein lysine-methylation and expression in wild type (WT) and SETD2-knock out (KO) kidney cells. We observed decreased lysine methylation of the translation elongation factor eEF1A1. EEF1AKMT2 and EEF1AKMT3 are known to methylate eEF1A1, and we show here that their expression is dependent on SET-domain function of SETD2. Globally, we observe differential expression of hundreds of proteins in WT versus SETD2-KO cells, including increased expression of many involved in protein translation. Finally, we observe decreased progression free survival and loss of EEF1AKMT2 gene expression in SETD2-mutated tumors. Overall, these data suggest that SETD2-mutated ccRCC, via loss of enzymetic function of the SET domain, displays dysregulation of protein translation as a potentially important component of the transformed phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hapke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haake, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.354902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SETD2 regulates the methylation of translation elongation factor eEF1A1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubules and Gαo-signaling independently regulate the preferential secretion of newly synthesized insulin granules in pancreatic islet β cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For sustainable function, each pancreatic islet {beta} cell maintains thousands of insulin granules (IGs) at all times. Glucose stimulation induces the secretion of a small portion of these IGs and simultaneously triggers IG biosynthesis to sustain this stock. The failure of these processes, often induced by sustained high-insulin output, results in type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, newly synthesized IGs are more likely secreted during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The older IGs tend to lose releasability and be degraded, which represents a futile metabolic load that can sensitize {beta} cells to workload-induced dysfunction and even death. Here, we examine the factor(s) that allows the preferential secretion of younger IGs. We show that {beta} cells without either microtubules (MTs) or Go signaling secrete a bigger portion of older IGs, which is associated with increased IG docking on plasma membrane. Yet Go inactivation does not alter the {beta}-cell MT network. These findings suggest that Go and MT regulate the preferential release of newer IGs via parallel pathways and provide two potential models to further explore the underlying mechanisms and physiological significance of this regulation in functional {beta} cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.354936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubules and Gαo-signaling independently regulate the preferential secretion of newly synthesized insulin granules in pancreatic islet β cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356196v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activating mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors rescues schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits through metaplastic adaptations within the hippocampus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356196v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPolymorphisms in GRM3, the gene encoding the mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptor, are associated with impaired cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Limited availability of selective genetic and molecular tools has hindered progress in developing a clear understanding of the mechanisms through which mGlu3 receptors regulate synaptic plasticity and cognition.

MethodsWe examined associative learning in mice with trace fear conditioning, a hippocampal-dependent learning task disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. Underlying cellular mechanisms were assessed using ex vivo hippocampal slice preparations with selective pharmacological tools and selective genetic deletion of mGlu3 receptor expression in specific neuronal subpopulations.

ResultsmGlu3 receptor activation enhanced trace fear conditioning and reversed deficits induced by subchronic phencyclidine. Mechanistic studies revealed that mGlu3 receptor activation induced metaplastic changes, biasing afferent stimulation to induce long-term potentiation through a mGlu5 receptor-dependent, endocannabinoid-mediated, disinhibitory mechanism. Selective genetic deletion of either mGlu3 or mGlu5 from hippocampal pyramidal cells eliminated effects of mGlu3 activation, revealing a novel mechanism by which mGlu3 and mGlu5 interact to enhance cognitive function.

ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that activation of mGlu3 receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells enhances hippocampal-dependent cognition in control and impaired mice by inducing a novel form of metaplasticity to regulate circuit function - providing a clear mechanism through which genetic variation in GRM3 can contribute to cognitive deficits. Developing approaches to positively modulate mGlu3 receptor function represents an encouraging new avenue for treating cognitive disruption in schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dogra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stansley, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogliotti, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicoletti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niswender, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356196</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activating mGlu3 metabotropic glutamate receptors rescues schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits through metaplastic adaptations within the hippocampus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-based knockin mutagenesis of the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1; optimization of strategies for multi-allelic proteins in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.356824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise genome engineering of living cells has been revolutionized by the introduction of the highly specific and easily programmable properties of CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This has greatly accelerated research into human health and has facilitated the discovery of novel therapeutics. CRISPR-Cas9 is most widely employed for its ability to inactivate, or knockout, specific genes, but can be also used to introduce subtle site-specific substitutions of DNA sequences that can lead to changes in the amino acid composition of proteins. Despite the proven success of CRISPR-based knockin strategies of genes in typical diploid cells (i.e. cells containing two sets of chromosomes), precise editing of cancer cells, that typically have unstable genomes and multiple copies of chromosomes, is more challenging and not adequately addressed in the literature. Herein we detail our methodology for replacing endogenous proteins with intended knockin mutants in polyploid cancer cells and discuss our experimental design, screening strategy, and facile allele-frequency estimation methodology. As proof of principle, we performed genome editing of specific amino acids within the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1, a critical component of estrogen and androgen receptor signaling, in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We confirm proper levels of mutant FOXA1 protein expression and intended amino acids substitutions via western blotting and mass spectrometry. In addition, we show that mutant allele-frequency estimation is easily achieved by TOPO cloning combined with allele-specific PCR, which we later confirmed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Typically, there are 4 - 5 copies (alleles) of FOXA1 in breast cancer cells making the editing of this protein inherently challenging. As a result, most studies that focus on FOXA1 mutants rely on ectopic overexpression of FOXA1 from a plasmid. Therefore, we provide an optimized methodology for replacing endogenous wildtype FOXA1 with precise knockin mutants to enable the systematic analysis of its molecular mechanisms within the appropriate physiological context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garay, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tubbs, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.356824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-based knockin mutagenesis of the pioneer transcription factor FOXA1; optimization of strategies for multi-allelic proteins in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rooting the animal tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been considerable debate about the placement of the root in the animal tree of life, which has emerged as one of the most challenging problems in animal phylogenetics. This debate has major implications for our understanding of the earliest events in animal evolution, including the origin of the nervous system. Some phylogenetic analyses support a root that places the first split in the phylogeny of living animals between sponges and all other animals (the Porifera-sister hypothesis), and others find support for a split between comb jellies and all other animals (Ctenophora-sister). These analyses differ in many respects, including in the genes considered, species considered, molecular evolution models, and software. Here we systematically explore the rooting of the animal tree of life under consistent conditions by synthesizing data and results from 15 previous phylogenomic studies and performing a comprehensive set of new standardized analyses. It has previously been suggested that site-heterogeneous models favor Porifera-sister, but we find that this is not the case. Rather, Porifera-sister is only obtained under a narrow set of conditions when the number of site-heterogeneous categories is unconstrained and range into the hundreds. Site-heterogenous models with a fixed number of dozens of categories support Ctenophora-sister, and cross-validation indicates that such models fit the data just as well as the unconstrained models. Our analyses shed light on an important source of variation between phylogenomic studies of the animal root. The datasets and analyses consolidated here will also be a useful test-platform for the development of phylogenomic methods for this and other difficult problems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rooting the animal tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AKAP350 REGULATES CYTOSKELETON REMODELLING AND LFA-1 ORGANIZATION DURING NK CYTOLYTIC RESPONSE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.357970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The elimination of transformed and viral infected cells by natural killer (NK) cells requires the formation of a specialized junction between NK and target cells, generally denominated immunological synapse (IS). After initial recognition, the IS enables the directed secretion of lytic granules content into the susceptible target cell. The lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 regulates NK effector function by enabling NK-IS assembly and maturation. The pathways underlying LFA-1 accumulation at the IS in NK cells have not been elucidated so far. A kinase anchoring protein 350 (AKAP350) is a centrosome/Golgi associated protein with a central role in the regulation of Golgi organization and microtubule dynamics. In T cells, AKAP350 participates in LFA-1 activation by mechanisms that remain elusive. We first investigated AKAP350 participation in NK cytolytic activity. Our results showed that the decrease in AKAP350 levels by expression of specific shRNAs (AKAP350KD) inhibited NK-YTS cytolytic activity, without affecting NK:target cell conjugate formation. The impairment of NK effector function in AKAP350KD cells correlated with decreased LFA-1 clustering and defective IS maturation. AKAP350KD cells that were exclusively activated via LFA-1 showed impaired LFA-1 organization and deficient lytic granule translocation as well. In NK AKAP350KD cells, activation signaling through Vav1 was preserved up to 10 min of interaction with target cells, but significantly decreased afterwards. Experiments in YTS and in ex vivo NK cells revealed the existence of an intracellular pool of LFA-1 vesicles, which partially associated with the Golgi apparatus. Upon NK cell activation, this LFA-1 pool redistributed to the IS in a Golgi-AKAP350-dependent manner. Disruption of Golgi integrity or alteration of microtubule dynamics impaired LFA-1 localization at the IS. Therefore, this study reveals the existence of a Golgi/AKAP350 dependent trafficking pathway for LFA-1, which is relevant for LFA-1 organization at NK-lytic IS and, concomitantly, for NK cytolytic function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pariani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borini-Etichetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larocca, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AKAP350 REGULATES CYTOSKELETON REMODELLING AND LFA-1 ORGANIZATION DURING NK CYTOLYTIC RESPONSE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358143v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhyKIT: a UNIX shell toolkit for processing and analyzing phylogenomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.27.358143v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse disciplines in biology process and analyze multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) and phylogenetic trees to evaluate their information content, infer evolutionary events and processes, and predict gene function. However, automated processing of MSAs and trees remains a challenge due to the lack of a unified toolkit. To fill this gap, we introduce PhyKIT, a toolkit for the UNIX shell environment with 30 functions that process MSAs and trees, including but not limited to estimation of mutation rate, evaluation of sequence composition biases, calculation of the degree of violation of a molecular clock, and collapsing bipartitions (internal branches) with low support. To demonstrate the utility of PhyKIT, we detail three use cases: (1) summarizing information content in MSAs and phylogenetic trees for diagnosing potential biases in sequence or tree data; (2) evaluating gene-gene covariation of evolutionary rates to identify functional relationships, including novel ones, among genes; and (3) identify lack of resolution events or polytomies in phylogenetic trees, which are suggestive of rapid radiation events or lack of data. We anticipate PhyKIT will be useful for processing, examining, and deriving biological meaning from increasingly large phylogenomic datasets. PhyKIT is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/JLSteenwyk/PhyKIT) and documentation including user tutorials are available online (https://jlsteenwyk.com/PhyKIT).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.358143</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhyKIT: a UNIX shell toolkit for processing and analyzing phylogenomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing lifespan of budding yeast by pharmacological lowering of amino acid pools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing prevalence of age-related diseases and resulting healthcare insecurity and emotional burden require novel treatment approaches. Several promising strategies seek to limit nutrients and promote healthy aging. Unfortunately, the human desire to consume food means this strategy is not practical for most people but pharmacological approaches might be a viable alternative. We previously showed that myriocin, which impairs sphingolipid synthesis, increases lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by modulating signaling pathways including the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1). Since TORC1 senses cellular amino acids, we analyses amino acid pools and identified 17 that are lowered by myriocin treatment. Studying the methionine transporter, Mup1, we found that newly synthesized Mup1 traffics to the plasma membrane and is stable for several hours but is inactive in drug-treated cells. Activity can be restored by adding phytosphingosine to culture medium thereby bypassing drug inhibition, thus confirming a sphingolipid requirement for Mup1 activity. Importantly, genetic analysis of myriocin-induced longevity revealed a requirement for the Gtr1/2 (mammalian Rags) and Vps34-Pib2 amino acid sensing pathways upstream of TORC1, consistent with a mechanism of action involving decreased amino acid availability. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of pharmacologically inducing a state resembling amino acid restriction to promote healthy aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedo, J. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing lifespan of budding yeast by pharmacological lowering of amino acid pools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First report of an insilico study of Luciferase in Mycobacterium sp. EPa45 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.30.362764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium are a genus of Actinobacteria known to be responsible for several deadly diseases in both humans and animals, including tuberculosis. Luciferase is the primary protein in Mycobacteria that plays a role in bioluminescence. It also plays a role in some bacteria of being a source of energy transference, such as in the case of lumazine proteins. Although studies have been conducted in different luciferase in bacteria, there has been hardly any structural studies on luciferase expressed in Mycobacterium sp. EPa45. Therefore, in this paper we have studied luciferase expressed in Mycobacterium sp. EPa45 by insilico analysis of its structure from its protein sequence. We report the observed differences within luciferase reported from other strains of mycobacterium and pathogenic and non-pathogenic forms of bacteria in terms of their (i) physiochemical characteristics, (ii) protein structure, (iii) multiple sequence alignment and (iv) phylogenetic relationships. We report for the first time the relation of this specific strain of Luciferase in mycobacterium and bacterium at large.

HighlightsO_LIMycobacterium sp. EPa45 shows similar characteristics to pathogenic mycobacterium
C_LIO_LIAnalysis of Luciferase sequence and protein qualities provides insight to pathogenicity
C_LIO_LIThe deadly nature of infectious mycobacterium, especially with luciferase sequences similar to Mycobacterium sp. EPa45, is analyzed
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.362764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First report of an insilico study of Luciferase in Mycobacterium sp. EPa45]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.363382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CryoET structures of immature HIV Gag reveal a complete six-helix bundle and stabilizing small molecules distinct from IP6 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.31.363382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gag is the major HIV-1 structural polyprotein precursor. The Gag SP1 domain with the last residues of CA have been hypothesized to form a six-helix bundle necessary for particle assembly, but this bundle has not been fully resolved. Here, we determined the structures of complete CA-SP1 six-helix bundle connecting to the NC domain, from both in vitro Gag assemblies and viral-like particles (VLPs) carrying a T8I mutation in SP1, to near-atomic resolutions using cryoET and subtomogram averaging. The structures revealed novel densities, however distinct from IP6, inside the six-helix bundle of Gag assemblies, stabilizing the immature lattice. Interestingly, the T8I mutation impaired proteolytic cleavage of Gag at both SP1 boundaries. Our findings signify the involvement of small molecules in immature Gag assembly and provide the structural basis for development of small molecule inhibitors that stabilize SP1 helix, thus interfere with PR-mediated virus maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendonca, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frosio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himes, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinpeter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freed, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.31.363382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CryoET structures of immature HIV Gag reveal a complete six-helix bundle and stabilizing small molecules distinct from IP6]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.359992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.359992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothalamic tanycytes, radial glial cells that share many features with neuronal progenitors, generate small numbers of neurons in the postnatal hypothalamus, but the identity of these neurons and the molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that tanycyte-specific disruption of the NFI family of transcription factors (Nfia/b/x) robustly stimulates tanycyte proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis. Single-cell RNA- and ATAC-Seq analysis reveals that NFI factors repress Shh and Wnt signaling in tanycytes, and small molecule modulation of these pathways blocks proliferation and tanycyte-derived neurogenesis in Nfia/b/x-deficient mice. We show that Nfia/b/x-deficient tanycytes give rise to multiple mediobasal hypothalamic neuronal subtypes that can mature, integrate into hypothalamic synaptic circuitry, and selectively respond to changes in internal states. These findings identify molecular mechanisms that control tanycyte-derived neurogenesis, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to selectively remodel the hypothalamic neural circuitry that controls homeostatic physiological processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, J.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.359992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Control of neurogenic competence in mammalian hypothalamic tanycytes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflexible Updating of the Self-Other Divide During a Social Context in Autism; Psychophysical, Electrophysiological, and Neural Network Modeling Evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogenous disorder predominantly characterized by social and communicative differences, but increasingly recognized to also alter (multi)sensory function. To face the heterogeneity and ubiquity of ASD, researchers have proposed models of statistical inference operating at the level of  computations. Here, we attempt to bridge both across domains - from social to sensory - and levels of description - from behavioral computations to neural ensemble activity to a biologically-plausible artificial neural network - in furthering our understanding of autism. We do so by mapping visuo-tactile peri-personal space (PPS), and examining its electroencephalography (EEG) correlates, in individuals with ASD and neurotypical individuals during both a social and non-social context given that (i) the sensory coding of PPS is well understood, (ii) this space is thought to distinguish between self and other, and (iii) PPS is known to remap during social interactions. In contrast to their neurotypical counterparts, psychophysical and EEG evidence suggested that PPS does not remap in ASD during a social context. To account for this observation, we then employed a neural network model of PPS and demonstrate that PPS remapping may be driven by changes in neural gain operating at the level of multisensory neurons. Critically, under the anomalous excitation-inhibition (E/I) regime of ASD, this gain modulation does not result in PPS resizing. Overall, our findings are in line with recent statistical inference accounts suggesting diminished flexibility in ASD, and further these accounts by demonstrating within an example relevant for social cognition that such inflexibility may be due to E/I imbalances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrebonne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woynaroski, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascio, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Series, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflexible Updating of the Self-Other Divide During a Social Context in Autism; Psychophysical, Electrophysiological, and Neural Network Modeling Evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and phenotypic analysis of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.06.371971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first described from Wuhan, China. A subset of COVID-19 patients has been reported to have acquired secondary infections by microbial pathogens, such as fungal opportunistic pathogens from the genus Aspergillus. To gain insight into COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), we analyzed the genomes and characterized the phenotypic profiles of four CAPA isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus obtained from patients treated in the area of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. By examining the mutational spectrum of single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertion-deletion polymorphisms, and copy number variants among 206 genes known to modulate A. fumigatus virulence, we found that CAPA isolate genomes do not exhibit major differences from the genome of the Af293 reference strain. By examining virulence in an invertebrate moth model, growth in the presence of osmotic, cell wall, and oxidative stressors, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of antifungal drugs, we found that CAPA isolates were generally, but not always, similar to A. fumigatus reference strains Af293 and CEA17. Notably, CAPA isolate D had more putative loss of function mutations in genes known to increase virulence when deleted (e.g., in the FLEA gene, which encodes a lectin recognized by macrophages). Moreover, CAPA isolate D was significantly more virulent than the other three CAPA isolates and the A. fumigatus reference strains tested. These findings expand our understanding of the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of isolates that cause CAPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damasio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornely, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.06.371971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and phenotypic analysis of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the genetic architecture of human traits to cell types in the kidney identifies mechanisms of disease and potential treatments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The functional interpretation of GWAS remains challenging due to cell-type dependent influences of genetic variants.

Here, we generated comprehensive maps of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for 659 microdissected human kidney samples and identified cell-type eQTLs by mapping interactions between cell type abundance and genotype. Separately, we generated single cell open chromatin maps (by snATAC-seq) for human kidney samples. We highlight critical enrichment of proximal tubules in kidney function and endothelial cells and distal tubule segments in blood pressure by partitioning heritability using stratified LD-score regression to integrate GWAS with scRNA-seq and snATAC-seq data. Bayesian colocalization analysis nominated more than 200 genes for kidney function and hypertension. Our study clarifies the mechanism of the most commonly used antihypertensive and renal protective drugs and identifies drug repurposing opportunities for kidney disease.

One Sentence SummaryWe define causal cell types, genes and mechanism for kidney dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seasock, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duffin, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullen, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellwege, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.375592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the genetic architecture of human traits to cell types in the kidney identifies mechanisms of disease and potential treatments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new microfluidic concept for successful in vitro culture of mouse embryos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innovative techniques for gene editing have enabled accurate animal models of human diseases to be established. In order for these methods to be successfully adopted in the scientific community, the optimization of procedures used for breeding genetically altered mice is required. Among these, the in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure is still suboptimal and the culture methods do not guarantee the development of competent embryos. Critical aspects in traditional in vitro embryo culture protocols include the use of mineral oil and the stress induced by repetitive handling of the embryos.

A new microfluidic system was designed to allow for efficient in vitro culture of mouse embryos. Harmful fluidic stress and plastic toxicity were excluded by completing the industry gold standard Mouse Embryo Assay. The potential competence of the embryos developed in the device was quantified in terms of blastocyst rate, outgrowth assay, energy substrate metabolism and expression of genes related to implantation potential.

Mass spectrometry analyses identified plastic-related compounds released in medium, and confirmed leaching of low molecular weight species into the culture medium that might be associated to un-crosslinked PDMS.

Finally, these data show the potential for the system to study preimplantation embryo development and to improve human IVF techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKeegan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picton, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pensabene, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.10.376160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new microfluidic concept for successful in vitro culture of mouse embryos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.362632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ASCL1 represses a latent osteogenic program in small cell lung cancer in multiple cells of origin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.362632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ASCL1 is a neuroendocrine-lineage-specific oncogenic driver of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), highly expressed in a significant fraction of tumors. However, ~25% of human SCLC are ASCL1-low and associated with low-neuroendocrine fate and high MYC expression. Using genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs), we show that alterations in Rb1/Trp53/Myc in the mouse lung induce an ASCL1+ state of SCLC in multiple cells of origin. Genetic depletion of ASCL1 in MYC-driven SCLC dramatically inhibits tumor initiation and progression to the NEUROD1+ subtype of SCLC. Surprisingly, ASCL1 loss converts tumors to a SOX9+ mesenchymal/neural-crest-stem-like state that can differentiate into RUNX2+ bone tumors. ASCL1 represses SOX9 expression, as well as WNT and NOTCH developmental pathways, consistent with human gene expression data. Together, SCLC demonstrates remarkable cell fate plasticity with ASCL1 repressing the emergence of non-endodermal stem-like fates that have the capacity for bone differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olsen, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ireland, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guthrie, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wait, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.362632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ASCL1 represses a latent osteogenic program in small cell lung cancer in multiple cells of origin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enforced dimerization between XBP1s and ATF6f enhances the protective effects of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in models of neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.17.387480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alteration to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed on a variety of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal protein aggregation. Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) enables an adaptive reaction to recover ER proteostasis and cell function. The UPR is initiated by specialized stress sensors that engage gene expression programs through the concerted action of the transcription factors ATF4, ATF6f, and XBP1s. Although UPR signaling is generally studied as unique linear signaling branches, correlative evidence suggests that ATF6f and XBP1s may physically interact to regulate a subset of UPR-target genes. Here, we designed an ATF6f-XBP1s fusion protein termed UPRplus that behaves as a heterodimer in terms of its selective transcriptional activity. Cell-based studies demonstrated that UPRplus has stronger an effect in reducing the abnormal aggregation of mutant huntingtin and alpha-synuclein when compared to XBP1s or ATF6 alone. We developed a gene transfer approach to deliver UPRplus into the brain using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and demonstrated potent neuroprotection in vivo in preclinical models of Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease. These results support the concept where directing UPR-mediated gene expression toward specific adaptive programs may serve as a possible strategy to optimize the beneficial effects of the pathway in different disease conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vidal, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troncoso-Escudero, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Huerta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canovas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisternas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lashuel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latapiat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.17.387480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enforced dimerization between XBP1s and ATF6f enhances the protective effects of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in models of neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.390690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IBEX: A versatile multi-plex optical imaging approach for deep phenotyping and spatial analysis of cells in complex tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.390690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diverse composition of mammalian tissues poses challenges for understanding the cell-cell interactions required for organ homeostasis and how spatial relationships are perturbed during disease. Existing methods such as single-cell genomics, lacking a spatial context, and traditional immunofluorescence, capturing only 2-6 molecular features, cannot resolve these issues. Imaging technologies have been developed to address these problems, but each possesses limitations that constrain widespread use. Here we report a new method that overcomes major impediments to highly multi-plex tissue imaging. Iterative Bleaching Extends multi-pleXity (IBEX) uses an iterative staining and chemical bleaching method to enable high resolution imaging of >65 parameters in the same tissue section without physical degradation. IBEX can be employed with various types of conventional microscopes and permits use of both commercially available and user-generated antibodies in an  open system to allow easy adjustment of staining panels based on ongoing marker discovery efforts. We show how IBEX can also be used with amplified staining methods for imaging strongly fixed tissues with limited epitope retention and with oligonucleotide-based staining, allowing potential cross-referencing between flow cytometry, Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-Seq), and IBEX analysis of the same tissue. To facilitate data processing, we provide an open source platform for automated registration of iterative images. IBEX thus represents a technology that can be rapidly integrated into most current laboratory workflows to achieve high content imaging to reveal the complex cellular landscape of diverse organs and tissues.

Significance StatementSingle cell flow cytometry and genomic methods are rapidly increasing our knowledge of the diversity of cell types in metazoan tissues. However, suitably robust methods for placing these cells in a spatial context that reveal how their localization and putative interactions contribute to tissue physiology and pathology are still lacking. Here we provide a readily accessible pipeline (IBEX) for highly multi-plex immunofluorescent imaging that enables a fine-grained analysis of cells in their tissue context. Additionally, we describe extensions of the IBEX workflow to handle hard to image tissue preparations and a method to facilitate direct integration of the imaging data with flow cytometry and sequencing technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radtke, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowekamp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speranza, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaniv, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beuschel, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croteau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.390690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IBEX: A versatile multi-plex optical imaging approach for deep phenotyping and spatial analysis of cells in complex tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyto-nuclear linkage disequilibrium resulting from admixture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.24.396903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies of North American populations of the invasive plant Silene latifolia showed significant cyto-nuclear linkage disequilibrium (CNLD) between SNP variants of a mitochondrial gene (atp1) and the most common allele at nuclear microsatellite loci. Fields et al. (2014) hypothesized that this CNLD arose partially as a consequence of admixture that occurred during the colonization of North American (NA) populations of S latifolia via seed dispersal from genetically differentiated European populations that represent a portion of the native range of this species. In order to evaluate the plausibility of the admixture hypothesis, as opposed to metapopulation processes alone, we estimated CNLD for these same loci using data collected from eastern (EEU) and western (WEU) European populations of S. latifolia known to be genetically differentiated and likely sources of the spread of the study species to North America. We show that the CNLD found previously in NA populations of S. latifolia can be attributed to admixture of the previously isolated European demes coupled with decay since that time. Our applied framework allows the separation of the forces generating and dissolving statistical associations between alleles in cytoplasmic organelles and the nuclear genome and may thus be of utility in the study of plant or animal microbiomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fields, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.24.396903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyto-nuclear linkage disequilibrium resulting from admixture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.397893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C99 domain of the amyloid precursor protein is a disordered membrane phase-preferring protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.25.397893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via the amyloidogenic pathway is associated with the etiology of Alzheimers disease. The cleavage of APP by {beta}-secretase to generate the transmembrane 99-residue C-terminal fragment (C99) and subsequent processing of C99 by {gamma}-secretase to yield amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) peptides are essential steps in this pathway. Biochemical evidence suggests amyloidogenic processing of C99 occurs in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched liquid ordered phase membrane raft domains. However, direct evidence that C99 preferentially associates with rafts has remained elusive. Here, we test this idea by quantifying the affinity of C99-GFP for raft domains in cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles. We find that C99 is essentially excluded from ordered domains in HeLa cells, SH-SY5Y cells and neurons, instead exhibiting a strong (roughly 90%) affinity for disordered domains. The strong association of C99 with disordered domains occurs independently of its cholesterol binding activity, homodimerization, or the familial Alzheimer disease Arctic mutation. Finally, we confirm previous studies suggesting that C99 is processed in the plasma membrane by -secretase, in addition to the well-known {gamma}-secretase. These findings suggest that C99 itself lacks an intrinsic affinity for raft domains, implying either that amyloidogenic processing of the protein occurs in disordered regions of the membrane, that processing involves a marginal sub-population of C99 found in rafts, or that as-yet-unidentified protein-protein interactions involving C99 in living cells drive it into rafts to promote its cleavage therein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capone, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadziselimovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peskova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.25.397893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C99 domain of the amyloid precursor protein is a disordered membrane phase-preferring protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence for whole-chromosome dosage compensation or global transcriptomic expression differences in spontaneously-aneuploid mutation accumulation lines of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.404830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aneuploidy, the state in which an organisms genome contains one or more missing or additional chromosomes, often causes widespread genotypic and phenotypic effects. Most often, aneuploidies are deleterious; the most common examples in humans being Downs syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Turners syndrome (monosomy X). However, aneuploidy is surprisingly common in wild yeast populations. In recent years, there has been debate as to whether yeast contain an innate dosage compensation response that operates at the gene, chromosome, or the whole-genome level, or if natural isolates are robust to aneuploidy without such a mechanism. In this study, we tested for differential gene expression in 20 aneuploid and 16 euploid lines of yeast from two previous mutation accumulation experiments, where selection was minimized and therefore aneuploidies arose spontaneously. We found no evidence for whole-chromosome dosage compensation in aneuploid yeast but did find some evidence for attenuation of expression on a gene-by-gene basis. We additionally found that aneuploidy has no effect on the expression of the rest of the genome (i.e. "trans" genes), and that very few mutually exclusive aneuploid lines shared differentially expressed genes. However, we found there was a small set of genes that exhibited a shared expression response in the euploid lines, suggesting an effect of mutation accumulation on gene expression. Our findings contribute to our understanding of aneuploidy in yeast and support the hypothesis that there is no innate dosage compensation mechanism at the whole-chromosome level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McQueary, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsfoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demario, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.404830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence for whole-chromosome dosage compensation or global transcriptomic expression differences in spontaneously-aneuploid mutation accumulation lines of Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Th17-skewed inflammation due to genetic deficiency of a cadherin stress sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.01.406587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) is a cadherin restricted to stratified tissues of terrestrial vertebrates, which serve as essential physical and immune barriers. Dsg1s importance in epidermal integrity is underscored by genetic, autoimmune and bacterial toxin-mediated disorders interfering with Dsg1 function. Dsg1 loss-of-function mutations in humans result not only in skin lesions, but also multiple allergies, and isolated patient keratinocytes exhibit increased pro-allergic cytokine expression. However, the mechanism by which genetic deficiency of Dsg1 causes chronic inflammation is unknown. To determine the systemic response to Dsg1 loss, we deleted the three tandem Dsg1 genes in mice using CRISPR/Cas9. Whole transcriptome analysis of E18.5 Dsg1-/- skin showed changes consistent with the observed aberrant differentiation and barrier impairment. Comparing epidermal transcriptomes from E18.5 Dsg1-deficient mice and humans with Dsg1 mutations revealed a shared psoriatic-like IL-17-skewed inflammatory signature and less so a pro-allergic IL-4/13 signature. Although the impaired intercellular adhesion observed in Dsg1-/- mice resembles that resulting from autoimmune anti-Dsg1 pemphigus foliaceus antibodies, transcriptomic analysis of pemphigus skin lesions lacks a prominent IL-17 signature. Thus, beyond impairing the physical barrier, chronic loss of Dsg1 function through gene mutation results in a psoriatic-like inflammatory signature before birth, possibly predisposing to skin inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godsel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth-Carter, Q. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koetsier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoi, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broussard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitz, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kweon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffine, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burks, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegazy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amagai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urciuoli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doglio, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swindell, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprecher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Barak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudjonsson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.01.406587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Th17-skewed inflammation due to genetic deficiency of a cadherin stress sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leukodystrophy resembling Vanishing White Matter Disease is recapitulated by brain-specific depletion of apoptosis regulator MCL-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.408138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurologic disorders often disproportionately affect specific brain regions, and different apoptotic mechanisms may contribute to white matter pathology in leukodystrophies or gray matter pathology in poliodystrophies. We previously showed that neural progenitors that generate cerebellar gray matter depend on the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Conditional deletion of Bcl-xL in these progenitors produces spontaneous apoptosis and cerebellar hypoplasia, while similar conditional deletion of Mcl-1 produces no phenotype. Here, we show that, in contrast, postnatal oligodendrocytes depend on MCL-1. We found that brain-wide Mcl-1 deletion caused apoptosis specifically in mature oligodendrocytes while sparing astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors, resulting in impaired myelination and progressive white matter degeneration. Disabling apoptosis through co-deletion of Bax or Bak rescued white matter degeneration, implicating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in Mcl-1-dependence. Bax and Bak co-deletions rescued different aspects of the Mcl-1-deleted phenotype, demonstrating their discrete roles in white matter stability. MCL-1 protein abundance was reduced in eif2b5-mutant mouse model of the leukodystrophy vanishing white matter disease (VWMD), suggesting the potential for MCL-1 deficiency to contribute to clinical neurologic disease. Our data show that oligodendrocytes require MCL-1 to suppress apoptosis, implicate MCL-1 deficiency in white matter pathology, and suggest apoptosis inhibition as a leukodystrophy therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfonso Azcona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elroy-Stein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gershon, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.408138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leukodystrophy resembling Vanishing White Matter Disease is recapitulated by brain-specific depletion of apoptosis regulator MCL-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-task deep-learning system for predicting membrane associations and secondary structures of proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.409045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of secondary structures and transmembrane segments is often the first step towards modeling the tertiary structure of a protein. Existing methods are either specialized in one class of proteins or developed to predict one type of 1D structural attributes (secondary structure, topology, or transmembrane segment). In this work, we develop a new method for simultaneous prediction of secondary structure, transmembrane segment, and transmembrane topology with no a priori assumption on the class of the input protein sequence. The new method, Membrane Association and Secondary Structures of Proteins (MASSP) predictor, uses multi-tiered neural networks that incorporate recent innovations in machine learning. The first tier is a multi-task multi-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) that learns patterns in image-like input position-specific-scoring matrices (PSSMs) and predicts residue-level 1D structural attributes. The second tier is a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network that treats the predictions of the first tier from the perspective of natural language processing and predicts the class of the input protein sequence. We curated a non-redundant data set consisting of 54 bitopic, 241 multi-spanning TM-alpha, 77 TM-beta, and 372 soluble proteins, respectively for training and testing MASSP. For secondary structure prediction, the mean three-state accuracy (Q3) of MASSP is 0.830, better than the Q3 of PSIPRED (0.829) and that of SPINE-X (0.813) and substantially better than that of Jufo9D (0.762) and RaptorX-Property (0.741). The mean segment overlap score (SOV) of MASSP is 0.752, gaining at least 7.7% improvement over all the other four methods. For transmembrane topology prediction, MASSP has a performance comparable to OCTOPUS and substantially better than MEMSAT3 and TMHMM2 on TM-alpha proteins, and on TM-beta proteins, MASSP is significantly better than both BOCTOPUS2 and PRED-TMBB2. By integrating prediction of secondary structure and transmembrane segments in a deep-learning framework, MASSP improves performance over previous methods, has broader applicability, and enables proteome scale predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LI, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendenhall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.409045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-task deep-learning system for predicting membrane associations and secondary structures of proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.408567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MASiVar: Multisite, Multiscanner, and Multisubject Acquisitions for Studying Variability in Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.408567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDiffusion weighted imaging (DWI) allows investigators to identify structural, microstructural, and connectivitybased differences between subjects, but variability due to session and scanner biases is a challenge.

MethodsTo investigate DWI variability, we present MASiVar, a multisite dataset consisting of 319 diffusion scans acquired at 3T from b = 1000 to 3000 s/mm2 across 14 healthy adults, 83 healthy children (5 to 8 years), three sites, and four scanners as a publicly available, preprocessed, and de-identified dataset. With the adult data, we demonstrate the capacity of MASiVar to simultaneously quantify the intrasession, intersession, interscanner, and intersubject variability of four common DWI processing approaches: (1) a tensor signal representation, (2) a multi-compartment neurite orientation dispersion and density model, (3) white matter bundle segmentation, and (4) structural connectomics. Respectively, we evaluate region-wise fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, and principal eigenvector; region-wise cerebral spinal fluid volume fraction, intracellular volume fraction, and orientation dispersion index; bundle-wise shape, volume, FA, and length; and whole connectome correlation and maximized modularity, global efficiency, and characteristic path length.

ResultsWe plot the variability in these measures at each level and find that it consistently increases with intrasession to intersession to interscanner to intersubject effects across all processing approaches and that sometimes interscanner variability can approach intersubject variability.

ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the potential of MASiVar to more globally investigate DWI variability across multiple levels and processing approaches simultaneously and suggests harmonization between scanners for multisite analyses should be considered prior to inference of group differences on subjects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanakaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmonson, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerley, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garyfallidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.408567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MASiVar: Multisite, Multiscanner, and Multisubject Acquisitions for Studying Variability in Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo macrocyclic peptides for inhibiting, stabilising and probing the function of the Retromer endosomal trafficking complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.03.410779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Retromer complex (Vps35-Vps26-Vps29) is essential for endosomal membrane trafficking and signalling. Mutations in Retromer cause late-onset Parkinsons disease, while viral and bacterial pathogens can hijack the complex during cellular infection. To modulate and probe its function we have created a novel series of macrocyclic peptides that bind Retromer with high affinity and specificity. Crystal structures show the majority of cyclic peptides bind to Vps29 via a Pro-Leu-containing sequence, structurally mimicking known interactors such as TBC1D5, and blocking their interaction with Retromer in vitro and in cells. By contrast, macrocyclic peptide RT-L4 binds Retromer at the Vps35-Vps26 interface and is a more effective molecular chaperone than reported small molecules, suggesting a new therapeutic avenue for targeting Retromer. Finally, tagged peptides can be used to probe the cellular localisation of Retromer and its functional interactions in cells, providing novel tools for studying Retromer function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacharz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norwood, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leneva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairlie, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teasdale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passioura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.03.410779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo macrocyclic peptides for inhibiting, stabilising and probing the function of the Retromer endosomal trafficking complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CYRI-A regulates macropinocytic cup maturation and mediates integrin uptake, limiting invasive migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.411645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Scar/WAVE complex is the major driver of actin nucleation at the plasma membrane, resulting in lamellipodia and membrane ruffles. While lamellipodia aid migration, membrane ruffles can generate macropinosomes - cup-like structures - important for nutrient uptake and regulation of cell surface receptor levels. How macropinosomes are formed and the role of the actin machinery in their formation and resolution is still not well understood. Mammalian CYRI-B is a recently described negative regulator of the Scar/WAVE complex by RAC1 sequestration, but its other paralogue, CYRI-A has not been characterised. Here we implicate CYRI-A as a key regulator of macropinosome maturation and integrin internalisation from the cell surface. We find that CYRI-A is recruited to nascent macropinosomes in a transient but distinct burst, downstream of PIP3-mediated RAC1 activation and the initial burst of actin assembly driving cup formation, but upstream of internalisation and RAB5 recruitment to the macropinosome. Together, our data place CYRI-A as a local suppressor of actin dynamics, enabling the resolution of the macropinocytic cup. The failure of CYRI-depleted cells to resolve their macropinocytic cups results in reduced integrin a5b1 internalisation, leading to enhanced spreading, invasive behaviour and anchorage-independent 3D growth. We thus describe a new role for CYRI-A as a highly dynamic regulator of RAC1 activity at macropinosomes, modulating homeostasis of integrin surface presentation, with important functional consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yelland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machesky, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.411645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CYRI-A regulates macropinocytic cup maturation and mediates integrin uptake, limiting invasive migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Granzyme B skews CD4+ T cell differentiation resulting in increased intestinal pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation are important events that set the stage for proper immune responses. Many factors are involved in the activation and differentiation of T cells, and these events are tightly controlled to prevent unwanted and/or exacerbated immune responses that may harm the host. It has been well documented that granzyme B, a potent serine protease involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is readily expressed by certain CD4+ T cells, such as regulatory T cells and CD4+CD8+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, both of which display cytotoxicity associated with granzyme B. However, because not all CD4+ T cells expressing granzyme B are cytotoxic, additional roles for this protease in CD4+ T cell biology remain unknown. Here, using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we report that granzyme B-deficient CD4+ T cells display increased IL-17 production. In the adoptive transfer model of intestinal inflammation, granzyme B-deficient CD4+ T cells triggered a more rapid disease onset than their WT counterparts, and presented a differential transcription profile. Similar results were also observed in granzyme B-deficient mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Our results suggest that granzyme B modulates CD4+ T cell differentiation, providing a new perspective into the biology of this enzyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcclanahan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazmi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Granzyme B skews CD4+ T cell differentiation resulting in increased intestinal pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biogenesis of RNA-containing extracellular vesicles at endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA transferred via extracellular vesicles (EVs) can influence cell and tissue phenotypes; however, the biogenesis of RNA-containing EVs is poorly understood and even controversial. Here, we identify the conserved endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact site (MCS) linker protein VAP-A as a major regulator of the RNA and RNA-binding protein content of small and large EVs. We also identify a unique subpopulation of secreted small EVs that is highly enriched in RNA and regulated by VAP-A. Functional experiments revealed that VAP-A-regulated EVs are critical for the transfer of miR-100 between cells and for in vivo tumor formation. Lipid analysis of VAP-A-knockdown EVs revealed large alterations in lipids known to regulate EV biogenesis, including ceramides and cholesterol. Knockdown of VAP-A-binding ceramide and cholesterol transfer proteins CERT and ORP1L led to similar defects in biogenesis of RNA-containing EVs. We propose that lipid transfer at VAP-A-positive MCS drives biogenesis of a select RNA-containing EV population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biogenesis of RNA-containing extracellular vesicles at endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Highly Multiplexed Immunofluorescence of the Human Kidney using Co-Detection by Indexing (CODEX) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human kidney is composed of many cell types that vary in their abundance and distribution from organ to organ. As these cell types perform unique and essential functions, it is important to confidently label each within a single tissue to more accurately assess tissue architecture. Towards this goal, we demonstrate the use of co-detection by indexing (CODEX) multiplexed immunofluorescence for visualizing 23 antigens within the human kidney. Using CODEX, many of the major cell types and substructures, such as collecting ducts, glomeruli, and thick ascending limb, were visualized within a single tissue section. Of these antibodies, 19 were conjugated in-house, demonstrating the flexibility and utility of this approach for studying the human kidney using traditional antibody markers. We performed a pilot study showing that the studied tissues had on average 84 {+/-} 11 cells per mm2 with the most variance seen within the cells containing vimentin and aquaporin 1, while cells containing -smooth muscle actin and CD31 possessed a high degree of uniformity between the samples. These precursory data show the power of CODEX multiplexed IF for surveying the cellular diversity of the human kidney and have potential applications within pathology, histology, and building anatomical atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCaestecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Highly Multiplexed Immunofluorescence of the Human Kidney using Co-Detection by Indexing (CODEX)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A protease-initiated model of wound detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.415554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wounds trigger surrounding cells to initiate repair, but it is unclear how cells detect wounds. The first known wound response of epithelial cells is a dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium, which occurs within seconds, but it is not known what initiates this calcium response. Specifically, is there an instructive signal detected by cells surrounding wounds? Here we identify a signal transduction pathway in epithelial cells initiated by the G-protein coupled receptor Methuselah-like 10 (Mthl10) activated around wounds by its cytokine ligands, Growth-blocking peptides (Gbps). Gbps are present in unwounded tissue in latent form, requiring proteolytic activation for signaling. Multiple protease families can activate Gbps, suggesting it acts as a detector to signal the presence of several proteases. We present experimental and computational evidence that proteases released during cell lysis serve as the instructive signal from wounds, liberating Gbp ligands to diffuse to the Mthl10 receptors on epithelial cells and activate downstream release of calcium. Thus, the presence of a nearby wound is signaled by the activation of a Gbp protease detector, sensitive to multiple proteases released after cellular damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shannon, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbar, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFever, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.415554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A protease-initiated model of wound detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular spreading of Wingless is required for Drosophila oogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have investigated whether the Wnt family of extracellular ligands can signal at long range, spreading from their source and acting as morphogens, or whether they signal only in a juxtacrine manner to neighboring cells. The original evidence for long-range Wnt signaling arose from studies of Wg, a Drosophila Wnt protein, which patterns the wing disc over several cell diameters from a central source of Wg ligand. However, the requirement of long-range Wg for patterning was called into question when it was reported that replacing the secreted protein Wg with a membrane-tethered version, NRT-Wg, results in flies with normally patterned wings. We and others previously reported that Wg spreads in the ovary about 50 m or 5 cell diameters, from the cap cells to the follicle stem cells (FSCs) and that Wg stimulates FSC proliferation. We used the NRT-wg flies to analyze the consequence of tethering Wg to the cap cells. NRT-wg homozygous flies are sickly, but we found that hemizygous NRT-wg/null flies, carrying only one copy of tethered Wingless, were significantly healthier. Despite their overall improved health, these hemizygous flies displayed dramatic reductions in fertility and in FSC proliferation. Further, FSC proliferation was nearly undetectable when the wg locus was converted to NRT-wg only in adults, and the resulting germarium phenotype was consistent with a previously reported wg loss-of-function phenotype. We conclude that Wg protein spreads from its source cells in the germarium to promote FSC proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFever, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghmare, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.08.416594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular spreading of Wingless is required for Drosophila oogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unsupervised logic-based mechanism inference for network-driven biological processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern analytical techniques enable researchers to collect data about cellular states, before and after perturbations. These states can be characterized using analytical techniques, but the inference of regulatory interactions that explain and predict changes in these states remains a challenge. Here we present a generalizable unsupervised approach to generate parameter-free, logic-based mechanistic hypotheses of cellular processes, described by multiple discrete states. Our algorithm employs a Hamming-distance based approach to formulate, test, and identify, the best mechanism that links two states. Our approach comprises two steps. First, a model with no prior knowledge except for the mapping between initial and attractor states is built. Second, we employ biological constraints to improve model fidelity. Our algorithm automatically recovers the relevant dynamics for the explored models and recapitulates all aspects of the original models biochemical species concentration dynamics. We then conclude by placing our results in the context of ongoing work in the field and discuss how our approach could be used to infer mechanisms of signaling, gene-regulatory, and any other input-output processes describable by logic-based mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prugger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einkemmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beik, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unsupervised logic-based mechanism inference for network-driven biological processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular topography of an entire nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nervous systems are constructed from a deep repertoire of neuron types but the underlying gene expression programs that specify individual neuron identities are poorly understood. To address this deficit, we have produced an expression profile of all 302 neurons of the C. elegans nervous system that matches the single cell resolution of its anatomy and wiring diagram. Our results suggest that individual neuron classes can be solely identified by combinatorial expression of specific gene families. For example, each neuron class expresses unique codes of [~]23 neuropeptide-encoding genes and [~]36 neuropeptide receptors thus pointing to an expansive "wireless" signaling network. To demonstrate the utility of this uniquely comprehensive gene expression catalog, we used computational approaches to (1) identify cis-regulatory elements for neuron-specific gene expression across the nervous system and (2) reveal adhesion proteins with potential roles in synaptic specificity and process placement. These data are available at cengen.org and can be interrogated at the web application CengenApp. We expect that this neuron-specific directory of gene expression will spur investigations of underlying mechanisms that define anatomy, connectivity and function throughout the C. elegans nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavazoie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular topography of an entire nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ventral hippocampal mossy cell hyperactivity degrades dorsal hippocampal mnemonic function via longitudinal projections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.422938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe anterior hippocampus of individuals with early psychosis or schizophrenia is hyperactive, as is the ventral hippocampus in rodent models for schizophrenia risk. Hyperactive ventral hippocampal projections to extrahippocampal brain regions contribute to schizophrenia symptoms, but less is known about the functional effects of hyperactive projections within the hippocampal formation long axis. We approached this question by testing whether hyperactivation of ventral dentate gyrus (DG) mossy cells (MCs), which densely project intrahippocampally to the dorsal DG, influences spatial memory, a cognition dependent on intact dorsal DG function.

MethodsIn CD-1 mice, we targeted dorsal DG-projecting ventral DG MCs using an adeno-associated virus intersectional strategy. In vivo fiber photometry recording of ventral DG MCs was performed during exploratory behaviors. We targeted excitatory chemogenetic constructs to ventral DG MCs and tested whether their hyperactivation impaired encoding in a spatial memory task.

ResultsVentral DG MCs were activated during behavior related to environmental information gathering (rearing) but not during non-exploratory motor behaviors. Ventral DG MCs made functional monosynaptic inputs to dorsal DG granule cells, with chemogenetic activation of ventral DG MCs leading to increased activity of dorsal DG granule cells. Finally, chemogenetic activation of ventral DG MCs during the encoding phase of an object location memory task impaired retrieval 24 hours later, without effects on locomotion or other exploratory behaviors.

ConclusionsThese data suggest that localized hippocampal hyperactivity may have longitudinal intrahippocampal functional consequences, supporting study of longitudinal circuits as targets to mitigate cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rader, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ventral hippocampal mossy cell hyperactivity degrades dorsal hippocampal mnemonic function via longitudinal projections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Genetically Determined Gene Expression Suggests Role of Inflammatory Processes in Exfoliation Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.17.423318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related systemic disorder characterized by excessive production and progressive accumulation of abnormal extracellular material, with pathognomonic ocular manifestations. It is the most common cause of secondary glaucoma, resulting in widespread global blindness. We performed Transcriptomic Wide Association Studies (TWAS) using PrediXcan models trained in 48 GTEx tissues to identify genetically- determined gene expression changes associated with XFS risk, leveraging on results from a global GWAS that included 123,457 individuals from 24 countries. We observed twenty-eight genes in a three-Megabase chr15q22-25 region that showed statistically significant associations, which were further whittled down to ten genes after additional statistical validations. In experimental analysist of these ten genes, mRNA transcript levels for ARID3B, CD276, LOXL1, NEO1, SCAMP2, and UBL7 were significantly decreased in iris tissues from XFS patients compared to control samples. Genes with genetically determined expression changes in XFS were significantly enriched for genes associated with inflammatory conditions. We further explored the health consequences of high susceptibility to XFS using a large electronic health record and observed a higher incidence of XFS comorbidity with inflammatory and connective tissue diseases. Our results implicate a role for connective tissues and inflammation in the etiology of XFS. Targeting the inflammatory pathway may be a potential therapeutic option to reduce progression in XFS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirbo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasutto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkashbaev, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlötzer-Schrehardt, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brantley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khor, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joos, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.17.423318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Genetically Determined Gene Expression Suggests Role of Inflammatory Processes in Exfoliation Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycosylation Limits Forward Trafficking of the Tetraspan Membrane Protein PMP22 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.18.423452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) folds and traffics inefficiently, a phenomenon closely related to the mechanisms by which this tetraspan membrane protein causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD). We report that elimination of N-glycosylation results in a 3-fold increase in the cell surface trafficking of wild type (WT) PMP22 and a 10-fold increase in trafficking of the unstable L16P disease mutant form. Studies of the interactions of PMP22 with oligosaccharyltransferases A and B as well as quantitative proteomic experiments established that critical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control decisions occur earlier in the biogenesis to cell surface trafficking pathway for the L16P mutant than for WT. CRISPR knock-out cell lines for ER proteins calnexin, RER1, and UGGT1 illuminated the role of each protein in glycosylation dependent and independent surface trafficking of WT PMP22, as well as for a series of disease mutants of varying folding stabilities.

One Sentence SummaryN-linked glycosylation was seen to dramatically limit the cell surface trafficking of PMP22, with some key quality control factors in PMP22 biogenesis being identified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinko, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.423452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycosylation Limits Forward Trafficking of the Tetraspan Membrane Protein PMP22]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.414748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies with diverse epitope specificities and extra-neutralization functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.20.414748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continual emergence of novel coronavirus (CoV) strains, like SARS-CoV-2, highlights the critical need for broadly reactive therapeutics and vaccines against this family of viruses. Coronavirus spike (S) proteins share common structural motifs that could be vulnerable to cross-reactive antibody responses. To study this phenomenon in human coronavirus infection, we applied a high-throughput sequencing method called LIBRA-seq (Linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing) to a SARS-CoV-1 convalescent donor sample. We identified and characterized a panel of six monoclonal antibodies that cross-reacted with S proteins from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated a spectrum of reactivity against other coronaviruses. Epitope mapping revealed that these antibodies recognized multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 S, including the receptor binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), and S2 subunit. Functional characterization demonstrated that the antibodies mediated a variety of Fc effector functions in vitro and mitigated pathological burden in vivo. The identification of cross-reactive epitopes recognized by functional antibodies expands the repertoire of targets for pan-coronavirus vaccine design strategies that may be useful for preventing potential future coronavirus outbreaks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiakolas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrapp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilewski, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manamela, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman Fechter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledgerwood, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.20.414748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies with diverse epitope specificities and extra-neutralization functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo genetic screen identifies a SLC5A3-dependent myo-inositol auxotrophy in acute myeloid leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An enhanced requirement for extracellular nutrients is a hallmark property of cancer cells. Here, we optimized an in vivo genetic screening strategy for evaluating dependencies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which led to the identification of the myo-inositol transporter SLC5A3 as a unique vulnerability in this disease. In accord with this transport function, we demonstrate that the SLC5A3 dependency reflects a myo-inositol auxotrophy in AML. Importantly, the commonality among SLC5A3-dependent AML lines is the transcriptional silencing of ISYNA1, which encodes the rate limiting enzyme for myoinositol biosynthesis, inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1. We used gain- and loss-of-function experiments to demonstrate a synthetic lethal genetic interaction between ISYNA1 and SLC5A3 in AML, which function redundantly to sustain intracellular myo-inositol. Transcriptional silencing and DNA hypermethylation of ISYNA1 occur in a recurrent manner in human AML patient samples, in association with the presence of IDH1/IDH2 and CEBPA mutations. Collectively, our findings reveal myo-inositol auxotrophy as a novel form of metabolic dysregulation in AML, which is caused by the aberrant silencing of a biosynthetic enzyme.

Statement of significanceHere, we show how epigenetic silencing can provoke a nutrient dependency in AML by exploiting a synthetic lethality relationship between biosynthesis and transport of myo-inositol. Blocking the function of this solute carrier may have therapeutic potential in an epigenetically-defined subset of AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingbeil, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demerdash, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyanskaya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCombie, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakoc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo genetic screen identifies a SLC5A3-dependent myo-inositol auxotrophy in acute myeloid leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424033v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creation and validation of 3D-printed head molds for stereotaxic injections of neonatal mouse brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.424033v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAn increasing number of rodent model systems use injection of DNA or viral constructs in the neonatal brain. However, approaches for reliable positioning and stereotaxic injection at this developmental stage are limited, typically relying on handheld positioning or molds that must be re-aligned for use in a given laboratory.

New methodA complete protocol and open source software pipeline for generating 3D-printed head molds derived from a CT scan of a neonatal mouse head cast, together with a universal adapter that can be placed on a standard stereotaxic stage.

ResultsA series of test injections with adenovirus encoding red fluorescent protein were conducted using original clay molds and newly generated 3D printed molds. Several metrics were used to compare spread and localization of targeted injections.

Comparison with existing methodsThe new method of head mold generation gave comparable results to the field standard, but also allowed the rapid generation of additional copies of each head mold with standardized positioning of the head each time.

ConclusionsThis 3D printing pipeline can be used to rapidly develop a series of head molds with standardized injection coordinates across multiple laboratories. More broadly, this pipeline can easily be adapted to other perinatal ages or species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chervonski, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hay, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patelis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.424033</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creation and validation of 3D-printed head molds for stereotaxic injections of neonatal mouse brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Narratives" collection aggregates a variety of functional MRI datasets collected while human subjects listened to naturalistic spoken stories. The current release includes 345 subjects, 891 functional scans, and 27 diverse stories of varying duration totaling ~4.6 hours of unique stimuli (~43,000 words). This data collection is well-suited for naturalistic neuroimaging analysis, and is intended to serve as a benchmark for models of language and narrative comprehension. We provide standardized MRI data accompanied by rich metadata, preprocessed versions of the data ready for immediate use, and the spoken story stimuli with time-stamped phoneme- and word-level transcripts. All code and data are publicly available with full provenance in keeping with current best practices in transparent and reproducible neuroimaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nastase, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadbood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasenfratz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarzian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeshurun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldassano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lositsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simony, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micciche, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halchenko, Y. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasson, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Narratives: fMRI data for evaluating models of naturalistic language comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated Biomarker Candidate Discovery in Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data Through Spatially Localized Shapley Additive Explanations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.424201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The search for molecular species that are differentially expressed between biological states is an important step towards discovering promising biomarker candidates. In imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), performing this search manually is often impractical due to the large size and high-dimensionality of IMS datasets. Instead, we propose an interpretable machine learning workflow that automatically identifies biomarker candidates by their mass-to-charge ratios, and that quantitatively estimates their relevance to recognizing a given biological class using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The task of biomarker candidate discovery is translated into a feature ranking problem: given a classification model that assigns pixels to different biological classes on the basis of their mass spectra, the molecular species that the model uses as features are ranked in descending order of relative predictive importance such that the top-ranking features have a higher likelihood of being useful biomarkers. Besides providing the user with an experiment-wide measure of a molecular species biomarker potential, our workflow delivers spatially localized explanations of the classification models decision-making process in the form of a novel representation called SHAP maps. SHAP maps deliver insight into the spatial specificity of biomarker candidates by highlighting in which regions of the tissue sample each feature provides discriminative information and in which regions it does not. SHAP maps also enable one to determine whether the relationship between a biomarker candidate and a biological state of interest is correlative or anticorrelative. Our automated approach to estimating a molecular species potential for characterizing a user-provided biological class, combined with the untargeted and multiplexed nature of IMS, allows for the rapid screening of thousands of molecular species and the obtention of a broader biomarker candidate shortlist than would be possible through targeted manual assessment. Our biomarker candidate discovery workflow is demonstrated on mouse-pup and rat kidney case studies.

HighlightsO_LIOur workflow automates the discovery of biomarker candidates in imaging mass spectrometry data by using state-of-the-art machine learning methodology to produce a shortlist of molecular species that are differentially expressed with regards to a user-provided biological class.
C_LIO_LIA model interpretability method called Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), with observational Shapley values, enables us to quantify the local and global predictive importance of molecular species with respect to recognizing a user-provided biological class.
C_LIO_LIBy providing spatially localized explanations for a classification models decision-making process, SHAP maps deliver insight into the spatial specificity of biomarker candidates and enable one to determine whether (and where) the relationship between a biomarker candidate and the class of interest is correlative or anticorrelative.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tideman, L. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djambazova, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated Biomarker Candidate Discovery in Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data Through Spatially Localized Shapley Additive Explanations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.417865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The P4-ATPase Drs2 regulates the homeostasis of Atg9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.417865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multisubunit Tethering Complexes (MTCs) are a set of conserved protein complexes that tether transported vesicles at the acceptor membrane. Interactions with other components of the trafficking machinery regulate MTCs through mechanisms that are just partially understood. Here we systematically investigate the interactome that regulates the function of MTCs. We found that P4-ATPases, a family of lipid transporters involved in the biogenesis of vesicles, interact with MTCs that participate in the anterograde and retrograde transport at the Golgi, such as TRAPPIII. We used the lipid flippase Drs2 as a model to investigate the mechanism and biological relevance of such interplay during the transport of Atg9 vesicles. Binding to the N-terminal tail of Drs2 stabilizes TRAPPIII on membrane compartments loaded with Atg9 and it is required for the delivery of Atg9 during selective autophagy, a role that is independent of previously reported functions of the P4-ATPase. This mechanism relies on the I(S/R)TTK motif nested in the N-terminal tail cavity of Drs2, a motif that is required for the interaction with MTCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pazos Capell, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig-Tinto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez-Menendez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abella Guerra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G. Duran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi-Fernandez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belmonte, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabido-Bozo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chinchilla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nezu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshimori, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muniz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamasaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallego, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.25.417865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The P4-ATPase Drs2 regulates the homeostasis of Atg9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XMAP215 promotes microtubule catastrophe by disrupting the growing microtubule end 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.29.424748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The GTP-tubulin cap is widely accepted to protect microtubules against catastrophe. The GTP-cap size is thought to increase with the microtubule growth rate, presumably endowing fast-growing microtubules with enhanced stability. It is unknown what GTP-cap properties permit frequent microtubule catastrophe despite fast growth. Here, we investigate microtubules grown in vitro in the presence and absence of the microtubule polymerase XMAP215. Using EB1 as a GTP-cap marker, we find that GTP-cap size increases regardless of whether growth acceleration is achieved by increasing tubulin concentration or by XMAP215. In spite of the increased mean GTP-cap size, microtubules grown with XMAP215 display increased catastrophe frequency, in contrast to microtubules grown with more tubulin, for which catastrophe is abolished. However, microtubules polymerized with XMAP215 have large fluctuations in growth rate and EB1 intensity; display tapered and curled ends; and undergo catastrophe at faster growth rates and with higher EB1 end-localization. Our results underscore the role of growth irregularities in overall microtubule stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farmer, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.29.424748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XMAP215 promotes microtubule catastrophe by disrupting the growing microtubule end]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the yeast TREX complex and coordination with the SR-like protein Gbp2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionarily conserved TREX complex plays central roles during mRNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) maturation and export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In yeast, TREX is composed of the THO sub-complex (Tho2, Hpr1, Tex1, Mft1, and Thp2), the DEAD box ATPase Sub2, and Yra1. Here we present a 3.7 [A] cryo-EM structure of the yeast THO*Sub2 complex. The structure reveals the intimate assembly of THO revolving around its largest subunit Tho2. THO stabilizes a semi-open conformation of the Sub2 ATPase via interactions with Tho2. We show that THO interacts with the SR-like protein Gbp2 through both the N-terminal domain and RRM domains of Gbp2. Crosslinking mass spectrometry analysis supports the extensive interactions between THO and Gbp2, further revealing that RRM domains of Gbp2 are in close proximity to the C-terminal domain of Tho2. We propose that THO serves as a landing pad to configure Gbp2 to facilitate its loading onto mRNP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the yeast TREX complex and coordination with the SR-like protein Gbp2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optogenetic stimulation of VIPergic SCN neurons induces photoperiodic changes in the mammalian circadian clock 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian clocks play key roles in how organisms respond to and even anticipate seasonal change in day length, or photoperiod. In mammals, photoperiod is encoded by the central circadian pacemaker in the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The subpopulation of SCN neurons that secrete the neuropeptide VIP mediate the transmission of light information within the SCN neural network, suggesting a role for these neurons in circadian plasticity in response to light information that has yet to be directly tested. Here, we used in vivo optogenetic stimulation of VIPergic SCN neurons followed by ex vivo PERIOD 2::LUCIFERASE (PER2::LUC) bioluminescent imaging to test whether activation of this SCN neuron sub-population can induce SCN network changes that are hallmarks of photoperiodic encoding. We found that optogenetic stimulation designed to mimic a long photoperiod indeed altered subsequent SCN entrained phase, increased the phase dispersal of PER2 rhythms within the SCN network, and shortened SCN free-running period - similar to the effects of a true extension of photoperiod. Optogenetic stimulation also induced analogous changes on related aspects of locomotor behavior in vivo. Thus, selective activation of VIPergic SCN neurons induces photoperiodic network plasticity in the SCN which underpins photoperiodic entrainment of behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optogenetic stimulation of VIPergic SCN neurons induces photoperiodic changes in the mammalian circadian clock]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized ribodepletion approach for C. elegans RNA-sequencing libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.04.425342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A recent and powerful technique is to obtain transcriptomes from rare cell populations, such as single neurons in C. elegans, by enriching dissociated cells using fluorescent sorting. However, these cell samples often have low yields of RNA that present challenges in library preparation. This can lead to PCR duplicates, noisy gene expression for lowly expressed genes, and other issues that limit endpoint analysis. Further, some common resources, such as sequence specific kits for removing ribosomal RNA, are not optimized for non-mammalian samples. To optimize library construction for such challenging samples, we compared two approaches for building RNAseq libraries from less than 10 nanograms of C. elegans RNA: SMARTSeq V4 (Takara), a widely used kit for selecting poly-adenylated transcripts; and SoLo Ovation (Tecan Genomics), a newly developed ribodepletion-based approach. For ribodepletion, we used a custom kit of 200 probes designed to match C. elegans rRNA gene sequences. We found that SoLo Ovation, in combination with our custom C. elegans probe set for rRNA depletion, detects an expanded set of noncoding RNAs, shows reduced noise in lowly expressed genes, and more accurately counts expression of long genes. The approach described here should be broadly useful for similar efforts to analyze transcriptomics when RNA is limiting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.04.425342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized ribodepletion approach for C. elegans RNA-sequencing libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425427v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the World Like Never Before: Human stereovision through perfect optics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.05.425427v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stereovision is the ability to perceive fine depth variations from small differences in the two eyes images. Using adaptive optics, we show that even minute optical aberrations that are not clinically correctable, and go unnoticed in everyday vision, can affect stereo acuity. Hence, the human binocular system is capable of using unnaturally fine details that are not encountered in everyday vision. More importantly, stereoacuity was still considerably variable even with perfect optics. This variability can be attributed to neural adaptation. Our visual system tries to compensate for these aberrations through neural adaptation that optimizes stereovision when viewing stimuli through ones habitual optics. However, the same adaptation becomes ineffective when the optics are changed, even if improved. Beyond optical imperfections, we show that stereovision is limited by neural adaptation to ones own optics.

Significance statementHumans, and animals with front-facing eyes, view the world from slightly different vantage points. This creates small differences in the left and right images that can be utilized for fine depth perception (stereovision). Retinal images are also subject to imperfections that are often different in the optics of the two eyes. Using advanced optical correction techniques, we show that even the smallest imperfections that escape clinical detection affect stereovision. We also find that neural processes become adapted to a persons own optics. Hence, stereovision is directly impacted by the optics of the eyes, and indirectly via neural adaptation. Since the optics change over the lifespan, our results imply that the adult binocular system is adaptable with possibilities for binocular rehabilitation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.05.425427</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the World Like Never Before: Human stereovision through perfect optics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human colorectal pre-cancer atlas identifies distinct molecular programs underlying two major subclasses of pre-malignant tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most colorectal cancers (CRCs) develop from either adenomas (ADs) or sessile serrated lesions (SSLs). The origins and molecular landscapes of these histologically distinct pre-cancerous polyps remain incompletely understood. Here, we present an atlas at single-cell resolution of sporadic conventional tubular/tubulovillous ADs, SSLs, hyperplastic polyps (HPs), microsatellite stable (MSS) and unstable (MSI-H) CRC, and normal colonic mucosa. Using single-cell transcriptomics and multiplex imaging, we studied 69 datasets from 33 participants. We also examined separate sets of 66 and 274 polyps for RNA and targeted gene sequencing, respectively. We performed multiplex imaging on a tissue microarray of 14 ADs and 15 CRCs, and we integrated pre-cancer polyp data with published single-cell and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) bulk CRC data to establish potential polyp-cancer relationships. Striking differences were observed between ADs and SSLs that extended to MSS and MSI-H CRCs, respectively, reflecting their distinct origins and trajectories. ADs arose from WNT pathway dysregulation in stem cells, which aberrantly expanded and expressed a Hippo and ASCL2 regenerative program. In marked contrast, SSLs were depleted of stem cell-like populations and instead exhibited a program of gastric metaplasia in the setting of elevated cytotoxic inflammation. Using subtype-specific gene regulatory networks and shared genetic variant analysis, we implicated serrated polyps, including some HPs conventionally considered benign, as arising from a metaplastic program in committed absorptive cells. ADs and SSLs displayed distinct patterns of immune cell infiltration that may influence their natural history. Our multi-omic atlas provides novel insights into the malignant potential of colorectal polyps and serves as a framework for precision surveillance and prevention of sporadic CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human colorectal pre-cancer atlas identifies distinct molecular programs underlying two major subclasses of pre-malignant tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the Promiscuous Binding Interface of HOX-A11 with KIX by Experimentally Guided in-silico docking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.11.426190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate levels of transcription through a complex array of protein-protein interactions, thereby controlling key physiological processes such as development, stress response and cell growth. The transcription factor HOXA11 contains an intrinsically disordered regions (IDR) through which it interacts with CREB binding protein (CBP) and regulates endometrial development and function in eutherian mammals. The interaction between the IDR of HOXA11 and CBP was analyzed using computational docking guided by experimental constraints. HOXA11 IDR interacts with the KIX domain of CBP at two discrete sites - MLL and cMyb, mediated by sticky hydrophobic grooves on the surface of KIX. A five residue motif FDQFF on HOXA11 can interact both at cMyb and MLL site of KIX resulting in a promiscuous binding.

Author SummaryWe demonstrate how the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of transcription factor HOXA11 interacts at two distinct sites of the transcription coactivator CREB binding protein (CBP). By combining computational docking with limited experimental data we construct models of the complex of the KIX domain within CBP and a short helical segment within the IDR of HOXA11. The interaction between HOXA11 and CBP is believed to trigger the downstream expression of genes important in embryonic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.11.426190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the Promiscuous Binding Interface of HOX-A11 with KIX by Experimentally Guided in-silico docking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N-terminaldomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.19.427324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 recognize the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain and block virus interactions with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We describe a panel of human mAbs binding to diverse epitopes on the N-terminal domain (NTD) of S protein from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors and found a minority of these possessed neutralizing activity. Two mAbs (COV2-2676 and COV2-2489) inhibited infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 and recombinant VSV/SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We mapped their binding epitopes by alanine-scanning mutagenesis and selection of functional SARS-CoV-2 S neutralization escape variants. Mechanistic studies showed that these antibodies neutralize in part by inhibiting a post-attachment step in the infection cycle. COV2-2676 and COV2-2489 offered protection either as prophylaxis or therapy, and Fc effector functions were required for optimal protection. Thus, natural infection induces a subset of potent NTD-specific mAbs that leverage neutralizing and Fc-mediated activities to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection using multiple functional attributes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrihari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBlargan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouch, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N-terminaldomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse functions associate with trans-species polymorphisms in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long-term balancing selection (LTBS) can maintain allelic variation at a locus over millions of years and through speciation events. Variants shared between species, hereafter "trans-species polymorphisms" (TSPs), often result from LTBS due to host-pathogen interactions. For instance, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus contains TSPs present across primates. Several hundred TSPs have been identified in humans and chimpanzees; however, because many are in non-coding regions of the genome, the functions and adaptive roles for most TSPs remain unknown. We integrated diverse genomic annotations to explore the functions of 125 previously identified non-coding TSPs that are likely under LTBS since the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. We analyzed genome-wide functional assays, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). We identify functional annotations for 119 TSP regions, including 71 with evidence of gene regulatory function from GTEx or genome-wide functional genomics data and 21 with evidence of trait association from GWAS and PheWAS. TSPs in humans associate with many immune system phenotypes, including response to pathogens, but we also find associations with a range of other phenotypes, including body mass, alcohol intake, urate levels, chronotype, and risk-taking behavior. The diversity of traits associated with non-coding human TSPs suggest that functions beyond the immune system are often subject to LTBS. Furthermore, several of these trait associations provide support and candidate genetic loci for previous hypothesis about behavioral diversity in great ape populations, such as the importance of variation in sleep cycles and risk sensitivity.

Significance statementMost genetic variants present in human populations are young (<100,000 years old); however, a few hundred are millions of years old with origins before the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. These trans-species polymorphisms (TSPs) were likely maintained by balancing selection--evolutionary pressure to maintain genetic diversity at a locus. However, the functions driving this selection, especially for non-coding TSPs, are largely unknown. We integrate genome-wide annotation strategies to demonstrate TSP associations with immune system function, behavior (addition, cognition, risky behavior), uric acid metabolism, and many other phenotypes. These results substantially expand our understanding of functions TSPs and suggest a substantial role for balancing selection beyond the immune system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velazquez-Arcelay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse functions associate with trans-species polymorphisms in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single Cell Atlas of Lung Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung organogenesis requires precisely timed shifts in the spatial organization and function of parenchymal cells, especially during the later stages of lung development. To investigate the mechanisms governing lung parenchymal dynamics during development, we performed a single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) time-series yielding 92,238 epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells across 8 time points from embryonic day 12 (E12) to postnatal day 14 (P14) in mice. We combined new computational analyses with RNA in situ hybridization to explore transcriptional velocity, fate likelihood prediction, and spatiotemporal localization of cell populations during the transition between the saccular and alveolar stages. We interrogated this atlas to illustrate the complexity of type 1 pneumocyte function during the saccular and alveolar stages, and we demonstrate an integrated view of the cellular dynamics during lung development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plosa, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulleman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttentag, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.21.427641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single Cell Atlas of Lung Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancer Hallmarks Define a Continuum of Plastic Cell States between Small Cell Lung Cancer Archetypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) tumors are heterogeneous mixtures of transcriptional subtypes. Understanding subtype dynamics could be key to explaining the aggressive properties that make SCLC a recalcitrant cancer. Applying archetype analysis and evolutionary theory to bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that SCLC cells reside within a cell-state continuum rather than in discrete subtype clusters. Gene expression signatures and ontologies indicate each vertex of the continuum corresponds to a functional phenotype optimized for a cancer hallmark task: three neuroendocrine archetypes specialize in proliferation/survival, inflammation and immune evasion, and two non-neuroendocrine archetypes in angiogenesis and metabolic dysregulation. Single cells can trade-off between these defined tasks to increase fitness and survival. SCLC cells can easily transition from specialists that optimize a single task to generalists that fall within the continuum, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity may be a mechanism by which SCLC cells become recalcitrant to treatment and adaptable to diverse microenvironments. We show that plasticity is uncoupled from the phenotype of single cells using a novel RNA-velocity-based metric, suggesting both specialist and generalist cells have the capability of becoming destabilized and transitioning to other phenotypes. We use network simulations to identify transcription factors such as MYC that promote plasticity and resistance to treatment. Our analysis pipeline is suitable to elucidate the role of phenotypic plasticity in any cancer type, and positions SCLC as a prime candidate for treatments that target plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groves, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ireland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iams, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancer Hallmarks Define a Continuum of Plastic Cell States between Small Cell Lung Cancer Archetypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial population dynamics and evolutionary outcomes under extreme energy-limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the most abundant and diverse form of life on Earth, microorganisms commonly inhabit energy-limited environments where cellular maintenance and growth is highly constrained. To gain insight into how microorganisms persist under such conditions, we derived demographic parameters from a diverse collection of bacteria by censusing 100 populations in a closed system for 1,000 days. All but one taxon survived prolonged resource scarcity, yielding estimated times-to-extinction ranging over four orders of magnitude from 100 - 105 years. These findings corroborate reports of long-lived bacteria that have been recovered from ancient environmental samples, while providing insight into mechanisms of persistence. Critically, we found that as death rates declined over time, lifespan was extended through the scavenging of dead cells. Although growth and reproduction were dramatically suppressed in the absence of an exogenous resource supply, bacterial populations continued to evolve. Hundreds of mutations were acquired, contributing to genome-wide signatures of negative selection as well as molecular signals of adaptation. Remarkable consistency in the ecological and evolutionary dynamics indicate that distantly related bacteria respond to energy-limitation in a similar and predictable manner, which likely contributes to the stability and robustness of microbial life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muscarella, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmkuhl, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.25.428163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial population dynamics and evolutionary outcomes under extreme energy-limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probability-based mechanisms in biological networks with parameter uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.428266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models of biomolecular networks are commonly used to study cellular processes; however, their usefulness to explain and predict dynamic behaviors is often questioned due to the unclear relationship between parameter uncertainty and network dynamics. In this work, we introduce PyDyNo (Python Dynamic analysis of biochemical NetwOrks), a non-equilibrium reaction-flux based analysis to identify dominant reaction paths within a biochemical reaction network calibrated to experimental data. We first show, in a simplified apoptosis execution model, that Bayesian parameter optimization can yield thousands of parameter vectors with equally good fits to experimental data. Our analysis however enables us to identify the dynamic differences between these parameter sets and identify three dominant execution modes. We further demonstrate that parameter vectors from each execution mode exhibit varying sensitivity to perturbations. We then apply our methodology to JAK2/STAT5 network in colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) cells to identify its signal execution modes. Our analysis identifies a previously unrecognized mechanistic explanation for the survival responses of the CFU-E cell population that would have been impossible to deduce with traditional protein-concentration based analyses.

Impact StatementGiven the mechanistic models of network-driven cellular processes and the associated parameter uncertainty, we present a framework that can identify dominant reaction paths that could in turn lead to unique signal execution modes (i.e., dominant paths of flux propagation), providing a novel statistical and mechanistic insights to explain and predict signal processing and execution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ildefonso, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbett, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probability-based mechanisms in biological networks with parameter uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and structural basis for recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by a two-antibody cocktail 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.27.428529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to an urgent need to understand the molecular basis for immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein antigenic sites. To define the genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, we determined the structures of two human monoclonal antibodies COV2-2196 and COV2-21301, which form the basis of the investigational antibody cocktail AZD7442, in complex with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. COV2-2196 forms an "aromatic cage" at the heavy/light chain interface using germline-encoded residues in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 of the heavy chain and CDRs 1 and 3 of the light chain. These structural features explain why highly similar antibodies (public clonotypes) have been isolated from multiple individuals1-4. The structure of COV2-2130 reveals that an unusually long LCDR1 and HCDR3 make interactions with the opposite face of the RBD from that of COV2-2196. Using deep mutational scanning and neutralization escape selection experiments, we comprehensively mapped the critical residues of both antibodies and identified positions of concern for possible viral escape. Nonetheless, both COV2-2196 and COV2-2130 showed strong neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 strain with recent variations of concern including E484K, N501Y, and D614G substitutions. These studies reveal germline-encoded antibody features enabling recognition of the RBD and demonstrate the activity of a cocktail like AZD7442 in preventing escape from emerging variant viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greaney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingens, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuffy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McvTamney, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and structural basis for recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by a two-antibody cocktail]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling mutational effects on biochemical phenotypes using convolutional neural networks: application to SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biochemical phenotypes are major indexes for protein structure and function characterization. They are determined, at least in part, by the intrinsic physicochemical properties of amino acids and may be reflected in the protein three-dimensional structure. Modeling mutational effects on biochemical phenotypes is a critical step for understanding protein function and disease mechanism as well as enabling drug discovery. Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS) experiments have been performed on SARS-CoV-2s spike receptor binding domain and the human ACE2 zinc-binding peptidase domain - both central players in viral infection and evolution and antibody evasion - quantifying how mutations impact binding affinity and protein expression. Here, we modeled biochemical phenotypes from massively parallel assays, using convolutional neural networks trained on protein sequence mutations in the virus and human host. We found that neural networks are significantly predictive of binding affinity, protein expression, and antibody escape, learning complex interactions and higher-order features that are difficult to capture with conventional methods from structural biology. Integrating the intrinsic physicochemical properties of amino acids, including hydrophobicity, solvent-accessible surface area, and long-range non-bonded energy per atom, significantly improved prediction (empirical p<0.01) though there was such a strong dependence on the sequence data alone to yield reasonably good prediction. We observed concordance of the DMS data and our neural network predictions with an independent study on intermolecular interactions from molecular dynamics (multiple 500 ns or 1 s all-atom) simulations of the spike protein-ACE2 interface, with critical implications for the use of deep learning to dissect molecular mechanisms. The mutation- or genetically-determined component of a biochemical phenotype estimated from the neural networks has improved causal inference properties relative to the original phenotype and can facilitate crucial insights into disease pathophysiology and therapeutic design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling mutational effects on biochemical phenotypes using convolutional neural networks: application to SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polyclonal antibody responses to HIV Env immunogens resolved using cryoEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In BriefHerein, we evaluated the immunogenicity of several BG505 SOSIP-based HIV Env immunogens in the rhesus macaque animal model using a combination of serology and biophysical approaches. We applied electron cryo-microscopy for high-resolution mapping of elicited polyclonal antibody responses, which provided detailed insights into the binding modes of the most common classes of antibodies elicited by BG505 SOSIP immunogens as well as the critical differences in immunogenicity that can occur as a consequence of engineered stabilizing mutations and partial glycan occupancy at different sites.

SummaryEngineered ectodomain trimer immunogens based on BG505 envelope glycoprotein are widely utilized as components of HIV vaccine development platforms. In this study, we used rhesus macaques to evaluate the immunogenicity of several stabilized BG505 SOSIP constructs both as free trimers and presented on a nanoparticle. We applied a cryoEM-based method for high-resolution mapping of polyclonal antibody responses elicited in immunized animals (cryoEMPEM). Mutational analysis coupled with neutralization assays were used to probe the neutralization potential at each epitope. We demonstrate that cryoEMPEM data can be used for rapid, high-resolution analysis of polyclonal antibody responses without the need for monoclonal antibody isolation. This approach allowed to resolve structurally distinct classes of antibodies that bind overlapping sites. In addition to comprehensive mapping of commonly targeted neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes in BG505 SOSIP immunogens, our analysis revealed that epitopes comprising engineered stabilizing mutations and of partially occupied glycosylation sites can be immunogenic.

Graphical abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Antanasijevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewall, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnathan, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groschel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgeson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhiman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastidas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBranche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrett, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rantalainen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannac, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents de la Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froes Rocha, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berndsen, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crotty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crispin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvestri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polyclonal antibody responses to HIV Env immunogens resolved using cryoEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalizing about GC (hypoxia): Dys- & Dat-InformaticaComment on Germinal center B cells selectively oxidize fatty acids for energy while conducting minimal glycolysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Steadily accumulating evidence supports the concept that the outputs of immune responses are influenced by local nutrient and metabolite conditions or concentrations, as well as by the molecular programming of intermediary metabolism within immune cells. Humoral immunity and germinal center reactions are one setting in which these factors are under active investigation. Hypoxia has been highlighted as one example of how a particular nutrient is distributed in primary and secondary follicles during an antibody response, and how its sensors could impact the qualities of antibody output after immunization. Based on a bio-informatic analysis of mRNA levels in germinal center and other B cells, recently published work challenges the concept that there is any hypoxia or that it has any influence. In this perspective, we perform new analyses of published genomics data to explore potential sources of disparity and elucidate aspects of what on the surface might seem to be conflicting conclusions. In particular, the replicability and variance among data sets derived from different naive as well as germinal center B cells are considered. The results of the investigation highlight several broader issues that merit consideration, especially at a time of heightened focus on scientific reports in the realm of immunity and antibody responses. From one finding of this re-analysis, it is proposed that a standard should be expected in which the relationship of new data sets compared to prior "fingerprints" of cell types should be reported transparently to referees and readers. In light of the strong evidence for diversity in the constituencies within germinal centers elicited by protein immunization, it also is proposed that a core practice should be to avoid overly broad conclusions about germinal centers in general when experimental systems are subject to substantial constraints imposed by technical features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raybuck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalizing about GC (hypoxia): Dys- & Dat-InformaticaComment on Germinal center B cells selectively oxidize fatty acids for energy while conducting minimal glycolysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutagenesis of the Ammonium Transporter AcAmt Reveals a Reproductive Role and a Novel Ammonia-Sensing Mechanism in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors of malaria and rely on olfactory cues for host seeking in which ammonia derived from human sweat plays an essential role. To investigate the function of the Anopheles coluzzii ammonium transporter (AcAmt) in the mosquito olfactory system, we generated an AcAmt null mutant line using CRISPR/Cas9. AcAmt-/- mutants displayed a series of novel phenotypes compared with wild-type mosquitoes including significantly lower insemination rates during mating and increased mortality during eclosion. Furthermore, AcAmt-/- males showed significantly lower sugar consumption while AcAmt-/- females and pupae displayed significantly higher ammonia levels than their wild-type counterparts. Surprisingly, in contrast to previous studies in Drosophila that revealed that the mutation of the ammonium transporter (DmAmt) induces a dramatic reduction of ammonia responses in antennal coeloconic sensilla, no significant differences were observed across a range of peripheral sensory neuron responses to ammonia and other odorants between wild-type and AcAmt-/- females. Taken together, these data support the existence of a unique ammonia-sensing mechanism in mosquitoes and that the ammonium transporter may be an important molecular target for vector control.

Key MessagesO_LIMutagenesis of An. coluzzii ammonium transporter AcAmt followed by comprehensive electrophysiological investigation suggest a novel ammonia-sensing pathway in Anopheles mosquitoes.
C_LIO_LIAcAmt-/- mutants displayed significant deficiencies in reproduction and eclosion, which are likely due to elevated ammonia levels and reduced ability of sugar feeding.
C_LIO_LIAn. coluzzii coeloconic sensilla primarily detect amines and acids.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutagenesis of the Ammonium Transporter AcAmt Reveals a Reproductive Role and a Novel Ammonia-Sensing Mechanism in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trial-to-trial variability of spiking delay activity in prefrontal cortex constrains burst-coding models of working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark neuronal correlate of working memory (WM) is stimulus-selective spiking activity of neurons in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during mnemonic delays. These observations have motivated an influential computational modeling framework in which WM is supported by persistent activity. Recently this framework has been challenged by arguments that observed persistent activity may be an artifact of trial-averaging, which potentially masks high variability of delay activity at the single-trial level. In an alternative scenario, WM delay activity could be encoded in bursts of selective neuronal firing which occur intermittently across trials. However, this alternative proposal has not been tested on single-neuron spike-train data. Here, we developed a framework for addressing this issue by characterizing the trial-to-trial variability of neuronal spiking quantified by Fano factor (FF). By building a doubly stochastic Poisson spiking model, we first demonstrated that the burst-coding proposal implies a significant increase in FF positively correlated with firing rate, and thus loss of stability across trials during the delay. Simulation of spiking cortical circuit WM models further confirmed that FF is a sensitive measure that can well dissociate distinct WM mechanisms. We then tested these predictions on datasets of single-neuron recordings from macaque prefrontal cortex during three WM tasks. In sharp contrast to the burst-coding model predictions, we only found a small fraction of neurons showing increased WM-dependent burstiness, and stability across trials during delay was strengthened in empirical data. Therefore, reduced trial-to-trial variability during delay provides strong constraints on the contribution of single-neuron intermittent bursting to WM maintenance.

Significance StatementThere are diverging classes of theoretical models explaining how information is maintained in working memory by cortical circuits. In an influential model class, neurons fire exhibit persistent elevated memorandum-selective firing, whereas a recently developed class of burst-coding models suggests that persistent activity is an artifact of trial-averaging, and spiking is sparse in each single trial, subserved by brief intermittent bursts. However, this alternative picture has not been characterized or tested on empirical spike-train data. Here we combine mathematical analysis, computational model simulation and experimental data analysis to test empirically theses two classes of models and show that the trial-to-trial variability of empirical spike trains is not consistent with burst coding. These findings provide constraints for theoretical models of working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.428962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trial-to-trial variability of spiking delay activity in prefrontal cortex constrains burst-coding models of working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased energy expenditure and protection from diet-induced obesity in mice lacking the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE9 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a central component to cardiometabolic diseases, predisposing patients to both heart failure and diabetes. As therapeutics targeting caloric intake have limited long-term efficacy, greater interest has been on increasing thermogenic energy expenditure. Cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, are important second messengers that are critical for the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis. These are regulated not only by their synthesis but also by their degradation. Pharmacological inhibitors of the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) increased PKG signaling and UCP1 expression in adipocytes. To elucidate the role of PDE9 on energy balance and glucose homeostasis in vivo, mice carrying a targeted disruption of the PDE9 gene, Pde9a, were fed a nutrient matched high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD). Pde9a-/- mice were resistant to obesity induced by a HFD. Pde9a-/- mice exhibited a global increase in energy expenditure while the brown adipose tissue had elevated expression of Ucp1 and other thermogenic genes. The reduced adiposity of HFD-fed Pde9a-/- mice was associated with improvements in glucose handling and hepatic steatosis. These findings support the conclusion that PDE9 is a critical regulator of energy metabolism and suggest that inhibiting this enzyme may be an important avenue to explore for combating metabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased energy expenditure and protection from diet-induced obesity in mice lacking the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE9]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Balanced Input from the tRNA Prenyltransferase MiaA Controls the Stress Resistance and Virulence Potential of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An ability to adapt to rapidly changing and often hostile environments is key to the success of many bacterial pathogens. In Escherichia coli, the highly conserved enzymes MiaA and MiaB mediate the sequential prenylation and methylthiolation of adenosine-37 within tRNAs that decode UNN codons. Here, we show that MiaA, but not MiaB, is critical to the fitness and virulence of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), a major cause of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Deletion of miaA has pleiotropic effects, rendering ExPEC especially sensitive to stressors like nitrogen and oxygen radicals and osmotic shock. We find that stress can stimulate striking changes in miaA expression, which in turn can increase translational frameshifting and markedly alter the bacterial proteome. Cumulatively, these data indicate that ExPEC, and likely other organisms, can vary MiaA levels as a means to fine-tune translation and the spectrum of expressed proteins in response to changing environmental challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blango, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kincannon, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebout, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandarian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifraniskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvey, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Balanced Input from the tRNA Prenyltransferase MiaA Controls the Stress Resistance and Virulence Potential of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.429442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Central obesity with cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a major global contributor to human disease, and effective therapies are needed. Here, we show inhibiting cyclic-GMP selective phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9-I) suppresses established diet-induced obesity and CMS in ovariectomized female and male mice. PDE9-I reduces abdominal, hepatic, and myocardial fat accumulation, stimulates mitochondrial activity in brown and white fat, and improves CMS, without altering activity or food intake. PDE9 localizes to mitochondria, and its inhibition stimulates lipolysis and mitochondrial respiration coupled to PPAR-dependent gene regulation. PPAR upregulation is required for PDE9-I metabolic efficacy and is absent in non-ovariectomized females that also display no metabolic benefits from PDE9-I. The latter is compatible with estrogen receptor- altering PPAR chromatin binding identified by ChIPSeq. In humans with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, myocardial expression of PPARA and its regulated genes is reduced versus control. These findings support testing PDE9-I to treat obesity/CMS in men and postmenopausal women.

SummaryOral inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 9 stimulates mitochondrial fat metabolism and lipolysis, reducing central obesity without changing appetite
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadagopan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkerly-Eyring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarver, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsdottir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jani, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeing, C. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangoiti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kass, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.429442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDE9 Inhibition Activates PPARa to Stimulate Mitochondrial Fat Metabolism and Reduce Cardiometabolic Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.428939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MTHFD2 is a Metabolic Checkpoint Controlling Effector and Regulatory T Cell Fate and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.428939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigenic stimulation promotes T cells metabolic reprogramming to meet increased biosynthetic, bioenergetic, and signaling demands. We show that the one-carbon (1C) metabolism enzyme Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase-2 (MTHFD2) is highly expressed in inflammatory diseases and induced in activated T cells to promote proliferation and produce inflammatory cytokines. In pathogenic Th17 cells, MTHFD2 also prevented aberrant upregulation of FoxP3 and suppressive capacity. Conversely, MTHFD2-deficiency enhanced lineage stability of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Mechanistically, MTHFD2 maintained cellular 10-formyltetrahydrofolate for de novo purine synthesis and MTHFD2 inhibition led to accumulation of the intermediate 5-aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide that was associated with decreased mTORC1 signaling. MTHFD2 was also required for proper histone de-methylation in Th17 cells. Importantly, inhibiting MTHFD2 in vivo reduced disease severity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. MTHFD2 induction is thus a metabolic checkpoint for pathogenic effector cells that suppresses anti-inflammatory Treg cells and is a potential therapeutic target within 1C metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrejeva, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foerch, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Canaveras, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.428939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MTHFD2 is a Metabolic Checkpoint Controlling Effector and Regulatory T Cell Fate and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepDRIM: a deep neural network to reconstruct cell-type-specific gene regulatory network using single-cell RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSingle-cell RNA sequencing is used to capture cell-specific gene expression, thus allowing reconstruction of gene regulatory networks. The existing algorithms struggle to deal with dropouts and cellular heterogeneity, and commonly require pseudotime-ordered cells. Here, we describe DeepDRIM a supervised deep neural network that represents gene pair joint expression as images and considers the neighborhood context to eliminate the transitive interactions. Deep-DRIM yields significantly better performance than the other nine algorithms used on the eight cell lines tested, and can be used to successfully discriminate key functional modules between patients with mild and severe symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepDRIM: a deep neural network to reconstruct cell-type-specific gene regulatory network using single-cell RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leaky wiring of the brain: local cluster of coupled synapses and extracellular signal integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The wiring scheme of neurons is key to the function of the brain. Neurons are structurally wired by synapses and it is a long-held view that most synapses in the CNS are sufficiently isolated to avoid cross-talk to AMPA receptors of neighboring synapses. Here we report in hippocampal brain slices that quantal glutamate release activated optical reporter proteins >1.5 {micro}m distant to the releasing synapse. 2P-glutamate uncaging was used to quantitatively probe glutamate spread in the neuropil. Releasing [~]35000 molecules of glutamate ([~]5 vesicles) at a distance of 500 nm to a spine generated an uncaging EPSC reaching [~]30% of the quantal amplitude at synaptic AMPA-Rs. The same stimulus activated [~]70% of the quantal amplitude at NMDA-Rs and still generated clear current and calcium responses when applied at >= 2 {micro}m remote to the spine. Extracellular spread of glutamate on the sub-micrometer scale appeared cooperative and caused supra-additive activation of AMPA-Rs in a spine. These observations are not predicted by previously used models of glutamate diffusion in the neuropil. An extracellular glutamate scavenger system weakly reduced field potential responses but not the quantal amplitude, indicating that a cross-talk component regularly contributes to synaptic transmission. Our data suggest that slight synaptic crosstalk responses at AMPA receptors of [~]2-4 adjacent synapses may be common (>70 synapses for NMDA receptors). Such broadcasting of synaptic signals to very local neighborhoods could stabilize network learning performance and allow for integration of synaptic activity within the extracellular space.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Döngi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinlein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dyk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitsch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeifer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamprecht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henneberger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leaky wiring of the brain: local cluster of coupled synapses and extracellular signal integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SSNA1 stabilizes dynamic microtubules and detects microtubule damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.05.429994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sjogrens Syndrome Nuclear Autoantigen 1 (SSNA1/NA14) is a microtubule-associated protein with important functions in cilia, dividing cells and developing neurons. However, the direct effects of SSNA1 on microtubules are not known. We employed in vitro reconstitution with purified proteins and TIRF microscopy to investigate the activity of human SSNA1 on dynamic microtubule ends and lattices. We find that SSNA1 modulates all parameters of microtubule dynamic instability - slowing down the rates of growth, shrinkage and catastrophe, and promoting rescue. SSNA1 accumulation on dynamic microtubule ends correlates with the growth rate slow-down. Furthermore, SSNA1 prevents catastrophe when soluble tubulin is removed or sequestered by Op18/Stathmin. Finally, SSNA1 detects spastin-induced damage and inhibits spastins severing activity. Therefore, SSNA1 is both a potent microtubule stabilizing protein and a sensor of microtubule damage; activities that likely underlie SSNA1s cellular functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arpag, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.429994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SSNA1 stabilizes dynamic microtubules and detects microtubule damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Latrophilin GPCR Signaling Mediates Synapse Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuit assembly in the brain requires precise establishment of synaptic connections, but the mechanisms of synapse assembly remain incompletely understood. Latrophilins are postsynaptic adhesion-GPCRs that engage in trans-synaptic complexes with presynaptic teneurins and FLRTs. In CA1-region neurons, Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 are essential for formation of entorhinal-cortex-derived and Schaffer-collateral-derived synapses, respectively. However, it is unknown whether latrophilins function as GPCRs in synapse formation. Here, we show that Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 exhibit constitutive GPCR activity that increases cAMP levels, which was blocked by a mutation interfering with G-protein and arrestin interactions of GPCRs. The same mutation impaired the ability of Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 to rescue the synapse-loss phenotype in Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 knockout neurons in vivo. Our results suggest that Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 require GPCR signaling in synapse formation, indicating that latrophilins promote synapse formation in the hippocampus by activating a classical GPCR-signaling pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Latrophilin GPCR Signaling Mediates Synapse Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bfimpute: A Bayesian factorization method to recover single-cell RNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) offers opportunities to study gene expression of tens of thousands of single cells simultaneously, to investigate cell-to-cell variation, and to reconstruct cell-type-specific gene regulatory networks. Recovering dropout events in a sparse gene expression matrix for scRNA-seq data is a long-standing matrix completion problem. We introduce Bfimpute, a Bayesian factorization imputation algorithm that reconstructs two latent gene and cell matrices to impute final gene expression matrix within each cell group, with or without the aid of cell type labels or bulk data. Bfimpute achieves better accuracy than other six publicly notable scRNA-seq imputation methods on simulated and real scRNA-seq data, as measured by several different evaluation metrics. Bfimpute can also flexibly integrate any gene or cell related information that users provide to increase the performance. Availability: Bfimpute is implemented in R and is freely available at https://github.com/maiziezhoulab/Bfimpute.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langsam, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bfimpute: A Bayesian factorization method to recover single-cell RNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating Sleep Disturbances in Children with Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Syndromes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.430633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAdequate sleep is important for proper neurodevelopment and positive health outcomes. Sleep disturbances are more prevalent in children with genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes compared to typically developing counterparts. We characterize sleep behavior in Rett (RTT), Angelman (AS) and Prader-Willi (PWS) syndromes in order to identify effective approaches for treating sleep problems in these populations. We compared sleep-related symptoms across individuals with these different syndromes to each other, and to typically developing controls.

MethodsChildren were recruited from the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN) consortium registries; unaffected siblings were enrolled as related controls. For each participant, a parent completed multiple sleep questionnaires including: Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (Sleep-Disordered Breathing [SDB]); Childrens Sleep Habits Questionnaire; Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale.

ResultsSleep data were analyzed from 714 participants, ages 2-18 years. Young children with AS had more reported sleep problems than children with RTT or PWS. Older children with RTT had more reported daytime sleepiness than those with AS or PWS. Finally, all individuals with RTT had more evidence of sleep-disordered breathing when compared to individuals with PWS. Notably, typically developing siblings were also reported to have sleep problems, except for sleep-related breathing disturbances which were associated with each of the genetic syndromes.

ConclusionsIndividuals with RTT, AS and PWS frequently experience sleep problems, including sleep-disordered breathing. Screening for sleep problems in individuals with these and other neurogenetic disorders should be included in clinical assessment and managements. These data may also be useful in developing treatment strategies and in clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veatch, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malow, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrish, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neul, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufmann, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dykens, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimonis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacino, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kothare, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Percy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaze, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.430633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating Sleep Disturbances in Children with Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Syndromes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomes of gut bacteria from Nasonia wasps shed light on phylosymbiosis and microbe-assisted hybrid breakdown 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.13.431100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylosymbiosis is a cross-system trend whereby microbial community relationships recapitulate the host phylogeny. In Nasonia parasitoid wasps, phylosymbiosis occurs throughout development, is distinguishable between sexes, and benefits host development and survival. Moreover, the microbiome shifts in hybrids as a rare Proteus bacteria in the microbiome becomes dominant. The larval hybrids then catastrophically succumb to bacterial-assisted lethality and reproductive isolation between the species. Two important questions for understanding phylosymbiosis and bacterial-assisted lethality in hybrids are: (i) Do the Nasonia bacterial genomes differ from other animal isolates and (ii) Are the hybrid bacterial genomes the same as those in the parental species? Here we report the cultivation, whole genome sequencing, and comparative analyses of the most abundant gut bacteria in Nasonia larvae, Providencia rettgeri and Proteus mirabilis. Characterization of new isolates shows Proteus mirabilis forms a more robust biofilm than Providencia rettgeri and when grown in co-culture, Proteus mirabilis significantly outcompetes Providencia rettgeri. Providencia rettgeri genomes from Nasonia are similar to each other and more divergent to pathogenic, human-associates strains. Proteus mirabilis from N. vitripennis, N. giraulti, and their hybrid offspring are nearly identical and relatively distinct from human isolates. These results indicate that members of the larval gut microbiome within Nasonia are most similar to each other, and the strain of the dominant Proteus mirabilis in hybrids is resident in parental species. Holobiont interactions between shared, resident members of the wasp microbiome and the host underpin phylosymbiosis and hybrid breakdown.

IMPORTANCEAnimal and plant hosts often establish intimate relationships with their microbiomes. In varied environments, closely-related host species share more similar microbiomes, a pattern termed phylosymbiosis. When phylosymbiosis is functionally significant and beneficial, microbial transplants between host species or host hybridization can have detrimental consequences on host biology. In the Nasonia parasitoid wasp genus that contains a phylosymbiotic gut community, both effects occur and provide evidence for selective pressures on the holobiont. Here, we show that bacterial genomes in Nasonia differ from other environments and harbor genes with unique functions that may regulate phylosymbiotic relationships. Furthermore, the bacteria in hybrids are identical to parental species, thus supporting a hologenomic tenet that the same members of the microbiome and the host genome impact phylosymbiosis, hybrid breakdown, and speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cross, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatmaker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikaelyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.13.431100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomes of gut bacteria from Nasonia wasps shed light on phylosymbiosis and microbe-assisted hybrid breakdown]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431108v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacologic Therapy for Engraftment Arrhythmia Induced by Transplantation of Human Cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.15.431108v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEngraftment arrhythmias (EAs) are observed in large animal studies of intramyocardial transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) for myocardial infarction. Although transient, the risk posed by EA presents a barrier to clinical translation.

ObjectivesWe hypothesized that clinically approved antiarrhythmic drugs can prevent EA-related mortality as well as suppress tachycardia and arrhythmia burden.

MethodshPSC-CM were transplanted into the infarcted porcine heart by surgical or percutaneous delivery to induce EA. Following a screen of antiarrhythmic agents, a prospective study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of amiodarone plus ivabradine in preventing cardiac death and suppressing EA.

ResultsEA was observed in all subjects, and amiodarone-ivabradine treatment was well-tolerated. None of the treated subjects experienced the primary endpoint of cardiac death, unstable EA or heart failure compared to 5/8 (62.5%) in the control cohort (hazard ratio 0.00; 95% confidence interval, 0-0.297; p = 0.002). Overall survival including two deaths in the treated cohort from immunosuppression-related infection showed borderline improvement with treatment (hazard ratio 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-1.01; p = 0.05). Without treatment, peak heart rate averaged 305 {+/-} 29 beats per min (bpm), whereas in treated subjects peak daily heart rate was significantly restricted to 185{+/-}9 bpm (p = 0.006). Similarly, treatment reduced peak daily EA burden from 96.8 {+/-} 2.9% to 76.5 {+/-} 7.9% (p = 0.003). Antiarrhythmic treatment was safely discontinued after approximately one-month of treatment without recrudescence of arrhythmia.

ConclusionsThe risk of engraftment arrhythmia following hPSC-CM transplantation can be reduced significantly by combined amiodarone and ivabradine drug therapy.

Condensed AbstractEngraftment arrhythmia (EA) is a transient but serious complication of cardiac remuscularization therapy. Using a porcine model of cardiac remuscularization and EA, ivabradine and amiodarone were independently effective in suppressing tachycardia and arrhythmia, respectively. Baseline amiodarone combined with adjunctive ivabradine successfully prevented cardiac death, unstable EA and heart failure (hazard ratio 0.00; 95% confidence interval, 0-0.297; p = 0.002) and significantly suppressed peak daily heart rate and arrhythmia burden (p=0.006 and 0.003, respectively). Antiarrhythmic treatment was successfully discontinued after one-month without recrudescence of arrhythmia. We conclude that EA can be suppressed by combined amiodarone and ivabradine drug therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neidig, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-nachef, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalucki, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayabalu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futakuchi-Tsuchida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamura, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchiano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whittington, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinecke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kattman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thies, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLellan, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murry, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431108</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacologic Therapy for Engraftment Arrhythmia Induced by Transplantation of Human Cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Diacylglycerol Lipase to Reduce AlcoholConsumption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and societal cost, and pharmacological treatment options for AUD are limited. The endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is critically involved in reward processing and alcohol intake is positively correlated with release of the eCB ligand 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) within reward neurocircuitry. Here we show that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of 2-AG, reduces alcohol consumption in a variety of preclinical models ranging from a voluntary free-access model to aversion resistant-drinking, and dependence-like drinking induced via chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure in mice. DAGL inhibition also prevented ethanol-induced suppression of GABAergic transmission onto midbrain dopamine neurons, providing mechanistic insight into how DAGL inhibition could affect alcohol reward. Lastly, DAGL inhibition during either chronic alcohol consumption or protracted withdrawal was devoid of anxiogenic and depressive-like behavioral effects. These data suggest reducing 2-AG signaling via inhibition of DAGL could represent a novel approach to reduce alcohol consumption across the spectrum of AUD severity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astafyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centanni, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuels, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Diacylglycerol Lipase to Reduce AlcoholConsumption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Delivery of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein into human cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein (S2-E) is a conserved membrane protein that is essential to coronavirus assembly and budding. Here, we describe the recombinant expression and purification of S2-E into amphipol-class amphipathic polymer solutions. The physical properties of amphipols underpin their ability to solubilize and stabilize membrane proteins without disrupting membranes. Amphipol delivery of S2-E to pre-formed planar bilayers results in spontaneous membrane integration and formation of viroporin ion channels. Amphipol delivery of the S2-E protein to human cells results in membrane integration followed by retrograde trafficking to a location adjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and the Golgi, which are the sites of coronavirus replication. Delivery of S2-E to cells enables both chemical biological approaches for future studies of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and development of "Trojan Horse" anti-viral therapies. This work also establishes a paradigm for amphipol-mediated delivery of membrane proteins to cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadziselimovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Horn, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Delivery of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein into human cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial transcription factor profiles predict mature and functional human islet α and β cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Islet-enriched transcription factors (TFs) exert broad control over cellular processes in pancreatic  and {beta} cells and changes in their expression are associated with developmental state and diabetes. However, the implications of heterogeneity in TF expression across islet cell populations are not well understood. To define this TF heterogeneity and its consequences for cellular function, we profiled >40,000 cells from normal human islets by scRNA-seq and stratified  and {beta} cells based on combinatorial TF expression. Subpopulations of islet cells co-expressing ARX/MAFB ( cells) and MAFA/MAFB ({beta} cells) exhibited greater expression of key genes related to glucose sensing and hormone secretion relative to subpopulations expressing only one or neither TF. Moreover, all subpopulations were identified in native pancreatic tissue from multiple donors. By Patch-seq, MAFA/MAFB co-expressing {beta} cells showed enhanced electrophysiological activity. Thus, these results indicate combinatorial TF expression in islet  and {beta} cells predicts highly functional, mature subpopulations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haliyur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial transcription factor profiles predict mature and functional human islet α and β cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Tension Initiates the Positive Feedback Loop Between E-cadherin and F-actin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adherens junctions (AJs) physically link two cells at their contact interface via extracellular homophilic interactions between cadherin molecules and intracellular connections between cadherins and the actomyosin cortex. Both cadherin and actomyosin cytoskeletal dynamics are reciprocally regulated by mechanical and chemical signals, which subsequently determine the strength of cell-cell adhesions and the emergent organization and stiffness of the tissues they form. However, an understanding of the integrated system is lacking. We present a new mechanistic computational model of intercellular junction maturation in a cell doublet to investigate the mechano-chemical crosstalk that regulates AJ formation and homeostasis. The model couples a 2D lattice-based model of cadherin dynamics with a continuum, reaction-diffusion model of the reorganizing actomyosin network through its regulation by Rho signaling at the intercellular junction. We demonstrate that local immobilization of cadherin induces cluster formation in a cis less dependent manner. We further investigate how cadherin and actin regulate and cooperate. By considering the force balance during AJ maturation and the force-sensitive property of the cadherin/F-actin linking molecules, we show that cortical tension applied on the contact rim can explain the ring distribution of cadherin and F-actin on the cell-cell contact of the cell-doublet. Meanwhile, the positive feedback loop between cadherin and F-actin is necessary for maintenance of the ring. Different patterns of cadherin distribution can be observed as an emergent property of disturbances of this feedback loop. We discuss these findings in light of available experimental observations on underlying mechanisms related to cadherin/F-actin binding and the mechanical environment.

Significance StatementThe formation, maintenance and disassembly of adherens junctions (AJs) is fundamental to organ development, tissue integrity as well as tissue function. E-cadherins and F-actin are two major players of the adherens junctions (AJs). Although it is well known that cadherins and F-actin affect each other, how these two players work together to maintain the intercellular contact is unclear. Using a novel mechano-chemical model of E-cadherin and F-actin remodeling, we demonstrate that a positive feedback loop between cadherins and F-actin allows them to stabilize each other locally. Mechanical and chemical stimuli applied to the cell adhesion change E-cadherin and F-actin distribution by consolidating or interrupting the feedback loop locally. Our study mechanistically links mechanical force to E-cadherin patterning at cell-cell junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiery, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luwor, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Tension Initiates the Positive Feedback Loop Between E-cadherin and F-actin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-Resolved Proteomic Analysis of the Lens Extracellular Diffusion Barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.432581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe presence of a physical barrier to molecular diffusion through lenticular extracellular space has been repeatedly detected in multiple species. This extracellular diffusion barrier has been proposed to restrict the movement of solutes into the lens and to direct nutrients into the lens core via the sutures at both poles. The purpose of this study is to characterize the molecular components that could contribute to the formation of this barrier.

MethodsThree distinct regions in the bovine lens cortex were captured by laser capture microdissection guided by dye penetration. Proteins were digested by endoproteinase Lys C and trypsin. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis followed by gene ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed.

ResultsDye penetration showed that lens fiber cells first shrink the extracellular spaces of the broad sides of fiber cells followed by closure of the extracellular space between narrow sides at normalized lens distance (r/a) of 0.9. Accompanying the closure of extracellular space of the broad sides, dramatic proteomic changes were detected including up-regulation of several cell junctional proteins. AQP0 and its interacting partners ERM proteins were among a few proteins that were upregulated accompanying the closure of extracellular space of the narrow sides suggesting a particularly important role for the major lens membrane protein AQP0 in controlling the narrowing of the extracellular spaces between lens fiber cells. The results also provided important information related to biological processes that occur during fiber cell differentiation such as organelle degradation, cytoskeletal remodeling and GSH synthesis.

ConclusionsThe formation of lens extracellular diffusion barrier is accompanied by significant membrane and cytoskeletal protein remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-Resolved Proteomic Analysis of the Lens Extracellular Diffusion Barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Power spectra reveal distinct BOLD resting-state time courses in white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate characterization of the time courses of BOLD signal changes is crucial for the analysis and interpretation of functional MRI data. While several studies have shown that white matter (WM) exhibits distinct BOLD responses evoked by tasks, there have been no comprehensive investigations into the time courses of spontaneous signal fluctuations in WM. We measured the power spectra of the resting-state time courses in a set of regions within WM identified as showing synchronous signals using independent components analysis. In each component, a clear separation between voxels into two categories was evident, based on their power spectra: one group exhibited a single peak, the other had an additional peak at a higher frequency. Their groupings are location-specific, and their distributions reflect unique neurovascular and anatomical configurations. Importantly, the two categories of voxels differed in their engagement in functional integration, revealed by differences in the number of inter- regional connections based on the two categories separately. Moreover, the power spectral measurements in voxels with two peaks in specific components predict specific human behaviors. Taken together, these findings suggest WM signals are heterogeneous in nature and depend on local structural-vascular-functional associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Power spectra reveal distinct BOLD resting-state time courses in white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Larvae and adults exhibit contrasting patterns of immune gene expression and infection resistance in wild flour beetle populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.24.432795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In nature, hosts face shifting patterns of parasite exposure and life history trade-offs as they develop from birth to old age. As a result, the net fitness benefit of immunological investment can change dramatically from one life stage to the next. Previous work has revealed a puzzling diversity of relative immune investment patterns among juvenile and adult stages, and it is not clear whether lessons learned from one particular population or species can be generalized to wild populations, after accounting for local adaptation and other variance-generating processes. In this study, we quantify larval and adult immune gene expression and resistance to bacterial infection in two flour beetle species (Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum) from two lab-adapted and five wild-derived populations. Our results provide a clear signal of higher infection-induced immunological investment and resistance in adults relative to larvae, despite variation among species in immune gene regulation. Better characterization of stage-specific investment in infection resistance in natural populations can inform our understanding of life history evolution and improve predictions of disease dynamics in the wild.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jent, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Larvae and adults exhibit contrasting patterns of immune gene expression and infection resistance in wild flour beetle populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmatic modeling for biological systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.433125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational modeling has become an established technique to encode mathematical representations of cellular processes and gain mechanistic insights that drive testable predictions. These models are often constructed using graphical user interfaces or domain-specific languages, with SBML used for interchange. Models are typically simulated, calibrated, and analyzed either within a single application, or using import and export from various tools. Here, we describe a programmatic modeling paradigm, in which modeling is augmented with best practices from software engineering. We focus on Python - a popular, user-friendly programming language with a large scientific package ecosystem. Models themselves can be encoded as programs, adding benefits such as modularity, testing, and automated documentation generators while still being exportable to SBML. Automated version control and testing ensures models and their modules have expected properties and behavior. Programmatic modeling is a key technology to enable collaborative model development and enhance dissemination, transparency, and reproducibility.

HighlightsO_LIProgrammatic modeling combines computational modeling with software engineering best practices.
C_LIO_LIAn executable model enables users to leverage all available resources from the language.
C_LIO_LICommunity benefits include improved collaboration, reusability, and reproducibility.
C_LIO_LIPython has multiple modeling frameworks with a broad, active scientific ecosystem.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmatic modeling for biological systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of basal media composition on barrier fidelity within human pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is increasingly recognized that brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), the principle component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are highly sensitive to soluble cues from both the bloodstream and the brain. This concept extends in vitro, where the extracellular milieu can also influence BBB properties in cultured cells. However, the extent to which baseline culture conditions can affect BBB properties in vitro remains unclear, which has implications for model variability and reproducibility, as well as downstream assessments of molecular transport and disease phenotypes. Here, we explore this concept by examining BBB properties within human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived BMEC-like cells cultured under serum-free conditions in different basal media with fully defined compositions. We demonstrate notable differences in both passive and active BBB properties as a function of basal media composition. Further, RNA sequencing and phosphoproteome analyses revealed alterations to various signaling pathways in response to basal media differences. Overall, our results demonstrate that baseline culture conditions can have a profound influence on the performance of in vitro BBB models, and these effects should be considered when designing experiments that utilize such models for basic research and preclinical assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katdare, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagerla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of basal media composition on barrier fidelity within human pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An evolutionary genomic approach reveals both conserved and species-specific genetic elements related to human disease in closely related Aspergillus fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.01.433394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillosis is an important opportunistic human disease caused by filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus. Roughly 70% of infections are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, with the rest stemming from approximately a dozen other Aspergillus species. Several of these pathogens are closely related to A. fumigatus and belong in the same taxonomic section, section Fumigati. Pathogenic species are frequently most closely related to non-pathogenic ones, suggesting Aspergillus pathogenicity evolved multiple times independently. To understand the repeated evolution of Aspergillus pathogenicity, we performed comparative genomic analyses on 18 strains from 13 species, including 8 species in section Fumigati, which aimed to identify genes, both ones previously connected to virulence as well as ones never before implicated, whose evolution differs between pathogens and non-pathogens. We found that most genes were present in all species, including approximately half of those previously connected to virulence, but a few genes were section- or species-specific. Evolutionary rate analyses identified hundreds of genes in pathogens that were faster-evolving than their orthologs in non-pathogens. For example, over 25% of all single-copy genes examined in A. fumigatus were faster-evolving. Functional testing of deletion mutants of 17 transcription factor-encoding genes whose evolution differed between pathogens and non-pathogens identified eight genes that affect either fungal survival in a model of phagocytic killing, host survival in an animal model of fungal disease, or both. These results suggest that the evolution of pathogenicity in Aspergillus involved both conserved and species-specific genetic elements, illustrating how an evolutionary genomic approach informs the study of fungal disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saeed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillmann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.433394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An evolutionary genomic approach reveals both conserved and species-specific genetic elements related to human disease in closely related Aspergillus fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the generalizability of diffusion MRI signal representations across acquisition parameters, sequences and tissue types: chronicles of the MEMENTO challenge. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) has become an invaluable tool to assess the microstructural organization of brain tissue. Depending on the specific acquisition settings, the dMRI signal encodes specific properties of the underlying diffusion process. In the last two decades, several signal representations have been proposed to fit the dMRI signal and decode such properties. Most methods, however, are tested and developed on a limited amount of data, and their applicability to other acquisition schemes remains unknown. With this work, we aimed to shed light on the generalizability of existing dMRI signal representations to different diffusion encoding parameters and brain tissue types. To this end, we organized a community challenge - named MEMENTO, making available the same datasets for fair comparisons across algorithms and techniques. We considered two state-of-the-art diffusion datasets, including single-diffusion-encoding (SDE) spin-echo data from a human brain with over 3820 unique diffusion weightings (the MASSIVE dataset), and double (oscillating) diffusion encoding data (DDE/DODE) of a mouse brain including over 2520 unique data points. A subset of the data sampled in 5 different voxels was openly distributed, and the challenge participants were asked to predict the remaining part of the data. After one year, eight participant teams submitted a total of 80 signal fits. For each submission, we evaluated the mean squared error, the variance of the prediction error and the Bayesian information criteria. Most predictions predicted either multi-shell SDE data (37%) or DODE data (22%), followed by cartesian SDE data (19%) and DDE (18%). Most submissions predicted the signals measured with SDE remarkably well, with the exception of low and very strong diffusion weightings. The prediction of DDE and DODE data seemed more challenging, likely because none of the submissions explicitly accounted for diffusion time and frequency. Next to the choice of the model, decisions on fit procedure and hyperparameters play a major role in the prediction performance, highlighting the importance of optimizing and reporting such choices. This work is a community effort to highlight strength and limitations of the field at representing dMRI acquired with trending encoding schemes, gaining insights into how different models generalize to different tissue types and fiber configurations over a large range of diffusion encodings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Luca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ianus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leemans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palombo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shemesh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froeling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biessels, G.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zucchelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedlar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alimi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deslauriers-Gauthier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deriche, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieciak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogusz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aja-Fernandez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozarslan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvathaneni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sijbers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeurissen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadnavis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garyfallidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prchkovska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the generalizability of diffusion MRI signal representations across acquisition parameters, sequences and tissue types: chronicles of the MEMENTO challenge.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxaliplatin Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Enhances TRAIL Sensitivity Via Death Receptor 4 Upregulation and Lipid Raft Localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer death, and its mortality is associated with metastasis and chemoresistance. We demonstrate that oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells are sensitized to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Oxaliplatin-resistant cells exhibited transcriptional downregulation of caspase-10, but this had minimal effects on TRAIL sensitivity following CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of caspase-10 in parental cells. Sensitization effects in oxaliplatin-resistant cells were found to be a result of increased DR4, as well as significantly enhanced DR4 palmitoylation and translocation into lipid rafts. Raft perturbation via nystatin and resveratrol significantly altered DR4/raft colocalization and TRAIL sensitivity. Blood samples from metastatic CRC patients were treated with TRAIL liposomes, and a 57% reduction of viable CTCs was observed. Increased DR4/lipid raft colocalization in CTCs was found to correspond with increased oxaliplatin resistance and increased efficacy of TRAIL liposomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of lipid rafts in primary CTCs.

Impact StatementOxaliplatin-resistant colorectal cancer cells exhibit unregulated death receptor 4 expression with increased receptor palmitoylation and translocation into lipid rafts, increasing their sensitivity to apoptosis via TRAIL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Cavestany, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Otero, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxaliplatin Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Enhances TRAIL Sensitivity Via Death Receptor 4 Upregulation and Lipid Raft Localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Kiosk Station for the Assessment of Multiple Cognitive Domains and Enrichment of Monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNonhuman primates (NHPs) are self-motivated to perform cognitive tasks on touchscreens in their animal housing setting. To leverage this ability, fully integrated hardware and software solutions are needed, that work within housing and husbandry routines while also spanning cognitive task constructs of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC).

New MethodWe describe a Kiosk Station (KS-1) that provides robust hardware and software solutions for running cognitive tasks in cage-housed NHPs. KS-1 consists of a frame for mounting flexibly on housing cages, a touchscreen animal interface with mounts for receptables, reward pumps and cameras, and a compact computer cabinet with an interface for controlling behavior. Behavioral control is achieved with a unity3D program that is virtual-reality capable, allowing semi-naturalistic visual tasks to assess multiple cognitive domains.

ResultsKS-1 is fully integrated into the regular housing routines of monkeys. A single person can operate multiple KS-1s. Monkeys engage with KS-1 at high motivation and cognitive performance levels at high intra-individual consistency.

Comparison with Existing MethodsKS-1 is optimized for flexible mounting onto standard apartment cage systems. KS-1 has a robust animal interface with options for gaze/reach monitoring. It has an integrated user interface for controlling multiple cognitive task using a common naturalistic object space designed to enhance task engagement. All custom KS-1 components are open-sourced.

ConclusionsKS-1 is a versatile tool for cognitive profiling and enrichment of cage-housed monkeys. It reliably measures multiple cognitive domains which promises to advance our understanding of animal cognition, inter-individual differences and underlying neurobiology in refined, ethologically meaningful behavioral foraging contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.434198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Kiosk Station for the Assessment of Multiple Cognitive Domains and Enrichment of Monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lag structure of BOLD signals within white matter in resting-state fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.06.434206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposePrevious studies have demonstrated that BOLD signals in gray matter in resting-state functional MRI (RSfMRI) have variable time lags, representing apparent propagations of fMRI BOLD signals in gray matter. We complemented existing findings and explored the corresponding variations of signal latencies in white matter.

MethodsWe used data from the Brain Genomics Superstruct Project, consisting of 1412 subjects (both sexes included) and divided the dataset into ten equal groups to study both the patterns and reproducibility of latency estimates within white matter. We constructed latency matrices by computing cross-correlations between voxel pairs. We also applied a clustering analysis to identify functional networks within white matter, based on which latency analysis was also performed to investigate lead/lag relationship at network level. A dataset consisting of various sensory states (eyes closed, eyes open and eyes open with fixation) was also included to examine the relationship between latency structure and different states.

ResultsProjections of voxel latencies from the latency matrices were highly correlated (average Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.89) across the subgroups, confirming the reproducibility and structure of signal lags in white matter. Analysis of latencies within and between networks revealed a similar pattern of inter- and intra-network communication to that reported for gray matter. Moreover, a dominant direction, from inferior to superior regions, of BOLD signal propagation was revealed by higher resolution clustering. The variations of lag structure within white matter are associated with different sensory states.

ConclusionsThese findings provide additional insight into the character and roles of white matter BOLD signals in brain functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.434206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lag structure of BOLD signals within white matter in resting-state fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative host interactomes of the SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 3 and human coronavirus homologs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.08.434440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human coronaviruses have become an increasing threat to global health; three highly pathogenic strains have emerged since the early 2000s, including most recently SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis is needed, including how these highly virulent strains differ from those that cause milder, common-cold like disease. While significant progress has been made in understanding how SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with the host cell, non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) has largely been omitted from the analyses. Nsp3 is a viral protease with important roles in viral protein biogenesis, replication complex formation, and modulation of host ubiquitinylation and ISGylation. Herein, we use affinity purification-mass spectrometry to study the host-viral protein-protein interactome of nsp3 from five coronavirus strains: pathogenic strains SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV; and endemic common-cold strains hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43. We divide each nsp3 into three fragments and use tandem mass tag technology to directly compare the interactors across the five strains for each fragment. We find that few interactors are common across all variants for a particular fragment, but we identify shared patterns between select variants, such as ribosomal proteins enriched in the N-terminal fragment (nsp3.1) dataset for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. We also identify unique biological processes enriched for individual homologs, for instance nuclear protein important for the middle fragment of hCoV-229E, as well as ribosome biogenesis of the MERS nsp3.2 homolog. Lastly, we further investigate the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 N-terminal fragment with ATF6, a regulator of the unfolded protein response. We show that SARS-CoV-2 nsp3.1 directly binds to ATF6 and can suppress the ATF6 stress response. Characterizing the host interactions of nsp3 widens our understanding of how coronaviruses co-opt cellular pathways and presents new avenues for host-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Almasy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.08.434440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative host interactomes of the SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 3 and human coronavirus homologs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychomotor impairments and therapeutic implications revealed by a mutation linked with Infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 6.1 million people worldwide. Although the cause of PD remains unclear, studies of highly-penetrant mutations identified in early-onset familial parkinsonism have contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathology. Dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) deficiency syndrome (DTDS) is a distinct type of infantile parkinsonism-dystonia that shares key clinical features with PD, including motor deficits (progressive bradykinesia, tremor, hypomimia) and altered DA neurotransmission. Here, we define structural, functional, and behavioral consequences of a Cys substitution at R445 in human DAT (hDAT R445C), identified in a patient with DTDS. We found that this R445 substitution disrupts a phylogenetically conserved intracellular (IC) network of interactions that compromise the hDAT IC gate. This is demonstrated by both Rosetta molecular modeling and fine-grained simulations using hDAT R445C, as well as EPR analysis and X-ray crystallography of the bacterial homolog leucine transporter. Notably, the disruption of this IC network of interactions supported a channel-like intermediate of hDAT and compromised hDAT function. We demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster expressing hDAT R445C show impaired hDAT activity, which is associated with DA dysfunction in isolated brains and with abnormal behaviors monitored at high-speed time resolution.

We show that hDAT R445C Drosophila exhibit motor deficits, lack of motor coordination (i.e. flight coordination) and phenotypic heterogeneity in these behaviors that is typically associated with DTDS and PD. These behaviors are linked with altered dopaminergic signaling stemming from loss of DA neurons and decreased DA availability. We rescued flight coordination through enhanced DAT surface expression via the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. Together, these studies shed light on how a DTDS-linked DAT mutation underlies DA dysfunction and, more broadly, the clinical phenotypes shared by DTDS and PD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Font, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledwitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belovich, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurian, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenollar-Ferrer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthies, H. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychomotor impairments and therapeutic implications revealed by a mutation linked with Infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Supports Gut Mucosal Immunity and Commensal Microbiome Recognition in Autoimmune Arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brutons tyrosine kinase (Btk) deficiency preferentially eliminates autoreactive B cells while sparing normal humoral responses, but has not been studied in mucosal immunity. Commensal microbes are essential for arthritis in K/BxN mice, used here to examine how BTK-mediated signaling interfaces with the microbiome. Btk-deficient K/BxN mice were found to have small Peyers Patches with reduced germinal center and IgA+ B cells. Although lamina propria IgA+ plasma cells were numerically normal, intestinal IgA was low and IgA coating of commensal bacteria was reduced. IgA-seq showed a shift in microbes that are normally IgA-coated into the uncoated fraction in Btk-deficient mice. In this altered microbial milieau, the proportion of Parabacteroides distasonis was reduced in Btk-deficient K/BxN mice. To determine whether P. distasonis contributes to arthritis, it was reintroduced into antibiotic-protected K/BxN mice, where it restored disease. This suggests that P. distasonis inability to thrive in Btk-deficient mice may be a factor in disease protection. Thus, BTK supports normal intestinal IgA development, with downstream effects on the microbiome that may contribute to autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonami, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thurman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyhoff, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlake, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barron, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Supports Gut Mucosal Immunity and Commensal Microbiome Recognition in Autoimmune Arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavior emerges from unstructured muscle activity in response to neuromodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying neural substrates of behavior requires defining actions in terms that map onto brain activity. Brain and muscle activity naturally correlate via the output of motor neurons, but apart from simple movements it has been difficult to define behavior in terms of muscle contractions. By mapping the musculature of the pupal fruit fly and comprehensively imaging muscle activation at single cell resolution, we here describe a multiphasic behavioral sequence in Drosophila. Our characterization identifies a previously undescribed behavioral phase and permits extraction of major movements by a convolutional neural network. We deconstruct movements into a syllabary of co-active muscles and identify specific syllables that are sensitive to neuromodulatory manipulations. We find that muscle activity shows considerable variability, which reduces upon neuromodulation. Our work provides a platform for studying whole-animal behavior, quantifying its variability across multiple spatiotemporal scales, and analyzing its neuromodulatory regulation at cellular resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elliott, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berndt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houpert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.10.434785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavior emerges from unstructured muscle activity in response to neuromodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434916v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single synonymous nucleotide change impacts the male-killing phenotype of prophage WO gene wmk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434916v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia are the most widespread bacterial endosymbionts in animals. Within arthropods, these maternally-transmitted bacteria can selfishly hijack host reproductive processes to increase the relative fitness of their transmitting females. One such form of reproductive parasitism called male killing, or the selective killing of infected males, is recapitulated to degrees by transgenic expression of the WO-mediated killing (wmk) gene. Here, we characterize the genotype-phenotype landscape of wmk-induced male killing in D. melanogaster using transgenic expression. While phylogenetically distant wmk homologs induce no sex-ratio bias, closely-related homologs exhibit complex phenotypes spanning no death, male death, or death of all hosts. We demonstrate that alternative start codons, synonymous codons, and notably a single synonymous nucleotide in wmk can ablate killing. These findings reveal previously unrecognized features of transgenic wmk-induced killing and establish new hypotheses for the impacts of post-transcriptional processes in male killing variation. We conclude that synonymous sequence changes are not necessarily silent in nested endosymbiotic interactions with life-or-death consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlmutter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434916</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single synonymous nucleotide change impacts the male-killing phenotype of prophage WO gene wmk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of an elusive pre-transport intermediate of the multidrug transporter BmrCD reveals modes of asymmetric drug binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.435271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vectorial substrate efflux by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which play a major role in multidrug resistance, entails the ATP-powered interconversion of the transporter between stable intermediates. Despite recent progress in structure elucidation of ABC transporters, a number of such intermediates have yet to be visualized and mechanistically interpreted. Here, we combine single particle cryo-EM, Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy with Molecular Dynamics simulations to profile and mechanistically frame the conformation of a hitherto unobserved intermediate in the context of BmrCD, a heterodimeric multidrug ABC exporter from Bacillus subtilis. In our cryo-EM structure, BmrCD adopts an inward-facing architecture bound to both ATP and the substrate Hoechst-33342 and is capped by an extracellular domain which undergoes ATP-dependent conformational changes. A striking feature of the structure is a symmetric arrangement of the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) in the presence of ATP whereas binding of Hoechst at two distinct sites in an acidic pocket stabilizes an asymmetric arrangement of the transmembrane domain architecture (TMD). Mutation of residues coordinating Hoechst in the structure abrogates the cooperative stimulation of ATP hydrolysis. In conjunction with previous studies, our findings suggest a mechanistic role for symmetry mismatch between NBDs and TMDs in the conformational cycle of ABC transporters. Moreover, the resolved structures of bimodally-bound drugs are of notable importance for future rational design and optimization of molecules for targeted transport inhibition of ABC transporters.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYCryo-EM and EPR analysis reveal cooperative substrate binding in BmrCD in an architecture primed for transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thaker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasiak, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.435271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of an elusive pre-transport intermediate of the multidrug transporter BmrCD reveals modes of asymmetric drug binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCMICRO: A scalable, modular image-processing pipeline for multiplexed tissue imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.15.435473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed tissue imaging makes molecular analysis of single cells possible in a preserved spatial context. However, reproducible analysis of the underlying data poses a substantial computational challenge. Here we describe a modular and open-source computational pipeline (MCMICRO) for performing the sequential steps needed to transform large, multi-channel whole slide images into single-cell data. We demonstrate use of MCMICRO on images of different tissues and tumors acquired using multiple imaging platforms, thereby providing a solid foundation for the continued development of tissue imaging software.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schapiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhlich, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nariya, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruokonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maliga, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhi, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbondanza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santagata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.15.435473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCMICRO: A scalable, modular image-processing pipeline for multiplexed tissue imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fiber tractography bundle segmentation depends on scanner effects, acquisition, diffusion sensitization, and bundle segmentation workflow 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When investigating connectivity and microstructure of white matter pathways of the brain using diffusion tractography bundle segmentation, it is important to understand potential confounds and sources of variation in the process. While cross-scanner and cross-protocol effects on diffusion microstructure measures are well described (in particular fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity), it is unknown how potential sources of variation effect bundle segmentation results, which features of the bundle are most affected, where variability occurs, nor how these sources of variation depend upon the method used to reconstruct and segment bundles. In this study, we investigate six potential sources of variation, or confounds, for bundle segmentation: variation (1) across scan repeats, (2) across scanners, (3) across vendors (4) across acquisition resolution, (5) across diffusion schemes, and (6) across diffusion sensitization. We employ four different bundle segmentation workflows on two benchmark multi-subject cross-scanner and cross-protocol databases, and investigate reproducibility and biases in volume overlap, shape geometry features of fiber pathways, and microstructure features within the pathways. We find that the effects of acquisition protocol, in particular acquisition resolution, result in the lowest reproducibility of tractography and largest variation of features, followed by vendor-effects, scanner-effects, and finally diffusion scheme and b-value effects which had similar reproducibility as scan-rescan variation. However, confounds varied both across pathways and across segmentation workflows, with some bundle segmentation workflows more (or less) robust to sources of variation. Despite variability, bundle dissection is consistently able to recover the same location of pathways in the deep white matter, with variation at the gray matter/ white matter interface. Next, we show that differences due to the choice of bundle segmentation workflows are larger than any other studied confound, with low-to-moderate overlap of the same intended pathway when segmented using different methods. Finally, quantifying microstructure features within a pathway, we show that tractography adds variability over-and-above that which exists due to noise, scanner effects, and acquisition effects. Overall, these confounds need to be considered when harmonizing diffusion datasets, interpreting or combining data across sites, and when attempting to understand the successes and limitations of different methodologies in the design and development of new tractography or bundle segmentation methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tax, C. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fiber tractography bundle segmentation depends on scanner effects, acquisition, diffusion sensitization, and bundle segmentation workflow]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contemporary clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from pediatric osteomyelitis patients display unique characteristics in a mouse model of hematogenous osteomyelitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteomyelitis can result from the direct inoculation of pathogens into bone during injury or surgery, or from spread via the bloodstream, a condition called hematogenous osteomyelitis (HOM). HOM disproportionally affects children, and more than half of cases are caused by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. Laboratory models of osteomyelitis mostly utilize direct injection of bacteria into the bone or the implantation of foreign material, and therefore do not directly interrogate the pathogenesis of pediatric hematogenous osteomyelitis. In this study, we inoculated mice intravenously and characterized resultant musculoskeletal infections using two strains isolated from adults (USA300-LAC and NRS384) and five new methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates from pediatric osteomyelitis patients. All strains were capable of creating stable infections over five weeks, although the incidence varied. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis demonstrated decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction but little effect on bone cortices. Histologic assessment revealed differences in the precise focus of musculoskeletal infection, with varying mixtures of bone-centered osteomyelitis and joint-centered septic arthritis. Whole genome sequencing of three new isolates demonstrated distinct strains, two within the USA300 lineage and one USA100 isolate. Interestingly, the USA100 strain showed a distinct predilection for septic arthritis, compared to the USA300 strains, including NRS384 and LAC, which more frequently led to osteomyelitis or mixed bone and joint infections. Collectively, these data outline the feasibility of using pediatric osteomyelitis clinical isolates to study the pathogenesis of HOM in murine models and lay the groundwork for future studies investigating strain-dependent differences in musculoskeletal infection.

ImportanceThe inflammation of bone tissue is called osteomyelitis, and more than half of cases are caused by an infection with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. In children, the most common route of infection is hematogenous, wherein bacteria seed the bone from the bloodstream without another known site of infection. Although these infections pose a significant health problem, they are understudied in the laboratory because of a dearth of robust animal models. In this study, we utilized several previously uncharacterized clinical isolates of S. aureus derived from children with bone infections to generate reproducible and stable musculoskeletal infection in mice with many features seen in human osteomyelitis, making them a valuable resource for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roper, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichelberger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contemporary clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from pediatric osteomyelitis patients display unique characteristics in a mouse model of hematogenous osteomyelitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autism_genepheno: Text mining of gene-phenotypeassociations reveals new phenotypic profiles ofautism-associated genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.24.436848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism is a spectrum disorder with wide variation in type and severity of symptoms. Understanding gene-phenotype associations is vital to unravel the disease mechanisms and advance its diagnosis and treatment. To date, several databases have stored a large portion of gene-phenotype associations which are mainly obtained from genetic experiments. However, a large proportion of gene-phenotype associations are still buried in the autism-related literature and there are limited resources to investigate autism-associated gene-phenotype associations. Given the abundance of the autism-related literature, we were thus motivated to develop Autism_genepheno, a text mining pipeline to identify sentence-level mentions of autism-associated genes and phenotypes in literature through natural language processing methods. We have generated a comprehensive database of gene-phenotype associations in the last five years autism-related literature that can be easily updated as new literature becomes available. We have evaluated our pipeline through several different approaches, and we are able to rank and select top autism-associated genes through their unique and wide spectrum of phenotypic profiles, which could provide a unique resource for the diagnosis and treatment of autism. The data resources and the Autism_genpheno pipeline are available at: https://github.com/maiziezhoulab/Autism_genepheno.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ioffe, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.24.436848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autism_genepheno: Text mining of gene-phenotypeassociations reveals new phenotypic profiles ofautism-associated genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Profiling of Temperature- and Retinal-Sensitive Rhodopsin Variants by Deep Mutational Scanning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane protein variants with diminished conformational stability often exhibit enhanced cellular expression at reduced growth temperatures. The expression of "temperature-sensitive" variants is also typically sensitive to corrector molecules that bind and stabilize the native conformation. In this work, we employ deep mutational scanning to compare the effects of reduced growth temperature and an investigational corrector (9-cis-retinal) on the plasma membrane expression of 700 rhodopsin variants in HEK293T cells. We find that the change in expression at reduced growth temperatures is correlated with the response to retinal among variants bearing mutations within a hydrophobic transmembrane domain (TM2). The most sensitive variants within this helix appear to disrupt a network of hydrogen bonds that stabilizes a native helical kink. By comparison, mutants that alter a polar transmembrane domain (TM7) exhibit weaker responses to temperature and retinal that are poorly correlated. Statistical analyses suggest this insensitivity primarily arises from an abundance of mutations that enhance its membrane integration, stabilize its native conformation, and/ or perturb the retinal binding pocket. Finally, we show that the characteristics of purified temperature- and retinal-sensitive variants suggest that the proteostatic effects of retinal may be manifested during translation and cotranslational folding. Together, our findings elucidate various factors that mediate the sensitivity of genetic variants to temperature and to small molecule correctors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roushar, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastrzebska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Profiling of Temperature- and Retinal-Sensitive Rhodopsin Variants by Deep Mutational Scanning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression of Sonic Hedgehog and Pathway Components in the Embryonic Mouse Head: Anatomical Relationships Between Regulators of Positive and Negative Feedback 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.30.437697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe Hedgehog pathway is a fundamental signaling pathway in organogenesis. The expression patterns of the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and key pathway components have been studied in many tissues but direct spatial comparisons across tissues with different cell compositions and structural organization are not common and could reveal tissue-specific differences in pathway dynamics.

ResultsWe directly compared the expression characteristics of Shh, and four genes with functional roles in signaling and whose expression levels serve as readouts of pathway activity in multiple tissues of the embryonic mouse head at embryonic day 15.5 by serial in situ hybridization. The four readout genes were the positive feedback regulator Gli1, and three negative feedback regulators, Patched1, Patched2, and Hedgehog Interacting Protein. While the relative abundance of Gli1 was similar across tissues, the relative expression levels and spatial distribution of Shh and the negative feedback regulators differed, suggesting that feedback regulation of hedgehog signaling is context dependent. This comparative analysis offers insight into how consistent pathway activity could be achieved in tissues with different morphologies and characteristics of ligand expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sigulinsky, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.30.437697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression of Sonic Hedgehog and Pathway Components in the Embryonic Mouse Head: Anatomical Relationships Between Regulators of Positive and Negative Feedback]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of substrate stiffness on barrier function in an iPSC-derived in vitro blood-brain barrier model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionVascular endothelial cells respond to a variety of biophysical cues such as shear stress and substrate stiffness. In peripheral vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening alters barrier function, leading to increased vascular permeability in atherosclerosis and pulmonary edema. The effect of ECM stiffness on blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells, however, has not been explored. To investigate this topic, we incorporated hydrogel substrates into an in vitro model of the human BBB.

MethodsInduced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated to brain microvascular endothelial-like (BMEC-like) cells and cultured on hydrogel substrates of varying stiffness. Cellular changes were measured by imaging, functional assays such as transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and p-glycoprotein efflux activity, and bulk transcriptome readouts.

ResultsThe magnitude and longevity of TEER in iPSC-derived BMEC-like cells is enhanced on compliant substrates. Quantitative imaging shows that BMEC-like cells form fewer intracellular actin stress fibers on substrates of intermediate stiffness (20 kPa relative to 1 kPa and 150 kPa). Chemical induction of actin polymerization leads to a rapid decline in TEER, agreeing with imaging readouts. P-glycoprotein activity is unaffected by substrate stiffness. Modest differences in RNA expression corresponding to specific signaling pathways were observed as a function of substrate stiffness.

ConclusionsiPSC-derived BMEC-like cells exhibit differences in passive but not active barrier function in response to substrate stiffness. These findings may provide insight into BBB dysfunction during neurodegeneration, as well as aid in the optimization of more complex threedimensional neurovascular models utilizing compliant hydrogels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of substrate stiffness on barrier function in an iPSC-derived in vitro blood-brain barrier model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplexed 3D atlas of state transitions and immune interactions in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.31.437984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advanced solid cancers are complex assemblies of tumor, immune, and stromal cells characterized by high intratumoral variation. We use highly multiplexed tissue imaging, 3D reconstruction, spatial statistics, and machine learning to identify cell types and states underlying morphological features of known diagnostic and prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. Quantitation of these features in high-plex marker space reveals recurrent transitions from one tumor morphology to the next, some of which are coincident with long-range gradients in the expression of oncogenes and epigenetic regulators. At the tumor invasive margin, where tumor, normal, and immune cells compete, T-cell suppression involves multiple cell types and 3D imaging shows that seemingly localized 2D features such as tertiary lymphoid structures are commonly interconnected and have graded molecular properties. Thus, while cancer genetics emphasizes the importance of discrete changes in tumor state, whole-specimen imaging reveals large-scale morphological and molecular gradients analogous to those in developing tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santagata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.31.437984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplexed 3D atlas of state transitions and immune interactions in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accelerating Strain Engineering using Desorption Electrospray Ionization-Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Untargeted Molecular Analysis of Intact Microbial Colonies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progress in the fields of genomic and biologic sciences has yielded microbial bioprocesses for the advanced production of chemicals. While biomanufacturing has the potential to address global demands for renewable fuels and chemicals, engineering microbial cell factories that can compete with synthetic chemical processes remains a challenge. Optimizing strains for enhanced chemical production is no longer limited by reading and writing DNA, rather it is impeded by the lack of high-throughput platforms for characterizing the metabolic phenotypes resulting from specific gene editing events. To address this issue, we have developed a desorption electrospray ionization- imaging mass spectrometry (DESI-IMS) screening assay that is conducive to both multiplexed sampling and untargeted analyses. This technology bridges the gap between genomic and metabolomic timescales by simultaneously characterizing the chemical output of various engineered Escherichia coli strains rapidly and directly under ambient conditions. The developed method was used to phenotype four E. coli strains on the basis of measured metabolomes, which were validated via PCR genotyping. Untargeted DESI-IMS phenotyping suggests multiple strategies for future engineering which include: (i) relative amounts of specific biosynthetic products, (ii) identification of secondary products, and (iii) the metabolome of engineered organisms. In sum, we present a workflow to accelerate strain engineering by providing rapid, untargeted, and multiplexed analyses of microbial metabolic phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babele, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfleger, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accelerating Strain Engineering using Desorption Electrospray Ionization-Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Untargeted Molecular Analysis of Intact Microbial Colonies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a conserved metaplasia program in pancreatic injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.09.439243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND & AIMSAcinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM) occurs in the pancreas in response to tissue injury and is a potential precursor for adenocarcinoma. The goal of these studies was to define the populations arising from ADM, the associated transcriptional changes, and markers of disease progression.

METHODSAcinar cells were lineage-traced with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) to follow their fate upon injury. Transcripts of over 13,000 EYFP+ cells were determined using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Developmental trajectories were generated. Data were compared to gastric metaplasia, KrasG12D-induced neoplasia, and human pancreatitis. Results were confirmed by immunostaining and electron microscopy. KrasG12D was expressed in injury-induced ADM using several inducible Cre drivers. Surgical specimens of chronic pancreatitis from 15 patients were evaluated by immunostaining.

RESULTSscRNA-seq of ADM revealed emergence of a mucin/ductal population resembling gastric pyloric metaplasia. Lineage trajectories suggest that some pyloric metaplasia cells can generate tuft and enteroendocrine cells (EECs). Comparison to KrasG12D-induced ADM identifies populations associated with disease progression. Activation of KrasG12D expression in HNF1B+ or POU2F3+ ADM populations leads to neoplastic transformation and formation of MUC5AC+ gastric-pit-like cells. Human pancreatitis samples also harbor pyloric metaplasia with a similar transcriptional phenotype.

CONCLUSIONSUnder conditions of chronic injury, acinar cells undergo a pyloric-type metaplasia to mucinous progenitor-like populations, which seed disparate tuft cell and EEC lineages. ADM-derived EEC subtypes are diverse. KrasG12D expression is sufficient to drive neoplasia from injury-induced ADM and offers an alternative origin for tumorigenesis. This program is conserved in human pancreatitis, providing insight into early events in pancreas diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytle, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyotsana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser Novak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Levy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neininger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giraddi, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Means, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.09.439243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a conserved metaplasia program in pancreatic injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonclassical monocytes are prone to migrate into tumor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.10.439292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Absolute count of circulating monocytes has been proposed as an independent prognostic factor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, monocyte nomenclature includes various subsets with pro-, anti-inflammatory, or suppressive functions, and their clinical relevance in DLBCL has been poorly explored. Herein, we broadly assessed circulating monocyte heterogeneity in 91 DLBCL patients. Classical- (cMO, CD14pos CD16neg) and intermediate- (iMO, CD14pos CD16pos) monocytes accumulated in DLBCL peripheral blood and exhibited an inflammatory phenotype. On the opposite, nonclassical monocytes (ncMO, CD14low CD16pos) were decreased in peripheral blood. Tumor-conditioned monocytes presented similarities with ncMO phenotype from DLBCL and were prone to migrate in response to CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL12, and presented similarities with DLBCL-infiltrated myeloid cells, as defined by mass cytometry. Finally, we demonstrated the adverse value of an accumulation of nonclassical monocytes in 2 independent cohorts of DLBCL.

Key pointsO_LINonclassical monocytes are prone to migrate to DLBCL tumor
C_LIO_LIHigh count of circulating nonclassical monocytes is an independent adverse event in DLBCL
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Gallou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lhomme, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mingam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pangault, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monvoisin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrant, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzaoui, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossille, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouabdallah, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godemer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gouill, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casanovas, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houot, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamy, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fest, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.10.439292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonclassical monocytes are prone to migrate into tumor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Hippo pathway regulates density-dependent proliferation of iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.12.439529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inducing cardiac myocytes to proliferate is considered a potential therapy to target heart disease, however, modulating cardiac myocyte proliferation has proven to be a technical challenge. The Hippo pathway is a kinase signaling cascade that regulates cell proliferation during the growth of the heart. Inhibition of the Hippo pathway increases the activation of the transcription factors YAP/TAZ, which translocate to the nucleus and upregulate transcription of pro-proliferative genes. The Hippo pathway regulates the proliferation of cancer cells, pluripotent stem cells, and epithelial cells through a cell-cell contact-dependent manner, however it is unclear if cell density-dependent cell proliferation is a consistent feature in cardiac myocytes. Here, we used cultured human iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes (hiCMs) as a model system to investigate this concept. hiCMs have a comparable transcriptome to the immature cardiac myocytes that proliferate during heart development in vivo. Our data indicate that a dense syncytium of hiCMs can regain cell cycle activity and YAP expression and activity when plated sparsely or when density is reduced through wounding. We found that combining two small molecules, XMU-MP-1 and S1P, increased YAP activity and further enhanced proliferation of low-density hiCMs. Importantly, these compounds had no effect on hiCMs within a dense syncytium. These data add to a growing body of literature that link the Hippo pathway regulation with cardiac myocyte proliferation and demonstrate that regulation is restricted to cells with reduced contact inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neininger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.12.439529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Hippo pathway regulates density-dependent proliferation of iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examination of gene loss in the DNA mismatch repair pathway and its mutational consequences in a fungal phylum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway corrects mismatched bases produced during DNA replication and is highly conserved across the tree of life, reflecting its fundamental importance for genome integrity. Loss of function in one or a few MMR genes can lead to increased mutation rates and microsatellite instability, as seen in some human cancers. While loss of MMR genes has been documented in the context of human disease and in hypermutant strains of pathogens, examples of entire species and species lineages that have experienced substantial MMR gene loss are lacking. We examined the genomes of 1,107 species in the fungal phylum Ascomycota for the presence of 52 genes known to be involved in the MMR pathway of fungi. We found that the median ascomycete genome contained 49 / 52 MMR genes. In contrast, four closely related species of obligate plant parasites from the powdery mildew genera Erysiphe and Blumeria, have lost between 5 and 21 MMR genes, including MLH3, EXO1, and DPB11. The lost genes span MMR functions, include genes that are conserved in all other ascomycetes, and loss of function of any of these genes alone has been previously linked to increased mutation rate. Consistent with the hypothesis that loss of these genes impairs MMR pathway function, we found that powdery mildew genomes with higher levels of MMR gene loss exhibit increased numbers of mononucleotide runs, longer microsatellites, accelerated sequence evolution, elevated mutational bias in the A|T direction, and decreased GC content. These results identify a striking example of macroevolutionary loss of multiple MMR pathway genes in a eukaryotic lineage, even though the mutational outcomes of these losses appear to resemble those associated with detrimental MMR dysfunction in other organisms.

Significance StatementThe DNA mismatch repair pathway corrects nucleotide base errors that occur during the replication of DNA; loss of these genes leads to cancer. We examined the conservation of the DNA mismatch repair pathways genes across more than 1,000 species in a fungal phylum and found a lineage of powdery mildews, a group of fungi that infect the leaves of plants, which have experienced extensive loss of multiple, otherwise highly conserved, genes. The genomes of these powdery mildews show elevated rates of diverse types of mutation, raising the hypothesis that these organisms have diversified while lacking genes thought to be essential for the accurate replication of DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examination of gene loss in the DNA mismatch repair pathway and its mutational consequences in a fungal phylum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Focal Adhesion Filament Cross-correlation Kit for fast, automated segmentation and correlation of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focal adhesions (FAs) and associated actin stress fibers (SFs) form a complex mechanical system that mediates bidirectional interactions between cells and their environment. This linked network is essential for mechanosensing, force production and force transduction, thus directly governing cellular processes like polarization, migration and extracellular matrix remodeling. We introduce a tool for fast and robust coupled analysis of both FAs and SFs named the Focal Adhesion Filament Cross-correlation Kit (FAFCK). Our software can detect and record location, axes lengths, area, orientation, and aspect ratio of focal adhesion structures as well as the location, length, width and orientation of actin stress fibers. This enables users to automate analysis of the correlation of FAs and SFs and study the stress fiber system in a higher degree, pivotal to accurately evaluate transmission of mechanocellular forces between a cell and its surroundings. The FAFCK is particularly suited for unbiased and systematic quantitative analysis of FAs and SFs necessary for novel approaches of traction force microscopy that uses the additional data from the cellular side to calculate the stress distribution in the substrate. For validation and comparison with other tools, we provide datasets of cells of varying quality that are labelled by a human expert. Datasets and FAFCK are freely available as open source under the GNU General Public License.

Author summaryOur novel Focal Adhesion Filament Cross-correlation Kit (FAFCK) allows for fast, reliable, unbiased, and systematic detection of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in cells and their mutual correlation. Detailed analysis of these structures which are both key elements in mechano-sensing and force transduction will help tremendously to improve quantitative analysis of mechanocellular experiments, key to understanding the complex interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix. In particular, sophisticated analysis methods such as model-based traction force microscopy will benefit from correlating the detailed datasets of stress fibers and focal adhesions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Primessnig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehfeldt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Focal Adhesion Filament Cross-correlation Kit for fast, automated segmentation and correlation of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The allosteric activation of α7 nAChR by α-conotoxin MrIC is modified by mutations at the vestibular site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.14.439845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
-conotoxins are 13-19 amino acid toxin peptides that bind various nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. -conotoxin Mr1.7c (MrIC) is a 17 amino acid peptide that targets 7 nAChR. Although MrIC has no activating effect on 7 nAChR when applied by itself, it evokes a large response when co-applied with the type II positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596, which potentiates 7 nAChR response by recovering it from a desensitized state. Lack of standalone activity despite activation upon co-application with a positive allosteric modulator was previously observed for molecules that bind to an extracellular domain allosteric activation (AA) site at the vestibule of the receptor. We hypothesized that MrIC may activate 7 nAChR allosterically through this site. We ran voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments and in silico peptide docking calculations to gather evidence in support of 7 nAChR activation by MrIC through the AA site. The experiments with the wild-type 7 nAChR supported an allosteric mode of action, which was confirmed by the increased MrIC + PNU-120596 responses of three 7 nAChR AA site mutants that were designed in silico to improve MrIC binding. Overall, our results shed light on allosteric activation of 7 nAChR by MrIC and suggest involvement of the AA site.

Significance Statement-conotoxin MrIC (MrIC) is an allosteric agonist of the 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). This mode of action is unique among -conotoxins since these peptides typically act as orthosteric antagonists of nAChR. However, the mechanism of 7 nAChR activation by MrIC has been elusive so far. This work demonstrates that activation by MrIC is independent of the 7 nAChR orthosteric site and is related to a vestibular allosteric activation site at the extracellular domain of the receptor. Our experimental and computational studies identified the residues that play a role in allosteric activation and confirmed the utility of ensemble docking methods in understanding peptide - nAChR interactions, thus providing a basis for the design of peptides for allosteric modulation of nAChR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papke, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, H. N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, A.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vetter, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.14.439845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The allosteric activation of α7 nAChR by α-conotoxin MrIC is modified by mutations at the vestibular site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic GABAergic inhibition controlled by Shh signaling-dependent stellate cell pool is critical for motor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebellar inhibitory interneurons are important regulators of neural circuit activity for diverse motor and non-motor functions. The molecular layer interneurons (MLI), consisting of basket cells (BCs) and stellate cells (SCs), provide dendritic and somatic inhibitory synapses onto Purkinje cells, respectively. They are sequentially generated in an inside-out pattern from Pax2+ immature interneurons which migrate from the prospective white matter to the ML of the cortex. However, little is known as to how MLI subtype identities and pool sizes are determined, nor are their contributions to motor learning well understood. Here, we show that GABAergic progenitors fated to generate both BCs and SCs respond to the Shh signal. Conditional abrogation of Shh signaling inhibited proliferation of GABAergic progenitors and reduced the number of Pax2+ cells, whereas persistent Shh pathway activation increased their numbers. These changes, however, did not affect early-born BC numbers but selectively altered the SC pool size. Moreover, genetic depletion of GABAergic progenitors when BCs are actively generated also resulted in a specific reduction of SCs, suggesting that the specification of MLI subtypes is independent of Shh signaling and their birth order and likely occurs after Pax2+ cells settle into their laminar positions in an inside-out sequence. Mutant mice with reduced SC numbers displayed decreased dendritic inhibitory synapses and neurotransmission onto Purkinje cells, resulting in an impaired acquisition of eyeblink conditioning. These findings also reveal an essential role of Shh signaling-dependent SCs in regulating inhibitory dendritic synapses and motor learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleming, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brignola, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zavalin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagrange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rex, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>heiney, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojaczynski, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic GABAergic inhibition controlled by Shh signaling-dependent stellate cell pool is critical for motor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Albumin-binding Aptamer Chimeras for Improved siRNA Bioavailability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.440012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are potent nucleic acid-based drugs designed to target disease driving genes that may otherwise be undruggable with small molecules. However, the potential of administering therapeutic siRNA in vivo is limited by poor pharmacokinetic properties, including rapid renal clearance and nuclease degradation. Nanocarriers have traditionally been explored as means to overcome these challenges, but they have intrinsic downsides such as dose-limiting toxicity and synthetic complexity. Backpacking on natural carriers such as albumin, which is present at high concentration and has a long half-life in serum, is an effective way to modify pharmacokinetics of biologic drugs that otherwise have poor bioavailability. In this work, we sought to develop albumin-binding aptamer-siRNA chimeras to improve the bioavailability of siRNA. We used a Systematic Evolution of Ligands through Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) approach to obtain RNA aptamers with modified bases that bind albumin with high affinity. We then fused the aptamers directly to an siRNA to generate the chimera structure. These aptamer-siRNA chimeras are stable in serum, exhibit potent gene knockdown capabilities in vitro, and display extended circulation time in vivo. We suggest that this albumin-binding aptamersiRNA chimera approach is a promising strategy for drug delivery applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboezem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.440012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Albumin-binding Aptamer Chimeras for Improved siRNA Bioavailability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIETARY RESCUE OF ADULT BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS IN THE FMR1 KNOCKOUT MOUSE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current study aimed to further address important questions regarding the therapeutic efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids for various behavioral and neuroimmune aspects of the Fmr1 phenotype. To address these questions, our experimental design utilized two different omega-3 fatty acid administration timepoints, compared to both standard laboratory chow controls ("Standard") and a diet controlling for the increase in fat content ("Control Fat"). In the first paradigm, post-weaning supplementation (after postnatal day 21) with the omega-3 fatty acid diet ("Omega-3") reversed deficits in startle threshold, but not deficits in prepulse inhibition, and the effect on startle threshold was not specific to the Omega-3 diet. However, post-weaning supplementation with both experimental diets also impaired acquisition of a fear response, recall of the fear memory and contextual fear conditioning compared to the Standard diet. The post-weaning Omega-3 diet reduced hippocampal expression of IL-6 and this reduction of IL-6 was significantly associated with diminished performance in the fear conditioning task. In the prenatal experimental paradigm, the Omega-3 diet attenuated hyperactivity and acquisition of a fear response. Additionally, prenatal exposure to the Control Fat diet (similar to a "Western" diet) further diminished nonsocial anxiety in the Fmr1 knockout. This study provides significant evidence that dietary fatty acids throughout the lifespan can significantly impact the behavioral and neuroimmune phenotype of the Fmr1 knockout model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nolan, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoh, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escobar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lugo, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIETARY RESCUE OF ADULT BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS IN THE FMR1 KNOCKOUT MOUSE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlated Functional Connectivity and Glucose Metabolism in Brain White Matter Revealed by Simultaneous MRI/PET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.16.440245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in white matter (WM) have usually been ignored or undetected, consistent with the lower vascular density and metabolic demands in WM than in gray matter (GM). Despite converging evidence demonstrating the reliable detection of BOLD signals in WM evoked by neural stimulation and in a resting state, few studies have examined the relationship between BOLD functional signals and tissue metabolism in WM. By analyzing simultaneous recordings of MRI and PET data, we found that the correlations between low frequency resting state BOLD signals in WM are spatially correlated with local glucose uptake, which also covaried with the amplitude of spontaneous low frequency fluctuations in BOLD signals. These results provide further evidence that BOLD signals in WM reflect variations in metabolic demand associated with neural activity, and suggest they should be incorporated into more complete models of brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlated Functional Connectivity and Glucose Metabolism in Brain White Matter Revealed by Simultaneous MRI/PET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.439022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteriophage Lambda RexA and RexB Functions Assist the Transition from Lysogeny to Lytic Growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.439022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CI and Cro repressors of bacteriophage {lambda} create a bistable switch between lysogenic and lytic growth. In {lambda} lysogens, CI repressor expressed from the PRM promoter blocks expression of the lytic promoters PL and PR to allow stable maintenance of the lysogenic state. When lysogens are induced, CI repressor is inactivated and Cro repressor is expressed from the lytic PR promoter. Cro repressor blocks PRM transcription and CI repressor synthesis to ensure that the lytic state proceeds. RexA and RexB proteins, like CI, are expressed from the PRM promoter in {lambda} lysogens; RexB is also expressed from a second promoter, PLIT, embedded in rexA. Here we show that RexA binds CI repressor and assists the transition from lysogenic to lytic growth, using both intact lysogens and defective prophages with reporter genes under control of the lytic PL and PR promoters. Once lytic growth begins, if the bistable switch does return to the immune state, RexA expression lessens the probability that it will remain there, thus stabilizing the lytic state and activation of the lytic PL and PR promoters. RexB modulates the effect of RexA and may also help establish phage DNA replication as lytic growth ensues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomason, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Court, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlitz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Court, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosford, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappie, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.439022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteriophage Lambda RexA and RexB Functions Assist the Transition from Lysogeny to Lytic Growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication timing analysis in polyploid cells reveals Rif1 uses multiple mechanisms to promote underreplication in Drosophila. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.19.440528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulation of DNA replication and copy number are necessary to promote genome stability and maintain cell and tissue function. DNA replication is regulated temporally in a process known as replication timing (RT). Rif1 is key regulator of RT and has a critical function in copy number control in polyploid cells. In a previous study (Munden et al., 2018), we demonstrated that Rif1 functions with SUUR to inhibit replication fork progression and promote underreplication (UR) of specific genomic regions. How Rif1-dependent control of RT factors into its ability to promote UR is unknown. By applying a computational approach to measure RT in Drosophila polyploid cells, we show that SUUR and Rif1 have differential roles in controlling UR and RT. Our findings reveal that Rif1 functions both upstream and downstream of SUUR to promote UR. Our work provides new mechanistic insight into the process of UR and its links to RT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolesnikova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhimulev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.19.440528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication timing analysis in polyploid cells reveals Rif1 uses multiple mechanisms to promote underreplication in Drosophila.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered Cortical Activation Associated with Mirror Overflow Driven by Non-Dominant Hand Movement in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mirror overflow is involuntary movement that accompanies unilateral voluntary movement on the opposite side of the body, and is commonly seen in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD show asymmetry in mirror overflow between dominant and non-dominant hand, yet there are competing mechanistic accounts of why this occurs. Using EEG during a sequential, unimanual finger-tapping task, we found that children with ADHD exhibited significantly more mirror overflow than typically developing (TD) controls, especially during the tapping of the non-dominant hand. Furthermore, source-level EEG oscillation analysis revealed that children with ADHD showed decreased alpha (8-12 Hz) event-related desynchronization (ERD) compared with controls in both hemispheres, but only during tapping of the non-dominant hand. Moreover, only the ERD ipsilateral to the mirror overflow during non-dominant hand movement correlated with both magnitude of overflow movements and higher ADHD symptom severity (Conners ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsiveness scale) in children with ADHD. TD controls did not show these relationships. Our findings suggest that EEG differences in finger-tapping in ADHD are related primarily to voluntary movement in the non-dominant hand. Our results are also consistent with the Ipsilateral Corticospinal Tract (CST) Hypothesis, which posits that the atypical persistence of mirror overflow in ADHD may originate in the sensorimotor areas ipsilateral to mirror overflow and be transmitted via non-decussating CST fibers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crocetti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostofsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered Cortical Activation Associated with Mirror Overflow Driven by Non-Dominant Hand Movement in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei Tim50 Plays a Critical Role in Cell Cycle Regulation and Parasite Infectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tim50 is a receptor subunit of the preprotein-translocase of the mitochondrial inner membrane, TIM23. Trypanosoma brucei, the infective agent for African trypanosomiasis, possesses a homologue of Tim50 (TbTim50) with a pair of characteristic DXDX(T/V) phosphatase signature motifs. Here, we demonstrated that besides its protein phosphatase activity, the recombinant TbTim50 binds and hydrolyzes phosphatidic acid in a concentration-dependent manner. In silico structural homology models identify the putative binding interfaces that may accommodate different phospho-substrates. Interestingly, TbTim50 depletion in the bloodstream form (BF) of T. brucei reduced cardiolipin (CL) levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential ({Delta}{Psi}). TbTim50 knockdown (KD) also reduced the population of G2 phase and increased G1 phase; thus, BF cell growth was reduced. Confocal and electron microscopy revealed a defect in regulation of kinetoplast (kDNA) replication due to TbTim50 KD. Depletion of TbTim50 increased the levels of AMPK phosphorylation, and parasite morphology was changed to stumpy-like with upregulation of few stumpy marker gene expressions. Importantly, we observed that TbTim50-depleted parasites were unable to establish infection in mice and rats. Proteomics analysis showed reductions of the translation factors, flagellar transport proteins, and many proteasomal subunits, including the mitochondrial HslVU that is known to play a role in kDNA replication. Reduction of the level of HslV in TbTim50 KD cells was further validated by immunoblot analysis. Altogether, our results showed that TbTim50 is essential for mitochondrial function, regulation of kDNA replication, and cell cycle in the BF. Therefore, TbTim50 is an important target for structure-based drug design to combat African trypanosomiasis.

ImportanceAfrican trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, is transmitted by the tsetse fly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. During its digenetic life cycle, T. brucei undergoes multiple developmental changes to adapt in different environments. T. brucei BF, dwelling in mammalian blood, generates ATP from glycolysis and hydrolyzes ATP in mitochondria for inner membrane potential. We found that TbTim50, a HAD-family phosphatase, is critical for T. brucei BF survival in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of TbTim50 in BF reduced CL levels and mitochondrial {Delta}{Psi} and caused a detrimental effect on many cellular functions. Cells accumulated in G1-S phase, and kinetoplast was over-replicated due to depletion of mitochondrial proteasomes, HslVU, a master-regulator of kDNA replication. Cell growth inhibition was accompanied by changes in morphology, AMPK phosphorylation, and upregulation of stumpy-specific gene expression. TbTim50 is essential for T. brucei survival and an important T. brucei therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singha, U. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillyard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratap, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trypanosoma brucei Tim50 Plays a Critical Role in Cell Cycle Regulation and Parasite Infectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441804v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of the P4B ATPase lipid flippase activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441804v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
P4 ATPases are lipid flippases that are phylogenetically grouped into P4A, P4B and P4C clades. The P4A ATPases are heterodimers composed of a catalytic -subunit and accessory {beta}-subunit, and the structures of several heterodimeric flippases have been reported. The S. cerevisiae Neo1 and its orthologs represent the P4B ATPases, which function as monomeric flippases without a {beta}-subunit. It has been unclear whether monomeric flippases retain the architecture and transport mechanism of the dimeric flippases. Here we report the first structure of a P4B ATPase, Neo1, in its E1-ATP, E2P-transition, and E2P states. The structure reveals a conserved architecture as well as highly similar functional intermediate states relative to dimeric flippases. Consistently, structure-guided mutagenesis of residues in the proposed substrate translocation path disrupted Neo1s ability to establish membrane asymmetry. These observations indicate that evolutionarily distant P4 ATPases use a structurally conserved mechanism for substrate transport.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.28.441804</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of the P4B ATPase lipid flippase activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ornament, armament, or toolkit? Modelling how population size drives the evolution of birdsong, a functional cultural trait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscine songbirds have been an important study system for social learning, particularly because their learned songs provide an analog for human languages and music. Here we propose a different analogy; from an evolutionary perspective, could a birds song be more like an arrowhead than an aria? We modify a model of human tool evolution to accommodate cultural evolution of birdsong: each song learner chooses the most skilled available tutor to emulate, and each is more likely to produce an inferior copy than a superior one. Similarly to human tool evolution, we show that larger populations foster improvements in song over time, even when learners restrict their pool of tutors to a subset of individuals. We also demonstrate that songs could be simplified instead of lost after population bottlenecks if lower-quality traits are easier to imitate than higher-quality ones. We show that these processes could plausibly generate empirically observed patterns of song evolution, and we make predictions about the types of song elements most likely to be lost when populations shrink. More broadly, we aim to connect the modeling approaches used in human and non-human systems, moving toward a cohesive theoretical framework that accounts for both cognitive and demographic processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ornament, armament, or toolkit? Modelling how population size drives the evolution of birdsong, a functional cultural trait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue fixation effects on human retinal lipid analysis by MALDI imaging and LC-MS/MS technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.29.442044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) allows the location and abundance of lipids to be mapped across tissue sections of human retina. For reproducible and accurate information, sample preparation methods need to be optimized. Paraformaldehyde fixation of a delicate multilayer structure like human retina facilitates the preservation of tissue morphology by forming methylene bridge cross-links between formaldehyde and amine/ thiols in biomolecules; however, retina sections analyzed by IMS are typically fresh-frozen. To determine if clinically significant inferences could be reliably based on fixed tissue, we evaluated the effect of fixation on analyte detection, spatial localization, and introduction of artefactual signals. Hence, we assessed the molecular identity of lipids generated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI-IMS) and liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for fixed and fresh-frozen retina tissues in positive and negative ion modes. Based on MALDI-IMS analysis, more lipid signals were observed in fixed compared to fresh-frozen retina. More potassium adducts were observed in fresh-frozen tissues than fixed as the fixation process caused displacement of potassium adducts to protonated and sodiated species in ion positive ion mode. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed an overall decrease in lipid signals due to fixation that reduced glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids and conserved most sphingolipids and cholesteryl esters. The high quality and reproducible information from untargeted lipidomics analysis of fixed retina informs on all major lipid classes, similar to fresh-frozen retina, and serves as a steppingstone towards understanding of lipid alterations in retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kotnala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curcio, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.29.442044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue fixation effects on human retinal lipid analysis by MALDI imaging and LC-MS/MS technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442326v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in convalescent and vaccinated individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442326v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unrelated individuals can produce genetically similar clones of antibodies, known as public clonotypes, which have been seen in responses to different infectious diseases as well as healthy individuals. Here we identify 37 public clonotypes in memory B cells from convalescent survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection or in plasmablasts from an individual after vaccination with mRNA-encoded spike protein. We identified 29 public clonotypes, including clones recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein S1 subunit (including a neutralizing, ACE2-blocking clone that protects in vivo), and others recognizing non-RBD epitopes that bound the heptad repeat 1 region of the S2 domain. Germline-revertant forms of some public clonotypes bound efficiently to spike protein, suggesting these common germline-encoded antibodies are preconfigured for avid recognition. Identification of large numbers of public clonotypes provides insight into the molecular basis of efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and sheds light on the immune pressures driving the selection of common viral escape mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabel, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campos, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.02.442326</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in convalescent and vaccinated individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of predator odor (TMT) exposure and mGlu3 NAM pretreatment on lasting behavioral and molecular adaptations in the insular cortex and BNST 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A stressor can trigger adaptations that contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. Predator odor (TMT) exposure is an innate stressor that produces lasting adaptations. TMT exposure may activate metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3), triggering excitatory corticolimbic adaptations that underlie behavioral changes. To evaluate functional involvement, the mGlu3 negative allosteric modulator (NAM, VU6010572; 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered before TMT exposure in male, Long Evans rats. Two weeks after stressor, rats underwent behavioral testing (context re-exposure, zero maze and acoustic startle response) followed by RT-PCR gene expression in the insular cortex and BNST. During the TMT exposure, rats displayed stress-reactive behaviors that were not affected by the VU6010572. During the context re-exposure, prior TMT exposure and VU6010572 pretreatment both produced a hyperactive response. TMT exposure did not affect zero maze or ASR measures, but VU6010572 increased time spent in the open arms and habituation to ASR, indicating anxiolytic-like effects. In the insular cortex, TMT exposure resulted in excitatory adaptations as shown by increased expression of mGlu (Grm3, Grm5), NMDA (GriN2A, GriN2B, GriN2C, GriN3A, GriN3B) and AMPA (GriA3) receptor transcripts. Interestingly, mGlu3 signaling during stressor mediated GriN3B upregulation. Stress reactivity during TMT exposure was associated with Grm5, GriN2A, GriN2C, and GriA3 upregulation in the insular cortex and context re-exposure reactivity in the TMT/vehicle, but not the TMT/mGlu3 NAM group. In the BNST, GriN2A, GriN2B and GriN3B were increased by VU6010572, but TMT prevented these effects. These data demonstrate that mGlu3 signaling contributes to the lasting behavioral and molecular adaptations of predator odor stressor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyler, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluitt, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engers, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besheer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of predator odor (TMT) exposure and mGlu3 NAM pretreatment on lasting behavioral and molecular adaptations in the insular cortex and BNST]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Galectin-anchored indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase suppresses local inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.07.443161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphChronic inflammation underlies the onset, progression and associated pain of numerous diseases.(1) Current anti-inflammatory treatments administered systemically are associated with moderate-to-severe side effects, while locally administered drugs have short-lived efficacy, and neither approach successfully modifies the underlying causality of disease.(2) We report a new way to locally modulate inflammation by fusing the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) to galectin-3 (Gal3). A general regulator of inflammation(3), IDO is immunosuppressive(4), catabolizing the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine.(5) Recently we demonstrated that extracellular exogenous IDO regulates innate immune cell function(6), and envisioned delivering IDO into specific tissues would provide control of inflammation. However, proteins problematically diffuse away from local injection sites. Addressing this, we recently established that fusion to Gal3 anchors enzymes to tissues(7) via binding to extracellular glycans. Fusion protein IDO-Gal3 was retained in injected tissues and joints for up to a week or more, where it suppressed local inflammation in rodent models of endotoxin-induced inflammation, psoriasis, periodontal disease and osteoarthritis. Amelioration of local inflammation, disease progression and inflammatory pain were concomitant with homeostatic preservation of tissues without global immune suppression. Thus, IDO-Gal3 presents a new concept of anchoring immunomodulatory enzymes for robust control of focal inflammation in multiple disease settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracho-Sanchez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedingfield, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partain, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusko, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colazo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fettis, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhadi, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwiatkowski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macias, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restuccia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanchoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avram, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallet, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudalla, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keselowsky, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.07.443161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Galectin-anchored indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase suppresses local inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis and functional consequences of the interaction between the Base Excision Repair DNA glycosylase NEIL1 and RPA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.11.443618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NEIL1 is a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and initiates base excision repair of oxidized bases. The ubiquitous ssDNA binding scaffolding protein replication protein A (RPA) modulates NEIL1 activity in a manner that depends on DNA structure. Interaction between NEIL1 and RPA has been reported, but the molecular basis of this interaction has yet to be investigated. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we show that NEIL1 interacts with RPA through two contact points. An interaction with the RPA32C protein recruitment domain was mapped to a motif in the common interaction domain (CID) of NEIL1 and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 200 nM was measured. A substantially weaker secondary interaction with the tandem RPA70AB ssDNA binding domains was also mapped to the CID. Together these two contact points reveal NEIL1 has a high overall affinity (Kd [~] 20 nM) for RPA. A homology model of the complex of RPA32C with the NEIL1 RPA binding motif in the CID was generated and used to design a set of mutations in NEIL1 to disrupt the interaction, which was confirmed by ITC. The mutant NEIL1 remains catalytically active against ionizing radiation-induced DNA lesions in duplex DNA in vitro. Testing the functional effect of disrupting the NEIL1-RPA interaction in vivo using a Fluorescence Multiplex-Host Cell Reactivation (FM-HCR) reporter assay revealed that RPA interaction is not required for NEIL1 activity against oxidative damage in duplex DNA, and furthermore revealed an unexpected role for NEIL1 in nucleotide excision repair. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of NEIL1 in replication-associated repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Meur, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Meur, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.11.443618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis and functional consequences of the interaction between the Base Excision Repair DNA glycosylase NEIL1 and RPA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
cAMP controls a trafficking mechanism that directs the neuron specificity and subcellular placement of electrical synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical synapses are established between specific neurons and within distinct subcellular compartments, but the mechanisms that direct gap junction assembly in the nervous system are largely unknown. Here we show that a transcriptional program tunes cAMP signaling to direct the neuron-specific assembly and placement of electrical synapses in the C. elegans motor circuit. For these studies, we use live cell imaging to visualize electrical synapses in vivo and a novel optogenetic assay to confirm that they are functional. In VA motor neurons, the UNC-4 transcription factor blocks expression of cAMP antagonists that promote gap junction miswiring. In unc-4 mutants, VA electrical synapses are established with an alternative synaptic partner and are repositioned from the VA axon to soma. We show that cAMP counters these effects by driving gap junction trafficking into the VA axon for electrical synapse assembly. Thus, our experiments in an intact nervous system establish that cAMP regulates gap junction trafficking for the biogenesis of electrical synapses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palumbos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swann, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heifner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Von Stetina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[cAMP controls a trafficking mechanism that directs the neuron specificity and subcellular placement of electrical synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of developmental pleiotropy on the evolution of immune genes in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.443901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pressure to survive relentless pathogen exposure explains the frequent observation that immune genes are among the fastest-evolving in the genomes of many taxa, but an intriguing proportion of immune genes also appear to be under purifying selection. Though variance in evolutionary signatures of immune genes is often attributed to differences in gene-specific interactions with microbes, this explanation neglects the possibility that immune genes participate in other biological processes that could pleiotropically constrain adaptive selection. In this study, we analyzed available transcriptomic and genomic data from Drosophila melanogaster and related species to test the hypothesis that there is substantial pleiotropic overlap in the developmental and immunological functions of genes involved in immune signaling and that pleiotropy would be associated with stronger signatures of evolutionary constraint. Our results suggest that pleiotropic immune genes do evolve more slowly than those having no known developmental functions, and that signatures of constraint are particularly strong for pleiotropic immune genes that are broadly expressed across life stages. However, pleiotropic immune genes also contain a significantly higher proportion of positively selected sites and substitutions are more likely to be under positive selection, suggesting a mechanism to circumvent evolutionary constraint. These results support the general yet untested hypothesis that pleiotropy can constrain immune system evolution, raising new fundamental questions about the benefits of maintaining pleiotropy in systems that need to rapidly adapt to changing pathogen pressures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.443901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of developmental pleiotropy on the evolution of immune genes in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of mundulone and mundulone acetate as natural products with tocolytic efficacy in mono- and combination-therapy with current tocolytics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, there are a lack of FDA-approved tocolytics for the management of preterm labor. We previously observed that the isoflavones mundulone and mundulone acetate (MA) inhibit intracellular Ca2+-regulated myometrial contractility. Here, we further probed the potential of these natural products to be small molecule leads for discovery of novel tocolytics by: (1) examining uterine-selectivity by comparing concentration-response between human primary myometrial cells and a major off-target site, aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), (2) identifying synergistic combinations with current clinical tocolytics to increase efficacy or and reduce off-target side effects, (3) determining cytotoxic effects and (4) investigating the efficacy, potency and tissue-selectivity between myometrial contractility and constriction of fetal ductus arteriosus (DA), a major off-target of current tocolytics. Mundulone displayed significantly greater efficacy (Emax = 80.5% vs. 44.5%, p=0.0005) and potency (IC50 = 27 M and 14 M, p=0.007) compared to MA in the inhibition of intracellular-Ca2+ from myometrial cells. MA showed greater uterine-selectivity, compared to mundulone, based on greater differences in the IC50 (4.3 vs. 2.3 fold) and Emax (70% vs. 0%) between myometrial cells compared to aorta VSMCs. Moreover, MA demonstrated a favorable in vitro therapeutic index of 8.8, compared to TI = 0.8 of mundulone, due to its significantly (p<0.0005) smaller effect on the viability of myometrial (hTERT-HM), liver (HepG2) and kidney (RPTEC) cells. However, mundulone exhibited synergism with two current tocolytics (atosiban and nifedipine), while MA only displayed synergistic efficacy with only nifedipine. Of these synergistic combinations, only mundulone + atosiban demonstrated a favorable TI = 10 compared to TI=0.8 for mundulone alone. While only mundulone showed concentration-dependent inhibition of ex vivo mouse myometrial contractions, neither mundulone or MA affected mouse fetal DA vasoreactivity. The combination of mundulone and atosiban yielded greater tocolytic efficacy and potency on term pregnant mouse and human myometrial tissue compared to single-drugs. Collectively, these data highlight the difference in uterine-selectivity of Ca2+-mobilization, effects on cell viability and tocolytic efficacy between mundulone and MA. These natural products could benefit from medicinal chemistry efforts to study the structural activity relationship for further development into a promising single- and/or combination-tocolytic therapy for management of preterm labor.

Chemical compounds studied in this articleatosiban (Pubchem CID: 5311010); indomethacin (Pubchem CID: 3715); mundulone (Pubchem CID: 4587968); mundulone acetate (Pubchem CID: 6857790); nifedipine (Pubchem CID: 4485); oxytocin acetate (Pubchem CID: 5771); U46619 (Pubchem CID: 5311493)
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siricilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockett, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paria, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herington, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of mundulone and mundulone acetate as natural products with tocolytic efficacy in mono- and combination-therapy with current tocolytics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry of the Human Lens Enhances Spatiotemporal Measurement of Fiber Cell Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.13.444062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ocular lens proteome undergoes post-translational and progressive degradation as fiber cells age. The oldest fiber cells and the proteins therein are present at birth and are retained through death. Transparency of the lens is maintained in part by the high abundance crystallin family proteins (up to 300 mg/mL), which establishes a high dynamic range of protein abundance. As a result, previous Data Dependent Analysis (DDA) measurements of the lens proteome are less equipped to identify the lowest abundance proteins. In an attempt to probe more deeply into the lens proteome, we measured the insoluble lens proteome of an 18-year-old human with DDA and newer Data Independent Analysis (DIA) methods. By applying library free DIA search methods, 4,564 protein groups, 48,474 peptides and 5,577 deamidation sites were detected: significantly outperforming the quantity of identifications in using DDA and Pan-Human DIA library searches. Finally, by segmenting the lens into multiple fiber cell-age related regions, we uncovered cell-age resolved changes in proteome composition and putative function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.444062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry of the Human Lens Enhances Spatiotemporal Measurement of Fiber Cell Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence and functional characterization of a public HIV-specific antibody clonotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.14.444191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Public antibody clonotypes shared among multiple individuals have been identified for several pathogens. However, little is known about the limits of what constitutes a public clonotype. Here, we characterize the sequence and functional properties of antibodies from a public HIV-specific clonotype comprising sequences from 3 individuals. Our results showed that antigen specificity for the public antibodies was modulated by the VH, but not VL, germline gene. Non-native pairing of public heavy and light chains from different donors resulted in antibodies with consistent antigen specificity, suggesting functional complementation of sequences within the public antibody clonotype. The strength of antigen recognition appeared to be dependent on the specific antibody light chain used, but not on other sequence features such as germline or native-antibody sequence identity. Understanding the determinants of antibody clonotype "publicness" can provide insights into the fundamental rules of host-pathogen interactions at the population level, with implications for clonotype-specific vaccine development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fechter, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setliff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaldine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapengo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheepers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murji, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.14.444191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence and functional characterization of a public HIV-specific antibody clonotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by an antibody with a unique genetic signature and structural mode of spike recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.16.444004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages that are more transmissible and resistant to currently approved antibody therapies poses a considerable challenge to the clinical treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, the need for ongoing discovery efforts to identify broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is of utmost importance. Here, we report a panel of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies isolated using the LIBRA-seq technology from an individual who recovered from COVID-19. Of these antibodies, 54042-4 showed potent neutralization against authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses, including variants of concern (VOCs). A cryo-EM structure of 54042-4 in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 spike revealed an epitope composed of residues that are highly conserved in currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Further, 54042-4 possesses unique genetic and structural characteristics that distinguish it from other potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Together, these findings motivate 54042-4 as a lead candidate for clinical development to counteract current and future SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiakolas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrapp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukreyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.16.444004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by an antibody with a unique genetic signature and structural mode of spike recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose-dependent miR-125b is a negative regulator of β-cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired pancreatic {beta}-cell function and insulin secretion are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that silence gene expression, vital for the development and function of {beta}-cells. We have previously shown that {beta}-cell specific deletion of the important energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) results in increased miR-125b-5p levels. Nevertheless, the function of this miRNA in {beta}-cells is unclear. We hypothesized that miR-125b-5p expression is regulated by glucose and that this miRNA mediates some of the deleterious effects of hyperglycaemia in {beta}-cells. Here we show that islet miR-125b-5p expression is up-regulated by glucose in an AMPK-dependent manner and that short-term miR-125b-5p overexpression impairs glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells and in human islets. An unbiased high-throughput screen in MIN6 cells identified multiple miR-125b-5p targets, including the transporter of lysosomal hydrolases M6pr and the mitochondrial fission regulator Mtfp1. Inactivation of miR-125b-5p in the human {beta}-cell line EndoC{beta}-H1 shortened mitochondria and enhanced GSIS, whilst mice overexpressing miR-125b-5p selectively in {beta}-cells (MIR125B-Tg) were hyperglycaemic and glucose intolerant. MIR125B-Tg {beta}-cells contained enlarged lysosomal structures and showed reduced insulin content and secretion. Collectively, we identify miR-125b as a glucose-controlled regulator of organelle dynamics that modulates insulin secretion.

Graphical abstract O_FIG_DISPLAY_L [Figure 1] M_FIG_DISPLAY C_FIG_DISPLAY
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, R. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabosseau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgoyne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salowka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macklin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Tu, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchetti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piemonti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Koning, E. J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakamoto, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose-dependent miR-125b is a negative regulator of β-cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The misleading certainty of uncertain data in biological network processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.18.444743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models are often used to explore network-driven cellular processes from a systems perspective. However, a dearth of quantitative data suitable for model calibration leads to models with parameter unidentifiability and questionable predictive power. Here we introduce a Bayesian and Machine-Learning based Measurement Model approach to explore how quantitative and non-quantitative data constrain models of apoptosis execution within a missing data context. We find two orders of magnitude more ordinal (e.g. immunoblot) data are necessary to achieve accuracy comparable to quantitative (e.g. fluorescence) data. Notably, ordinal and nominal (e.g. immunostain) non-quantitative data synergize to reduce model uncertainty and improve accuracy. Further, model prediction accuracy and certainty strongly depend on rigorous data-driven formulations of the measurement, and the size and make-up of the datasets. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of a data-driven Measurement Model approach to identify model features that could lead to informative experimental measurements and improve model predictive power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.18.444743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The misleading certainty of uncertain data in biological network processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic structure correlates with ethnolinguistic diversity in eastern and southern Africa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
African populations are the most diverse in the world yet are sorely underrepresented in medical genetics research. Here, we examine the structure of African populations using genetic and comprehensive multigenerational ethnolinguistic data from the Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis study (NeuroGAP-Psychosis) consisting of 900 individuals from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. We find that self-reported language classifications meaningfully tag underlying genetic variation that would be missed with consideration of geography alone, highlighting the importance of culture in shaping genetic diversity. Leveraging our uniquely rich multi-generational ethnolinguistic metadata, we track language transmission through the pedigree, observing the disappearance of several languages in our cohort as well as notable shifts in frequency over three generations. We find suggestive evidence for the rate of language transmission in matrilineal groups having been higher than that for patrilineal ones. We highlight both the diversity of variation within the African continent, as well as how within-Africa variation can be informative for broader variant interpretation; many variants appearing rare elsewhere are common in parts of Africa. The work presented here improves the understanding of the spectrum of genetic variation in African populations and highlights the enormous and complex genetic and ethnolinguistic diversity within Africa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichkar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalungi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majara, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abebe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemayehu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashaba, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atwoli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chibnik, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fekadu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelaye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gichuru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Injera, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kariuki, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kigen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwobah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kyebuzibwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musinguzi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwema, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, C. R. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ongeri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiferaw, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teferra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zingela, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NeuroGAP-Psychosis Study Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic structure correlates with ethnolinguistic diversity in eastern and southern Africa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumor-secreted versican co-opts myeloid IKKβ during metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanisms tumor cells use to hijack the immune system are largely uncharted. Here we used bioluminescent nuclear factor (NF)-{kappa}B reporter mice and macrophages to discover that metastatic tumors trigger NF-{kappa}B activation in host macrophages, dependent on mutant KRAS signaling and delivered via secretory versican. Versican activates NF-{kappa}B in tumor-associated macrophages via inhibitor of NF-{kappa}B kinase (IKK) {beta}, resulting in release of interleukin (IL)-1{beta} into the tumor microenvironment. Versican silencing in cancer cells or conditional IKK{beta} deletion in macrophages prevents myeloid NF-{kappa}B activation and metastasis. Versican is overexpressed and/or mutated in human cancers and metastatic effusions with KRAS mutations, predicts poor survival, can aid in the development of diagnostic platforms for pleural metastasis, and is druggable via toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 inhibition. The data indicate a cardinal role for tumor-derived versican in establishing cross-talk with macrophage IKK{beta} during metastasis and may foster the development of new therapies and diagnostic tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spella, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamort, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vreka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marazioti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntaliarda, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skiadas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouloukou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giotopoulou, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauck, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatz, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arendt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giopanou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenne, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yull, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stathopoulos, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumor-secreted versican co-opts myeloid IKKβ during metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ROS-Degradable Polythioketal Urethane Foam Dressings to Promote Porcine Skin Wound Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired skin healing and progression into chronic wounds is a prevalent and growing medical problem. Porous, resorbable biomaterials can be used as temporary substrates placed into skin defects to support cell infiltration, neo-tissue formation, and remodeling of nonhealing wounds. Naturally-derived biomaterials have promising healing benefits, but their low mechanical properties and exuberant costs limit their performance and use. Synthetic materials can be affordably manufactured and tuned across a broader range of physiochemical properties, but opportunities remain for tailoring them for ideal host immune and regenerative responses. Polyesters are the most clinically-tested class of synthetic biomaterials, but their hydrolysis releases acidic degradation products that can cause autocatalytic degradation processes that are poorly controlled and are not tied to cellular or other biologic activities. Here, we systemically explored a series of ROS-degradable polythioketal (PTK) urethane (UR) foams with varied hydrophilicity as an alternative class of synthetic biomaterials for wound healing. It was found that the most hydrophilic PTK- UR variant, which had 7 ethylene glycol (EG7) repeats flanking each side of each thioketal bond, had the highest ROS reactivity of the PTK-URs tested. In an in vivo porcine excisional skin wound healing model, hydrophilic EG7 PTK-UR foams more effectively promoted tissue integration, ECM deposition, and re- epithelialization of full-thickness skin wound compared to more hydrophobic PTK-UR variants. Resolution of type 1 inflammation and lower foreign body response to scaffold remnants was also observed for EG7 versus more hydrophobic PTK-UR scaffolds. Finally, porcine wound healing studies showed that EG7 PTK-UR foams had similar wound healing response to a collagen-based clinical gold standard product, Integra Bilayer Wound Matrix (BWM), while outperforming polyester UR foam-based NovoSorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM) with respect to increased ECM production, vascularization, and biomaterial-associated immune phenotype. In sum, PTK-UR foams warrant further development toward a new class of synthetic biomaterial foams for skin wound healing applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollins, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottom, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dollinger, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colazo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardwell, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelcher, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ROS-Degradable Polythioketal Urethane Foam Dressings to Promote Porcine Skin Wound Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.444984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing the Role of Lipid Dynamics during Infrared Neural Stimulation with Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.24.444984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infrared neural stimulation, or INS, is a method of using pulsed infrared light to yield label-free neural stimulation with broad experimental and translational utility. Despite its robust demonstration, the mechanistic and biophysical underpinnings of INS have been the subject of debate for more than a decade. The role of lipid membrane thermodynamics appears to play an important role in how fast IR-mediated heating nonspecifically drives action potential generation. Direct observation of lipid membrane dynamics during INS remains to be shown in a live neural model system. To directly test the involvement of lipid dynamics in INS, we used hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hsSRS) microscopy to study biochemical signatures of high-speed vibrational dynamics underlying INS in a live neural cell culture model. Findings suggest that lipid bilayer structural changes are occurring during INS in vitro in NG108-15 neuroglioma cells. Lipid-specific signatures of cell SRS spectra were found to vary with stimulation energy and radiant exposure. Spectroscopic observations were verified against high-speed ratiometric fluorescence imaging of a conventional lipophilic membrane structure reporter, di-4-ANNEPS. Overall, the presented data supports the hypothesis that INS causes changes in the lipid membrane of neural cells by changing lipid membrane packing order - which coincides with likelihood of cell stimulation. Furthermore, this work highlights the potential of hsSRS as a method to study biophysical and biochemical dynamics safely in live cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borrachero-Conejo, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dollinger, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Throckmorton, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan-Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.24.444984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing the Role of Lipid Dynamics during Infrared Neural Stimulation with Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.444835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolutional neural networks trained with a developmental sequence of blurry to clear images reveal core differences between face and object processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.444835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provide a promising model for understanding human vision, most CNNs lack robustness to challenging viewing conditions such as image blur, whereas human vision is much more reliable. Might robustness to blur be attributable to vision during infancy, given that acuity is initially poor but improves considerably over the first several months of life? Here, we evaluated the potential consequences of such early experiences by training CNN models on face and object recognition tasks while gradually reducing the amount of blur applied to the training images. For CNNs trained on blurry to clear faces, we observed sustained robustness to blur, consistent with a recent report by Vogelsang and colleagues (2018). By contrast, CNNs trained with blurry to clear objects failed to retain robustness to blur. Further analyses revealed that the spatial frequency tuning of the two CNNs was profoundly different. The blurry to clear face-trained network successfully retained a preference for low spatial frequencies, whereas the blurry to clear object-trained CNN exhibited a progressive shift toward higher spatial frequencies. Our findings provide novel computational evidence showing how face recognition, unlike object recognition, allows for more holistic processing. Moreover, our results suggest that blurry vision during infancy is insufficient to account for the robustness of adult vision to blurry objects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.444835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolutional neural networks trained with a developmental sequence of blurry to clear images reveal core differences between face and object processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An infection-activated redox switch promotes tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxidative stress is a defining feature of most cancers, including those that stem from carcinogenic infections1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can drive tumor formation2-4, yet the molecular oxidation events that contribute to tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that inactivation of a single, redox-sensitive cysteine in the host protease legumain, which is oxidized during infection with the gastric cancer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori, accelerates tumor growth. By using chemical proteomics to map cysteine reactivity in human gastric cells, we determined that H. pylori infection induces oxidation of legumain at Cys219. Legumain oxidation, which is enhanced by the ROS-promoting bacterial oncoprotein CagA, dysregulates intracellular legumain processing and localization and decreases legumain activity in H. pylori-infected cells. We further show that the site-specific loss of Cys219 reactivity increases tumor growth and mortality in a xenograft model. Our findings establish a link between the precise oxidation of a host protein and tumorigenic signaling during bacterial infection and demonstrate the importance of oxidative post-translational modifications in tumor growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kovalyova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuman, J. H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cover, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amieva, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerapana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzios, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An infection-activated redox switch promotes tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhimurium uses anaerobic respiration to overcome propionate-mediated colonization resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota benefits the host by limiting enteric pathogen expansion (colonization resistance) partially via the production of inhibitory metabolites. Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by microbiota members, is proposed to mediate colonization resistance against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm). Here, we show that S. Tm overcomes the inhibitory effects of propionate by using it as a carbon source for anaerobic respiration. We determined that propionate metabolism provides an inflammation-dependent colonization advantage to S. Tm during infection. Such benefit was abolished in the intestinal lumen of Salmonella-infected germ-free mice. Interestingly, S. Tm propionate-mediated intestinal expansion was restored when germ-free mice were monocolonized with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta), a prominent propionate producer in the gut, but not when mice were monocolonized with a propionate production-deficient B. theta strain. Taken together, our results reveal a novel strategy used by S. Tm to mitigate colonization resistance by metabolizing microbiota-derived propionate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieba, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcutt, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foegeding, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salmonella Typhimurium uses anaerobic respiration to overcome propionate-mediated colonization resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The skeletal muscle circadian clock regulates sarcomere length homeostasis through titin splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are maintained by a cell autonomous, transcriptional-translational feedback loop known as the molecular clock. While previous research suggests a role of the molecular clock in regulating skeletal muscle structure and function, no mechanisms have connected the molecular clock to sarcomere filaments. Utilizing inducible, skeletal muscle specific, Bmal1 knockout (iMSBmal1-/-) mice, we showed that knocking out skeletal muscle clock function alters titin isoform expression using RNAseq, LC-MS, and SDS-VAGE. This alteration in titins spring length resulted in sarcomere length heterogeneity. We demonstrate the direct link between altered titin splicing and sarcomere length in vitro using U7 snRNPs that truncate the region of titin altered in iMSBmal1-/- muscle. We identified a mechanism whereby the skeletal muscle clock regulates titin isoform expression through transcriptional regulation of Rbm20, a potent splicing regulator of titin. Lastly, we used an environmental model of circadian rhythm disruption and identified significant down-regulation of Rbm20 expression. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the skeletal muscle circadian clock in maintaining titin isoform through regulation of RBM20 expression. Because circadian rhythm disruption is a feature of many chronic diseases, our results highlight a novel pathway that could be targeted to maintain skeletal muscle structure and function in a range of pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mijares, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olafson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labeit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>T. Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The skeletal muscle circadian clock regulates sarcomere length homeostasis through titin splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral diversity improves discovery and fine-mapping of genetic loci for anthropometric traits - the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.445969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hispanic/Latinos have been underrepresented in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for anthropometric traits despite notable anthropometric variability with ancestry proportions, and a high burden of growth stunting and overweight/obesity in Hispanic/Latino populations. This address this knowledge gap, we analyzed densely-imputed genetic data in a sample of Hispanic/Latino adults, to identify and fine-map common genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI), height, and BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio (WHRadjBMI). We conducted a GWAS of 18 studies/consortia as part of the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry (HISLA) Consortium (Stage 1, n=59,769) and validated our findings in 9 additional studies (HISLA Stage 2, n=9,336). We conducted a trans-ethnic GWAS with summary statistics from HISLA Stage 1 and existing consortia of European and African ancestries. In our HISLA Stage 1+2 analyses, we discovered one novel BMI locus, as well two novel BMI signals and another novel height signal, each within established anthropometric loci. In our trans-ethnic meta- analysis, we identified three additional novel BMI loci, one novel height locus, and one novel WHRadjBMI locus. We also identified three secondary signals for BMI, 28 for height, and two for WHRadjBMI. We replicated >60 established anthropometric loci in Hispanic/Latino populations at genome-wide significance--representing up to 30% of previously-reported index SNP anthropometric associations. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis of the three ancestries showed a small-to-moderate impact of uncorrected population stratification on the resulting effect size estimates. Our novel findings demonstrate that future studies may also benefit from leveraging differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns to discover novel loci and additional signals with less residual population stratification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allred, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilly, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krieger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guindo-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, R. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Mejia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acuna-Alonzo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoya, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortolini, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canizales-Quinteros, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Jose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poletti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothhammer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.445969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral diversity improves discovery and fine-mapping of genetic loci for anthropometric traits - the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Universal Approach to Analyzing Transmission Electron Microscopy with ImageJ 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
2Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a scientific research standard for producing nanometer-resolution ultrastructural images of subcellular components within cells and tissues. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and autophagosomes are organelles of particular interest to those investigating metabolic disorders. However, there is no clear consensus amongst regarding the best methods for quantifying the features of organelles in TEM images. In this protocol, we propose a standardized approach to accurately measure the morphology of these important subcellular structures using the free program ImageJ, developed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Specifically, we detail procedures for obtaining mitochondrial length, width, area, and circularity, in addition to assessing cristae morphology. We further provide methods for measuring interactions between the mitochondria and ER and measuring the length and width of lysosomes and autophagosomes. This standardized method can be used to quantify key features of organelle morphology, allowing investigators to produce accurate and reproducible measurements of organelle structures in their experimental samples.

1 SUMMARYWe discuss a standardized method for measuring and quantifying organelle features using transmission electron microscopy and accessing for interactions between subcellular structures; organelles of focus include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and autophagosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Universal Approach to Analyzing Transmission Electron Microscopy with ImageJ]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Zones of Cellular Damage Around Pulsed-Laser Wounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
After a tissue is wounded, cells surrounding the wound adopt distinct wound-healing behaviors to repair the tissue. Considerable effort has been spent on understanding the signaling pathways that regulate immune and tissue-resident cells as they respond to wounds, but these signals must ultimately originate from the physical damage inflicted by the wound. Tissue wounds comprise several types of cellular damage, and recent work indicates that different types of cellular damage initiate different types of signaling. Hence to understand wound signaling, it is important to identify and localize the types of wound-induced cellular damage. Laser ablation is widely used by researchers to create reproducible, aseptic wounds in a tissue that can be live-imaged. Because laser wounding involves a combination of photochemical, photothermal and photomechanical mechanisms, each with distinct spatial dependencies, cells around a pulsed-laser wound will experience a gradient of damage. Here we exploit this gradient to create a map of wound-induced cellular damage. Using genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins, we monitor damaged cellular and sub-cellular components of epithelial cells in living Drosophila pupae in the seconds to minutes following wounding. We hypothesized that the regions of damage would be predictably arrayed around wounds of varying sizes, and subsequent analysis found that all damage radii are linearly related over a 3-fold range of wound size. Thus, around laser wounds, the distinct regions of damage can be estimated after measuring any one. This report identifies several different types of cellular damage within a wounded epithelial tissue in a living animal. By quantitatively mapping the size and placement of these different types of damage, we set the foundation for tracing wound-induced signaling back to the damage that initiates it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbar, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Zones of Cellular Damage Around Pulsed-Laser Wounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Retrosplenial and hippocampal synchrony during retrieval of old memories in macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.28.446142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand the neural activity behind recollections of the distant past, we recorded from the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex of macaques as they retrieved year-old and newly-acquired object-scene associations. Year-old memoranda preferentially evoked retrosplenial sigma oscillations (10-15 Hz), and phase-locking between RSC and eye movements during retrieval. In contrast, gamma-band retrosplenial-hippocampal synchrony was stronger during retrieval of new items. Primate retrosplenial oscillations may therefore guide retrieval of visuospatial events long past.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hussin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbaspoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.446142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Retrosplenial and hippocampal synchrony during retrieval of old memories in macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.445492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Family of Glycosylated Macrolides Selectively Target Energetic Vulnerabilities in Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.31.445492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells have long been recognized to exhibit unique bioenergetic requirements. The apoptolidin family of glycomacrolides are distinguished by their selective cytotoxicity towards oncogene transformed cells, yet their molecular mechanism remains uncertain. We used photoaffinity analogs of the apoptolidins to identify the F1 subcomplex of mitochondrial ATP synthase as the target of apoptolidin A. CryoEM of apoptolidin and ammocidin-ATP synthase complexes revealed a novel shared mode of inhibition that was confirmed by deep mutational scanning of the binding interface to reveal resistance mutations which were confirmed using CRISPR-Cas9. Ammocidin A was found to suppress leukemia progression in vivo at doses that were tolerated with minimal toxicity. The combination of cellular, structural, mutagenesis, and in vivo evidence define the mechanism of action of apoptolidin family glycomacrolides and establish a path to address OXPHOS-dependent cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reisman, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinfeld, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulikowski, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savona, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinstein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.31.445492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Family of Glycosylated Macrolides Selectively Target Energetic Vulnerabilities in Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient discovery of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using LIBRA-seq with ligand blocking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic antibody discovery efforts have met with notable success but have been associated with a generally inefficient process, requiring the production and characterization of exceptionally large numbers of candidates for the identification of a small set of leads. Here, we show that incorporating antibody-ligand blocking as part of LIBRA-seq, the high-throughput sequencing platform for antibody discovery, results in efficient identification of ultra-potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. LIBRA-seq with ligand blocking is a general platform for functional antibody discovery targeting the disruption of antigen-ligand interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shiakolas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrapp, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilewski, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukreyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient discovery of potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using LIBRA-seq with ligand blocking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elicitation of neutralizing antibody responses to HIV-1 immunization with nanoparticle vaccine platforms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.446978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A leading strategy for developing a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is the elicitation of antibodies that can neutralize a large fraction of circulating HIV-1 variants. However, a major challenge that has limited the effectiveness of current vaccine candidates is the extensive global diversity of HIV-1 Env, the sole target for HIV-neutralizing antibodies. To address this challenge, a variety of strategies to incorporate Env diversity into the vaccine formulation have been proposed. Here, we assessed the potential of two such strategies that utilize a nanoparticle-based vaccine platform to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses. The nanoparticle immunogens developed here consisted of different formulations of Envs from strains BG505 (clade A) and CZA97 (clade C), attached to the N-termini of bacterial ferritin. Single-antigen nanoparticle cocktails as well as mosaic nanoparticles bearing both Env trimers elicited high antibody titers in mice and guinea pigs.

Furthermore, serum from guinea pigs immunized with nanoparticle immunogens achieved autologous, and in some cases heterologous, tier 2 neutralization, although significant differences between mosaic and single-antigen nanoparticles were not observed. These results provide insights into the ability of different vaccine strategies for incorporating Env sequence diversity to elicit neutralizing antibodies, with implications for the development of broadly protective HIV-1 vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murji, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermanus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.446978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elicitation of neutralizing antibody responses to HIV-1 immunization with nanoparticle vaccine platforms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447022v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The zinc transporter ZnuABC is critical for the virulence of Chromobacterium violaceum and contributes to diverse zinc-dependent physiological processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.03.447022v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromobacterium violaceum is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium that causes sporadic life-threatening infections in humans. How C. violaceum acquires zinc to colonize environmental and host niches is unknown. In this work, we demonstrated that C. violaceum employs the zinc uptake system ZnuABC to overcome zinc limitation in the host, ensuring the zinc supply for several physiological demands. Our data indicated that the C. violaceum ZnuABC transporter is encoded in a zur-CV_RS15045-CV_RS15040-znuCBA operon. This operon was repressed by the zinc uptake regulator Zur and derepressed in the presence of the host protein calprotectin (CP) and the synthetic metal chelator EDTA. A {Delta}znuCBA mutant strain showed impaired growth under these zinc-chelated conditions. Moreover, the deletion of znuCBA provoked a reduction in violacein production, swimming motility, biofilm formation, and bacterial competition. Remarkably, the {Delta}znuCBA mutant strain was highly attenuated for virulence in an in vivo mouse infection model and showed a low capacity to colonize the liver, grow in the presence of CP, and resist neutrophil killing. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ZnuABC is essential for C. violaceum virulence, contributing to subvert the zinc-based host nutritional immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, R. E. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Junior, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Neto, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.03.447022</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The zinc transporter ZnuABC is critical for the virulence of Chromobacterium violaceum and contributes to diverse zinc-dependent physiological processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caenorhabditis elegans ETR-1/CELF has broad effects on the muscle cell transcriptome, including genes that regulate translation and neuroblast migration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migration of neuroblasts and neurons from their birthplace is central to the formation of neural circuits and networks. ETR-1 is the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the CELF1 (CUGBP, ELAV-like family 1) RNA-processing factor involved in neuromuscular disorders. etr-1 regulates body wall muscle differentiation. Our previous work showed that etr-1 in muscle has a non-autonomous role in neuronal migration, suggesting that ETR-1 is involved in the production of a signal emanating from body wall muscle that controls neuroblast migration and that interacts with Wnt signaling. etr-1 is extensively alternatively-spliced, and we identified the viable etr-1(lq61) mutant, caused by a stop codon in alternatively-spliced exon 8 and only affecting etr-1 isoforms containing exon 8. We took advantage of viable etr-1(lq61) to identify potential RNA targets of ETR-1 in body wall muscle using a combination of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of body wall muscles from wild-type and etr-1(lq61) and subsequent RNA-seq. This analysis revealed genes whose splicing and transcript levels were controlled by ETR-1 exon 8 isoforms, and represented a broad spectrum of genes involved in muscle differentiation, myofilament lattice structure, and physiology. Genes with transcripts underrepresented in etr-1(lq61) included those involved in ribosome function and translation, similar to potential CELF1 targets identified in chick cardiomyocytes. This suggests that at least some targets of ETR-1 might be conserved in vertebrates, and that ETR-1 might generally stimulate translation in muscles. As proof-of-principle, a functional analysis of a subset of ETR-1 targets revealed genes involved in AQR and PQR neuronal migration. One such gene, lev-11/tropomyosin, requires ETR-1 for alternative splicing, and another, unc-52/perlecan, requires ETR-1 for the production of long isoforms containing 3 exons. In sum, these studies identified gene targets of ETR-1/CELF1 in muscles, which included genes involved in muscle development and physiology, and genes with novel roles in neuronal migration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ochs, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unckless, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundquist, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caenorhabditis elegans ETR-1/CELF has broad effects on the muscle cell transcriptome, including genes that regulate translation and neuroblast migration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus acetate utilisation impacts virulence traits and pathogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.09.447827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is a major opportunistic fungal pathogen of immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. To successfully establish an infection, A. fumigatus needs to use host carbon sources, such as acetate, present in the body fluids and peripheral tissues. However, utilisation of acetate as a carbon source by fungi in the context of infection has not been investigated. This work shows that acetate is metabolised via different pathways in A. fumigatus and that acetate utilisation is under the regulatory control of a transcription factor (TF), FacB. A. fumigatus acetate utilisation is subject to carbon catabolite repression (CCR), although this is only partially dependent on the TF and main regulator of CCR CreA. The available extracellular carbon source, in this case glucose and acetate, significantly affected A. fumigatus virulence traits such as secondary metabolite secretion and cell wall composition, with the latter having consequences for resistance to oxidative stress, to anti-fungal drugs and to human neutrophil-mediated killing. Furthermore, deletion of facB significantly impaired the in vivo virulence of A. fumigatus in both insect and mammalian models of invasive aspergillosis. This is the first report on acetate utilisation in A. fumigatus and this work further highlights the importance of available host-specific carbon sources in shaping fungal virulence traits and subsequent disease outcome, and a potential target for the development of anti-fungal strategies.

ImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans. During infection, A. fumigatus is predicted to use host carbon sources, such as acetate, present in body fluids and peripheral tissues, to sustain growth and promote colonisation and invasion. This work shows that A. fumigatus metabolises acetate via different pathways, a process that is dependent on the transcription factor FacB. Furthermore, the type and concentration of the extracellular available carbon source were determined to shape A. fumigatus virulence determinants such as secondary metabolite secretion and cell wall composition. Subsequently, interactions with immune cells are altered in a carbon source-specific manner. FacB is required for A. fumigatus in vivo virulence in both insect and mammalian models of invasive aspergillosis. This is the first report that characterises acetate utilisation in A. fumigatus and highlights the importance of available host-specific carbon sources in shaping virulence traits and potentially subsequent disease outcome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ries, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saborano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, I. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Persinoti, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fill, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sze Wah Wong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aimanianda, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncales, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte-Oliveira, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.09.447827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspergillus fumigatus acetate utilisation impacts virulence traits and pathogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM reveals new species-specific proteins and symmetry elements in the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm T4SS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic pathogen that causes the potentially fatal pneumonia known as Legionnaires Disease. The pathology associated with infection depends on bacterial delivery of effector proteins into the host via the membrane spanning Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS). We have determined sub-3.0 [A] resolution maps of the Dot/Icm T4SS core complex by single particle cryo-EM. The high-resolution structural analysis has allowed us to identify proteins encoded outside the Dot/Icm genetic locus that contribute to the core T4SS structure. We can also now define two distinct areas of symmetry mismatch, one that connects the C18 periplasmic ring (PR) and the C13 outer membrane cap (OMC) and one that connects the C13 OMC with a 16-fold symmetric dome. Unexpectedly the connection between the PR and OMC is DotH, with five copies sandwiched between the OMC and PR to accommodate the symmetry mismatch. Finally, we observe multiple conformations in the reconstructions that indicate flexibility within the structure. We hypothesize this conformational flexibility is likely to facilitate the Dot/Icm T4SSs ability to translocate a remarkably large set of [~]300 putative substrates across the inner and outer membranes of the bacterial cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheedlo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durie, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.449039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM reveals new species-specific proteins and symmetry elements in the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm T4SS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid droplets protect human β cells from lipotoxic-induced stress and cell identity changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.19.449124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are often stored in lipid droplet (LD) depots for eventual metabolic and/or synthetic use in many cell types, such a muscle, liver, and fat. In pancreatic islets, overt LD accumulation was detected in humans but not mice. LD buildup in islets was principally observed after roughly 11 years of age, increasing throughout adulthood under physiologic conditions, and also enriched in type 2 diabetes. To obtain insight into the role of LDs in human islet {beta} cell function, the levels of a key LD structural protein, perilipin2 (PLIN2), were manipulated by lentiviral-mediated knock-down (KD) or over-expression (OE) in EndoC{beta}H2-Cre cells, a human cell line with adult islet {beta}-like properties. Glucose stimulated insulin secretion was blunted in PLIN2KD cells and improved in PLIN2OE cells. An unbiased transcriptomic analysis revealed that limiting LD formation induced effectors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that compromised the expression of critical {beta} cell function and identity genes. These changes were aggravated by exogenous treatment with FFAs toxic to islet {beta} cells, and essentially reversed by PLIN2OE or using the ER stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid. These results strongly suggest that LDs are essential for adult human islet {beta} cell activity by preserving FFA homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.19.449124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid droplets protect human β cells from lipotoxic-induced stress and cell identity changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.448984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Intrinsic Functional Brain Organization Emerges from Three Canonical Spatiotemporal Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.20.448984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional MRI has yielded seemingly disparate insights into large-scale organization of the human brain. The brains large-scale organization can be divided into two broad categories - zero-lag representations of functional connectivity structure and time-lag representations of traveling wave or propagation structure. Here we sought to unify observed phenomena across these two categories in the form of three low-frequency spatiotemporal patterns composed of a mixture of standing and traveling wave dynamics. We showed that a range of empirical phenomena, including functional connectivity gradients, the task-positive/task-negative anti-correlation pattern, the global signal, time-lag propagation patterns, the quasiperiodic pattern, and the functional connectome network structure are manifestations of these three spatiotemporal patterns. These patterns account for much of the global spatial structure that underlies functional connectivity analyses, and unifies phenomena in resting-state functional MRI previously thought distinct.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolt, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bzdok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, B. T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.20.448984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Intrinsic Functional Brain Organization Emerges from Three Canonical Spatiotemporal Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apoptotic Find-me Signals are an Essential Driver of Stem Cell Conversion To The Cardiac Lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cells can be driven by manipulation of Wnt signaling through a series of states similar to those that occur during early embryonic development, transitioning from an epithelial phenotype into the cardiogenic mesoderm lineage and ultimately into functional cardiomyocytes 1-4. Strikingly, we observed that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergo widespread apoptosis upon Wnt activation, followed by a synchronous epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The EMT requires induction of transcription factors SNAI1/SNAI2 downstream of MESP1 expression, and double knock-out of SNAI1/2, or loss of MESP1 in iPSCs blocks EMT and prevents cardiac differentiation. Remarkably, blockade of early apoptosis chemically or by ablation of pro-apoptotic genes also completely prevents the EMT, suppressing even the earliest events in mesoderm conversion, including EOMES, TBX6, and MESP1 induction. Conditioned medium from WNT-activated WT iPSCs overcomes the block to EMT by cells incapable of apoptosis (Apop-), suggesting the involvement of soluble factors from apoptotic cells in mesoderm conversion. Treatment with a purinergic P2Y receptor inhibitor or addition of apyrase demonstrated a requirement for nucleotide triphosphate signaling. ATP was sufficient to induce a partial EMT in Apop- cells treated with WNT activator. We conclude that nucleotides, in addition to acting as chemo-attractants for clearance of apoptotic cells can, unexpectedly, function as essential paracrine signals in mesoderm specification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fort, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apoptotic Find-me Signals are an Essential Driver of Stem Cell Conversion To The Cardiac Lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homolog of ELAC2 is a central regulator of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) has emerged as a predominant mechanism that preserves mitochondrial function. Consequently, multiple pathways likely exist to modulate UPRmt. We unexpectedly discovered that the tRNA processing enzyme, homolog of ELAC2 (HOE-1), is central to UPRmt regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that nuclear HOE-1 is necessary and sufficient to robustly activate UPRmt. We show that HOE-1 acts via transcription factors ATFS-1 and DVE-1 that are crucial for UPRmt. Mechanistically, we show that HOE-1 likely mediates its effects via tRNAs, as blocking tRNA export prevents HOE-1-induced UPRmt. Interestingly, we find that HOE-1 does not act via the integrated stress response, which can be activated by uncharged tRNAs, pointing towards its reliance on a new mechanism. Finally, we show that the subcellular localization of HOE-1 is responsive to mitochondrial stress and is subject to negative regulation via ATFS-1. Together, we have discovered a novel RNA-based cellular pathway that modulates UPRmt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Held, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereria, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homolog of ELAC2 is a central regulator of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of white matter pathways coming into a single diffusion MRI voxel orientation: the bottleneck issue in tractography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing and understanding the limitations of diffusion MRI fiber tractography is a prerequisite for methodological advances and innovations which will allow these techniques to accurately map the connections of the human brain. The so-called "crossing fiber problem" has received tremendous attention and has continuously triggered the community to develop novel approaches for disentangling distinctly oriented fiber populations. Perhaps an even greater challenge occurs when multiple white matter bundles converge within a single voxel, or throughout a single brain region, and share the same parallel orientation, before diverging and continuing towards their final cortical or sub-cortical terminations. These so-called "bottleneck" regions contribute to the ill-posed nature of the tractography process, and lead to both false positive and false negative estimated connections. Yet, as opposed to the extent of crossing fibers, a thorough characterization of bottleneck regions has not been performed. The aim of this study is to quantify the prevalence of bottleneck regions. To do this, we use diffusion tractography to segment known white matter bundles of the brain, and assign each bundle to voxels they pass through and to specific orientations within those voxels (i.e. fixels). We demonstrate that bottlenecks occur in greater than 50-70% of fixels in the white matter of the human brain. We find that all projection, association, and commissural fibers contribute to, and are affected by, this phenomenon, and show that even regions traditionally considered "single fiber voxels" often contain multiple fiber populations. Together, this study shows that a majority of white matter presents bottlenecks for tractography which may lead to incorrect or erroneous estimates of brain connectivity or quantitative tractography (i.e., tractometry), and underscores the need for a paradigm shift in the process of tractography and bundle segmentation for studying the fiber pathways of the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tax, C. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of white matter pathways coming into a single diffusion MRI voxel orientation: the bottleneck issue in tractography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Moving Beyond the 'CAP' of the Iceberg: Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in fMRI are Continuously Engaging and Overlapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.23.449485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is currently the mainstay of functional neuroimaging and has allowed researchers to identify intrinsic connectivity networks (aka functional networks) at different spatial scales. However, little is known about the temporal profiles of these networks and whether it is best to model them as continuous phenomena in both space and time or, rather, as a set of temporally discrete events. Both categories have been supported by series of studies with promising findings. However, a critical question is whether focusing only on time points presumed to contain isolated neural events and disregarding the rest of the data is missing important information, potentially leading to misleading conclusions. In this work, we argue that brain networks identified within the spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal are not limited to temporally sparse burst moments and that these event present time points (EPTs) contain valuable but incomplete information about the underlying functional patterns.

We focus on the default mode and show evidence that is consistent with its continuous presence in the BOLD signal, including during the event absent time points (EATs), i.e., time points that exhibit minimum activity and are the least likely to contain an event. Moreover, our findings suggest that EPTs may not contain all the available information about their corresponding networks. We observe distinct default mode connectivity patterns obtained from all time points (AllTPs), EPTs, and EATs. We show evidence of robust relationships with schizophrenia symptoms that are both common and unique to each of the sets of time points (AllTPs, EPTs, EATs), likely related to transient patterns of connectivity. Together, these findings indicate the importance of leveraging the full temporal data in functional studies, including those using event-detection approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iraji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faghiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.23.449485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Moving Beyond the 'CAP' of the Iceberg: Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in fMRI are Continuously Engaging and Overlapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory blockade prevents injury to the developing pulmonary gas exchange surface in preterm primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malformations of or injuries to the developing lung are associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality with lifelong consequences for subsequent pulmonary health. One fetal exposure linked with poor health outcomes is chorioamnionitis, which impacts up to 25-40% of preterm births. Severe chorioamnionitis with prematurity is associated with significantly increased risk of pulmonary disease and secondary infections in childhood, suggesting that fetal inflammation may significantly alter developmental ontogeny of the lung. To test this hypothesis, we used intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) to generate experimental chorioamnionitis in prenatal Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), a model which shares critical structural and temporal aspects of human lung development. Inflammatory injury directly disrupts the developing gas exchange surface of the primate lung, with extensive damage to alveolar structure, particularly the close association and coordinated differentiation of alveolar type 1 pneumocytes and specialized alveolar capillary endothelium. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis defined a multicellular alveolar signaling niche driving alveologenesis which was extensively disrupted by perinatal inflammation, leading to loss of gas exchange surface and alveolar simplification similar to that found in chronic lung disease of newborns. Blockade of IL1{beta} and TNF ameliorated endotoxin-induced inflammatory lung injury by blunting stromal response to inflammation and modulating innate immune activation in myeloid cells, restoring structural integrity and key signaling networks in the developing alveolus. These data provide new insight into the pathophysiology of developmental lung injury and suggest that modulating inflammation is a promising therapeutic approach to prevent fetal consequences of chorioamnionitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinmeyer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannan, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demmert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheak, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzmiller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wayman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presicce, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cates, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalinichenko, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallapur, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miraldi, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarr, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewkowich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomonis, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsett, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chougnet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobe, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshmukh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory blockade prevents injury to the developing pulmonary gas exchange surface in preterm primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-mediated transgene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the guinea pig placenta differentially affects fetal liver gene expression depending on maternal nutrient status 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) significantly contributes to neonatal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective treatment options for FGR during pregnancy. We have developed a nanoparticle gene therapy targeting the placenta to increase expression of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF-1) to correct fetal growth trajectories. Using the maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model of FGR, an ultrasound-guided, intra-placental injection of non-viral, polymer-based nanoparticle gene therapy containing plasmid with the hIGF-1 gene and placenta-specific Cyp19a1 promotor was administered at mid-pregnancy. Sustained hIGF-1 expression was confirmed in the placenta five days after treatment. Whilst gene therapy treatment did not change fetal weight, circulating fetal glucose concentration were 33-67% higher. This was associated with increased expression of glucose and amino acid transporters in the placenta. Additionally, nanoparticle gene therapy treatment increased the fetal capillary volume density in the placenta, and reduced interhaemal distance between maternal and fetal circulation. Overall, our findings, that gene therapy treatment results in changes to glucose transporter expression and increases fetal glucose concentrations within a short time period, highlights the translational potential this treatment could have in correcting impaired placental nutrient transport in human pregnancies complicated by FGR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-mediated transgene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the guinea pig placenta differentially affects fetal liver gene expression depending on maternal nutrient status]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans depends on catalytic activity of a lithium-inhibited phosphatase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.24.449779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Golgi-resident bisphosphate nucleotidase 2 (BPNT2) is a member of a family of magnesium-dependent/lithium-inhibited phosphatases that share a three-dimensional structural motif that directly coordinates metal binding to effect phosphate hydrolysis. BPNT2 is responsible for the breakdown of 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphate (PAP), a by-product of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfation. Disruption of BPNT2 in mice leads to skeletal abnormalities due to impaired GAG sulfation, especially chondroitin-4-sulfation. Mutations in BPNT2 have also been found to underlie a chondrodysplastic disorder in humans. The precise mechanism by which loss of BPNT2 impairs sulfation remains unclear. Here, we utilize an in vitro approach using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to test the hypothesis that catalytic activity of BPNT2 is required for GAG sulfation. We show that a catalytic-dead Bpnt2 construct (D108A) does not rescue impairments in intracellular or secreted sulfated GAG, including decreased chondroitin-4-sulfate, present in Bpnt2-knockout MEFs. We also demonstrate that missense mutations in Bpnt2 which are adjacent to the catalytic site (and known to cause chondrodysplasia in humans) recapitulate defects in overall GAG sulfation and chondroitin-4-sulfation in MEF cultures. We further show that treatment of MEFs with lithium inhibits GAG sulfation, and that this effect depends on the presence of BPNT2. This work demonstrates that the catalytic activity of an enzyme potently inhibited by lithium can modulate GAG sulfation and therefore extracellular matrix composition, revealing new insights into lithium pharmacology and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders responsive to lithium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisele, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luka, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.24.449779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans depends on catalytic activity of a lithium-inhibited phosphatase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive approach for artifact-free sample preparation and assessment of mitochondrial morphology in tissue and cultured cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion, and the formation of nanotunnels) and morphology are very sensitive to the cellular environment. Mitochondria may be adversely affected by oxidative stress, changes in calcium levels, and hypoxia. Investigating the precise relationship between organelle structure and function requires methods that can adequately preserve mitochondria while providing accurate, quantitative measurements of morphological attributes. Here, we demonstrate a practical approach for preserving and measuring fine structural changes using two-dimensional, high-resolution electron micrographs. This approach is further applicable for three-dimensional volume renderings, obtained using serial block-face and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, highlighting the specific advantages of these techniques. Additionally, this study defines a set of quantifiable metrics that can be applied to measure mitochondrial architecture and other organellar structures. Finally, we validated specimen preparation methods that avoid the introduction of morphological artifacts that may interfere with mitochondrial appearance and do not require whole-animal perfusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaspersen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geroux, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicsasmaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmonds, R. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dajles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacevac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.450055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive approach for artifact-free sample preparation and assessment of mitochondrial morphology in tissue and cultured cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical Models of PAR Cluster Transport by Cortical Flow in C. elegans Early Embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.28.450200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The clustering of membrane-bound proteins facilitates their transport by cortical actin flow in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo cell polarity. PAR-3 clustering is critical for this process, yet the bio-physical processes that couple protein clusters to cortical flow remain unknown. We develop a discrete, stochastic agent-based model of protein clustering and test four hypothetical models for how clusters may interact with the flow. Results show that the canonical way to assess transport characteristics from single particle tracking data used thus far in this area, the Peclet number, is insufficient to distinguish these hypotheses and that all models can account for transport characteristics quantified by this measure. However, using this model, we demonstrate that these different cluster-cortex interactions may be distinguished using a different metric, namely, the scalar projection of cluster displacement on to the flow displacement vector. Our results thus provide a testable way to use existing single particle tracking data to test how endogenous protein clusters may interact with the cortical flow to localize during polarity establishment. To facilitate this investigation, we also develop both improved simulation and semi-analytic methodologies to quantify motion summary statistics (e.g., Peclet number and scalar projection) for these stochastic models as a function of biophysical parameters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zmurchok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.450200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical Models of PAR Cluster Transport by Cortical Flow in C. elegans Early Embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping of the fibrinogen-binding site on the staphylocoagulase C-terminal repeat region 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The N-terminus of S. aureus staphylocoagulase (SC) triggers activation of host prothrombin (ProT), and the SC{middle dot}ProT* complex cleaves host fibrinogen (Fbg) to form fibrin (Fbn) deposits, a hallmark of SC-positive endocarditis. The C-terminal domain of the prototypical Newman D2 Tager 104 SC contains 1 pseudo-repeat (PR) and 7 repeats (R1[-&gt;]R7) that bind Fbg/Fbn Fragment D (Frag D). This work defines affinities and stoichiometries of Frag D binding to single- and multi-repeat C-terminal constructs, using fluorescence equilibrium binding, NMR titration, Ala scanning, and native PAGE. Constructs containing PR and each single repeat bound Frag D with KD ~50 - 130 nM and a 1:1 stoichiometry, indicating a conserved binding site shared between PR and each repeat. NMR titration of PR-R7 with Frag D revealed that residues 22-49, bridging PR and R7, constituted the minimal peptide (MP) required for binding, corroborated by Ala scanning, and binding of labeled MP to Frag D. MP alignment with the PR-repeat and inter-repeat junctions identified conserved residues critical for binding. Labeled PR-(R1[-&gt;]R7) bound Frag D with KD ~7 - 32 nM and stoichiometry of 1:5; and PR-R1R2R3, PR-R1R6R7, PR-R3R4R7, and PR-R3R6R7 competed with PR-(R1[-&gt;]R7) for Frag D binding, with a 1:3 stoichiometry and KD ~7 - 42 nM. These findings are consistent with binding at the PR-R junctions with modest inter-repeat sequence variability. Circular dichroism of PR-R7 and PR-(R1[-&gt;]R7) suggested a largely disordered structure and conformational flexibility, allowing binding of multiple fibrin(ogen) molecules. This property facilitates pathogen localization on host fibrin networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maddur, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voehler, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhamme, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping of the fibrinogen-binding site on the staphylocoagulase C-terminal repeat region]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discrete Roles of the Ir76b Ionotropic Co-Receptor Impact Olfaction, Blood Feeding, and Mating in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheline mosquitoes rely on their highly sensitive chemosensory apparatus to detect diverse chemical stimuli that drive the host-seeking and blood-feeding behaviors required to vector pathogens for malaria and other diseases. This process incorporates a variety of chemosensory receptors and transduction pathways. We have used advanced in vivo gene-editing and -labelling approaches to localize and functionally characterize the ionotropic co-receptor AcIr76b in the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, where it impacts both olfactory and gustatory systems. AcIr76b has a broad expression pattern in female adult antennal grooved pegs, T1 and T2 sensilla on the labellum, stylets, and tarsi, as well as the larval sensory peg. AcIr76b is co-localized with the Orco odorant receptor (OR) co-receptor in a subset of cells across the female antennae and labella. In contrast to Orco and Ir8a, chemosensory co-receptors that appear essential for the activity of their respective sets of chemosensory neurons in mosquitoes, AcIr76b-/- mutants maintain wild-type peripheral responses to volatile amines on the adult palps, labellum, and the larval sensory cone. Interestingly, AcIr76b-/- mutants display significantly increased responses to amines in antennal grooved peg sensilla while coeloconic sensilla reveal significant deficits in responses to several acids and amines. Behaviorally, AcIr76b mutants manifest significantly female-specific insemination deficits and, although AcIr76b-/- mutant females are able to locate, alight, and probe artificial blood hosts, they are incapable of blood feeding successfully. Taken together, our study reveals a multi-dimensional functionality of Ir76b in Anopheline olfactory and gustatory pathways that directly impacts the vectorial capacity of these mosquitoes.

SummaryChemosensory receptors play crucial roles across mosquito lifecycles where they often form functional complexes that require cognate co-receptors. To better understand mosquito chemosensory pathways in the malaria vector mosquito An. coluzzii we have utilized advanced gene editing approaches to localize and functionally characterize the ionotropic receptor co-receptor AcIr76b. Expression of AcIr76b was observed in antennal grooved pegs and other accessory olfactory appendages. Mutagenesis of AcIr76b uncovers both reduced and elevated neuronal responses to amines, which suggests a role in response modulation. In addition to olfactory phenotypes, AcIr76b mutants display significantly impaired mating and blood feeding capabilities. Our data reveals discrete roles of AcIr76b across olfactory and gustatory pathways and shed lights on the potential molecular target for vector control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discrete Roles of the Ir76b Ionotropic Co-Receptor Impact Olfaction, Blood Feeding, and Mating in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.450798v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FANCD2 directly inhibits DNA2 nuclease at stalled replication forks and acts as a RAD51 mediator in strand exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.450798v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FANCD2 protein, a key coordinator and effector of the interstrand crosslink repair pathway, is also required to prevent excessive nascent strand degradation at hydroxyurea-induced stalled forks. The RAD51 recombinase has also been implicated in regulation of resection at stalled replication forks. The mechanistic contributions of these proteins to fork protection are not well understood. Here, we used purified FANCD2 and RAD51 to study how each protein regulates DNA resection at stalled forks. We showed that FANCD2 inhibits fork degradation in two ways: 1) the N-terminal domain of FANCD2 inhibits DNA2 nuclease activity by directly binding to DNA2. 2) independent of dimerization with FANCI, FANCD2 itself stabilizes RAD51 filaments to inhibit multiple nucleases, including DNA2, MRE11, and EXO1. Unexpectedly, we uncovered a new FANCD2 function: by stabilizing RAD51 filaments, FANCD2 acts as a "RAD51 modulator" to stimulate the strand exchange activity of RAD51. Our work biochemically explains non-canonical mechanisms by which FANCD2 and RAD51 protect stalled forks. We propose a model in which the strand exchange activity of FANCD2 provides a simple molecular explanation for genetic interactions between FANCD2 and the BRCA2 mediator in the FA/BRCA pathway of fork protection
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roubal, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polaczek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, W.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedgeman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masson, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.08.450798</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FANCD2 directly inhibits DNA2 nuclease at stalled replication forks and acts as a RAD51 mediator in strand exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene coevolution network provides insight into eukaryotic cellular and genomic structure and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.09.451830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orthologous gene coevolution--which refers to gene pairs whose evolutionary rates covary across speciation events--is often observed among functionally related genes. We present a comprehensive gene coevolution network inferred from the examination of nearly three million orthologous gene pairs from 332 budding yeast species spanning [~]400 million years of eukaryotic evolution. Modules within the network provide insight into cellular and genomic structure and function, such as genes functioning in distinct cellular compartments and DNA replication. Examination of the phenotypic impact of network perturbation across 14 environmental conditions using deletion mutant data from the bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggests that fitness in diverse environments is impacted by orthologous gene neighborhood and connectivity. By mapping the network onto the chromosomes of S. cerevisiae and the opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans, which diverged [~]235 million years ago, we discovered that coevolving orthologous genes are not clustered in either species; rather, they are most often located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. The budding yeast coevolution network captures the hierarchy of eukaryotic cellular structure and function, provides a roadmap for genotype-to-phenotype discovery, and portrays the genome as an extensively linked ensemble of genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Date, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>berman, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.09.451830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene coevolution network provides insight into eukaryotic cellular and genomic structure and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.450085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A corollary discharge mediates saccade related inhibition of single units in mnemonic structures of the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.12.450085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the critical link between visual exploration and memory, little is known about how single-unit activity (SUA) in the human mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is modulated by saccadic eye movements (SEMs). Here we characterize SEM associated SUA modulations, unit-by-unit, and contrast them to image onset, and to occipital lobe SUA. We reveal evidence for a corollary discharge (CD)-like modulatory signal that accompanies SEMs, inhibiting/exciting a unique population of broad/narrow spiking units, respectively, before and during SEMs, and with directional selectivity. These findings comport well with the timing, directional nature, and inhibitory circuit implementation of a CD. Additionally, by linking SUA to event-related potentials (ERPs), which are directionally modulated following SEMs, we recontextualize the ERP associated with SEM as a proxy for both the strength of inhibition and saccade direction, providing a mechanistic underpinning for the more commonly recorded SEM-related ERP in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katz, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schjetnan, A. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkley, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.12.450085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A corollary discharge mediates saccade related inhibition of single units in mnemonic structures of the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity in the transcriptional response of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to the antifungal agent caspofungin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is the main causative agent of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), a severe disease that affects immunosuppressed patients worldwide. The fungistatic drug caspofungin is the second line therapy against IPA but has increasingly been used against clinical strains that are resistant to azoles, the first line antifungal therapy. In high concentrations, caspofungin induces a tolerance phenotype with partial reestablishment of fungal growth called caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE), resulting from a change in the composition of the cell wall. An increasing number of studies has shown that different isolates of A. fumigatus exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity, including heterogeneity in their CPE response. To gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of CPE response heterogeneity, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two A. fumigatus reference strains, Af293 and CEA17, exposed to low and high caspofungin concentrations. We found that there is a core transcriptional response that involves genes related to cell wall remodeling processes, mitochondrial function, transmembrane transport, and amino acid and ergosterol metabolism, and a variable response related to secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthesis and iron homeostasis. Specifically, we show here that the overexpression of a SM pathway that works as an iron chelator extinguishes the CPE in both backgrounds, whereas iron depletion is detrimental for the CPE in Af293 but not in CEA17. We next investigated the function of the transcription factor CrzA, whose deletion was previously shown to result in heterogeneity in the CPE response of the Af293 and CEA17 strains. We found that CrzA constitutively binds to and modulates the expression of several genes related to processes involved in caspofungin tolerance, and that crzA deletion differentially impacts the SM production and growth of Af293 and CEA17. As opposed to the {Delta}crzACEA17 mutant, the {Delta}crzAAf293 mutant fails to activate cell wall remodeling genes upon caspofungin exposure, which most likely severely affects its macrostructure and extinguishes its CPE. This work describes how heterogeneity in the response to an antifungal agent between A. fumigatus strains stems from heterogeneity in the function of a transcription factor and its downstream target genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardeshi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaber, Q. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malavazi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity in the transcriptional response of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus to the antifungal agent caspofungin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic variations of resting-state BOLD signal spectra in white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.15.452567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have demonstrated that the mathematical model used for analyzing and interpreting fMRI data in gray matter (GM) is inappropriate for detecting or describing blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in white matter (WM). In particular the hemodynamic response function (HRF) which serves as the regressor in general linear models is different in WM compared to GM. We recently reported measurements of the frequency contents of resting-state time courses in WM that showed distinct power spectra which depended on local structural-vascular-functional associations. In addition, multiple studies of GM have revealed how functional connectivity between regions, as measured by the correlation between BOLD time series, varies dynamically over time. We therefore investigated whether and how BOLD signals from WM in a resting state varied over time. We measured voxel-wise spectrograms, which reflect the time-varying spectral patterns of WM time courses. The results suggest that the spectral patterns are non-stationary but could be categorized into five modes that recurred over time. These modes showed distinct spatial distributions of their occurrences and durations, and the distributions were highly consistent across individuals. In addition, one of the modes exhibited a strong coupling of its occurrence between GM and WM across individuals, and two communities of WM voxels were identified according to the hierarchical structures of transitions among modes. Moreover, the total number of transitions in each community predicts specific human behaviors. Last, these modes are coupled to the shape of instantaneous HRFs. Our findings extend previous studies and reveal the non-stationary nature of spectral patterns of BOLD signals over time, providing a spatial-temporal-frequency characterization of resting-state signals in WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.452567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic variations of resting-state BOLD signal spectra in white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying and correcting slide-to-slide variation in multiplexed immunofluorescence images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThe multiplexed imaging domain is a nascent single-cell analysis field with a complex data structure susceptible to technical variability that disrupts inference. These in situ methods are valuable in understanding cell-cell interactions, but few standardized processing steps or normalization techniques of multiplexed imaging data are available.

ResultsWe implement and compare data transformations and normalization algorithms in multiplexed imaging data. Our methods adapt the ComBat and functional data registration methods to remove slide effects in this domain, and we present an evaluation framework to compare the proposed approaches. We present clear slide-to-slide variation in the raw, unadjusted data, and show that many of the proposed normalization methods reduce this variation while preserving and improving the biological signal. Further, we find that dividing this data by its slide mean, and the functional data registration methods, perform the best under our proposed evaluation framework. In summary, this approach provides a foundation for better data quality and evaluation criteria in the multiplexed domain.

Availability and ImplementationSource code is provided at https://github.com/statimagcoll/MultiplexedNormalization.

Contactcoleman.r.harris@vanderbilt.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary information is available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying and correcting slide-to-slide variation in multiplexed immunofluorescence images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autofluorescence microscopy as a label-free tool for renal histology and glomerular segmentation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Automated spatial segmentation models can enrich spatio-molecular omics analyses by providing a link to relevant biological structures. We developed segmentation models that use label-free autofluorescence (AF) microscopy to recognize multicellular functional tissue units (FTUs) (glomerulus, proximal tubule, descending thin limb, ascending thick limb, distal tubule, and collecting duct) and gross morphological structures (cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla) in the human kidney. Annotations were curated using highly specific multiplex immunofluorescence and transferred to co-registered AF for model training. All FTUs (except the descending thin limb) and gross kidney morphology were segmented with high accuracy: >0.85 F1-score, and Dice-Sorensen coefficients >0.80, respectively. This workflow allowed lipids, profiled by imaging mass spectrometry, to be quantitatively associated with segmented FTUs. The segmentation masks were also used to acquire spatial transcriptomics data from collecting ducts. Consistent with previous literature, we demonstrated differing transcript expression of collecting ducts in the inner and outer medulla.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCaestecker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autofluorescence microscopy as a label-free tool for renal histology and glomerular segmentation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
One mucosal administration of a live attenuated recombinant COVID-19 vaccine protects non-human primates from SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.16.452733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the COVID-19 global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped RNA virus that relies on its trimeric surface glycoprotein, spike, for entry into host cells. Here we describe the COVID-19 vaccine candidate MV-014-212, a live attenuated, recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) expressing a chimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike as the only viral envelope protein. MV-014-212 was attenuated and immunogenic in African green monkeys (AGMs). One mucosal administration of MV-014-212 in AGMs protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, reducing by more than 200- fold the peak shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in the nose. MV-014-212 elicited mucosal immunity in the nose and neutralizing antibodies in serum that exhibited cross-neutralization against two virus variants of concern. Intranasally delivered, live attenuated vaccines such as MV-014-212 entail low-cost manufacturing suitable for global deployment. MV-014-212 is currently in phase 1 clinical trials as a single-dose intranasal COVID-19 vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tioni, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenhouse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orekov, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pessaint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stobart, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodworth, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peebles, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[One mucosal administration of a live attenuated recombinant COVID-19 vaccine protects non-human primates from SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) enhances cocaine effects in the nucleus accumbens via a dopamine release-based mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.452968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cocaine use disorder is associated with alterations in immune function including altered expression of multiple peripheral cytokines in humans - several of which correlate with drug use. Individuals suffering from cocaine use disorder show altered immune system responses to drug-associated cues, highlighting the interaction between the brain and immune system as a critical factor in the development and expression of cocaine use disorder. We have previously demonstrated in animal models that cocaine use upregulates expression of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) - a pleiotropic cytokine - in the serum and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). G-CSF signaling has been causally linked to behavioral responses to cocaine across multiple behavioral domains. The goal of this study was to define whether increases in G-CSF alter the pharmacodynamic effects of cocaine on the dopamine system and whether this occurs via direct mechanisms within local NAc microcircuits. We find that systemic G-CSF injection increases cocaine effects on dopamine terminals. The enhanced dopamine levels in the presence of cocaine occur through a release-based mechanism, rather than through effects on the dopamine transporter - as uptake rates were unchanged following G-CSF treatment. Critically, this effect could be recapitulated by acute bath application of G-CSF to dopamine terminals, an effect that was occluded by prior G-CSF treatment, suggesting a similar mechanistic basis for direct and systemic exposures. This work highlights the critical interaction between the immune system and psychostimulant effects that can alter drug responses and may play a role in vulnerability to cocaine use disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brady, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucerne, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.19.452968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) enhances cocaine effects in the nucleus accumbens via a dopamine release-based mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.451363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A community-based approach to image analysis of cells, tissues and tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.451363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging multiplexed imaging platforms provide an unprecedented view of an increasing number of molecular markers at subcellular resolution and the dynamic evolution of tumor cellular composition. As such, they are capable of elucidating cell-to-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment that impact clinical outcome and therapeutic response. However, the rapid development of these platforms has far outpaced the computational methods for processing and analyzing the data they generate. While being technologically disparate, all imaging assays share many computational requirements for post-collection data processing. We convened a workshop to characterize these shared computational challenges and a follow-up hackathon to implement solutions for a selected subset of them. Here, we delineate these areas that reflect major axes of research within the field, including image registration, segmentation of cells and subcellular structures, and identification of cell types from their morphology. We further describe the logistical organization of these events, believing our lessons learned can aid others in uniting the imaging community around self-identified topics of mutual interest, in designing and implementing operational procedures to address those topics and in mitigating issues inherent in image analysis (e.g., sharing exemplar images of large datasets and disseminating baseline solutions to hackathon challenges through open-source code repositories).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>CSBC/PS-ON Image Analysis Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcarra, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burlingame, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hug, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltsev, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.451363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A community-based approach to image analysis of cells, tissues and tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Deep Learning to Count Monarch Butterflies in Dense Clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monarch butterflies display one of the most fascinating migration patterns of all species, traveling over 3000 miles from their North American breeding grounds to reach overwintering sites in Central Mexico. Recent studies have suggested that monarchs have experienced an alarming decline in population size due to a combination of deforestation, loss of native milkweed and nectaring plants, and climate change. An issue that conservation efforts face is the lack of principled mechanisms to accurately estimate and count the population size of monarchs. This difficulty occurs due to their small size and existence in dense overwintering clusters in forests. We create an open-source tool to aid conservationists estimate the count of monarch butterflies from images automatically. To the best of our knowledge, our approach, based on deep convolutional neural networks, is the first automated application that can count small insects like monarch butterflies in dense clusters. We demonstrate that our approach achieves high accuracy in counting the number of butterflies even in the presence of occlusion. We also release an open-source dataset containing high resolution images of monarch butterflies along with human annotations for each butterflys position. Our open-source implementation can be readily used by scientists to estimate monarch numbers in overwintering clusters and could also be adapted for use in other clustering species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gujar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roode, J. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Deep Learning to Count Monarch Butterflies in Dense Clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PiRATeMC: A highly flexible, scalable, and affordable system for obtaining high quality video recordings for behavioral neuroscience. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the recent development and rapidly accelerating adoption of machine-learning based rodent behavioral tracking tools such as DeepLabCut, there is an unmet need for a method of acquiring video data that is scalable, flexible, and affordable. Many experimenters use webcams, GoPros, or other commercially available cameras that are not only relatively expensive, but offer very little flexibility over recording parameters. These cameras are not ideal for recording many types of behavioral experiments, and can lead to suboptimal video quality. Furthermore when using relatively affordable commercially available products, it is a challenge, if not impossible, to synchronize multiple cameras with each other, or to interface with third-party equipment (for example, receiving a simple trigger to simultaneously start recording, or acting as a microcontroller for closed-loop experiments). We have developed an affordable ecosystem of behavioral recording equipment, PiRATeMC (Pi-based Remote Acquisition Technology for Motion Capture), that relies on Raspberry Pi Camera Boards that are able to acquire high quality recordings in bright light, low light, or dark conditions under infrared light. PiRATeMC offers users control over nearly every recording parameter, and can be fine-tuned to produce optimal video data in any behavioral arena. This setup can easily be scaled up and synchronously controlled in clusters via a self-contained network to record a large number of simultaneous behavioral sessions without burdening institutional network infrastructure. Furthermore, the Raspberry Pi is an excellent platform for novice and inexperienced programmers interested in using an open-source recording system, with a large online community that is very active in developing novel open-source tools. It easily interfaces with Arduinos and other microcontrollers, allowing simple synchronization and interfacing of video recording with nearly any behavioral equipment using GPIO pins to send or receive 3.3V or 5V (TTL) signals, I2C, or serial communication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Centanni, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PiRATeMC: A highly flexible, scalable, and affordable system for obtaining high quality video recordings for behavioral neuroscience.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Profiling of the Antigen-Specific Response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.453981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are critical to limiting COVID-19 severity and spread. Cellular mechanisms driving antigen-specific responses to these vaccines, however, remain uncertain. We used single-cell technologies to identify and characterized antigen-specific cells and antibody responses to the RNA vaccine BNT162b2 in longitudinal samples from a cohort of healthy donors. Mass cytometry and machine learning pinpointed a novel expanding, population of antigen-specific non-canonical memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. B cell sequencing suggested progression from IgM, with apparent cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses, to SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG memory B cells and plasmablasts. Responding lymphocyte populations correlated with eventual SARS-CoV-2 IgG and a donor lacking these cell populations failed to sustain SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and experienced breakthrough infection. These integrated proteomic and genomic platforms reveal an antigen-specific cellular basis of RNA vaccine-based immunity.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYSingle-cell profiling reveals the cellular basis of the antigen-specific response to the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiakolas, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahunsi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlake, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonami, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.453981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Profiling of the Antigen-Specific Response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential impact of a dyskeratosis congenita mutation in TPP1 on mouse hematopoiesis and germline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.29.454392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomerase extends chromosome ends in somatic and germline stem cells to ensure continued proliferation. Mutations in genes critical for telomerase function result in telomeropathies such as dyskeratosis congenita (DC), frequently resulting in spontaneous bone marrow failure. While knockout of telomerase in mice has been instrumental in highlighting the importance of telomere length maintenance at an organismal level, it may not be representative of human telomeropathy mutations in vivo. A DC mutation in the shelterin protein TPP1 (K170{Delta}) that compromises telomerase recruitment to telomeres but leaves other functions of TPP1 and the integrity of the telomerase holoenzyme intact is a physiologically relevant tool to evaluate telomerase-dependent telomere length maintenance in mice. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate a mutant mouse knocked in for the equivalent of the TPP1 K170{Delta} mutation (TPP1 K82{Delta}) and investigated both its bone marrow and germline compartments in unprecedented detail. TPP1 K82{Delta} caused progressive telomere erosion with increasing generation number but did not induce steady-state hematopoietic defects. Strikingly, K82{Delta} caused mouse infertility, consistent with gross morphological defects in the testis and sperm, the appearance of either empty or severely disorganized seminiferous tubules, and a decrease in both spermatogonia and spermatocytes. It is intriguing that both TPP1 K82{Delta} mice and previously characterized telomerase knockout mice show no spontaneous bone marrow failure but rather succumb to a robust infertility phenotype at steady state. We speculate that telomere length maintenance contributes differently to the evolutionary fitness of humans and mice. Telomere length maintenance in the human bone marrow can ensure progression to reproductive age, while that in the mouse germline can help meet the elevated demand for sperm to produce multiple offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graniel, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisht, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderbeck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moroz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrington, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandstadter, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shami, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crayton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychalowych, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammoud, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keegan, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential impact of a dyskeratosis congenita mutation in TPP1 on mouse hematopoiesis and germline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of M1 muscarinic receptors reduce pathology and slow progression of neurodegenerative disease. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The most prevalent types of dementias, including Alzheimers disease, are those that are propagated via the spread of "prion-like" misfolded proteins. Despite considerable effort no treatments are available to slow or stop the progression of these dementias. Here we investigate the possibility that activation of the M1-muscarinic receptor (M1-receptor), which is highly expressed in the brain and that shows pro-cognitive properties, might present a novel disease modifying target. We demonstrate that the progression of murine prion disease, which we show here displays many of the pathological, behavioural and biochemical hallmarks of human neurodegenerative disease, is slowed and normal behaviour maintained by the activation of the M1-receptor with a highly tolerated positive allosteric modulator (VU846). This correlates with a reduction in both neuroinflammation and indicators of mitochondrial dysregulation, as well as a normalisation in the expression of markers associated with neurodegeneration and Alzheimers disease. Furthermore, VU846 preserves expression of synaptic proteins and post-synaptic signalling components that are altered in disease. We conclude that allosteric regulation of M1-receptors has the potential to reduce the severity of neurodegenerative diseases caused by the prion-like propagation of misfolded protein in a manner that extends life span and maintains normal behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwomoh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khajehali, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzyk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottrill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of M1 muscarinic receptors reduce pathology and slow progression of neurodegenerative disease.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific heteroplasmy dynamics is accompanied by a sharp drop in mtDNA copy number during development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial mutation phenotypes are highly unpredictable as they depend on 3 variables; mutant-to-wildtype ratio (heteroplasmy level), total number of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA), and the tissue affected. The exact phenotype experienced is governed by the combination of these variables, but current models lack the capability to examine the three variables simultaneously. We have established a C. elegans muscle and neuron system to overcome this challenge. Using this system, we measure heteroplasmy level and mtDNA copy number throughout development. Our results show that neurons accumulate significantly higher heteroplasmy level than muscles. These tissue-specific differences arise late in development, and are dependent on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Importantly, we find that somatic tissues lose more than half of their mtDNA content during development. These findings show that heteroplasmy levels can remain stable, or even increase, despite acute mtDNA losses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsyba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific heteroplasmy dynamics is accompanied by a sharp drop in mtDNA copy number during development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel compound inhibitors of HIV-1NL4-3 Vpu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.30.454560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 Vpu targets the host cell proteins CD4 and BST-2/Tetherin for degradation, ultimately resulting in enhanced virus spread and host immune evasion. The discovery and characterization of small molecules that antagonize Vpu would further elucidate the contribution of Vpu to pathogenesis and lay the foundation for the study of a new class of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. To identify novel compounds that block Vpu activity, we developed a cell-based  gain of function assay that produces a positive signal in response to Vpu inhibition. To develop this assay, we took advantage of the viral glycoprotein, GaLV Env. In the presence of Vpu, GaLV Env is not incorporated into viral particles, resulting in non-infectious virions. Vpu inhibition restores infectious particle production. Using this assay, a high throughput screen of >650,000 compounds was performed to identify inhibitors that block the biological activity of Vpu. From this screen, we identified several positive hits but focused on two compounds from one structural family, SRI-41897 and SRI-42371. It was conceivable that the compounds inhibited the formation of infectious virions by targeting host cell proteins instead of Vpu directly, so we developed independent counter-screens for off target interactions of the compounds and found no off target interactions. Additionally, these compounds block Vpu-mediated modulation of CD4, BST-2/Tetherin and antibody dependent cell-mediated toxicity (ADCC). Unfortunately, both SRI-41897 and SRI-42371 were shown to be specific to the N-terminal region of NL4-3 Vpu and did not function against other, more clinically relevant, strains of Vpu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyddon, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmichev, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welbourn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nebane, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wonderlich, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augelli-Szafran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bostwick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ptak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schader, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.30.454560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel compound inhibitors of HIV-1NL4-3 Vpu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks controlling temporal patterning, neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the mammalian retina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.454200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs), consisting of transcription factors and their target cis- regulatory sequences, control neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the developing central nervous system, but their organization is poorly characterized. In this study, we performed integrated single-cell RNA- and scATAC-seq analysis in both mouse and human retina to profile dynamic changes in gene expression, chromatin accessibility and transcription factor footprinting during retinal neurogenesis. We identified multiple interconnected, evolutionarily-conserved GRNs consisting of cell type-specific transcription factors that both activate expression of genes within their own network and often inhibit expression of genes in other networks. These GRNs control state transitions within primary retinal progenitors that underlie temporal patterning, regulate the transition from primary to neurogenic progenitors, and drive specification of each major retinal cell type. We confirmed the prediction of this analysis that the NFI transcription factors Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix selectively activate expression of genes that promote late-stage temporal identity in primary retinal progenitors. We also used GRNs to identify additional transcription factors that promote (Insm1/2) and inhibit (Tbx3, Tcf7l1/2) rod photoreceptor specification in postnatal retina. This study provides an inventory of cis- and trans-acting factors that control retinal development, identifies transcription factors that control the temporal identity of retinal progenitors and cell fate specification, and will potentially guide cell-based therapies aimed at replacing retinal neurons lost due to disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timms, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimmen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinoza, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.31.454200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene regulatory networks controlling temporal patterning, neurogenesis and cell fate specification in the mammalian retina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adult neuromarkers of sustained attention and working memory predict inter- and intra-individual differences in these processes in youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.01.454530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustained attention (SA) and working memory (WM) are critical processes, but the brain networks supporting these abilities in development are unknown. We characterized the functional brain architecture of SA and WM in 9-11-year-old children and adults. First, we found that adult network predictors of SA generalized to predict individual differences and fluctuations in SA in youth. A WM network model predicted WM performance both across and within children--and captured individual differences in later recognition memory--but underperformed in youth relative to adults. We next characterized functional connections differentially related to SA and WM in youth compared to adults. Results revealed two network configurations: a dominant architecture predicting performance in both age groups and a secondary architecture, more prominent for WM than SA, predicting performance in one. Thus, functional connectivity predicts SA and WM in youth, with networks predicting WM changing more from preadolescence to adulthood than those predicting SA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Inigues, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schertz, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meredith, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakhtakia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tindel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.01.454530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adult neuromarkers of sustained attention and working memory predict inter- and intra-individual differences in these processes in youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic Spindle Positioning (MISP) is an actin bundler that selectively stabilizes the rootlets of epithelial microvilli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvilli are conserved actin-based surface protrusions that have been repurposed throughout evolution to fulfill diverse cell functions. In the case of transporting epithelia, microvilli are supported by a core of actin filaments bundled in parallel by villin, fimbrin, and espin. Remarkably, microvilli biogenesis persists in mice lacking all three of these factors, suggesting the existence of unknown bundlers. We identified Mitotic Spindle Positioning (MISP) as an actin binding factor that localizes specifically to the rootlet end of the microvillus. MISP promotes rootlet elongation in cells, and purified MISP exhibits potent filament bundling activity in vitro. MISP-bundled filaments also recruit fimbrin, which further elongates and stabilizes bundles. MISP confinement to the rootlet is enforced by ezrin, which prevents decoration of the membrane-wrapped distal end of the core bundle. These discoveries reveal how epithelial cells optimize apical membrane surface area and offer insight on the remarkable robustness of microvilli biogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morales, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaiz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic Spindle Positioning (MISP) is an actin bundler that selectively stabilizes the rootlets of epithelial microvilli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquitos health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host- preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission- stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendage, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead, suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Profiles of Anopheles gambiae Harboring Natural Low-Level Plasmodium Infection Reveal Adaptive Advantages for the Mosquito]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Prototyping of Cell Culture Microdevices Using Parylene-Coated 3D Prints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.02.454773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fabrication of microfluidic devices by photolithography generally requires specialized training and access to a cleanroom. As an alternative, 3D printing enables cost-effective fabrication of microdevices with complex features that would be suitable for many biomedical applications. However, commonly used resins are cytotoxic and unsuitable for devices involving cells. Furthermore, 3D prints are generally refractory to elastomer polymerization such that they cannot be used as master molds for fabricating devices from polymers (e.g. polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS). Different post-print treatment strategies, such as heat curing, ultraviolet light exposure, and coating with silanes, have been explored to overcome these obstacles, but none have proven universally effective. Here, we show that deposition of a thin layer of parylene, a polymer commonly used for medical device applications, renders 3D prints biocompatible and allows them to be used as master molds for elastomeric device fabrication. When placed in culture dishes containing human neurons, regardless of resin type, uncoated 3D prints leached toxic material to yield complete cell death within 48 hours, whereas cells exhibited uniform viability and healthy morphology out to 21 days if the prints were coated with parylene. Diverse PDMS devices of different shapes and sizes were easily casted from parylene-coated 3D printed molds without any visible defects. As a proof-of-concept, we rapid prototyped and tested different types of PDMS devices, including triple chamber perfusion chips, droplet generators, and microwells. Overall, we suggest that the simplicity and reproducibility of this technique will make it attractive for fabricating traditional microdevices and rapid prototyping new designs. In particular, by minimizing user intervention on the fabrication and post-print treatment steps, our strategy could help make microfluidics more accessible to the biomedical research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balotin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allchin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bute, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guelcher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikswo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.02.454773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Prototyping of Cell Culture Microdevices Using Parylene-Coated 3D Prints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
St18 specifies globus pallidus projection neuron identity in MGE lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) is a progenitor domain in the subpallium that produces both locally-projecting interneurons which undergo tangential migration in structures such as the cortex as well as long-range projection neurons that occupy subcortical nuclei. Very little is known about the transcriptional mechanisms specifying the migratory behavior and axonal projection patterns of these two broad classes of MGE-derived neurons. In this study, we identify St18 as a novel transcriptional determinant specifying projection neuron fate in the MGE lineage. St18 is transiently expressed in the MGE subventricular zone (SVZ) and mantle, and we assessed its function using an ES cell-based model of MGE development. Induction of St18 is sufficient to direct ES-derived MGE neurons to adopt a projection neuron-like identity as defined by migration and morphology. Using genetic loss-of-function in mice, we find that St18 is required for the production of globus pallidus pars externa (GPe) prototypic projection neurons. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that St18 regulates MGE output of specific neuronal populations: in the absence of St18, we observe a large expansion of cortical interneurons at the expense of putative GPe neurons. Through gene expression analysis we identified a downstream effector of St18, Cbx7, which is a component of Polycomb repressor complex 1. We find that Cbx7 is essential for projection neuron-like migration and is not involved in St18-mediated projection neuron-like morphology. Our results characterize a novel transcriptional determinant that directs GPe prototypic projection neuron identity. Further, we identified a downstream target of St18, Cbx7, which regulates only the migratory behavior of long-range projection neurons, suggesting that specific features of MGE projection neuron identity may be governed in a compartmentalized fashion by distinct transcriptional modules downstream of St18.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunnelly, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[St18 specifies globus pallidus projection neuron identity in MGE lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of the potato leafroll virus coat protein and implications for viral assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.454973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Luteoviruses, poleroviruses, and enamoviruses are insect-transmitted, agricultural pathogens that infect a wide array of staple food crops. Previous cryo-electron microscopy studies of virus-like particles indicate that luteovirid viral capsids are built from a structural coat protein that organizes with T=3 icosahedral symmetry. Here we present the crystal structure of a truncated version of the coat protein monomer from potato leafroll virus at 1.57-[A] resolution. In the crystal lattice, monomers pack into flat sheets that preserve the two-fold and three-fold axes of icosahedral symmetry and show minimal structural deviations when compared to the full-length subunits of the assembled virus-like particle. These observations have important implications in viral assembly and maturation, suggesting that the CP N-terminus and its interactions with RNA serve as a key driver for generating capsid curvature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiltz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappie, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.03.454973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of the potato leafroll virus coat protein and implications for viral assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Self-Limiting Circuit Regulates Mammary Cap Cell Plasticity Through TGF-beta Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The organization and maintenance of complex tissues requires emergent properties driven by self-organizing and self-limiting cell-cell interactions. We examined these interactions in the murine mammary gland. Luminal and myoepithelial subpopulations of the postnatal mammary gland arise from unipotent progenitors, but the destiny of cap cells, which enclose terminal end buds (TEB) in pubertal mice, remains controversial. Using a transgenic strain (Tg11.5kb-GFP) that specifically marks cap cells, we found ~50% of these cells undergo divisions perpendicular to the TEB surface, suggesting they might contribute to the underlying luminal cell population. To address their stemness potential we developed a lineage tracing mouse driven from the s-SHIP (11.5 kb) promoter. Induction of tdTomato (tdTom) from this promoter in vivo demonstrated that all cap cell progeny are myoepithelial, with no conversion to luminal lineage. Organoid cultures also exhibited unipotency. However, isolated cap cells cultured as mammospheres generated mixed luminal/myoepithelial spheres. Moreover, ablation of luminal cells in vivo using diphtheria toxin triggered repopulation by progeny of tdTom+ cap cells. A signaling inhibitor screen identified the TGF{beta} pathway as a potential regulator of multipotency. TGF{beta}R inhibitors or gene deletion blocked conversion to the luminal lineage, consistent with an autocrine loop in which cap cells secrete TGF{beta} to activate the receptor and promote luminal transdifferentiation. Ductal tree regeneration in vivo from isolated cap cells was much more efficient when they were pre-treated with inhibitor, consistent with more cells retaining cap cell potential prior to transplantation. Notably, in vitro transdifferentiation of cap cells was blocked by co-culture with luminal cells. Overall, these data reveal a self-limiting cell circuit through which mammary luminal cells suppress cap cell conversion to the luminal lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le Guelte, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Self-Limiting Circuit Regulates Mammary Cap Cell Plasticity Through TGF-beta Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Impairs Information Sampling and Learning in Loss Contexts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal subgroups in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior striatum (STR) encode the reward structure of a given environment. But whether or how this reward information is used to guide information sampling, optimize decision making, or motivate behavior in cognitively challenging situations has remained elusive. Here, we causally tested these scenarios by transiently disrupting ACC and STR of rhesus monkeys with transcranial ultrasound with a learning task that independently varied cognitive and motivational demands. We found that disrupting the ACC, but not the STR, prolonged information sampling and reduced learning efficiency whenever the motivational payoff was low. These impairments were most pronounced at high cognitive demands and based on an inability to use loss experiences to improve performance. These results provide causal evidence that the ACC is necessary for motivation, to overcome anticipated costs from negative (loss) outcomes, and for cognition, to enhance visual information sampling during adaptive behavior.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITranscranial ultrasound stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex disrupts learning after loss experience.
C_LIO_LIThe ultrasound-induced learning deficit is exacerbated at high cognitive load.
C_LIO_LIThe ultrasound-induced learning deficit is accompanied by inefficient fixational information sampling.
C_LIO_LIAnterior cingulate cortex causally supports credit assignment of aversive outcomes to visual features.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigona, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treuting, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Impairs Information Sampling and Learning in Loss Contexts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing roles of p38α phosphorylation and arginine methylation in driving TDP-43 proteinopathy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.04.455154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder typically characterized by insoluble inclusions of hyperphosphorylated TDP-43. The mechanisms underlying toxic TDP-43 accumulation are not understood. Persistent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is implicated in ALS. However, it is unclear how p38 MAPK affects TDP-43 proteinopathy. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of p38 MAPK reduces pathological TDP-43 phosphorylation, aggregation, cytoplasmic mislocalization, and neurotoxicity. We establish that p38 MAPK phosphorylates TDP-43 at pathological serine 409/410 (S409/S410) and serine 292 (S292), which reduces TDP-43 liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) but allows pathological TDP-43 aggregation. Moreover, we show that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 methylates TDP-43 at R293. Importantly, S292 phosphorylation reduces R293 methylation, and R293 methylation reduces S409/S410 phosphorylation. R293 methylation permits TDP-43 LLPS and reduces pathological TDP-43 aggregation. Thus, strategies to reduce p38-mediated TDP-43 phosphorylation and promote R293 methylation could have therapeutic utility for ALS and related TDP-43 proteinopathies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aikio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wobst, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odeh, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Class, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollerhead, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbieri, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupo, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castello, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baral, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunlop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javaherian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandon, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shorter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.04.455154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing roles of p38α phosphorylation and arginine methylation in driving TDP-43 proteinopathy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dose-dependent dissociation of pro-cognitive effects of donepezil on attention and cognitive flexibility in rhesus monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDDonepezil exerts pro-cognitive effects by non-selectively enhancing acetylcholine (ACh) across multiple brain systems. The brain systems that mediate pro-cognitive effects of attentional control and cognitive flexibility are the prefrontal cortex and the anterior striatum which have different pharmacokinetic sensitivities to ACh modulation. We speculated that these area-specific ACh profiles lead to distinct optimal dose-ranges for donepezil to enhance the cognitive domains of attention and flexible learning.

METHODSTo test for dose-specific effects of donepezil on different cognitive domains we devised a multi-task paradigm for nonhuman primates (NHPs) that assessed attention and cognitive flexibility. NHPs received either vehicle or variable doses of donepezil prior to task performance. We measured donepezil intracerebral and how strong it prevented the breakdown of ACh within prefrontal cortex and anterior striatum using solid-phase-microextraction neurochemistry.

RESULTSThe highest administered donepezil dose improved attention and made subjects more robust against distractor interference, but it did not improve flexible learning. In contrast, only a lower dose range of donepezil improved flexible learning and reduced perseveration, but without distractor-dependent attentional improvement. Neurochemical measurements confirmed a dose-dependent increase of extracellular donepezil and decreases in choline within the prefrontal cortex and the striatum.

CONCLUSIONSThe donepezil dose for maximally improving attention functions differed from the dose range that enhanced cognitive flexibility despite the availability of the drug in the major brain systems supporting these cognitive functions. Thus, the non-selective acetylcholine esterase inhibitor donepezil inherently trades improvement in the attention domain for improvement in the cognitive flexibility domain at a given dose range.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawliszyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dose-dependent dissociation of pro-cognitive effects of donepezil on attention and cognitive flexibility in rhesus monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of gliotoxin biosynthesis and protection in Aspergillus species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.16.456458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus causes a range of human and animal diseases collectively known as aspergillosis. A. fumigatus possesses and expresses a range of genetic determinants of virulence, which facilitate colonisation and disease progression, including the secretion of mycotoxins. Gliotoxin (GT) is the best studied A. fumigatus mycotoxin with a wide range of known toxic effects that impair human immune cell function. GT is also highly toxic to A. fumigatus and this fungus has evolved self-protection mechanisms that include (i) the GT efflux pump GliA, (ii) the GT neutralising enzyme GliT, and (iii) the negative regulation of GT biosynthesis by the bis-thiomethyltransferase GtmA. The transcription factor (TF) RglT is the main regulator of GliT and this GT protection mechanism also occurs in the non-GT producing fungus A. nidulans. However, the A. nidulans genome does not encode GtmA and GliA. This work aimed at analysing the transcriptional response to exogenous GT in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, two distantly related Aspergillus species, and to identify additional components required for GT protection. RNA-sequencing shows a highly different transcriptional response to exogenous GT with the RglT-dependent regulon also significantly differing between A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. However, we were able to observe homologs whose expression pattern was similar in both species (43 RglT-independent and 11 RglT-dependent). Based on this approach, we identified a novel RglT-dependent methyltranferase, MtrA, involved in GT protection. Taking into consideration the occurrence of RglT-independent modulated genes, we screened an A. fumigatus deletion library of 484 transcription factors (TFs) for sensitivity to GT and identified 15 TFs important for GT self-protection. Of these, the TF KojR, which is essential for kojic acid biosynthesis in Aspergillus oryzae, was also essential for virulence and GT biosynthesis in A. fumigatus, and for GT protection in A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, and A. oryzae. KojR regulates rglT, gliT, gliJ expression and sulfur metabolism in Aspergillus species. Together, this study identified conserved components required for GT protection in Aspergillus species.

Author SummaryA. fumigatus secretes mycotoxins that are essential for its virulence and pathogenicity. Gliotoxin (GT) is a sulfur-containing mycotoxin, which is known to impair several aspects of the human immune response. GT is also toxic to different fungal species, which have evolved several GT protection strategies. To further decipher these responses, we used transcriptional profiling aiming to compare the response to GT in the GT producer A. fumigatus and the GT non-producer A. nidulans. This analysis allowed us to identify additional genes with a potential role in GT protection. We also identified 15 transcription factors (TFs) encoded in the A. fumigatus genome that are important for conferring resistance to exogenous gliotoxin. One of these TFs, KojR, which is essential for A. oryzae kojic acid production, is also important for virulence and GT protection in A. fumigatus, A. nidulans and A. oryzae. KojR regulates the expression of another TF, an oxidoreductase, previously shown to be essential for GT protection, and sulfur metabolism. Together, this work identified conserved components required for gliotoxin protection in Aspergillus species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moraes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, M. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, L. N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.16.456458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of gliotoxin biosynthesis and protection in Aspergillus species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.455686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strong gamma frequency oscillations in the adolescent prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.455686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory ability continues to mature into adulthood in both humans and non-human primates. At the single neuron level, adolescent development is characterized by increased prefrontal firing rate in the delay period, but less is known about how coordinated activity between neurons is altered. Local field potentials (LFP) provide a window into the computation carried out by the local network. To address the effects of adolescent development on LFP activity, three male rhesus monkeys were trained to perform an oculomotor delayed response task and tested at both the adolescent and adult stage. Simultaneous single-unit and LFP signals were recorded from areas 8a and 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In both the cue and delay period, power relative to baseline increased in the gamma frequency range (32 - 128 Hz). In the adult stage, high-firing neurons were also more likely to reside at sites with strong gamma power increase from baseline. For both stages, the gamma power increase in the delay was selective for sites with neuron encoding stimulus information in their spiking. Gamma power and neuronal firing did not show stronger temporal correlations. Our results establish gamma power decrease to be a feature of prefrontal cortical maturation.

Significance StatementGamma-frequency oscillations in extracellular field recordings (such as LFP or EEG) are a marker of normal interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in neural circuits. Abnormally low gamma power during working memory is seen in conditions such as schizophrenia. We sought to examine whether the immature prefrontal cortex similarly exhibits lower power in the gamma frequency range during working memory, in a non-human primate model of adolescence. Contrary to this expectation, the adolescent PFC exhibited stronger gamma power during the maintenance of working memory. Our findings reveal an unknown developmental maturation trajectory of gamma band oscillations and raise the possibility that schizophrenia represent an excessive state of prefrontal maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.455686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strong gamma frequency oscillations in the adolescent prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.455954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomics reveals persistence of obesity-associated immune cell phenotypes in adipose tissue during weight loss and subsequent weight regain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.455954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most individuals do not maintain weight loss, and weight regain increases cardio-metabolic risk beyond that of obesity. Adipose inflammation directly contributes to insulin resistance; however, immune-related changes that occur with weight loss and weight regain are not well understood. Single cell RNA-sequencing was completed with CITE-sequencing and biological replicates to profile changes in murine immune subpopulations following obesity, weight loss, and weight cycling. Weight loss normalized glucose tolerance, however, type 2 immune cells did not repopulate adipose following weight loss. Many inflammatory populations persisted with weight loss and increased further following weight regain. Obesity drove T cell exhaustion and broad increases in antigen presentation, lipid handing, and inflammation that persisted with weight loss and weight cycling. This work provides critical groundwork for understanding the immunological causes of weight cycling-accelerated metabolic disease. Thus, we have created an open-access interactive portal for our processed data to improve accessibility for the research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caslin, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.455954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomics reveals persistence of obesity-associated immune cell phenotypes in adipose tissue during weight loss and subsequent weight regain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD4+CCR6+ T cells dominate the BCG-induced transcriptional signature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The century-old Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). Despite this, there is still a lot to learn about the immune response induced by BCG, both in terms of phenotype and specificity. Here, we investigated immune responses in adult individuals pre and 8 months post BCG vaccination. We specifically determined changes in gene expression, cell subset composition, DNA methylome, and the TCR repertoire induced in PBMCs and CD4 memory T cells associated with antigen stimulation by either BCG or a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-derived peptide pool. Following BCG vaccination, we observed increased frequencies of CCR6+ CD4 T cells, which includes both Th1* and Th17 subsets, and mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAITs). A large number of immune response genes and pathways were upregulated post BCG vaccination with similar patterns observed in both PBMCs and memory CD4 T cells, thus suggesting a substantial role for CD4 T cells in the cellular response to BCG. These upregulated genes and associated pathways were also reflected in the DNA methylome. We described both qualitative and quantitative changes in the BCG-specific TCR repertoire post vaccination, and importantly found evidence for similar TCR repertoires across different subjects. The immune signatures defined herein can be used to track and further characterize immune responses induced by BCG, and can serve as reference for benchmarking novel vaccination strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singhania, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubelko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chronister, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muskat, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seumois, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayanand, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD4+CCR6+ T cells dominate the BCG-induced transcriptional signature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-specific coding sequences are the most highly conserved in the mammalian brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons are unique in that they are the only cell type in the body to display massive diversity in cell size, morphology, phenotype, and function both within individuals and across species. Here we use datasets encompassing up to 92 mammalian and 31 sauropsidian species to examine whether neuron-specific diversity occurs with higher evolutionary variation of neuron-specific coding and regulatory sequences compared to non-neuronal cell-specific sequences. We find that the opposite is true: Neuronal diversity in mammalian and sauropsidian evolution arose despite extreme levels of negative selection on neuron-specific protein-coding sequences on par with ATPase coding sequences, the benchmark of evolutionary conservation. We propose that such strong evolutionary conservation is imposed by excitability, which continually exposes cells to the risk of excitotoxic death, and speculate that neuronal cell size diversity is a self-organized consequence of variability in levels of activity, possibly constrained by energy supply to the developing brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-specific coding sequences are the most highly conserved in the mammalian brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loops, TADs, Compartments, and Territories are Elastic and Robust to Dramatic Nuclear Volume Swelling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.20.457153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Layers of genome organization are becoming increasingly better characterized, but less is known about how these structures respond to perturbation or shape changes. Low-salt swelling of isolated chromatin fibers or nuclei has been used for decades to investigate the structural properties of chromatin. But, visible changes in chromatin appearance have not been linked to known building blocks of genome structure or features along the genome sequence. We combine low-salt swelling of isolated nuclei with genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) and imaging approaches to probe the effects of chromatin extension genome-wide. Photoconverted patterns on nuclei during expansion and contraction indicate that global genome structure is preserved after dramatic nuclear volume swelling, suggesting a highly elastic chromosome topology. Hi-C experiments before, during, and after nuclear swelling show changes in average contact probabilities at short length scales, reflecting the extension of the local chromatin fiber. But, surprisingly, during this large increase in nuclear volume, there is a striking maintenance of loops, TADs, active and inactive compartments, and chromosome territories. Subtle differences after expansion are observed, suggesting that the local chromatin state, protein interactions, and location in the nucleus can affect how strongly a given structure is maintained under stress. From these observations, we propose that genome topology is robust to extension of the chromatin fiber and isotropic shape change, and that this elasticity may be beneficial in physiological circumstances of changes in nuclear size and volume.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanders, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golloshi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dekker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCord, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.20.457153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loops, TADs, Compartments, and Territories are Elastic and Robust to Dramatic Nuclear Volume Swelling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.451834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Getting the gist faster: Blurry images enhance the early temporal similarity between neural signals and convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.451834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans are able to recognize objects under a variety of noisy conditions, so models of the human visual system must account for how this feat is accomplished. In this study, we investigated how image perturbations, specifically reducing images to their low spatial frequency (LSF) components, affected correspondence between convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and brain signals recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG). Using the high temporal resolution of MEG, we found that CNN-Brain correspondence for deeper and more complex layers across CNN architectures emerged earlier for LSF images than for their unfiltered broadband counterparts. The early emergence of LSF components is consistent with the coarse-to-fine theoretical framework for visual image processing, but surprisingly shows that LSF signals from images are more prominent when high spatial frequencies are removed. In addition, we decomposed MEG signals into oscillatory components and found correspondence varied based on frequency bands, painting a full picture of how CNN-Brain correspondence varies with time, frequency, and MEG sensor locations. Finally, we varied image properties of CNN training sets, and found marked changes in CNN processing dynamics and correspondence to brain activity. In sum, we show that image perturbations affect CNN-Brain correspondence in unexpected ways, as well as provide a rich methodological framework for assessing CNN-Brain correspondence across space, time, and frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tovar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grootswagers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.451834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Getting the gist faster: Blurry images enhance the early temporal similarity between neural signals and convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Scale-Free Gradient of Cognitive Resource Disruptions in Childhood Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Hurst exponent (H) isolated in fractal analyses of neuroimaging time-series is implicated broadly in cognition. The connection between H and the mathematics of criticality makes it a candidate measure of individual differences in cognitive resource allocation. Relationships between H and multiple mental disorders have been detected, suggesting that H is transdiagnostically associated with psychopathology. Here, we demonstrate a gradient of decreased H with increased general psychopathology and attention-deficit/hyperactivity extracted factor scores during a working memory task which predicts concurrent and future working memory performance in 1,839 children. This gradient defines psychological and functional axes which indicate that psychopathology is associated with an imbalance in resource allocation between fronto-parietal and sensory-motor regions, driven by reduced resource allocation to fonto-parietal regions. This suggests the hypothesis that impaired cognitive function associated with psychopathology follows from a reduced cognitive resource pool and a reduction in resources allocated to the task at hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stier, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardenas-Iniguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Scale-Free Gradient of Cognitive Resource Disruptions in Childhood Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing stochastic cell cycle dynamics in exponential growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two powerful and complementary experimental approaches are commonly used to study the cell cycle and cell biology: One class of experiments characterizes the statistics (or demographics) of an unsynchronized exponentially-growing population, while the other captures cell cycle dynamics, either by time-lapse imaging of full cell cycles or in bulk experiments on synchronized populations. In this paper, we study the subtle relationship between observations in these two distinct experimental approaches. We begin with an existing model: a single-cell deterministic description of cell cycle dynamics where cell states (i.e. periods or phases) have precise lifetimes. We then generalize this description to a stochastic model in which the states have stochastic lifetimes, as described by arbitrary probability distribution functions. Our analyses of the demographics of an exponential culture reveal a simple and exact correspondence between the deterministic and stochastic models: The corresponding state lifetimes in the deterministic model are equal to the exponential mean of the lifetimes in the stochastic model. An important implication is therefore that the demographics of an exponential culture will be well-fit by a deterministic model even if the state timing is stochastic. Although we explore the implications of the models in the context of the Escherichia coli cell cycle, we expect both the models as well as the significance of the exponential-mean lifetimes to find many applications in the quantitative analysis of cell cycle dynamics in other biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing stochastic cell cycle dynamics in exponential growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutrophil-associated responses to Vibrio cholerae infection in a natural host model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrio cholerae, the cause of human cholera, is an aquatic bacterium found in association with a variety of animals in the environment, including many teleost fish species. V. cholerae infection induces a pro-inflammatory response followed by a non-inflammatory convalescent phase. Neutrophils are integral to this early immune response. However, the relationship between the neutrophil-associated protein calprotectin and V. cholerae has not been investigated, nor have the effects of limiting transition metals on V. cholerae growth. Zebrafish are useful as a natural V. cholerae model as the entire infectious cycle can be recapitulated in the presence of an intact intestinal microbiome and mature immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that zebrafish produce a significant neutrophil, IL-8, and calprotectin response following V. cholerae infection. Bacterial growth was completely inhibited by purified calprotectin protein or the chemical chelator TPEN, but growth was recovered by addition of transition metals zinc and manganese. Expression of downstream calprotectin targets also significantly increased in the zebrafish. These findings are the first to illuminate the role of calprotectin and nutritional immunity in combating V. cholerae infection. Inhibition of V. cholerae growth through metal limitation may provide new approaches in the development of anti-V. cholerae therapeutics. This study also establishes a major role for calprotectin in combating infectious diseases in zebrafish.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farr, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nag, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thummel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raychaudhuri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withey, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutrophil-associated responses to Vibrio cholerae infection in a natural host model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Production and composition of group B streptococcal membrane vesicles varies across diverse lineages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the neonatal and fetal pathogen Group B Streptococcus (GBS) asymptomatically colonizes the vaginal tract of [~]30% of pregnant women, only a fraction of their offspring develops invasive disease. We and others have postulated that these dimorphic clinical phenotypes are driven by strain variability; however, the bacterial factors that promote these divergent clinical phenotypes remain unclear. It was previously shown that GBS produces membrane vesicles (MVs) that contain active virulence factors capable of inducing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Because the relationship between strain variation and vesicle composition or production is unknown, we sought to quantify MV production and examine the protein composition, using label-free proteomics on MVs produced by diverse clinical GBS strains representing three phylogenetically distinct lineages. We found that MV production varied across strains, with certain strains displaying nearly two-fold increases in production relative to others. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis of the proteomes revealed that MV composition is lineage-dependent but independent of clinical phenotype. Multiple proteins that contribute to virulence or immunomodulation, including hyaluronidase, C5a peptidase, and sialidases, were differentially abundant in MVs, and were partially responsible for this divergence. Together, these data indicate that production and composition of GBS MVs vary in a strain-dependent manner, suggesting that MVs have lineage-specific functions relating to virulence. Such differences may contribute to variation in clinical phenotypes observed among individuals infected with GBS strains representing distinct lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Production and composition of group B streptococcal membrane vesicles varies across diverse lineages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Secretory Pathway Ca2+ ATPase (SPCA1) Impairs Insulin Secretion and Reduces Autophagy in the Pancreatic Islet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.458203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The {beta} cell Golgi apparatus serves as a significant store of intracellular Ca2+ and an important site of proinsulin maturation. However, the contribution of Golgi Ca2+ to diabetes pathophysiology is unknown. The Golgi primarily utilizes the Secretory Pathway Ca2+ ATPase (SPCA1) to maintain intraluminal Ca2+ stores, and loss of SPCA1 has been linked to impaired Golgi function in other cell types. Here, we demonstrated that SPCA1 expression is decreased in islets from diabetic mice and human organ donors with type 2 diabetes, suggesting SPCA1 may impact diabetes development. INS-1 {beta} cells lacking SPCA1 (SPCA1KO) showed reduced intraluminal Golgi Ca2+ levels, reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and increased insulin content. Islets from SPCA1 haploinsufficient mice (SPCA1+/-) exhibited reduced GSIS, altered glucose-induced Ca2+ oscillations, and altered insulin granule maturation. Autophagy can regulate granule homeostasis, therefore we induced autophagy with Torin1 and found that SPCA1KO cells and SPCA1+/- islets had reduced levels of the autophagosome marker LC3-II. Furthermore, SPCA1KO LC3-II were unchanged after blocking autophagy initiation or autophagolysosome fusion and acidification. Thus, we concluded that {beta} cell SPCA1 plays an important role in the maintenance of Golgi Ca2+ homeostasis and reduced Golgi Ca2+ impairs autophagy initiation and may impact insulin granule homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bone, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muralidharan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kono, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.30.458203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Secretory Pathway Ca2+ ATPase (SPCA1) Impairs Insulin Secretion and Reduces Autophagy in the Pancreatic Islet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox-mediated inactivation of the transcriptional repressor C3600 makes uropathogenic Escherichia coli exquisitely resistant to reactive chlorine species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.31.458474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to overcome stressful environments is critical for pathogen survival in the host. One challenge for bacteria is the exposure to reactive chlorine species (RCS), which are generated by innate immune cells as critical part of the oxidative burst. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the most potent antimicrobial RCS and associated with extensive macromolecular damage in the phagocytized pathogen. However, bacteria have evolved defense strategies to alleviate the effects of HOCl-mediated damage. Among these are RCS-sensing transcriptional regulators that control the expression of HOCl-protective genes under non- and HOCl stress. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the major causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), is particularly exposed to infiltrating neutrophils during pathogenesis, however, their responses to and defenses of HOCl are still completely unexplored. Here, we present evidence that UPEC strains tolerate higher levels of HOCl and are better protected from neutrophil-mediated killing compared to other E. coli. Transcriptomic analysis of HOCl-stressed UPEC revealed the upregulation of an operon consisting of three genes, one of which encodes the transcriptional regulator C3600. We identified C3600 as a HOCl-sensing transcriptional repressor, which, under non-stress conditions, is bound to the operator and represses the expression of its target genes. During HOCl exposure, however, the repressor forms reversible intermolecular disulfide bonds and dissociates from the DNA resulting in the de-repression of the operon. Deletion of one of the target genes renders UPEC significantly more susceptible to HOCl indicating that the HOCl-mediated induction of the regulon plays a major role for UPECs HOCl resistance.

IMPORTANCEHow do pathogens deal with antimicrobial oxidants produced by the innate immune system during infection? Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), is particularly exposed to infiltrating neutrophils and, therefore, must counter elevated levels of the antimicrobial oxidant HOCl to establish infection. Our study provides fundamentally new insights into a defense mechanism that enables UPEC to fend off the toxic effects of HOCl stress. Intriguingly, the defense system is predominantly found in UPEC and absent in non-invasive enteropathogenic E. coli. Our data suggest that expression of the target gene c3601 is exclusively responsible for UPECs increased HOCl tolerance in culture and therefore potentially contributes to UPECs survival during phagocytosis. Thus, this novel HOCl stress defense system could potentially serve as an attractive drug target to increase the bodys own capacity to fight UTIs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sultana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeDoux, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crompton, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jankiewicz, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horbach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KR, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortimer, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahl, J.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.31.458474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox-mediated inactivation of the transcriptional repressor C3600 makes uropathogenic Escherichia coli exquisitely resistant to reactive chlorine species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
E-cadherin redistribution mediated by Clostridioides difficile toxins increases spore-association to adherens junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.01.458577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile causes antibiotic-associated diseases in humans ranging from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis and death. A major clinical challenge is the prevention of disease recurrence, which affects nearly [~]20 - 30 % of the patients with a primary C. difficile infection (CDI). During CDI, C. difficile forms metabolically dormant spores that are essential for recurrence of CDI (R-CDI). In prior studies, we have shown that C. difficile spores interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which contributes to R-CDI. However, this interaction remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that C. difficile spores interact with E-cadherin, contributing to spore-adherence and internalization into IECs. C. difficile toxins TcdA/TcdB lead to adherens junctions opening and increase spore-adherence to IECs. Confocal micrographs demonstrate that C. difficile spores associate with accessible E-cadherin; spore-E-cadherin association increases upon TcdA/TcdB intoxication. The presence of anti-E-cadherin antibodies decreased spore adherence and entry into IECs. By ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunogold labelling, we observed that E-cadherin binds to C. difficile spores, specifically to the hair-like projections of the spore, reducing spore-adherence to IECs. Overall, these results expand our knowledge of how C. difficile spores bind to IECs by providing evidence that E-cadherin acts as a spore-adherence receptor to IECs and by revealing how toxin-mediated damage affects spore interactions with IECs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castro-Cordova, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto-Medina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paredes-Sabja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.458577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[E-cadherin redistribution mediated by Clostridioides difficile toxins increases spore-association to adherens junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Experimental evolution of insect resistance to two pesticide classes reveals mechanistic diversity and context-dependent fitness costs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.03.458899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Does rapid adaptation to stressors evolve through similar underlying mechanisms among diverse populations, or are there many roads to a similar phenotype? The experimental evolution of pesticide resistance in insects provides a powerful model to study the diverse evolutionary signatures of adaptation and their associated costs. Here, we selected for resistance to two pesticides (organophosphates and pyrethroids) in six field-derived populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). After several generations of selection, we performed transcriptomic analyses and measured survival, development, and fecundity in the presence and absence of pesticides to detect fitness costs of resistance evolution. All pesticide-selected populations exhibited significantly improved survival after pesticide exposure without substantial fitness costs, compared to control populations. Populations that evolved to resist organophosphates had distinct gene expression in the presence and absence of organophosphates, supporting different detoxification mechanisms and cuticular modifications among populations. In contrast, pyrethroid resistant populations demonstrated common differential expression of cytochrome P450 transcripts. Furthermore, some populations evolved similar mechanisms against both pesticides while others showed little overlap in their evolved responses, suggesting variation in potential cross-resistance phenotypes. Overall, between populations, we observed both parallel and divergent patterns in gene expression associated with acquired pesticide resistance, without ubiquitous fitness costs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, S. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, N. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.458899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Experimental evolution of insect resistance to two pesticide classes reveals mechanistic diversity and context-dependent fitness costs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association mapping of ethanol sensitivity in the Diversity Outbred mouse population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundA strong predictor for the development of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is altered sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Individual differences in the initial sensitivity to alcohol are controlled in part by genetic factors. Mice offer a powerful tool for elucidating the genetic basis of behavioral and physiological traits relevant to AUDs; but conventional experimental crosses have only been able to identify large chromosomal regions rather than specific genes. Genetically diverse, highly recombinant mouse populations allow for the opportunity to observe a wider range of phenotypic variation, offer greater mapping precision, and thus increase the potential for efficient gene identification.

MethodsWe have taken advantage of the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse population to identify and precisely map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with ethanol sensitivity. We phenotyped 798 male J:DO mice for three measures of ethanol sensitivity: ataxia, hypothermia, and loss of the righting response. We used high density MEGAMuga and GIGAMuga arrays to obtain genotypes ranging from 77,808 - 143,259 SNPs. In addition, we performed RNA sequencing in striatum to map expression QTLs and to identify gene expression-trait correlations.

ResultsWe then applied a systems genetic strategy to identify narrow QTLs and construct the network of correlations that exist between DNA sequence, gene expression values and ethanol-related phenotypes to prioritize our list of positional candidate genes.

ConclusionsOur results can be used to identify alleles that contribute to AUDs in humans, elucidate causative biological mechanisms, or assist in the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasparek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreuzman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuffler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masneuf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharif, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluys, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taterra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association mapping of ethanol sensitivity in the Diversity Outbred mouse population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of acute and repeated administration of the selective M4 PAM VU0152099 on cocaine vs. food choice in male rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.06.459176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWLigands that stimulate muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 1 and 4 (M1, M4) have shown promising effects as putative pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder in rodent assays. We have previously shown reductions in cocaine effects with acute M4 stimulation, as well as long-lasting, delayed, reductions in cocaine taking and cocaine seeking with combined M1/M4 receptor stimulation or with M1 stimulation alone. M4 stimulation opposes dopaminergic signaling acutely, but direct dopamine receptor antagonists have proved unhelpful in managing cocaine use disorder because they lose efficacy with long-term administration. It is therefore critical to determine whether M4 approaches themselves can remain effective with repeated or chronic dosing. We assessed the effects of repeated administration of the M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0152099 in rats trained to choose between intravenous cocaine and a liquid food reinforcer, to obtain quantitative measurement of whether M4 stimulation could produce delayed and lasting reduction in cocaine taking. VU0152099 produced progressively augmenting suppression of cocaine choice and cocaine intake, but produced neither rebound nor lasting effects after treatment ended. To compare and contrast effects of M1 vs. M4 stimulation, we tested whether the M4 PAM VU0152100 suppressed cocaine self-administration in mice lacking CalDAG-GEFI signaling factor, required for M1-mediated suppression of cocaine self-administration. CalDAG-GEFI ablation had no effect on M4-mediated suppression of cocaine self-administration. These findings support the potential usefulness of M4 PAMs as pharmacotherapy to manage cocaine use disorder, alone or in combination with M1-selective ligands, and show that M1 and M4 stimulation modulate cocaine-taking behavior by distinct mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomsen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crittenden, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graybiel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.459176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of acute and repeated administration of the selective M4 PAM VU0152099 on cocaine vs. food choice in male rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct proteostasis states drive pharmacologic chaperone susceptibility for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator misfolding mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological chaperones represent a class of therapeutic compounds for treating protein misfolding diseases. One of the most prominent examples is the FDA-approved pharmacological chaperone lumacaftor (VX-809), which has transformed cystic fibrosis (CF) therapy. CF is a fatal disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). VX-809 corrects folding of F508del CFTR, the most common patient mutation, yet F508del exhibits only mild VX-809 response. In contrast, rarer mutations P67L and L206W are hyper-responsive to VX-809, while G85E is non-responsive. Despite the clinical success of VX-809, the mechanistic origin for the distinct susceptibility of mutants remains unclear. Here, we use interactomics to characterize the impact of VX-809 on proteostasis interactions of P67L and L206W and compare these to F508del and G85E. We determine hyper-responsive mutations P67L and L206W exhibit decreased interactions with proteasomal, and autophagy degradation machinery compared to F508del and G85E. We then show inhibiting the proteasome attenuates P67L and L206W VX-809 response, and inhibiting the lysosome attenuates F508del VX-809 response. Our data suggests a previously unidentified but required role for protein degradation in VX-809 correction. Furthermore, we present an approach for identifying proteostasis characteristics of mutant-specific therapeutic response to pharmacological chaperones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabusap, C. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct proteostasis states drive pharmacologic chaperone susceptibility for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator misfolding mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laminar microcircuitry of visual cortex producing attention-associated electric fields 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.09.459639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive operations are widely studied by measuring electric fields through EEG and ECoG. However, despite their widespread use, the component neural circuitry giving rise to these signals remains unknown. Specifically, the functional architecture of cortical columns which results in attention-associated electric fields has not been explored. Here we detail the laminar cortical circuitry underlying an attention-associated electric field often measured over posterior regions of the brain in humans and monkeys. First, we identified visual cortical area V4 as one plausible contributor to this attention-associated electric field through inverse modeling of cranial EEG in macaque monkeys performing a visual attention task. Next, we performed laminar neurophysiological recordings on the prelunate gyrus and identified the electric-field-producing dipoles as synaptic activity in distinct cortical layers of area V4. Specifically, activation in the extragranular layers of cortex resulted in the generation of the attention-associated dipole. Feature selectivity of a given cortical column determined the overall contribution to this electric field. Columns selective for the attended feature contributed more to the electric field than columns selective for a different feature. Lastly, the laminar profile of synaptic activity generated by V4 was sufficient to produce an attention-associated signal measurable outside of the column. These findings suggest that the top-down recipient cortical layers produce an attention-associated electric field capable of being measured extracranially and the relative contribution of each column depends upon the underlying functional architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.09.459639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laminar microcircuitry of visual cortex producing attention-associated electric fields]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine biases sensitivity to personal goals and social influence in self-control over everyday desires 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.10.459829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People regularly give in to daily temptations in spite of conflict with personal goals. To test hypotheses about neuropharmacological influences on self-control, we used positron emission tomography to measure dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R) and experience sampling surveys to naturalistically track daily desires outside the laboratory in everyday life in a sample of 103 adults. Higher D2R availability in the ventral striatum was associated with increased sensitivity to personal goal conflict but not desire strength in deciding whether to attempt to resist a desire. The influence of D2Rs on sensitivity to personal goal conflict depended on whether desires were experienced in a social context. D2R availability in the midbrain (but not the ventral striatum) influenced whether desires were enacted. These findings provide unique evidence that the dopamine system influences decision making and regulatory behavior and provides new insights into how these mechanisms interact with personal goals and social contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.10.459829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine biases sensitivity to personal goals and social influence in self-control over everyday desires]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460009v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of multidimensional splicing data and GWAS summary statistics for risk gene discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.460009v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common strategy for the functional interpretation of genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings has been the integrative analysis of GWAS and expression data. Using this strategy, many association methods (e.g., PrediXcan and FUSION) have been successful in identifying trait-associated genes via mediating effects on RNA expression. However, these approaches often ignore the effects of splicing, which carries as much disease risk as expression. Compared to expression data, one challenge to detect associations using splicing data is the large multiple testing burden due to multidimensional splicing events within genes. Here, we introduce a multidimensional splicing gene (MSG) approach, which consists of two stages: 1) we use sparse canonical correlation analysis (sCCA) to construct latent canonical vectors (CVs) by identifying sparse linear combinations of genetic variants and splicing events that are maximally correlated with each other; and 2) we test for the association between the genetically regulated splicing CVs and the trait of interest using GWAS summary statistics. Simulations show that MSG has proper type I error control and substantial power gains over existing multidimensional expression analysis methods (i.e., S-MultiXcan, UTMOST, and sCCA+ACAT) under diverse scenarios. When applied to the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project data and GWAS summary statistics of 14 complex human traits, MSG identified on average 83%, 115%, and 223% more significant genes than sCCA+ACAT, S-MultiXcan, and UTMOST, respectively. We highlight MSGs applications to Alzheimers disease, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and schizophrenia, and found that the majority of MSG-identified genes would have been missed from expression-based analyses. Our results demonstrate that aggregating splicing data through MSG can improve power in identifying gene-trait associations and help better understand the genetic risk of complex traits.

Author summaryWhile genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully mapped thousands of loci associated with complex traits, it remains difficult to identify which genes they regulate and in which biological contexts. This interpretation challenge has motivated the development of computational methods to prioritize causal genes at GWAS loci. Most available methods have focused on linking risk variants with differential gene expression. However, genetic control of splicing and expression are comparable in their complex trait risk, and few studies have focused on identifying causal genes using splicing information. To study splicing mediated effects, one important statistical challenge is the large multiple testing burden generated from multidimensional splicing events. In this study, we develop a new approach, MSG, to test the mediating role of splicing variation on complex traits. We integrate multidimensional splicing data using sparse canonocial correlation analysis and then combine evidence for splicing-trait associations across features using a joint test. We show this approach has higher power to identify causal genes using splicing data than current state-of-art methods designed to model multidimensional expression data. We illustrate the benefits of our approach through extensive simulations and applications to real data sets of 14 complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ji, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.13.460009</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of multidimensional splicing data and GWAS summary statistics for risk gene discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbench: Automated metadata management for systems biology benchmarking and reproducibility in Python 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.14.460317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationComputational systems biology analyses typically make use of multiple software and their dependencies, which often run across heterogeneous compute environments. This can introduce differences in performance and reproducibility. Capturing metadata (e.g. package versions, GPU model) currently requires repetitious code and is difficult to store centrally for analysis. Even where virtual environments and containers are used, updates over time mean that versioning metadata should still be captured within analysis pipelines to guarantee reproducibility.

ResultsMicrobench is a simple and extensible Python package to automate metadata capture to a file or Redis database. Captured metadata can include execution time, software package versions, environment variables, hardware information, Python version, and more, with plugins. We present three case studies demonstrating Microbench usage to benchmark code execution and examine environment metadata for reproducibility purposes.

AvailabilityInstall from the Python Package Index using pip install microbench. Source code is available from https://github.com/alubbock/microbench.

Contactc.lopez@vanderbilt.edu
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.14.460317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbench: Automated metadata management for systems biology benchmarking and reproducibility in Python]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 3D spatial constraint on 6.1 million amino acid sites in the human proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of the tolerance of protein-coding sites to genetic variation within human populations has become a cornerstone of the prediction of the function of genomic variants. We hypothesize that the constraint on missense variation at individual amino acid sites is largely shaped by direct 3D interactions with neighboring sites. To quantify the constraint on protein-coding genetic variation in 3D spatial neighborhoods, we introduce a new framework called COntact Set MISsense tolerance (or COSMIS) for estimating constraint. Leveraging recent advances in computational structure prediction, large-scale sequencing data from gnomAD, and a mutation-spectrum-aware statistical model, we comprehensively map the landscape of 3D spatial constraint on 6.1 amino acid sites covering >80% (16,533) of human proteins. We show that the human proteome is broadly under 3D spatial constraint and that the level of spatial constraint is strongly associated with disease relevance both at the individual site level and the protein level. We demonstrate that COSMIS performs significantly better at a range of variant interpretation tasks than other population-based constraint metrics while also providing biophysical insight into the potential functional roles of constrained sites. We make our constraint maps freely available and anticipate that the structural landscape of constrained sites identified by COSMIS will facilitate interpretation of protein-coding variation in human evolution and prioritization of sites for mechanistic or functional investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 3D spatial constraint on 6.1 million amino acid sites in the human proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dominant negative effects of SCN5A missense variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionUp to 30% of patients with Brugada Syndrome (BrS) carry loss-of-function (LoF) variants in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A. Recent studies have suggested that the SCN5A protein product NaV1.5 can form dimers and exert dominant negative effects.

MethodsWe identified 35 LoF variants (<10% peak current compared to wild type (WT)) and 15 partial LoF variants (10-50% peak current compared to WT) that we assessed for dominant negative behavior. SCN5A variants were studied in HEK293T cells alone or in heterozygous co-expression with WT SCN5A using automated patch clamp. To assess clinical risk, we compared the prevalence of dominant negative vs. putative haploinsufficient (frameshift/splice site) variants in a BrS case consortium and the gnomAD population database.

ResultsIn heterozygous expression with WT, 32/35 LoF variants and 6/15 partial LoF showed reduction to <75% of WT-alone peak INa, demonstrating a dominant negative effect. Carriers of dominant negative LoF missense variants had an enriched disease burden compared to putative haploinsufficient variant carriers (2.7-fold enrichment in BrS cases, p=0.019).

ConclusionsMost SCN5A missense LoF variants exert a dominant negative effect. Cohort analyses reveal that this class of variant confers an especially high burden of BrS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dominant negative effects of SCN5A missense variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRC15 mediates an accessory interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interactions between severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human host factors enable the virus to propagate infections that lead to COVID-19. The spike protein is the largest structural component of the virus and mediates interactions essential for infection, including with the primary ACE2 receptor. We performed two independent cell-based systematic screens to determine whether there are additional proteins by which the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can interact with human cells. We discovered that in addition to ACE2, expression of LRRC15 also causes spike protein binding. This interaction is distinct from other known spike attachment mechanisms such as heparan sulfates or lectin receptors. Measurements of orthologous coronavirus spike proteins implied the interaction was restricted to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting LRRC15 represents a novel class of spike binding interaction. We localized the interaction to the C-terminus of the S1 domain, and showed that LRRC15 shares recognition of the ACE2 receptor binding domain. From analyzing proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics, we identify LRRC15 expression as being common in human lung vasculature cells and fibroblasts. Although infection assays demonstrated that LRRC15 alone is not sufficient to permit viral entry, we present evidence it can modulate infection of human cells. This unexpected interaction merits further investigation to determine how SARS-CoV-2 exploits host LRRC15 and whether it could account for any of the distinctive features of COVID-19.

In briefWe present evidence from genome-wide screening that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human cells expressing LRRC15. The interaction is distinct from previously known classes of spike attachment factors, and appears to have emerged recently within the coronavirus family. Although not sufficient for cell invasion, this interaction can modulate viral infection. Our data point to an unappreciated host factor for SARS-CoV-2, with potential relevance to COVID-19.

Highlights- Two systematic cell-based screens for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding identify LRRC15 as a human host factor
- Interaction with LRRC15 is reproducible in different human cell lines and independent of known glycan or ACE2 binding pathways
- The C-terminal S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike binds LRRC15 with sub-micromolar affinity, while related coronavirus spikes do not
- LRRC15 is expressed in tissues with high ACE2 levels and may modulate infection
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shilts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crozier, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira-Silva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, E. J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortmann, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawden-Bone, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauzaite, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pöhlmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehner, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRC15 mediates an accessory interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Practices for Measuring 3D Organelle Morphology and Generating Surfaces with Amira 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.25.461807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of 3D structures is of paramount importance in cellular biology. Although light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have remained staples for imaging cellular structures, they lack the ability to image in 3D. However, recent technological advances, such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), have allowed researchers to observe cellular ultrastructure in 3D. Here, we propose a standardized protocol using the visualization software Amira to quantify organelle morphologies in 3D; this method allows researchers to produce accurate and reproducible measurements of cellular structure characteristics. We demonstrate this applicability by utilizing SBF-SEM and Amira to quantify mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.25.461807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Practices for Measuring 3D Organelle Morphology and Generating Surfaces with Amira]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic Transmission Electron Microscopy-Based Identification of Cellular Degradation Machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.26.461841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many interconnected degradation machineries including autophagosomes, lysosomes, and endosomes work in tandem to conduct autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Altered autophagy contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases, including cancers and metabolic diseases. Although many studies have investigated autophagy to elucidate disease pathogenesis, identification of specific components of the autophagy machinery has been challenging. The goal of this paper is to describe an approach to reproducibly identify and distinguish subcellular structures involved in macro autophagy. We provide methods that help avoid common pitfalls, including a detailed explanation for distinguishing lysosomes and lipid droplets and discuss differences between autophagosomes and inclusion bodies. These methods are based on using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), capable of generating nanometer-scale micrographs of cellular degradation components in a fixed sample. We also utilize serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to offer a protocol for visualizing 3D morphology of degradation machinery. In addition to TEM and 3D reconstruction, we discuss other imaging techniques, such as immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling that can be utilized to reliably and accurately classify cellular organelles. Our results show how these methods may be used to accurately quantify the cellular degradation machinery under various conditions, such as treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum stressor thapsigargin or ablation of the dynamin-related protein 1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.26.461841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic Transmission Electron Microscopy-Based Identification of Cellular Degradation Machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An ensemble deep learning framework to refine large deletions in linked-reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The detection of structural variants (SVs) remains challenging due to inconsistencies in detected breakpoints and biological complexity of some rearrangements. Linked-reads have demonstrated their superiority in diploid genome assembly and SV detection. Recently developed tools Aquila and Aquila_stLFR use a reference sequence and linked-reads to generate a high quality diploid genome assembly, using which they then detect and phase personal genetic variations. However, they both produce a substantial proportion of false positive deletion SV calls. To take full advantage of linked-reads, an effective downstream filtering and refinement framework is needed pressingly. In this work, we propose AquilaDeepFilter to filter large deletion SVs from Aquila and Aquila_stLFR. AquilaDeepFilter relies on a deep learning ensemble approach by integrating six state-of-the-art CNN backbones. The filtering of deletion SVs is formulated as a binary classification task on image data that are generated through the extraction of multiple alignment signals, including read depth, split reads and discordant read pairs. Three linked-reads libraries sequenced from the well-studied sample NA24385 and the gold standard of GiaB benchmark were used to perform thorough experiments on our proposed method. The results demonstrated that AquilaDeepFilter could increase the precision rate of Aquila while the recall rate of Aquila decreased only slightly, and the overall F1 improved by 20%. Furthermore, AquilaDeepFilter outperformed another deep learning based method for SV filtering, DeepSVFilter. Even though we designed AquilaDeepFilter for linked-reads, the framework could also be used to improve SV detection on short reads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangal, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An ensemble deep learning framework to refine large deletions in linked-reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MARS: a tool for haplotype-resolved population-based structural variation detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationLinked-reads enables genome-wide phased diploid assemblies. These haplotype-resolved assemblies allow us to genotype structural variants (SVs) with a high sensitivity and be able to further phase them. Yet, existing SV callers are designed for haploid genome assemblies only, and there is no tool to call SV from a large population of diploid assemblies which can define and refine SVs from a global view.

ResultsWe introduce MARS (Multiple Alignment-based Refinement of Svs) in linked-reads for the detection of the most common SV types - indels from diploid genome assemblies of a large population. We evaluated SVs from MARS based on Mendelian law of inheritance and PacBio HiFi reads and it achieved a high validation rate around 73%-87% for indels that we have selected from 34 assembled samples.

AvailabilitySource code and documentation are available on https://github.com/maiziex/MARS.

Contactmaizie.zhou@vanderbilt.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MARS: a tool for haplotype-resolved population-based structural variation detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmembrane Signaling Regulates the Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton:Roles of PKC and Adducin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We tested the hypothesis that Pkc53E regulates adducin to orchestrate the remodeling of the membrane skeleton following the transmembrane GPCR-Gq signaling. Adducin is a known substrate of PKC and is critical for the assembly of the membrane skeleton by cross-linking actin filaments with the spectrin network. In Drosophila photoreceptors, loss of function in pkc53E leads to retinal degeneration while Pkc53E-RNAi negatively impacts the actin cytoskeleton of the visual organelle rhabdomeres. Unexpectedly, Pkc53E-RNAi enhances the degeneration caused by the loss of PLC{beta}4 (norpAP24). We show that when PLC{beta}4 is absent Plc21C may be activated instead for activating Pkc53E. We investigate whether Pkc53E phosphorylates adducin in vivo and observed that levels of phosphorylated adducin at the conserved PKC site were greatly reduced in a null allele of pkc53E. We show Pkc53E-RNAi did not modify adducin-RNAi, which exerts a more severe effect on the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, overexpression of the mCherry-tagged adducin that appears to act in a dominant-negative manner interferes with the spectrin interaction leading to the apical expansion of rhabdomeres similar to that of {beta}-spectrin-RNAi. We performed epistasis analysis and show that double mutants of the tagged adducin and Pkc53E-RNAi display the expansion phenotype at the eclosion, but progress to severe degeneration in adult photoreceptors. Together, most of our findings support that adducin is likely regulated by Pkc53E in Drosophila photoreceptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shieh, B.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmembrane Signaling Regulates the Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton:Roles of PKC and Adducin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized Workflow for High Spatial Resolution MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry ofFresh-Frozen Bone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.01.462831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone and bone marrow are vital to mammalian structure, movement, and immunity. These tissues are also commonly subjected to molecular alterations giving rise to debilitating diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, and cancer. Technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) enable the discovery of spatially resolved chemical information in biological tissue samples to help elucidate the complex molecular processes underlying pathology. Traditionally, preparation of native osseous tissue for MALDI IMS has been difficult due to the mineralized composition and heterogenous morphology of the tissue, and compensation for these challenges with decalcification and fixation protocols can remove or delocalize molecular species. Here, sample preparation methods were advanced to enable multimodal MALDI IMS of undecalcified, fresh-frozen murine femurs allowing the distribution of endogenous lipids to be linked to specific tissue structures and cell types. Adhesive-bound bone sections were mounted onto conductive glass slides with a microscopy-compatible glue and freeze-dried to minimize artificial bone marrow damage. Subliming matrix does not induce further bone marrow cracking, and recrystallizing the deposited matrix improves lipid signal. High spatial resolution (10 m) MALDI IMS was employed to characterize lipid distributions in fresh-frozen bone, and use of complementary microscopy modalities aided tissue and cell assignments. For example, various phosphatidylcholines localize to bone marrow, adipose tissue, marrow adipose tissue, and muscle. Further, sphingomyelin(42:1) was abundant in megakaryocytes, whereas sphingomyelin(42:2) was diminished in this cell type. These data reflect the vast molecular and cellular heterogeneity indicative of the bone marrow and the soft tissue surrounding the femur. Multimodal MALDI IMS has the potential to advance bone-related biomedical research by offering deep molecular coverage with spatial relevance in a preserved native bone microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Good, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrico, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.01.462831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized Workflow for High Spatial Resolution MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry ofFresh-Frozen Bone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioKIT: a versatile toolkit for processing and analyzing diverse types of sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.02.462868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bioinformatic analysis--such as genome assembly quality assessment, alignment summary statistics, relative synonymous codon usage, paired-end aware quality trimming and filtering of sequencing reads, file format conversion, and processing and analysis--is integrated into diverse disciplines in the biological sciences. Several command-line pieces of software have been developed to conduct some of these individual analyses; however, the lack of a unified toolkit that conducts all these analyses can be a barrier in workflows. To address this obstacle, we introduce BioKIT, a versatile toolkit for the UNIX shell environment with 40 functions, several of which were community-sourced, that conduct routine and novel processing and analysis of genome assemblies, multiple sequence alignments, coding sequences, sequencing data, and more. To demonstrate the utility of BioKIT, we assessed the quality and characteristics of 901 eukaryotic genome assemblies, calculated alignment summary statistics for 10 phylogenomic data matrices, determined relative synonymous codon usage across 171 fungal genomes including those that use alternative genetic codes, and demonstrate that a novel metric, gene-wise relative synonymous codon usage, can accurately estimate gene-wise codon optimization. BioKIT will be helpful in facilitating and streamlining sequence analysis workflows. BioKIT is freely available under the MIT license from GitHub (https://github.com/JLSteenwyk/BioKIT), PyPi (https://pypi.org/project/jlsteenwykbiokit/), and the Anaconda Cloud (https://anaconda.org/jlsteenwyk/jlsteenwyk-biokit). Documentation, user tutorials, and instructions for requesting new features are available online (https://jlsteenwyk.com/BioKIT).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltz, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.02.462868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioKIT: a versatile toolkit for processing and analyzing diverse types of sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Murine Gastrointestinal Tract with Retained Luminal Content Shows Molecular Localization Patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digestive diseases impact 62 million people a year in the United States. Despite the central role of the gut to human health, past imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) investigations into the gastrointestinal tract are incomplete. The gastrointestinal tract, including luminal content, harbors a complex mixture of microorganisms, host dietary content, and immune factors. Existing imaging approaches remove luminal content, and images focus on small regions of tissue. Here, we demonstrate the use of a workflow to collect multimodal imaging data for both intestinal tissue and luminal content. This workflow for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry retains luminal content and expands the amount of tissue imaged on one slide. Results comparing tissue and luminal content show unique molecular distributions using multimodal imaging modalities including protein, lipid, and elemental imaging. Leveraging this method to investigate intestinal tissue infected with Clostridioides difficile compared to control tissue shows clear differences in lipid abundance of various lipid classes in luminal content during infection. These data highlight the potential for this approach to detect unique biological and markers of infection in the gut.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guiberson, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wexler, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Murine Gastrointestinal Tract with Retained Luminal Content Shows Molecular Localization Patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PAX3-FOXO1 coordinates enhancer architecture, eRNA transcription, andRNA polymerase pause release at select gene targets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.03.462944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptional control is a highly dynamic process that changes rapidly in response to various cellular and extracellular cues1. Thus, it is difficult to achieve a mechanistic understanding of transcription factor function using traditional genetic deletion or RNAi methods, because these slow approaches make it challenging to distinguish direct from indirect transcriptional effects. Here, we used a chemical-genetic approach to rapidly degrade a canonical transcriptional activator, PAX3-FOXO12-6 to define how the t(2;13)(q35;q14) disrupts normal gene expression programs to trigger cancer. By coupling rapid protein degradation with the analysis of nascent transcription over short time courses, we identified a core transcriptional network that rapidly collapsed upon PAX3-FOXO1 degradation. Moreover, loss of PAX3-FOXO1 impaired RNA polymerase pause release and transcription elongation at regulated gene targets. The activity of PAX3-FOXO1 at enhancers controlling this core network was surprisingly selective and often only a single element within a complex super-enhancer was affected. In addition, fusion of the endogenous PAX3-FOXO1 with APEX2 identified proteins in close proximity with PAX3-FOXO1, including ARID1A and MYOD1. We found that continued expression of PAX3-FOXO1 was required to maintain chromatin accessibility and allow neighboring DNA binding proteins and chromatin remodeling complexes to associate with this small number of regulated enhancers. Overall, this work provides a detailed mechanism by which PAX3-FOXO1 maintains an oncogenic transcriptional regulatory network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borinstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.03.462944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PAX3-FOXO1 coordinates enhancer architecture, eRNA transcription, andRNA polymerase pause release at select gene targets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of coarse-grained model for a minimal stratum corneum lipid mixture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics simulations of mixtures of the ceramide N-(tetracosanoyl)-sphingosine (NS), cholesterol, and a free fatty acid are performed to gain a molecular-level understanding of the structure of the lipids found in the stratum corneum layer of skin. A new coarse-grained model for cholesterol, developed using the multistate iterative Boltzmann inversion method, is compatible with previously developed coarse-grained forcefields for ceramide NS, free fatty acid, and water, and validated against atomistic simulations of these lipids using the CHARMM force field. Self-assembly simulations of multilayer structures using these coarse-grained force fields are performed, revealing that a large fraction of the ceramides adopt extended conformations, which cannot occur in the bilayer structures typically studied using simulation. Cholesterol fluidizes the membrane by promoting packing defects and it is observed that an increase in cholesterol content reduces the bilayer height, due to an increase in interdigitation of the C24 lipid tails, consistent with experimental observations. Through the use of a simple reverse-mapping procedure, a self-assembled coarse-grained multilayer system is used to construct an equivalent structure with atomistic resolution. Simulations of this atomistic structure are found to closely agree with experimentally derived neutron scattering length density profiles. Significant interlayer hydrogen bonding is observed in the inner layers of the atomistic multilayer structure that are not found in the outer layers in contact with water or in equivalent bilayer structures. These results identify several significant differences in the structure and hydrogen bonding of multilayer structures as compared to the more commonly studied bilayer systems, and, as such, highlight the importance of simulating multilayer structures for more accurate comparisons with experiment. These results also provide validation of the efficacy of the coarse-grained forcefields and the framework for multiscale simulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shamaprasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacovella, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.04.463115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of coarse-grained model for a minimal stratum corneum lipid mixture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II poisons inhibit vertebrate DNA replication through distinct mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II (Top2) unlinks chromosomes during vertebrate DNA replication. Top2  poisons are widely-used chemotherapeutics that stabilize Top2 complexes on DNA, leading to cytotoxic DNA breaks. However, it is unclear how these drugs affect DNA replication, which is a major target of Top2 poisons. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we show that the Top2 poisons etoposide and doxorubicin both inhibit DNA replication through different mechanisms. Etoposide induces Top2-dependent DNA breaks and induces Top2-dependent fork stalling by trapping Top2 behind replication forks. In contrast, doxorubicin does not lead to appreciable break formation and instead intercalates into parental DNA to inhibit replication fork progression. In human cells, etoposide stalls replication forks in a Top2-dependent manner, while doxorubicin stalls forks independently of Top2. However, both drugs exhibit Top2-dependent cytotoxicity. Thus, despite shared genetic requirements for cytotoxicity etoposide and doxorubicin inhibit DNA replication through distinct mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Ravenstein, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavlashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byl, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osheroff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topoisomerase II poisons inhibit vertebrate DNA replication through distinct mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication Fork Uncoupling Causes Nascent Strand Degradation and Fork Reversal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genotoxins cause nascent strand degradation (NSD) and fork reversal during DNA replication. NSD and fork reversal are crucial for genome stability and exploited by chemotherapeutic approaches. However, it is unclear how NSD and fork reversal are triggered. Additionally, the fate of the replicative helicase during these processes is unknown. We developed a biochemical approach to study synchronous, localized NSD and fork reversal using Xenopus egg extracts. We show that replication fork uncoupling stimulates NSD of both nascent strands and progressive conversion of uncoupled forks to reversed forks. The replicative helicase remains bound during NSD and fork reversal, indicating that both processes take place behind the helicase. Unexpectedly, NSD occurs before and after fork reversal, indicating that multiple degradation steps take place. Overall, our data show that uncoupling causes NSD and fork reversal and identify key steps involved in these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kavlashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication Fork Uncoupling Causes Nascent Strand Degradation and Fork Reversal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of white matter anatomy, its variability, and reproducibility based on Constrained Spherical Deconvolution of diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virtual dissection of white matter (WM) using diffusion MRI tractography is confounded by its poor reproducibility. Despite the increased adoption of advanced reconstruction models, early region-of-interest driven protocols based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) remain the dominant reference for virtual dissection protocols. Here we bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive description of typical WM anatomy reconstructed using a reproducible automated subject-specific parcellation-based approach based on probabilistic constrained-spherical deconvolution (CSD) tractography. We complement this with a WM template in MNI space comprising 68 bundles, including all associated anatomical tract selection labels and associated automated workflows. Additionally, we demonstrate bundle inter- and intra-subject variability using 40 (20 test-retest) datasets from the human connectome project (HCP) and 5 sessions with varying b-values and number of b-shells from the single-subject Multiple Acquisitions for Standardization of Structural Imaging Validation and Evaluation (MASSIVE) dataset. The most reliably reconstructed bundles were the whole pyramidal tracts, primary corticospinal tracts, whole superior longitudinal fasciculi, frontal, parietal and occipital segments of the corpus callosum and middle cerebellar peduncles. More variability was found in less dense bundles, e.g., the first segment of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, fornix, dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRTT), and premotor pyramidal tract. Using the DRTT as an example, we show that this variability can be reduced by using a higher number of seeding attempts. Overall inter-session similarity was high for HCP test-retest data (median weighted-dice = 0.963, stdev = 0.201 and IQR = 0.099). Compared to the HCP-template bundles there was a high level of agreement for the HCP test-retest data (median weighted-dice = 0.747, stdev = 0.220 and IQR = 0.277) and for the MASSIVE data (median weighted-dice = 0.767, stdev = 0.255 and IQR = 0.338). In summary, this WM atlas provides an overview of the capabilities and limitations of automated subject-specific probabilistic CSD tractography for mapping white matter fasciculi in healthy adults. It will be most useful in applications requiring a highly reproducible parcellation-based dissection protocol, as well as being an educational resource for applied neuroimaging and clinical professionals.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=182 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/464139v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (52K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e7c79org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e2213org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5f124borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1aa242c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical abstract(Top) shows the FWT pipeline for both CSTs, AF, and motor CC bundles. (Left to right) show the required input structural parcellation maps and a priori atlases for FWT and the resulting virtual dissection include/exclude VOIs. FWT provides two approaches to virtual dissection: (1) is a bundle-specific approach where streamlines are only seeded for the bundle of interest, (2) is a whole brain tractography followed by streamlines segmentation, (top right) shows output tractograms. (Middle) Group-averaged T1 and fODF images are generated from the HCP test-retest data, and FWT is applied to generate the HCP-atlas using the bundle-specific approach (1*). FWTs whole brain tracking and segmentation approach (2*) was applied to the HCP and MASSIVE dataset (right and left) and conducted model-based, and pair-wise similarity analyses and generated voxel-wise cumulative maps per bundle. FWT= Fun With Tracts, FS= FreeSurfer, MSBP= MultiScaleBrainParcellator, PD25= NIST Parkinsons histological, JHU= Johns Hopkins university, Juelich= Juelich university histological atlas, AC/PC= anterior commissure/posterior commissure) UKBB= UK Biobank, SUIT (spatially unbiased cerebellar atlas template), dMRI= diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, CSD= constrained spherical deconvolution, fODF= fiber orientation distribution function, CST= corticospinal tract, AF= arcuate fasciculus, CC= corpus callosum, HCP= human connectome project, MASSIVE= Multiple acquisitions for standardization of structural imaging validation and evaluation.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Radwan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunaert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbulcke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theys, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupont, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emsell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of white matter anatomy, its variability, and reproducibility based on Constrained Spherical Deconvolution of diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PRMT5 in T cells drives Th17 responses, mixed granulocytic inflammation and severe allergic airway inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.13.464281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe asthma is characterized by steroid insensitivity and poor symptom control, and is responsible for the majority of asthma-related hospital costs. Therapeutic options remain limited, in part due to limited understanding in mechanisms driving severe asthma. Increased arginine methylation, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), is increased in asthmatic lungs. Here, we show that PRMT5 drives allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model reproducing multiple aspects of human severe asthma. We find that PRMT5 is required in CD4+ T cells for chronic steroid-insensitive severe lung inflammation, with selective T cell deletion of PRMT5 robustly suppressing eosinophilic and neutrophilic lung inflammation, pathology, airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness. Mechanistically, we observed high pulmonary sterol metabolic activity, ROR-{gamma}t and Th17 responses, with PRMT5-dependent increases in ROR-{gamma}ts agonist desmosterol. Our work demonstrates that T cell PRMT5 drives severe allergic lung inflammation and has potential implications for the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of severe asthma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lewis, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amici, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shalosky, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowdy, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britt, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerau-de-Arellano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.13.464281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PRMT5 in T cells drives Th17 responses, mixed granulocytic inflammation and severe allergic airway inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.15.464545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple islet autoantibodies (AAb) predict type 1 diabetes (T1D) and hyperglycemia within 10 years. By contrast, T1D develops in just [~]15% of single AAb+ (generally against glutamic acid decarboxylase, GADA+) individuals; hence the single GADA+ state may represent an early stage of T1D amenable to interventions. Here, we functionally, histologically, and molecularly phenotype human islets from non-diabetic, GADA+ and T1D donors. Similar to the few remaining beta cells in T1D islets, GADA+ donor islets demonstrated a preserved insulin secretory response. By contrast, alpha cell glucagon secretion was dysregulated in both T1D and GADA+ islets with impaired glucose suppression of glucagon secretion. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASeq) of GADA+ alpha cells revealed distinct abnormalities in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and a marked downregulation of PKIB, providing a molecular basis for the loss of glucose suppression and the increased effect of IBMX observed in GADA+ donor islets. The striking observation of a distinct early defect in alpha cell function that precedes beta cell loss in T1D suggests that not only overt disease, but also the progression to T1D itself, is bihormonal in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doliba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traum, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manduchi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matschinsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoffers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.15.464545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha cell dysfunction in early type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464668v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining metabolomics and experimental evolution reveals key mechanisms underlying longevity differences in laboratory evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.464668v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental evolution with Drosophila melanogaster has been used extensively for decades to study aging and longevity. In recent years, the addition of DNA and RNA sequencing to this framework has allowed researchers to leverage the statistical power inherent to experimental evolution study the genetic basis of longevity itself. Here we incorporated metabolomic data into to this framework to generate even deeper insights into the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying longevity differences in three groups of experimentally evolved D. melanogaster populations with different aging and longevity patterns. Our metabolomic analysis found that aging alters mitochondrial metabolism through increased consumption of NAD+ and increased usage of the TCA cycle. Combining our genomic and metabolomic data produced a list of biologically relevant candidate genes. Among these candidates, we found significant enrichment for genes and pathways associated with neurological development and function, and carbohydrate metabolism. While we do not explicitly find enrichment for aging canonical genes, neurological dysregulation and carbohydrate metabolism are both known to be associated with accelerated aging and reduced longevity. Taken together, our results provide plausible genetic mechanisms for what might be driving longevity differences in this experimental system. More broadly, our findings demonstrate the value of combining multiple types of omic data with experimental evolution when attempting to dissect mechanisms underlying complex and highly polygenic traits like aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barter, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.16.464668</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining metabolomics and experimental evolution reveals key mechanisms underlying longevity differences in laboratory evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ architecture of the ciliary base reveals the stepwise assembly of IFT trains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.17.464685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cilium is an antenna-like organelle that performs numerous cellular functions, including motility, sensing, and signaling. The base of the cilium contains a selective barrier that regulates the entry of large intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, which carry cargo proteins required for ciliary assembly and maintenance. However, the native architecture of the ciliary base and the process of IFT train assembly remain unresolved. Here, we use in situ cryo-electron tomography to reveal native structures of the transition zone region and assembling IFT trains at the ciliary base. We combine this direct cellular visualization with ultrastructure expansion microscopy to describe the front-to-back stepwise assembly of IFT trains: IFT-B forms the backbone, onto which IFT-A, then dynein-1b, and finally kinesin-2 sequentially bind before entry into the cilium.

One Sentence SummaryNative molecular structure of the ciliary transition zone and hierarchical order of IFT assembly visualized within Chlamydomonas cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van den Hoek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Viar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitzko, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pigino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guichard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.17.464685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ architecture of the ciliary base reveals the stepwise assembly of IFT trains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for activation and gating of IP3 receptors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal and versatile cellular messenger used to regulate numerous cellular processes in response to external or internal stimuli. A pivotal component of the Ca2+ signaling toolbox in cells is the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs), which mediate Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), controlling cytoplasmic and organellar Ca2+ concentrations1-3. IP3Rs are activated by IP3 and Ca2+, inhibited by Ca2+ at high concentrations, and potentiated by ATP1-3. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear due to the lack of structures in the active conformation. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human type-3 IP3R in multiple gating conformations; IP3-ATP bound pre-active states with closed channels, IP3-ATP-Ca2+ bound active state with an open channel, and IP3-ATP-Ca2+ bound inactive state with a closed channel. The structures demonstrate how IP3-induced conformational changes prime the receptor for activation by Ca2+, how Ca2+ binding leads to channel opening, and how ATP modulates the activity, providing insights into the long-sought questions regarding the molecular mechanism of the receptor activation and gating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for activation and gating of IP3 receptors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Triazolopyrimidines target aerobic respiration in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously identified a series of triazolopyrimidines with anti-tubercular activity. We determined that Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with mutations in a component of the cytochrome bc1 system (QcrB) were resistant to the series. A cytochrome bd oxidase deletion strain was also more sensitive to this series. We isolated resistant mutants, all of which had mutations in Rv1339. Compounds were active against intracellular bacteria but did not inhibit mitochondrial respiration in human HepG2 cells. These data are consistent with triazolopyrimidines acting via inhibition of M. tuberculosis QcrB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shelton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeil, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flint, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korkegian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovechkina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parish, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Triazolopyrimidines target aerobic respiration in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive sequence divergence of non-coding regions between Aspergillus fumigatus, a major fungal pathogen of humans, and its relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive aspergillosis is a deadly fungal disease; more than 400,000 patients are infected worldwide each year and the mortality rate can be as high as 50-95%. Of the [~]450 species in the genus Aspergillus only a few are known to be clinically relevant, with the major pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus being responsible for [~]50% of all invasive mold infections. Genomic comparisons of A. fumigatus to other Aspergillus species have historically focused on protein-coding regions. However, most A. fumigatus genes, including those that modulate its virulence, are also present in non-pathogenic close relatives of A. fumigatus. Our hypothesis is that differential gene regulation - mediated through the non-coding regions upstream of genes transcription start sites - contributes to A. fumigatus pathogenicity. To begin testing this, we compared non-coding regions up to 500 base pairs upstream of the first codon of single-copy orthologous genes from the two A. fumigatus reference strains Af293 and A1163 and eight closely related Aspergillus section Fumigati species. We found that non-coding regions showed extensive sequence variation and lack of homology across species. By examining the evolutionary rates of both protein-coding and non-coding regions in a subset of orthologous genes with highly conserved non-coding regions across the phylogeny, we identified 418 genes, including 25 genes known to modulate A. fumigatus virulence, whose non-coding regions exhibit a different rate of evolution in A. fumigatus. Examination of sequence alignments of these non-coding regions revealed numerous instances of insertions, deletions, and other types of mutations of at least a few nucleotides in A. fumigatus compared to its close relatives. These results show that closely related Aspergillus species that vary greatly in their pathogenicity exhibit extensive non-coding sequence variation and identify numerous changes in non-coding regions of A. fumigatus genes known to contribute to virulence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive sequence divergence of non-coding regions between Aspergillus fumigatus, a major fungal pathogen of humans, and its relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered circadian rhythms and sleep in a new Angelman Syndrome mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Normal neurodevelopment requires precise expression of the key ubiquitin ligase gene Ube3a. Comparing newly generated mouse models for Ube3a down-regulation (models of Angelman syndrome) vs. Ube3a up-regulation (models for autism), we find reciprocal effects of Ube3a gene dosage on phenotypes associated with circadian rhythmicity, including the amount of locomotor activity. In contrast to previous reports, we find that Ube3a is imprinted in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, the pacemaking circadian brain locus. In addition, Ube3a-deficient mice lack the typical drop in wake late in the dark period and have blunted responses to sleep deprivation. Suppression of physical activity by light in Ube3a-deficient mice is not due to anxiety as measured by behavioral tests and stress hormones; quantification of stress hormones may serve as an easily measurable biomarker for evaluating potential therapeutic treatments for Angelman syndrome. We conclude that reduced Ube3a gene dosage affects not only neurodevelopment but also sleep patterns and circadian rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahoney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houdek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaudet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scammell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered circadian rhythms and sleep in a new Angelman Syndrome mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weakly migratory metastatic breast cancer cells activate fibroblasts via microvesicle-Tg2 to facilitate dissemination and metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cell migration is highly heterogeneous, and the migratory capability of cancer cells is thought to be an indicator of metastatic potential. It is becoming clear that a cancer cell does not have to be inherently migratory to metastasize, with weakly migratory cancer cells often found to be highly metastatic. However, the mechanism through which weakly migratory cells escape from the primary tumor remains unclear. Here, utilizing phenotypically sorted highly and weakly migratory breast cancer cells, we demonstrate that weakly migratory metastatic cells disseminate from the primary tumor via communication with stromal cells. While highly migratory cells are capable of single cell migration, weakly migratory cells rely on cell-cell signaling with fibroblasts to escape the primary tumor. Weakly migratory cells release microvesicles rich in tissue transglutaminase 2 (Tg2) which activate fibroblasts and lead weakly migratory cancer cell migration in vitro. These microvesicles also induce tumor stiffening and fibroblast activation in vivo and enhance the metastasis of weakly migratory cells. Our results identify microvesicles and Tg2 as potential therapeutic targets for metastasis and reveal a novel aspect of the metastatic cascade in which weakly migratory cells release microvesicles which activate fibroblasts to enhance cancer cell dissemination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwager, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hapach, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosier, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArdle, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayathilake, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordeleau, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonyak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerione, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart-King, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weakly migratory metastatic breast cancer cells activate fibroblasts via microvesicle-Tg2 to facilitate dissemination and metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eicosanoids in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment: a multicellular, multifaceted progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eicosanoids, oxidized fatty acids that serve as cell-signaling molecules, have been broadly implicated in tumorigenesis. To identify eicosanoids relevant to pancreatic tumorigenesis, we profiled normal pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mouse models and patient samples using mass spectrometry. We interrogated RNA sequencing datasets for eicosanoid synthase or receptor expression. Findings were confirmed by immunostaining. In murine models, we identified elevated levels of PGD2, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes in neoplasia while PGE2, 12-HHTre, HETEs, and HDoHEs are elevated specifically in tumors. Analysis of scRNA-seq datasets suggests that PGE2 and prostacyclins are derived from fibroblasts, PGD2 and thromboxanes from myeloid cells, and PGD2 and 5-HETE from tuft cells. In patient samples, we identified a transition from PGD2 to PGE2-producing enzymes in the epithelium during the transition to PDAC, fibroblast/tumor expression of PTGIS, and myeloid/tumor cell expression of TBXAS1. Altogether, our analyses identify key changes in eicosanoid species during pancreatic tumorigenesis and the cell types responsible for their synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gubbala, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyotsana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytle, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olive, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M. C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eicosanoids in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment: a multicellular, multifaceted progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.465954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
R-loop mapping and characterization during Drosophila embryogenesis reveals developmental plasticity in R-loop signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.465954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
R-loops are involved in transcriptional regulation, DNA and histone post-translational modifications, genome replication and genome stability. To what extent R-loop abundance and genome-wide localization is actively regulated during metazoan embryogenesis is unknown. Drosophila embryogenesis provides a powerful system to address these questions due to its well-characterized developmental program, the sudden onset of zygotic transcription and available genome-wide ChIP and transcription data sets. Here, we measure the overall abundance and genome localization of R-loops in early and late-stage embryos relative to Drosophila cultured cells. We demonstrate that absolute R-loop levels change during embryogenesis and that resolution of R-loops is critical for embryonic development. R-loop mapping by strand-specific DRIP-seq reveals that R-loop localization is plastic across development, both in the genes which form R-loops and where they localize relative to gene bodies. Importantly, these changes are not driven by changes in the transcriptional program. Negative GC skew and absolute changes in AT skew are associated with R-loop formation in Drosophila. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while some chromatin binding proteins and histone modification such as H3K27me3 are associated with R-loops throughout development, other chromatin factors associated with R-loops in a developmental specific manner. Our findings highlight the importance and developmental plasticity of R-loops during Drosophila embryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.465954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[R-loop mapping and characterization during Drosophila embryogenesis reveals developmental plasticity in R-loop signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resistance-guided mining of bacterial genotoxins defines a family of DNA glycosylases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unique DNA repair enzymes that provide self-resistance against genotoxic natural products have been discovered recently in bacterial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). The DNA glycosylase AlkZ belongs to a superfamily of uncharacterized proteins found in antibiotic producers and pathogens, but despite its importance to azinomycin B resistance, the roles of AlkZ orthologs in production of other natural products are unknown. Here, we analyze the genomic distribution and use a resistance-based genome mining approach to identify Streptomyces AlkZ homologs associated with known and uncharacterized BGCs. We show that the ortholog associated with synthesis of the alkylating agent hedamycin excises hedamycin-DNA adducts and provides resistance to the genotoxin in cells. Our results define AlkZ in self-resistance to specific antimicrobials and implicate a related but distinct homolog, which we name AlkX, in protection against an array of genotoxins. This work provides a framework for targeted discovery of new genotoxic compounds with therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bradley, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resistance-guided mining of bacterial genotoxins defines a family of DNA glycosylases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
orthoSNAP: a tree splitting and pruning algorithm for retrieving single-copy orthologs from gene family trees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.30.466607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular evolution studies, such as phylogenomic studies and genome-wide surveys of selection, often rely on gene families of single-copy orthologs (SC-OGs). Large gene families with multiple homologs in one or more species--a phenomenon observed among several important families of genes such as transporters and transcription factors--are often ignored because identifying and retrieving SC-OGs nested within them is challenging. To address this issue and increase the number of markers used in molecular evolution studies, we developed OrthoSNAP, a software that uses a phylogenetic framework to simultaneously split gene families into SC-OGs and prune species-specific inparalogs. We term SC-OGs identified by OrthoSNAP as SNAP-OGs because they are identified using a splitting and pruning procedure analogous to snapping branches on a tree. From 415,129 orthologous groups of genes inferred across seven eukaryotic phylogenomic datasets, we identified 9,821 SC-OGs; using OrthoSNAP on the remaining 405,308 orthologous groups of genes, we identified an additional 10,704 SNAP-OGs. Comparison of SNAP-OGs and SC-OGs revealed that their phylogenetic information content was similar, even in complex datasets that contain a whole genome duplication, complex patterns of duplication and loss, transcriptome data where each gene typically has multiple transcripts, and contentious branches in the tree of life. OrthoSNAP is useful for increasing the number of markers used in molecular evolution data matrices, a critical step for robustly inferring and exploring the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.30.466607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[orthoSNAP: a tree splitting and pruning algorithm for retrieving single-copy orthologs from gene family trees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MTG16 (CBFA2T3) represses E protein-dependent transcription to regulate colonic secretory cell differentiation, epithelial regeneration, and tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant epithelial differentiation and regeneration contribute to colon pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). MTG16 (CBFA2T3) is a transcriptional corepressor expressed in the colonic epithelium. MTG16 deficiency in mice exacerbates colitis and increases tumor burden in CAC, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identified MTG16 as a central mediator of epithelial differentiation, promoting goblet and restraining enteroendocrine cell development in homeostasis and enabling regeneration following dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Transcriptomic analyses implicated increased E box-binding transcription factor (E protein) activity in MTG16-deficient colon crypts. Using a novel mouse model with a point mutation that disrupts MTG16:E protein complex formation (Mtg16P209T), we established that MTG16 exerts control over colonic epithelial differentiation and regeneration by repressing E protein-mediated transcription. Mimicking murine colitis, MTG16 expression was increased in biopsies from patients with active IBD compared to unaffected controls. Finally, uncoupling MTG16:E protein interactions only partially phenocopied the enhanced tumorigenicity of Mtg16-/- colon in the azoxymethane(AOM)/DSS-induced model of CAC, indicating that MTG16 protects from tumorigenesis through additional mechanisms. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MTG16, via its repression of E protein targets, is a key regulator of cell fate decisions during colon homeostasis, colitis, and cancer.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=80 SRC="FIGDIR/small/467178v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anant, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blunt, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilat, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorby, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MTG16 (CBFA2T3) represses E protein-dependent transcription to regulate colonic secretory cell differentiation, epithelial regeneration, and tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Most Widespread Phage in Animals: Genomics and Taxonomic Classification of Phage WO 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia are the most common obligate, intracellular bacteria in animals. They exist worldwide in arthropod and nematode hosts in which they commonly act as reproductive parasites or mutualists, respectively. Bacteriophage WO, the largest of Wolbachias mobile elements, includes reproductive parasitism genes, serves as a hotspot for genetic divergence and genomic rearrangement of the bacterial chromosome, and uniquely encodes a Eukaryotic Association Module with eukaryotic-like genes and an ensemble of putative host interaction genes. Despite WOs relevance to genome evolution, selfish genetics, and symbiotic applications, relatively little is known about its origin, host range, diversification, and taxonomic classification. Here we analyze the most comprehensive set of 150 Wolbachia and phage WO assemblies to provide a framework for discretely organizing and naming integrated phage WO genomes. We demonstrate that WO is principally in arthropod Wolbachia with relatives in diverse endosymbionts and metagenomes, organized into four variants related by gene synteny, often oriented opposite the origin of replication in the Wolbachia chromosome, and the large serine recombinase is an ideal typing tool to assign taxonomic classification of the four variants. We identify a novel, putative lytic cassette and WOs association with a conserved eleven gene island, termed Undecim Cluster, that is enriched with virulence-like genes. Finally, we evaluate WO-like Islands in the Wolbachia genome and discuss a new model in which Octomom, a notable WO-like Island, arose from a split with WO. Together, these findings establish the first comprehensive Linnaean taxonomic classification of endosymbiont phages that includes distinguishable genera of phage WO, a family of non-Wolbachia phages from aquatic environments, and an order that captures the collective relatedness of these viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Most Widespread Phage in Animals: Genomics and Taxonomic Classification of Phage WO]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467297v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A switch in the development: microRNA arm usage screening in zebrafish suggests an important role of arm switching events in ontogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.05.467297v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In metazoan, regulatory molecules tightly control gene expression. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of several important features, like cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. During miRNA biogenesis, the canonical strand that loads onto RISC can be switched, in a process called "arm switching." Due to the miRNA-to-target pairing peculiarities, switching events can lead to changes on the gene-targeted repertoire, promoting the modulation of a distinct set of biological routes. To understand how these events affect cell regulation, we conducted an extensive and detailed in silico analysis of RNA-seq datasets from several tissues and key developmental stages of zebrafish. We identified interesting patterns of miRNA arm switching occurrence, mainly associated with the control of protein coding genes during embryonic development. Additionally, our data show that miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) play an important role in differential arm usage. Our findings provide new insights on how such events emerge and coordinate gene expression regulation, opening perspectives for novel investigations in the area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovolenta, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueiredo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinhal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.467297</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A switch in the development: microRNA arm usage screening in zebrafish suggests an important role of arm switching events in ontogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An active learning framework improves tumor variant interpretation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For precision medicine to reach its full potential for treatment of cancer and other diseases, protein variant effect prediction tools are needed that characterize variants of unknown significance (VUS) in a patients genome with respect to their likelihood to influence treatment response and outcomes. However, the performance of most variant prediction tools is limited by the difficulty of acquiring sufficient training and validation data. To overcome these limitations, we applied an iterative active learning approach starting from available biochemical, evolutionary, and functional annotations. The potential of active learning to improve variant interpretation was first demonstrated by applying it to synthetic and deep mutational scanning (DMS) datasets for four cancer-relevant proteins. We then probed its utility to guide interpretation and functional validation of tumor VUS in a potential biomarker for cancer therapy sensitivity, the nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA). A quantitative high-throughput cell-based NER activity assay, fluorescence-based multiplex flow-cytometric host cell reactivation (FM-HCR), was used to validate XPA VUS selected by the active learning strategy. In all cases, selecting VUS for validation by active learning yielded an improvement in performance over traditional learning. These analyses suggest that active learning is well-suited to significantly improve interpretation of VUS and cancer patient genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blee, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An active learning framework improves tumor variant interpretation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467837v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning Feedback Molecular Network Models Using Integer Linear Programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467837v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of intracellular molecular networks has many applications in understanding of the molecular bases of some complex diseases and finding the effective therapeutic targets for drug development. To perform such analyses, the molecular networks need to be converted into computational models. In general, network models constructed using literature and pathway databases may not accurately predict and reproduce experimental network data. This can be due to the incompleteness of literature on molecular pathways, the resources used to construct the networks, or some conflicting information in the resources. In this paper, we propose a network learning approach via an integer linear programming formulation that can efficiently incorporate biological dynamics and regulatory mechanisms of molecular networks in the learning process. Moreover, we present a method to properly take into account the feedback paths, while learning the network from data. Examples are also provided to show how one can apply the proposed learning approach to a network of interest. Overall, the proposed methods are useful for reducing the gap between the curated networks and experimental network data, and result in calibrated networks that are more reliable for making biologically meaningful predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emamian, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467837</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning Feedback Molecular Network Models Using Integer Linear Programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust and generalizable segmentation of human functional tissue units 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program aims to compile a reference atlas for the healthy human adult body at the cellular level. Functional tissue units (FTU, e.g., renal glomeruli and colonic crypts) are of pathobiological significance and relevant for modeling and understanding disease progression. Yet, annotation of FTUs is time consuming and expensive when done manually and existing algorithms achieve low accuracy and do not generalize well. This paper compares the five winning algorithms from the "Hacking the Kidney" Kaggle competition to which more than a thousand teams from sixty countries contributed. We compare the accuracy and performance of the algorithms on a large-scale renal glomerulus Periodic acid-Schiff stain dataset and their generalizability to a colonic crypts hematoxylin and eosin stain dataset. Results help to characterize how the number of FTUs per unit area differs in relationship to their position in kidney and colon with respect to age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and other clinical data and are relevant for advancing pathology, anatomy, and surgery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Godwin, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sood, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quardokus, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longacre, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horning, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esplin, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust and generalizable segmentation of human functional tissue units]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STAT1 Gain-of-Function Variants Drive Altered T Cell Prevalence, Metabolism, and Heightened IL-6 Sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.468135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants exhibit susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer due to enhanced or prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation following cytokine stimulation. While interferons (IFNs) are canonical STAT1 activators, other cytokines that may also contribute to pathology in STAT1 GOF patients have been less well defined. Here we analyzed the immune profiles and cytokine responses of two patients with heterozygous GOF mutations in the STAT1 coiled-coil domain. A systems immunology approach revealed major changes in the T cell compartment and minor changes in the B cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells. Both patients with STAT1 GOF differed from healthy individuals in the abundance and phenotype of effector memory, Th17, and Treg populations. STAT1 GOF T cells displayed a pattern of increased activation and had elevated markers of glycolysis and lipid oxidation. Hypersensitivity of T cells to IL-6 was observed with intense, sustained STAT1 phosphorylation in memory T cell populations that exceeded that induced by IFNs. Together, these results show a role for STAT1 in T cell metabolism and suggest that IL-6 may play a critical role to promote T cell memory formation and activation in patients with STAT1 GOF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaviany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartkowiak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dulek, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahunsi, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.468135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STAT1 Gain-of-Function Variants Drive Altered T Cell Prevalence, Metabolism, and Heightened IL-6 Sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468266v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The C. albicans virulence factor Candidalysin polymerizes in solution to form membrane pores and damage epithelial cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.11.468266v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenic fungus Candida albicans causes severe invasive candidiasis. C. albicans infection requires the action of the virulence factor Candidalysin (CL), which damages the plasma membrane of the target human cells. However, the molecular mechanism that CL uses to permeabilize membranes is poorly understood. We employed complementary biophysical, modeling, microscopy, and cell biology methods to reveal that CL forms membrane pores using a unique molecular mechanism. Unexpectedly, it was observed that CL readily assembles into linear polymers in solution. The basic structural unit in polymer formation is a CL 8-mer, which is sequentially added into a string configuration. Finally, the linear polymers can close into a loop. Our data indicate that CL loops spontaneously insert into the membrane to become membrane pores. We identified a CL mutation (G4W) that inhibited the formation of polymers in solution and prevented formation of pores in different synthetic lipid membranes systems. Studies in epithelial cells showed that G4W CL failed to activate the danger response signaling pathway, a hallmark of the pathogenic effect of CL. These results indicate that CL polymerization in solution is a necessary step for the damage of cellular membranes. Analysis of thousands of CL pores by atomic force microscopy revealed the co-existence of simple depressions and complex pores decorated with protrusions. Imaging and modeling indicate that the two types of pores are formed by CL molecules assembled into alternate orientations. We propose that this structural rearrangement represents a maturation mechanism that might stabilize pore formation to achieve more robust cellular damage. Taken together, the data show that CL uses a previously unknown mechanism to damage membranes, whereby pre-assembly of CL loops in solution directly leads to formation of membrane pores. Our investigation not only unravels a new paradigm for the formation of membrane pores, but additionally identifies CL polymerization as a novel therapeutic target to treat candidiasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyron, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrera, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.468266</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The C. albicans virulence factor Candidalysin polymerizes in solution to form membrane pores and damage epithelial cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural comparative modeling of multi-domain ΔF508 CFTR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.17.468921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disease caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), an epithelial anion channel expressed in several vital organs. Absence of functional CFTR results in imbalanced osmotic equilibrium and subsequent mucus build up in the lungs - which increases the risk of infection and eventually causes death. CFTR is an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter composed of two transmembrane domains (TMDs), two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), and an unstructured regulatory domain. The most prevalent patient mutation is the deletion of F508 ({Delta}F508), making {Delta}F508 CFTR the primary target for current FDA approved CF therapies. However, no experimental multi-domain {Delta}F508 CFTR structure has been determined and few studies have modeled {Delta}F508 using multi-domain WT CFTR structures. Here, we used cryo-EM density data and Rosetta comparative modeling (RosettaCM) to compare a {Delta}F508 model with published experimental data on CFTR NBD1 thermodynamics. We then apply this modeling method to generate multi-domain WT and {Delta}F508 CFTR structural models. These models demonstrate the destabilizing effects of {Delta}F508 on NBD1 and the NBD1/TMD interface in both the closed and open conformation of CFTR. Furthermore, we modeled {Delta}F508/R1070W and {Delta}F508 bound to the CFTR corrector VX-809. Our models reveal the stabilizing effects of R1070W and VX-809 on multi-domain models of {Delta}F508 CFTR and pave the way for rational design of additional drugs that target {Delta}F508 CFTR for treatment of CF.

Author SummaryProteins three-dimension shape determines their function, so when genetic mutation compromises the shape of vital proteins, it may cause disease. Such is the case in Cystic Fibrosis, a chronic genetic disease caused by mutations in the protein Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Here, we work backwards from the shape of the wild-type protein - found in healthy people, to computationally model the shape of the most common Cystic Fibrosis mutant. Our computer models reveal distinct defects in the shape of the mutant Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator protein in the area surrounding the mutation. We also model an important FDA approved Cystic Fibrosis drug, VX-809, into the mutant protein structure and show how VX-809 stabilizes the protein around the location of the mutation. The method we developed will pave the way for computational drug design for Cystic Fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeder, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.17.468921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural comparative modeling of multi-domain ΔF508 CFTR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sampling the conformational landscapes of transporters and receptors with AlphaFold2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.22.469536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Equilibrium fluctuations and triggered conformational changes often underlie the functional cycles of membrane proteins. For example, transporters mediate the passage of molecules across cell membranes by alternating between inward-facing (IF) and outward-facing (OF) states, while receptors undergo intracellular structural rearrangements that initiate signaling cascades. Although the conformational plasticity of these proteins has historically posed a challenge for traditional de novo protein structure prediction pipelines, the recent success of AlphaFold2 (AF2) in CASP14 culminated in the modeling of a transporter in multiple conformations to high accuracy. Given that AF2 was designed to predict static structures of proteins, it remains unclear if this result represents an underexplored capability to accurately predict multiple conformations and/or structural heterogeneity. Here, we present an approach to drive AF2 to sample alternative conformations of topologically diverse transporters and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are absent from the AF2 training set. Whereas models generated using the default AF2 pipeline are conformationally homogeneous and nearly identical to one another, reducing the depth of the input multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) by stochastic subsampling led to the generation of accurate models in multiple conformations. In our benchmark, these conformations spanned the range between two experimental structures of interest, with models at the extremes of these conformational distributions observed to be among the most accurate (average template modeling (TM)-score of 0.94). These results suggest a straightforward approach to identifying native-like alternative states, while also highlighting the need for the next generation of deep learning algorithms to be designed to predict ensembles of biophysically relevant states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.22.469536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sampling the conformational landscapes of transporters and receptors with AlphaFold2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470024v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular respiration is essential for multiple bacterial pathogens and a validated antibiotic target. In addition to driving oxidative phosphorylation, bacterial respiration has a variety of ancillary functions that obscure its contribution to pathogenesis. We find here that the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes encodes two respiratory pathways which are partially functionally redundant and indispensable for pathogenesis. Loss of respiration decreased NAD+ regeneration, but this could be specifically reversed by heterologous expression of a water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX). NOX expression fully rescued intracellular growth defects and increased L. monocytogenes loads >1,000-fold in a mouse infection model. Consistent with NAD+ regeneration maintaining L. monocytogenes viability and enabling immune evasion, a respiration-deficient strain exhibited elevated bacteriolysis within the host cytosol and NOX rescued this phenotype. These studies show that NAD+ regeneration, rather than oxidative phosphorylation, represents the primary role of L. monocytogenes respiration and highlight the nuanced relationship between bacterial metabolism, physiology, and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rivera-Lugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaya-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejedor-Sanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titov, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajo-Franklin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portnoy, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Light, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.470024</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Listeria monocytogenes requires cellular respiration for NAD+ regeneration and pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated Transferrin Receptor Disrupts T Cell Iron Homeostasis to Drive Inflammation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.25.470053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibit mitochondrial abnormalities including elevated oxidative stress. Because excess iron can promote these phenotypes, we tested iron regulation of SLE T cells. A CRISPR screen identified Transferrin Receptor (CD71) as important for Th1 cells but detrimental for induced regulatory T cells (iTreg). Activated T cells induce CD71 to increase iron uptake, but this was exaggerated in T cells from SLE-prone mice which accumulated iron. Treatment of T cells from SLE-prone mice with CD71 blocking antibody reduced intracellular iron and mTORC1 signaling and restored mitochondrial physiology. While Th1 cells were inhibited, CD71 blockade enhanced iTreg. In vivo this treatment reduced pathology and increased IL-10 in SLE-prone mice. Importantly, disease severity correlated with CD71 expression on SLE patient T cells and blocking CD71 enhanced IL-10 secretion. Excess T cell iron uptake thus contributes to T cell dysfunction and can be targeted to correct SLE-associated pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashum, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormseth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.25.470053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated Transferrin Receptor Disrupts T Cell Iron Homeostasis to Drive Inflammation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.26.468907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A brainstem integrator for self-localization and positional homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.26.468907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To accurately track self-location, animals need to integrate their movements through space. In amniotes, representations of self-location have been found in regions such as the hippocampus. It is unknown whether more ancient brain regions contain such representations and by which pathways they may drive locomotion. Fish displaced by water currents must prevent uncontrolled drift to potentially dangerous areas. We found that larval zebrafish track such movements and can later swim back to their earlier location. Whole-brain functional imaging revealed the circuit enabling this process of positional homeostasis. Position-encoding brainstem neurons integrate optic flow, then bias future swimming to correct for past displacements by modulating inferior olive and cerebellar activity. Manipulation of position-encoding or olivary neurons abolished positional homeostasis or evoked behavior as if animals had experienced positional shifts. These results reveal a multiregional hindbrain circuit in vertebrates for optic flow integration, memory of self-location, and its neural pathway to behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwart, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vladimirov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.26.468907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A brainstem integrator for self-localization and positional homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469764v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Importance of Mentors and How to Handle More Than One Mentor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469764v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionWorking with multiple mentors is a critical way for students to expand their network, gain opportunities, and better prepare for future scholastic or professional ventures. However, students from underrepresented groups (UR) are less likely to be mentored or have access to mentors, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. We developed and implemented a workshop, to provide the necessary foundation for students to be better prepared for establishing future mentorships throughout graduate and professional school.

MethodsFaculty well-versed in the area of effective mentorship from multiple universities developed and delivered a 1.5-hour workshop to address the roles of a mentor, especially when it comes to UR students, and how students may effectively work with multiple mentors. This workshop was delivered to a group of students from the HBCU Winston Salem State University, and a pre/post-Likert scale-based survey was administered.

ResultsWe analyzed the raw data with nonparametric tests for comparison within paired samples. Wilcoxon matched-pairs and signed-rank tests showed statistically significant growth in student self-ratings related to the workshop learning objectives.

ConclusionsThe "How to Handle More than One Mentor to Achieve Excellence" workshop was well received as a component of pre-graduate and pre-professional training. Incorporating workshops like this may increase student preparedness around developing and cultivating healthy mentorship relationships throughout STEM training.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVESBy the end of this workshop, learners will be able to:

O_LIDescribe the role of mentors in developing the next generation of trainees.
C_LIO_LIDescribe current research on mentorship among underrepresented populations.
C_LIO_LIApply skills on effective communication needed in the development of successful mentorship relationships.
C_LIO_LIWork with multiple mentors at one time while maintaining solid professional and personal relationships.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469764</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Importance of Mentors and How to Handle More Than One Mentor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using a Champion-Oriented Mindset to Overcome the Challenges of Graduate School 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.469904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite efforts to increase diversity, a glaring underrepresentation of minorities (URM) persists in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Graduate school can be a stressful step in the STEM pipeline, especially for students previously unaware of the structure and challenges of post-graduate education. To promote successful minority participation in STEM and prepare prospective students for the impending challenges of graduate school, we developed a workshop based on the mentoring and fostering of a champion-oriented mindset entitled, "The Trials and Tribulations of Graduate School: How Do You Make an Impact?". We administered the workshop to a cohort of university undergraduates and conducted pre- and post-workshop surveys to measure students perceived need for instruction on specific workshop topics. The results suggest that the workshop was well received by the students and provided information that they considered helpful to help navigate the graduate school process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.469904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using a Champion-Oriented Mindset to Overcome the Challenges of Graduate School]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitination drives COPI priming and Golgi SNARE localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deciphering mechanisms controlling SNARE localization within the Golgi complex is crucial to understanding protein trafficking patterns within the secretory pathway. SNAREs are also thought to prime COPI assembly to ensure incorporation of these essential cargoes into vesicles but the regulation of these events is poorly understood. Here we report a roles for ubiquitin recognition by COPI in SNARE trafficking and in stabilizing interactions between Arf, COPI, and Golgi SNAREs. The ability of COPI to bind ubiquitin through its N-terminal WD repeat domain of {beta}COP or through an unrelated ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) is essential for the proper localization of Golgi SNAREs Bet1 and Gos1. We find that COPI, the ArfGAP Glo3 and multiple Golgi SNAREs are ubiquitinated. Notably, the binding of Arf and COPI to Gos1 is markedly enhanced by ubiquitination of these components. Glo3 is thought to prime COPI-SNARE interactions; however, Glo3 is not enriched in the ubiquitin-stabilized SNARE-Arf-COPI complex but is instead enriched with COPI complexes that lack SNAREs. These results support a new model for how posttranslational modifications drive COPI priming events crucial for Golgi SNARE localization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Date, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diab, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strieter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitination drives COPI priming and Golgi SNARE localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Alternate Conformations with Alphafold2 via Modification of the Multiple Sequence Alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The unprecedented performance of Deepminds Alphafold2 in predicting protein structure in CASP XIV and the creation of a database of structures for multiple proteomes is reshaping structural biology. Moreover, the availability of Alphafold2s architecture and code has stimulated a number of questions on how to harness the capabilities of this remarkable tool. A question of central importance is whether Alphafold2s architecture is amenable to predict the intrinsic conformational heterogeneity of proteins. A general approach presented here builds on a simple manipulation of the multiple sequence alignment, via in silico mutagenesis, and subsequent modeling by Alphafold2. The approach is based in the concept that the multiple sequence alignment encodes for the structural heterogeneity, thus its rational manipulation will enable Alphafold2 to sample alternate conformations and potentially structural alterations due to point mutations. This modeling pipeline is benchmarked against canonical examples of protein conformational flexibility and applied to interrogate the conformational landscape of membrane proteins. This work broadens the applicability of Alphafold2 by generating multiple protein conformations to be tested biologically, biochemically, biophysically, and for use in structure-based drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Alternate Conformations with Alphafold2 via Modification of the Multiple Sequence Alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Basis for an Unprecedented Enzymatic Alkylation in Cylindrocyclophane Biosynthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.470901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cyanobacterial enzyme CylK assembles the cylindrocyclophane natural products by performing two unusual alkylation reactions, forming new carbon-carbon bonds between aromatic rings and secondary alkyl halide substrates. This transformation is unprecedented in biology and the structure and mechanism of CylK are unknown. Here, we report x-ray crystal structures of CylK, revealing a distinctive fusion of a Ca2+ binding domain and a {beta}-propeller fold. We use a mutagenic screening approach to locate CylKs active site at its domain interface, identifying two residues, Arg105 and Tyr473, that are required for catalysis. Anomalous diffraction datasets collected with bound bromide ions, a product analog, suggest these residues interact with the alkyl halide electrophile. Additional mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations implicates Asp440 and Glu374 in activating the nucleophilic aromatic ring. Bioinformatic analysis of CylK homologs from other cyanobacteria establishes that they conserve these key catalytic amino acids but they are likely associated with divergent reactivity and altered secondary metabolism. By gaining a molecular understanding of this unusual biosynthetic transformation, this work fills a gap in our understanding of how alkyl halides are activated and used by enzymes as biosynthetic intermediates, informing enzyme engineering, catalyst design, and natural product discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Braffman, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruskoski, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glasser, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okafor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boal, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balskus, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.470901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Basis for an Unprecedented Enzymatic Alkylation in Cylindrocyclophane Biosynthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A remote lecture series roadmap to equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.05.471284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disparities for women and minorities in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers have continued even amidst mounting evidence for the superior performance of diverse workforces. In response, we launched the Diversity and Science Lecture series, a cross-institutional platform where junior life scientists present their research and comment on equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM. We characterize speaker representation from 79 profiles and investigate topic noteworthiness via quantitative content analysis of talk transcripts. Nearly every speaker discussed interpersonal support, and three-fifths of speakers commented on race or ethnicity. Other topics, such as sexual and gender minority identity, were less frequently addressed but highly salient to the speakers who mentioned them. We found that significantly co-occurring topics reflected not only conceptual similarity, such as terms for racial identities, but also intersectional significance, such as identifying as a Latina/Hispanic woman or Asian immigrant, and interactions between priorities and identities, including the heightened value of friendship to the LGBTQ community, which we reproduce using transcripts from an independent seminar series. Our approach to scholar profiles and talk transcripts serves as an example for transmuting hundreds of hours of scholarly discourse into rich datasets that can power computational audits of speaker diversity and illuminate speakers personal and professional priorities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyle, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmok, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izidro Layng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grunwald, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balotin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecklu-Mensah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arakaki, A. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia Arceo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagannatha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pekar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DASL Alliance,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.05.471284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A remote lecture series roadmap to equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting the Functional Impact of KCNQ1 Variants with Artificial Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in experimental and computational protein structure determination have provided access to high-quality structures for most human proteins and mutants thereof. However, linking changes in structure in protein mutants to functional impact remains an active area of method development. If successful, such methods can ultimately assist physicians in taking appropriate treatment decisions. This work presents three artificial neural network (ANN)-based predictive models that classify four key functional parameters of KCNQ1 variants as normal or dysfunctional using PSSM-based evolutionary and/or biophysical descriptors. Recent advances in predicting protein structure and variant properties with artificial intelligence (AI) rely heavily on the availability of evolutionary features and thus fail to directly assess the biophysical underpinnings of a change in structure and/or function. The central goal of this work was to develop an ANN model based on structure and physiochemical properties of KCNQ1 potassium channels that performs comparably or better than algorithms using only on PSSM-based evolutionary features. These biophysical features highlight the structure-function relationships that govern protein stability, function, and regulation. The input sensitivity algorithm incorporates the roles of hydrophobicity, polarizability, and functional densities on key functional parameters of the KCNQ1 channel. Inclusion of the biophysical features outperforms exclusive use of PSSM-based evolutionary features in predicting activation voltage dependence and deactivation time. As AI is increasing applied to problems in biology, biophysical understanding will be critical with respect to  explainable AI, i.e., understanding the relation of sequence, structure, and function of proteins. Our model is available at www.kcnq1predict.org.

Author summaryHeartbeat is maintained by electrical impulses generated by ion-conducting channel proteins in the heart such as the KCNQ1 potassium channel. Pathogenic variants in KCNQ1 can lead to channel loss-of-function and predisposition to fatal life-threatening irregularities of heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Machine learning methods that can predict the outcome of a mutation on KCNQ1 structure and function would be of great value in helping to assess the risk of a heart rhythm disorder. Recently, machine learning has made great progress in predicting the structures of proteins from their sequences. However, there are limited studies that link the effect of a mutation and change in protein structure with its function. This work presents the development of neural network models designed to predict mutation-induced changes in KCNQ1 functional parameters such as peak current density and voltage dependence of activation. We compare the predictive ability of features extracted from sequence, structure, and physicochemical properties of KCNQ1. Moreover, input sensitivity analysis connects biophysical features with specific functional parameters that provides insight into underlying molecular mechanisms for KCNQ1 channels. The best performing neural network model is publicly available as a webserver, called Q1VarPredBio, that delivers predictions about the functional phenotype of KCNQ1 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting the Functional Impact of KCNQ1 Variants with Artificial Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An effective workshop on How to be an Effective Mentor for Underrepresented STEM Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.06.471498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite an increase in programming to promote persons excluded by their ethnicity or race (PEER) scholars, minorities remain underrepresented in many STEM programs. The academic pipeline is largely leaky for underrepresented minority (URM) scholars due to a lack of effective mentorship. Many URM students experience microaggressions and discrimination from their mentors due to a lack of quality mentorship training. In this workshop, we provide a framework for how to be an effective mentor to URM trainees. Mentees, especially URM trainees, can flourish in effective mentoring environments where they feel welcomed and can comfortably develop new ideas without feeling threatened by external factors. Effective mentoring environments provide motivational support, empathy, cultural competency, and training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-Maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.06.471498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An effective workshop on How to be an Effective Mentor for Underrepresented STEM Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct Imaging and Identification of Proteoforms up to 70 kDa from Human Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.471638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging of proteoforms in human tissues is hindered by low molecular specificity and limited proteome coverage. Here, we introduce proteoform imaging mass spectrometry (PiMS), which increases the size limit for proteoform detection and identification by 4-fold compared to reported methods, and reveals tissue localization of proteoforms at <80 m spatial resolution. PiMS advances proteoform imaging by combining ambient nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) with ion detection using individual ion mass spectrometry (I2MS). We demonstrate the first proteoform imaging of human kidney, identifying 169 of 400 proteoforms <70 kDa using top-down mass spectrometry and database lookup from the human proteoform atlas, including dozens of key enzymes in primary metabolism. PiMS images reveal distinct spatial localizations of proteoforms to both anatomical structures and cellular neighborhoods in the vasculature, medulla, and cortex regions of the human kidney. The benefits of PiMS are poised to increase proteome coverage for label-free protein imaging of tissues.

TeaserNano-DESI combined with individual ion mass spectrometry generates images of proteoforms up to 70 kDa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGee, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durbin, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollas, M. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drown, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butun, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Early, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellers, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarillo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafader, J. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct Imaging and Identification of Proteoforms up to 70 kDa from Human Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mentoring success is derived from active and respectful listening and the willingness to learn and accept opportunities for personal growth. Mentoring shapes every trainee and their career path in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Productive mentoring relationships cultivate rapport, stimulate moments of introspection, and provide constructive feedback. Effective mentoring in STEM allows trainees, especially underrepresented minorities (URMs), to flourish in welcoming and supportive environments. However, URM trainees often experience inadequate mentoring due to their mentors inexperience with URM groups, poor mentorship training, or a lack of understanding of their mentees journey. To promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM education and research, it is essential for mentors and mentees to work together with creativity, authenticity, and networking. In this workshop, we will focus on mentees perspective on how mentors can enhance their training, professional and career development, and improve their focus. We analyzed data on feedback obtained from students interested in pursuing graduate education who attended a recent workshop. Our results show that despite low initial expectations for the workshop, many students were satisfied with the knowledge they learned. The future of increasing the URM representation in STEM lies in providing adequate community support and mentorship throughout the careers of URM professionals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palavicino-maggio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza- Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuler, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Mentoring in Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEM Education and Research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneity of the GFP fitness landscape and data-driven protein design 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of protein fitness landscapes reveal biophysical constraints guiding protein evolution and empower prediction of functional proteins. However, generalisation of these findings is limited due to scarceness of systematic data on fitness landscapes of proteins with a defined evolutionary relationship. We characterized the fitness peaks of four orthologous fluorescent proteins with a broad range of sequence divergence. While two of the four studied fitness peaks were sharp, the other two were considerably flatter, being almost entirely free of epistatic interactions. Counterintuitively, mutationally robust proteins, characterized by a flat fitness peak, were not optimal templates for machine-learning-driven protein design - instead, predictions were more accurate for fragile proteins with epistatic landscapes. Our work paves insights for practical application of fitness landscape heterogeneity in protein engineering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Somermeyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozhanova, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igolkina, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaball Pujol, M.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putintseva, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkisyan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondrashov, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneity of the GFP fitness landscape and data-driven protein design]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4-phenylbutyrate restored GABA uptake and reduced seizures in SLC6A1 variants-mediated disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously studied the molecular mechanisms of solute carrier family 6 member 1 (SLC6A1) associated with a continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders, including various epilepsy syndromes, autism, and intellectual disability. Based on functional assays of variants in a large cohort with heterogenous clinical phenotypes, we conclude that partial or complete loss of GABA uptake function in the mutant GAT-1 is the primary etiology as identified in GABAA receptor mutation-mediated epilepsy and in cystic fibrosis. Importantly, we identified that there are common patterns of the mutant protein trafficking from biogenesis, oligomerization, glycosylation, and translocation to the cell membrane across variants with the conservation of this process across cell types. Conversely any approach to facilitate membrane trafficking would increase presence of the functional protein in the targeted destination in all involved cells. PBA is an FDA-approved drug for pediatric use and is orally bioavailable so it can be quickly translated to patient use. It has been demonstrated that PBA can correct protein misfolding, reduce ER stress, and attenuate unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative diseases, it has also showed promise in treatment of cystic fibrosis. The common cellular mechanisms shared by the mutant GAT-1 and the mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator led us to test if PBA and other pharmaco-chaperones could be a potential treatment option for SLC6A1 mutations. We examined the impact of PBA and other small molecules in a library of variants and in cell and knockin mouse models. Because of the critical role of astrocytic GAT-1 deficit in seizures, we focused on astrocytes, and demonstrated that the existence of the mutant GAT-1 retained the wildtype GAT-1, suggesting aberrant protein oligomerization and trafficking caused by the mutant GAT-1. PBA increased GABA uptake in both mouse and human astrocytes bearing the mutations. Importantly, PBA increased GAT-1 expression and suppressed spike wave discharges (SWDS) in the heterozygous knockin mice. Although the detailed mechanisms of action for PBA are ambiguous, it is likely that PBA can facilitate the forward trafficking of the wildtype GAT-1 favoring over the mutant GAT-1, thus increasing GABA uptake. Since all patients with SLC6A1 mutations are heterozygous and carry one wildtype functional allele, this suggests a great opportunity for treatment development by leveraging the endogenous protein trafficking pathway to promote forward trafficking of the wildtype in combination with enhancing the disposal of the mutant allele as treatment mode. The study opens a novel avenue of treatment development for genetic epilepsy via drug repurposing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nwosu, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mermer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flamm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poliquin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigsby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4-phenylbutyrate restored GABA uptake and reduced seizures in SLC6A1 variants-mediated disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain variation in Clostridioides difficile toxin activity associated with genomic variation at both PaLoc and non-PaLoc loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical disease from Clostridioides difficile infection can be mediated by two toxins and their neighboring regulatory genes encoded within the five-gene pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). We provide several lines of evidence that the toxin activity of C. difficile may be modulated by genomic variants outside of the PaLoc. We used a phylogenetic tree-based approach to demonstrate discordance between toxin activity and PaLoc evolutionary history, an elastic net method to show the insufficiency of PaLoc variants alone to model toxin activity, and a convergence-based bacterial genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify correlations between non-PaLoc loci with changes in toxin activity. Combined, these data support a model of C. difficile disease wherein toxin activity may be strongly affected by many non-PaLoc loci. Additionally, we characterize multiple other in vitro phenotypes relevant to human infections including germination and sporulation. These phenotypes vary greatly in their clonality, variability, convergence, and concordance with genomic variation. Lastly, we highlight the intersection of loci identified by GWAS for different phenotypes and clinical severity. This strategy to identify the overlapping loci can facilitate the identification of genetic variation linking phenotypic variation to clinical outcomes.

IMPORTANCEClostridioides difficile has two major disease mediating toxins, A and B, encoded within the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc). In this study we demonstrate via multiple approaches that genomic variants outside of the PaLoc are associated with changes in toxin activity. These genomic variants may provide new avenues of exploration in the hunt for novel disease modifying interventions. Additionally, we provide insight into the evolution of several additional phenotypes also critical to clinical infection such as sporulation, germination, and growth rate. These in vitro phenotypes display a range of responses to evolutionary pressures and as such vary in their appropriateness for certain bacterial genome wide association study approaches. We used a convergence-based association method to identify the genomic variants most correlated with both changes in these phenotypes and disease severity. These overlapping loci may be important to both bacterial function and human clinical disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain variation in Clostridioides difficile toxin activity associated with genomic variation at both PaLoc and non-PaLoc loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.471810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis is driven by aberrant activation of TCL1A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.471810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A diverse set of driver genes, such as regulators of DNA methylation, RNA splicing, and chromatin remodeling, have been associated with pre-malignant clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The factors mediating expansion of these mutant clones remain largely unknown, partially due to a paucity of large cohorts with longitudinal blood sampling. To circumvent this limitation, we developed and validated a method to infer clonal expansion rate from single timepoint data called PACER (passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate). Applying PACER to 5,071 persons with clonal hematopoiesis accurately recapitulated the known fitness effects due to different driver mutations. A genome-wide association study of PACER revealed that a common inherited polymorphism in the TCL1A promoter was associated with slower clonal expansion. Those carrying two copies of this protective allele had up to 80% reduced odds of having driver mutations in TET2, ASXL1, SF3B1, SRSF2, and JAK2, but not DNMT3A. TCL1A was not expressed in normal or DNMT3A-mutated HSCs, but the introduction of mutations in TET2 or ASXL1 by CRISPR editing led to aberrant expression of TCL1A and expansion of HSCs in vitro. These effects were abrogated in HSCs from donors carrying the protective TCL1A allele. Our results indicate that the fitness advantage of multiple common driver genes in clonal hematopoiesis is mediated through TCL1A activation. PACER is an approach that can be widely applied to uncover genetic and environmental determinants of pre-malignant clonal expansion in blood and other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopakumar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burugula, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belk, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Falkenhausen, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaab, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuldiner, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd-Jones, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMeo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mat</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.471810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clonal hematopoiesis is driven by aberrant activation of TCL1A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probing the segregation of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission via photobleaching and recovery of a fluorescent glutamate sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.10.472065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Synapses maintain both action potential-evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release, however, organization of these two forms of release within an individual synapse remains unclear. Here, we used photobleaching properties of iGluSnFR, a fluorescent probe that detects glutamate, to investigate the subsynaptic organization of evoked and spontaneous release. In non-neuronal cells and neuronal dendrites, iGluSnFR fluorescence is intensely photobleached and recovers via diffusion of non-photobleached probes within 10-seconds. After photobleaching, while evoked iGluSnFR events could be rapidly suppressed, their recovery required several hours. In contrast, iGluSnFR responses to spontaneous release were comparatively resilient to photobleaching, unless the complete pool of iGluSnFR was activated by glutamate perfusion. This differential effect of photobleaching on different modes of neurotransmission is consistent with a subsynaptic organization where sites of evoked glutamate release are clustered and corresponding iGluSnFR probes are diffusion restricted, while spontaneous release sites are broadly spread across a synapse with readily diffusible iGluSnFR probes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanaday, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteggia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.10.472065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probing the segregation of evoked and spontaneous neurotransmission via photobleaching and recovery of a fluorescent glutamate sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic properties of murine kidney mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We show that mitochondria from the kidney of mice (MKM), rat brain (RBM), and heart (RHM) oxidize long-chain fatty acids at high rates in all metabolic states only in the presence of any other mitochondrial metabolites: succinate, glutamate, or pyruvate. All supporting substrates increased several folds the respiration rates in State 4 and State 3. The stimulations of the State 3 respiration with palmitoyl-carnitine + malate oxidation (100%) were: with succinate in MKM 340%, RBM 370%, and RHM 340%; with glutamate - MKM 200%, RBM 270%, and RHM 270%; and with pyruvate - MKM 150%, RBM 260%, and RHM 280%. The increases in O2 consumption in State 4 were due to increased leakage of electrons to produce superoxide radicals (O2*). Earlier, we have shown that the brain and heart mitochondria possess a strong intrinsic inhibition of succinate oxidation to prevent the excessive O2* production at diminished functional loads. We show that kidney mitochondria lack the intrinsic inhibition of SDH. The new methodology to study {beta}-oxidation of LCFAs opens the opportunity to study energy metabolism under normal and pathological conditions, particularly in the organs that utilize LCFAs as the main energy source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayorov, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikalov, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic properties of murine kidney mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcription Factor RFX3 Stabilizes Mammary Basal Cell Identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The myoepithelial cell compartment of the murine postnatal mammary gland is generated from basal cap cells in the terminal end bud and maintained by self-renewal. Transdifferentiation to the luminal lineage does not normally occur but can be induced by DNA damage, luminal cell death or transplantation into a recipient mammary fat pad. Myoepithelial cells cultivated in vitro can also transdifferentiate towards the luminal lineage. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory networks underlying this plasticity. Using a transgenic mouse (Tg11.5kb-GFP) that marks cap cells with GFP, we discovered that mature myoepithelial cells placed in culture begin to express GFP within [~]24 hrs and later express the Keratin 8 (K8) luminal marker. Cell tracking showed that most K8+ cells arose from GFP+ cells, suggesting that myoepithelial cells de-differentiate towards a progenitor state before changing lineage. Differential gene expression analysis, comparing pure GFP+ cap cells with mature myoepithelial cells, identified multiple transcription factors that iRegulon predicted might regulate the myoepithelial to cap cell transition. Knockout of one of these genes, Regulatory Factor 3 (Rfx3), significantly reduced the population of GFP+ cells and increased differentiation to the K8+ luminal lineage. Rfx3 knockout also reduced mammosphere growth and mammary gland regeneration efficiency in a transplantation assay, but had no effect on proliferation in vitro. Together, these data support a key role for Rfx3 in the stabilization of the mammary basal cell lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tross, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcription Factor RFX3 Stabilizes Mammary Basal Cell Identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.466282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RFX6-mediated dysregulation defines human β cell dysfunction in early type 2 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.16.466282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a major cause of world-wide morbidity and mortality, is dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet {beta} cells1-3. T2D genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of signals, mostly in the non-coding genome and overlapping {beta} cell regulatory elements, but translating these into biological mechanisms has been challenging4-6. To identify early disease-driving events, we performed single cell spatial proteomics, sorted cell transcriptomics, and assessed islet physiology on pancreatic tissue from short-duration T2D and control donors. Here, through integrative analyses of these diverse modalities, we show that multiple gene regulatory modules are associated with early-stage T2D {beta} cell-intrinsic defects. One notable example is the transcription factor RFX6, which we show is a highly connected {beta} cell hub gene that is reduced in T2D and governs a gene regulatory network associated with insulin secretion defects and T2D GWAS variants. We validated the critical role of RFX6 in {beta} cells through direct perturbation in primary human islets followed by physiological and single nucleus multiome profiling, which showed reduced dynamic insulin secretion and large-scale changes in the {beta} cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility landscape. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of complex, systemic diseases necessitates integration of signals from multiple molecules, cells, organs, and individuals and thus we anticipate this approach will be a useful template to identify and validate key regulatory networks and master hub genes for other diseases or traits with GWAS data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkirk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reihsmann, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varshney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettway, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventresca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Human Pancreas Analysis Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S. C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.16.466282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RFX6-mediated dysregulation defines human β cell dysfunction in early type 2 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.472836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights from the IronTract challenge: optimal methods for mapping brain pathways from multi-shell diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.472836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Limitations in the accuracy of brain pathways reconstructed by diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography have received considerable attention. While the technical advances spearheaded by the Human Connectome Project (HCP) led to significant improvements in dMRI data quality, it remains unclear how these data should be analyzed to maximize tractography accuracy. Over a period of two years, we have engaged the dMRI community in the IronTract Challenge, which aims to answer this question by leveraging a unique dataset. Macaque brains that have received both tracer injections and ex vivo dMRI at high spatial and angular resolution allow a comprehensive, quantitative assessment of tractography accuracy on state-of-the-art dMRI acquisition schemes. We find that, when analysis methods are carefully optimized, the HCP scheme can achieve similar accuracy as a more time-consuming, Cartesian-grid scheme. Importantly, we show that simple pre- and post-processing strategies can improve the accuracy and robustness of many tractography methods. Finally, we find that fiber configurations that go beyond crossing (e.g., fanning, branching) are the most challenging for tractography. The IronTract Challenge remains open and we hope that it can serve as a valuable validation tool for both users and developers of dMRI analysis methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maffei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydogan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aduluru, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhylka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamamci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarica, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telliac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baete, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karimi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yildiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholipour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bihan-Poudec, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quattrone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boshkovski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stikov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, P.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Luca, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leemans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhakaran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bendlin, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael-Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rensonnet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischi-Gomez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiran, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grisot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazovski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.472836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights from the IronTract challenge: optimal methods for mapping brain pathways from multi-shell diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physico-chemical principles of HDL-small RNA binding interactions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular small RNAs (sRNA) are abundant in many biofluids, but little is known about their mechanisms of transport and stability in RNase-rich environments. We previously reported that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) of mice were enriched with multiple classes of sRNA derived from the endogenous transcriptome, but also exogenous organisms. Here, we show that human HDL transports tRNA-derived sRNAs (tDRs) from host and non-host species which were found to be altered in human atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that HDL binds to tDRs through apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and these interactions are conferred by RNA-specific features. We tested this using microscale thermophoresis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays and found that HDL bind tDRs and other single-stranded sRNAs with strong affinity, but not doublestranded RNA or DNA. Natural and synthetic RNA modifications influenced tDR binding to HDL. Reconstituted HDL bound tDRs only in the presence of apoA-I and purified apoA-I alone was sufficient for binding sRNA. Conversely, phosphatidylcholine vesicles did not bind tDRs. In summary, HDL preferentially binds to single-stranded sRNAs likely through non-ionic interactions with apoA-I. These studies highlight binding properties that likely enable extracellular RNA communication and provide a foundation for future studies to manipulate HDL-sRNA for therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavnar, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semler, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raby, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castleberry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ifram, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scwendeman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physico-chemical principles of HDL-small RNA binding interactions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards mechanistic models of mutational effects: Deep Learning on Alzheimer's Aβ peptide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a debilitating form of dementia with a high prevalence in the global population and a large burden on the community and health care systems. ADs complex pathobiology consists of extracellular {beta}-amyloid deposition and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau. Comprehensive mutational analyses can generate a wealth of knowledge about protein properties and enable crucial insights into molecular mechanisms of disease. Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS) has enabled multiplexed measurement of mutational effects on protein properties, including kinematics and self-organization, with unprecedented resolution. However, potential bottlenecks of DMS characterization include experimental design, data quality, and the depth of mutational coverage. Here, we apply Deep Learning to comprehensively model the mutational effect of the AD-associated peptide A{beta}42 on aggregation-related biochemical traits from DMS measurements. Among tested neural network architectures, Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are found to be the most cost-effective models with robust high performance even under insufficiently-sampled DMS studies. While sequence features are essential for satisfactory prediction from neural networks, geometric-structural features further enhance the prediction performance. Notably, we demonstrate how mechanistic insights into phenotype may be extracted from the neural networks themselves suitably designed. This methodological benefit is particularly relevant for biochemical systems displaying a strong coupling between structure and phenotype such as the conformation of A{beta}42 aggregate and nucleation, as shown here using a Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN) developed from the protein atomic structure input. In addition to accurate imputation of missing values (which here ranged up to 55% of all phenotype values at key residues), the mutationally-defined nucleation phenotype generated from a GCN shows improved resolution for identifying known disease-causing mutations relative to the original DMS phenotype. Our study suggests that neural network derived sequence-phenotype mapping can be exploited not only to provide direct support for protein engineering or genome editing but also to facilitate therapeutic design with the gained perspectives from biological modeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards mechanistic models of mutational effects: Deep Learning on Alzheimer's Aβ peptide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effectiveness and relationship between biased and unbiased measures of dopamine release and clearance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.20.473490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is an effective tool for measuring dopamine (DA) release and clearance throughout the brain, including the ventral and dorsal striatum. Striatal DA terminals are abundant with signals heavily regulated by release machinery and the dopamine transporter (DAT). Peak height is a common method for measuring release but can be affected by changes in clearance. The Michaelis-Menten model has been a standard in measuring DA clearance, but requires experimenter fitted modeling subject to experimenter bias. The current study presents the use of the first derivative (velocity) of evoked DA signals as an alternative approach for measuring dopamine release and clearance and can be used to distinguish the two measures. Maximal upwards velocity predicts reductions in DA peak height due to D2 and GABAB receptor stimulation and by alterations in calcium concentrations. The Michaelis-Menten maximal velocity (Vmax) measure, an approximation for DAT numbers, predicted maximal downward velocity in slices and in vivo. Dopamine peak height and upward velocity were similar between wildtype C57 (WT) and DAT knock out (DATKO) mice. In contrast, downward velocity was considerably reduced and exponential decay (tau) was increased in DATKO mice, supporting use of both measures for changes in DAT activity. In slices, the competitive DAT inhibitors cocaine, PTT and WF23 increased peak height and upward velocity differentially across increasing concentrations, with PTT and cocaine reducing these measures at high concentrations. Downward velocity and tau values decreased and increased respectively across concentrations, with greater potency and efficacy observed with WF23 and PTT. In vivo recordings demonstrated similar effects of WF23 and PTT on measures of release and clearance. Tau was a more sensitive measure at low concentrations, supporting its use as a surrogate for the Michaelis-Menten measure of apparent affinity (Km). Together, these results inform on the use of these measures for DA release and clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Everett, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graul, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espana, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yorgason, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.20.473490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effectiveness and relationship between biased and unbiased measures of dopamine release and clearance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.473665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of synaptic transmission in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis reduces seizure-induced death in DBA/1 mice and alters brainstem E/I balance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.473665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in refractory epilepsy patients. Accumulating evidence from recent human studies and animal models suggests that seizure-related respiratory arrest may be important for initiating cardiorespiratory arrest and death. Prior evidence suggests that apnea onset can coincide with seizure spread to the amygdala and that stimulation of the amygdala can reliably induce apneas in epilepsy patients, potentially implicating amygdalar regions in seizure-related respiratory arrest and subsequent postictal hypoventilation and cardiorespiratory death. This study aimed to determine if an extended amygdalar structure, the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (dBNST), is involved in seizure-induced respiratory arrest (S-IRA) and death using DBA/1 mice, a mouse strain which has audiogenic seizures and a high incidence of postictal respiratory arrest and death. The presence of S-IRA significantly increased c-Fos expression in the dBNST of DBA/1 mice. Furthermore, disruption of synaptic output from the dBNST via viral-induced tetanus neurotoxin significantly improved survival following S-IRA in DBA/1 mice without affecting baseline breathing or hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory response. This disruption in the dBNST resulted in changes to the balance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic events in the downstream brainstem regions of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and the periaqueductal gray (PAG). These findings suggest that the dBNST is a potential subcortical forebrain site necessary for the mediation of seizure-induced respiratory arrest, potentially through its outputs to brainstem respiratory regions.

SUMMARY STATEMENTThis study used a viral expression technique to disrupt synaptic output in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of DBA/1 audiogenic seizure mice. Inactivating the BNST significantly improved survival following seizures and altered brainstem excitation/inhibition balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobis, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.473665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of synaptic transmission in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis reduces seizure-induced death in DBA/1 mice and alters brainstem E/I balance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic regulation by prostaglandin E2 impairs lung group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.23.474031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in asthma pathogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is associated with reduced signaling via EP2, a receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, the respective roles for the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 (both share same downstream signaling) in the regulation of lung ILC2 responses has yet been deciphered. Here, we find that deficiency of EP2 rather than EP4 augments IL-33-induced lung ILC2 responses and eosinophilic inflammation in vivo. In contrast, exogenous agonism of EP4 but not EP2 markedly restricts IL-33- and Alternaria alternata-induced lung ILC2 responses and eosinophilic inflammation. Mechanistically, PGE2 directly suppresses IL-33-dependent ILC2 activation through the EP2/EP4-cAMP pathway, which downregulates STAT5 and MYC pathway gene expression and ILC2 energy metabolism. Blocking glycolysis diminishes IL-33-dependent ILC2 responses in mice lacking endogenous PG synthesis but not in PG-competent mice. Together, we have defined a mechanism for optimal suppression of lung ILC2 responses by endogenous PGE2-EP2 signaling which underpins the clinical findings of defective EP2 signaling in patients with NERD. Our findings also indicate that exogenously targeting the PGE2-EP4-cAMP and energy metabolic pathways may provide novel opportunities for treating ILC2-initiated lung inflammation in asthma and NERD.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=178 SRC="FIGDIR/small/474031v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (45K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17dd2caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@199ce97org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ca1f67org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d3a49f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Schematic of potential roles for activation of EP2 and EP4 by endogenous versus exogenous ligands in regulation of lung ILC2 immune responses. Endogenous PGE2 in the lung preferentially activates EP2 rather than EP4 to inhibit ILC2 responses and eosinophilic inflammation, and ablation of EP2 enhances lung ILC2 responses. Conversely, lung ILC2 responses are not altered by EP4 deficiency. However, they are markedly inhibited by EP4 agonism but not EP2 agonism. Mechanistically, PGE2-EP2/EP4 signaling activates the cAMP pathway which inhibits ILC2 energy metabolism, possibly through interruption of NF-{kappa}B (reported in Nagashima H, et al. Immunity 2019;51:682-695) and STAT5 signaling, leading to decline of ILC2 survival, proliferation and type 2 cytokine production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goepp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jheeta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narumiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSorley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maizels, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.23.474031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic regulation by prostaglandin E2 impairs lung group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving the computation efficiency of polygenic risk score modeling: Faster in Julia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.27.474263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To enable large-scale application of polygenic risk scores in a computationally efficient manner we translate a widely used polygenic risk score construction method, Polygenic Risk Score - Continuous Shrinkage (PRS-CS), to the Julia programing language, PRS.jl. On nine different traits with varying genetic architectures, we demonstrate that PRS.jl maintains accuracy of prediction while decreasing the average run time by 5.5x. Additional programmatic modifications improve usability and robustness. This freely available software substantially improves work flow and democratizes utilization of polygenic risk scores by lowering the computational burden of the PRS-CS method.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faucon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samaroo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuey, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.27.474263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving the computation efficiency of polygenic risk score modeling: Faster in Julia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards Generalizable Predictions for the Effects of Mutations on G-Protein Coupled Receptor Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Missense mutations that compromise the plasma membrane expression (PME) of integral membrane proteins (MPs) are the root cause of numerous genetic diseases. Differentiation of this class of mutations from those that specifically modify the activity of the folded protein has proven useful for the development and targeting of precision therapeutics. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to predict the effects of mutations on the stability and/ or expression of MPs. In this work, we utilize deep mutational scanning data to train a series of artificial neural networks to predict the effects of mutations on the PME of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin from structural and/ or evolutionary features. We show that our best performing network, which we term PMEpred, can differentiate pathogenic rhodopsin variants that induce misfolding from those that primarily compromise signaling. This network also generates statistically significant predictions for the effects of mutations on the PME of another GPCR ({beta}2 adrenergic receptor) but not for an unrelated voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ1). Notably, our analyses of these networks suggest structural features alone are generally sufficient to recapitulate the observed mutagenic trends. Moreover, our findings imply that networks trained in this manner may be generalizable to proteins that share a common fold. Implications of our findings for the design of mechanistically specific genetic predictors are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelt, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendenhall, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards Generalizable Predictions for the Effects of Mutations on G-Protein Coupled Receptor Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A transient apical extracellular matrix relays cytoskeletal patterns to shape permanent acellular ridges on the surface of adult C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apical extracellular matrices can form protruding structures such as denticles, ridges, scales, or teeth on the surfaces of epithelia. The mechanisms that shape these structures remain poorly understood. Here, we show how the actin cytoskeleton and a provisional matrix work together to sculpt acellular longitudinal alae ridges in the cuticle of adult C. elegans. Transient actomyosin-dependent constriction of the underlying lateral epidermis accompanies deposition of the provisional matrix at the earliest stages of alae formation. Actin is required to pattern the provisional matrix into longitudinal bands that are initially offset from the pattern of longitudinal actin filaments. These bands appear ultrastructurally as alternating regions of adhesion and separation within laminated provisional matrix layers. The provisional matrix is required to establish these demarcated zones of adhesion and separation, which ultimately give rise to alae ridges and their intervening valleys, respectively. Provisional matrix proteins shape the alae ridges and valleys but are not present within the final structure. We propose a morphogenetic mechanism wherein cortical actin patterns are relayed mechanically to the laminated provisional matrix to set up distinct zones of matrix layer separation and accretion that shape a permanent and acellular matrix structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katz, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maul-Newby, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparacio, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K. C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maybrun, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frand, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A transient apical extracellular matrix relays cytoskeletal patterns to shape permanent acellular ridges on the surface of adult C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Registration and Exploration User Interfaces in support of a Human Reference Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several international consortia are collaborating to construct a human reference atlas, which is a comprehensive, high-resolution, three-dimensional atlas of all the cells in the healthy human body. Laboratories around the world are collecting tissue specimens from donors varying in sex, age, ethnicity, and body mass index. However, integrating and harmonizing tissue data across 20+ organs and more than 15 bulk and spatial single-cell assay types poses diverse challenges. Here we present the software tools and user interfaces developed to annotate ("register") and explore the collected tissue data. A key part of these tools is a common coordinate framework, which provides standard terminologies and data structures for describing specimens, biological structures, and spatial positions linked to existing ontologies. As of December 2021, the "registration" user interface has been used to harmonize and make publicly available data on 6,178 tissue sections from 2,698 tissue blocks collected by the Human Biomolecular Atlas Program, the Stimulating Peripheral Activity to Relieve Conditions program, the Human Cell Atlas, the Kidney Precision Medicine Project, and the Genotype Tissue Expression project. The second "exploration" user interface enables consortia to evaluate data quality and coverage, explore tissue data in the context of the human body, and guide data acquisition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueckle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herr, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quardokus, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Record, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserfall, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Registration and Exploration User Interfaces in support of a Human Reference Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theta- and gamma-band oscillatory uncoupling in the macaque hippocampus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.30.474585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nested hippocampal oscillations in the rodent give rise to temporal dynamics that may underlie learning, memory, and decision making. Although theta/gamma coupling in rodent CA1 occurs during exploration, in contrast to sharp-wave ripples that emerge in quiescence, it is less clear that these oscillatory regimes extend to primates. We, therefore, sought to identify correspondences in frequency bands, nesting, and behavioral coupling taken from the macaque hippocampus. We found that, in contrast to rodent oscillations, theta and gamma frequency bands in macaque CA1 were segregated by behavioral states. Beta2/gamma (15-70 Hz) had greater power during visual search while the theta band (3-10 Hz; peak [~]8 Hz) dominated during quiescence. Moreover, theta band amplitude was strongest when beta2/slow gamma (20-35 Hz) amplitude was weakest, occurring instead concomitant with higher frequencies (60-150 Hz). Spike-field coherence was most frequently seen in these three bands, (3-10 Hz, 20-35 Hz, and 60-150 Hz); however, the theta-band coherence was largely due to spurious coupling during sharp-wave ripples. Accordingly, no intrinsic theta spiking rhythmicity was apparent. These results support a role for beta2/slow gamma modulation in CA1 during active exploration in the primate that is decoupled from theta oscillations. The apparent difference to the rodent oscillatory canon calls for a shift in focus of frequency when considering the primate hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbaspoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.30.474585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theta- and gamma-band oscillatory uncoupling in the macaque hippocampus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474637v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission is essential to maintain cristae morphology and bioenergetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.31.474637v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria and peroxisomes are both dynamic signaling organelles that constantly undergo fission. While mitochondrial fission is known to coordinate cellular metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis, the physiological relevance of peroxisome dynamics and the implications for cell fate are not fully understood. DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1) is an essential GTPase that executes both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Patients with de novo heterozygous missense mutations in the gene that encodes DRP1, DNM1L (Dynamin 1 Like), present with encephalopathy due to defective mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission (EMPF1). EMPF1 is a devastating neurodevelopmental disease with no effective treatment. To interrogate the mechanisms by which DRP1 mutations cause cellular dysfunction, we used human-derived fibroblasts from patients with mutations in DRP1 who present with EMPF1. As expected, patient cells display elongated mitochondrial morphology and lack of fission. Patient cells display a lower coupling efficiency of the electron transport chain, increased proton leak, and upregulation of glycolysis. In addition to these metabolic abnormalities, mitochondrial hyperfusion results in aberrant cristae structure and hyperpolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, both of which are tightly linked to the changes in metabolism. Peroxisome structure is also severely elongated in patient cells and results in a potential functional compensation of fatty acid oxidation. Understanding the mechanism by which DRP1 mutations cause these metabolic changes will give insight into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cristae maintenance and the metabolic capacity of the cell, as well as the disease mechanism underlying EMPF1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riffle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mears, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.31.474637</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission is essential to maintain cristae morphology and bioenergetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474865v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociating encoding of memory and salience by manipulating long-term synaptic potentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474865v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural codes are thought to be reorganized during memory formation by long-term potentiation (LTP) of synapses. Here, using a novel approach for selectively blocking LTP, we found that eliminating LTP in hippocampal or striatal circuits only produces limited effects on learning and memory. To reconcile the discrepancy between the large physiological effect of blocking LTP and the absent effect on learning, we studied how LTP impacts neuronal computations in the hippocampus using in-vivo Ca2+-imaging. Contrary to current conceptual frameworks, we found that hippocampal CA1-region LTP is not required for accurate representations of space in hippocampal neurons, but rather endows these neurons with reward- and novelty-coding properties. Thus, instead of driving formation of cognitive maps and memory engrams, CA1-region LTP incorporates salience information into cognitive representations.

One-Sentence SummaryA novel approach for studying long-term potentiation reveals its surprising and selective role in salience encoding
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaganovsky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitt, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474865</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociating encoding of memory and salience by manipulating long-term synaptic potentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sleep slow-wave oscillations trigger seizures in a genetic epilepsy model of Dravet syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.04.474940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is the brain state when cortical activity decreases and memory consolidates. However, in human epileptic patients, including genetic epileptic seizures such as Dravet syndrome, sleep is the preferential period when epileptic spike-wave discharges (SWDs) appear, with more severe epileptic symptoms in female patients than male patients, which influencing patient sleep quality and memory. Currently, seizure onset mechanisms during sleep period still remain unknown. Our previous work has shown that the sleep-like state-dependent synaptic potentiation mechanism can trigger epileptic SWDs(Zhang et al., 2021). In this study, using one heterozygous (het) knock-in (KI) transgenic mice (GABAA receptor {gamma}2 subunit Gabrg2Q390X mutation) and an optogenetic method, we hypothesized that slow-wave oscillations (SWOs) themselves in vivo could trigger epileptic seizures. We found that epileptic SWDs in het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice exhibited preferential incidence during NREM sleep period, accompanied by motor immobility/ facial myoclonus/vibrissal twitching, with more frequent incidence in female het KI mice than male het KI mice. Optogenetic induced SWOs in vivo significantly increased epileptic seizure incidence in het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice with increased duration of NREM sleep or quiet-wakeful states. Furthermore, suppression of SWO-related homeostatic synaptic potentiation by 4- (diethylamino)-benzaldehyde (DEAB) injection (i.p.) greatly decreased seizure incidence in het KI mice, suggesting that SWOs did trigger seizure activity in het KI mice. In addition, EEG delta-frequency (0.1-4 Hz) power spectral density during NREM sleep was significantly larger in female het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice than male het Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mice, which likely contributes to the gender difference in seizure incidence during NREM sleep/quiet-wake as that in human patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Catron, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howe, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besing, G.-L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. John, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potesta, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.474940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sleep slow-wave oscillations trigger seizures in a genetic epilepsy model of Dravet syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Function and constraint in enhancers with multiple evolutionary origins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationThousands of human gene regulatory enhancers are composed of sequences with multiple evolutionary origins. These evolutionarily "complex" enhancers consist of older "core" sequences and younger "derived" sequences. However, the functional relationship between the sequences of different evolutionary origins within complex enhancers is poorly understood.

ResultsWe evaluated the function, selective pressures, and sequence variation across core and derived components of human complex enhancers. We find that both components are older than expected from the genomic background, and cores are enriched for derived sequences of similar evolutionary ages. Both components show strong evidence of biochemical activity in massively parallel report assays (MPRAs). However, core and derived sequences have distinct transcription factor (TF) binding preferences that are largely stable across evolutionary origins. Given these signatures of function, both core and derived sequences have substantial evidence of purifying selection. Nonetheless, derived sequences exhibit weaker purifying selection than adjacent cores. Derived sequences also tolerate more common genetic variation and are enriched compared to cores for eQTL associated with gene expression variability in human populations.

ConclusionsBoth core and derived sequences have strong evidence of gene regulatory function, but derived sequences have distinct constraint profiles, TF binding preferences, and tolerance to variation compared with cores. We propose that the step-wise integration of younger derived and older core sequences has generated regulatory substrates with robust activity and the potential for functional variation. Our analyses demonstrate that synthesizing study of enhancer evolution and function can aid interpretation of regulatory sequence activity and functional variation across human populations.

Significance StatementThousands of human gene regulatory enhancers are mosaics of sequences from multiple evolutionary origins, yet how these different segments contribute to enhancer function is poorly understood. By dissecting their regulatory functions, transcription factor binding, constraint, and human genetic variation, we show that both older "core" and younger "derived" sequences in complex enhancers have strong evidence of gene regulatory function, but derived sequences are more likely to harbor genetic variants that influence function. Together, our results support a model in which the integration of sequences of different origins generates regulatory substrates with robust activity and the potential for functional variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fong, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Function and constraint in enhancers with multiple evolutionary origins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475414v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Free diffusion of PI(4,5)P2 in the plasma membrane in the presence of high density effector protein complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.07.475414v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lipid phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] is a master regulator of plasma membrane (PM) function. It engages effector proteins that regulate diverse traffic, transport, signaling and cytoskeletal processes that define PM structure and function. How a single class of lipid molecules independently regulate so many parallel processes remains an open question. We tested the hypothesis that spatially segregated pools of PI(4,5)P2 are associated with, and thus reserved for regulation of, different functional complexes in the PM. The mobility of PI(4,5)P2 in the membrane was measured using lipid biosensors by single particle tracking photoactivation localization microscopy (sptPALM). We found that PI(4,5)P2, and several other classes of inner PM lipids, diffuse rapidly at approximately 0.3 {micro}m2/s with largely Brownian motion, although they spend approximately a third of their time diffusing much more slowly. Surprisingly, areas of the PM occupied by PI(4,5)P2-dependent complexes, such endoplasmic-reticulum:PM contact sites, clathrin-coated structures, and several actin cytoskeletal elements including focal adhesions, did not cause a change in PI(4,5)P2 lateral mobility. Only the spectrin and septin cytoskeletons were observed to produce a slowing of PI(4,5)P2 diffusion. We conclude that even structures with high densities of PI(4,5)P2-engaging effector proteins, such as clathrin coated pits and focal adhesions, do not corral free PI(4,5)P2, questioning a role for spatially segregated PI(4,5)P2 pools in organizing and regulating parallel PM functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zewe, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.07.475414</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Free diffusion of PI(4,5)P2 in the plasma membrane in the presence of high density effector protein complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systematic analysis of human antibody response to ebolavirus glycoprotein reveals high prevalence of neutralizing public clonotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the human antibody response to emerging viral pathogens is key to epidemic preparedness. As the size of the B cell response to a pathogenic virus protective antigen is undefined, we performed deep paired heavy and light chain sequencing in EBOV-GP specific memory B cells, allowing analysis of the ebolavirus-specific antibody repertoire both genetically and functionally. This approach facilitated investigation of the molecular and genetic basis for evolution of cross-reactive antibodies by elucidating germline-encoded properties of antibodies to EBOV and identification of the overlap between antibodies in the memory B-cell and serum repertoire. We identified 73 public clonotypes to EBOV, 20% of which encoded antibodies with neutralization activity and capacity to protect in vivo. This comprehensive analysis of the public and private antibody repertoire provides insight into the molecular basis of the humoral immune response to EBOV-GP, which informs vaccine design of new vaccines and improved therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilinykh, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonissone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kona, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monroig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukreyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systematic analysis of human antibody response to ebolavirus glycoprotein reveals high prevalence of neutralizing public clonotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An antibody targeting the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the spike trimer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.12.476120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protective human antibody response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus focuses on the spike (S) protein which decorates the virion surface and mediates cell binding and entry. Most SARS-CoV-2 protective antibodies target the receptor- binding domain or a single dominant epitope ( supersite) on the N terminal domain (NTD). Here, using the single B cell technology LIBRA-seq, we isolated a large panel of NTD-reactive and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from an individual who had recovered from COVID-19. We found that neutralizing antibodies to the NTD supersite commonly are encoded by the IGHV1-24 gene, forming a genetic cluster that represents a public B cell clonotype. However, we also discovered a rare human antibody, COV2-3434, that recognizes a site of vulnerability on the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in the trimer interface and possesses a distinct class of functional activity. COV2-3434 disrupted the integrity of S protein trimers, inhibited cell-to-cell spread of virus in culture, and conferred protection in human ACE2 transgenic mice against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. This study provides insight about antibody targeting of the S protein trimer interface region, suggesting this region may be a site of virus vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiakolas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBlargan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selverian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.476120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An antibody targeting the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the spike trimer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.15.476471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The cytoplasmic incompatibility Cif proteins from prophage WO modify sperm genome integrity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.15.476471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited microorganisms can selfishly manipulate host reproduction to drive through populations. In Drosophila melanogaster, germline expression of the native Wolbachia prophage WO proteins CifA and CifB cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in which embryos from infected males and uninfected females suffer catastrophic mitotic defects and lethality; however, in infected females, CifA expression rescues the embryonic lethality and thus imparts a fitness advantage to the maternally-transmitted Wolbachia. Despite widespread relevance to sex determination, evolution, and vector control, the mechanisms underlying when and how CI impairs male reproduction remain unknown and a topic of debate. Here we use cytochemical, microscopic, and transgenic assays in D. melanogaster to demonstrate that CifA and CifB proteins of wMel localize to nuclear DNA throughout the process of spermatogenesis. Cif proteins cause abnormal histone retention in elongating spermatids and protamine deficiency in mature sperms that travel to the female reproductive tract with Cif proteins. Notably, protamine gene knockouts enhance wild type CI. In ovaries, CifA localizes to germ cell nuclei and cytoplasm of early-stage egg chambers, however Cifs are absent in late-stage oocytes and subsequently in fertilized embryos. Finally, CI and rescue are contingent upon a newly annotated CifA bipartite nuclear localization sequence. Together, our results strongly support the Host Modification model of CI in which Cifs initially modify the paternal and maternal gametes to bestow CI-defining embryonic lethality and rescue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, I. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.15.476471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The cytoplasmic incompatibility Cif proteins from prophage WO modify sperm genome integrity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of replication fork-associated proteins in Drosophila embryos and cultured cells using iPOND coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication of the eukaryotic genome requires the formation of thousands of replication forks that must work in concert to accurately replicate the genetic and epigenetic information. Defining replication fork-associated proteins is a key step in understanding how genomes are replicated and repaired in the context of chromatin to maintain genome stability. To identify replication fork-associated proteins, we performed iPOND (Isolation of Proteins on Nascent DNA) coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry in Drosophila embryos and cultured cells. We identified 76 and 278 fork-associated proteins in post-MZT embryos and Drosophila cultured S2 cells, respectively. By performing a targeted screen of a subset of these proteins, we demonstrate that BRWD3, a targeting specificity factor for the DDB1/Cul4 ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4), functions at replication forks to promote fork progression and maintain genome stability. Altogether, our work provides a valuable resource for those interested in the DNA replication, repair and chromatin assembly during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirgar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.18.476773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of replication fork-associated proteins in Drosophila embryos and cultured cells using iPOND coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The IMD and JNK pathways drive the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.26.477938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune and circulatory systems of animals are functionally integrated. In mammals, the spleen and lymph nodes filter and destroy microbes circulating in the blood and lymph, respectively. In insects, immune cells that surround the heart valves (ostia), called periostial hemocytes, destroy pathogens in the areas of the body that experience the swiftest hemolymph (blood) flow. An infection recruits additional periostial hemocytes, amplifying heart-associated immune responses. Although the structural mechanics of periostial hemocyte aggregation have been defined, the genetic factors that regulate this process remain less understood. Here, we conducted RNAseq in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and discovered that an infection upregulates multiple components of the IMD and JNK pathways in the heart with periostial hemocytes. This upregulation is greater in the heart with periostial hemocytes than in the circulating hemocytes or the entire abdomen. RNAi-based knockdown then showed that the IMD and JNK pathways drive periostial hemocyte aggregation and alter phagocytosis and melanization on the heart, thereby demonstrating that these pathways regulate the functional integration between the immune and circulatory systems. Understanding how insects fight infection lays the foundation for novel strategies that could protect beneficial insects and harm detrimental ones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigle, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estevez-Lao, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillyer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.26.477938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The IMD and JNK pathways drive the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three-dimensional actuation of hummingbird wings requires diverse effects from the primary flight muscles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.477984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds have evolved to hover and maneuver with exceptional flight control. This is directly enabled by their musculoskeletal system that successfully exploits the agile motion of flapping wings. Here, we reveal novel principles of hummingbird wing actuation that provide insights into the evolution and robotic emulation of hummingbird flight. We develop a functional model of hummingbird musculoskeletal system, which predicts instantaneous, three-dimensional torque produced by primary (pectoralis and supracoracoideus) and combined secondary muscles. It also reveals primary muscle contractile behavior, including stress, strain, elasticity, and work. Results show that the primary muscles (i.e., the flight "engine") function as diverse effectors, as they do not simply power the stroke, but also actively deviate and pitch the wing. The secondary muscles produce controlled-tightening effects, by acting against primary muscles in deviation and pitching. The diverse effector capacity of pectoralis is associated with the evolution of a comparatively enormous bicipital crest on humerus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobalske, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedrick, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.477984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three-dimensional actuation of hummingbird wings requires diverse effects from the primary flight muscles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RTEL1 and MCM10 overcome topological stress during vertebrate replication termination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.27.478093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topological stress can cause replication forks to stall as they converge upon one another during termination of vertebrate DNA synthesis. However, replication forks ultimately overcome topological stress and complete DNA synthesis, suggesting that alternative mechanisms can overcome topological stress. We performed a proteomic analysis of converging replication forks that were stalled by topological stress in Xenopus egg extracts. We found that the helicase RTEL1 and the replisome protein MCM10 were highly enriched on DNA under these conditions. We show that RTEL1 normally plays a minor role during fork convergence while the role of MCM10 is normally negligible. However, RTEL1 and MCM10 both become crucially important for fork convergence under conditions of topological stress. RTEL1 and MCM10 exert non-additive effects on fork convergence and physically interact, suggesting that they function together. Furthermore, RTEL1 and MCM10 do not impact topoisomerase activity but do promote fork progression through a replication barrier. Thus, RTEL1 and MCM10 appear to play a general role in promoting progression of stalled forks, including when forks stall during termination. Overall, our data identify an alternate mechanism of termination involving RTEL1 and MCM10 that can be used to complete DNA synthesis under conditions of topological stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campos, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavlashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.478093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RTEL1 and MCM10 overcome topological stress during vertebrate replication termination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
JUN Regulation of Injury-induced Enhancers in Schwann Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Schwann cells play a critical role after peripheral nerve injury by clearing myelin debris, forming axon-guiding Bands of Bungner, and re-myelinating regenerating axons. Schwann cells undergo epigenomic remodeling to differentiate into a repair state that expresses unique genes, some of which are not expressed at other stages of Schwann cell development. We previously identified a set of enhancers that are activated in Schwann cells after nerve injury, and we determined if these enhancers are pre-programmed into the Schwann cell epigenome as poised enhancers prior to injury. Poised enhancers share many attributes of active enhancers, such as open chromatin, but are marked by repressive H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) rather than H3K27ac. We find that most injury-induced enhancers are not marked as poised enhancers prior to injury indicating that injury-induced enhancers are not pre-programmed in the Schwann cell epigenome. Injury-induced enhancers are enriched with AP-1 binding motifs, and the c-JUN subunit of AP-1 had been shown to be critical to drive the transcriptional response of Schwann cells after injury. Using in vivo ChIP-seq analysis we find that c-JUN binds to a subset of injury-induced enhancers. To test the role of specific injury-induced enhancers, we focused on c-JUN-binding enhancers upstream of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) gene, which is only upregulated in repair Schwann cells compared to other stages of Schwann cell development. We confirm that c-JUN regulates these enhancers and also show that the enhancers are required for robust induction of the Shh gene after injury.

Significance StatementThe pro-regenerative actions of Schwann cells after nerve injury depends on upon profound reprogramming of the epigenome. The repair state is directed by injury-induced transcription factors, like JUN, which is uniquely required after nerve injury. In this study, we test whether the injury program is pre-programmed into the epigenome as poised enhancers and define which enhancers bind JUN. Finally, we test the roles of these enhancers by performing CRISPR-mediated deletion of JUN-bound injury enhancers in the Sonic hedgehog gene. While many long range enhancers drive expression of Sonic hedgehog at different developmental stages of specific tissues, these studies identify an entirely new set of enhancers that are required for Sonic hedgehog induction in Schwann cells after injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manurung, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Won, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyatt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatramani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svaren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[JUN Regulation of Injury-induced Enhancers in Schwann Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of cell types in multiplexed in situ images by combining protein expression and spatial information using CELESTA reveals novel spatial biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.02.478888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in multiplexed in situ imaging are revealing important insights in spatial biology. However, cell type identification remains a major challenge in imaging analysis, with most existing methods involving substantial manual assessment and subjective decisions for thousands of cells. We propose a novel machine learning algorithm, CELESTA, which uses both cells protein expression and spatial information to identify cell type of individual cells. We demonstrate the performance of CELESTA on multiplexed immunofluorescence in situ images of colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Using the cell types identified by CELESTA, we identify tissue architecture associated with lymph node metastasis in HNSCC, which we validate in an independent cohort. By coupling our in situ spatial analysis with single-cell RNA-sequencing data on proximal sections of the same tissue specimens, we identify and validate cell-cell crosstalk associated with lymph node metastasis, demonstrating the power of spatial biology to reveal clinically-relevant cellular interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reticker-Flynn, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Good, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samusik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saumyaa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, Q.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentles, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunwoo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engleman, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plevritis, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.02.478888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of cell types in multiplexed in situ images by combining protein expression and spatial information using CELESTA reveals novel spatial biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Real-time luminescence enables continuous drug-response analysis in adherent and suspension cell lines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The drug-induced proliferation (DIP) rate is a metric of in vitro drug response that avoids inherent biases in commonly used metrics such as 72h viability. However, DIP rate measurements rely on direct cell counting over time, a laborious task that is subject to numerous challenges, including the need to fluorescently label cells and automatically segment nuclei. Moreover, it is incredibly difficult to directly count cells and accurately measure DIP rates for cell populations in suspension. As an alternative, we use real-time luminescence measurements derived from the cellular activity of NAD(P)H oxidoreductase to efficiently estimate drug response in both adherent and suspension cell populations to a panel of known anticancer agents. For the adherent cell lines, we collect both luminescence reads and direct cell counts over time simultaneously to assess their congruency. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly speeds up data collection, avoids the need for cellular labels and image segmentation, and opens the door to significant advances in high-throughput screening of anticancer drugs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wandishin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Real-time luminescence enables continuous drug-response analysis in adherent and suspension cell lines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward contingency gates selective cholinergic suppression of amygdala neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons modulate how organisms process and respond to environmental stimuli through impacts on arousal, attention, and memory. It is unknown, however, whether basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are directly involved in conditioned behavior, independent of secondary roles in the processing of external stimuli. Using fluorescent imaging, we found that cholinergic neurons are active during behavioral responding for a reward - even in prior to reward delivery and in the absence of discrete stimuli. Photostimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, or their terminals in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), selectively promoted conditioned responding (licking), but not unconditioned behavior nor innate motor outputs. In vivo electrophysiological recordings during cholinergic photostimulation revealed reward-contingency-dependent suppression of BLA neural activity, but not prefrontal cortex (PFC). Finally, ex vivo experiments demonstrated that photostimulation of cholinergic terminals suppressed BLA projection neuron activity via monosynaptic muscarinic-receptor-signaling, while also facilitating firing in GABAergic interneurons. Taken together, we show that the neural and behavioral effects of basal forebrain cholinergic activation are modulated by reward contingency in a target-specific manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kimchi, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgos-Robles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakoma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patarino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weddington, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foutch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, M.-f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jing, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tye, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward contingency gates selective cholinergic suppression of amygdala neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing the 3D genome organization of Neanderthals reveals that chromatin folding shaped phenotypic and sequence divergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in gene regulation were a major driver of the divergence of archaic hominins (AHs)--Neanderthals and Denisovans--and modern humans (MHs). The three-dimensional (3D) folding of the genome is critical for regulating gene expression; however, its role in recent human evolution has not been explored because the degradation of ancient samples does not permit experimental determination of AH 3D genome folding. To fill this gap, we apply novel deep learning methods for inferring 3D genome organization from DNA sequence to Neanderthal, Denisovan, and diverse MH genomes. Using the resulting 3D contact maps across the genome, we identify 167 distinct regions with diverged 3D genome organization between AHs and MHs. We show that these 3D-diverged loci are enriched for genes related to the function and morphology of the eye, supra-orbital ridges, hair, lungs, immune response, and cognition. Despite these specific diverged loci, the 3D genome of AHs and MHs is more similar than expected based on sequence divergence, suggesting that the pressure to maintain 3D genome organization constrained hominin sequence evolution. We also find that 3D genome organization constrained the landscape of AH ancestry in MHs today: regions more tolerant of 3D variation are enriched for introgression in modern Eurasians. Finally, we identify loci where modern Eurasians have inherited novel 3D genome folding patterns from AH ancestors and validate folding differences in a high-frequency locus using Hi-C, revealing a putative molecular mechanism for phenotypes associated with archaic introgression. In summary, our application of deep learning to predict archaic 3D genome organization illustrates the potential of inferring molecular phenotypes from ancient DNA to reveal previously unobservable biological differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbertson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fudenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keough, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing the 3D genome organization of Neanderthals reveals that chromatin folding shaped phenotypic and sequence divergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Fat Diet Blunts Stress-Induced Hypophagia and Activation of Glp1r Dorsal Lateral Septum Neurons in Male but not in Female Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While stress typically reduces caloric intake (hypophagia) in chow-fed rodents, presentation of palatable, high calorie substances during stress can increase caloric consumption (i.e. "comfort feeding") and promote obesity. However, little is known about how obesity itself affects feeding behavior in response to stress and the mechanisms that can influence stress-associated feeding in the context of obesity. We show that lean male mice display the expected hypophagic response following acute restraint stress, but obese male mice are resistant to this acute stress-induced hypophagia. Activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (Glp1) receptor (Glp1r) in various brain regions leads to hypophagia in response to stress. Here we show that Glp1r-positive neurons in the dorsal lateral septum (dLS) are robustly activated during acute restraint stress in lean but not in obese male mice. This raises the possibility that activation of dLS Glp1r neurons during restraint stress contributes to subsequent hypophagia. Supporting this, we show that chemogenetic inhibition of dLS Glp1r neurons attenuates acute restraint stress hypophagia in male mice. Surprisingly, we show that both lean and obese female mice are resistant to acute restraint stress-induced hypophagia and activation of dLS Glp1r neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that dLS Glp1r neurons contribute to the hypophagic response to acute restraint stress in male mice, but not in female mice, and that obesity disrupts this response in male mice. Broadly, these findings show sexually dimorphic mechanisms and feeding behaviors in lean vs. obese mice in response to acute stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bales, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centanni, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchsinger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwaba, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paldrmic, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Fat Diet Blunts Stress-Induced Hypophagia and Activation of Glp1r Dorsal Lateral Septum Neurons in Male but not in Female Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gi/o protein-coupled receptor inhibition of beta-cell electrical excitability and insulin secretion depends on Na+/K+ ATPase activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gi/o protein-coupled receptors (Gi/o-GPCRs) limit pancreatic islet insulin secretion by decreasing {beta}-cell Ca2+ entry, which is essential for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. However, the Gi/o-GPCR signaling mechanism that mediates inhibition of human islet hormone secretion has not been identified. Here we demonstrate that Gi/o-GPCRs cause hyperpolarization of the {beta}-cell membrane potential through activation of Na+/K+ ATPases (NKAs) in mouse and human islets. Stimulation of Gi/o-coupled somatostatin or 2-adrenergic receptors induced oscillations in {beta}-cell NKA activity, which resulted in islet Ca2+ fluctuations. Selective induction of {beta}-cell Gi/o signaling with a chemogenetic Gi/o-GPCR also activated NKAs and initiated islet Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that {beta}-cell Gi/o-GPCRs tune pulsatile insulin secretion. Furthermore, intra-islet paracrine activation of {beta}-cell Gi/o-GPCR signaling and NKAs by {delta}-cell somatostatin secretion slowed Ca2+ oscillations, which decreased insulin secretion. Gi/o-GPCR-mediated oscillations in {beta}-cell membrane potential and Ca2+ were dependent on NKA phosphorylation by Src tyrosine kinases; an effect that was mimicked by stimulating islet insulin receptor tyrosine kinases. Whereas {beta}-cell NKA function was completely inhibited by cAMP-dependent PKA activation. Taken together, these data reveal that NKA-mediated hyperpolarization of {beta}-cell membrane potential serves as the primary and conserved mechanism for Gi/o-GPCR control of electrical excitability, Ca2+ handling, and insulin secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborska, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhe, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaub, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gi/o protein-coupled receptor inhibition of beta-cell electrical excitability and insulin secretion depends on Na+/K+ ATPase activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging and white matter microstructure and macrostructure: a longitudinal multi-site diffusion MRI study of 1,184 participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.10.479977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the microstructural and macrostructural geometrical features of the human brains connections is necessary for understanding normal aging and disease. Here, we examine brain white matter diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data from one cross-sectional and two longitudinal datasets totaling in 1184 subjects and 2236 sessions of people aged 50-97 years. Data was drawn from well-established cohorts, including the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging dataset, Cambridge Centre for Ageing Neuroscience dataset, and the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project. Quantifying 4 microstructural features and, for the first time, 11 macrostructure-based features of volume, area, and length across 120 white matter pathways, we apply linear mixed effect modeling to investigate changes in pathway-specific features over time, and document large age associations within white matter. Conventional diffusion tensor microstructure indices are the most age-sensitive measures, with positive age associations for diffusivities and negative age associations with anisotropies, with similar patterns observed across all pathways. Similarly, pathway shape measures also change with age, with negative age associations for most length, surface area, and volume-based features. A particularly novel finding of this study is that while trends were homogeneous throughout the brain for microstructure features, macrostructural features demonstrated heterogeneity across pathways, whereby several projection, thalamic, and commissural tracts exhibited more decline with age compared to association and limbic tracts. The findings from this large-scale study provide a comprehensive overview of the age-related decline in white matter and demonstrate that macrostructural features may be more sensitive to heterogeneous white matter decline. Therefore, leveraging macrostructural features may be useful for studying aging and could have widespread implications for a variety of neurodegenerative disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.10.479977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging and white matter microstructure and macrostructure: a longitudinal multi-site diffusion MRI study of 1,184 participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling of protein conformational changes with Rosetta guided by limited experimental data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conformational changes are an essential component of functional cycles of many proteins such as transporters or receptors. Despite their importance, the characterization of functionally-relevant structural intermediates is often a hard task for both experimental and computational methods. This limitation can be at least partially relieved by integrating experimental data within computational approaches. Such integrative structural biology strategies can yield an ensemble of models consistent with experimental data. While the macromolecular modeling suite Rosetta has been extensively used to predict protein structures de novo using various types of experimental data, an all-purpose conformational change modeling approach has been absent from this suite. Here, we introduce and benchmark ConfChangeMover (CCM), a new Rosetta Mover tailored to model conformational changes in proteins using sparse experimental data. CCM is able to rotate and translate secondary structural elements and modify their backbone dihedral angles in regions of interest. We benchmarked CCM on soluble and membrane proteins with sparse experimental double electron-electron resonance (DEER) restraints and simulated C - C distance restraints, respectively. In both benchmarks, CCM outperformed state-of-the-art Rosetta methods, showing that it can model a diverse array of conformational changes. In addition, the Rosetta framework allows a wide variety of experimental data to be integrated with CCM, thus extending its capability beyond DEER restraints. Thus, our method will contribute to the biophysical characterization of protein dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling of protein conformational changes with Rosetta guided by limited experimental data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota-derived aspartate drives pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae expansion in the inflamed gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation boosts the availability of electron acceptors in the intestinal lumen creating a favorable niche for pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. However, the mechanisms linking intestinal inflammation-mediated changes in luminal metabolites and pathogen expansion remain unclear. Here, we show that mucosal inflammation induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) infection and chemical colitis results in increased intestinal levels of the amino acid aspartate. The S. Tm and E. coli genomes encode an aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspA) which converts aspartate into fumarate, an alternative electron acceptor. S. Tm and pathogenic E. coli used aspA-dependent fumarate respiration for growth in the murine gut only during inflammation. Such growth advantage was abolished in the gut of germ-free mice. However, mono-association of gnotobiotic mice with members of the classes Bacteroidia and Clostridia restored the benefit of aspartate utilization to the pathogens. Our findings demonstrate the role of microbiota-derived amino acids in driving respiration-dependent Enterobacteriaceae expansion during colitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yoo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zieba, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foegeding, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsan, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota-derived aspartate drives pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae expansion in the inflamed gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
2-Arachodonoylglycerol-mediated endocannabinoid signaling modulates mechanical hypersensitivity associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.480609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUDs) commonly co-occurs in patients with chronic pain, and a major barrier to achieving abstinence and preventing relapse is the emergence of hyperalgesia during alcohol withdrawal. Elucidating novel therapeutic approaches to target hyperalgesia associated with alcohol withdrawal could have important implications for the treatment of AUD. Here we examined the role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-mediated endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling in the regulation of hyperalgesia associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice and tested the hypothesis that pharmacological augmentation of 2-AG signaling could reduce hyperalgesia during withdrawal. After 72 hours of withdrawal from a continuous access two-bottle choice drinking paradigm, male and female mice exhibited increased mechanical but not thermal hypersensitivity, which normalized by 7 days. This effect was reversed by pretreatment with the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor JZL184, which elevates levels of 2-AG. The effects of JZL184 were prevented by coadministration of either a CB1 or CB2 antagonist. Inhibition of the 2-AG synthetic enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) with DO34 exacerbated mechanical hypersensitivity during alcohol withdrawal, causing an earlier onset and persistent hypersensitivity even one week into withdrawal. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of 2-AG signaling in the bidirectional regulation of mechanical sensitivity during alcohol withdrawal, with enhancement of 2-AG levels reducing sensitivity, and inhibition of 2-AG synthesis exacerbating sensitivity. These data suggest 2-AG augmentation could represent a novel approach to the treatment of alcohol withdrawal-associated hyperalgesia and AUD in patients with comorbid pain disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adank, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.480609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[2-Arachodonoylglycerol-mediated endocannabinoid signaling modulates mechanical hypersensitivity associated with alcohol withdrawal in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune cell regulation in stem cell niche contacting glioblastomas. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastomas (GBM) are tumors for which immune-targeted therapies have failed to show clinical benefit and for which few biomarkers provide context for meaningful therapeutic stratification. Radiographic contact of GBM tumors with the lateral ventricle stem cell niche correlates with worse patient prognosis; however, the extent to which proximity to the ventricle impacts antitumor immunity remains unknown. We demonstrate that T cell checkpoint receptor expression is elevated in ventricle-contacting GBM as is the abundance of a specific, suppressive CD32+CD44+HLADhigh myeloid population suggesting a distinct immunoregulatory influence on antitumor immunity in proximity to the lateral ventricle. Phospho-specific mass cytometric profiling revealed extensively impaired immune signaling in ventricle-contacting GBM in response to inflammatory cytokine stimulation, further supporting a suppressive milieu influencing immunity at the lateral ventricle. Collectively, we identify a regulatory impact of ventricle contact on antitumor immunity in the brain, and reveal novel clinically targetable mechanisms of immunomodulation in patients with glioblastoma.

Significance StatementWe demonstrate that the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma tumors contacting the lateral ventricle differs from non-contacting tumors. This work connects immune-biology to a radiographically detectable feature, the lateral ventricle, and highlights non-invasive imaging as a means to identify targetable immune features in glioblastoma tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartkowiak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnaeve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leelatian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambless, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune cell regulation in stem cell niche contacting glioblastomas.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lens aquaporin-5 inserts into bovine fiber cell plasma membranes through mitochondria-associated lysosome secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PURPOSETo spatially map aquaporin-5 (AQP5) expression in bovine lens, molecularly characterize cytoplasmic AQP5-containing vesicles in the outer cortex, and elucidate AQP5 membrane trafficking mechanisms.

METHODSImmunofluorescence was performed on bovine lens cryosections using AQP5, TOMM20, COX IV, calnexin, LC3B, LIMP-2, and connexin-50 antibodies and the fluorescent lipid membrane dye CM-DiI. AQP5 plasma membrane insertion was defined via line expression profile analysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on bovine lens tissue sections to define cytoplasmic organelle identity, morphology, and subcellular localization in cortical fiber cells. Bovine lenses were treated with 10 nM bafilomycin A1 or 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle control in ex vivo culture to determine changes in AQP5 plasma membrane expression.

RESULTSImmunofluorescence analysis revealed cytoplasmic AQP5 expression in bovine lens epithelial cells and differentiating fiber cells. In the bovine lens cortex, complete AQP5 plasma membrane insertion occurs at r/a 0.951 + 0.005. AQP5-containing cytoplasmic vesicles are spheroidal, tubular in morphology, express TOMM20, and contain LC3B and LIMP-2 as fiber cells mature. TEM analysis revealed spheroidal, tubular autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and lysosomes with degrading mitochondria. AQP5-containing cytoplasmic vesicles and autolysosomes dock and fuse with the plasma membrane. Bafiloymcin A1 treatment reduced AQP5 plasma membrane expression by 27%.

CONCLUSIONSAQP5 localizes to spheroidal, tubular cytoplasmic vesicles in the differentiating bovine lens fiber cells. During fiber cell differentiation, these vesicles incorporate LC3B and fuse with LIMP-2-positive lysosomes. AQP5 trafficking to the plasma membrane occurs through lysosome secretion as a novel mechanism of AQP5 trafficking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gletten, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lens aquaporin-5 inserts into bovine fiber cell plasma membranes through mitochondria-associated lysosome secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular architecture of the human caveolin-1 complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane sculpting proteins shape the morphology of cell membranes and facilitate remodeling in response to physiological and environmental cues. Complexes of the monotopic membrane protein caveolin function as essential curvature-generating components of caveolae, flask-shaped invaginations that sense and respond to plasma membrane tension. However, the structural basis for caveolins membrane remodeling activity is currently unknown. Here, we show, using cryo-electron microscopy, that the human caveolin-1 complex is composed of 11 protomers organized into a tightly packed disc with a flat membrane-embedded surface. The structural insights suggest a new mechanism for how membrane sculpting proteins interact with membranes and reveal how key regions of caveolin-1, including its scaffolding, oligomerization, and intramembrane domains, contribute to its function.

One-Sentence SummaryCryo-electron microscopy reveals that Caveolin-1 oligomerizes into a tightly packed disc with a flat membrane-binding surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Porta, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peskova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular architecture of the human caveolin-1 complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking Peptide Structure Prediction with AlphaFold2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.17.480937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AlphaFold2 (AF2) is a computational tool developed for the determination of protein structures with high accuracy. AF2 has been used for the modeling of many soluble and membrane proteins, but its performance in modeling peptide structures has not been systematically investigated so far. We benchmarked the accuracy of AF2 in predicting peptide structures between 16 - 60 amino acids using experimentally-determined peptide structures as reference. Our results show that while AF2 can predict the structures of certain peptide scaffolds with RMSD values below 3 [A], it is less successful in predicting the structures of peptides that have kinks, turns, or have extended flexible regions. Further, AF2 had several shortcomings in predicting rotamer recoveries, disulfide bonds, and the lowest RMSD structures based on pLDDT values. In summary, AF2 can be a powerful tool to determine peptide structures, but additional steps may be necessary to analyze and validate the results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.480937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking Peptide Structure Prediction with AlphaFold2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactive astrocytes transduce blood-brain barrier dysfunction through a TNFα-STAT3 signaling axis and secretion of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.21.481336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes are critical components of the neurovascular unit that support blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Transformation of astrocytes to a reactive state in response to injury and disease can be protective or harmful to BBB function, but the underlying mechanisms for these effects remain mostly unclear. Using a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived coculture model of BMEC-like cells and astrocytes, we found that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) transitions astrocytes to an inflammatory reactive state through activated STAT3 signaling, whereby the resultant astrocytes disrupt passive BBB function and induce vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in the BMEC-like cells. These associations between inflammatory reactive astrocytes, STAT3 activation, and vascular VCAM-1 expression were corroborated in human postmortem tissue. Bioinformatic analyses coupled with CRISPR interference techniques in the iPSC model revealed that inflammatory reactive astrocytes transduce BBB disruption in part through SERPINA3, which encodes alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (1ACT), a secreted serine protease inhibitor associated with aging, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimers disease. In murine ex vivo cortical explant cultures, shRNA-mediated silencing of Serpina3n in astrocytes reduced vascular VCAM-1 expression after TNF challenge. Further, direct treatment with recombinant Serpina3n in both ex vivo explant cultures and the brain in vivo (via intracerebroventricular injection into wild-type mice) was sufficient to induce vascular VCAM-1 expression and reduce tight junction integrity. Overall, our results define the TNF-STAT3 signaling axis as a driver of an inflammatory reactive astrocyte subtype responsible for BBB dysfunction. Our results also identify 1ACT as an explicit mediator of BBB damage and suggest that inhibition of 1ACT expression or activity could represent a therapeutic avenue for reversing BBB deficits in aging and neurodegenerative disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgeon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.21.481336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactive astrocytes transduce blood-brain barrier dysfunction through a TNFα-STAT3 signaling axis and secretion of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domestication and lowland adaptation of coastal preceramic maize from Paredones, Peru 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeological cobs from Paredones and Huaca Prieta (Peru) are phenotypically indistinguishable from modern maize. This contrasts with the earliest Mexican macro-specimens from Guila Naquitz and San Marcos, which are phenotypically intermediate even though they date more recently in time. These observations suggest at least two alternative scenarios, one in which maize was domesticated earlier than previously thought in the lowland Mesoamerica, followed by rapid lowland dispersal to Peru, and another in which maize was independently domesticated in South America and subsequently lost, as current evidence supports a single origin for all modern maize. To gain insights into the origins of ancient Peruvian maize, we sequenced DNA from three Paredones specimens dating 6775 to 5000 calibrated years before present (BP) and conducted comparative analyses with two teosinte subspecies (Zea mays ssp. mexicana and parviglumis) and extant maize, including highland and lowland landraces from Mesoamerica and South America. We show that Paredones maize originated from the same domestication event as Mexican maize and was domesticated by 6775 BP, implying rapid dispersal followed by improvement. Paredones maize show minimal levels of gene flow from mexicana, smaller than those observed in teosinte parviglumis. It also harbors significantly fewer alleles previously found to be adaptive to highlands, but not of alleles adaptive to lowlands, supporting a lowland migration route. Our overall results imply that Paredones maize originated in Mesoamerica, arrived in Peru without mexicana introgression through a rapid lowland migration route, and underwent improvements in both Mesoamerica and South America.

Significance StatementThe coastal Peruvian preceramic sites of Paredones and Huaca Prieta provide the earliest known maize macro-remains. Found more than 3,800 km away from the maize center of origin and presenting a phenotypically modern cob constitution relative to their antiquity, these specimens represent a paradox for understanding maize evolution and dispersal. We show that Paredones maize originated in Mesoamerica, like all known maize, and arrived in South America without introgression from the teosinte mexicana. Since modern maize has substantial contributions from mexicana, it raises the question of when mexicana introgression spread to South America. Paredones maize preferentially shares adaptive allelic diversity with lowland Mesoamerican samples, suggesting a migration route probably associated with a coastal corridor previously identified with archeological findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vallebueno-Estrada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Robles, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Orozco, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Valdivia, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarts, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillehay, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vielle-Calzada, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montiel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domestication and lowland adaptation of coastal preceramic maize from Paredones, Peru]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of functional activity in brain white matter using fiber architecture informed synchrony mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.23.481698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A general linear model is widely used for analyzing fMRI data, in which the blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signals in gray matter (GM) evoked in response to neural stimulation are modeled by convolving the time course of the expected neural activity with a canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) obtained a priori. The maps of brain activity produced reflect the magnitude of local BOLD responses. However, detecting BOLD signals in white matter (WM) is more challenging as the BOLD signals are weaker and the HRF is different, and may vary more across the brain. Here we propose a model-free approach to detect changes in BOLD signals in WM by measuring task-evoked increases of BOLD signal synchrony in WM fibers. The proposed approach relies on a simple assumption that, in response to a functional task, BOLD signals in relevant fibers are modulated by stimulus-evoked neural activity and thereby show greater synchrony than when measured in a resting state, even if their magnitudes do not change significantly. This approach is implemented in two technical stages. First, for each voxel a fiber-architecture-informed spatial window is created with orientation distribution functions constructed from diffusion imaging data. This provides the basis for defining neighborhoods in WM that share similar local fiber architectures. Second, a modified principal component analysis (PCA) is used to estimate the synchrony of BOLD signals in each spatial window. The proposed approach is validated using a 3T fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) at a group level. The results demonstrate that neural activity can be reliably detected as increases in fMRI signal synchrony within WM fibers that are engaged in a task with high sensitivities and reproducibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.23.481698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of functional activity in brain white matter using fiber architecture informed synchrony mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct execution modes of a biochemical necroptosis model explain cell type-specific responses and variability to cell-death cues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.25.481705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that has been associated with degenerative disorders, autoimmune processes, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. To better understand the biochemical mechanisms of necroptosis cell death regulation, we constructed a detailed biochemical model of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necroptosis based on known molecular interactions. Intracellular protein levels, used as model inputs, were quantified using label-free mass spectrometry, and the model was calibrated using Bayesian parameter inference to experimental protein time course data from a well-established necroptosis-executing cell line. The calibrated model accurately reproduced the dynamics of phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (pMLKL), an established necroptosis reporter. A dynamical systems analysis identified four distinct modes of necroptosis signal execution, which can be distinguished based on rate constant values and the roles of the deubiquitinating enzymes A20 and CYLD in the regulation of RIP1 ubiquitination. In one case, A20 and CYLD both contribute to RIP1 deubiquitination, in another RIP1 deubiquitination is driven exclusively by CYLD, and in two modes either A20 or CYLD acts as the driver with the other enzyme, counterintuitively, inhibiting necroptosis. We also performed sensitivity analyses of initial protein concentrations and rate constants and identified potential targets for modulating necroptosis sensitivity among the biochemical events involved in RIP1 ubiquitination regulation and the decision between complex II degradation and necrosome formation. We conclude by associating numerous contrasting and, in some cases, counterintuitive experimental results reported in the literature with one or more of the model-predicted modes of necroptosis execution. Overall, we demonstrate that a consensus pathway model of TNF-induced necroptosis can provide insights into unresolved controversies regarding the molecular mechanisms driving necroptosis execution for various cell types and experimental conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ildefonso, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver Metzig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.481705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct execution modes of a biochemical necroptosis model explain cell type-specific responses and variability to cell-death cues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Localizing temporal lobe seizure onset zones using deep learning on SEEG cortico-cortical evoked potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.481828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, automated tools for seizure onset zone (SOZ) localization using brief interictal recordings would supplement presurgical evaluations and improve care. Thus, we sought to localize SOZs by training a multi-channel convolutional neural network on stereo-EEG (SEEG) cortico-cortical evoked potentials. We performed single pulse electrical stimulation with 10 drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients implanted with SEEG. Using the 500,000 unique post-stimulation SEEG epochs, we trained a multi-channel one-dimensional convolutional neural network to determine whether an SOZ was stimulated. SOZs were classified with a mean leave-one-patient-out testing sensitivity of 78.1% and specificity of 74.6%. To achieve maximum accuracy, the model requires a 0-350 ms post stimulation time period. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the model accurately classified unilateral vs bilateral mesial temporal lobe seizure onset, and neocortical SOZs. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that a deep learning framework can be used to accurately classify SOZs using cortico-cortical evoked potentials. Our findings suggest accurate classification of SOZs relies on a complex temporal evolution of evoked potentials within 350 ms of stimulation. Validation in a larger dataset could provide a practical clinical tool for the presurgical evaluation of drug resistant epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negi, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.481828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Localizing temporal lobe seizure onset zones using deep learning on SEEG cortico-cortical evoked potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Interaction Surfaces between XPA and RPA Organize the Preincision Complex in Nucleotide Excision Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The XPA and RPA proteins fulfill essential roles in the assembly of the preincision complex in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. We have previously characterized the two interaction surfaces between XPA and RPA, with the RPA32 and RPA70AB subunits. Here we show that the mutations in the two individual interaction surfaces reduce NER activity in biochemical and cellular systems, and that combining mutations in two domains leads to an additive inhibition of NER, suggesting that they fulfill distinct roles. Our data suggest that the interaction between XPA and RPA32 is important for the initial association of XPA with NER complexes, while the interaction between XPA and RPA70 is needed for structural organization of the complex to license the dual incision reaction. SAXS analysis of complexes of XPA and RPA bound to ss/dsDNA junction substrates reveals the architecture of XPA and RPA in the preincision complex and shows that the two interaction domains between RPA and XPA are located at opposite sides of the two molecules. We propose a structure for the overall NER preincision complex that shows that the two strands of the NER bubble assume a U-shape with the two ss/dsDNA junctions localized in close proximity, with the interaction between XPA and RPA70 as one of the key organizing elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topolska-Wos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogorodnik Le Meur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tainer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeo, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharer, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Interaction Surfaces between XPA and RPA Organize the Preincision Complex in Nucleotide Excision Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis for Variations in the Sensitivity of Pathogenic Rhodopsin Variants to 9-cis-Retinal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 100 mutations in the rhodopsin gene have been linked to a spectrum of retinopathies that include retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness. Though most of these variants exhibit a loss of function, the molecular defects caused by these underlying mutations vary considerably. In this work, we utilize deep mutational scanning to quantitatively compare the plasma membrane expression of 123 known pathogenic rhodopsin variants in the presence and absence of the stabilizing cofactor 9-cis-retinal. We identify 69 retinopathy variants, including 20 previously uncharacterized variants, that exhibit diminished plasma membrane expression in HEK293T cells. 67 of these apparent class II variants exhibit a measurable increase in expression in the presence of 9-cis-retinal. However, the magnitude of the response to this molecule varies considerably across this spectrum of mutations. Evaluation of the observed shifts in relation to thermodynamic estimates for the coupling between binding and folding suggests underlying differences in stability constrains the magnitude of their response to retinal. Nevertheless, estimates from computational modeling suggest many of the least sensitive variants also directly compromise binding. Finally, we evaluate the functional properties of three previous uncharacterized, retinal-sensitive variants ({Delta}N73, S131P, and R135G) and show that two retain residual function in vitro. Together, our results provide a comprehensive experimental characterization of the proteostatic properties of retinopathy variants and their response to retinal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roushar, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamness, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Most, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jastrzebska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis for Variations in the Sensitivity of Pathogenic Rhodopsin Variants to 9-cis-Retinal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using machine learning to understand microgeographic determinants of the Zika vector, Aedes aegypti 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are limited data on why the 2016 Zika outbreak in Miami-Dade County, Florida was confined to certain neighborhoods. In this research, Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of Zika virus, are studied to examine neighborhood-level differences in their population dynamics and underlying processes. Weekly mosquito data were acquired from the Miami-Dade County Mosquito Control Division from 2016 to 2020 from 172 traps deployed around Miami-Dade County. Using Random Forest, a machine learning method, predictive models of spatiotemporal dynamics of Ae. aegypti in response to meteorological conditions and neighborhood-specific socio-demographic and physical characteristics, such as land-use and land-cover type and income level, were created. The study area was divided into two groups: areas affected by local transmission of Zika during the 2016 outbreak and unaffected areas. Aedes aegypti populations in areas affected by Zika were more strongly influenced by 14- and 21-day lagged weather conditions. In the unaffected areas, mosquito populations were more strongly influenced by land-use and day-of-collection weather conditions. There are neighborhood-scale differences in Ae. aegypti population dynamics. These differences in turn influence vector-borne disease diffusion in a region. These results have implications for vector control experts to lead neighborhood-specific vector control strategies and for epidemiologists to guide vector-borne disease risk preparations, especially for containing the spread of vector-borne disease in response to ongoing climate change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilke, A. B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using machine learning to understand microgeographic determinants of the Zika vector, Aedes aegypti]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved mammalian retromer cryo-EM structures reveal a new assembly interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.04.482375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retromer (VPS26/VPS35/VPS29 subunits) assembles with multiple sorting nexin (SNX) proteins on membranes to mediate endosomal recycling of transmembrane protein cargoes. Retromer has been implicated in other cellular events, including mitochondrial homeostasis, nutrient sensing, autophagy, and fission events. Mechanisms for mammalian retromer assembly remain undefined, and retromer engages multiple sorting nexin proteins to sort cargoes to different destinations. Published structures demonstrate mammalian retromer forms oligomers in vitro, but several structures were poorly resolved. We report here improved retromer oligomer structures using single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) by combining data collected from tilted specimens with multiple improvements in data processing, including using a three-dimensional (3D) starting model for improved automated particle picking in RELION. A retromer mutant (3KE retromer) that breaks VPS35-mediated interfaces was used to determine a structure of a new assembly interface formed by the VPS26A and VPS35 N-termini. The interface reveals how an N-terminal VPS26A arrestin saddle can link retromer chains by engaging a neighboring VPS35 N-terminus, on the opposite side from the well-characterized C-VPS26/N-VPS35 interaction observed within heterotrimers. The new interaction interface exhibits substantial buried surface area ([~]7,000 [A]2) and further suggests metazoan retromer may serve as an adaptable scaffold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kendall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.04.482375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved mammalian retromer cryo-EM structures reveal a new assembly interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical Ventilation induced P21 in an Acute Aging Model of Lung Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute lung injury which leads to a paucity of oxygen. To remedy ARDS, patients are put on mechanical ventilators; however, the stretch resulting from the mechanical ventilator can lead to ventilator-induced lung injury or VILI. VILI is exacerbated by age. The combined effects of ARDS and mechanical ventilation can result in a hostile environment which may lead to senescence (stable cell cycle arrest). The role of senescence in VILI is poorly understood. Senescence is characterized by increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors P16 and P21; however, P21 has been shown to occur in early senescence. We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation would lead to DNA damage and senescence-like phenotype. Both in vivo and in vitro models of VILI were used to investigate senescence and its mechanism in VILI. Mechanical ventilation increased senescence-associated markers such as DNA damage marker characterized by {gamma}H2AX, P21, senescence-associated secretory phenotype IL6, and decreased proliferation. Moreover, mechanical ventilation led to increased apoptosis. Lung sections were stained for KRT8 proteins, markers of transiently differentiated alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells which were reported to be more prone to DNA damage. Age and mechanical ventilation increased KRT8 positive cells. Finally, we probed a potential mediator of the stretch induced senescence in vitro by inhibiting P38-MAPK, which can be activated by DNA damage response, leading to increased P21. Inhibiting P38 decreased in P21 but did not decrease {gamma}H2AXThese findings suggest that mechanical ventilation may lead to a senescence-like phenotype involving the P38-MAPK pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gninzeko, F. J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tho, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wandling, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical Ventilation induced P21 in an Acute Aging Model of Lung Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lamin A/C mediated invaginations in the nuclear surface allow the nucleus to pass unimpeded through a dense array of fiber-like obstacles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migrating cells must deform their stiff cell nucleus to move through pores and fibers in tissue. Lamin A/C is known to hinder cell migration by limiting nuclear deformation and passage through confining channels, but its role in nuclear deformation and passage through fibrous environments is less clear. We studied cell and nuclear migration through discrete, closely spaced, slender obstacles which mimic the mechanical properties of collagen fibers. Nuclei bypassed slender obstacles while preserving their overall morphology by deforming around them with deep local invaginations of little resisting force. The obstacles did not impede the nuclear trajectory or cause a rupture of the nuclear envelope. Nuclei likewise deformed around single collagen fibers in cells migrating in 3D collagen gels. In contrast to its limiting role in nuclear passage through confining channels, lamin A/C facilitated nuclear deformation and passage through fibrous environments; nuclei in lamin-null (Lmna-/-) cells lost their overall morphology and became entangled on the obstacles. Analogous to surface tension-mediated deformation of a liquid drop, lamin A/C imparts a surface tension on the nucleus that allows nuclear invaginations with little mechanical resistance, preventing nuclear entanglement and allowing nuclear passage through fibrous environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katiyar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antani, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart-King, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sniadecki, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roux, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lele, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lamin A/C mediated invaginations in the nuclear surface allow the nucleus to pass unimpeded through a dense array of fiber-like obstacles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programming bacteria to sense environmental DNA for multiplexed pathogen detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA is a universal and programmable signal of living organisms. Here we developed cell-based DNA sensors by engineering the naturally competent bacterium Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) to detect specific DNA sequences in the environment. The DNA sensor strains can identify diverse bacterial species including major human pathogens with high specificity and sensitivity. Multiplexed detection of genomic DNA from different species in complex samples can be achieved by coupling the sensing mechanism to orthogonal fluorescent reporters. We also demonstrate that the DNA sensors can detect the presence of species in the complex samples without requiring DNA extraction. The modularity of the living cell-based DNA sensing mechanism and simple detection procedure could enable programmable DNA sensing for broad applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falbel, T. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturelli, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programming bacteria to sense environmental DNA for multiplexed pathogen detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor differentially controls mossy cell activity across the dentate gyrus longitudinal axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the role of dentate gyrus (DG) mossy cells (MCs) in learning and memory has rapidly evolved due to increasingly precise methods for targeting MCs and for in vivo recording and activity manipulation in rodents. These studies have shown MCs are highly active in vivo, strongly remap to contextual manipulation, and that their inhibition or hyperactivation impairs pattern separation and location or context discrimination. What is not well understood is how MC activity is modulated by neurohormonal mechanisms, which might differentially control the participation of MCs in cognitive functions during discrete states, such as hunger or satiety. In this study, we demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a neuropeptide produced in the gut and the brain that regulates food consumption and hippocampal-dependent mnemonic function, might regulate MC function through selective expression of its receptor, GLP-1R. RNA-seq demonstrated that most Glp1r in hippocampal principal neurons is expressed in MCs, and in situ hybridization revealed strong expression of Glp1r in hilar neurons. Glp1r-ires-Cre mice crossed with Ai14D reporter mice followed by co-labeling for the MC marker GluR2/3 revealed that almost all MCs in the ventral DG expressed Glp1r and that almost all Glp1r-expressing hilar neurons were MCs. However, only ~60% of dorsal DG MCs expressed Glp1r, and Glp1r was also expressed in small hilar neurons that were not MCs. Consistent with this expression pattern, peripheral administration of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (5 g/kg) increased cFos expression in ventral but not dorsal DG hilar neurons. Finally, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from ventral MCs showed that bath application of exendin-4 (200 nM) depolarized MCs and increased action potential firing. Taken together, this study identifies a potential neurohormonal mechanism linking a critically important satiety signal with activity of MCs in the ventral DG that might have functional effects on learning and memory during distinct states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seanez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobis, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor differentially controls mossy cell activity across the dentate gyrus longitudinal axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484223v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective V1-to-V4 communication of attended stimuli mediated by attentional effects in V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484223v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective attention implements preferential routing of attended stimuli, likely through increasing the influence of the respective synaptic inputs on higher-area neurons. As the inputs of competing stimuli converge onto postsynaptic neurons, presynaptic circuits might offer the best target for attentional top-down influences. If those influences enabled presynaptic circuits to selectively entrain postsynaptic neurons, this might explain selective routing. Indeed, when two visual stimuli induce two gamma rhythms in V1, only the gamma induced by the attended stimulus entrains gamma in V4. Here, we modeled induced responses with a Dynamic Causal Model for Cross-Spectral Densities and found that selective entrainment can be explained by attentional modulation of intrinsic V1 connections. Specifically, local inhibition was decreased in the granular input layer and increased in the supragranular output layer of the V1 circuit that processed the attended stimulus. Thus, presynaptic attentional influences and ensuing entrainment were sufficient to mediate selective routing.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIWe model selective visual attention in macaques using Dynamic Causal Modeling.
C_LIO_LIIntrinsic V1 modulation can explain attention effects in V1-V4 communication.
C_LIO_LIModulation of superficial and granular inhibition is key to induce the effects.
C_LIO_LIThose modulations increase V1-V4 communication in a feedforward manner.
C_LI

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=97 SRC="FIGDIR/small/484223v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cc79a7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@146e6bdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d6bd6borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12dd663_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katsanevaki, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagnan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friston, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484223</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective V1-to-V4 communication of attended stimuli mediated by attentional effects in V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving the mesoscopic missing link: Biophysical modeling of EEG from cortical columns in primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Event-related potentials (ERP) are among the most widely measured indices for studying human cognition. While their timing and magnitude provide valuable insights, their usefulness is limited by our understanding of their neural generators at the circuit level. Inverse source localization offers insights into such generators, but their solutions are not unique. To address this problem, scientists have assumed the source space generating such signals comprises a set of discrete equivalent current dipoles, representing the activity of small cortical regions. Based on this notion, theoretical studies have employed forward modeling of scalp potentials to understand how changes in circuit-level dynamics translate into macroscopic ERPs. However, experimental validation is lacking because it requires in vivo measurements of intracranial brain sources. Laminar local field potentials (LFP) offer a mechanism for estimating intracranial current sources. Yet, a theoretical link between LFPs and intracranial brain sources is missing. Here, we present a forward modeling approach for estimating mesoscopic intracranial brain sources from LFPs and predict their contribution to macroscopic ERPs. We evaluate the accuracy of this LFP-based representation of brain sources utilizing synthetic laminar neurophysiological measurements and then demonstrate the power of the approach in vivo to clarify the source of a representative cognitive ERP component. To that end, LFP was measured across the cortical layers of visual area V4 in macaque monkeys performing an attention demanding task. We show that area V4 generates dipoles through layer-specific transsynaptic currents that biophysically recapitulate the ERP component through the detailed forward modeling. The constraints imposed on EEG production by this method also revealed an important dissociation between computational and biophysical contributors. As such, this approach represents an important bridge from the mesoscopic activity of cortical columns to the patterns of EEG we measure at the scalp.

HighlightsO_LICognitive EEG production was accurately modeled from empirically measured cortical activity in awake macaques.
C_LIO_LIV4 laminar activity plausibly generates the attention-related signal indexed by the EEG.
C_LIO_LIModels demonstrate the importance of biophysical geometry in cognitive EEG production.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving the mesoscopic missing link: Biophysical modeling of EEG from cortical columns in primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Merging of ventral fibers at adhesions drives the remodeling of cellular contractile systems in fibroblasts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ventral stress fibers (VSFs) are contractile actin fibers present in the ventral plane of the cell and existing in a dynamic attachment with cell-matrix focal adhesions. VSFs are critical in cellular mechanobiological functions such as traction force production, cell polarization, and migration. VSF within their intracellular network vary from short, thinner fibers that are randomly oriented to long, thick fibers that span along the whole long axis of a cell. De novo VSF formation was shown to occur by condensation from the cortical actin mesh or by crosslinking of other stress fiber subtypes (dorsal stress fibers and transverse arcs) at the cell front. However, formation of long VSFs that extend across the whole cell axis is not well understood. Here, we report a novel phenomenon of VSF merging in migratory fibroblast cells, which is guided by mechanical force balance and contributes to VSF alignment along the long cell axis. The mechanism of VSF merging involves two steps: connection of two ventral fibers by an emerging myosin II bridge at an intervening adhesion and intervening adhesion dissolution to form a cohesive, contractile VSF. Our data indicate that these two steps are interdependent, since under conditions where adhesion disassembly is slowed, formation of the myosin bridge is slowed as well. Cellular data and computational modeling show that the angle of contact between merging fibers decides successful merging, with angles closer to 180 yielding merging events and shallower angles leading to merge failure. Our data and modeling further show that merging increases the share of uniformly aligned long VSFs, which would contribute to directional traction force production. Thus, we thoroughly characterize merging as process for dynamic reorganization of VSFs in steady state, investigating the steps and variants of the process as well as its functional significance in migratory cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Merging of ventral fibers at adhesions drives the remodeling of cellular contractile systems in fibroblasts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allele-specific activation, enzyme kinetics, and inhibitor sensitivities of EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations in lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations within the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are found in 15-30% of all non-small cell lung carcinomas. The term exon 19 deletion (ex19del) is collectively used to refer to more than 20 distinct genomic alterations within exon 19 that comprise the most common EGFR mutation subtype in lung cancer. Despite this heterogeneity, clinical treatment decisions are made irrespective of which EGFR ex19del variant is present within the tumor, and there is a paucity of information regarding how individual ex19del variants influence protein structure and function. Herein, we identify allele-specific functional differences among ex19del variants attributable to recurring sequence and structure motifs. We build all-atom structural models of 60 ex19del variants identified in patients and combine ~400 s of molecular dynamics simulations with biochemical and biophysical experiments to analyze three ex19del mutations (E746_A750, E746_S752>V, and L747_A750>P). We demonstrate that sequence variation in ex19del alters oncogenic cell growth, dimerization propensity, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sensitivity. We show that in contrast to E746_A750 and E746_S752>V, the L747_A750>P variant forms highly active ligand-independent dimers. E746_S752>V displays the least TKI sensitivity among the variants tested, which enzyme kinetic analysis and TKI inhibition experiments suggest is due to increased ATP Km relative to the common E746_A750 variant. Through these analyses, we propose an expanded framework for interpreting ex19del variants and new considerations for therapeutic intervention.

SignificanceEGFR mutations are detected in approximately 30% of all lung adenocarcinomas, and the most common EGFR mutation occurring in ~50% of patients is termed "exon 19 deletion" (ex19del). Despite the existence of dozens of different genomic variants comprising what is generically referred to clinically as ex19del, clinicians currently do not distinguish between ex19del variants in considering treatment options, and the differences between ex19del variants are largely unstudied in the broader scientific community. Herein, we describe functional differences between distinct EGFR ex19del variants attributable to the structural features of each variant. These findings suggest a possible explanation for observed differences in patient outcomes stratified by ex19del subtype and reinforce the need for allele-specific considerations in clinical treatment decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finneran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzler, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeNoue-Newton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovly, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allele-specific activation, enzyme kinetics, and inhibitor sensitivities of EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations in lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Screening of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides for inhibition of calcium-triggered exocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The so-called primary interface between the SNARE complex and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) is essential for Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release in neuronal synapses. The interacting residues of the primary interface are conserved across different species for synaptotagmins (Syt1, Syt2, Syt9), SNAP-25, and syntaxin-1A homologs involved in fast synchronous release. This Ca2+-independent interface forms prior to Ca2+-triggering and plays a role in synaptic vesicle priming. This primary interface is also conserved in the fusion machinery that is responsible for mucin granule membrane fusion. Ca2+-stimulated mucin secretion is mediated by the SNAREs syntaxin-3, SNAP-23, VAMP8, synaptotagmin-2, and other proteins. Here, we designed and screened a series of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides consisting of SNAP-25 fragments that included some of the key residues involved in the primary interface as observed in high-resolution crystal structures. We selected a subset of four stapled peptides that were highly -helical as assessed by circular dichroism and that inhibited both Ca2+-independent and Ca2+-triggered ensemble lipid-mixing with neuronal SNAREs and Syt1. In a single-vesicle contentmixing assay with reconstituted neuronal SNAREs and synaptotagmin-1 or with reconstituted airway SNAREs and synaptotagmin-2, the selected peptides also suppressed Ca2+-triggered fusion. Taken together, hydrocarbon-stapled peptides that interfere with the primary interface consequently inhibit Ca2+-triggered exocytosis. Our inhibitor screen suggests that these compounds may be useful to combat mucus hypersecretion that is a major cause of airway obstruction in the pathophysiology of COPD, asthma and cystic fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuvim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfuetzner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esquivies, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czako, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickey, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.484632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Screening of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides for inhibition of calcium-triggered exocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Reconstructions of Mouse Skeletal Muscle and Heart Muscle Reveal a Decrease in the MICOS Complex and Altered Mitochondrial Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.22.485341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuring aging, muscle gradually undergoes loss of function including sarcopenia, losing mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity. While mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, the genes associated with morphological changes in mitochondria during aging still require further elucidation. Furthermore, it is not completely understood how 3D mitochondrial structures are altered during aging in skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues.

MethodsWe measured changes in mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial complexity during the aging of murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissues using serial block face- scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction. Lipidomic and metabolomic analysis elucidated concomitant changes associated with aging. We also used qPCR, transmission electron microscopy quantification, Seahorse Analyzer, and metabolomics to evaluate changes in mitochondria morphology and function upon loss of the MICOS complex.

ResultsWe identified significant changes in 3D mitochondrial size and network configuration in murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissue during aging. These changes were concomitant with loss of mitochondria contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) gene expression during aging. Mitochondrial morphology was similar between aged mice and young mice. We show an age-related loss of the MICOS complex (Chchd3, chchd6, and Mitofilin) while their knockout results in alterations in mitochondrial morphology. Given the critical role of mitochondria in maintaining cellular metabolism, we perform cellular metabolic profiling of young and aged tissues. Metabolomics and lipidomics showed profound alterations, including in membrane integrity, that support our observations of age-related changes in these muscle tissues.

DiscussionIn tandem, our data suggest a relationship between the MICOS complex and aging, which could be linked to disease states with further 3D reconstruction studies. Our study highlights the importance of understanding tissue-dependent 3D mitochondrial phenotypical changes which occur across aging with evolutionary conservation between Drosophila and murine models.

Graphical Abstract
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.22.485341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Reconstructions of Mouse Skeletal Muscle and Heart Muscle Reveal a Decrease in the MICOS Complex and Altered Mitochondrial Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examination of genome-wide ortholog variation in clinical and environmental isolates of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.23.485522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is both an environmental saprobe and an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. Knowledge of genomic variation across A. fumigatus isolates is essential for understanding the evolution of pathogenicity, virulence, and resistance to antifungal drugs. Here, we investigated 206 A. fumigatus isolates (133 clinical and 73 environmental isolates) aiming to identify genes with variable presence across isolates and test whether this variation was related to the clinical or environmental origin of isolates. The PanCore genome of A. fumigatus constitutes 13,085 ortholog groups, of which 7,773 (59.4%) are shared by all isolates (CORE) and 5,312 (40.6%) vary in their gene presence across isolates (ACCESSORY). Despite differences in the distribution of orthologs across all isolates, no significant differences were observed among clinical vs. environmental isolates when accounting for phylogeny. Orthologs that differ in their distribution across isolates tend to occur in low frequency and/or be restricted to specific isolates; thus, the degree of genomic conservation between orthologs of A. fumigatus is high. These results suggest that differences in the distribution of orthologs within A. fumigatus cannot be associated with the clinical or environmental origin of isolates.

ImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is a cosmopolitan species of fungi responsible for thousands of cases of invasive disease. Clinical and environmental isolates of A. fumigatus exhibit extensive phenotypic differences, including differences related to virulence and antifungal drug resistance. A comprehensive survey of the genomic diversity present in A. fumigatus and its relationship to the clinical or environmental origin of isolates can contribute to the prediction of the mechanisms of evolution and infection of the species. Our results suggest that there is no significant variation in ortholog distribution between clinical and environmental isolates when accounting for evolutionary history. The work supports the hypothesis that environmental and clinical isolates of A. fumigatus do not differ in their gene contents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horta, M. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, L. H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcet-Houben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabaldon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examination of genome-wide ortholog variation in clinical and environmental isolates of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying transcription factor-bound gene activators and silencers in the chromatin accessible human genome using ATAC-STARR-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.25.485870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Massively parallel reporter assays test the capacity of putative gene regulatory elements to drive transcription on a genome-wide scale. Most gene regulatory activity occurs within accessible chromatin, and recently described methods have combined assays that capture these regions--such as assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq)--with self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR-seq) to selectively assay the regulatory potential of accessible DNA (ATAC-STARR-seq). Here, we report a multi-omic approach that quantifies regulatory activity, chromatin accessibility, and transcription factor (TF) occupancy with one assay using ATAC-STARR-seq. Our strategy, including important updates to the ATAC-STARR-seq assay design and workflow, enabled high-resolution testing of [~]50 million unique DNA fragments tiling [~]101,000 accessible chromatin regions in human lymphoblastoid cells. We discovered that 30% of all accessible regions contain an activator, a silencer or both. We demonstrate that activators and silencers represent distinct functional groups that are enriched for unique sets of TF motifs and are marked by specific combinations of histone modifications. Using Tn5 cut-sites retained by the ATAC-STARR library, we performed TF footprinting and stratified these groups by the presence of specific TF footprints that are supported by chromatin immunoprecipitation data. We found that activators and silencers clustered by distinct TF footprint combinations are enriched for distinct gene regulatory pathways, and thus, represent distinct gene regulatory networks of human lymphoblastoid cell function. Altogether, these data highlight the multi-faceted capabilities of ATAC-STARR-seq to comprehensively investigate the regulatory landscape of the human genome all from a single DNA fragment source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying transcription factor-bound gene activators and silencers in the chromatin accessible human genome using ATAC-STARR-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serotonin Modulates an Inhibitory Input to the Central Amygdala from the Ventral Periaqueductal Gray 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.28.486055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fear is an adaptive state that drives defensive behavioral responses to specific and imminent threats. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a critical site of adaptations that are required for the acquisition and expression of fear, in part due to alterations in the activity of inputs to the CeA. Here, we characterize a novel GABAergic input to the CeA from the ventral periaqueductal gray area (vPAG) using fiber photometry and ex vivo whole-cell slice electrophysiology combined with optogenetics and pharmacology. GABA transmission from this ascending vPAG-CeA input was enhanced by bath application of serotonin via activation of serotonin type 2C (5HT2C) receptors. Results indicate that these receptors are presynaptic. Interestingly, we found that GABA release from the vPAG-CeA input is enhanced following fear learning via activation of 5HT2C receptors and that this pathway is dynamically engaged during fear learning. Additionally, we characterized serotonin release in the CeA during fear learning and recall for the first time using fiber photometry coupled to a serotonin biosensor. Together, these findings describe a mechanism by which serotonin modulates GABA release from ascending vPAG GABA inputs to the CeA and characterize a role for this pathway in fear learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hon, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diberto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodgood, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardaway, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kash, t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowery-Gionta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.28.486055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serotonin Modulates an Inhibitory Input to the Central Amygdala from the Ventral Periaqueductal Gray]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lack of universal mutational biases in a fungal phylum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations fuel the diversity of life forms on earth through changes of nucleotides in DNA sequence. Patterns of mutations are biased; for example, mutational biases toward adenine and thymine have been previously noted in bacteria and biases for transitions over transversions are observed in diverse groups of organisms. However, the mutational biases in fungi, whose genomes vary widely in their GC content, remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms among 537 strains from 30 species and four classes from Ascomycota, the most species-rich fungal phylum. We found that mutational biases vary across Ascomycota; for example, some species in the class Saccharomycetes, in particular the bipolar budding yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum and the emerging pathogen Candida auris, show strong mutational bias toward A|T substitutions whereas the black mold Stachybotrys chartarum in the class Sordariomycetes shows substantial mutational bias toward G|C substitutions. Examination of GC content and GC equilibrium content, a measure that represents the GC content under selective neutrality and accounts for rates of G|C > A|T and A|T > G|C substitutions, revealed that fungal species vary in how their genome nucleotide composition is affected by neutral processes, mutational biases, and external evolutionary forces, such as selection. Whereas genome nucleotide composition is consistent with neutral expectations and is mainly driven by mutational bias in some species (e.g., Zymoseptoria tritici), the composition of others is influenced by both mutational bias and selection (e.g., H. uvarum and S. chartarum). These results highlight the variation of patterns of mutations across a fungal phylum and suggest that both neutral and selective processes shape the nucleotide composition of fungal genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lack of universal mutational biases in a fungal phylum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and imaging analysis of Foxg1 heterozygous mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.29.486318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
FOXG1 Syndrome (FS) is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by a heterozygous loss-of-function (LOF) mutation of the FOXG1 gene, which encodes a transcriptional regulator important for telencephalic brain development. People with FS have marked developmental delays, impaired ambulation, movement disorders, seizures, and behavior abnormalities including autistic features. Current therapeutic approaches are entirely symptomatic, however the ability to rescue phenotypes in mouse models of other genetic neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Phelan-McDermid syndrome by postnatal expression of gene products has led to hope that similar approaches could help modify the disease course in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as FS. While FoxG1 protein function plays a critical role in embryonic brain development, the ongoing adult expression of FoxG1 and behavioral phenotypes that present when FoxG1 function is removed postnatally provides support for opportunity for improvement with postnatal treatment. Here we generated a new mouse allele of Foxg1 that disrupts protein expression and characterized the behavioral and structural brain phenotypes in heterozygous mutant animals. These mutant animals display changes in locomotor behavior, gait, anxiety, social interaction, aggression, and learning and memory compared to littermate controls. Additionally, they have structural brain abnormalities reminiscent of people with FS. This information provides the framework for future studies to evaluate the potential for post-natal expression of FoxG1 to modify the disease course in this severe neurodevelopmental disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erickson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miletic Lanaghan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Does, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neul, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.29.486318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and imaging analysis of Foxg1 heterozygous mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory Sensitivity Aligns with Caste Revealing Multipotential Minors and Specialized Soldier Majors in Camponotus floridanus Ants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.01.486728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Camponotus floridanus ant colonies are comprised of a single reproductive queen and thousands of sterile female offspring that consist of two morphologically distinct castes: smaller minors and larger majors. Minors perform most of the tasks within the colony, including brood care and food collection, whereas majors have fewer clear roles and have been hypothesized to act as a specialized solider caste associated with colony defense. The allocation of workers to these different tasks depends on the detection and processing of local information including pheromones and other chemical blends such as cuticular hydrocarbons. We examined the electrophysiological responses to general odorants, cuticular extracts, and a trail pheromone in adult minor and major C. floridanus workers, revealing that the repertoire of social behaviors is positively correlated with olfactory sensitivity. Minors in particular display primarily excitatory responses to olfactory stimuli, whereas major workers respond primarily with inhibitory signals. The notable exception to this paradigm is that both minors and majors display robust, dose-dependent excitatory responses to conspecific, non-nestmate cuticular extracts. Moreover, while both minors and majors actively aggress non-nestmate foes, majors display significantly enhanced capabilities to rapidly subdue and kill opponents. Overall, our data suggest that C. floridanus majors do indeed represent a physiologically and behaviorally specialized soldier caste and support a model in which caste-specific olfactory sensitivity plays an important role in task allocation and the regulation of social behavior in ant colonies.

Significance StatementThe detection and odor coding of chemical cues are essential components of the collective behavior observed in eusocial ants. To better understand the interdependent relationship between olfactory sensitivity and the allocation of worker castes to the various tasks critical for the success of the colony, a series of behavioral assessments and an electrophysiological survey of the antennae comprising general odorants, cuticular extracts, and a trail pheromone were undertaken. These studies reveal the behavioral repertoire of minors and majors aligned with profound shifts in olfactory sensitivity and odor coding. Our data support the hypothesis that minors are multipotential workers with broad excitatory sensitivity, and majors are dedicated soldiers with a highly specialized olfactory system for the detection of non-nestmate foes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.01.486728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory Sensitivity Aligns with Caste Revealing Multipotential Minors and Specialized Soldier Majors in Camponotus floridanus Ants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-type selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulation for the treatment of parkinsonian tremor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons Disease is characterized by hallmark motor symptoms including resting tremor, akinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. In patient surveys of Parkinsons Disease symptoms and quality of life, tremor consistently ranks among the top concerns of patients with disease. However, the gold standard of treatment, levodopa, has inconsistent or incomplete anti-tremor effects in patients, necessitating new therapeutic strategies to help relieve this burden. Non-selective anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor therapeutic agents which target each of the 5 muscarinic receptor subtypes have been used as an adjunct therapy in this disease, as well as other movement disorders, and have been shown to have anti-tremor efficacy. Despite this, anti-muscarinic therapy is poorly tolerated due to adverse effects. Recent pharmacological advances have led to the discovery of muscarinic subtype selective antagonists that may keep the anti-tremor efficacy of non-selective compounds, while reducing or eliminating adverse effects. Here, we directly test this hypothesis using pharmacological models of parkinsonian tremor combined with recently discovered selective positive allosteric modulators and antagonists of the predominant brain expressed muscarinic receptors M1, M4, and M5. Surprisingly, we find that selective modulation of M1, M4, or M5 does not reduce tremor in these pre-clinical models, suggesting that central or peripheral M2 or M3 receptors may be responsible for the anti-tremor efficacy of non-selective anti-muscarinic therapies currently used in the clinic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bickham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moehle, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-type selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulation for the treatment of parkinsonian tremor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclease proteins CifA and CifB promote spermatid DNA damage associated with symbiont-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.04.487029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The worldwide endosymbiosis between arthropods and Wolbachia bacteria is an archetype for reproductive parasitism. This parasitic strategy rapidly increases the proportion of symbiont-transmitting mothers, and the most common form, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), impacts insect evolution and arboviral control strategies. During CI, sperms from symbiotic males kill embryos of aposymbiotic females via two nuclear-targeting proteins, CifA and CifB, that alter sperm chromatin organization in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we hypothesize that Cif proteins metabolize nucleic acids of developing sperm to initiate genome integrity changes. Using in vitro and in situ transgenic, mutant, enzymatic, and cytochemical assays, we show that CifA is a previously-unrecognized DNase and RNase, and CifB is a DNase. Notably, in vitro nuclease activity translates to in situ spermatid DNA damage at the canoe stage of spermiogenesis. Evolution-guided mutations ablate Cif enzymatic activity. Nucleic acid metabolism by Cif enzymes expands a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of symbiont-mediated reproductive parasitism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shropshire, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.04.487029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclease proteins CifA and CifB promote spermatid DNA damage associated with symbiont-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) substrates for time-resolved luminescence assays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brutons tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a well-documented target for cancer therapeutics due to its role in B-cell signaling pathways. However, inhibitor design is hindered by lack of tools to assess kinase activity. We used in vitro phosphoproteomics to determine BTKs substrate preferences and applied this information to our updated data processing pipeline, KINATEST-ID 2.1.0. This pipeline generates a position-specific scoring matrix for BTK and a list of candidate synthetic substrates, each given a score. Characterization of selected synthetic substrates demonstrated a correlation between KINATEST-ID 2.1.0 score and biochemical performance in in vitro kinase assays. Additionally, by incorporating a known terbium-chelation motif, we adapted synthetic substrates for use in an antibody-free time-resolved terbium luminescence assay. This assay has applications in high-throughput inhibitor screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Widstrom, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heier, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenhorn, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breidenbach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) substrates for time-resolved luminescence assays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleoporins facilitate ORC loading onto chromatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The origin recognition complex (ORC) binds throughout the genome to initiate DNA replication. In metazoans, it is still unclear how ORC is targeted to specific loci to facilitate helicase loading and replication initiation. Here, we performed immunoprecipitations coupled with mass spectrometry for ORC2 in Drosophila embryos. Surprisingly, we found that ORC2 associates with multiple subunits of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that, relative to all modENCODE factors, nucleoporins are among the most enriched factors at ORC2 binding sites. Critically, depletion of the nucleoporin Elys, a member of the Nup107-160 complex, results in decreased ORC2 loading onto chromatin. Depleting Elys also sensitized cells to replication fork stalling, which could reflect a defect in establishing dormant replication origins. Our work reveals a new connection between ORC, replication initiation and nucleoporins, highlighting a previously unrecognized function of nucleoporins in metazoan replication initiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richards, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleoporins facilitate ORC loading onto chromatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 52 of the 118 canonical neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk RNA-seq dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are not detected in the scRNA-Seq profile, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an analytical strategy that integrates the two datasets, preserving both the specificity of scRNA-Seq data and the sensitivity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and differential gene analysis. In addition, we show that the bulk RNA-Seq data set detects differentially expressed non-coding RNAs across neuron types, including multiple families of non-polyadenylated transcripts. We propose that our approach provides a new strategy for interrogating gene expression by bridging the gap between bulk and single cell methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define morphology and connectivity in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of specific C. elegans neurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multiscale atlas of the molecular and cellular architecture of the human kidney 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue atlases provide foundational knowledge on the cellular organization and molecular distributions across molecular classes and spatial scales. Here, we construct a comprehensive spatio-molecular lipid atlas of the human kidney from 29 donor tissues using integrated multimodal molecular imaging. Our approach leverages high spatial resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) for untargeted lipid mapping, stained microscopy for histopathological assessment, and tissue segmentation using autofluorescence microscopy. With a combination of unsupervised, supervised, and interpretive machine learning, the atlas provides multivariate lipid profiles of specific multicellular functional tissue units (FTUs) of the nephron, including the glomerulus, proximal tubules, thick ascending limb, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. In total, the atlas consists of tens of thousands of FTUs and millions of mass spectrometry measurements. Detailed patient, clinical, and histopathologic information allowed molecular data to be mined based on these features. As examples, we highlight the discovery of how lipid profiles are altered with sex and differences in body mass index.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neumann, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tideman, L. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rmer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multiscale atlas of the molecular and cellular architecture of the human kidney]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) is the essential plasma membrane protein that mediates active iodide (I-) transport into the thyroid gland, the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones--the master regulators of intermediary metabolism. NIS couples the inward translocation of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward transport of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. For nearly 50 years before its molecular identification, NIS was already the molecule at the center of the single most effective internal radiation cancer therapy ever devised: radioiodide (131I-) treatment for thyroid cancer. Mutations in NIS cause congenital hypothyroidism, which must be treated immediately after birth to prevent stunted growth and cognitive deficiency. To date, the structure of NIS has been unknown. Here, we report three structures of rat NIS, determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM): one with no substrates bound, one with 2 Na+ and 1 I- bound, and one with 1 Na+ and the oxyanion perrhenate bound. Structural analyses, functional characterization, and computational studies reveal the substrate binding sites and residues key for transport activity. Our results yield insights into how NIS selects, couples, and translocates anions--thereby establishing a framework for understanding NIS function--and into how it transports different substrates with different stoichiometries and releases substrates from its substrate-binding cavity into the cytosol.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ravera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicola, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar de Simone, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigworth, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amzel, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural insights into sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) substrate binding and specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilevel selection analysis reveals diversity in selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.08.487647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells possess multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies, which undergo semi-autonomous replication and stochastic inheritance. This enables mutant mtDNA variants to arise and selfishly compete with cooperative (wildtype) mtDNA. Selfish mitochondrial genomes are subject to selection at different levels: they compete against wildtype mtDNA directly within hosts and indirectly through organismal selection. However, determining the relative contributions of selection at different levels has proven challenging. We overcome this challenge by combining mathematical modeling with experiments designed to isolate the levels of selection. Applying this approach to many selfish mitochondrial genotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans revealed an unexpected diversity of evolutionary mechanisms. Some mutant genomes persist at high frequency for many generations, despite a host fitness cost, by aggressively outcompeting cooperative genomes within hosts. Conversely, some mutant genomes persist by evading organismal selection. Strikingly, the mutant genomes vary dramatically in their susceptibility to neutral drift. Although different mechanisms can cause high frequency of selfish mtDNA, we show how they give rise to characteristically different distributions of mutant frequency among individuals. Given that heteroplasmic frequency represents a key determinant of phenotypic severity, this work outlines an evolutionary theoretic framework for predicting the distribution of phenotypic consequences among individuals carrying a selfish mitochondrial genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gitschlag, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.08.487647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilevel selection analysis reveals diversity in selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multishot Tomography for High-Resolution In Situ Subtomogram Averaging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and subtomogram averaging (STA) can resolve protein complexes at near atomic resolution, and when combined with focused ion beam (FIB) milling, macromolecules can be observed within their native context. Unlike single particle acquisition (SPA), cryo-ET can be slow, which may reduce overall project throughput. We here propose a fast, multi-position tomographic acquisition scheme based on beam-tilt corrected beam-shift imaging along the tilt axis, which yields sub-nanometer in situ STA averages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khavnekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majumder, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wietrzynski, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plitzko, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multishot Tomography for High-Resolution In Situ Subtomogram Averaging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polerovirus N-terminal readthrough domain structures reveal novel molecular strategies for mitigating virus transmission by aphids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poleroviruses, enamoviruses, and lutoeviruses are icosahedral, positive sense RNA viruses that cause economically important diseases in food and fiber crops. They are transmitted by phloem-feeding aphids in a circulative manner that involves the movement across and within insect tissues. The N-terminal portion of the viral readthrough domain (NRTD) has been implicated as a key determinant of aphid transmission in each of these genera. Here, we report crystal structures of the NRTDs from the poleroviruses turnip yellow virus (TuYV) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV) at 1.53-[A] and 2.22-[A] resolution, respectively. These adopt a two-domain arrangement with a unique interdigitated topology and form highly conserved dimers that are stabilized by a C-terminal peptide that is critical for proper folding. We demonstrate that the PLRV NRTD can act as an inhibitor of virus transmission and identify NRTD mutant variants that are lethal to aphids. Sequence conservation argues that enamovirus and luteovirus NRTDs will follow the same structural blueprint, which affords a novel approach to block the spread of these agricultural pathogens in a generalizable manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schiltz, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosford, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preising, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBlasio, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappie, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polerovirus N-terminal readthrough domain structures reveal novel molecular strategies for mitigating virus transmission by aphids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First crystal structure of a non-canonical amino acid linked to a paramagnetic lanthanide tag facilitates protein structure determination using NMR-derived restraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.10.487812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Site-directed spin labeling of proteins via non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) is a non-traditional method for the measurement of pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PCSs provide long-range distance and orientational information between a paramagnetic center and protein nuclei that can be used as restraints for computational structural modeling techniques. Here, we present the first experimental structure of an ncAA chemically linked to a lanthanide tag conjugated to the protein, T4-Lysozyme (T4L). T4L was crystallized with a cyclen-based C3 tag coordinated to the paramagnetic ion terbium (Tb3+). The paramagnetic C3-lanthanide tag generated PCSs measured at four different ncAA sites. We show that the addition of these restraints improves structure prediction protocols for T4L using the RosettaNMR framework. Generated models provide insight into T4L conformational flexibility sampled in solution. This integrative modeling protocol is readily transferable to larger proteins. Methods to predict protein structures are advancing into an exciting arena such that reliable experimental data will play important roles for evaluating the biophysical relevance of predicted structural models. Our contribution here caters to the growing interest in using ncAAs for a range of biophysical studies, and these methods can be readily transferred to larger protein systems of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okwei, E. N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledwitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.10.487812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First crystal structure of a non-canonical amino acid linked to a paramagnetic lanthanide tag facilitates protein structure determination using NMR-derived restraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488014v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calibration allows accurate estimation of the axonal volume fraction with diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.12.488014v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biophysical models enable the non-invasive estimation of microstructural tissue features of the central nervous system such as the axonal volume fraction using diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)-data. However, these models trade accuracy with complexity and demands for time-efficient data acquisition. In this study, we hypothesise that their accuracy can be improved substantially through biophysically motivated, linear calibration. We test this hypothesis in the context of axonal volume fraction estimation in four different DWI-models of different complexity using multi-modal data including ex-vivo diffusion MRI- and electron microscopy (EM)-data in mice with broad dynamic range, whereby the latter served as gold standard. We found that two calibration parameters, an offset accounting for the fraction of unmyelinated axons in severely hypomyelinated mice and a scaling accounting for the compartment-specific relaxation, substantially improved the accuracy of axonal volume fraction. Furthermore, we theoretically predict the scaling parameter, and demonstrate that similar accuracy improvement can be achieved for a subset of DWI-models, if the scaling parameter is fixed to the predicted value instead of estimating it on basis of data. This is of practical relevance because it allows to estimate the remaining offset calibration parameter from a limited amount of multi-modal data and thus makes the proposed method usable in human brain data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Papazoglou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashtarayeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeschger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Does, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.12.488014</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calibration allows accurate estimation of the axonal volume fraction with diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated AlphaFold2 and DEER investigation of the conformational dynamics of a pH-dependent APC antiporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.13.488180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation transporter GadC contributes to the survival of pathogenic bacteria under extreme acid stress by exchanging extracellular glutamate for intracellular GABA. Its structure, determined exclusively in an inward-facing conformation at alkaline pH, consists of the canonical LeuT-fold of a conserved five-helix inverted repeat, thereby resembling functionally divergent transporters such as the serotonin reuptake transporter SERT and the glucose-sodium symporter transporter SGLT1. However, despite this structural similarity, it is unclear if the conformational dynamics of antiporters such as GadC follows the blueprint of these or other well-studied LeuT-fold transporters. Here, we used double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to monitor the conformational dynamics of GadC in lipid bilayers in response to acidification and substrate binding. To guide experimental design and facilitate the interpretation of the DEER data, we generated an ensemble of structural models in multiple conformations using a recently introduced AlphaFold2 methodology. Our experimental results reveal acid-induced conformational changes that dislodge the C-terminus from the permeation pathway coupled with rearrangement of helices that enable isomerization between both inward- and outward-facing states. The substrate glutamate, but not GABA, modulates the dynamics of an extracellular thin gate without shifting the equilibrium between inward- and outward-facing conformations. In addition to introducing an integrated methodology for probing transporter conformational dynamics, the congruence of the DEER data with patterns of structural rearrangements deduced from ensembles of AlphaFold2 models illuminate the conformational cycle of GadC underpinning transport and exposes yet another example of the divergence between the dynamics of different functional families in the LeuT-fold.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe transporter GadC contributes to acid resistance in bacterial pathogens by exchanging two substrates, glutamate and GABA, using a mechanism termed alternating access. In this study, the conformational dynamics underlying alternating access was studied using a combination of spectroscopy and computational modeling. A conformationally diverse ensemble of models, generated using AlphaFold2, guided the design and interpretation of double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy experiments. We found that whereas GadC was inactive and conformationally homogeneous at neutral pH, low pH induced isomerization between two conformations. From our integrated computational/experimental investigation emerges a transport model that may be relevant to eukaryotic homologs that are involved in other cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSousa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.13.488180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated AlphaFold2 and DEER investigation of the conformational dynamics of a pH-dependent APC antiporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine release at the time of a predicted aversive outcome causally controls the trajectory and expression of conditioned behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.488530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe inability to predict when aversive stimuli will and will not occur in is a hallmark of anxiety and stress disorders. Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is sufficient and necessary for aversive learning and has been linked to both anxiety and stress disorder symptomatology. Thus, understanding how dopamine controls associative learning in response to aversive stimuli is critical to understanding the role of dopamine in behavior in health and disease.

MethodsUsing an optical dopamine sensor combined with in-vivo fiber photometry in the NAc core of male and female C57BL/6J mice (N=38), we recorded dopamine responses to expected and omitted aversive outcomes during learning. We derived predictions from a theory-driven model of associative learning (Kutlu-Calipari-Schmajuk, KCS model) and tested the causality of these predictions using optogenetics.

ResultsDopamine release was evoked by the predicted omission of aversive stimuli in a fashion that cannot be explained by dopamine as a reward-based prediction signal. The magnitude of the dopamine response during omissions scaled with predictions about the probability of their occurrence; however, dopamine did not track the associative value of predictive cues. Finally, we showed that the observed effects are causal to learned behavior and can only be explained by dopamine signaling the perceived saliency of predicted aversive events.

ConclusionsWe elucidate the role of NAc core dopamine signaling in aversive learning in a theory-based and stimulus-specific fashion and offer potential avenues for understanding the neural mechanisms involved in anxiety and stress disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kutlu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachry, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.15.488530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine release at the time of a predicted aversive outcome causally controls the trajectory and expression of conditioned behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tbx3 is required for mammalian retinal angiogenesis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeIn Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP), infants often have incomplete vascularization, affecting the temporal region. A factor expressed in this region during retinal development is the T-box factor, Tbx3, which has not been studied in the mammalian eye. The purpose of this study was to determine if Tbx3 is required during eye formation for retinal angiogenesis.

MethodsConditional removal of Tbx3 from both retinal progenitors and astrocytes was done using the optic cup-Cre recombinase driver, BAC-Dkk3-CRE and analyzed using standard immunohistochemical techniques.

ResultsWith Tbx3 loss, the retinas were hypovascular, as seen in patients with ROP and Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). Retinal vasculature failed to form the stereotypic tri-layered plexus in the dorsal-temporal region. Astrocyte precursors were reduced in number and failed to form a lattice at the dorsal-temporal edge. We next examined retinal ganglion cells, as they have been shown to play a critical role in retinal angiogenesis. We found that melanopsin expression and Islet1/2-positive retinal ganglion cells were reduced in the dorsal half of the retina. In previous studies, loss of melanopsin has been linked to hyaloid artery persistence, which we also observed in the Tbx3 cKO retina, as well as in infants with ROP or FEVR.

ConclusionsTogether, these results show that TBX3 is required for normal mammalian eye formation for the first time. This potentially provides a new genetic model for retinal hypovascular diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Derbyshire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akula, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voura, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunken, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuber, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viczian, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tbx3 is required for mammalian retinal angiogenesis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scalable and model-free detection of spatial patterns and colocalization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.20.488961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The expeditious growth in spatial omics technologies enable profiling genome-wide molecular events at molecular and single-cell resolution, highlighting a need for fast and reliable methods to characterize spatial patterns. We developed SpaGene, a model-free method to discover any spatial patterns rapidly in large scale spatial omics studies. Analyzing simulation and a variety of spatial resolved transcriptomics data demonstrated that SpaGene is more powerful and scalable than existing methods. Spatial expression patterns by SpaGene reconstructed unobserved tissue structures. SpaGene also successfully discovered ligand-receptor interactions through their colocalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.20.488961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scalable and model-free detection of spatial patterns and colocalization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Activation Stimulates PKA-Mediated Phosphorylation of Raptor and this Contributes to the Weight Loss Effects of Liraglutide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical target of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), Protein Kinase A (PKA), has been shown to stimulate mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) by phosphorylating the mTOR-regulating protein Raptor at Ser791 following {beta}-adrenergic stimulation. The objective of these studies is to test whether GLP-1R agonists similarly stimulate mTORC1 via PKA phosphorylation of Raptor at Ser791 and whether this contributes to the weight loss effect of the therapeutic GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. We measured phosphorylation of the mTORC1 signaling target ribosomal protein S6 in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells expressing GLP-1R (CHO-Glp1r) treated with liraglutide in combination with PKA inhibitors. We also assessed liraglutide-mediated phosphorylation of the PKA substrate RRXS*/T* motif in CHO-Glp1r cells expressing Myc-tagged wild-type (WT) Raptor or a PKA-resistant (Ser791Ala) Raptor mutant. Finally, we measured the body weight response to liraglutide in WT mice and mice with a targeted knock-in of PKA-resistant Ser791Ala Raptor. Liraglutide increased phosphorylation of S6 and the PKA motif in WT Raptor in a PKA-dependent manner but failed to stimulate phosphorylation of the PKA motif in Ser791Ala Raptor in CHO-Glp1r cells. Lean Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss but not setmelanotide-induced (melanocortin-4 receptor-dependent) weight loss. Diet-induced obese Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice were not resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss; however, there was weight-dependent variation such that there was a tendency for obese Ser791Ala Raptor knock-in mice of lower relative body weight to be resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss compared to weight-matched controls. Together, these findings suggest that PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Raptor at Ser791 contributes to liraglutide-induced weight loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, T. D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Activation Stimulates PKA-Mediated Phosphorylation of Raptor and this Contributes to the Weight Loss Effects of Liraglutide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACSS2 Regulates HIF-2α Degradation through the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase MUL1 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an aggressive kidney cancer driven by VHL loss and aberrant HIF-2 signaling. Acetate metabolism may contribute to this axis by ACSS2-dependent acetylation of HIF-2 and may provide opportunities to intervention. Here we tested the effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulation of ACSS2 on HIF-2, ccRCC cells, and tumors. ACSS2 inhibition led to HIF-2 degradation and suppressed ccRCC growth in vitro, in vivo, and in primary cell cultures of ccRCC patient tumors. This treatment resulted in reduced glucose and cholesterol metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and altered cristae deformation, that are consistent with loss of HIF-2. Mechanistically, HIF-2 protein levels are regulated through proteolytic degradation and we found, in parallel to VHL, HIF-2 stability was dependent on ACSS2 activity to prevent direct interaction with the E3 ligase MUL1. These findings highlight ACSS2 as a critical upstream regulator of HIF-2 that may be exploited to overcome resistance to HIF-2 inhibitor therapies.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEWe have unveiled ACSS2 as a critical upstream regulator of HIF-2 in ccRCC. Targeting ACSS2 potently promotes HIF-2 degradation via MUL1 to effectively deplete mitochondrial activity and block ccRCC primary tumor models and growth models resistant to HIF-2 inhibitor therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bacigalupa, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hongo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amason, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckermann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.21.489116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACSS2 Regulates HIF-2α Degradation through the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase MUL1 in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultural specialization as a double-edged sword: division into specialized guilds might promote cultural complexity at the cost of higher susceptibility to cultural loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The transition to specialization of knowledge within populations could have facilitated the accumulation of cultural complexity in humans. Specialization allows populations to increase their cultural repertoire without requiring that members of that population increase their individual capacity to accumulate knowledge. However, specialization also means that domain-specific knowledge can be concentrated in small subsets of the population, making it more susceptible to loss. Here we use a model of cultural evolution to demonstrate that specialized populations can be more sensitive to stochastic loss of knowledge than populations without subdivision of knowledge, and that demographic and environmental changes have an amplified effect on populations with knowledge specialization. Finally, we suggest that specialization can be a double-edged sword; specialized populations may have an advantage in accumulating cultural traits but may also be less likely to expand and establish themselves successfully in new demes due to the increased cultural loss that they experience during the population bottlenecks that often characterize such expansions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Oren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultural specialization as a double-edged sword: division into specialized guilds might promote cultural complexity at the cost of higher susceptibility to cultural loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.489291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MICOS Complex and Mitochondria Morphology Changes Across Aging in Cardiac Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.23.489291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTWith sparse treatment options, cardiac disease remains a significant cause of death among humans. As a person ages, mitochondria break down and the heart becomes less efficient. Heart failure is linked to many mitochondria-associated processes, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial bioenergetics, insulin signaling, autophagy, and oxidative stress. The roles of key mitochondrial complexes that dictate the ultrastructure, such as the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), in aging cardiac muscle are poorly understood. To better understand the cause of age-related alteration in mitochondrial structure in cardiac muscle, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and serial block facing-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to quantitatively analyze the 3D networks in cardiac muscle samples of male mice at aging intervals of 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Here, we present the loss of cristae morphology, the inner folds of the mitochondria, across age. In conjunction with this, the 3D volume of mitochondria decreased. These findings mimicked observed phenotypes in murine cardiac fibroblasts with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of Mitofilin, Chchd3, Chchd6 (some members of the MICOS complex), and Opa1, which showed poorer oxidative consumption rate and mitochondria with decreased mitochondrial length and volume. In combination, these data show the need to explore if loss of the MICOS complex in the heart may be involved in age-associated mitochondrial and cristae structural changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.23.489291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MICOS Complex and Mitochondria Morphology Changes Across Aging in Cardiac Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-T cell receptor Self-MHC Sampling Restricts Thymocyte Dedifferentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.28.489872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphProgramming T lymphocytes to distinguish self from non-self is a vital, multi-step process arising in the thymus1-4. Signalling through the pre-T cell receptor (preTCR), a CD3-associated heterodimer comprising an invariant pT chain and a clone-specific {beta} chain, constitutes a critical early checkpoint in thymocyte development within the {beta} T-cell lineage5, 6. Recent work demonstrates that preTCRs arrayed on double negative (DN) thymocytes, like {beta} TCRs appearing on double positive (DP) thymocytes, ligate peptides bound to MHC molecules (pMHC) on thymic stroma but via a different molecular docking strategy7-10. Here we show the consequences of those distinctive interactions for thymocyte progression, using synchronized fetal thymic progenitor cultures differing in the presence or absence of pMHC on support stroma, determining single cell transcriptomes at key thymocyte developmental transitions. Although MHC negative stroma fosters {beta} T lymphocyte differentiation, the absence of pMHC-preTCR interplay leads to deviant thymocyte transcriptional programming associated with de-differentiation. Highly proliferative DN and DP subsets with antecedent characteristics of T cell lymphoblastic and myeloid malignancies emerge. Thus, at least in vitro, beyond fostering {beta} chain repertoire broadening for subsequent {beta} TCR utilization, preTCR-pMHC interaction limits cellular plasticity to facilitate normal thymocyte differentiation and proliferation that, if absent, introduces significant developmental vulnerabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duke-Cohan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akitsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messier, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizotte, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinherz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.28.489872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-T cell receptor Self-MHC Sampling Restricts Thymocyte Dedifferentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear receptor ligand screening in an iPSC-derived in vitro blood-brain barrier model identifies new contributors to leptin transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.03.490335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe peptide hormone leptin exerts its function in the brain to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure to prevent obesity. However, most obese subjects reflect the resistance to leptin even with elevated serum leptin. Considering that leptin must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in several regions to enter the brain parenchyma, altered leptin transport through the BBB might play an important role in leptin resistance and other biological conditions. Here, we report the use of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived BBB model to explore mechanisms that influence leptin transport.

MethodsiPSCs were differentiated into brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)-like cells using standard methods. BMEC-like cells were cultured in Transwell filters, treated with ligands from a nuclear receptor agonist library, and assayed for leptin transport using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. RNA sequencing was further used to identify differentially regulated genes and pathways. The role of a select hit in leptin transport was tested with the competitive substrate assay and after gene knockdown using CRISPR techniques.

ResultsFollowing a screen of 73 compounds, 17{beta}-estradiol was identified as a compound that could significantly increase leptin transport. RNA sequencing revealed many differentially expressed transmembrane transporters after 17{beta}-estradiol treatment. Of these, cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT-1, encoded by SLC7A1) was selected for follow-up analyses due to its high and selective expression in BMECs in vivo. Treatment of BMEC-like cells with CAT-1 substrates, as well as knockdown of CAT-1 expression via CRISPR-mediated epigenome editing, yielded significant increases in leptin transport.

ConclusionsA major female sex hormone, as well as an amino acid transporter, were revealed as regulators of leptin BBB transport in the iPSC-derived BBB model. Outcomes from this work provide insights into regulation of peptide hormone transport across the BBB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamann, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhea, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.03.490335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear receptor ligand screening in an iPSC-derived in vitro blood-brain barrier model identifies new contributors to leptin transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microtubule minus end-binding protein CAMSAP2 does not regulate microtubule dynamics in primary pancreatic β-cells but facilitates insulin secretion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose stimulation induces the remodeling of microtubules in Islet {beta}-cells to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. CAMSAP2 is a microtubule minus-end binding protein and is reported to stabilize and position microtubules in several non-{beta}-cells, such as human retinal pigment epithelium cells. In immortalized insulinoma MIN6 cells, CAMSAP2 binds to and forms short stretches at microtubule minus ends in the cytoplasm, which is consistent with the reported subcellular localization and functions of CAMSAP2 in non-{beta}-cells. Surprisingly, we found that CAMSAP2 expressed in primary islet {beta}-cells does not form short stretches in the cytoplasm, but instead is localized to the Golgi apparatus. This novel localization is specific to {beta}-but not -cells in islets and it is independent of MT-binding. Knockdown of CAMSAP2 by shRNA impairs Golgi-ER trafficking, reduces total insulin content, and attenuates GSIS without affecting the MT dynamics or releasability of insulin granules in islet {beta}-cells. Corresponding to these results, we found that primary islets and MIN6 cells express different CAMSAP2 isoforms. We propose that primary islet {beta} cells use a novel CAMSAP2 isoform for a MT-independent non-canonical function, which is to promote Golgi-ER trafficking that supports efficient production of insulin secretory granules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osipovich, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayathilake, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microtubule minus end-binding protein CAMSAP2 does not regulate microtubule dynamics in primary pancreatic β-cells but facilitates insulin secretion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Serine Deamination as a New Acid Resistance Mechanism in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.05.490856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia coli associates with humans early in life and can occupy several body niches either as a commensal in the gut and vagina, or as a pathogen in the urinary tract. As such, E. coli has an arsenal of acid response mechanisms that allow it to withstand the different levels of acid stress encountered within and outside the host. Here, we report the discovery of an additional acid response mechanism that involves the deamination of L-serine to pyruvate by the conserved L-serine deaminases SdaA and SdaB. L-serine is the first amino acid to be imported in E. coli during growth in laboratory media, as the culture senesces. However, there remains a lack in knowledge as to why L-serine is preferred and how it is utilized. We show that in acidified media, L-serine is brought into the cell via the SdaC transporter and deletion of both SdaA and SdaB renders E. coli susceptible to acid stress, with a phenotype similar to other acid stress deletion mutants. We also show that the pyruvate produced by L-serine de-amination activates the pyruvate sensor BtsS, which in concert with the non-cognate response regulator YpdB upregulates the putative transporter YhjX, similar to what has been reported for this system during transition of E. coli to stationary phase. Based on these observations, we propose that L-serine deamination constitutes another acid response mechanism in E. coli that may function to protect E. coli as it transitions to stationary phase of growth.

IMPORTANCEThe observation that L-serine uptake occurs as an E. coli culture senesces is well-established, yet the benefit E. coli garners from this uptake remains unclear. Here, we report a novel acid resistance mechanism, where L-serine is deaminated to pyruvate and ammonia, promoting acid tolerance in E. coli. This study is important as it provides evidence of the use of L-serine as an acid response strategy, not previously reported for E. coli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wiebe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamidele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpe-Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.05.490856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Serine Deamination as a New Acid Resistance Mechanism in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteome Remodeling of the Eye Lens at 50 Years Identified with Data-Independent Acquisition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eye lens is responsible for focusing and transmitting light to the retina. The lens does this in the absence of organelles yet maintains transparency for at least five decades before onset of age-related nuclear cataract (ARNC). It is hypothesized that oxidative stress contributes significantly to ARNC formation. It is additionally hypothesized that transparency is maintained by a microcirculation system (MCS) that delivers antioxidants to the lens nucleus and exports small molecule waste. Common data-ependent acquisition (DDA) methods are hindered by dynamic range of lens protein expression and provide limited context to age-related changes in the lens. In this study we utilized data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry to analyze the urea insoluble, membrane protein fractions of 16 human lenses subdivided into three spatially distinct lens regions to characterize age-related changes, particularly concerning the lens MCS and oxidative stress response. In this pilot cohort, we measured 4,788 distinct protein groups, 46,681 peptides, and 7,592 deamidated sequences, more than in any previous human lens DDA approach. Our results reveal age-related changes previously known in lens biology and expand on these findings, taking advantage of the rich dataset afforded by DIA. Principally, we demonstrate that a significant proteome remodeling event occurs at approximately 50 years of age, resulting in metabolic preference for anaerobic glycolysis established with organelle degradation, decreased abundance of protein networks involved in calcium-dependent cell-cell contacts while retaining networks related to oxidative stress response. Further, we identified multiple antioxidant transporter proteins not previously detected in the human lens and describe their spatiotemporal and age-related abundance changes. Finally, we demonstrate that aquaporin-5, among other proteins, is modified with age by PTMs including deamidation and truncation. We suggest that the continued accumulation of each of these age-related outcomes in proteome remodeling contribute to decreased fiber cell permeability and result in ARNC formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteome Remodeling of the Eye Lens at 50 Years Identified with Data-Independent Acquisition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morphogen Directed Coordination of GPCR Activity Promotes Primary Cilium Function for Downstream Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling is an essential driver of embryonic patterning that, when corrupted, leads to developmental disorders and cancers. SHH effector responses are organized through nonmotile primary cilia that grow and retract with the cell cycle and in response to distinct extracellular cues. Destabilization of primary cilium length corrupts SHH pathway regulation, which places significant pressure on SHH to maintain ciliary architecture. Herein, we investigate whether SHH signaling promotes ciliary length control. We reveal a signal crosstalk circuit induced by SHH activation of Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) that drives ciliary EP4 signaling to stabilize primary cilium length. We demonstrate that chemical or genetic blockade of SHH-EP4 crosstalk leads to destabilized primary cilium cyclic AMP (cAMP) control, reduced ciliary length, and attenuated SHH pathway induction. Accordingly, we find that Ep -/- mice display shortened neuroepithelial primary cilia and altered SHH-dependent neuronal cell fate specification. Thus, SHH initiates a signaling crosstalk circuit that maintains primary cilium length for a robust downstream signaling response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ansari, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austria, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatwright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelton, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankovic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morphogen Directed Coordination of GPCR Activity Promotes Primary Cilium Function for Downstream Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent regulation of mtDNA quantity and quality resets the mitochondrial genome in C. elegans primordial germ cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria contain an independent genome, called mtDNA, which contains essential metabolic genes. Although mtDNA mutations occur at high frequency, they are inherited infrequently, indicating that germline mechanisms limit their accumulation. To determine how germline mtDNA is regulated, we examined the control of mtDNA quantity and quality in C. elegans primordial germ cells (PGCs). We show that PGCs generate a bottleneck in mtDNA number by segregating mitochondria into lobe-like protrusions that are cannibalized by adjacent cells, reducing mtDNA content two-fold. As PGCs exit quiescence and divide, mtDNAs replicate to maintain a set point of [~]200 mtDNAs per germline stem cell. Whereas PGC lobe cannibalism eliminates mtDNAs stochastically, we show that the kinase PINK1, operating independently of Parkin and autophagy, preferentially reduces the fraction of mutant mtDNAs. Thus, PGCs employ parallel mechanisms to control both the quantity and quality of the founding population of germline mtDNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsyba, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nance, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent regulation of mtDNA quantity and quality resets the mitochondrial genome in C. elegans primordial germ cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490961v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protrusion growth driven by myosin-generated force 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.06.490961v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin-based protrusions are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cells, where they support diverse biological activities essential for life. Models of protrusion growth hypothesize that actin filament assembly provides the mechanical force for bending the plasma membrane outward. However, membrane-associated myosin motors are also abundant in protrusions, though their potential for contributing growth-promoting force remains unexplored. Using a novel inducible system that docks myosin motor domains to membrane binding modules with temporal control, we found that the application of myosin-generated force to the plasma membrane is sufficient for driving robust elongation of protrusions. Protrusion growth scaled with motor accumulation, required active, barbed end-directed force, and was independent of cargo delivery or the recruitment of canonical barbed end elongation factors. Application of growth-promoting force was also supported by structurally distinct myosin motor domains and membrane binding modules. We conclude that myosin-generated force can drive protrusion growth and this mechanism is likely active in diverse biological contexts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fitz, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weck, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodnya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.06.490961</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protrusion growth driven by myosin-generated force]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic patterns of selection in genomic regions associated with diverse human traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.491080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural selection shapes the genetic architecture of many human traits. However, the prevalence of different modes of selection on genomic regions associated with variation in traits remains poorly understood. To address this, we developed an efficient computational framework to calculate enrichment of different evolutionary measures among regions associated with complex traits. We applied the framework to summary statistics from >900 genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and 11 evolutionary measures of sequence constraint, population differentiation, and allele age while accounting for linkage disequilibrium, allele frequency, and other potential confounders. We demonstrate that this framework yields consistent results across GWASs with variable sample sizes, numbers of trait-associated SNPs, and analytical approaches. The resulting evolutionary atlas maps diverse signatures of selection on genomic regions associated with complex human traits on an unprecedented scale. We detected positive enrichment for sequence conservation among trait-associated regions for the majority of traits (>77% of 290 high power GWASs), which was most dominant in reproductive traits. Many traits also exhibited substantial enrichment for population differentiation and recent positive selection, especially among hair, skin, and pigmentation traits. In contrast, we detected widespread negative enrichment for balancing selection (51% GWASs) and no evidence of enrichment for selection signals in regions associated with late-onset Alzheimers disease. These results support a pervasive role for negative selection on regions of the human genome that contribute to variation in complex traits, but also demonstrate where diverse modes of selection have shaped trait-associated loci. This atlas of signatures of different modes of natural selection across the diversity of available GWASs will enable exploration of the relationship between the genetic architecture and selection in the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.08.491080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic patterns of selection in genomic regions associated with diverse human traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491268v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Invasive monitoring of normal tissue radiation damage using quantitative ultrasound spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491268v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile radiation therapy (RT) is an critical component of breast cancer therapy and is known to decrease overall local recurrence rates, recent studies have shown that normal tissue radiation damage may increase recurrence risk. Fibrosis is a well-known consequence of RT, but the specific sequence of molecular and mechanical changes induced by RT remains poorly understood.

PurposeThere is currently a need to understand the contribution of the irradiated tissue microenvironment to recurrence to improve cancer therapy outcomes. This study seeks to evaluate the use of quantitative ultrasound spectroscopy (QUS) for real time determination of the normal tissue characteristic radiation response and to correlate these results to molecular features in irradiated tissues.

MethodsMurine mammary fat pads (MFPs) were irradiated to 20 Gy, and QUS was used to analyze tissue physical properties pre-irradiation as well as at 1, 5, and 10 days post-irradiation. Tissues were processed for scanning electron microscopy imaging as well as histological and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate morphology and structure.

ResultsTissue morphological and structural changes were observed non-invasively following radiation using mid-band fit (MBF), spectral slope (SS), and spectral intercept (SI) measurements obtained from QUS. Statistically significant shifts in MBF and SI indicate structural tissue changes in real time, which matched histological observations. Radiation damage was indicated by increased adipose tissue density and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition.

ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the potential of using QUS to non-invasively evaluate normal tissue changes resulting from radiation damage. This supports further pre-clinical studies to determine how the tissue microenvironment and physical properties change in response to therapy, which may be important for improving treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Kaffas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarnakar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491268</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Invasive monitoring of normal tissue radiation damage using quantitative ultrasound spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transretinal migration of astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like cells arising from transplanted human retinal organoids. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.12.491655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human retinal organoid transplantation can potentially restore vision in patients with degenerative retinal diseases. How the recipient retina regulates the maturation, fate specification, and migration of transplanted organoid cells is unknown. We transplanted human retinal organoid-derived cells into photoreceptor-deficient mice, conducted histology and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses, and observed two main classes of graft-derived cells. The first class consisted of retinal astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like neural precursors, absent or rare in cultured organoids, that migrated into all recipient retinal layers and traveled long distances. The second class consisted of retinal progenitor-derived cells, including rods and cones, that remained in the subretinal space and matured more rapidly than photoreceptors in culture. These data suggest that the recipient subretinal space promotes the maturation of transplanted photoreceptors while inducing or expanding migratory cell populations that are not normally derived from retinal progenitors. These findings have important implications for cell-based treatment of retinal diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sogunro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konar, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agakishiev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadyniak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creamer, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orzolek, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.12.491655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transretinal migration of astrocytes and brain/spinal cord-like cells arising from transplanted human retinal organoids.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 5-LOX/COX-2 cross-over metabolite, hemiketal E2, enhances VEGFR2 activation and promotes angiogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consecutive oxygenation of arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) yields the hemiketal (HK) eicosanoids, HKE2 and HKD2. HKs stimulate angiogenesis by inducing endothelial cell tubulogenesis in culture; however, how this process is regulated has not been determined. Here, we identify vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) as a mediator of HKE2-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. HKE2 treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells dose-dependently increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and the downstream kinases ERK and Akt that mediated endothelial cell tubulogenesis. In vivo, HKE2 induced the growth of blood vessels into polyacetal sponges implanted in mice. HKE2-mediated effects in vitro and in vivo were blocked by the VEGFR2 inhibitor vatalanib, indicating that the pro-angiogenic effect of HKE2 was mediated by VEGFR2. We found that HKE2 covalently bound and inhibited PTP1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates VEGFR2, thereby providing a possible molecular mechanism for how HKE2 induced pro-angiogenic signaling. Our studies indicate that biosynthetic cross-over of the 5-LOX and COX-2 pathways gives rise to a potent lipid autacoid that regulates endothelial cell function in vitro and in vivo.

SignificanceAngiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels, contributes to both physiological and pathological conditions, including tissue repair after injury and tumorigenesis. Novel approaches to control pathologic angiogenesis are urgently needed since current therapy targeting the pro-angiogenic receptor VEGFR2 has significant side effects. We show that a metabolite of arachidonic acid, formed in a biosynthetic cross-over of the enzymes that generate the pro-inflammatory leukotriene and prostaglandin mediators, respectively, promotes VEGFR2 activation to induce angiogenesis. This finding suggests that common drugs targeting the arachidonic acid pathway may be viewed as valid anti-angiogenic candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakashima, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez-Bastida, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luis, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Presley, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiusa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulikowski, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 5-LOX/COX-2 cross-over metabolite, hemiketal E2, enhances VEGFR2 activation and promotes angiogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney collecting duct cells make vasopressin in response to NaCl induced hypertonicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.13.491898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vasopressin has traditionally been thought to be produced by the neurohypophyseal system and then released into the circulation where it regulates water homeostasis. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) raised the question if vasopressin could be produced outside of the brain and whether the kidney could be a source of vasopressin. We found that mouse and human kidneys expressed vasopressin mRNA. Using an antibody that detects the pre-pro-vasopressin, we found that immunoreactive pre-pro-vasopressin protein is found in mouse and human kidneys. Moreover, we found that murine collecting duct cells make biologically active vasopressin which increases in response to NaCl mediated hypertonicity, and that water restriction increases the abundance of kidney-derived vasopressin mRNA and protein expression in mouse kidneys. Thus, we provide evidence of biologically active production of kidney-derived vasopressin in kidney tubular epithelial cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchowski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhave, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.13.491898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney collecting duct cells make vasopressin in response to NaCl induced hypertonicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ClpP Peptidase Forcefully Grips Protein Substrates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.14.491966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities (AAA+) proteases power the maintenance of protein homeostasis by coupling ATP hydrolysis to mechanical protein unfolding, translocation, and ultimately degradation. Though ATPase activity drives a large portion of the mechanical work these molecular machines perform, how the peptidase contributes to the forceful denaturation and processive threading of substrates remains unknown. Here, using single-molecule optical trapping, we examine the mechanical activity of the Caseinolytic Peptidase P (ClpP) from Escherichia coli in the absence of a partner ATPase and in the presence of an activating small molecule acyldepsipeptide. We demonstrate that ClpP grips protein substrate under mechanical loads exceeding 40 pN, which are greater than those observed for the AAA+ unfoldase ClpX and the AAA+ protease complexes ClpXP and ClpAP. We further characterize substrate-ClpP bond lifetimes and rupture forces under varying loads. We find that the resulting slip bond behavior does not depend on ClpP peptidase activity. Additionally, we find that unloaded bond lifetimes between ClpP and protein substrate are on a timescale relevant to unfolding times (up to [~]160 s) for difficult to unfold model substrate proteins. These direct measurements of the substrate-peptidase bond under load define key properties required by AAA+ proteases to mechanically unfold and degrade protein substrates.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEEnergy-dependent proteases drive essential protein degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis and to rapidly regulate protein levels in response to changes in cellular environment. Using single-molecule optical tweezers, several studies demonstrate that the molecular process of degradation involves the mechanical unfolding and translocation of protein substrates by the ATP hydrolyzing enzyme component of these protease complexes. This study provides evidence that the chambered peptidase component of these molecular machines also contributes to the mechanical process of degradation by gripping substrate under load in a manner independent of peptide hydrolysis. Our results suggest that the peptidase actively contributes to the biophysical mechanisms underlying processive protein degradation by energy-dependent proteolytic machines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.14.491966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ClpP Peptidase Forcefully Grips Protein Substrates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive investigation of statistical and machine learning approaches for predicting complex human diseases on genomic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundQuantifying an individuals risk for common diseases is an important goal of precision health. The polygenic risk score (PRS), which aggregates multiple risk alleles of candidate diseases, has emerged as a standard approach for identifying high-risk individuals. A variety of tools have been developed to implement PRS. However, benchmarks for comparatively evaluating the performance of these different methods and for assessing their potential to guide future clinical applications are lacking.

ResultsWe systematically validated and compared thirteen statistical methods, five machine learning models and two ensemble models using simulated data, twenty-two common diseases with internal training sets and four diseases with external summary statistics from the UK Biobank resource. The effects of disease heritability, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effect size and sample size are evaluated using simulated data. We also investigated the correlations between methods and their standard deviations of different diseases.

ConclusionsIn general, statistical methods outperform machine learning models, and ensemble models, such as Super Learner, generally perform the best for most situations. We observed the correlations were relatively high if the methods were from the same category and the external summary statistics from large cohort GWAS could decrease the standard deviation of method correlations. By varying three factors in the simulated data, we also identified that disease heritability had a strong effect on the predictive performance of individual methods. Both the number and effect sizes of risk SNPs are important; and while sample size strongly influences the performance of machine learning models, but not statistical methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive investigation of statistical and machine learning approaches for predicting complex human diseases on genomic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammary Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels Reveal the Role of the Irradiated Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.16.492117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Radiation therapy (RT) is essential for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. However, patients with TNBC continue to experience recurrence after RT. The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of irradiated breast tissue in tumor recurrence is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the structure, molecular composition, and mechanical properties of irradiated murine mammary fat pads (MFPs) and developed ECM hydrogels from decellularized tissues (dECM) to assess the effects of RT-induced ECM changes on breast cancer cell behavior. Irradiated MFPs were characterized by increased ECM deposition and fiber density compared to unirradiated controls, which may provide a platform for cell invasion and proliferation. ECM component changes in collagens I, IV, and VI, and fibronectin were observed following irradiation in both MFPs and dECM hydrogels. Encapsulated TNBC cell proliferation and invasive capacity was enhanced in irradiated dECM hydrogels. In addition, TNBC cells co-cultured with macrophages in irradiated dECM hydrogels induced M2 macrophage polarization and exhibited further increases in proliferation. Our study establishes that the ECM in radiation-damaged sites promotes TNBC invasion and proliferation as well as an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This work represents an important step toward elucidating how changes in the ECM after RT contribute to breast cancer recurrence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaub, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Amore, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardhan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammary Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels Reveal the Role of the Irradiated Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Radiation-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblasts Regulates the Breast Cancer Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) experience high recurrence rates despite current interventions, which includes radiation therapy (RT). Tumor cells thought to be involved in recurrence survive in part due to their interactions with irradiated fibroblasts following treatment. How fibroblasts metabolically respond to RT and influence the behavior of TNBC cells is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that irradiated fibroblasts undergo a mitochondrial stress response that is regulated by autophagy, resulting in a metabolic profile characterized by high levels of mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid oxidation. This stress response in fibroblasts induces an aggressive phenotype in TNBC cells that is mitigated when fibroblast autophagy is blocked. Our work reveals how a metabolic stress response in irradiated fibroblasts and crosstalk with TNBC cells leads to a microenvironment conducive to recurrence.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/492249v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@181680aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d58a1forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15f04eforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13cf5f9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britto, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Radiation-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblasts Regulates the Breast Cancer Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate adhesion determines migration during mesenchymal cell condensation in chondrogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective cartilage development relies on the successful formation of mesenchymal cell condensates. Mesenchymal condensation is a prevalent morphogenetic transition, which involves the upregulation of the adhesive extracellular glycoprotein fibronectin (FN). During condensation, there is an active directional migration of cells from the surrounding loose mesenchyme towards regions of increasing matrix adherence (the condensation centers). In this study, we live imaged the first 40 h of mesenchymal condensation during chondrogenesis on nanopatterns of the cell-adhesive peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), present in FN. Results show cell-substrate adhesions modulate both single-cell and collective cell migration during mesenchymal condensation. Single cell tracking analysis showed that substrate adhesion determines the migration mode, protrusion formation and the directionality of the cell movement. Cells on the more adhesive nanopatterns presented traits among amoeboid and mesenchymal modes of migration facilitating a more directional movement and reducing contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), which allows merging and condensation. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that neural cadherin (N-Cad) is required in cell-cell interactions, enabling cells to coordinate their movement and directionality in a multicellular environment and to maintain the group cohesiveness during migration. Altogether, this contributes to create a sufficiently dynamic scenario, in which there is a balance between cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesions for condensates to grow. Our results provide a framework for the regulation of single and collective cell migration during mesenchymal condensation, through nanoscale cell-substrate adherence.

Summary statementThe fine tuning of substrate adherence through nanopatterning allows control of mesenchymal cell migration and determines condensation during chondrogenesis in vitro.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Casanellas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vida, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Inestrosa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samitier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagunas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate adhesion determines migration during mesenchymal cell condensation in chondrogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of pressure insole sampling frequency on peak force accuracy during running 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pressure sensing insoles enable us to estimate forces under the feet during activities such as running, which can provide valuable insight into human movement. Pressure insoles also afford the opportunity to collect more data in more representative environments than can be achieved in laboratory studies. One key challenge with real-world use of pressure insoles is limited battery life which restricts the amount of data that can be collected on a single charge. Reducing sampling frequency is one way to prolong battery life, at the cost of decreased measurement accuracy, but this trade-off has not been quantified, which hinders decision-making by researchers and developers. Therefore, we characterized the effect of decreasing sampling frequency on peak force estimates from pressure insoles (Novel Pedar, 100 Hz) across a range of running speeds and slopes. Data were downsampled to 50, 33, 25, 20, 16 and 10 Hz. Force peaks were extracted due to their importance in biomechanical algorithms trained to estimate musculoskeletal forces and were compared with the reference sampling frequency of 100 Hz to compute relative errors. Peak force errors increased exponentially from 0.7% (50 Hz) to 9% (10 Hz). However, peak force errors were <3% for all sampling frequencies down to 20 Hz. For some pressure insoles, sampling rate is inversely proportional to battery life. Therefore, these findings suggest that battery life could be increased up to 5x at the expense of 3% errors. These results are encouraging for researchers aiming to deploy pressure insoles for remote monitoring or in longitudinal studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elstub, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grohowski, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noehren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelik, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of pressure insole sampling frequency on peak force accuracy during running]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling clonal evolution and oncogenic dependency in vivo in the context of hematopoietic transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer evolution is a multifaceted process involving the acquisition of somatic mutations and progressive epigenetic dysregulation of cellular fate. Both cell-intrinsic mechanisms and environmental interactions provide selective pressures capable of promoting clonal evolution and expansion, with single-cell and bulk DNA sequencing offering increased resolution into this process1-4. Advances in genome editing, single-cell biology and expressed lentiviral barcoding have enabled new insights into how transcriptional/epigenetic states change with clonal evolution5,6. Despite the extensive catalog of genomic alterations revealed by resequencing studies7,8, there remain limited means to functionally model and perturb this evolutionary process in experimental systems9. Here we integrated multi-recombinase (Cre, Flp, and Dre) tools for modeling reversible, sequential mutagenesis from premalignant clonal hematopoiesis to acute myeloid leukemia. We demonstrate that somatic acquisition of Flt3 activating mutations elicits distinct phases of acute and chronic activation resulting in differential cooperativity with Npm1 and Dnmt3a disease alleles. We next developed a generalizable allelic framework allowing for the reversible expression of oncogenic mutations at their endogenous loci. We found that reversal of mutant Flt3 resulted in rapid leukemic regression with distinct alterations in cellular compartments depending upon co-occurring mutations. These studies provide a path to model sequential mutagenesis and deterministically investigate mechanisms of transformation and oncogenic dependency in the context of clonal evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunbar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waarts, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez Maestre, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisman, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez Vela, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Benitez, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csete, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boorady, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potts, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trowbridge, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling clonal evolution and oncogenic dependency in vivo in the context of hematopoietic transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolution doubling in light-sheet microscopy via oblique plane structured illumination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.19.492671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) doubles the spatial resolution of a fluorescence microscope without requiring high laser powers or specialized fluorophores. However, the excitation of out-of-focus fluorescence can accelerate photobleaching and phototoxicity. In contrast, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) largely avoids exciting out-of-focus fluorescence, thereby enabling volumetric imaging with low photo-bleaching and intrinsic optical sectioning. Combining SIM with LSFM would enable gentle 3D imaging at doubled resolution. However, multiple orientations of the illumination pattern, which are needed for isotropic resolution doubling in SIM, are challenging to implement in a light-sheet format. Here we show that multidirectional structured illumination can be implemented in oblique plane microscopy, a LSFM technique that uses a single objective for excitation and detection, in a straightforward manner. We demonstrate isotropic lateral resolution below 150nm, combined with lower photo-toxicity compared to traditional SIM systems and volumetric acquisition speed exceeding 1Hz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, B.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roudot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapoznik, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlar-Pavey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiolka, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolution doubling in light-sheet microscopy via oblique plane structured illumination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingolipid depletion inhibits bulk endocytosis while triggering selective clearance of the methionine transporter Mup1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating evidence in several model organisms indicates that reduced sphingolipid biosynthesis promotes longevity, although underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In yeast, sphingolipid depletion induces a state resembling amino acid restriction, which we hypothesized may be due to altered stability of amino acid transporters at the plasma membrane. To test this, we measured surface abundance for a diverse panel of membrane proteins in the presence of myriocin, a sphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor. Unexpectedly, we found that surface levels of most proteins examined were either unaffected or increased during myriocin treatment, consistent with an observed decrease in bulk endocytosis. In contrast, sphingolipid depletion triggered selective endocytosis of the methionine transporter Mup1. Unlike methionine-induced Mup1 endocytosis, myriocin triggers Mup1 endocytosis that requires the Rsp5 adaptor Art2, C-terminal lysine residues, and the formation of K63-linked ubiquitin polymers. These findings reveal cellular adaptation to sphingolipid depletion by ubiquitin-mediated remodeling of nutrient transporter composition at the cell surface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingolipid depletion inhibits bulk endocytosis while triggering selective clearance of the methionine transporter Mup1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus FhdA transcription factor is important for mitochondrial activity and codon usage regulation during the caspofungin paradoxical effect 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.21.492902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is the main etiological agent of aspergillosis. The antifungal drug caspofungin (CSP) can be used against A. fumigatus and CSP tolerance is observed. Here, we show that the transcription factor FhdA is important for mitochondrial activity and regulates genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II and III. FhdA influences the expression of tRNAs that are important for mitochondrial function upon CSP. Our results show a completely novel mechanism that is impacted by CSP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rhijn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dineen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.21.492902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aspergillus fumigatus FhdA transcription factor is important for mitochondrial activity and codon usage regulation during the caspofungin paradoxical effect]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural characterization of a breast cancer-associated mutation in caveolin-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a membrane sculpting protein that oligomerizes to generate flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane known as caveolae. Mutations in CAV1 have been linked to multiple diseases in humans. Such mutations often interfere with oligomerization and the intracellular trafficking processes required for successful caveolae assembly, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects have not been structurally explained. Here, we investigate how a breast cancer-associated mutation in one of the most highly conserved residues in CAV1, P132L, affects CAV1 structure and oligomerization. We show that P132 is positioned at a major site of protomer-protomer interactions within the CAV1 complex, providing a structural explanation for why the mutant protein fails to homo-oligomerize correctly. Using a combination of computational, structural, biochemical, and cell biological approaches, we find that despite its homo-oligomerization defects P132L is capable of forming mixed hetero-oligomeric complexes with wild type CAV1 and that these complexes can be incorporated into caveolae. These findings provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms that control the formation of homo- and hetero-oligomers of caveolins that are essential for caveolae biogenesis, as well as how these processes are disrupted in human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peskova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural characterization of a breast cancer-associated mutation in caveolin-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An interaction between betaprime-COP and the ArfGAP, Glo3, maintains post-Golgi cargo recycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The essential COPI vesicular coat mediates retrieval of key transmembrane proteins at the Golgi and endosomes following recruitment by the small GTPase, Arf1. ArfGAP proteins regulate COPI coats, but molecular details for COPI recognition by ArfGAP proteins remain elusive. Biochemical and biophysical data reveal how {beta}-COP propeller domains directly engage the yeast ArfGAP, Glo3, with a low micromolar binding affinity (KD ~1 {micro}M). Calorimetry data demonstrate both {beta}-COP propeller domains are required to bind Glo3 using electrostatic interactions. An acidic patch on {beta}-COP (D437/D450) interacts with Glo3 lysine residues located within the BoCCS (Binding of Coatomer, Cargo, and SNAREs) region. Targeted point mutations in either Glo3 BoCCS or {beta}-COP abrogate the interaction in vitro, and loss of the {beta}-COP/Glo3 interaction drives Ste2 mis-sorting to the vacuole and aberrant Golgi morphology in budding yeast. Together, these data suggest cells require the {beta}-COP/Glo3 interaction for cargo recycling via endosomes and the TGN, where {beta}-COP may serve as a molecular platform to coordinate binding to multiple protein partners, including Glo3, Arf1, and the COPI F-subcomplex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillem, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Date, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An interaction between betaprime-COP and the ArfGAP, Glo3, maintains post-Golgi cargo recycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
G protein βγ subunits bind to and inhibit the function of multiple Qa- and Qb,c-SNARE isoforms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.30.494040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While the ability of G protein {beta}{gamma} subunits (G{beta}{gamma}) to bind to and functionally inhibit the neuronal SNARE proteins Stx1A, SNAP25, and synaptobrevin in the presence of the calcium sensor synaptotagmin I is well documented, these three SNARE proteins, which form the core SNARE complex for synchronous evoked release in neurons, are but a subset of the larger family of SNARE proteins, which participate in many other exocytic processes within the cell and in other populations of secretory cells throughout the body, from which the release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other factors is regulated by Gi/o-coupled GPCRs. The ability of G{beta}{gamma} to regulate these processes is unknown. To investigate the feasibility of this mechanism to inhibit SNARE function more broadly, we utilized a series of biochemical assays of binding and function with four Qa-SNAREs (Stx1A, Stx2, Stx3, and Stx4) and four Qb,c-SNAREs (SNAP25, SNAP23, SNAP29, and SNAP47) in tandem with the R-SNARE synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin I, and G{beta}{gamma}. G{beta}{gamma} was found to bind to multiple Qa-SNARE isoforms as well as SNAP23, and inhibit the lipid mixing function of these SNAREs, as well as SNAP29. Together, this data suggests a more broad role for the G{beta}{gamma}-SNARE pathway in the regulation of exocytosis beyond cells that express Stx1A or SNAP25.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huynh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.494040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[G protein βγ subunits bind to and inhibit the function of multiple Qa- and Qb,c-SNARE isoforms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular simulations reveal a mechanism for enhanced allosteric coupling between voltage-sensor and pore domains in KCNQ1 explaining its activation by ML277 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.31.494217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ1 (KV7.1) is important for the repolarizing phase of the cardiac action potential. Activators of KCNQ1 may provide a strategy for the pharmacological treatment of congenital long QT syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in KCNQ1 that promote arrhythmia susceptibility and elevate risk for sudden cardiac death. The small-molecule agonist ML277 recovers function of mutant KCNQ1 channels in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and could represent a starting point for drug development. Here we investigated ML277 mode of action by developing a molecular model of the KCNQ1-ML277 interaction corroborated by experimental and computational analyses. Ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that ML277 binds to the interface between the voltage sensor and pore domains in KCNQ1. Model predicted binding energies for ML277 and 62 chemical analogs of ML277 correlated with EC50 data available for these compounds. We identified novel ML277-interacting residues on the S5 and S6 segments of KCNQ1 by performing MM/PBSA energy calculations and site-directed mutagenesis of KCNQ1 coupled to electrophysiological characterization of the generated channel mutants. Network analysis of the molecular dynamics simulations further showed that ML277 increases the allosteric coupling efficiency between residues in the voltage sensor domain and residues in the pore domain. Derivatives of ML277 that are not active on KCNQ1 fail to increase allosteric coupling efficiency in the computational simulations. Our results reveal atomic details of the ML277 modulation of KCNQ1 activation. These findings may be useful for the design of allosteric modulators of KCNQ1 and other KCNQ channels that bind at the membrane-accessible protein surface.

Statement of SignificanceThe potassium ion channel KCNQ1 contributes to the generation of electrical impulses in the heart. Heritable mutations in KCNQ1 can cause channel loss-of-function and predispose to a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Small molecules that bind KCNQ1 and enhance channel function could establish a novel anti-arrhythmic drug paradigm. We used molecular simulations to investigate how a small agonist of KCNQ1 (ML277) binds to the KCNQ1 channel and increases its function. We identified amino acids that are responsible for ML277 binding and show how ML277 promotes signaling in KCNQ1 and channel opening. This work advances our understanding how KCNQ1 and possibly other potassium channels can be activated with small molecules. These data provide a framework for drug development studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusumilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.31.494217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular simulations reveal a mechanism for enhanced allosteric coupling between voltage-sensor and pore domains in KCNQ1 explaining its activation by ML277]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short superficial white matter and aging: a longitudinal multi-site study of 1,293 subjects and 2,711 sessions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.494720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is estimated that short association fibers, or "U-shaped" fibers running immediately beneath the cortex, may make up as much as 60% of the total white matter volume. However, these have been understudied relative to the long-range association, projection, and commissural fibers of the brain. This is largely because of limitations of diffusion MRI fiber tractography, which is the primary methodology used to non-invasively study the white matter connections. Inspired by recent anatomical considerations and methodological improvements in U-fiber tractography, we aim to characterize changes in these fiber systems in cognitively normal aging, which provide insight into the biological foundation of age-related cognitive changes, and a better understanding of how age-related pathology differs from healthy aging. To do this, we used three large, longitudinal and cross-sectional datasets (N = 1293 subjects, 2711 sessions) to quantify microstructural features and length/volume features of several U-fiber systems. We find that axial, radial, and mean diffusivities show positive associations with age, while fractional anisotropy has negative associations with age in superficial white matter throughout the entire brain. These associations were most pronounced in the frontal, temporal, and temporoparietal regions. Moreover, measures of U-fiber volume and length decrease with age in a heterogenous manner across the brain, with prominent effects observed for pre- and post-central gyri. These features, and their variations with age, provide the background for characterizing normal aging, and, in combination with larger association pathways and gray matter microstructural features, may provide insight into fundamental mechanisms associated with aging and cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.494720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short superficial white matter and aging: a longitudinal multi-site study of 1,293 subjects and 2,711 sessions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feedforward attentional selection in sensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.06.495037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salient objects stand out (pop-out) from their surroundings, grabbing our attention. Whether this phenomenon is a consequence of bottom-up sensory processing or predicated on top-down influence is debated. We show that the neural computation of attentional pop-out is embedded in the earliest cortical sensory response, seemingly void of feedback from higher-level areas. We measured synaptic and spiking activity across cortical columns in mid-level area V4 of monkeys searching for an attention-grabbing stimulus. Indexed by reaction times and behavioral accuracy, attention was captured at variable times. This moment of attentional capture occurred within the earliest feedforward response, both in terms of timing and spatial location. Moreover, the magnitude of the earliest sensory response predicted reaction times. Crucially, errant attentional selection and consequent behavior was associated with errant selection in sensory cortex. Together, these findings demonstrate a dominant role for feedforward activation of sensory cortex for dictating attentional priority and subsequent behavior.

In briefWhy do certain objects stand out from their surroundings and seemingly grab our attention? In this study, Westerberg et al. determine that attentional selection for salient objects in our environment is computed in sensory cortex as soon as sensory information arrives.

HighlightsO_LIEarly sensory responses in V4 predict attentional selection and behavioral responses
C_LIO_LIErrant attentional selection in sensory cortex precedes errant behavior
C_LIO_LITonic modulation of sensory cortex can regulate attentional selection
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.06.495037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feedforward attentional selection in sensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abasic site ring opening and DNA-protein crosslink reversal by the SRAP protein YedK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apuirinic/apyrimidinic (AP, or abasic) sites in DNA are one of the most common forms of DNA damage. AP sites are reactive and form crosslinks to both proteins and DNA, are prone to strand breakage, and inhibit DNA replication and transcription. The protein HMCES protects cells from strand breaks, inhibits mutagenic translesion synthesis, and participates in repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks derived from AP sites by forming a stable thiazolidine DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) to AP sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Despite the importance of HMCES to genome maintenance and the evolutionary conservation of its catalytic SRAP (SOS Response Associated Peptidase) domain, the enzymatic mechanisms of DPC formation and resolution are unknown. Using the bacterial homolog YedK, we show that the SRAP domain catalyzes conversion of the AP site to its reactive, ring-opened aldehyde form, and provide structural evidence for the Schiff base intermediate that forms prior to the more stable thiazolidine. We also report two new activities, whereby SRAP reacts with polyunsaturated aldehydes at DNA 3-ends generated by bifunctional DNA glycosylases and catalyzes direct reversal of the DPC to regenerate the AP site, which provide insight into possible mechanisms by which HMCES DPCs are resolved in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulin, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abasic site ring opening and DNA-protein crosslink reversal by the SRAP protein YedK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overall patterns of eye-specific retino-geniculo-cortical projections to layers III, IV and VI in primary visual cortex of the prosimian galago, and correlation with cytochrome oxidase blobs. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies in galago have not provided a comprehensive description of the organization of eye specific retino-geniculate-cortical projections to the recipient layers in V1. Here we demonstrate the overall patterns of ocular dominance domains in layers III, IV and VI revealed after injecting the transneuronal tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA- HRP) into one eye. We also correlate these patterns with the array of cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in tangential sections through the unfolded and flattened cortex. In layer IV, we observed for the first time that eye-specific domains form an interconnected pattern of bands 200-250 um wide arranged such that they do not show orientation bias and do not meet the V1 border at right angles, as is the case in macaques. We also observed distinct patterns of ocular dominance patches in layer III and layer VI. The patches in layer III, likely corresponding to patches of K LGN input described previously, align with layer IV ocular dominance columns (ODCs) of the same eye dominance. Moreover, the layer III patches overlap partially with virtually all CO blobs in both hemispheres, implying that CO blobs receive K LGN input from both eyes. Finally, we found that CO blobs straddle the border between neighboring layer IV ODCs. These results, together with studies showing that a high percentage of cells in CO blobs are monocular, suggest that CO blobs consist of ipsilateral and contralateral subregions that are in register with underlying layer IV ocular dominance columns of the same eye dominance. In macaques and humans, CO blobs are centered on ODCs in layer IV. Our finding that CO blobs in galago straddle the border of neighboring layer IV ODCs suggests that this may represent an alternative way by which visual information is processed by eye specific modular architecture in mammalian V1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olavarria, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahata, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overall patterns of eye-specific retino-geniculo-cortical projections to layers III, IV and VI in primary visual cortex of the prosimian galago, and correlation with cytochrome oxidase blobs.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Along-tract quantification of resting-state BOLD hemodynamic response functions in white matter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detailed knowledge of the BOLD hemodynamic response function (HRF) is crucial for accurate analysis and interpretation of functional MRI data. Considerable efforts have been made to characterize the HRF in gray matter (GM) but much less is known about BOLD effects in white matter (WM). However, recent reports have demonstrated reliable detection and analyses of WM BOLD signals after stimulation and in a resting state. WM and GM differ in energy requirements and blood flow, so neurovascular couplings may well be different. We aimed to derive a comprehensive characterization of the HRF in WM across a population, including accurate measurements of its shape and its variation along and between WM pathways, using resting-state fMRI acquisitions. Our results show that the HRF is significantly different between WM and GM. Features of the HRF, such as a prominent initial dip, show strong relationships with features of the tissue microstructure derived from diffusion imaging, and these relationships differ between WM and GM, consistent with BOLD signal fluctuations reflecting different energy demands and differences in neurovascular coupling between tissues of different composition. We also show that the HRF varies significantly along WM pathways, and is different between different WM pathways. Thus, much like in GM, changes in flow and/or oxygenation are different for different parts of the WM. These features of the HRF in WM are especially relevant for interpretation of the biophysical basis of BOLD effects in WM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Along-tract quantification of resting-state BOLD hemodynamic response functions in white matter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495584v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus efficiently reassorts genome segments during coinfection and superinfection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.09.495584v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reassortment, or genome segment exchange, increases diversity among viruses with segmented genomes. Previous studies on the limitations of reassortment have largely focused on parental incompatibilities that restrict generation of viable progeny. However, less is known about whether factors intrinsic to virus replication influence reassortment. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) encapsidates a segmented, double- stranded RNA genome, replicates within cytoplasmic factories, and is susceptible to host antiviral responses. We sought to elucidate the influence of infection multiplicity, timing, and compartmentalized replication on reovirus reassortment in the absence of parental incompatibilities. We used an established post-PCR genotyping method to quantify reassortment frequency between wild-type and genetically-barcoded type 3 reoviruses. Consistent with published findings, we found that reassortment increased with infection multiplicity until reaching a peak of efficient genome segment exchange during simultaneous coinfection. However, reassortment frequency exhibited a substantial decease with increasing time to superinfection, which strongly correlated with viral transcript abundance. We hypothesized that physical sequestration of viral transcripts within distinct virus factories or superinfection exclusion also could influence reassortment frequency during superinfection. Imaging revealed that transcripts from both wild-type and barcoded viruses frequently co-occupied factories with superinfection time delays up to 16 hours. Additionally, primary infection dampened superinfecting virus transcription with a 24 hour, but not shorter, time delay to superinfection. Thus, in the absence of parental incompatibilities and with short times to superinfection, reovirus reassortment proceeds efficiently and is largely unaffected by compartmentalization of replication and superinfection exclusion. However, reassortment may be limited by superinfection exclusion with greater time delays to superinfection.

IMPORTANCEReassortment, or genome segment exchange between viruses, can generate novel virus genotypes and pandemic virus strains. For viruses to reassort their genome segments, they must replicate within the same physical space by coinfecting the same host cell. Even after entry into the host cell, many viruses with segmented genomes synthesize new virus transcripts and assemble and package their genomes within cytoplasmic replication compartments. Additionally, some viruses can interfere with subsequent infection of the same host or cell. However, spatial and temporal influences on reassortment are only beginning to be explored. We found that infection multiplicity and transcript abundance are important drivers of reassortment during coinfection and superinfection, respectively, for reovirus, which has a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. We also provide evidence that compartmentalization of transcription and packaging is unlikely to influence reassortment, but the length of time between primary and subsequent reovirus infection can alter reassortment frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thoner, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meloy, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.09.495584</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus efficiently reassorts genome segments during coinfection and superinfection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid transport by Candida albicans Dnf2 is required for hyphal growth and virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Candida albicans is a common cause of human mucosal yeast infections, and invasive candidiasis can be fatal. Antifungal medications are limited, but those targeting the pathogen cell wall or plasma membrane have been effective. Therefore, virulence factors controlling membrane biogenesis are potential targets for drug development. P4-ATPases contribute to membrane biogenesis by selecting and transporting specific lipids from the extracellular leaflet to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the bilayer to generate lipid asymmetry. A subset of heterodimeric P4-ATPases, including Dnf1-Lem3 and Dnf2-Lem3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transport phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and the sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer). GlcCer is a critical lipid for Candida albicans polarized growth and virulence, but the role of GlcCer transporters in virulence has not been explored. Here we show that the Candida albicans Dnf2 (CaDnf2) requires association with CaLem3 to form a functional transporter and flip fluorescent derivatives of GlcCer, PC and PE across the plasma membrane. Mutation of conserved substrate-selective residues in the membrane domain strongly abrogates GlcCer transport and partially disrupts PC transport by CaDnf2. Candida strains harboring dnf2 null alleles (dnf2{Delta}{Delta}) or point mutations that disrupt substrate recognition exhibit defects in the yeast to hyphal growth transition, filamentous growth and virulence in systemically infected mice. The influence of CaDNF1 deletion on the morphological phenotypes is negligible although the dnf1{Delta}{Delta} dnf2{Delta}{Delta} strain was less virulent than the dnf2{Delta}{Delta} strain. These results indicate that the transport of GlcCer and/or PC by plasma membrane P4-ATPases is important for pathogenicity of Candida albicans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jain, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid transport by Candida albicans Dnf2 is required for hyphal growth and virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hotspot of de novo telomere addition stabilizes linear amplicons in yeast grown in sulfate-limiting conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.12.495855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolution is driven by the accumulation of competing mutations that influence survival. A broad form of genetic variation is the amplification or deletion of DNA ([&ge;]50 bp) referred to as copy number variation. In humans, copy number variation may be inconsequential, contribute to minor phenotypic differences, or cause conditions such as birth defects, neurodevelopmental disorders, and cancers. To identify mechanisms that drive copy number variation, we monitored the experimental evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations grown under sulfate-limiting conditions. Cells with increased copy number of the gene SUL1, which encodes a primary sulfate transporter, exhibit a fitness advantage. Previously, we reported interstitial inverted triplications of SUL1 as the dominant rearrangement in a haploid population. Here, in a diploid population, we find instead that small linear fragments containing SUL1 form and are sustained over several generations. Many of the linear fragments are stabilized by de novo telomere addition within a telomere-like sequence near SUL1 (within the SNF5 gene). Using an assay that monitors telomerase action following an induced chromosome break, we show that this region acts as a hotspot of de novo telomere addition and that required sequences map to a region of <250 base pairs. Consistent with previous work showing that association of the telomere-binding protein Cdc13 with internal sequences stimulates telomerase recruitment, mutation of a four-nucleotide motif predicted to associate with Cdc13 abolishes de novo telomere addition. Our study suggests that internal telomere-like sequences that stimulate de novo telomere addition can contribute to adaptation by promoting genomic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoerr, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiRienzi, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghuraman, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunham, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.12.495855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hotspot of de novo telomere addition stabilizes linear amplicons in yeast grown in sulfate-limiting conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trem2 deficiency does not worsen metabolic function in diet-induced obese mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) is highly expressed on myeloid cells and is involved in cellular lipid homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Trem2 deletion in mice (Trem2-/-) has been implicated in evoking adipose tissue dysfunction, but its role in worsening obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction is not resolved. Here we aimed to determine the causal role of Trem2 in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in mice. Nine-week-old male and female littermate WT and Trem2-/- mice were fed low fat or high fat diet for 18 weeks and phenotyped for metabolic function. Diet-induced weight gain was similar between genotypes, irrespective of sex. Consistent with prior reports, we find that loss of Trem2 causes massive adipocyte hypertrophy and an attenuation in the lipid associated macrophage transcriptional response to obesity. In contrast to published data, we find that loss of Trem2 does not worsen metabolic function in obese mice. No differences in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (ipGTT), oral GTT, or mixed meal substrate control, including postprandial glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin, or triglycerides were found between WT and Trem2-/- animals. Similarly, no phenotypic differences existed when animals were challenged with stressors on metabolic demand (i.e., acute exercise or environmental temperature modulation) or when animals were challenged with a non-lethal dose of endotoxin. Collectively, we report a disassociation between adipose tissue remodeling caused by loss of Trem2 and whole-body metabolic homeostasis in obese mice. The complementary nature of experiments conducted gives credence to the conclusion that loss of Trem2 is unlikely to worsen glucose homeostasis in mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trem2 deficiency does not worsen metabolic function in diet-induced obese mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495980v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SERCA2 regulates proinsulin processing and processing enzyme maturation in the pancreatic β cell 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495980v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased circulating levels of incompletely processed insulin (i.e. proinsulin) are observed clinically in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanisms underlying impaired proinsulin processing remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase-2 (SERCA2) pump and {beta} cell ER Ca2+ as key regulators of systemic glucose tolerance and proinsulin processing. We generated mice with a {beta} cell-specific SERCA2 deletion ({beta}S2KO) and SERCA2 deficient INS-1 cells to show that SERCA2 loss increases systemic and pancreatic levels of proinsulin protein and leads to aberrant localization of proinsulin within the proximal {beta} cell secretory pathway. These defects in proinsulin processing were linked to reduced maturation of the proinsulin processing enzymes PC1/3 and PC2, suggesting a model whereby chronic ER Ca2+ depletion in the {beta} cell, which is observed in many pathological conditions, impairs the spatial regulation of prohormone trafficking, processing, and maturation within the {beta} cell secretory pathway.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iida, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kono, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvela, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bone, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindberg, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495980</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SERCA2 regulates proinsulin processing and processing enzyme maturation in the pancreatic β cell]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlations between behavior and neuronal responses in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and inferior colliculus (IC) of behaving monkeys 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.15.496306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detection of sounds is a fundamental function of the auditory system. While studies of auditory cortex have gained substantial insight into detection performance using behaving animals, previous subcortical studies have mostly taken place under anesthesia, in passively listening animals, or have not measured performance at threshold. These limitations preclude direct comparisons between neuronal responses and behavior. To address this, we simultaneously measured auditory detection performance and single-unit activity in the inferior colliculus (IC) and cochlear nucleus (CN) in macaques. The spontaneous activity and response variability of CN neurons were higher than those observed for IC neurons. Signal detection theoretic methods revealed that the magnitude of responses of IC neurons provided more reliable estimates of psychometric threshold and slope compared to the responses of single CN neurons. However, pooling small populations of CN neurons provided reliable estimates of psychometric threshold and slope, suggesting sufficient information in CN population activity. Trial-by-trial correlations between spike count and behavioral response emerged 50-75 ms after sound onset for most IC neurons, but for few neurons in the CN. These results highlight hierarchical differences between neurometric-psychometric correlations in CN and IC, and have important implications for how subcortical information could be decoded.

New & NoteworthyThe cerebral cortex is widely recognized to play a role in sensory processing and decision-making. Accounts of the neural basis of auditory perception and its dysfunction are based on this idea. However, significantly less attention has been paid to midbrain and brainstem structures in this regard. Here we find that subcortical auditory neurons represent stimulus information sufficient for detection, and predict behavioral choice on a trial-by-trial basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dylla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrnicek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.15.496306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlations between behavior and neuronal responses in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and inferior colliculus (IC) of behaving monkeys]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Schedule-dependent production of stereotyped sequences of actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.16.496442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Concatenating actions into automatic routines is evolutionarily advantageous as it allows organisms to efficiently use time and energy under predictable conditions. However, over reliance on inflexible behaviors can be life-threatening in a changing environment and can become pathological in disease states such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Understanding the conditions under which stereotypical sequences of actions are produced is crucial to studying how these behaviors can become maladaptive. Here, we investigated the ability of operant conditioning schedules and contingencies to promote reproducible sequences of five lever presses. We found that signaling reinforcer delivery with a visual cue was effective at increasing learning rates but resulted in mice pressing the lever in fast succession until the cue turned on, rather than pressing it five times. We also found that requiring mice to collect their reinforcer between sequences had little effect on both rate of behavior and on quantitative metrics of reproducibility such as interresponse interval (IRI) variance, and that a training strategy that directly reinforced sequences with low variance IRIs was not more effective than a traditional fixed ratio schedule at promoting reproducible action execution. Together, our findings provide insights into the parameters of behavioral training that promote reproducible sequences and serve as a roadmap to investigating the neural substrates of automatic behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Follman, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.16.496442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Schedule-dependent production of stereotyped sequences of actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the neuronal composition of the brains of dinosaurs and other fossil amniotes would offer fundamental insight into their behavioral and cognitive capabilities, but brain tissue is only rarely fossilized. However, when the bony brain case is preserved, the volume and therefore mass of the brain can be estimated with computer tomography; and if the scaling relationship between brain mass and numbers of neurons for the clade is known, that relationship can be applied to estimate the neuronal composition of the brain. Using a recently published database of numbers of neurons in the telencephalon of extant sauropsids (birds, squamates and testudines), here I show that the neuronal scaling rules that apply to these animals can be used to infer the numbers of neurons that composed the telencephalon of dinosaur, pterosaur and other fossil sauropsid species. The key to inferring numbers of telencephalic neurons in these species is first using the relationship between their estimated brain and body mass to determine whether bird-like (endothermic) or squamate-like (ectothermic) rules apply to each fossil sauropsid species. This procedure shows that the notion of "mesothermy" in dinosaurs is an artifact due to the mixing of animals with bird-like and squamate-like scaling, and indicates that theropods such as Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus were endotherms with baboon- and monkey-like numbers of telencephalic neurons, respectively, which would make these animals not only giant but also long-lived and endowed with flexible cognition, and thus even more magnificent predators than previously thought.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Theropod dinosaurs had primate-like numbers of telencephalic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammals, birds and non-avian reptiles have signature proportions of numbers of neurons across their brain structures: Numbers of neurons increased differently with endothermy in birds and mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.20.496835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern mammals, birds, and "reptiles" (squamates, turtles and crocodiles) share their developmental and evolutionary origins in the ancestral, stem amniotes of 300 million years ago. This study explores how the brains of amniotes diverged in their neuronal composition. The systematic analysis of a large dataset on the cellular composition of the major parts of the brain of 242 amniote species shows that it is not the case that a general theme in amniote evolution is the proportional expansion of the telencephalon or pallium, for such expansion only happened in owls, in primates, and in the largest mammalian species. Instead, the brains of extant mammalian, avian, and reptile species are characterized by signature proportions of numbers of neurons across the brain divisions. Reptile brains, with few exceptions, are characterized by having fewer than 10 million neurons in each brain division, with about 1.5 neurons in the telencephalon and 0.5 neuron in the cerebellum to every neuron in the rest of brain. In contrast, the brains of the closely related birds are characterized by much larger numbers of neurons that occur at a higher, fixed proportion of 4.5 neurons in the cerebellum to every neuron in the rest of brain, with variable ratios of pallial neurons. The brains of mammalian species, in turn, are characterized by larger numbers of neurons that occur at an average 4 neurons in the cerebellum to every neuron in the pallium regardless of numbers of neurons in the rest of brain. There is a striking continuity in the scaling of the pallium (or telencephalon) of extant mammalian and squamate brains that argues for a quantitative continuum between the two groups and dispels the mistaken notion that mammalian brains evolved with a qualitative change or an "addition" of structures to the "reptilian brain". The shared scaling rules between mammalian and squamate brain structures also allow for predicting the composition of early synapsid brains in amniote evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.20.496835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammals, birds and non-avian reptiles have signature proportions of numbers of neurons across their brain structures: Numbers of neurons increased differently with endothermy in birds and mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Interictal Suppression Hypothesis in Focal Epilepsy: Electrographic and Structural Evaluation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.27.497765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Why are people with focal epilepsy not constantly seizing? Previous molecular work has implicated gamma-aminobutyric acid balance as integral to seizure generation and termination, but is the high-level distributed brain network involved in suppressing seizures? Recent intracranial electrographic evidence has suggested that seizure onset zones have an increased inward connectivity. Accordingly, we hypothesize that seizure onset zones are actively suppressed by the rest of the brain network during interictal states.

We tested this hypothesis on 81 subjects with drug resistant focal epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation. We utilized intracranial electrographic resting-state and neurostimulation recordings to evaluate the network connectivity of seizure onset, propagative, and non-involved regions. We then utilized diffusion imaging to acquire estimates of white matter connectivity to evaluate structure-function coupling effects on connectivity findings. Finally, using our observations, we generated a resting-state classification model to assist clinicians in detecting seizure onset and propagative zones without the need for multiple ictal recordings.

Our findings indicate that seizure onset and propagative zones demonstrate markedly increased inward connectivity and decreased outward connectivity on both resting-state and neurostimulation analyses. When controlling for distance between regions, the difference between inward vs. outward connectivity remained stable up to 80 mm between brain connections. Structure-function coupling analyses revealed that seizure onset zones exhibit abnormally enhanced coupling (hypercoupling) of surrounding regions compared to presumably healthy tissue. Using these observations, our classification models achieved a maximum held-out testing set accuracy of 92.0{+/-}2.2%.

These results indicate that seizure onset zones are actively segregated and suppressed by a widespread brain network. Furthermore, this electrographically observed functional suppression is disproportionate to any observed structural connectivity alterations of the seizure onset zones. These findings have implications for the identification of seizure onset zones using only brief resting-sate recordings to reduce patient morbidity and augment the presurgical evaluation of drug resistant epilepsy. Furthermore, testing of the interictal suppression hypothesis can provide insight into potential new resective, ablative, and neuromodulation approaches to improve surgical success rates in those suffering from drug resistant focal epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shless, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.27.497765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Interictal Suppression Hypothesis in Focal Epilepsy: Electrographic and Structural Evaluation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleotide excision repair is universally mutagenic and transcription-associated 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.497968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In bacteria, mutations lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistance, which is one the main public health problems of the 21st century. Therefore, determining which cellular processes most frequently contribute to mutagenesis, especially in cells that have not been exposed to exogenous DNA damage, is critical. Here, we show that endogenous oxidative stress is a key driver of mutagenesis and the subsequent development of antibiotic resistance. This is the case for all classes of antibiotics tested and across highly divergent species, including patient-derived strains. We show that the transcription-coupled repair pathway, which uses the nucleotide excision repair proteins (TC-NER), is responsible for endogenous oxidative stress-dependent mutagenesis and subsequent evolution. This strongly suggests that a majority of mutations arise through transcription-associated processes rather than the replication fork. In addition to determining that the NER proteins play a critical role in mutagenesis and evolution, we also identify the DNA polymerases responsible for this process. Our data strongly suggest that cooperation between three different mutagenic DNA polymerases, likely at the last step of TC-NER, is responsible for mutagenesis and evolution. Overall, our work identifies that a highly conserved pathway drives mutagenesis due to endogenous oxidative stress, which has broad implications for all diseases of evolution, including antibiotic resistance development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samadpour, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viera, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.497968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleotide excision repair is universally mutagenic and transcription-associated]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-15 superagonist N-803 enhances IFNγ production and alters the trafficking of MAIT cells in SIV+ macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.28.498052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mucosal Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are innate T cells that recognize bacterial metabolites and secrete cytokines and cytolytic enzymes to destroy infected target cells. This makes MAIT cells promising targets for immunotherapy to combat bacterial infections. Here, we analyzed the effects of an immunotherapeutic agent, the IL-15 superagonist N-803, on MAIT cell activation, trafficking, and cytolytic function in macaques. We found that N-803 could activate MAIT cells in vitro and increase their ability to produce IFN{gamma} in response to bacterial stimulation. To expand upon this, we examined the phenotypes and function of MAIT cells present in samples collected from PBMC, airways (BAL), and lymph nodes (LN) from rhesus macaques that were treated in vivo with N-803. N-803 treatment led to a transient 6-7 fold decrease in the total number of MAIT cells in the peripheral blood relative to pre N-803 timepoints. Concurrent with the decrease in cells in the peripheral blood, we observed a rapid decline in the frequency of CXCR3+CCR6+ MAITs. This corresponded with an increase in the frequency of CCR6+ MAITs in BAL, and higher frequencies of ki-67+ and granzyme B+ MAITs in blood, LN, and BAL. Finally, N-803 improved the ability of MAIT cells collected from PBMC and airways to produce IFN{gamma} in response to bacterial stimulation. Overall, N-803 shows the potential to transiently alter the trafficking and enhance the antibacterial activity of MAIT cells which could be combined with other strategies to combat bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellis-Connell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balgeman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannal, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen Chaimson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batchenkova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safrit, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.28.498052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-15 superagonist N-803 enhances IFNγ production and alters the trafficking of MAIT cells in SIV+ macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation is a widespread mechanism of light-induced circadian clock period plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.30.498269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is a principal light-responsive circadian clock that adjusts circadian rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior to changes in external light signals. Although mechanisms underlying how light acutely resets the timing of circadian rhythms have been characterized, it remains elusive how light signals induce lasting changes in circadian period, so-called period after-effects. Here we have found that the period after-effects on circadian behavior of changing photoperiods are blocked by application of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors directed to the SCN. At the level of single light pulses that act as clock-resetting stimulations, pharmacologically inhibiting DNA methylation in the SCN significantly attenuates period after-effects following acute phase shifts in behavioral rhythms in vivo, and blocks period after-effects on clock gene rhythms in the isolated ex vivo SCN. Acute clock resetting shifts themselves, however, do not appear to require DNA methylation at the SCN and behavioral levels, in contrast to subsequent period plasticity. Our results indicate that DNA methylation in the SCN mediates light-induced period after-effects in response to photoperiods, and single light pulses, and together with previous studies showing that DNA methylation in the SCN is essential for period after-effects of non-24hr light cycles (T-cycles), suggest that DNA methylation in the SCN is a widespread mechanism of light-induced circadian period plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.30.498269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation is a widespread mechanism of light-induced circadian clock period plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498553v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weight cycling induces innate immune memory in adipose tissue macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498553v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Weight loss improves obesity-associated diabetes risk. However, most individuals regain weight, which worsens the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We previously reported that male mice retain obesity-associated immunological changes even after weight loss, suggesting that immune cells may remember the state of obesity. Therefore, we hypothesized that cycles of weight gain and loss, otherwise known as weight cycling, can induce innate memory in adipose macrophages. We first treated bone marrow derived macrophages in a culture model of innate immune memory. Priming the cells with palmitic acid or adipose tissue conditioned media increased maximal glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and increased LPS-induced TNF and IL-6 production. While weight loss improved glucose tolerance, adipose macrophages retained elevated LPS-induced cytokine production. In a model of weight cycling, adipose macrophages had elevated metabolism and secreted higher levels of basal TNF. Together, these data suggest that obesity and subsequent weight loss can prime adipose macrophages for enhanced inflammation upon weight regain. This innate immune memory response may contribute to worsened glucose tolerance following weight cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caslin, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boney, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.02.498553</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weight cycling induces innate immune memory in adipose tissue macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep learning segmentation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert on 3T MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.02.498556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) is a key subcortical structure that is important in arousal, cognition, brain network modulation, and has been explored as a deep brain stimulation target. It has also been implicated in several disease states, including Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Given the small size of NBM and variability between patients, NBM is difficult to study; thus, accurate, patient-specific segmentation is needed. We investigated whether a deep learning network could produce accurate, patient-specific segmentations of NBM on commonly utilized 3T MRI. It is difficult to accurately segment NBM on 3T MRI, with 7T being preferred. Paired 3T and 7T MRI datasets of 21 healthy subjects were obtained, with 6 completely withheld for testing. NBM was expertly segmented on 7T MRI, providing accurate labels for the paired 3T MRI. An external dataset of 14 patients with TLE was used to test the model on brains with neurological disorders. A 3D-Unet convolutional neural network was constructed, and a 5-fold cross-validation was performed. The model was evaluated on healthy subjects using the held-out test dataset and the external dataset of TLE patients. The model demonstrated significantly improved dice coefficient over the standard probabilistic atlas for both healthy subjects (0.68MEAN{+/-}0.08SD vs. 0.47{+/-}0.06, p=0.0089, t-test) and TLE patients (0.63{+/-}0.08 vs. 0.38{+/-}0.19, p=0.0001). Additionally, the centroid distance was significantly decreased when using the model in patients with TLE (1.22{+/-}0.33mm, 3.25{+/-}2.57mm, p=0.0110). We developed the first model, to our knowledge, for automatic and accurate patient-specific segmentation of the NBM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doss, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, H. F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawant, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.02.498556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep learning segmentation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert on 3T MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptors Dictate Stem Cell Fitness Versus Lineage Output in Dnmt3a-Mutant Clonal Hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.03.498502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis resulting from enhanced fitness of mutant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) associates with both favorable and unfavorable health outcomes related to the types of mature mutant blood cells produced, but how this lineage output is regulated is unclear. Using a mouse model of a clonal hematopoiesis-associated mutation, DNMT3AR882/+ (Dnmt3aR878H/+), we found that aging-induced TNF signaling promoted the selective advantage of mutant HSCs as well as stimulated mutant B lymphoid cell production. Genetic loss of TNF receptor TNFR1 impaired mutant HSC fitness without altering lineage output, while loss of TNFR2 reduced lymphoid cell production and favored myeloid cell production from mutant HSCs without altering overall fitness. These results support a model where clone size and mature blood lineage production can be independently controlled to harness potential beneficial aspects of clonal hematopoiesis.

Statement of SignificanceThrough identification and dissection of TNF signaling as a key driver of murine Dnmt3a-mutant hematopoiesis, we report the discovery that clone size and production of specific mature blood cell types can be independently regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>SanMiguel, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eudy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loberg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stearns, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Challen, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trowbridge, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.03.498502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Receptors Dictate Stem Cell Fitness Versus Lineage Output in Dnmt3a-Mutant Clonal Hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Corticostriatal Beta Power Changes Associated with Cognitive Function in Parkinsons Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.07.499165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive impairment (CI) is the most frequent nonmotor symptom in Parkinsons Disease (PD) and is associated with deficits in executive functions such as working memory. Previous studies have demonstrated that caudate beta power is involved in learning and working memory. Decreased dopamine in motor cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits results in increased beta power and PD motor symptoms. Analogous changes in cognitive CSTC circuits, including the caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), may contribute to PD CI. The objective of our study is to evaluate whether beta power changes in caudate and DLPFC contribute to cognitive impairment in PD patients. To investigate this, we used local field potential (LFP) recordings during deep brain stimulation surgery in 15 PD patients. LFP signals from DLPFC and caudate were performed at rest and during a verbal working memory task. We examined beta power changes during the working memory task and relationship of beta power to pre-operative neuropsychological testing results. Beta power decreased in both DLPFC and caudate during encoding of correct trials, whereas beta power increased in DLPFC and caudate during feedback for correct responses. Subjects with cognitive impairment showed smaller decreases in caudate and DLPFC beta power during encoding, greater increases in beta power during feedback, and lower average resting-state beta power. Additionally, reduced caudate beta power during encoding correlated with better memory scores on pre-operative neuropsychological testing, while greater DLPFC beta power during feedback correlated with worse scores in the attention domain. Our findings suggest that similar to the relationship between beta power in motor CSTC circuits and PD motor symptoms, beta power changes in parallel cognitive CSTC circuits may be correlated with cognitive symptoms in PD patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claassen, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.07.499165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Corticostriatal Beta Power Changes Associated with Cognitive Function in Parkinsons Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of flour beetle microbiota limits experimentally evolved immune priming response, but not pathogen resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-associated microbiota play a fundamental role in the training and induction of different forms of immunity, including inducible as well as constitutive components. However, direct experiments analysing the relative importance of microbiota during evolution of different immune functions are missing. We addressed this gap by using experimentally evolved lines of Tribolium castaneum that either produced inducible immune memory-like responses (immune priming) or constitutively expressed basal resistance (without priming), as mutually exclusive strategies against Bacillus thuringiensis infection. We disrupted the microbial communities in these evolved lines and estimated the impact on the beetles ability to mount a priming response vs basal resistance. Populations that had evolved immune priming lost the ability to mount a priming response upon microbiota disruption. Microbiota manipulation also caused a drastic reduction in their reproductive output and post-infection longevity. In contrast, in pathogen-resistant beetles, microbiota manipulation did not affect post-infection survival or reproduction. The divergent evolution of immune responses across beetle lineages was thus associated with divergent reliance on the microbiome. Whether the latter is a direct outcome of differential pathogen exposure during selection or reflects evolved immune functions remains unclear. We hope that our results will motivate further experiments to understand the mechanistic basis of these complex evolutionary associations between microbiota, host immune strategies, and fitness outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agashe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of flour beetle microbiota limits experimentally evolved immune priming response, but not pathogen resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Template-free prediction of a new protein fold and oligomeric assembly by Alphafold2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AlphaFold2 (AF2) has revolutionized the field of protein structural prediction. Here, we test its ability to predict the tertiary and quaternary structure of a previously undescribed scaffold with new folds and unusual architecture, the monotopic membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1). CAV1 assembles into a disc-shaped oligomer composed of 11 symmetrically arranged protomers, each assuming an identical new fold, and contains the largest parallel {beta}-barrel known to exist in nature. Remarkably, AF2 predicts both the fold of the protomers and interfaces between them. It also assembles between 7 and 15 copies of CAV1 into disc-shaped complexes. However, the predicted multimers are energetically strained, especially the parallel {beta}-barrel. These findings highlight the ability of AF2 to correctly predict new protein folds and oligomeric assemblies at a granular level while missing some elements of higher order complexes, thus positing a new direction for the continued development of deep learning protein structure prediction approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porta, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Template-free prediction of a new protein fold and oligomeric assembly by Alphafold2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and phenotypic trait variation of the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus flavus and its non-pathogenic close relatives 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.12.499845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal diseases affect millions of humans annually, yet fungal pathogens remain understudied. The mold Aspergillus flavus is a causative agent of both aspergillosis and fungal keratitis infections, but species closely related to A. flavus are not considered clinically relevant. To study the evolution of A. flavus pathogenicity, we examined genomic and phenotypic traits of two strains of A. flavus and three closely related non- pathogenic species: Aspergillus arachidicola (two strains), Aspergillus parasiticus (two strains), and Aspergillus nomiae (one strain). We identified over 3,000 orthologous proteins unique to A. flavus, including seven biosynthetic gene clusters present in A. flavus strains and absent in the three non-pathogenic species. We chose to characterize secondary metabolite production for all seven strains under two clinically relevant conditions, temperature and salt concentration. Temperature impacted metabolite production in all species. Conversely, we found a lack of impact of salinity on secondary metabolite production. Strains of the same species produced different metabolites. Growth under stress conditions revealed additional heterogeneity within species. Using the invertebrate model of fungal disease Galleria mellonella, we found virulence of strains of the same species varied widely, and A. flavus strains were not more virulent than strains of the non-pathogenic species. In a murine model of fungal keratitis, we observed significantly lower disease severity and corneal thickness for A. arachidicola compared to other species at 48 hrs, but not at 72 hrs. Our work identifies key phenotypic, chemical, and genomic similarities and differences between the opportunistic human pathogen A. flavus and its non-pathogenic relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatmaker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Grimaldo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourhadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lightfoot, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.12.499845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and phenotypic trait variation of the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus flavus and its non-pathogenic close relatives]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigenic mapping and functional characterization of human New World hantavirus neutralizing antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hantaviruses are high-priority emerging pathogens carried by rodents and transmitted to humans by aerosolized excreta or, in rare cases, person-to-person contact. While sporadic in North and South America, many infections occur in Europe and Asia, with mortality ranging from 1 to 40% depending on the hantavirus species. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics for hantaviruses, and the only treatment for infection is supportive care for respiratory or kidney failure. Additionally, the humoral immune response to hantavirus infection is incompletely understood, especially the location of major antigenic sites on the viral glycoproteins and conserved neutralizing epitopes. Here, we report antigenic mapping and functional characterization for four neutralizing hantavirus antibodies. The broadly neutralizing antibody SNV-53 targets an interface between Gn/Gc, neutralizes through fusion inhibition and cross-protects against the Old World hantavirus species Hantaan virus when administered pre- or post-exposure. Another broad antibody, SNV-24, also neutralizes through fusion inhibition but targets domain I of Gc and demonstrates weak neutralizing activity across hantavirus species. ANDV-specific, neutralizing antibodies (ANDV-5 and ANDV-34) neutralize through attachment blocking and protect against hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in animals but target two different antigenic faces on the head domain of Gn. Determining the antigenic sites for neutralizing antibodies will contribute to further therapeutic development for hantavirus-related diseases and inform the design of new broadly protective hantavirus vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engdahl, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brocato, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmina, N. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Principe, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwilas, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guardado-Calvo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handal, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zagol-Ikapitte, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukreyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooper, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigenic mapping and functional characterization of human New World hantavirus neutralizing antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Superficial white matter across the lifespan: volume, thickness, change, and relationship with cortical features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Superficial white matter (SWM) represents a significantly understudied part of the human brain, despite comprising a large portion of brain volume and making up a majority of cortical structural connections. Using multiple, high-quality, datasets with large sample sizes (N=2421, age range 5-100) in combination with methodological advances in tractography, we quantified features of SWM volume and thickness across the brain and across the lifespan. We address four questions: (1) How does U-fiber volume change with age? (2) What does U-fiber thickness look like across the brain? (3) How does SWM thickness change with age? (4) Are there relationships between SWM thickness and cortical features? Our main findings are that (1) SWM volume shows unique volumetric trajectories with age that are distinct from gray matter and other white matter trajectories; (2) SWM thickness varies across the brain, with patterns robust across individuals and across the population at the region-level and vertex-level; (3) SWM shows nonlinear changes across the lifespan that vary across regions; and (4) SWM thickness is associated with cortical thickness and curvature. For the first time, we show that SWM volume follows a similar trend as overall white matter volume, peaking at a similar time in adolescence, leveling off throughout adulthood, and decreasing with age thereafter. Notably, the relative fraction of total brain volume of SWM continuously increases with age, and consequently takes up a larger proportion of total white matter volume, unlike the other tissue types that decrease with respect to total brain volume. This study represents the first characterization of SWM features across the lifespan and provides the background for characterizing normal aging and insight into the mechanisms associated with SWM development and decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiner, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Superficial white matter across the lifespan: volume, thickness, change, and relationship with cortical features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.500696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified Tumor Growth Mechanisms from Multimodel Inference and Dataset Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.22.500696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic models of biological processes can help explain observed phenomena and predict response to a perturbation. A mathematical model is typically constructed using expert knowledge and informal reasoning to generate a mechanistic explanation for a given observation. Although this approach works well for simple systems with abundant data and well-established principles, quantitative biology is often faced with a dearth of both data and knowledge about a process, thus making it challenging to identify and validate all possible mechanistic hypothesis underlying a system behavior. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a Bayesian multimodel inference (Bayes-MMI) methodology, which quantifies how mechanistic hypotheses can explain a given experimental datasets, and concurrently, how each dataset informs a given model hypothesis, thus enabling hypothesis space exploration in the context of available data. We demonstrate this approach to probe standing questions about heterogeneity, lineage plasticity, and cell-cell interactions in tumor growth mechanisms of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We integrate three datasets that each formulated different explanations for tumor growth mechanisms in SCLC, apply Bayes-MMI and find that the data supports model predictions for tumor evolution promoted by high lineage plasticity, rather than through expanding rare stem-like populations. In addition, the models predict that in the presence of SCLC-N or SCLC-A2 cells, the transition from SCLC-A to SCLC-Y through an intermediate is decelerated. Together, these predictions provide a testable hypothesis for observed juxtaposed results in SCLC growth and a mechanistic interpretation for tumor recalcitrance.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTo make a mathematical model, an investigator needs to know and incorporate biological relationships present in the system of interest. However, if we dont know the exact relationships, how can we build a model? Building a single model may include spurious relationships or exclude important ones, so model selection enables us to build multiple, incorporating various combinations of biological features and the relationships between them. Each biological feature represents a distinct hypothesis, which can be investigated via model fitting to experimental data. We aim to improve upon the information theoretic framework of model selection by incorporating Bayesian elements. We apply our approach to small cell lung cancer (SCLC), using multiple datasets, to address hypotheses about cell-cell interactions, phenotypic transitions, and tumor makeup across experimental model systems. Incorporating Bayesian inference, we can add into model selection an assessment of whether these hypotheses are likely or unlikely, or even whether the data enables assessment of a hypothesis at all. Our analysis finds that SCLC is likely highly plastic, with cells able to transition phenotypic identities easily. These predictions could help explain why SCLC is such a difficult disease to treat, and provide the basis for further experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beik, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.500696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified Tumor Growth Mechanisms from Multimodel Inference and Dataset Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From multi-omics data to the cancer druggable genediscovery: a novel machine learning-based approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of targeted drugs allows precision medicine in cancer treatment and achieving optimal targeted therapies. Accurate identification of cancer drug genes is helpful to strengthen the understanding of targeted cancer therapy and promote precise cancer treatment. However, rare cancer-druggable genes have been found due to the multi-omics datas diversity and complexity. This study proposes DF-CAGE, a novel machine learning-based method for cancer-druggable gene discovery. DF-CAGE integrated the somatic mutations, copy number variants, DNA methylation, and RNA-Seq data across ~10000 TCGA profiles to identify the landscape of the cancer-druggable genes. We found that DF-CAGE discovers the commonalities of currently known cancer-druggable genes from the perspective of multi-omics data and achieved excellent performance on OncoKB, Target, and Drugbank data sets. Among the ~20,000 protein-coding genes, DF-CAGE pinpointed 465 potential cancer-druggable genes. We found that the candidate cancer druggable genes (CDG-genes) are clinically meaningful and can be divided into highly reliable, reliable, and potential gene sets. Finally, we analyzed the contribution of the omics data to the identification of druggable genes. We found that DF-CAGE reports druggable genes mainly based on the CNAs data, the gene rearrangements, and the mutation rates in the population. These findings may enlighten the study and development of new drugs in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.24.501277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From multi-omics data to the cancer druggable genediscovery: a novel machine learning-based approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Irradiated Mammary Spheroids Elucidate Mechanisms of Macrophage-Mediated Breast Cancer Recurrence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.24.501296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While most patients with triple negative breast cancer receive radiotherapy to improve outcomes, a significant subset of patients continue to experience recurrence. Macrophage infiltration into radiation-damaged sites has been shown to promote breast cancer recurrence in pre-clinical models. However, the mechanisms that drive recurrence are unknown. Here, we developed a novel spheroid model to evaluate macrophage-mediated tumor cell recruitment. We first characterized infiltrating macrophage phenotypes into irradiated mammary tissue to inform our model. We then established spheroids consisting of fibroblasts isolated from mouse mammary glands. We observed that tumor cell motility toward irradiated spheroids was enhanced in the presence of a 2:1 ratio of pro-healing:pro-inflammatory macrophages. We also measured a significant increase in interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion after irradiation both in vivo and in our model. This secretion increased tumor cell invasiveness, and invasion was mitigated by neutralizing IL-6. Taken together, our work suggests that interactions between infiltrating macrophages and damaged stromal cells facilitates breast cancer recurrence through IL-6 signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hacker, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Questell, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedges, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.24.501296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Irradiated Mammary Spheroids Elucidate Mechanisms of Macrophage-Mediated Breast Cancer Recurrence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Female investment in terminal reproduction or somatic maintenance depends on infection dose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune responses are energetically costly to produce and often trade off with investment in reproduction and offspring provisioning. We predicted that hosts can interpret the magnitude of the infection threat from cues like initial bacterial load to adjust reproductive investment into offspring quantity and quality. To test this prediction, we exposed female flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) to naive or sterile media controls or one of three increasing doses of heat-killed Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). To estimate offspring quantity, we measured the number of eggs and hatched larvae from each maternal treatment group. To estimate offspring quality, we measured egg protein content, development to pupation, pupal weight, and offspring survival against Bt infection. Compared to naive controls, low and intermediate bacterial doses resulted in lower female fecundity, suggesting a shift to a somatic maintenance strategy. Meanwhile, in the highest-dose group, fecundity was negatively correlated with egg protein content, suggesting a trade-off between offspring quality and quantity that could mask terminal investment based on metrics of quantity alone. Our results underscore the need to account for the magnitude of environmental cue when quantifying plasticity and trade-offs among life history traits, and provide new insight into the trans-generational effects of immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, N. K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Female investment in terminal reproduction or somatic maintenance depends on infection dose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501913v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of a LRRC8 chimera with physiologically relevant properties reveals heptameric assembly and pore-blocking lipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501913v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) mediate Cl- and organic solute efflux from vertebrate cells and are essential for cell volume homeostasis. VRACs are heteromeric assemblies of LRRC8A-E proteins with unknown stoichiometries. Homomeric LRRC8A and LRRC8D channels have a hexameric structure. However, these channels are either non-functional or exhibit abnormal functional properties limiting their utility for structure-function analyses. We circumvented these limitations by developing novel homomeric LRRC8 chimeric channels with physiologically relevant functional properties. We demonstrate here that the LRRC8C-LRRC8A(IL125) chimera comprising LRRC8C and 25 amino acids unique to the first intracellular loop (IL1) of LRRC8A has a heptameric structure like that of homologous pannexin channels. Membrane lipids are a key structural element of the channel and are located between subunits and occluding the channel pore. Our results suggest that native VRAC/LRRC8 channels are heptamers and that associated lipids are likely essential for normal channel gating and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strange, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501913</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of a LRRC8 chimera with physiologically relevant properties reveals heptameric assembly and pore-blocking lipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy promotes the evolution of inducible immune responses in a model of host-pathogen coevolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.02.502467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Components of immune systems face significant selective pressure to efficiently use organismal resources, mitigate infection, and resist parasitic manipulation. A theoretically optimal immune defense balances investment in constitutive and inducible immune components depending on the kinds of parasites encountered, but genetic and dynamic constraints can force deviation away from theoretical optima. One such potential constraint is pleiotropy, the phenomenon where a single gene affects multiple phenotypes. Although pleiotropy can prevent or dramatically slow adaptive evolution, it is prevalent in the signaling networks that compose metazoan immune systems. We hypothesized that pleiotropy is maintained in immune signaling networks despite slowed adaptive evolution because it provides some other advantage, such as forcing network evolution to compensate in ways that increase host fitness during infection. To study the effects of pleiotropy on the evolution of immune signaling networks, we used an agent-based modeling approach to evolve a population of host immune systems infected by simultaneously co-evolving parasites. Four kinds of pleiotropic restrictions on evolvability were incorporated into the networks, and their evolutionary outcomes were compared to, and competed against, non-pleiotropic networks. As the networks evolved, we tracked several metrics of immune network complexity, relative investment in inducible and constitutive defenses, and features associated with the winners and losers of competitive simulations. Our results suggest non-pleiotropic networks evolve to deploy highly constitutive immune responses regardless of parasite prevalence, but some implementations of pleiotropy favor the evolution of highly inducible immunity. These inducible pleiotropic networks are no less fit than non-pleiotropic networks and can out-compete non-pleiotropic networks in competitive simulations. These provide a theoretical explanation for the prevalence of pleiotropic genes in immune systems and highlight a mechanism that could facilitate the evolution of inducible immune responses.

Author SummaryGenes involved in immune defense are hotspots of adaptive evolution as they resist rapidly evolving parasites and pathogens. Pleiotropic genes, which affect multiple discrete traits, have been shown to evolve at a much slower rate than non-pleiotropic genes but are highly represented in the immune system. The evolutionary effects of pleiotropic signaling genes on immune evolution are poorly understood, so we developed a model of pleiotropic signaling network evolution to address this gap in knowledge. Our results show that pleiotropy may be an important genomic feature in the development of inducible immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy promotes the evolution of inducible immune responses in a model of host-pathogen coevolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Psychometric and subcortical neurometric measures of temporal discrimination in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.05.502987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal envelope fluctuations are abundant in nature and are critical for perception of complex sounds. While psychophysical sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) processing studies have characterized the perception of SAM, and neurophysiological studies report a subcortical transformation from temporal to rate-based code, no studies have characterized this transformation in unanesthetized animals or in nonhuman primates. To address this, we recorded single-unit responses and compared derived neurometric measures in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and inferior colliculus (IC) to psychometric measures of modulation frequency (MF) discrimination in macaques. IC and CN neurons often exhibited tuned responses to SAM in their rate and spike-timing. Neurometric thresholds spanned a large range (2-200 Hz {Delta} MF). The lowest 40% of IC thresholds were less than or equal to psychometric thresholds, regardless of which code was used, while CN thresholds were greater than psychometric thresholds. Discrimination at 10-20 Hz could be explained by indiscriminately pooling 30 units in either structure, while discrimination at higher MFs was best explained by more selective pooling. This suggests that pooled brainstem activity was sufficient for AM discrimination. Psychometric and neurometric thresholds decreased as a function of stimulus duration, but IC and CN thresholds were greater and more variable than behavior at durations less than 500 ms. This slower subcortical temporal integration compared to behavior was consistent with a drift diffusion model which reproduced individual differences in performance and can constrain future neurophysiological studies of temporal integration. These measures provide an account of AM perception at the neurophysiological, computational, and behavioral levels.

Significance statementListening in everyday environments tasks the brain with extracting information from sound envelopes. This process involves both sensory encoding and decision-making. Different neural codes for envelope representation have been well characterized in the auditory midbrain and cortex, but studies of the brainstem have usually been conducted in anesthetized rodents or cats. Moreover, these candidate neural codes have been studied in isolation from the decision-making process. In this study, we found that population activity in the primate subcortical auditory system contains sufficient information for discriminating sound envelope and applied a biologically plausible model of decision-making to sound envelope discrimination performance from rhesus macaques, a species with great phylogenetic and perceptual similarity to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hauser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenhaut, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temghare, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.05.502987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Psychometric and subcortical neurometric measures of temporal discrimination in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Epsins to Inhibit FGF Signaling while Potentiating TGF-β Signaling Constrains Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition in Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDEpsin endocytic adaptor proteins are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully defined. In this study, we determined how epsins enhance endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in atherosclerosis and assessed the efficacy of a therapeutic peptide in a preclinical model of this disease.

METHODSUsing single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), combined with molecular, cellular, and biochemical analyses, we investigated the role of epsins in stimulating EndoMT using knock-out mouse models. The therapeutic efficacy of a synthetic peptide targeting atherosclerotic plaques was then assessed in Apoe-/- mice.

RESULTSScRNA-seq and lineage tracing revealed that epsins 1 and 2 promote EndoMT, and the loss of endothelial epsins inhibits EndoMT marker expression as well as transforming growth factor-beta signaling in vitro and in atherosclerotic mice, which is associated with smaller lesions in Apoe-/- mouse model. Mechanistically, the loss of endothelial cell epsins results in increased fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) expression that inhibits TGF-{beta} signaling and EndoMT. Epsins directly bind ubiquitinated FGFR1 through their ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM), which results in endocytosis and degradation of this receptor complex. Consequently, administration of a synthetic UIM-containing peptide API significantly attenuates EndoMT and progression of atherosclerosis.

CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that epsins potentiate EndoMT during atherogenesis by increasing TGF-{beta} signaling through FGFR1 internalization and degradation. Inhibition of EndoMT by reducing epsin-FGFR1 interaction with a therapeutic peptide may represent a novel treatment strategy for atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bischoff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Epsins to Inhibit FGF Signaling while Potentiating TGF-β Signaling Constrains Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition in Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Epsins by nanotherapy regulates lipid metabolism and promotes 1 ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux to fortify atheroma regression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.503334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDExcess cholesterol accumulation in lesional macrophages elicits complex responses in atherosclerosis. Epsins, a family of endocytic adaptors, fuel the progression of atherosclerosis; however, the underlying mechanism and therapeutic potential of targeting Epsins remains unknown. In this study, we determined the role of Epsins in macrophage-mediated metabolic regulation. We then developed an innovative method to therapeutically-target macrophage Epsins with specially-designed S2P-conjugated lipid nanoparticles (NPs), which encapsulate small interfering RNAs to suppress Epsins.

METHODSWe used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with our newly developed algorithm MEBOCOST to study cell-cell communications mediated by metabolites from sender cells and sensor proteins on receiver cells. Biomedical, cellular and molecular approaches were utilized to investigate the role of macrophage Epsins in regulating lipid metabolism and transport. We performed this study using myeloid-specific Epsin double knockout (LysM-DKO) mice and mice with a genetic reduction of ABCG1 (LysM-DKO-ABCG1fl/+). The NPs targeting lesional macrophages were developed to encapsulate interfering RNAs to treat atherosclerosis.

RESULTSWe revealed that Epsins regulate lipid metabolism and transport in atherosclerotic macrophages. Inhibiting Epsins by nanotherapy halts inflammation and accelerates atheroma resolution. Harnessing lesional macrophage-specific NP delivery of Epsin siRNAs, we showed that silencing of macrophage Epsins markedly diminished atherosclerotic plaque size and promoted plaque regression. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Epsins bound to CD36 to facilitate lipid uptake by enhancing CD36 endocytosis and recycling. Conversely, Epsins promoted ABCG1 degradation via lysosomes and hampered ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. In a LysM-DKO-ABCG1fl/+ mouse model, enhanced cholesterol efflux and reverse transport due to Epsin deficiency was suppressed by the reduction of ABCG1.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that targeting Epsins in lesional macrophages may offer therapeutic benefits for advanced atherosclerosis by reducing CD36-mediated lipid uptake and increasing ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux.

Novelty and SignificanceO_ST_ABSWHAT IS KNOWN?C_ST_ABSO_LIEpsin endocytic adaptor proteins are upregulated in human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions
C_LIO_LILesional macrophages internalize lipids primarily through scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis such as CD36 and SR-A
C_LIO_LIMacrophage-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport is crucial to atheroma resolution
C_LI

WHAT NEW INFORMATION DOES THIS ARTICLE CONTRIBUTE?O_LIScRNA-seq combined with the newly-developed algorithm MEBOCOST reveals that Epsins are involved in macrophage-mediated lipid metabolic regulation
C_LIO_LIMacrophage epsins promote lipid uptake by targeting CD36 endocytosis and membrane recycling via the Epsin ENTH domain
C_LIO_LIEpsins bind ubiquitinated ABCG1--resulting in the endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of this cholesterol transporter, which reduces cholesterol efflux.
C_LIO_LIMacrophage-specific, nanoparticle-mediated RNAi delivery exhibits a therapeutic benefit for the treatment of atherosclerosis
C_LIO_LIAtherosclerotic plaque regression using this nanoparticle delivery platform represents a clinically-relevant approach for the treatment of advance atherosclerosis
C_LI

BRIEF SUMMARYDespite the development of new cholesterol-lowering therapies, including the recently approved PCSK9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) antagonists, patients still face a tremendous risk of developing major acute cardiovascular events resulting from chronic inflammation in the plaque. We employed a novel nanomedicine platform containing a stabilin-2 targeting peptide (S2P) to deliver Epsin-specific siRNAs to lesional macrophages. We discovered that inhibition of these adaptor proteins in lesional macrophages significantly diminished plaque size and necrotic core area, increased fibrous cap thickness, and promoted plaque regression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malovichko, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.503334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Epsins by nanotherapy regulates lipid metabolism and promotes 1 ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux to fortify atheroma regression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The high-resolution in vivo measurement of replication fork velocity and pausing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important step towards understanding the mechanistic basis of the central dogma is the quantitative characterization of the dynamics of nucleic-acid-bound molecular motors in the context of the living cell, where a crowded cytoplasm as well as competing and potentially antagonistic processes may significantly affect their rapidity and reliability. To capture these dynamics, we develop a novel method, lag-time analysis, for measuring in vivo dynamics. The approach uses exponential growth as the stopwatch to resolve dynamics in an asynchronous culture and therefore circumvents the difficulties and potential artifacts associated with synchronization or fluorescent labeling. Although lag-time analysis has the potential to be widely applicable to the quantitative analysis of in vivo dynamics, we focus on an important application: characterizing replication dynamics. To benchmark the approach, we analyze replication dynamics in three different species and a collection of mutants. We provide the first quantitative locus-specific measurements of fork velocity, in units of kb per second, as well as replisome-pause durations, some with the precision of seconds. The measured fork velocity is observed to be both locus and time dependent, even in wild-type cells. In addition to quantitatively characterizing known phenomena, we detect brief, locus-specific pauses at rDNA in wild-type cells for the first time. We also observe temporal fork velocity oscillations in three highly-divergent bacterial species. Lag-time analysis not only has great potential to offer new insights into replication, as demonstrated in the paper, but also has potential to provide quantitative insights into other important processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.13.503874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The high-resolution in vivo measurement of replication fork velocity and pausing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Embryonic Retinal Waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.14.503889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spontaneous activity is a hallmark of developing neural systems. In the retina, spontaneous activity comes in the form of retinal waves, comprised of three stages persisting from embryonic day 16 (E16) to eye opening at postnatal day 14 (P14). Though postnatal retinal waves have been well characterized, little is known about the spatiotemporal properties or the mechanisms mediating embryonic retinal waves, designated Stage 1 waves. Using a custom-built macroscope to record spontaneous calcium transients from whole embryonic retinas, we show that Stage 1 waves are initiated at several locations across the retina and propagate across finite regions of a broad range of areas. A gap junction antagonist, meclofenamic acid, reduced the frequency and size of Stage 1 waves but did not abolish them. The general nAChR antagonist, hexamethonium blocked Stage 1 waves, while they persisted in the presence of 4{beta}2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-{beta}-erythroidine, indicating that the spatiotemporal properties of Stage 1 waves are mediated by a complex circuitry involving subtypes of nAChRs and gap junctions. Stage 1 waves in mice lacking the {beta}2 subunit of the nAChRs ({beta}2-nAChR-KO) were reduced, but in contrast to WT mice, they persisted in the hexamethonium and were completely blocked by meclofenamic acid. To assay the impact of Stage 1 waves on retinal development, we compared the spatial distribution of a subtype of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in WT and {beta}2-nAChR-KO mice. We found that the developmental decrease of ipRGC density is preserved between WT and {beta}2-nAChR-KO mice, indicating that processes regulating ipRGC distribution are not influenced by spontaneous activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Voufo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feller, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.14.503889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Embryonic Retinal Waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A exploits human endosomes for intracellular activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori infection is the main cause of gastric cancer. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is a H. pylori pore-forming toxin and a key determinant of gastric cancer risk. VacA is secreted as an 88-kDa polypeptide (p88) that upon interaction with host cells induces cytotoxic effects, including cell vacuolation and mitochondrial dysfunction. These effects are currently believed to be due to VacA p88 accumulating inside host cells and forming oligomeric anion-specific channels in membranes of intracellular compartments. However, the molecular nature of intracellular VacA channels in host cells remains undefined. Here we show that VacA p88 does not accumulate inside human epithelial cells, but instead is rapidly processed in endosomes into smaller p31/p28 and p37 products in a manner that precedes VacA-induced vacuolation. VacA processing requires endosomal acidification and concerted cleavage by multiple endo-lysosomal proteases including cathepsins. In situ structural mapping reveals that upon processing, the toxins central hydrophilic linker and globular C-terminus are excised, whereas oligomerization determinants are retained. Congruently, the processed products are constituents of a high-molecular-weight complex inside the host cell [boxh] which we propose is the intracellular, mature and active VacA pore. These findings suggest that VacA exploits human endosomes for proteolytic processing and intracellular activation.

Significance StatementHelicobacter pylori is a cancer-causing bacterium that infects the stomach of billions of people worldwide. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is an important H. pylori virulence factor and its activity directly correlates with gastric carcinogenesis. Yet despite decades of intense research, the mechanisms underlying VacA activity in human cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we present evidence suggesting that VacA is activated inside human cells by multi-step proteolytic processing involving endo-lysosomal proteases including cathepsins. We also track and identify the functional processed VacA isoforms in host cells. These results revolutionize our understanding of the mechanism of VacA activation in human cells, whilst expanding our knowledge of the diversity of microbial virulence factors that exploit human endo-lysosomes for pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palframan, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunstan, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micati, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurrick, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abud, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleifeld, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cover, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorrell, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A exploits human endosomes for intracellular activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Deep Learning Framework on Cell Traits Derived from Single-Cell Mass Cytometry Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Germline genetic variations can alter cellular differentiation, potentially impacting the response of immune cells to inflammatory challenges. Current variant- and gene-based methods in mouse and human models have established associations with disease phenotypes; however, the underlying mechanisms at the cellular level are less well-understood. Immunophenotyping by multi-parameter flow cytometry, and more recently mass cytometry, has allowed high-resolution identification and characterization of hematopoietic cells. The obtained characterization yields increased dimensionality; however, conventional analysis workflows have been inefficient, incomplete, or unreliable. In this work, we develop a comprehensive machine learning framework - MDL4Cyto - that is tailored to the analysis of mass cytometry data, incorporating statistical, unsupervised learning, and supervised learning models. The statistical modeling can be used to illuminate cell fate decision and cell-type dynamics. The unsupervised learning models along with complementary marker enrichment analyses highlight genetic perturbations that are significantly associated with alterations in cell populations in the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, our supervised learning models, including deep learning and tree-based algorithms, address the bottleneck to data pre-processing that characterizes conventional workflows and generate inferences (e.g., on marker/cell-type interactions) from raw experimental characterization. Notably, we reveal a close relationship among network design, prediction performance, and the underlying biological context. We show that the network architecture extracted from the differentiation cascade of the investigated biological system yields enhanced prediction performance. The presented methodology will enable new insights into hematopoietic differentiation at baseline and following perturbation.

HighlightsO_LIAnalysis pipeline on mass cytometry data with high-performance implementation of statistical, unsupervised learning, and supervised learning models
C_LIO_LIConcordance of machine learning results with biological contexts
C_LIO_LIBiologically-informed neural network designs enhance prediction performance
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=112 SRC="FIGDIR/small/504669v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinkel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Deep Learning Framework on Cell Traits Derived from Single-Cell Mass Cytometry Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mucosal gene expression in response to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with early viral load. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the relationships between symptomatic early-time SARS-CoV-2 viral load and upper airway mucosal gene expression and immune response. To examine the association of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 early viral load with upper airway mucosal gene expression, we profiled the host mucosal transcriptome from nasopharyngeal swab samples from 68 adults with symptomatic, mild-to-moderate COVID-19. We measured SARS-CoV-2 viral load using qRT-PCR. We then examined the association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load with upper airway mucosal immune response. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in all samples and recovered >80% of the genome from 85% of the samples from symptomatic COVID-19 adults. The respiratory virome was dominated by SARS-CoV-2, with limited co-detection of common respiratory viruses i.e., only the human Rhinovirus (HRV) being identified in 6% of the samples. We observed a significant positive correlation between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and interferon signaling (OAS2, OAS3, IFIT1, UPS18, ISG15, ISG20, IFITM1, and OASL), chemokine signaling (CXCL10 and CXCL11), and adaptive immune system (IFITM1, CD300E, and SIGLEC1) genes in symptomatic, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 adults, when adjusted for age, sex and race. Interestingly, the expression levels of most of these genes plateaued at a CT value of ~25. Overall, our data shows that early nasal mucosal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is viral load dependent, which potentially could modify COVID-19 outcomes.

AUTHOR SUMMARYSeveral prior studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 viral load can predict the likelihood of disease spread and severity. A higher detectable SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load was associated with worse respiratory disease severity. However, the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and airway mucosal gene expression and immune response remains elusive. We profiled the nasal mucosal transcriptome from nasal samples collected from adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 during Spring 2020 with mild-to-moderate symptoms using a comprehensive metatranscriptomics method. We observed a positive correlation between SARS-CoV-2 viral load with interferon signaling, chemokine signaling, and adaptive immune system in adults with COVID-19. Our data suggest that early nasal mucosal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was viral load-dependent and may modify COVID-19 outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajagopala, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakala, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimura, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shilts, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas-Salazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessinger, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mucosal gene expression in response to SARS-CoV-2 is associated with early viral load.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MyD88-Dependent Signaling Drives Toll-Like Receptor-Induced Trained Immunity in Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.504963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunocompromised populations are highly vulnerable to developing life-threatening infections. Strategies to protect patients with weak immune responses are urgently needed. Employing trained immunity, whereby innate leukocytes undergo reprogramming upon exposure to a microbial product and respond more robustly to subsequent infection, is a promising approach. Previously, we demonstrated that the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) induces trained immunity and confers broad resistance to infection. TLR4 signals through both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent cascades, but the relative contribution of each pathway to induction of trained immunity is unknown. Here, we show that MPLA-induced resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection is lost in MyD88-KO, but not TRIF-KO, mice. The MyD88-activating agonist CpG (TLR9 agonist), but not TRIF-activating Poly I:C (TLR3 agonist), protects against infection in a macrophage-dependent manner. MPLA- and CpG-induced augmentation of macrophage metabolism and antimicrobial functions is blunted in MyD88-, but not TRIF-KO, macrophages. Augmentation of antimicrobial functions occurs in parallel to metabolic reprogramming and is dependent, in part, on mTOR activation. Splenic macrophages from CpG-treated mice confirmed that TLR/MyD88-induced reprogramming occurs in vivo. TLR/MyD88-triggered metabolic and functional reprogramming was reproduced in human monocyte-derived macrophages. These data show that MyD88-dependent signaling is critical in TLR-mediated trained immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Owen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burelbach, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McBride, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stothers, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boykin, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivanesam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaedel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohannon, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.504963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MyD88-Dependent Signaling Drives Toll-Like Receptor-Induced Trained Immunity in Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution and codon usage bias of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Aspergillus section Flavi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.23.505037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungal genus Aspergillus contains a diversity of species divided into taxonomic sections of closely related species. Section Flavi contains 33 species, many of industrial, agricultural, or medical relevance. Here, we analyze the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of 20 Flavi species--including 18 newly assembled mitogenomes--and compare their evolutionary history and codon usage bias (CUB) patterns to their nuclear counterparts. CUB refers to variable frequencies of synonymous codons in coding DNA and is shaped by a balance of neutral processes and natural selection. All mitogenomes were circular DNA molecules with highly conserved gene content and order. As expected, genomic content, including GC content, and genome size differed greatly between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 concatenated mitochondrial genes predicted evolutionary relationships largely consistent with those predicted by a phylogeny constructed from 2,422 nuclear genes. Comparing similarities in interspecies patterns of CUB between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes showed that species grouped differently by patterns of CUB depending on whether analyses were performed using mitochondrial or nuclear relative synonymous usage values. We found that patterns of CUB at gene-level are more similar between mitogenomes of different species than the mitogenome and nuclear genome of the same species. Finally, we inferred that, although most genes--both nuclear and mitochondrial--deviated from the neutral expectation for codon usage, mitogenomes were not under translational selection while nuclear genomes were under moderate translational selection. These results contribute to the study of mitochondrial genome evolution in filamentous fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hugaboom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatmaker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.23.505037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution and codon usage bias of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Aspergillus section Flavi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505085v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MicroRNA-218 instructs proper assembly of hippocampal networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505085v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The assembly of the mammalian brain is orchestrated by temporally coordinated waves of gene expression. A key aspect of this developmental program is mediated at the post-transcriptional level by microRNAs (miRNAs). Deletion of neuronal enriched miRNAs induces strong developmental phenotypes, and multiple reports have found altered levels of miRNAs in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms used by miRNAs to instruct proper brain development remain largely unexplored.

Here, through multiple screens, we identified miR-218 as a critical regulator of hippocampal assembly in mice. MiR-218 is highly expressed in the hippocampus and enriched in both excitatory principal neurons and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. Transient inhibition of miR-218 in early life results in an adult brain with heightened network activity and a predisposition to seizures. We used RNA-seq and FACS-seq (fluorescence-activated cell sorting followed by RNA-seq) to identify global and cell type-specific changes in gene expression in the absence of miR-218 and narrow down which altered developmental processes would lead to long-term network instability. We find that miR-218 inhibition results in the disruption of early depolarizing GABAergic signaling, structural defects in dendritic spines, and altered intrinsic membrane excitability. Finally, conditional knockout of miR-218 in interneurons, but not pyramidal neurons is sufficient to recapitulate the effects on long-term stability. Taken together, the data suggest that miR-218 orchestrates hippocampal network assembly to produce a stable network in the adult, primarily by regulating interneuron function in early postnatal life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zolboot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartzell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgiss, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abaci, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Sanctis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellenchi, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darnell, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505085</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MicroRNA-218 instructs proper assembly of hippocampal networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interpretable Chirality-Aware Graph Neural Network forQuantitative Structure Activity Relationship Modeling in Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In computer-aided drug discovery, quantitative structure activity relation models are trained to predict biological activity from chemical structure. Despite the recent success of applying graph neural network to this task, important chemical information such as molecular chirality is ignored. To fill this crucial gap, we propose Molecular-Kernel Graph Neural Network (MolKGNN) for molecular representation learning, which features SE(3)-/conformation invariance, chiralityawareness, and interpretability. For our MolKGNN, we first design a molecular graph convolution to capture the chemical pattern by comparing the atoms similarity with the learnable molecular kernels. Furthermore, we propagate the similarity score to capture the higher-order chemical pattern. To assess the method, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation with nine well-curated datasets spanning numerous important drug targets that feature realistic high class imbalance and it demonstrates the superiority of MolKGNN over other GNNs in CADD. Meanwhile, the learned kernels identify patterns that agree with domain knowledge, confirming the pragmatic interpretability of this approach. Our codes are publicly available at https://github.com/meilerlab/MolKGNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, O. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenheimer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interpretable Chirality-Aware Graph Neural Network forQuantitative Structure Activity Relationship Modeling in Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mathematical model of calcium signals around laser-induced epithelial wounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.505161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells around epithelial wounds must first become aware of the wounds presence in order to initiate the wound healing process. An initial response to an epithelial wound is an increase in cytosolic calcium followed by complex calcium signaling events. While these calcium signals are driven by both physical and chemical wound responses, cells around the wound will all be equipped with the same cellular components to produce and interact with the calcium signals. Here, we have developed a mathematical model in the context of laser-ablation of the Drosophila pupal notum that integrates tissue-level damage models with a cellular calcium signaling toolkit. The model replicates experiments in the contexts of control wounds as well as knockdowns of specific cellular components, but it also provides new insights that are not easily accessible experimentally. The model suggests that cell-cell variability is necessary to produce calcium signaling events observed in experiments, it quantifies calcium concentrations during wound-induced signaling events, and it shows that intercellular transfer of the molecule IP3 is required to coordinate calcium signals across distal cells around the wound. The mathematical model developed here serves as a framework for quantitative studies in both wound signaling and calcium signaling in the Drosophila system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pumford, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.505161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mathematical model of calcium signals around laser-induced epithelial wounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple polarity kinases inhibit phase separation of F-BAR protein Cdc15 and antagonize cytokinetic ring assembly in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.26.505417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The F-BAR protein Cdc15 is essential for cytokinesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and it plays a key role in attaching the cytokinetic ring (CR) to the plasma membrane. Cdc15s abilities to bind to the membrane and oligomerize via its F-BAR domain are inhibited by phosphorylation of its intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Multiple cell polarity kinases regulate Cdc15 IDR phosphostate, and of these the DYRK kinase Pom1 phosphorylation sites on Cdc15 have been shown in vivo to prevent CR formation at cell tips. Here, we compared the ability of Pom1 to control of Cdc15 phosphostate and cortical localization to that of other Cdc15 kinases: Kin1, Pck1, and Shk1. We identified distinct but overlapping cohorts of Cdc15 phosphorylation sites targeted by each kinase, and the number of sites correlated with each kinases abilities to influence Cdc15 PM localization. Coarse-grained simulations predicted that cumulative IDR phosphorylation moves the IDRs of a dimer apart and toward the F-BAR tips. Further, simulations indicated that the overall negative charge of phosphorylation masks positively charged amino acids necessary for F-BAR oligomerization and membrane interaction. Finally, simulations suggested that dephosphorylated Cdc15 undergoes phase separation driven by IDR interactions. Indeed, dephosphorylated but not phosphorylated Cdc15 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to form droplets in vitro that recruit Cdc15 binding partners. In cells, Cdc15 phosphomutants also formed PM-bound condensates that recruit other CR components. Together, we propose that a threshold of Cdc15 phosphorylation by assorted kinases prevents Cdc15 condensation on the PM and antagonizes CR assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharjee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangione, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igarashi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts-Galbraith, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vavylonis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.26.505417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple polarity kinases inhibit phase separation of F-BAR protein Cdc15 and antagonize cytokinetic ring assembly in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.28.505582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies and biobanks are rapidly generating a multitude of coding and non-coding variants. They provide an unprecedented resource for illuminating the genetic basis of human diseases. Variant functional annotations play a critical role in WGS analysis, result interpretation, and prioritization of disease- or trait-associated causal variants. Existing functional annotation databases have limited scope to perform online queries or are unable to functionally annotate the genotype data of large WGS studies and biobanks for downstream analysis. We develop the Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resources (FAVOR) to meet these pressing needs. FAVOR provides a comprehensive online multi-faceted portal with summarization and visualization of all possible 9 billion single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across the genome, and allows for rapid variant-, gene-, and region-level online queries. It integrates variant functional information from multiple sources to describe the functional characteristics of variants and facilitates prioritizing plausible causal variants influencing human phenotypes. Furthermore, a scalable annotation tool, FAVORannotator, is provided for functionally annotating and efficiently storing the genotype and variant functional annotation data of a large-scale sequencing study in an annotated GDS file format to facilitate downstream analysis. FAVOR and FAVORannotator are available at https://favor.genohub.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arapoglou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blue, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsenfeld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerstein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofia, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunyaev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.28.505582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FAVOR: Functional Annotation of Variants Online Resource and Annotator for Variation across the Human Genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.504975v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alignment, Segmentation and Neighborhood Analysis in Cyclic Immunohistochemistry Data Using CASSATT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.504975v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic immunohistochemistry (cycIHC) uses sequential rounds of colorimetric immunostaining and imaging for quantitative mapping of location and number of cells of interest. In addition, cycIHC benefits from the speed and simplicity of brightfield microscopy for data collection, making the collection of entire tissue sections and slides possible at a trivial cost compared to other high dimensional imaging modalities. However, large cycIHC datasets (greater than 50 GB) currently require an expert data scientist to concatenate separate open-source tools for each step of image pre-processing, registration, and segmentation, or the use of proprietary software. Here, we present a unified and user-friendly pipeline for processing, aligning, and analyzing cycIHC data - Cyclic Analysis of Single-Cell Subsets and Tissue Territories (CASSATT). CASSATT registers scanned slide images across all rounds of staining, segments individual nuclei, and measures marker expression on each detected cell. Beyond straightforward single cell data analysis outputs, CASSATT explores the spatial relationships between cell populations. By calculating the logodds of interaction frequencies between cell populations within tissues and tissue regions, this pipeline helps users identify populations of cells that interact - or do not interact - at frequencies that are greater than those occurring by chance. It also identifies specific neighborhoods of cells based on the assortment of neighboring cell types that surround each cell in the sample. The presence and location of these neighborhoods can be compared across slides or within distinct regions within a tissue. CASSATT was first tested using a newly generated cycIHC dataset consisting of six GBM tissue sections processed through eight cycles of AEC based IHC staining. Further validation was completed on a previously published lung cancer tissue microarray dataset consisting of 107 cores processed through eighteen cycles of staining and imaging. CASSATT is a fully open-source workflow tool developed to process cycIHC data and will allow greater utilization of this powerful staining technique.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartkowiak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivagnanam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.504975</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alignment, Segmentation and Neighborhood Analysis in Cyclic Immunohistochemistry Data Using CASSATT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiomyocyte alpha-1A adrenergic receptors mitigate post-infarct remodeling and mortality by constraining necroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.29.505687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors (1-ARs), particularly the 1A subtype, protects the murine heart against injury, whereas human studies show that 1-AR antagonists (-blockers) may increase the risk of heart failure. We created a cardiomyocyte-specific 1A-AR knockout mouse (cmAKO) to define the mechanisms underlying these effects and to elucidate whether they arise from cardiomyocyte 1A-ARs or systemic factors. Myocardial infarction (MI) resulted in 70% 7-day mortality in cmAKO compared to 10% in wild type (WT) mice. cmAKO mice exhibited exaggerated ventricular remodeling and increased cell death compared to WT mice 3 days post-MI, coupled to upregulation of canonical mediators of necroptosis: receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases RIP1 and RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. An 1A-AR agonist mitigated ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte death and necroptotic signaling in vitro. A RIP1 antagonist abrogated the protective effects of 1A activation in vivo and in vitro. We found that patients at our center who were taking -blockers at the time of MI experienced a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio 1.53, p=0.029) during 5-year follow-up, providing clinical correlation for our experimental data. Collectively our findings indicate that cardiomyocyte 1A-ARs constrain ischemia-induced necroptosis and suggest caution in the use of -blockers in patients at risk for MI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandroni, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oswalt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, Y.-Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myagmar, B.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.29.505687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiomyocyte alpha-1A adrenergic receptors mitigate post-infarct remodeling and mortality by constraining necroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505918v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise performance is not improved in mice with skeletal muscle deletion of natriuretic peptide clearance receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505918v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natriuretic peptides (NP), including atrial, brain, and C-type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP), play essential roles in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular homeostasis, and systemic metabolism. One of the major metabolic effects of NP is manifested by their capacity to stimulate lipolysis and the thermogenesis gene program in adipocytes, however, their metabolic effect on skeletal muscle is much less appreciated. There are three NP receptors (NPR): NPRA, NPRB, and NPRC, and all three NPR genes are expressed in C2C12 myocytes. Treatment with either ANP, BNP, or CNP evokes the cGMP signaling process in C2C12 myocytes. We then generated a genetic model with Nprc gene deletion in skeletal muscle and tested whether enhancing NP signaling by preventing its clearance in skeletal muscle would improve exercise performance in mice. Under sedentary conditions, Nprc skeletal muscle knockout (MKO) mice showed comparable exercise performance to their floxed littermates in terms of maximal running velocity and total endurance running time. Eight weeks of voluntary running-wheel training in a young cohort increased exercise performance, but no significant differences were observed in MKO compared with control mice. Furthermore, 6-weeks of treadmill training in a relatively aged cohort also increased exercise performance compared with their baseline but did not result in an improvement in MKO mice compared with the controls. In summary, our study suggests that NP signaling is potentially important in myocytes but its function in skeletal muscle in vivo needs to be further studied in alternative physiological conditions or with new genetic mouse models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505918</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise performance is not improved in mice with skeletal muscle deletion of natriuretic peptide clearance receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Porcn is essential for growth and invagination of the mammalian optic cup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) are congenital ocular malformations causing 25% of childhood blindness. The X-linked disorder Focal Dermal Hypoplasia is frequently associated with MAC and results from mutations in Porcn, a membrane bound O-acyl transferase required for palmitoylation of Wnts to activate multiple Wnt-dependent pathways. Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling is suppressed in the anterior neural plate for initiation of eye formation and is subsequently required during differentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Non-canonical Wnts are critical for early eye formation in frog and zebrafish, however, it is unclear whether this also applies to mammals. We performed ubiquitous conditional inactivation of Porcn in mouse around the eye field stage. In PorcnCKO, optic vesicles (OV) arrest in growth and fail to form an optic cup. Ventral proliferation is significantly decreased in the mutant OV, with a concomitant increase in apoptotic cell death. While pan-ocular transcription factors such as PAX6, SIX3, LHX2, PAX2 are present, indicative of maintenance of OV identity, regional expression of VSX2, MITF, OTX2 and NR2F2 is downregulated. Failure of RPE differentiation in PorcnCKO is consistent with downregulation of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin effector LEF1, starting around 2.5 days after inactivation. This suggests that Porcn inactivation affects signaling later than a potential requirement for Wnts to promote eye field formation. Altogether, our data shows a novel requirement for Porcn in regulating growth and morphogenesis of the OV, likely by controlling proliferation and survival. In FDH patients with ocular manifestations, growth deficiency during early ocular morphogenesis may be the underlying cause for microphthalmia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abouda, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Porcn is essential for growth and invagination of the mammalian optic cup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Mice with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor - Associated Factor 2 Mediated Cytoprotection in the Heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.03.506447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many studies in mice have demonstrated that cardiac-specific innate immune signaling pathways can be reprogrammed to modulate inflammation in response to myocardial injury and improve outcomes. While the echocardiography standard parameters of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and end-diastolic diameter, and others, are used to assess cardiac function, their dependency on loading conditions somewhat limit their utility in completely reflecting the contractile function and global cardiovascular efficiency of the heart. A true measure of global cardiovascular efficiency should include of the interaction between the ventricle and the aorta (ventriculo-vascular coupling, VVC) as well as measures of aortic impedance and pulse wave velocity. We measured cardiac Doppler velocities, blood pressures, along with VVC, aortic impedance, and pulse wave velocity to evaluate global cardiac function in mouse model of cardiac-restricted low levels TRAF2 overexpression that conferred cytoprotection in the heart. While previous studies reported that response to myocardial infraction and reperfusion was improved in the TRAF2 overexpressed mice, we found that TRAF2 mice had significantly lower cardiac systolic velocities and accelerations, diastolic atrial velocity, lower aortic pressures and rate-pressure product, lower LV contractility and relaxation, and lower stroke work when compared to littermate control mice. Also, we found significantly longer aortic ejection time, isovolumic contraction and relaxation times, and significantly higher mitral early/atrial ratio, myocardial performance index, and ventricular vascular coupling in the TRAF2 overexpression mice compared to their littermate controls. We found no significant differences in the aortic impedance and pulse wave velocity. While the reported tolerance to ischemic insults in TRAF2 overexpression mice may suggest enhanced cardiac reserve, our results indicate a diminished cardiac function in these mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barongan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anudokem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Entman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.03.506447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiovascular Hemodynamics in Mice with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor - Associated Factor 2 Mediated Cytoprotection in the Heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Time-Resolved Interactome Profiling Deconvolutes Secretory Protein Quality Control Dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.04.506558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many cellular processes are governed by protein-protein interactions that require tight spatial and temporal regulation. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of these interactions to fully comprehend and elucidate cellular processes and pathological disease states. To map de novo protein-protein interactions with time-resolution at an organelle-wide scale we developed a quantitative mass-spectrometry method, time-resolved interactome profiling (TRIP). We apply TRIP to elucidate aberrant protein interaction dynamics that lead to the protein misfolding disease congenital hypothyroidism. We deconvolute altered temporal interactions of the thyroid hormone precursor thyroglobulin with pathways implicated in hypothyroidism pathophysiology such as Hsp70/90 assisted folding, disulfide/redox processing, and N-glycosylation. Functional siRNA screening identified VCP and TEX264 as key protein degradation components whose inhibition selectively rescues mutant prohormone secretion. Ultimately, our results provide novel insight into the temporal coordination of protein homeostasis, and our TRIP method should find broad applications in investigating protein folding diseases and cellular processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timalsina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, V. A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.04.506558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Time-Resolved Interactome Profiling Deconvolutes Secretory Protein Quality Control Dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506638v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NUDT6, the Antisense Protein of FGF2 Gene, Plays a Depressogenic Role by Promoting Inflammation and Suppressing Neurogenesis without Altering FGF2 Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506638v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is involved in the regulation of affective behavior and shows antidepressant effects through Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. NUDT6 is a protein encoded from FGF2 genes antisense strand and its role in the regulation of affective behavior is unclear. Here, we show that increasing NUDT6 expression in the hippocampus results in depression-like behavior in rats without changing FGF2 levels or activating its downstream effectors, Akt and ERK1/2. Instead, NUDT6 acts by inducing inflammatory signaling, specifically by increasing S100A9 levels, activating NF-{kappa}B and rising microglia number along with a reduction in neurogenesis. Conversely, inhibition of hippocampal NUDT6 expression by shRNA results in antidepressant effects and increases neurogenesis without altering FGF2 levels. Together these findings suggest that NUDT6 may play a role in major depression by inducing a proinflammatory state and serve as a novel therapeutic target for antidepressant development. This is the first report of an antisense protein acting through a different mechanism of action than regulation of its sense protein. The opposite effects of NUDT6 and FGF2 on depression-like behavior may serve as a mechanism to fine-tune affective behavior. Our findings open up new venues for studying the differential regulation and functional interactions of sense and antisense proteins in neural function and behavior as well as in neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uzay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hokelekli, F. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahadir-Varol, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayhan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalkara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eren-Kocak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506638</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NUDT6, the Antisense Protein of FGF2 Gene, Plays a Depressogenic Role by Promoting Inflammation and Suppressing Neurogenesis without Altering FGF2 Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of an alternate mechanism for the inhibition of particulate guanylyl cyclases by the natriuretic peptide 'clearance' receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) control pivotal physiological actions such as fluid and electrolyte balance, cardiovascular homeostasis, and adipose tissue metabolism by activating their receptor enzymes (NPRA and NPRB). These receptors are homodimers that generate intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The NP receptor NPRC, nicknamed the clearance receptor, lacks a guanylyl cyclase domain; instead, it can bind the NPs to internalize and degrade them. The conventional paradigm is that by competing for and internalizing NPs, NPRC blunts the ability of NPs to signal through NPRA and NPRB. Here we show another previously unknown mechanism by which NPRC can interfere with the cGMP signaling function of the NP receptors. By forming a heterodimer with monomeric NPRA or NPRB, NPRC can prevent the formation of a functional guanylyl cyclase domain and thereby suppress cGMP production in a cell-autonomous manner.

Significance StatementNatriuretic peptides (NP) are hormones that are established regulators of vascular and cardiac function, in part through their regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. NPs signal through particulate guanylyl cyclases (NPRA and NPRB), which are homodimeric membrane-bound receptor enzymes that generate cGMP upon NP binding. Additionally, a  silent NP receptor (NPRC) lacks the guanylyl cyclase domain and is a negative regulator of NP signaling. It has been demonstrated that NPRC undergoes internalization and recycling and thus removes NPs, thereby blunting activation of the guanylyl cyclase-containing receptors. Here we show an additional mechanism by which NPRC inhibits NP signaling. Our results show that NPRC can directly interact with NPRA and NPRB, forming non-functional receptor heterodimers with NPRA and NPRB, thereby abrogating NP-evoked cGMP production. This finding establishes another novel mechanistic role for NPRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceddia, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of an alternate mechanism for the inhibition of particulate guanylyl cyclases by the natriuretic peptide 'clearance' receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of transcriptome datasets reveals involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes in small cell lung cancer phenotypic plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.09.507376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer recalcitrant to treatment, arising predominantly from epithelial pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cells. Intra-tumor heterogeneity plays critical roles in SCLC disease progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. At least five transcriptional SCLC NE and non-NE cell subtypes were recently defined by gene expression signatures. Transition from NE to non-NE cell states and cooperation between subtypes within a tumor likely contribute to SCLC progression by mechanisms of adaptation to perturbations. Therefore, gene regulatory programs distinguishing SCLC subtypes or promoting transitions are of great interest. Here, we systematically analyze the relationship between SCLC NE/non-NE transition and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)--a well-studied cellular process contributing to cancer invasiveness and resistance--using multiple transcriptome datasets from SCLC mouse tumor models, human cancer cell lines and tumor samples. The NE SCLC-A2 subtype maps to the epithelial state. In contrast, SCLC-A and SCLC-N (NE) map to a mesenchymal state (M1) that is distinct from the non-NE mesenchymal state (M2). The correspondence between SCLC subtypes and the EMT program paves the way for further work to understand gene regulatory mechanisms of SCLC tumor plasticity with applicability to other cancer types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Groves, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panchy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.09.507376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of transcriptome datasets reveals involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes in small cell lung cancer phenotypic plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling effects of inter-group contact on links between population size and cultural complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.11.507470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human populations rely on cultural artifacts and complex cumulative culture for their survival. Populations vary dramatically in the size of their tool repertoires, and the determinants of these cultural repertoire sizes have been the focus of extensive study in recent years. A prominent hypothesis, supported by computational models of cultural evolution, asserts that tool repertoire size increases with population size. However, not all empirical studies seeking to test this hypothesis have found such a correlation; this has led to a contentious and ongoing debate. As a possible resolution to this longstanding controversy, we suggest that accounting for even rare cultural migration events that allow sharing of knowledge between different-sized populations may help explain why a populations size might not always predict its cultural repertoire size. Using an agent-based model to explore different assumptions about the effects of population size and migration on tool repertoires, we find that connectivity of one population to others, particularly to large populations, may significantly boost its tool repertoire size when population interactions lead to cultural exchange. Thus, two populations of identical size may have drastically different tool repertoire sizes, hinging upon their access to other groups knowledge. Intermittent contact between populations boosts cultural repertoire size and still allows for the development of unique tool repertoires that have limited overlap between populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ben-Oren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strassberg, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hovers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolodny, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.11.507470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling effects of inter-group contact on links between population size and cultural complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.506825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional impairment of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus in Multiple Sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.506825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual impairment is one of the early symptoms of Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. The objective of this study is evaluating function of Lateral geniculate nucleus, which bridges visual information from retina to other higher order visual processing areas. We collected BOLD fMRI data from 19 MS and 19 control subjects by employing selective visual stimulation tasks to provoke the whole LGN, Magnocellular, Parvocellular, and Koniocellular pathways as part of LGN multilayer structure. Through statistical analysis, we observed a significant reduction (p<0.05) of the average BOLD signal from the whole LGN structure in MS group. Further investigations showed a significant reduction of BOLD signal (p<0.05) in response to Magno and Parvo stimuli compared to healthy controls that suggested a selective functional impairment emerging in primary visual pathways in MS. In summary, we showed functional abnormalities in LGN structure and its M and P subdivisions based on functional MRI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sardaripour, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asadi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moghaddam, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khadem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajimehr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.506825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional impairment of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus in Multiple Sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OPA1 Downregulation in Skeletal Muscle Induces MERC formation in an ATF4-Dependent Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs) are protein- and lipid-enriched hubs that mediate interorganellar communication by contributing to the dynamic transfer of Ca2+, lipid, and other metabolites between these organelles. Defective MERCs are associated with cellular oxidative stress, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology via mechanisms that are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that skeletal muscle-specific knockdown (KD) of the mitochondrial fusion mediator optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) induced ER stress and correlated with an induction of Mitofusin-2, a known MERC protein. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Opa1 downregulation in skeletal muscle cells alters MERC formation by evaluating multiple myocyte systems, including from mice and Drosophila, and in primary myotubes. Our results revealed that OPA1 deficiency induced tighter and more frequent MERCs in concert with a greater abundance of MERC proteins involved in calcium exchange. Additionally, loss of OPA1 increased the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), an integrated stress response (ISR) pathway effector. Reducing Atf4 expression prevented the OPA1-loss-induced tightening of MERC structures. OPA1 reduction was associated with decreased mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum, a specialized form of ER, calcium, which was reversed following ATF4 repression. These data suggest that mitochondrial stress, induced by OPA1 deficiency, regulates skeletal muscle MERC formation in an ATF4-dependent manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christensen, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alghanem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicsasmaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schickling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacevac, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DoKoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nava, N. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trushina, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherford, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grumbach, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OPA1 Downregulation in Skeletal Muscle Induces MERC formation in an ATF4-Dependent Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SynBOLD-DisCo: Synthetic BOLD images for distortion correction of fMRI without additional calibration scans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.13.507794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive technique that has been widely used in research to study brain function. However, fMRI suffers from susceptibility-induced off resonance fields which may cause geometric distortions and mismatches with anatomical images. State-of-the-art correction methods require acquiring reverse phase encoded images or additional field maps to enable distortion correction. However, not all imaging protocols include these additional scans and thus cannot take advantage of these susceptibility correction capabilities. As such, in this study we aim to enable state-of-the-art distortion correction with FSLs topup algorithm of historical and/or limited fMRI data that include only a structural image and single phase encoded fMRI. To do this, we use 3D U-net models to synthesize undistorted fMRI BOLD contrast images from the structural image and use this undistorted synthetic image as an anatomical target for distortion correction with topup. We evaluate the efficacy of this approach, named SynBOLD-DisCo (synthetic BOLD images for distortion correction), and show that BOLD images corrected using our approach are geometrically more similar to structural images than the distorted BOLD data and are practically equivalent to state-of-the-art correction methods which require reverse phase encoded data. Future directions include additional validation studies, integration with other preprocessing operations, retraining with broader pathologies, and investigating the effects of spin echo versus gradient echo images for training and distortion correction. In summary, we demonstrate SynBOLD-DisCo corrects distortion of fMRI when reverse phase encoding scans or field maps are not available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.13.507794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SynBOLD-DisCo: Synthetic BOLD images for distortion correction of fMRI without additional calibration scans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.504799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Disruption of System xc- Mediated Glutamate Release from Astrocytes Increases Negative-Outcome Behaviors While Preserving Basic Brain Function in Rat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.504799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The impact of CNS disorders is exacerbated by the difficulty in developing safe, effective glutamatergic therapeutics. Synaptic glutamate transmission is vital for neural physiology throughout the brain, which contributes to the vast therapeutic potential and safety risk of glutamatergic therapeutics. Here, we created a genetically modified rat (MSxc) to survey the range of brain functions impacted by the loss of glutamate release from astrocytes involving system xc- (Sxc). Eliminating Sxc activity was not lethal and did not alter growth patterns, activity states, novel object recognition or performance of other simple tasks. In contrast, MSxc rats differed from WT in Pavlovian Conditioned Approach and cocaine self-administration/reinstatement paradigms. Both WT and MSxc rats readily learned that a cue predicted food delivery during Pavlovian Conditioned Approach training. However, WT rats were more likely to approach the food tray (i.e., goal tracking) whereas MSxc rats were more likely to approach the food-predicted cue (i.e., sign tracking) even when this behavior was punished. In the self-administration/reinstatement paradigm, MSxc rats had higher levels of cocaine-primed drug seeking in the absence of altered extinction or cocaine self-administration. These data demonstrate that Sxc-mediated glutamate release from astrocytes regulates non-reinforced and negative-outcome behaviors without altering simple learning or other forms of basic brain function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hess, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simandl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raddatz, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurley, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzybowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klotz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geurts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twining, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.504799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Disruption of System xc- Mediated Glutamate Release from Astrocytes Increases Negative-Outcome Behaviors While Preserving Basic Brain Function in Rat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences in self-reported benefits for student-artist versus faculty experiences in a virtual artist-in-residence program. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The value of science communication in engaging the public has been well established. While many new programs bridge the arts and sciences, conducting comprehensive examination of exiting art-science programs can produce more efficient training and program development guidance for improving visual communications in the sciences. Here, we recruited a variety of scientists and artists to collaborate in creating visual science communication products over three summers. Using survey data, we performed qualitative and quantitative analyses to define sources for negative and positive experiences and outcomes from the Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4) Artist-in-Residence (AiR) program. Further, we analyze responses from participants, student-artists and faculty, to specify areas for improvement and areas successful in producing a positive experience and outcome in an AiR program. We found that time and virtual delivery of the program could be modified to improve the experience. Additionally, we found that student participants had more positive responses about "learning something new" from the program than faculty members. However, the most surprising aspect of our analysis suggests that for both "way of thinking" and "science communication to the public or general audience," there may be more significant beneficial gains for faculty compared to students. We conclude this analysis with suggestions to enhance the benefits and outcomes of an AiR program and ways to minimize the difficulties, such as communication and collaboration, faced by participants and program designers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuevas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvitti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schladt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences in self-reported benefits for student-artist versus faculty experiences in a virtual artist-in-residence program.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pseudocontact shift NMR data obtained from a non-canonical amino acid-linked lanthanide tag improves integral membrane protein structure prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.14.507970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single experimental method alone often fails to provide the resolution, accuracy, and coverage needed to model integral membrane proteins (IMPs). Integrating computation with experimental data is a powerful approach to supplement missing structural information with atomic detail. We combine RosettaNMR with experimentally-derived paramagnetic NMR restraints to guide membrane protein structure prediction. We demonstrate this approach using the disulfide bond formation protein B (DsbB), an -helical IMP. We attached a cyclen-based paramagnetic lanthanide tag to an engineered noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) using a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry reaction. Using this tagging strategy, we collected 203 backbone HN pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) for three different labeling sites and used these as input to guide de novo membrane protein structure prediction protocols in Rosetta. We find that this sparse PCS dataset combined with 44 long-range NOEs as restraints in our calculations improves structure prediction of DsbB by enhancements in model accuracy, sampling, and scoring. The most accurate DsbB models generated in this case gave C-RMSD values over the transmembrane region of 2.11 [A] (best-RMSD) and 3.23 [A] (best-scoring).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ledwitch, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larochelle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okwei, E. N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankewitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pseudocontact shift NMR data obtained from a non-canonical amino acid-linked lanthanide tag improves integral membrane protein structure prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Illuminating histidine phosphorylation in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.15.508158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of phosphohistidine (pHis) antibodies has significantly advanced our understanding of pHis contributions to tumor biology, including a tumor suppressive role for a pHis phosphatase, a metastasis suppressive role for His kinases, and pHis regulation of T cell receptor signaling. Using these antibodies, we investigated pHis pathway regulation in the mouse pancreatic tumor microenvironment. We identified deregulated expression of pHis and pHis phosphatases that correlated with mouse pancreatic tumor progression. We developed a protocol to circumvent the acid and heat-sensitivity of pHis signals, enabling their co-staining with other proteins in FFPE tissue, identifying a significant enrichment of 1-pHis and a subtype of 3-pHis signals (Gly-3-pHis) in the stroma. We discovered increased Gly-3-pHis levels in tumor-associated myeloid cells mainly resulting from elevated ATP citrate lyase 3-pHis levels and predicted the existence of pHis in cell-cell adhesion proteins. We provide evidence that mitochondrial delocalization of PGAM5, a pHis phosphatase with increased expression during pancreatic tumorigenesis, occurs in tumor cells as compared to stromal cells, enabling access to PGAM5s known cytoplasmic substrate, pHis-NME (Non-MEtastatic), and two potential Gly-3-pHis substrates, SCS (Succinyl CoA Synthetase) and {beta}-catenin. Overall, we introduce a new method and possible targets for future studies of pHis pathway deregulation during tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hunter, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lytle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaech, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhtala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.15.508158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Illuminating histidine phosphorylation in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508322v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The histone chaperone NASP maintains H3-H4 reservoirs in the early Drosophila embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508322v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histones are essential for chromatin packaging and histone supply must be tightly regulated as excess histones are toxic. To drive the rapid cell cycles of the early embryo, however, excess histones are maternally deposited. Therefore, soluble histones must be buffered by histone chaperones but the chaperone necessary to stabilize soluble H3-H4 pools in the Drosophila embryo has yet to be identified. Here, we show that CG8223, the Drosophila ortholog of NASP, is a H3-H4-specific chaperone in the early embryo. NASP specifically binds to H3-H4 in the early embryo. We demonstrate that, while a NASP null mutant is viable in Drosophila, NASP is maternal effect lethal gene. Embryos laid by NASP mutant mothers have a reduce rate of hatching and show defects in early embryogenesis. Critically, soluble H3-H4 pools are degraded in embryos laid by NASP mutant mothers. Our work identifies NASP as the critical H3-H4 histone chaperone in the Drosophila embryo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tirgar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508322</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The histone chaperone NASP maintains H3-H4 reservoirs in the early Drosophila embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal neuronal dynamics in the absence of task execution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prefrontal cortical activity represents stimuli in working memory tasks in a low-dimensional manifold that transforms over the course of a trial. Such transformations reflect specific cognitive operations, so that, for example, the rotation of stimulus representations is thought to reduce interference by distractor stimuli. Here we show that rotations occur in the low-dimensional activity space of prefrontal neurons in naive monkeys, while passively viewing familiar stimuli. Moreover, some aspects of these rotations remain remarkably unchanged after training to perform working memory tasks. Significant training effects are still present in population dynamics, which further distinguish correct and error trials during task execution. Our results reveal automatic functions of prefrontal neural circuits, allow transformations that may aid cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal neuronal dynamics in the absence of task execution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.16.508329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is associated with heterogeneous atrophy patterns. We employed a semi-supervised clustering technique known as Surreal-GAN, through which we identified two dominant dimensions of brain atrophy in symptomatic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients: the "diffuse-AD" (R1) dimension shows widespread brain atrophy, and the "MTL-AD" (R2) dimension displays focal medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy. Critically, only R2 was associated with widely known sporadic AD genetic risk factors (e.g., APOE {varepsilon}4) in MCI and AD patients at baseline. We then independently detected the presence of the two dimensions in the early stages by deploying the trained model in the general population and two cognitively unimpaired cohorts of asymptomatic participants. In the general population, genome-wide association studies found 77 genes unrelated to APOE differentially associated with R1 and R2. Functional analyses revealed that these genes were overrepresented in differentially expressed gene sets in organs beyond the brain (R1 and R2), including the heart (R1) and the pituitary gland, muscle, and kidney (R2). These genes were enriched in biological pathways implicated in dendritic cells (R2), macrophage functions (R1), and cancer (R1 and R2). Several of them were "druggable genes" for cancer (R1), inflammation (R1), cardiovascular diseases (R1), and diseases of the nervous system (R2). The longitudinal progression showed that APOE {varepsilon}4, amyloid, and tau were associated with R2 at early asymptomatic stages, but this longitudinal association occurs only at late symptomatic stages in R1. Our findings deepen our understanding of the multifaceted pathogenesis of AD beyond the brain. In early asymptomatic stages, the two dimensions are associated with diverse pathological mechanisms, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and hormonal dysfunction - driven by genes different from APOE - which may collectively contribute to the early pathogenesis of AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>WEN, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasrallah, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulkadir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamourian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boquet-Pujadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villeneuve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollub, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wittfeld, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaMontagne, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruff, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fripp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamad, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dav</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic, clinical underpinnings of subtle early brain change along Alzheimer's dimensions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CD73 generated extracellular adenosine promotes resolution of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury and restrains metaplasia in pancreatitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.17.508367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsPancreatitis is currently the leading cause of gastrointestinal hospitalizations in the US. This condition occurs in response to abdominal injury, gallstones, chronic alcohol consumption or, less frequently, the cause remains idiopathic. CD73 is a cell surface ecto-5-nucleotidase that generates extracellular adenosine, which can contribute to resolution of inflammation by binding adenosine receptors on infiltrating immune cells. We hypothesized genetic deletion of CD73 would result in more severe pancreatitis due to decreased generation of extracellular adenosine.

MethodsCD73 knockout (CD73-/-) and C57BL/6 (wild type, WT) mice were used to evaluate the progression and response of caerulein-induced acute and chronic pancreatitis.

ResultsIn response to caerulein-mediated chronic or acute pancreatitis, WT mice display resolution of pancreatitis at earlier timepoints than CD73-/- mice. Using immunohistochemistry and analysis of single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data, we determined CD73 localization in chronic pancreatitis is primarily observed in mucin/ductal cell populations and immune cells. In murine pancreata challenged with caerulein to induce acute pancreatitis, we compared CD73-/- to WT mice and observed a significant infiltration of Ly6G+, MPO+, and Granzyme B+ cells in CD73-/- compared to WT pancreata and we quantified a significant increase in acinar-to-ductal metaplasia demonstrating sustained metaplasia and inflammation in CD73-/- mice. Using neutrophil depletion in CD73-/- mice, we show neutrophil depletion significantly reduces metaplasia defined by CK19+ cells per field and significantly reduces acute pancreatitis.

ConclusionsThese data identify CD73 agonists as a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis as adenosine generation and activation of adenosine receptors is critical to resolve persistent inflammation in the pancreas.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/508367v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraoni, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, V. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eltzschig, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey-Lundberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.17.508367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CD73 generated extracellular adenosine promotes resolution of neutrophil-mediated tissue injury and restrains metaplasia in pancreatitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoparticle-mediated Targeting of the Fusion Gene RUNX1/ETO in t(8;21)-positive Acute Myeloid Leukaemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.21.508893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of acute myeloid leukaemias (AMLs) are chromosomal rearrangements that give rise to novel leukaemia-specific fusion genes. Most of these fusion genes are both initiating and driving events in AML and therefore constitute ideal therapeutic targets but are challenging to target by conventional drug development. siRNAs are frequently used for the specific suppression of fusion gene expression but require special formulations for efficient in vivo delivery. Here we describe the use of siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles for the specific therapeutic targeting of the leukaemic fusion gene RUNX1/ETO. Transient knockdown of RUNX1/ETO reduces its binding to its target genes and alters the binding of RUNX1 and its co-factor CBF{beta}. Transcriptomic changes in vivo were associated with substantially increased median survival of a t(8;21)-AML mouse model. Importantly, transient knockdown in vivo causes long-lasting inhibition of leukaemic proliferation and clonogenicity, induction of myeloid differentiation and a markedly impaired re-engraftment potential in vivo. These data strongly suggest that temporary inhibition of RUNX1/ETO results in long-term restriction of leukaemic self-renewal. Our results provide proof for the feasibility of targeting RUNX1/ETO in a pre-clinical setting and support the further development of siRNA-LNPs for the treatment of fusion gene-driven malignancies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Issa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasouli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashtiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakjang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>jyotsana, n.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuschel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heidenreich, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.21.508893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoparticle-mediated Targeting of the Fusion Gene RUNX1/ETO in t(8;21)-positive Acute Myeloid Leukaemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Haptoglobin (HP) Structural Variant Alters the Effect of APOE Alleles on Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.508749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHaptoglobin (HP) is an antioxidant of apolipoprotein E (APOE), and previous reports have shown HP binds with APOE and amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) to aid its clearance. A common structural variant of the HP gene distinguishes it into two alleles: HP1 and HP2.

MethodsHP genotypes were imputed in 29 cohorts from the Alzheimers Disease (AD) Genetics Consortium (N=22,651). Associations between the HP polymorphism and AD risk and age of onset through APOE interactions were investigated using regression models.

ResultsThe HP polymorphism significantly impacts AD risk and age at onset in European-descent individuals (and in meta-analysis with African Americans) by modifying both the protective effect of APOE{varepsilon}2 and the detrimental effect of APOE{varepsilon}4, especially for APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers.

DiscussionThe effect modification of APOE by HP suggests adjustment and/or stratification by HP genotype is warranted when APOE risk is considered. Our findings also provided directions for further investigations on potential mechanisms behind this association.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benchek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton-Nelson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallianpur, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griswold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeux, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.508749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Haptoglobin (HP) Structural Variant Alters the Effect of APOE Alleles on Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASP2 facilitates dynamic actin filament organization along the microtubule lattice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.22.509100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coordination between the microtubule and actin networks is essential for cell motility, neuronal growth cone guidance, and wound healing. Members of the CLASP (Cytoplasmic Linker-Associated Protein) family of proteins have been implicated in the cytoskeletal crosstalk between microtubules and actin networks, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying CLASPs role in cytoskeletal coordination are unclear. Here, we investigate CLASP2s crosslinking function with microtubules and F-actin. Our results demonstrate that CLASP2 crosslinks F-actin to the microtubule lattice in vitro. We find that the crosslinking ability is retained by L-TOG2-S, a minimal construct containing the TOG2 domain and serine-arginine rich region of CLASP2. Furthermore, CLASP2 promotes the accumulation of multiple actin filaments along the microtubule, supporting up to 11 F-actin landing events on a single microtubule lattice region. CLASP2 also facilitates dynamic organization of polymerizing actin filaments templated by the microtubule network, with F-actin forming bridges between individual microtubules. Finally, we find that depletion of CLASPs in vascular smooth muscle cells results in disorganized actin fibers and reduced co-alignment of actin fibers with microtubules, suggesting that CLASP and microtubules contribute to higher-order actin structures. Taken together, our results indicate that CLASP2 can directly crosslink F-actin to microtubules, and that this microtubule-CLASP-actin interaction may influence overall cytoskeletal organization in cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodgers, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Vasquez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.22.509100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASP2 facilitates dynamic actin filament organization along the microtubule lattice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtle cultural boundaries reinforce genetic structure in England 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes and languages both contain signatures of human history. Genetics and culture have each been shown to track population movements and demographic history. Complicating this picture, cultural traits may themselves influence the ways in which people interact with one another. For example, cultural differences can produce barriers to gene flow if they cause groups of people to differentiate themselves from one another. However, the degree of cultural difference necessary and the magnitude of these effects on gene flow remain unknown. In particular, language differences may limit population mixing, and we focus on whether subtle, dialect-level linguistic differences have influenced genetic population structure, likely by affecting mating preferences. Here, we analyze spatially dense linguistic and genetic data to examine whether the intensity of differences between and within dialects in England are associated with high genetic rates of change. We find that genetic variation and dialect markers have similar spatial distributions on a country-wide scale, and become less distinct as the scale of smaller administrative units such as counties. This covariation, combined with the absence of geographic barriers that could coordinate cultural and genetic differentiation, suggests that some dialect-level linguistic boundaries have influenced the genetic population structure in England.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pichkar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtle cultural boundaries reinforce genetic structure in England]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acquired secondary HER2 mutations enhance HER2/MAPK signaling and promote resistance to HER2 kinase inhibition in HER2-mutant breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.23.509246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HER2 mutations drive the growth of a subset of breast cancers and are targeted with HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as neratinib. However, acquired resistance is common and limits the durability of clinical responses. Most HER2-mutant breast cancers progressing on neratinib-based therapy acquire secondary mutations in HER2. Apart from the HER2T798I gatekeeper mutation, whether these secondary HER2 mutations are causal to neratinib resistance is not known. We show herein that secondary acquired HER2T862A and HER2L755S mutations promote resistance to HER2 TKIs via enhanced HER2 activation and impaired neratinib binding. While cells expressing each acquired HER2 mutation alone were sensitive to neratinib, expression of acquired double mutations enhanced HER2 signaling and reduced neratinib sensitivity in 2D and 3D assays. Computational structural modeling suggested that secondary HER2 mutations stabilize the HER2 active state and reduce neratinib binding affinity. Cells expressing double HER2 mutations exhibited resistance to most HER2 TKIs but retained sensitivity to mobocertinib and poziotinib. Double-mutant cells showed enhanced MEK/ERK signaling which was blocked by combined inhibition of HER2 and MEK, providing a potential treatment strategy to overcome resistance to HER2 TKIs in HER2-mutant breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamun, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akamatsu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudhan, d. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcelain, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arteaga, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanker, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.23.509246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acquired secondary HER2 mutations enhance HER2/MAPK signaling and promote resistance to HER2 kinase inhibition in HER2-mutant breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of P2X7 Antagonism on Subcortical Spread of Optogenetically-Triggered Cortical Spreading Depression and Neuroinflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by episodes of severe headache. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), the electrophysiological equivalent of migraine aura, results in opening of pannexin-1 megachannels that release ATP and triggers parenchymal neuroinflammatory signaling cascade in the cortex. Migraine symptoms suggesting subcortical dysfunction bring subcortical spread of CSD under the light. Here, we investigated the role of purinergic P2X7 receptors on the subcortical spread of CSD and its consequent neuroinflammation using a potent and selective P2X7 antagonist, JNJ-47965567. P2X7 antagonism had no effect on the CSD threshold and characteristics but increased the latency to hypothalamic voltage deflection following CSD showing that ATP acts as a mediator in the subcortical spread. P2X7 antagonism also prevented hypothalamic neuronal activation following CSD, revealed by bilateral decrease in hypothalamic c-fos positive neuron count. P2X7 antagonism further stopped the CSD-induced neuroinflammation revealed by decreased nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B-p65 in astrocytes and decreased HMGB1 release. Following CSD we observed an increase in neuronal cytoplasmic P2X7R signal in cortex and subcortical structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus) concordant with the neuroinflammation which is also prevented by P2X7R antagonism. In conclusion, our data suggest that P2X7R plays an imperative role in CSD-induced neuroinflammation, subcortical spread of CSD and CSD-induced hypothalamic neuronal activation hence can be a potential target in migraine treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uzay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demir, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocak, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemisci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozdemir, Y. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalkara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karatas, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of P2X7 Antagonism on Subcortical Spread of Optogenetically-Triggered Cortical Spreading Depression and Neuroinflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small molecule that inhibits the evolution of antibiotic resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rapidly develops against almost all available therapeutics. New antibiotics target essential processes in bacteria but fail to address the root of the problem: mutagenesis and evolution. We recently proposed that inhibiting the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial evolution is the ultimate solution to preventing AMR development. Here, we describe the first compound that inhibits the occurrence and progression of AMR by directly targeting a highly conserved bacterial evolvability factor, Mfd. We previously found that this RNA polymerase-associated translocase is required for rapid AMR development across highly divergent pathogens. Through an in vivo screen, we identified 43 potential Mfd-inhibiting compounds. Here we present on target validation, biochemical characterization, and in vivo efficacy studies of a lead compound, referred to as ARM-1. ARM-1 binds Mfd and modulates its RNA polymerase interaction. Inhibition of Mfd activity by ARM-1 delays the development of mutations and resistance acquisition, both in pure culture and during infection. Importantly, our data show that this compound prevents the evolution of AMR across highly divergent pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The novel compound we present here has the potential to develop into a clinically useful "anti-evolution" drug. This work demonstrates that the molecular mechanisms of evolution are pharmaceutically targetable, and that this strategy could help prevent AMR development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viera, A. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simsek, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small molecule that inhibits the evolution of antibiotic resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biochemical identification of a nuclear coactivator protein required for AtrR-dependent gene regulation in Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Azole drugs represent the primary means of treating infections associated with the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. A central player in azole resistance is the Zn2Cys6 zinc cluster-containing transcription factor AtrR. This factor stimulates expression of the both the cyp51A gene encoding the azole drug target enzyme as well as an ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene called abcG1 (aka cdr1B). We have used a fusion protein between AtrR and the tandem affinity purification (TAP) moiety to purify proteins that associate with AtrR from A. fumigatus. Protein fractions associated with AtrR-TAP were subjected to MudPIT mass spectrometry and one of the proteins identified was encoded by the AFUA_6g08010 gene. We have designated this protein NcaA (Nuclear Co-Activator of AtrR). Loss of ncaA caused a reduction in voriconazole resistance and drug-induced abcG1 expression, although did not impact induction of cyp51A transcription. We confirmed association of AtrR and NcaA by co-immunoprecipitation from otherwise wild-type cells. Expression of fusion proteins between AtrR and NcaA with green fluorescent protein allowed determination that these two proteins were localized in the A. fumigatus nucleus. Together, these data support the view that NcaA is required for nuclear gene transcription controlled by AtrR.

ImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is the major filamentous fungal pathogen in humans and is susceptible to the azole antifungal class of drugs. However, loss of azole susceptibility has been detected with increasing frequency in the clinic and infections associated with these azole resistant isolates linked to treatment failure and worse outcomes. Many of these azole resistant mutant strains contain mutant alleles of the cyp51A gene encoding the azole drug target. A transcription factor essential for cyp51A gene transcription has been identified and designated AtrR. AtrR is required for azole inducible cyp51A transcription but we know little of the regulation of this transcription factor. Using a biochemical approach, we identify a new protein called NcaA that is involved in regulation of AtrR at certain target gene promoters. Understanding the mechanisms controlling AtrR function is an important goal in preventing or reversing azole resistance in this pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ror, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moye-Rowley, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biochemical identification of a nuclear coactivator protein required for AtrR-dependent gene regulation in Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological hallmarks of allostery at the M4 muscarinic receptor elucidated through structure and dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.27.509640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a major paradigm in drug discovery. Despite decades of research, a molecular level understanding of the general principals that govern the myriad pharmacological effects exerted by GPCR allosteric modulators remains limited. The M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M4 mAChR) is a well-validated and clinically relevant allosteric drug target for several major psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Here, we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the M4 mAChR bound to a cognate Gi1 protein and the high affinity agonist, iperoxo, in the absence and presence of two different positive allosteric modulators, LY2033298 or VU0467154. We have also determined the structure of the M4 mAChR-Gi1 complex bound to its endogenous agonist, acetylcholine (ACh). Structural comparisons, together with molecular dynamics, mutagenesis, and pharmacological validations, have provided in-depth insights into the role of structure and dynamics in orthosteric and allosteric ligand binding, global mechanisms of receptor activation, cooperativity, probe-dependence, and species variability; all key hallmarks underpinning contemporary GPCR drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobbs, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belousoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattarai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, W. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeasmin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Westhuizen, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khajehali, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glukhova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wootten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thal, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.27.509640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological hallmarks of allostery at the M4 muscarinic receptor elucidated through structure and dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510392v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Active antennal movements in Drosophila tune wind encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510392v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many insects actively move their antennae, but how these movements influence sensory encoding is not fully understood. Antennae are used to smell odors1,2, detect auditory cues3,4, and sense mechanosensory stimuli such as wind5 and objects6-8, frequently by combining active movement with sensation. Genetic access to antennal motor systems would thus provide a powerful tool for dissecting the circuit mechanisms underlying active sensing, but little is known about how the most genetically tractable insect, Drosophila melanogaster, moves its antennae. Here we use DeepLabCut to measure how tethered Drosophila move their antennae in the presence of sensory stimuli, and identify genetic reagents for controlling antennal movement. We find that flies perform both slow and fast antennal movements in response to wind-induced deflections, but not the attractive odor apple cider vinegar. We describe four muscles in the first antennal segment that control antennal movements, and identify genetic driver lines that provide access to two groups of antennal motor neurons and an antennal muscle. Through optogenetic inactivation, we provide evidence that antennal motor neurons are specialized for different movement speeds. Finally, we show that activation of antennal motor neurons and muscles can improve the gain and acuity of wind direction encoding. Together, our experiments provide insight into the neural control of antennal movement and suggest that Drosophila actively position their antennae to tune the precision of wind encoding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suver, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510392</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Active antennal movements in Drosophila tune wind encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif of local field potential power across the primate cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.30.510398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian cerebral cortex is anatomically organized into a six-layer motif. It is currently unknown whether a corresponding laminar motif of neuronal activity exists across the cortex. Here, we report such a motif in the power of local field potentials (LFP). We implanted multicontact laminar probes in five macaque monkeys and recorded activity across layers in 14 cortical areas at various hierarchical processing stages in all cortical lobes. The anatomical laminar locations of recordings were histologically identified via electrolytic lesions. In all areas, we found a common spectrolaminar pattern characterized by an increasing deep-to-superficial layer gradient of gamma frequency LFP power peaking in layers 2/3, and an increasing superficial-to-deep gradient of alpha-beta power peaking in layers 5/6. Our results show an electrophysiological dissociation between superficial and deep layers that is preserved across the cortex, suggesting a ubiquitous layer and frequency-based mechanism for cortical computation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Halliday, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desimone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.30.510398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif of local field potential power across the primate cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Contributions to Medial Frontal β-Bursts during Executive Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
EEG {beta}-bursts observed over the medial frontal cortex are claimed to mediate response inhibition despite their infrequent occurrence. The weak association with stopping behavior is supposed to be a by-product of the low signal-to-noise ratio of EEG recordings. We tested the premise that {beta}-bursts are more common within the cerebral cortex and more directly associated with response inhibition. We sampled simultaneously EEG and intracortical local field potentials (LFP) within the medial frontal cortex (MFC) of two macaque monkeys performing a response inhibition task. Intracortical {beta}-bursts were just as infrequent as those in EEG and did not parallel the likelihood of canceling a planned response. Cortical {beta}-bursts were more prevalent in upper layers but were not synchronized across a cortical column or with EEG {beta}-bursts. These findings contradict claims for a causal contribution of {beta}-bursts during response inhibition, provide important constraints for biophysical and cortical circuit models, and invite further considerations of {beta}-burst function in cognitive control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Errington, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Contributions to Medial Frontal β-Bursts during Executive Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
M1 selective muscarinic allosteric modulation enhances cognitive flexibility and effective salience in nonhuman primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.511029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acetylcholine (ACh) in cortical neural circuits mediates how selective attention is sustained in the presence of distractors and how flexible cognition adjusts to changing task demands. The cognitive domains of attention and cognitive flexibility might be differentially supported by the M1 muscarinic cholinergic sub-receptor. Understanding how M1 mechanisms support these cognitive subdomains is of highest importance for advancing novel drug treatments for conditions with altered attention and reduced cognitive control including Alzheimers disease or schizophrenia. Here, we tested this question by assessing how the subtype selective M1-receptor specific positive allosteric modulator (M1 PAM VU0453595) affects visual search and flexible reward-learning in nonhuman primates. We found that allosteric potentiation of the M1 receptor enhanced flexible learning performance by improving extra-dimensional set shifting, by reducing latent inhibition of previously experienced distractors, and by reducing response perseveration in the absence of adverse side effects. These pro-cognitive effects occurred in the absence of apparent changes of attentional performance during visual search. In contrast, non-selective ACh modulation using the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil improved attention during visual search at doses that did not alter cognitive flexibility and that already triggered gastrointestinal cholinergic side effects. These findings illustrate that M1 positive allosteric modulation enhances cognitive flexibility without affecting attentional filtering of distraction, consistent with M1 activity boosting the effective salience of relevant over irrelevant objects. These results suggest that M1 PAMs are versatile compounds for enhancing cognitive flexibility in disorders spanning schizophrenia and Alzheimers diseases.

Statement of significanceMuscarinic receptors mediate the pro-cognitive effects of acetylcholine, but it has remained unclear whether they differentially affect the cognitive subfunctions of attentional filtering, set shifting, and learning. To clarify the functional specificity of M1 receptors, we assessed these diverse functions using a recently developed, highly selective M1 PAM. This M1 PAM caused domain-specific cognitive improvement of flexible learning and extra-dimensional set shifting, reduced perseverations and enhanced target recognition during learning without altering attentional filtering functions. These domain-specific improvement contrasted to effects of a non-selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that primarily enhanced attention and caused dose limiting adverse side effects. These results demonstrate domain-specific improvements of cognitive flexibility suggesting M1 PAMs are versatile compounds for treating cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S.-A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.511029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[M1 selective muscarinic allosteric modulation enhances cognitive flexibility and effective salience in nonhuman primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preparing future STEM faculty nationwide through flexible teaching professional development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report on a five-year initiative that has prepared thousands of future STEM faculty around the world to adopt evidence-based instructional practices by participating in two massive open online courses (MOOCs) and facilitated in-person learning communities. This novel combination of asynchronous online and coordinated, structured face-to-face learning community experiences provides flexible options for STEM graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to pursue teaching professional development, while leveraging the affordances of educational technologies and the geographically clustered nature of this target learner demographic. A total of 14,977 participants enrolled in seven offerings of the introductory course held 2014-2018, with 1,725 participants from approximately 60 countries completing at an average course completion rate of 13%. The preparation of future STEM faculty makes an important difference in establishing high-quality instruction that meets the diverse needs of all undergraduate students, and the initiative described here can serve as a model for increasing access to such preparation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnicle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laursen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maimone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preparing future STEM faculty nationwide through flexible teaching professional development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial Outgrowth Through Mesenchymal Rings Drives Alveologenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining how alveoli are formed and maintained is critical to understanding lung organogenesis and regeneration after injury. While technological barriers have heretofore limited real-time observation of alveologenesis, we have now used scanned oblique plane illumination microscopy of living lung slices to observe specific cellular behaviors at high resolution over several days. Contrary to the prevailing paradigm that alveoli form by airspace subdivision via ingrowing septa, we find that alveoli form by ballooning epithelial outgrowth supported by stable mesenchymal ring structures. Our systematic analysis allowed creation of a computational model of finely-timed cellular structural changes that drive alveologenesis under normal conditions or with perturbed intercellular Wnt signaling. This new paradigm and platform can be leveraged for mechanistic studies and screening for therapies to promote lung regeneration.

One-Sentence SummaryLong-term live analysis of neonatal lungs supports a dynamic epithelial outgrowth model for alveologenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crooke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plosa, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mignemi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ransom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttentag, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zacharias, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozub, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan-Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial Outgrowth Through Mesenchymal Rings Drives Alveologenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engaging in word recognition elicits highly specific modulations in visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A persons cognitive state determines how their brain responds to visual stimuli. The most common such effect is a response enhancement when stimuli are task-relevant and attended rather than ignored. In this fMRI study, we report a surprising twist on such attention effects in the visual word form area (VWFA), a region that plays a key role in reading. We presented participants with strings of letters and visually similar shapes which were either relevant for a specific task (lexical decision or gap localization) or ignored (during a fixation dot color task). In the VWFA, the enhancement of responses to attended stimuli occurred only for letter strings, whereas the shapes evoked smaller responses when attended than when ignored. The enhancement of VWFA activity was accompanied by strengthened functional connectivity with higher-level language regions. These task-dependent modulations of response magnitude and functional connectivity were specific to the VWFA and absent in the rest of visual cortex. We suggest that language regions send targeted excitatory feedback into the VWFA only when the observer is trying to read. This feedback enables the discrimination of familiar and nonsense words, and is distinct from generic effects of visual attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeatman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.10.511419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engaging in word recognition elicits highly specific modulations in visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles from non-neuroendocrine SCLC cells promote adhesion and survival of neuroendocrine SCLC cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) tumors are made up of distinct cell subpopulations, including neuroendocrine (NE) and non-NE cells. While secreted factors from non-NE SCLC cells have been shown to support the growth of the NE cells, the underlying molecular factors are not well understood. Here, we show that exosome-type small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) secreted from non-NE SCLC cells promote adhesion and survival of NE SCLC cells. Proteomic analysis of purified small EVs revealed that extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and integrins are highly enriched in small EVs of non-NE cells whereas nucleic acid-binding proteins are enriched in small EVs purified from NE cells. Addition of select purified ECM proteins identified in purified EVs, specifically fibronectin, laminin 411, and laminin 511, were able to substitute for the role of non-NE-derived SEVs in promoting adhesion, survival, and tumorigenicity of NE SCLC cells. Those same proteins were differentially expressed by human SCLC subtypes. These data suggest that ECM-carrying SEVs secreted by non-NE cells play a key role in supporting SCLC tumor growth and survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolzenbach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, P. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular vesicles from non-neuroendocrine SCLC cells promote adhesion and survival of neuroendocrine SCLC cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cerebellum critically contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions such fear learning and memory. Prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant and has neglected neuroanatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum that differentially map on to motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

MethodsWe quantified cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 4,215 adults (PTSD n= 1640; Control n=2575) across 40 sites from the from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Using a new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic cerebellar parcellation, we obtained volumetric estimates for the total cerebellum and 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, gender, intracranial volume, and site were used to compare cerebellum total and subregional volume in PTSD compared to healthy controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate (p-FDR < .05).

ResultsPTSD was associated with significant grey and white matter reductions of the cerebellum. Compared to controls, people with PTSD demonstrated smaller total cerebellum volume. In addition, people with PTSD showed reduced volume in subregions primarily within the posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), but also the vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular lobe (lobule X), and cerebellar white matter (all p-FDR < 0.05). Effects of PTSD on volume were consistent, and generally more robust, when examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status.

ConclusionsThese findings implicate regionally specific cerebellar volumetric differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The cerebellum appears to play an important role in high-order cognitive and emotional processes, far beyond its historical association with vestibulomotor function. Further examination of the cerebellum in trauma-related psychopathology will help to clarify how cerebellar structure and function may disrupt cognitive and affective processes at the center of translational models for PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automatic mechanistic inference from large families of Boolean models generated by Monte Carlo Tree Search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1MotivationMany important processes in biology, such as signaling and gene regulation, can be described using logic models. These logic models are typically built to behaviorally emulate experimentally observed phenotypes, which are assumed to be steady states of a biological system. Most models are built by hand and therefore researchers are only able to consider one or perhaps a few potential mechanisms. We present a method to automatically synthesize Boolean logic models with a specified set of steady states. Our method, called MC-Boomer, is based on Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), an efficient, parallel search method using reinforcement learning. Our approach enables users to constrain the model search space using prior knowledge or biochemical interaction databases, thus leading to generation of biologically plausible mechanistic hypotheses. Our approach can generate very large numbers of data-consistent models. To help develop mechanistic insight from these models, we developed analytical tools for multi-model inference and model selection. These tools reveal the key sets of interactions that govern the behavior of the models.

ResultsWe demonstrate that MC-Boomer works well at reconstructing randomly generated models. Then, using single time point measurements and reasonable biological constraints, our method generates hundreds of thousands of candidate models that match experimentally validated in-vivo behaviors of the Drosophila segment polarity network. Finally we outline how our multimodel analysis procedures elucidate potentially novel biological mechanisms and provide opportunities for model-driven experimental validation.

AvailabilityCode is available at: www.github.com/bglazer/mcboomer
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glazer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifferth, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automatic mechanistic inference from large families of Boolean models generated by Monte Carlo Tree Search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation of Global Trends in the Effects of VX-661 and VX-445 on the Expression of Clinical CFTR Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic genetic disease caused by mutations that compromise the expression and/ or function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channel (CFTR). Most people with CF harbor a common misfolded CFTR variant ({Delta}F508), which can be rescued by combination therapies containing "corrector" compounds that restore its expression. Nevertheless, there are over 400 other CF variants that differ in their sensitivity to correctors for reasons that remain unclear. In this work, we utilize deep mutational scanning to quantitatively compare the effects of two FDA-approved correctors on the plasma membrane expression of 129 known CF variants, including 45 that are currently unclassified. Across 67 variants with attenuated expression, we find that VX-661-sensitive variants generally exhibit intermediate expression and feature mutations near its binding pocket in transmembrane domains (TMDs) 1, 2, 3, and 6. VX-445 also primarily rescues variants with intermediate expression but is instead uniquely effective towards mutations near its binding pocket in TMDs 10 & 11. Structural calculations suggest corrector binding provides similar stabilization to both sensitive and insensitive variants. These findings collectively suggest the mutation-specific effects of these compounds depend on the degree of variant destabilization and/ or the timing of cotranslational folding defects. Combining these correctors synergistically rescues variants with deficient and intermediate expression alike, presumably by doubling the total binding energy and suppressing defects at different stages of translation. These results provide an unprecedented overview of the properties of rare CFTR variants and establish new tools for CF pharmacology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamness, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roushar, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation of Global Trends in the Effects of VX-661 and VX-445 on the Expression of Clinical CFTR Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized strategy for engineering mammalian cell-compatible RNA-based biosensors from random sequence libraries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluorescent RNA-based biosensors are useful tools for real-time detection of molecules in living cells. These biosensors typically consist of a chromophore-binding aptamer and a target-binding aptamer, whereby the chromophore-binding aptamer is destabilized until a target is captured, which causes a conformational change to permit chromophore binding and an increase in fluorescence. The target-binding region is typically fabricated using known riboswitch motifs, which are already known to have target specificity and undergo structural changes upon binding. However, known riboswitches only exist for a limited number of molecules, significantly constraining biosensor design. To overcome this challenge, we designed a framework for producing mammalian cell-compatible biosensors using aptamers selected from a large random library by capture-SELEX. As a proof-of-concept, we generated and characterized a fluorescent RNA biosensor against L-dopa, the precursor of several neurotransmitters. Overall, we suggest that this approach will have utility for generating RNA biosensors that can reliably detect custom targets in mammalian cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allchin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized strategy for engineering mammalian cell-compatible RNA-based biosensors from random sequence libraries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal Application of Lysyl Oxidase during Hierarchical Collagen Fiber Formation Differentially Effects Mechanics in Engineered Tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The primary source of strength in musculoskeletal menisci, tendons, and ligaments are hierarchical collagen fibers; however, these fibers are not regenerated after injury nor in engineered replacements, resulting in limited repair options. Collagen strength is reliant on fiber alignment, density, diameter, and crosslinking. Recently, we developed a culture system which guides cells in high-density collagen gels to develop native-like hierarchically organized collagen fibers, which match native alignment and fiber diameters by 6 weeks. However, tissue mechanics plateau at 1 MPa, suggesting crosslinking is lacking. Collagen crosslinking is regulated by lysyl oxidase (LOX) which forms immature crosslinks that condense into mature trivalent crosslinks. Trivalent crosslinks are thought to be the primarily source of strength in fibers, but its not well understood how they form. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous LOX treatment at different stages of hierarchical fiber formation in our culture system to produce functional engineered replacements and to better understand factors effecting collagen crosslink maturation. We found LOXL2 treatment did not restrict hierarchical fiber formation, with constructs still forming aligned collagen fibrils by 2 weeks, larger fibers by 4 weeks, and early fascicles by 6 weeks. However, LOXL2 treatment did significantly increase mature pyridinium crosslink accumulation and tissue mechanics, with timing of LOXL2 supplementation during fiber formation having a significant effect. Overall, we found one week of LOXL2 supplementation at 4 weeks produced constructs with native fiber organization, increased PYD accumulation, and increased mechanics, ultimately matching the tensile modulus of immature bovine menisci.

Statement of SignificanceCollagen fibers are the primarily source of strength and function in connective tissues throughout the body, however it remains a challenge to develop these fibers in engineered replacements, greatly reducing treatment options. Here we demonstrate lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) can be used to significantly improve the mechanics of tissue engineered constructs, but timing of application is important and will most likely depend on degree of collagen organization or maturation. Currently there is limited understanding of how collagen crosslinking is regulated, and this system is a promising platform to further investigate cellular regulation of LOX crosslinking. Understanding the mechanism that regulates LOX production and activity is needed to ultimately regenerate functional repair or replacements for connective tissues throughout the body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troop, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puetzer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal Application of Lysyl Oxidase during Hierarchical Collagen Fiber Formation Differentially Effects Mechanics in Engineered Tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rosetta	's Predictive Ability for Low-Affinity Ligand Binding in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fragment-based drug discovery begins with the identification of small molecules with a molecular weight of usually less than 250 Da that weakly bind to the protein of interest. This technique is challenging for computational docking methods as binding is determined by only a few specific interactions. Inaccuracies in the energy function or slight deviations in the docking pose can lead to the prediction of incorrect binding or difficulties in ranking fragments in in silico screening. Here we test RosettaLigand by docking a series of fragments to a cysteine-depleted variant of the TIM-barrel protein, HisF. We compare the computational results with experimental NMR spectroscopy screens. NMR spectroscopy gives details on binding affinities of individual ligands, which allows assessment of the ligand-ranking ability by RosettaLigand, and also provides feedback on the location of the binding pocket, which serves as a reliable test of RosettaLigands ability to identify plausible binding poses. From a library screen of 3456 fragments, we identified a set of 31 ligands with intrinsic affinities to HisF with dissociation constants as low as 400 {micro}M. The same library of fragments was blindly screened in silico. RosettaLigand was able to rank binders before non-binders with an area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of 0.74. The docking poses observed for binders agreed with the binding pocket identified by NMR chemical shift perturbations for all fragments. Taken together, these results provide a baseline performance of RosettaLigand in a fragment-based drug discovery setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okwei, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganguly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geanes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledwitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rosetta	's Predictive Ability for Low-Affinity Ligand Binding in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Species-specific roles for the MAFA and MAFB transcription factors in regulatingislet β cell identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.512880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with compromised identity of insulin-producing pancreatic islet beta ({beta}) cells, characterized by inappropriate production of other islet cell-enriched hormones. Here we examined how hormone misexpression was influenced by the MAFA and MAFB transcription factors, closely related proteins that maintain islet cell function. Mice specifically lacking MafA in {beta} cells demonstrated broad, population-wide changes in hormone gene expression with an overall gene signature closely resembling islet gastrin (Gast)-positive cells generated under conditions of chronic hyperglycemia and obesity. A human {beta} cell line deficient in MAFB, but not one lacking MAFA, also produced a gastrin (GAST)-positive gene expression pattern. In addition, GAST was detected in human T2D {beta} cells with low levels of MAFB. Moreover, evidence is provided that human MAFB can directly repress GAST gene transcription. These results support a novel, species-specific role for MafA and MAFB in maintaining adult mouse and human {beta} cell identity, respectively, by repressing expression of Gast/GAST and other non-{beta} cell hormones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochrane, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osipovich, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mawla, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huising, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebrok, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.512880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Species-specific roles for the MAFA and MAFB transcription factors in regulatingislet β cell identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Career Self-Efficacy Disparities in Underrepresented Biomedical Scientist Trainees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.512368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The present study examines racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in career self-efficacy amongst 6077 US citizens and US naturalized graduate and postdoctoral trainees. Respondents from biomedical fields completed surveys administered by the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) programs across 17 US institutional sites. Graduate and postdoctoral demographic and survey response data were examined to evaluate the impact of intersectional identities on trainee career self-efficacy. The study hypothesized that race, ethnicity and gender, and the relations between these identities, would impact trainee career self-efficacy. The analysis demonstrated that racial and ethnic group, gender, specific career interests (academic principal investigator vs. other careers), and seniority (junior vs. senior trainee level) were, to various degrees, all associated with trainee career self-efficacy and the effects were consistent across graduate and postdoctoral respondents. Implications for differing levels of self-efficacy are discussed, including factors and events during training that may contribute to (or undermine) career self-efficacy. The importance of mentorship for building research and career self-efficacy of trainees is discussed, especially with respect to those identifying as women and belonging to racial/ethnic populations underrepresented in biomedical sciences. The results underscore the need for change in the biomedical academic research community in order to retain a diverse biomedical workforce.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wefes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.512368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Career Self-Efficacy Disparities in Underrepresented Biomedical Scientist Trainees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computationally restoring the potency of a clinical antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the promise of monoclonal antibody-based prophylactic and therapeutic drugs1-3, but also revealed how quickly viral escape can curtail effective options4, 5. With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in late 2021, many clinically used antibody drug products lost potency, including EvusheldTM and its constituent, cilgavimab4, 6. Cilgavimab, like its progenitor COV2-2130, is a class 3 antibody that is compatible with other antibodies in combination4 and is challenging to replace with existing approaches. Rapidly modifying such high-value antibodies with a known clinical profile to restore efficacy against emerging variants is a compelling mitigation strategy. We sought to redesign COV2-2130 to rescue in vivo efficacy against Omicron BA.1 and BA.1.1 strains while maintaining efficacy against the contemporaneously dominant Delta variant. Here we show that our computationally redesigned antibody, 2130-1-0114-112, achieves this objective, simultaneously increases neutralization potency against Delta and many variants of concern that subsequently emerged, and provides protection in vivo against the strains tested, WA1/2020, BA.1.1, and BA.5. Deep mutational scanning of tens of thousands pseudovirus variants reveals 2130-1-0114-112 improves broad potency without incurring additional escape liabilities. Our results suggest that computational approaches can optimize an antibody to target multiple escape variants, while simultaneously enriching potency. Because our approach is computationally driven, not requiring experimental iterations or pre-existing binding data, it could enable rapid response strategies to address escape variants or pre-emptively mitigate escape vulnerabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desautels, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrildt, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemla, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricci, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cronin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheaffer, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engdahl, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goforth, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vashchenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weilhammer, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinfeld, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saada, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisenberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haluska, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grzesiak, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segelke, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillo, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faissol, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computationally restoring the potency of a clinical antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering of CaV1.3 L-type calcium channels by Shank3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.21.513252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clustering of neuronal L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (LTCC) in the plasma membrane is increasingly implicated in creating highly localized Ca2+ signaling nanodomains. For example, LTCC activation can increase phosphorylation of the nuclear CREB transcription factor by increasing Ca2+ concentrations within a nanodomain close to the channel, without requiring bulk Ca2+ increases in the cytosol or nucleus. However, the molecular basis for LTCC clustering is poorly understood. The postsynaptic scaffolding protein Shank3 specifically associates with one of the major neuronal LTCCs, the CaV1.3 calcium channel, and is required for optimal LTCC-dependent excitation-transcription coupling. Here, we co-expressed CaV1.3 1 subunits with two distinct epitope-tags with or without Shank3 in HEK cells. Co-immunoprecipitation studies using the cell lysates revealed that Shank3 can assemble multiple CaV1.3 1 subunits in a complex under basal conditions. Moreover, CaV1.3 LTCC complex formation was facilitated by CaV{beta} subunits ({beta}3 and {beta}2a), which also interact with Shank3. Shank3 interactions with CaV1.3 LTCCs and multimeric CaV1.3 LTCC complex assembly were disrupted following addition of Ca2+ and calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) to cell lysates, perhaps simulating conditions within an activated CaV1.3 LTCC nanodomain. In intact HEK293T cells, co-expression of Shank3 enhanced the intensity of membrane-localized CaV1.3 LTCC clusters under basal conditions, but not after Ca2+channel activation. Live cell imaging studies also revealed that Ca2+ influx through LTCCs disassociated Shank3 from CaV1.3 LTCCs clusters and reduced the CaV1.3 cluster intensity. Deletion of the PDZ domain from Shank3 prevented both binding to CaV1.3 and the changes in multimeric CaV1.3 LTCC complex assembly in vitro and in HEK293 cells. Finally, we found that shRNA knock-down of Shank3 expression in cultured rat primary hippocampal neurons reduced the intensity of surface-localized CaV1.3 LTCC clusters in dendrites. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism contributing to neuronal LTCC clustering under basal conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perfitt, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.21.513252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering of CaV1.3 L-type calcium channels by Shank3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SETD2 safeguards the genome against isochromosome formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Factors governing the faithful replication of chromosomes are essential for cellular and genomic integrity. While a variety of mechanisms to manage breaks and promote repair of DNA are widely recognized, epigenetic landmarks that preserve telomere-to-telomere replication fidelity and prevent genome instability are not well-understood. SETD2 is the histone methyltransferase responsible for trimethylation on histone H3 lysine 36 and is newly recognized as a tumor suppressor that acts to maintain genome stability. Importantly, SETD2 is frequently lost in cancers that exhibit extensive intratumoral heterogeneity. Here, we demonstrate that loss of SETD2 and H3K36me3 promotes chromosome segregation errors and DNA bridging during mitosis, and that these bridges are driven by the formation of dicentric chromosomes. Cytogenetic analyses revealed that these chromosomes were comprised of mirror-imaged isochromosomes and isodicentric chromosomes that contain two active centromeres. These data demonstrate that the SETD2 histone methyltransferase is essential to prevent a palindromic replication intermediate, whose loss precipitates the formation of a mutable chromatin structure known to initiate a cascade of genomic instability in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kounlavong, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebeje, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahiya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guess, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovejoy, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dere, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SETD2 safeguards the genome against isochromosome formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A contamination focused approach for optimizing thesingle-cell RNA-seq experiment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.25.513758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Achieving high data quality in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) experiments has always been a significant challenge stemming from minute signal that can be detected in individual cells. Droplet-based scRNA-seq additionally suffers from ambient contamination, comprising nucleic acid materials released by dead cells into the loading buffer and co-encapsulated with real cells, which further washes out real biological signals. Here, we developed quantitative, ambient contamination-based metrics and an associated software package that can both evaluate current datasets and guide new experimental optimizations. We performed a series of experimental optimizations using the inDrops platform to address the mechanical and microfluidic cell encapsulation aspect of an scRNA-seq experiment, with a focus on minimizing ambient contamination. We report improvements that can be achieved via cell fixation, microfluidic loading, microfluidic dilution, and nuclei versus cell preparation; many of these parameters are inaccessible on commercial platforms. We provide insights into previously obscured factors that can affect scRNA-seq data quality and suggest mitigation strategies that can guide future experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arceneaux, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.25.513758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A contamination focused approach for optimizing thesingle-cell RNA-seq experiment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salt-inducible kinase inhibition promotes the adipocyte thermogenic program and adipose tissue browning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.27.514130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=137 SRC="FIGDIR/small/514130v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ce743org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@122f339org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18e3013org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f65311_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractsC_FLOATNO C_FIG ObjectiveNorepinephrine stimulates the adipose tissue thermogenic program through a {beta}-adrenergic receptor ({beta}AR) - cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade. We discovered that a noncanonical activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by PKA is required for the {beta}AR-stimulation of adipose tissue browning. However, the downstream events triggered by PKA-phosphorylated mTORC1 activation that drive this thermogenic response are not well understood.

MethodsWe used a proteomic approach of Stable Isotope Labeling by/with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) to characterize the global protein phosphorylation profile in brown adipocytes treated with the {beta}AR agonist. We identified salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) as a candidate mTORC1 substrate and further tested the effect of SIK3 deficiency or SIK inhibition on the thermogenic gene expression program in brown adipocytes and in mouse adipose tissue.

ResultsSIK3 interacts with RAPTOR, the defining component of the mTORC1 complex, and is phosphorylated at Ser884 in a rapamycin-sensitive manner. Pharmacological SIK inhibition by a pan-SIK inhibitor (HG-9-91-01) in brown adipocytes increases basal Ucp1 gene expression and restores its expression upon blockade of either mTORC1 or PKA. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of Sik3 augments, while overexpression of SIK3 suppresses, Ucp1 gene expression in brown adipocytes. The regulatory PKA phosphorylation domain of SIK3 is essential for its inhibition. CRISPR-mediated Sik3 deletion in brown adipocytes increases type IIa histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and enhances the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis such as Ucp1, Pgc1, and mitochondrial OXPHOS complex protein. We further show that HDAC4 interacts with PGC1 after {beta}AR stimulation and reduces lysine acetylation in PGC1. Finally, a SIK inhibitor well-tolerated in vivo (YKL-05-099) can stimulate the expression of thermogenesis-related genes and browning of mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue.

ConclusionsTaken together, our data reveal that SIK3, with the possible contribution of other SIKs, functions as a phosphorylation switch for {beta}-adrenergic activation to drive the adipose tissue thermogenic program and indicates that more work to understand the role of the SIKs is warranted. Our findings also suggest that maneuvers targeting SIKs could be beneficial for obesity and related cardiometabolic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Fatima Silva, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.27.514130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salt-inducible kinase inhibition promotes the adipocyte thermogenic program and adipose tissue browning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autism-related behavioral phenotypes of three Camk2a mutant mouse lines with reduced CaMKIIalpha expression and/or activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.28.514232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key modulator of excitatory synaptic transmission, gene expression, learning and memory. Mutations in the CAMK2A gene, which encodes CaMKII and is highly expressed in multiple regions in the forebrain, have been recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). Our lab generated and characterized a knock-in (KI) mutant mouse with a glutamate-183 to valine (E183V) CaMKII mutation detected in several children diagnosed with ASD or ID. The E183V mutation reduces CaMKII activity and expression levels but the contributions of these two changes to the ASD-related behavioral phenotypes of these mice are unclear. Therefore, we performed side-by-side comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of CaMKII E183V-KI mice with two other mutant mouse lines with either a complete loss of CaMKII expression (CaMKII Null mice) or reduced kinase activity (due to a threonine-286 to alanine mutation that abrogates autophosphorylation at this site) with no significant change in expression levels (CaMKII T286A-KI mice). In all three lines, homozygous mutant mice displayed increased stereotypic jumping behavior and hyperactivity, without alterations in anxiety or social interactions. Interestingly, homozygous mutant mice in all three lines also displayed a substantial reduction in tactile sensitivity using the Von Frey filament test. Together, these data suggest that reductions of either CaMKII expression or activity in mice disrupted normal motor and sensory functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiess, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.28.514232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autism-related behavioral phenotypes of three Camk2a mutant mouse lines with reduced CaMKIIalpha expression and/or activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Routing States Transition During Oscillatory Bursts and Attention States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural information routing relies on spatiotemporal activity dynamics across interconnected brain areas. However, it remains unclear how routing states emerge at fast spiking timescales and interact with the slower activity dynamics of larger networks during cognitive processes.

Here, we show that localized neural spiking events generate long-range directional routing states with spiking activity in distant brain areas that dynamically switch or amplify during oscillatory bursts, selective attention, and decision-making. Computational modeling and neural recordings from lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and striatum of nonhuman primates revealed that cross-areal, directional routing states arise within [~]20 ms around spikes of single neurons. On average, LPFC spikes led activity in the ACC and striatum by few milliseconds. The routing state was amplified during LPFC beta bursts between the LPFC and striatum and switched direction during ACC theta/alpha bursts between ACC and LPFC. Selective attention amplified the lead of these theta/alpha-specific lead-ensembles in the ACC, while decision-making amplified the lead of ACC and LPFC spiking output over the striatum. Notably, the fast lead/lag relationships of cross-areal neuronal ensembles that were modulated by attention states or decision-making predicted firing rate dynamics of their neurons during those functional states at slower timescales. Overall, our findings demonstrate directional routing of spiking activity across nonhuman primate frontal and striatal areas, as well as the functional and network states that modulate the direction and magnitude of these interactions.

SummaryFast spatio-temporal dynamics of brain activity subserves the routing of information across distant regions and is integral to flexible cognition, decision-making, and selective attention. This study demonstrates that routing dynamics emerge as 20 ms brief lead and lag relationships of spiking activities across distant brain areas. The direction and magnitude of the lead and lag relationships systematically switched during frequency-specific oscillatory bursts and when attention shifts to visual cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Routing States Transition During Oscillatory Bursts and Attention States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.30.514396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryEfforts are currently ongoing to map synaptic wiring diagrams or connectomes in order to understand the neural basis of brain function. However, chemical synapses represent only one type of functionally important neuronal connection; in particular, extrasynaptic, "wireless" signaling by neuropeptides is widespread and plays essential roles in all nervous systems. By integrating single-cell anatomical and gene expression datasets with a biochemical analysis of receptor-ligand interactions, we have generated a draft connectome of neuropeptide signaling in the C. elegans nervous system. This connectome is characterized by a high connection density, extended signaling cascades, autocrine foci, and a decentralized topology, with a large, highly interconnected core containing three constituent communities sharing similar patterns of input connectivity. Intriguingly, several of the most important nodes in this connectome are little-studied neurons that are specialized for peptidergic neuromodulation. We anticipate that the C. elegans neuropeptidergic connectome will serve as a prototype to understand basic organizational principles of neuroendocrine signaling networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watteyne, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beets, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.30.514396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The neuropeptidergic connectome of C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mosaic chromosomal alterations in blood across ancestries via whole-genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.07.515222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mosaic mutations in blood are common with increasing age and are prognostic markers for cancer, cardiovascular dysfunction and other diseases. This group of acquired mutations include megabase-scale mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs). These large mutations have mainly been surveyed using SNP array data from individuals of European (EA) or Japanese genetic ancestry. To gain a better understanding of mCA rates and associated risk factors in genetically diverse populations, we surveyed whole genome sequencing data from 67,390 individuals, including 20,132 individuals of African ancestry (AA), and 7,608 of Hispanic ancestry (HA) with deep (30X) whole genome sequencing data from the NHLBI Trans Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We adapted an existing mCA calling algorithm for application to WGS data, and observed higher sensitivity with WGS data, compared with array-based data, in uncovering mCAs at low mutant cell fractions. As in previous reports, we observed a strong association with age and a non-uniform distribution of mCAs across the genome. The presence of autosomal (but not chromosome X) mCAs was associated with an increased risk of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. After adjusting for age, we found that individuals of European ancestry have the highest rates of autosomal mCAs, mirroring the higher rate of leukemia in this group. Our analysis also uncovered higher rates of chromosome X mCAs in AA and HA compared to EA, again after adjusting for age. Germline variants in ATM and MPL showed strong associations with mCAs in cis, including ancestry specific variants. And rare variant gene-burden analysis confirmed the association of putatively protein altering variants in ATM and MPL with mCAs in cis. Individual rare variants in DCPS, ADM17, PPP1R16B, and TET2 were all associated with autosomal mCAs and rare variants in OR4C16 were associated with chromosome X mCAs in females. There was significant enrichment of co-occurrence of CHIP mutations and mCAs both altering cancer associated genes TET2, DNMT3A, JAK2, CUX1, and TP53. Overall, our study demonstrates that rates of mCAs differ across populations and that rare inherited germline variants are strongly associated with mCAs across genetically diverse populations. These results strongly motivate further studies of mCAs in under-represented populations to better understand the causes and consequences of this class of somatic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubek, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machiela, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozcan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.07.515222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mosaic chromosomal alterations in blood across ancestries via whole-genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EV Fingerprinting: Resolving extracellular vesicle heterogeneity using multi-parametric flow cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.515864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian cells release a heterogeneous array of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that impact human biology by contributing to intercellular communication. To resolve EV heterogeneity and define the EV populations associated with specific biological processes, we developed a method named "EV Fingerprinting" that discerns distinct vesicle populations using dimensional reduction of multi-parametric data collected by quantitative single-EV flow cytometry. After validating this method against synthetic standards, the EV Fingerprinting analysis of highly purified EVs enabled a much more granular resolution of biochemically distinct EV populations than previously established methods. The analysis of EVs produced after molecular perturbation of EV biogenesis through ablation of the GTPase Rab27a and overexpression of the tetraspanin CD63 revealed that EV Fingerprinting reflects the molecular state of a cell. Subsequent analysis of human plasma demonstrates the capacity of EV Fingerprinting to resolve EV populations in complex biological samples and detect tumor-cell derived EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>von Lersner, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, F. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozawa, P. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Vizio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zijlstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.515864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EV Fingerprinting: Resolving extracellular vesicle heterogeneity using multi-parametric flow cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Junction-Dependent Mechanism Drives Mammary Cell Intercalation for Ductal Elongation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.11.516046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammary glands contain branched networks of ducts and alveoli that function to produce milk for offspring. While the murine luminal epithelium is organized as a cellular monolayer, it originates from multilayered structures called terminal end buds (TEB). The TEBs generate ducts of monolayered epithelial cells as they invade the fat pad, but little is known about underlying mechanisms. While apoptosis provides a plausible mechanism for cavitation of the ductal lumen, it does not account for elongation of ducts behind the TEBs. Our spatial calculations suggest that most cells in TEBs need to intercalate into the outermost luminal layer and that this migration of cells is the primary driver of cavitation and ductal elongation. To study the progression of multilayered to monolayered epithelium, we developed a quantitative cell culture assay that determines the efficiency of intercalation into an epithelial monolayer. Using this tool, we verified that loss of adherens junctions prevents stable integration of cells into monolayers, consistent with previous data in cultured cells and in primary tissue. Interestingly, tight junction (TJ) proteins also play a key role in this integration process. Although loss of the ZO-1 TJ protein in intercalating cells suppresses intercalation, loss of ZO-1 in the monolayer has the reverse effect, promoting intercalation - even though ZO-1 is not necessary for establishment of TJs. ZO-1-positive puncta form between cells and the monolayer, which then resolves into a new intercellular boundary as intercalation proceeds. ZO-1 loss also reduces engraftment when cells are transplanted into the mammary gland via intraductal injection. We further show that intercalation is dependent on dynamic cytoskeletal rearrangements in both the existing monolayer and intercalating cells. These data identify luminal cell rearrangements necessary for mammary gland development and suggest a molecular mechanism for integration of cells into an existing monolayer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfannenstein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.11.516046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Junction-Dependent Mechanism Drives Mammary Cell Intercalation for Ductal Elongation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.515348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PD-1 is induced on tumor-associated macrophages in obesity to directly restrain anti-tumor immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.515348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a leading risk factor for progression and metastasis of many cancers1,2, yet can also promote improved survival for some cancers3-5 and enhance responses to some immune checkpoint blockade therapies6-8. The role of the immune system in the obesity-cancer connection and how obesity influences immunotherapy, however, remain unclear. While PD-1 expression by macrophages has been described9-12, we found that obesity selectively induced PD-1 on macrophages and that PD-1 directly impaired macrophage function. Single cell RNA sequencing of murine colorectal carcinoma tumors showed obesity remodeled myeloid and T cell populations, with fewer clonally expanded effector T cells and increased abundance of PD-1+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Cytokines and molecules associated with obesity, including IL-6, leptin, and insulin, and the unsaturated fatty acid palmitate, induced PD-1 expression on macrophages in a glycolysis-dependent manner. PD-1+ TAMs had increased mitochondrial respiration and expression of genes regulating oxidative phosphorylation, lipid uptake and cell cycle while PD-1- TAMs showed greater signatures of phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T cells. These patterns were directly regulated by PD-1, as recombinant PD-L1 reduced macrophage glycolysis and phagocytic capacity, and this was reversed with blocking PD-1 antibody. Conversely, PD-1-deficient Pdcd1-/- TAMs had high rates of glycolysis, phagocytosis, and expression of MHC-II. Myeloid-specific PD-1 deficiency correlated with slower tumor growth, enhanced TAM antigen presentation capability, and increased CD8 T cell activation together with reduced markers of exhaustion. These findings show metabolic signaling in obesity induces PD-1-mediated suppression of TAM function and reveal a unique macrophage-specific mechanism to modulate immune tumor surveillance and checkpoint blockade. This may contribute to increased cancer risk yet improved response to PD-1 blockade in TAM-enriched tumors and obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinfeld, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hathaway, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needle, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christofides, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boussiotis, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haake, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckermann, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.515348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PD-1 is induced on tumor-associated macrophages in obesity to directly restrain anti-tumor immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxin-mediated downregulation of absorptive ion transporters NHE3, DRA, and SGLT1 in the colon contributes to diarrhea associated with Clostridioides difficile infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.12.516162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Two protein toxins, TcdA and TcdB, produced by C. difficile are the major determinants of disease. However, the physiological cause of diarrhea associated with CDI is not well understood. We investigated the effects of CDI on paracellular permeability and apical ion transporters.

MethodsWe studied intestinal permeability and apical membrane transporters in female C57BL/6J mice. Ussing chambers were used to measure regional differences in paracellular permeability and ion transporter function in intestinal mucosa. Intestinal tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy and RNA-sequencing.

ResultsCDI increased intestinal permeability through the size-selective leak pathway in vivo, but permeability was not increased at the sites of pathological damage. Chloride secretion was reduced in the cecum during infection by decreased CaCC function. Infected mice had decreased SGLT1 (also called SLC5A1) activity in the cecum and colon along with diminished apical abundance and an increase in luminal glucose. SGLT1 and DRA (also called SLC26A3) expression was ablated by either TcdA or TcdB, but NHE3 (also called SLC9A3) was decreased in a TcdB-dependent manner. Finally, expression of these three ion transporters was drastically reduced at the transcriptional level.

ConclusionsCDI increases intestinal permeability and decreases apical abundance of NHE3, SGLT1, and DRA. This combination may cause a dysfunction in water and solute absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract, leading to osmotic diarrhea. These findings may open novel pathways for attenuating CDI-associated diarrhea.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=185 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/516162v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peritore-Galve, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaji, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shupe, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudeja, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.12.516162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxin-mediated downregulation of absorptive ion transporters NHE3, DRA, and SGLT1 in the colon contributes to diarrhea associated with Clostridioides difficile infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subset-specific mitochondrial and DNA damage shapes T cell responses to fever and inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.14.516478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heat is a cardinal feature of inflammation. Despite temperature variability and dependence of enzymes and complexes, how heat and fever affect immune cells remains uncertain. We found that heat broadly increased inflammatory activity of CD4+ T cell subsets and decreased Treg suppressive function. Th1 cells, however, also selectively developed mitochondrial dysfunction with high levels of ROS production and DNA damage. This led Th1 cells to undergo Tp53-dependent death, which was required to minimize the accumulation of mutations in heat and inflammation. Th1 cells with similar DNA damage signatures were also detected in Crohns disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Fever and inflammation-associated heat thus selectively induce mitochondrial stress and DNA damage in activated Th1 cells that requires p53 to maintain genomic integrity of the T cell repertoire.

One Sentence SummaryFever temperatures augment CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammation but induce differential metabolic stress and DNA damage in T cell subsets, with Th1 cells selectively sensitive and dependent on p53 to induce apoptosis and maintain genomic integrity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elasy, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystoviak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.14.516478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subset-specific mitochondrial and DNA damage shapes T cell responses to fever and inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design principles of caveolins across metazoa and beyond 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolins are a unique family of membrane-remodeling proteins present broadly across animals (Metazoa), and in vertebrates form flask-shaped invaginations known as caveolae. While human caveolin-1 assembles into an amphipathic disc composed of 11 spirally packed protomers, the structural basis underlying caveolin function across animals remains elusive. Here, we predicted structures for 73 caveolins spanning animal diversity, as well as a newly identified choanoflagellate caveolin from Salpingoeca rosetta, a unicellular relative to animals. This analysis revealed seven conserved structural elements and a propensity to assemble into amphipathic discs. Despite extreme sequence variability, new cryo-EM structures of caveolins from the choanoflagellate and the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus exhibit striking structural similarities to human caveolin-1, validating the structural predictions. Lastly, tracing the chromosomal evolutionary history of caveolins revealed evolutionary branches where caveolins translocated and expanded, including a parahoxozoan ancestral chromosome as the origin of most caveolin diversity. These results show that caveolins possess an ancient structural framework predating Metazoa and provide a new structural paradigm to explore the molecular basis of caveolin function across diverse evolutionary lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulsevin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design principles of caveolins across metazoa and beyond]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the landscape of gene expression variance in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.15.516646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression variance has been linked to organismal function and fitness but remains a commonly ne-glected aspect of molecular research. As a result, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the patterns of transcriptional variance across genes, and how this variance is linked to context-specific gene regulation and gene function. Here, we use 57 large publicly available RNA-seq data sets to investigate the landscape of gene expression variance. These studies cover a wide range of tissues and allowed us to assess if there are consistently more or less variable genes across tissues and data sets and what mechanisms drive these patterns. We show that gene expression variance is broadly similar across tissues and studies, indicating that the pattern of transcriptional variance is consistent. We use this similarity to create both global and within-tissue rankings of variation, which we use to show that function, sequence variation, and gene regulatory signatures contribute to gene expression variance. Low-variance genes are associated with fundamental cell processes and have lower levels of genetic polymorphisms, have higher gene-gene connectivity, and tend to be associated with chromatin states associated with transcription. In contrast, high-variance genes are enriched for genes involved in immune response, environmentally responsive genes, immediate early genes, and are associated with higher levels of polymorphisms. These results show that the pattern of transcriptional variance is not noise. Instead, it is a consistent gene trait that seems to be functionally constrained in human populations. Furthermore, this commonly neglected aspect of molecular phenotypic variation harbors important information to understand complex traits and disease.

Author SummaryGene expression variance, or the variation in the level of gene expression within a population, can have significant impacts on physiology, disease, and evolutionary adaptations. While the average level of gene expression is typically the focus of research, the variation around this average level (i.e., gene expression variance) can also be important for understanding complex traits and disease. Here, we investigate the landscape of transcriptional variance across tissues, populations, and studies. Using large publicly available RNA-seq data sets, we were able to identify the general properties associated with high- and low-variance genes, as well as factors driving variation in variance across genes. Specifically, we uncovered gene expression variance was significantly associated with gene length, nucleotide diversity, the degree of connectivity and the presence of non-coding RNA. Our results suggest that the mechanisms responsible for maintaining optimal levels of variation in high-versus low-variance differ, and that this variability is the result of different patterns of selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garske, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallares, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.15.516646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the landscape of gene expression variance in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potently neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against the zoonotic pararubulavirus Sosuga virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.17.516973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sosuga virus (SOSV) is a recently discovered paramyxovirus with a single known human case of disease. There has been little laboratory research on SOSV pathogenesis or immunity, and no approved therapeutics or vaccines are available. Here, we report the discovery of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the circulating memory B cells of the only known human case and survivor of SOSV infection. We isolated six mAbs recognizing the functional attachment protein (HN) and 18 mAbs against the fusion (F) protein. The anti-HN mAbs all target the globular head of the HN protein and can be organized into 4 competition-binding groups that exhibit epitope diversity. The anti-F mAbs can be divided into pre- or post-fusion conformation-specific categories and further into 8 competition-binding groups. Generally, pre-fusion conformation-specific anti-F mAbs showed higher potency in neutralization assays than did mAbs only recognizing the post-fusion conformation of F protein. Most of the anti-HN mAbs were more potently neutralizing than the anti-F mAbs, with mAbs in one of the HN competition-binding groups possessing ultra-potent (<1 ng/mL) half maximal inhibitory (IC50) virus neutralization values. These findings provide insight into the molecular basis for human antibody recognition of paramyxovirus surface proteins and the mechanisms of SOSV neutralization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parrington, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handal, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reidy, J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart-Jones, G. B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava-Ranjan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albarino, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.17.516973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potently neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against the zoonotic pararubulavirus Sosuga virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GBMdeconvoluteR accurately infers proportions of neoplastic and immune cell populations from bulk glioblastoma transcriptomics data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.517187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological and clinical impact of neoplastic and immune cell type ratios in the glioblastoma (GBM) tumour microenvironment is being realised. Characterising and quantifying cell types within GBMs at scale will facilitate a better understanding of the association between the cellular landscape and tumour phenotypes or clinical correlates. This study aimed to develop a tool that can deconvolute immune and neoplastic cells within the GBM tumour microenvironment from bulk RNA sequencing data. We developed an IDH wild-type (IDHwt) GBM specific single immune cell reference dataset, from four independent studies, consisting of B cells, T cells, NK cells, microglia, tumour associated macrophages, monocytes, mast and DC cells. We used this alongside an existing neoplastic single cell-type dataset consisting of astrocyte-like, oligodendrocyte- and neuronal-progenitor like and mesenchymal GBM cancer cells to create both marker and gene signature matrix-based deconvolution tools. We then applied single-cell resolution imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to ten IDHwt GBM samples, five paired primary and recurrent tumours, in parallel with these tools to determine which performed best. Marker based gene expression deconvolution using GBM tissue specific markers, which we have packaged as GBMdeconvoluteR, gave the most accurate results. The correlation between immune cell quantification by IMC and by GBMdeconvoluteR for primary IDHwt GBM samples was 0.52 (Pearsons P=7.8x10-3) and between neoplastic cell quantification by IMC and by GBMdeconvoluteR was 0.75 (Pearsons P=1.2x10-3). We applied GBMdeconvoluteR to bulk GBM RNAseq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and were able to recapitulate recent findings from multi-omics single cell studies with regards associations between mesenchymal GBM cancer cells and both lymphoid and myeloid cells. Furthermore, we were able to expand upon this to show that these associations are stronger in patients with worse prognosis. GBMdeconvoluteR is accessible online at https://gbmdeconvoluter.leeds.ac.uk.

Key pointsGBMdeconvoluteR is a glioblastoma-specific cellular deconvolution tool. When applied to bulk GBM RNAseq data, it accurately quantifies the neoplastic and immune cells in that tumour. It is available online at https://gbmdeconvoluter.leeds.ac.uk
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajaib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lodha, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmings, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finetti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusnanto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varn, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhaak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stead, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.19.517187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GBMdeconvoluteR accurately infers proportions of neoplastic and immune cell populations from bulk glioblastoma transcriptomics data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517304v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogenomics reveals extensive misidentification of fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517304v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern taxonomic classification is often based on phylogenetic analyses of a few molecular markers, although single-gene studies are still common. However, the use of one or few molecular markers can lead to inaccurate inferences of species history and errors in classification. Here, we leverage genome-scale molecular phylogenetics (phylogenomics) of species and populations to reconstruct evolutionary relationships in a dense dataset of 711 fungal genomes from the biomedically and technologically important genus Aspergillus. To do so, we generated a novel set of 1,362 high-quality molecular markers specific for Aspergillus and provide profile Hidden Markov Models for each, facilitating others to use these molecular markers. Examination of the resulting genome-scale phylogeny: (1) helped resolve ongoing taxonomic controversies and identified new ones; (2) revealed extensive strain misidentification, underscoring the importance of population-level sampling in species classification; and (3) identified novel lineages that may shed light on the early evolution of an important genus. These findings suggest that phylogenomics of species and populations can facilitate accurate taxonomic classifications and reconstructions of the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geiser, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517304</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogenomics reveals extensive misidentification of fungal strains from the genus Aspergillus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CYRI-B mediated macropinocytosis drives metastasis via lysophosphatidic acid receptor uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma carries a dismal prognosis, with high rates of metastasis and few treatment options. Hyperactivation of KRAS in almost all tumours drives RAC1 activation, conferring enhanced migratory and proliferative capacity as well as macropinocytosis. Macropinocytosis is well understood as a nutrient scavenging mechanism, but little is known about its functions in trafficking of signaling receptors. We find that CYRI-B is highly expressed in pancreatic tumours in a mouse model of KRAS and p53- driven pancreatic cancer. Deletion of CYRI-B accelerates tumourigenesis, leading to enhanced ERK and JNK-induced proliferation in precancerous lesions, indicating a role as a buffer of RAC1 hyperactivation in early stages. However, as disease progresses, loss of CYRI-B inhibits metastasis. CYRI-B depleted tumour cells show reduced chemotactic responses to lysophosphatidic acid, a major driver of tumour spread, due to impaired macropinocytic uptake of LPAR1 receptor. Overall, we implicate CYRI-B as a mediator of growth and signaling in pancreatic cancer, providing new insights into pathways controlling metastasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolaou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitelaw, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spence, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machesky, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CYRI-B mediated macropinocytosis drives metastasis via lysophosphatidic acid receptor uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin activity identifies differential gene regulation across human ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.517959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current evidence suggests that cis-regulatory elements controlling gene expression may be the predominant target of natural selection in humans and other species. Detecting selection acting on these elements is critical to understanding evolution but remains challenging because we do not know which mutations will affect gene regulation. To address this, we devised an approach to search for lineage-specific selection on chromatin activity, transcription factor binding, and chromosomal looping--critical steps in transcriptional regulation. Applying this approach to lymphoblastoid cells from 831 individuals of either European or African descent, we find strong signals of differential chromatin activity linked to gene expression differences between ancestries in numerous contexts, but no evidence of functional differences in chromosomal looping. Moreover, we show that enhancers rather than promoters display the strongest signs of selection associated with sites of differential transcription factor binding. Overall, our study indicates that some cis-regulatory adaptation may be more easily detected at the level of chromatin than DNA sequence. This work provides a vast resource of genomic interaction data from diverse human populations and establishes a novel selection test that will benefit future study of regulatory evolution in humans and other species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pettie, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mumbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.517959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin activity identifies differential gene regulation across human ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Epithelial Na+ Channel UNC-8 promotes an endocytic mechanism that recycles presynaptic components from old to new boutons in remodeling neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryPresynaptic terminals are actively relocated during development to refine circuit function, but the underlying cell biological mechanisms are largely unknown. In C. elegans, the presynaptic boutons of GABAergic DD neurons are moved to new locations during early larval development. We show that developmentally regulated expression of a presynaptic Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC), UNC-8, promotes a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, resembling Activity-Dependent Bulk Endocytosis (ADBE), that dismantles presynaptic material for reassembly at nascent DD synapses. ADBE normally functions in highly active neurons to accelerate local recycling of synaptic vesicles. We show that DD presynaptic remodeling depends on canonical features of ADBE including elevated intracellular Ca2+, the phosphatase Calcineurin and its targets, dynamin and the F-BAR protein syndapin, and Arp2/3-driven actin polymerization. Thus, our findings suggest that a native mechanism (ADBE) for maintaining neurotransmitter release at local synapses has been repurposed, in this case, to dismantle presynaptic terminals for reassembly at new locations.

HighlightsO_LIDeveloping GABAergic neurons dismantle presynaptic terminals for reassembly at new locations.
C_LIO_LIThe DEG/ENaC protein, UNC-8, promotes presynaptic disassembly and recycling
C_LIO_LICa2+-dependent endocytosis drives presynaptic disassembly and recycling to new boutons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuentas-Condori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krout, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flautt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, J. E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Epithelial Na+ Channel UNC-8 promotes an endocytic mechanism that recycles presynaptic components from old to new boutons in remodeling neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperglycemia increases the severity of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and influences bacterial genes required for survival in bone. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.518635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose, renders individuals more prone to developing severe Staphylococcus aureus infections. S. aureus is the most common etiological agent of musculoskeletal infection, which is a common manifestation of disease in hyperglycemic patients. However, the mechanisms by which S. aureus causes severe musculoskeletal infection during hyperglycemia are incompletely characterized. To examine the influence of hyperglycemia on S. aureus virulence during invasive infection, we used a murine model of osteomyelitis and induced hyperglycemia with streptozotocin. We discovered that hyperglycemic mice exhibited increased bacterial burdens in bone and enhanced dissemination compared to control mice. Furthermore, infected hyperglycemic mice sustained increased bone destruction relative to euglycemic controls, suggesting that hyperglycemia exacerbates infection-associated bone loss. To identify genes contributing to S. aureus pathogenesis during osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic animals relative to euglycemic controls, we used transposon sequencing (TnSeq). We identified 71 genes uniquely essential for S. aureus survival in osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic mice and another 61 mutants with compromised fitness. Among the genes essential for S. aureus survival in hyperglycemic mice was superoxide dismutase A (sodA), one of two S. aureus superoxide dismutases involved in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS). We determined that a sodA mutant exhibits attenuated growth in vitro in high glucose and in vivo during osteomyelitis in hyperglycemic mice. SodA therefore serves an important role during growth in high glucose and promotes S. aureus survival in bone. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that hyperglycemia increases the severity of osteomyelitis and identify genes contributing to S. aureus survival during hyperglycemic infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Butrico, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klopfenstein, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibberson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperglycemia increases the severity of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and influences bacterial genes required for survival in bone.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutated cells mediate distinct inflammatory responses in clonal hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.01.518580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is an age-associated phenomenon that increases risk for hematologic malignancy and cardiovascular disease. CH is thought to enhance disease risk through inflammation in the peripheral blood1. Here, we profile peripheral blood gene expression in 66,968 single cells from a cohort of 17 CH patients and 7 controls. Using a novel mitochondrial DNA barcoding approach, we were able to identify and separately compare mutant TET2 and DNMT3A cells to non-mutant counterparts. We discovered the vast majority of mutated cells were in the myeloid compartment. Additionally, patients harboring DNMT3A and TET2 CH mutations possessed a pro-inflammatory profile in CD14+ monocytes through previously unrecognized pathways such as galectin and macrophage Inhibitory Factor (MIF). We also found that T cells from CH patients, though mostly un-mutated, had decreased expression of GTPase of the immunity associated protein (GIMAP) genes, which are critical to T cell development, suggesting that CH may impair T cell function.

Key points- CD14+ monocytes from clonal hematopoiesis patients stimulate inflammation through increased cytokine expression.
- T cells from clonal hematopoiesis are deficient in GIMAP expression, suggesting CH may impair T cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heimlich, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhat, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vlasschaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulloa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potts, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Galen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savona, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutated cells mediate distinct inflammatory responses in clonal hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASPs stabilize the intermediate state between microtubule growth and catastrophe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CLASPs regulate microtubules in many fundamental cellular processes. CLASPs stabilize dynamic microtubules by suppressing catastrophe and promoting rescue, the switch-like transitions between microtubule growth and shrinkage. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CLASPs activity are not understood. Here, we investigate the effects of CLASPs on distinct microtubule substrates in the absence of tubulin to gain insight into how CLASPs regulate microtubule dynamics. Surprisingly, we find that human CLASP1 depolymerizes stable microtubules in the presence of GTP, but not in the absence of nucleotide. Conversely, CLASP1 stabilizes dynamic microtubules upon tubulin dilution in the presence of GTP. Our results demonstrate that CLASP1 drives microtubule substrates with different inherent stabilities into the same slowly-depolymerizing state in the absence of tubulin in a nucleotide-dependent manner. We interpret this state as the pre-catastrophe intermediate state between microtubule growth and shrinkage. Thus, we conclude that CLASPs stabilize the intermediate state between microtubule growth and shrinkage to suppress microtubule catastrophe and promote rescue.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.518990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASPs stabilize the intermediate state between microtubule growth and catastrophe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.519005v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultural signatures of punctuated environmental change: measuring the effects of population-wide stress on song distribution in dark-eyed juncos and song sparrows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.519005v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe weather events can dramatically alter a species evolutionary trajectory. Previous landmark studies on populations in transiently hostile environments have measured traits that are under direct selection during those events. However, phenotype shifts that are not inherently adaptive to the fluctuating environment may also occur. Stress, especially during development, can cause important phenotypic changes in individuals, including impaired learning. Thus, learned behaviors, such as birdsong, may exhibit unique evolutionary dynamics as a result of widespread environmental stress. We hypothesize that ecosystem-level stressors may cause population-level changes to birdsong as entire cohorts experience developmental stress, learn songs imperfectly, and become the song tutors for future generations. In 2016, an unprecedented drought affected western New York State, a hotspot for community-science-generated birdsong recordings, and presented a unique opportunity to test our hypothesis through a natural experiment. We analyzed publicly available community-science birdsong recordings of two species, Junco hyemalis and Melospiza melodia, recorded between 2006-2020 in the drought-affected region and two control regions. We found that population-level song features had changed in the species with more complex songs (song sparrow) in the drought area after 2016, but not in the control area or in the species with a simple song (dark-eyed junco), implying that stress-induced deficits may disproportionately affect song traits that are more difficult to learn. These results demonstrate that environmental events can drive population-level trait evolution due to disruption in learning, with potentially important implications for speciation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snyder, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellers, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.519005</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultural signatures of punctuated environmental change: measuring the effects of population-wide stress on song distribution in dark-eyed juncos and song sparrows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-Canonical Functions of a Mutant TSC2 Protein in Mitotic Division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.07.519401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations including epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. TSC is caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which encode the hamartin/tuberin proteins respectively. These proteins function as a heterodimer that negatively regulates mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1). TSC research has focused on the effects of mTORC1, a critical signaling hub, on regulation of diverse cell processes including metabolism, cell growth, translation, and neurogenesis. However, non-canonical functions of TSC2 are not well studied, and the potential disease-relevant biological mechanisms are not well understood. We observed aberrant multipolar mitotic division, a novel phenotype, in TSC2 mutant iPSCs. The multipolar phenotype is not meaningfully affected by treatment with mTORC1 inhibition, suggesting that multipolar division is an mTORC1-independent phenotype. We further observed dominant negative activity of the mutant form of TSC2 in producing the multipolar division phenotype. These data expand the knowledge of TSC2 function and pathophysiology which will be highly relevant to future treatments for patients with TSC.

HighlightsO_LINovel multipolar division in patient-derived iPSCs with mutant form of tuberin, TSC2 encoded protein
C_LIO_LIMutant tuberin may act in a dominant negative, mTORC1-independent manner
C_LI

eTOCTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a disorder caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes leading to mTORC1 hyperactivity. Chalkley and colleagues found that a mutant microdeletion allele of TSC2 causes multipolar division in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Chalkley and colleagues also found that the multipolar division from mutant TSC2 may have a dominant negative mechanism and be mTOR1-independent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, M.-B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mersfelder, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.07.519401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-Canonical Functions of a Mutant TSC2 Protein in Mitotic Division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted RNA editing in beta cells mimics early stage type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.08.519618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major hypothesis for the etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) postulates initiation by viral infection, leading to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated interferon response; however, a causal virus has not been identified. Here we use a mouse model, corroborated with human data, to demonstrate that endogenous dsRNA in beta-cells can lead to a diabetogenic immune response, thus identifying a virus-independent mechanism for T1D initiation. We found that disruption of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR in beta-cells triggers a massive interferon response, islet inflammation and beta-cell failure, with features bearing striking similarity to early-stage human T1D. Glycolysis via calcium enhances the interferon response, suggesting an actionable vicious cycle of inflammation and increased beta-cell workload.

One sentence summaryAdar inactivation in beta-cells triggers a glucose-dependent interferon response causing insulitis and diabetes
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knebel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Fultheim, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levanon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klochendler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dor, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.08.519618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted RNA editing in beta cells mimics early stage type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bulk and Mosaic Deletions of Egfr Reveal Regionally Defined Gliogenesis in the Developing Mouse Forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.10.519926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation during healthy development and tumor growth, however its requirement for brain development remains unclear. Here we used a conditional mouse allele for Egfr to examine its contributions to perinatal forebrain development at the tissue level. Subtractive bulk ventral and dorsal forebrain deletions of Egfr uncovered significant and permanent decreases in oligodendrogenesis and myelination in the cortex and corpus callosum. Additionally, an increase in astrogenesis or reactive astrocytes in effected regions was evident in response to cortical scarring. Sparse deletion using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM) surprisingly revealed a regional requirement for EGFR in rostrodorsal, but not ventrocaudal glial lineages including both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The EGFR-independent ventral glial progenitors may compensate for the missing EGFR-dependent dorsal glia in the bulk Egfr-deleted forebrain, potentially exposing a regenerative population of gliogenic progenitors in the mouse forebrain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mennicke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Threadgill, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliscu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldham, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghashghaei, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.10.519926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bulk and Mosaic Deletions of Egfr Reveal Regionally Defined Gliogenesis in the Developing Mouse Forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent clinical assessments of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely solely on subjective symptoms and experiences reported by the patient, rather than objective biomarkers of the illness. Recent advances in data-driven computational approaches have been helpful in devising tools to objectively diagnose psychiatric disorders. Here we aimed to classify individuals with PTSD versus controls using heterogeneous brain datasets from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working group.

MethodsWe analyzed brain MRI data from 3,527 structural-MRI; 2,502 resting state-fMRI; and 1,953 diffusion-MRI. First, we identified the brain features that best distinguish individuals with PTSD from controls (TEHC and HC) using traditional machine learning methods. Second, we assessed the utility of the denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) and evaluated its classification performance. Third, we assessed the generalizability and reproducibility of both models using leave-one-site-out cross-validation procedure for each modality.

ResultsWe found lower performance in classifying PTSD vs. controls with data from over 20 sites (60% test AUC for s-MRI, 59% for rs-fMRI and 56% for d-MRI), as compared to other studies run on single-site data. The performance increased when classifying PTSD from HC without trauma history across all three modalities (75% AUC). The classification performance remained intact when applying the DVAE framework, which reduced the number of features. Finally, we found that the DVAE framework achieved better generalization to unseen datasets compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks, albeit performance was slightly above chance.

ConclusionOur findings highlight the promise offered by machine learning methods for the diagnosis of patients with PTSD. The utility of brain biomarkers across three MRI modalities and the contribution of DVAE models for improving generalizability offers new insights into neural mechanisms involved in PTSD.

Significance Classifying PTSD from trauma-unexposed healthy controls (HC) using three imaging modalities performed well ([~]75% AUC), but performance suffered markedly when classifying PTSD from trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using three imaging modalities ([~]60% AUC).
 Using deep learning for feature reduction (denoising variational auto-encoder; DVAE) dramatically reduced the number of features with no concomitant performance degradation.
 Utilizing denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) models improves generalizability across heterogeneous multi-site data compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBellis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deRoon-Cassini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercho, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.519838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of a transmitted/founder simian-human immunodeficiency virus for enhanced replication in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.520031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transmitted/founder (TF) simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) express HIV-1 envelopes modified at position 375 to efficiently infect rhesus macaques while preserving authentic HIV-1 Env biology. TF SHIV.C.CH505 is an extensively characterized virus shown to recapitulate key features of HIV-1 immunobiology, including CCR5-tropism, a tier 2 neutralization profile, reproducible early viral kinetics, and authentic immune responses. SHIV.C.CH505 is used frequently in nonhuman primate studies of HIV, but viral loads after months of infection are variable and typically lower than those in people living with HIV. We hypothesized that additional mutations besides {Delta}375 might further enhance virus fitness without compromising essential components of CH505 Env biology. From sequence analysis of SHIV.C.CH505-infected macaques across multiple experiments, we identified a signature of envelope mutations associated with higher viremia. We then used short-term in vivo mutational selection and competition to identify a minimally adapted SHIV.C.CH505 with just five amino acid changes that substantially improve virus replication fitness in macaques. Next, we validated the performance of the adapted SHIV in vitro and in vivo and identified the mechanistic contributions of selected mutations. In vitro, the adapted SHIV shows improved virus entry, enhanced replication on primary rhesus cells, and preserved neutralization profiles. In vivo, the minimally adapted virus rapidly outcompetes the parental SHIV with an estimated growth advantage of 0.14 days-1 and persists through suppressive antiretroviral therapy to rebound at treatment interruption. Here, we report the successful generation of a well-characterized, minimally adapted virus, termed SHIV.C.CH505.v2, with enhanced replication fitness and preserved native Env properties that can serve as a new reagent for NHP studies of HIV-1 transmission, pathogenesis, and cure.

Author SummaryThe power of the nonhuman primate model of HIV to predict outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH) depends on authentic virus-host interactions. In pursuit of viruses that generate infection that mirrors the effects of HIV-1 in PLWH, we developed a minimally adapted version of a commonly used virus, SHIV.C.CH505, which has better fitness than the parental virus while retaining important biological properties. First, we studied virus sequences from SHIV.C.CH505-infected rhesus macaques to identify a signature of mutations common to animals with higher viral loads. We then tested viruses containing the various mutations in the lab and in animals to determine the most fit version and to identify the contribution of each mutation. Ultimately, we identified a minimally adapted version of SHIV.C.CH505 with just 5 amino acid substitutions that enhances virus replication and preserves CH505 envelope properties, including sensitivity to clinically relevant broadly neutralizing antibodies. This new virus, called SHIV.C.CH505.v2 replicates well in macaques over time and persists through antiretroviral therapy. SHIV.C.CH505.v2 could be an important component of nonhuman primate studies of HIV prevention, therapy, and cure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bauer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindemuth, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marino, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docken, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felber, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veazey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.520031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of a transmitted/founder simian-human immunodeficiency virus for enhanced replication in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520261v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High-Throughput Screen Reveals the Structure-Activity Relationship of the Antimicrobial Lasso Peptide Ubonodin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.13.520261v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of bacteria including several opportunistic human pathogens. Immunocompromised individuals and cystic fibrosis patients are especially vulnerable to serious infections by these bacteria, motivating the search for compounds with antimicrobial activity against the Bcc. The natural product ubonodin is a lasso peptide with promising activity against several Bcc species, working by inhibiting RNA polymerase in susceptible bacteria. In this study, we developed a high-throughput screen using next-generation sequencing to examine the fitness of a library of over 90,000 ubonodin variants, generating the most comprehensive dataset on lasso peptide activity so far. This screen revealed information regarding the structure-activity relationship of ubonodin over a large sequence space, indicating certain residues that can tolerate amino acid substitutions and still retain activity. Remarkably, the screen identified one variant with not only improved activity compared to wild-type ubonodin but also a sub-micromolar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against a clinical isolate of the Bcc member Burkholderia cenocepacia. Ubonodin and several of the variants identified in this study had a lower MIC against certain Bcc strains than many clinically approved antibiotics. Finally, the large library size enabled us to develop DeepLasso, a deep learning model that can predict the RNAP inhibitory activity of an ubonodin variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thokkadam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brynildsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.13.520261</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High-Throughput Screen Reveals the Structure-Activity Relationship of the Antimicrobial Lasso Peptide Ubonodin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential adenine methylation analysis reveals increased variability in 6mA in the absence of methyl-directed mismatch repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylated DNA adenines (6mA) are an important epigenetic modification in bacteria that affect varied cell processes like replication, stress response, and pathogenesis. While much work has been done characterizing the influence of 6mA on specific loci, very few studies have examined the evolutionary dynamics of 6mA over long time scales. Utilizing third-generation sequencing technology, we produced a detailed analysis of 6mA methylation across the Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 genome. 6mA levels were consistently high across GATC sites; however, we identified regions where 6mA is decreased, particularly in intergenic regions, especially around the -35 promoter element, and within cryptic prophages and IS elements. We further examined 6mA in WT and methyl-directed mismatch repair-knockout (MMR-) populations after 2400 generations of experimental evolution. We find that, after evolution, MMR-populations acquire significantly more epimutations resulting in a genome-wide decrease in 6mA methylation. Here, clones from evolved MMR-populations display non-deterministic sets of epimutations, consistent with reduced selection on these modifications. Thus, we show that characterization of 6mA in bacterial populations is complementary to genetic sequencing and informative for molecular evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential adenine methylation analysis reveals increased variability in 6mA in the absence of methyl-directed mismatch repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis isolates are genomically diverse but similar to each other in their responses to infection-relevant stresses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.14.520265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Secondary infections caused by the pulmonary fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a significant cause of mortality in patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). Even though epithelial cell damage and aberrant cytokine responses have been linked with susceptibility to COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), little is known about the mechanisms underpinning co-pathogenicity. Here, we analysed the genomes of 11 A. fumigatus isolates from patients with CAPA in three centres from different European countries. CAPA isolates did not cluster based on geographic origin in a genome-scale phylogeny of representative A. fumigatus isolates. Phenotypically, CAPA isolates were more similar to the A. fumigatus A1160 reference strain than to the Af293 strain when grown in infection-relevant stresses; except for interactions with human immune cells wherein macrophage responses were similar to those induced by the Af293 reference strain. Collectively, our data indicates that CAPA isolates are genomically diverse but are more similar to each other in their responses to infection-relevant stresses. A larger number of isolates from CAPA patients should be studied to identify genetic drivers of co-pathogenicity in patients with COVID-19.

ImportanceCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has been globally reported as a life-threatening complication in some patients with severe COVID-19. Most of these infections are caused by the environmental mould Aspergillus fumigatus which ranks third in the fungal pathogen priority list of the WHO. However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus CAPA strains. Here, we analysed the genomes of 11 A. fumigatus isolates from patients with CAPA in three centres from different European countries and, carried out phenotypic analyses with a view to understand the pathophysiology of the disease. Our data indicates that A. fumigatus CAPA isolates are genomically diverse but are more similar to each other in their responses to infection-relevant stresses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves de Castro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangneux, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoenigl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prattes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rautemaa-Richardson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guegan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lass-Floerl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reizine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rhijn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.14.520265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis isolates are genomically diverse but similar to each other in their responses to infection-relevant stresses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-tissue patterns of DNA hypomethylation reveal genetically distinct histories of cell development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.15.520535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishment of DNA methylation (DNAme) patterns is essential for balanced multi-lineage cellular differentiation, but exactly how these patterns drive cellular phenotypes is unclear. While >80% of CpG sites are stably methylated, tens of thousands of discrete CpG loci form hypomethylated regions (HMRs). Because they lack DNAme, HMRs are considered transcriptionally permissive, but not all HMRs actively regulate genes. Unlike promoter HMRs, a subset of non-coding HMRs is cell-type specific and enriched for tissue specific gene regulatory functions. Our data further argues not only that HMR establishment is an important step in enforcing cell identity, but also that complex HMR patterns are functionally instructive to gene regulation. To understand the significance of non-coding HMRs, we systematically dissected HMR patterns across diverse human cell types and developmental timepoints, including embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues. Unsupervised clustering of 102,390 distinct HMRs revealed that levels of HMR specificity reflects a developmental hierarchy supported by enrichment of stage-specific transcription factors and gene ontologies. Using a pseudo-time course of development from embryonic stem cells to adult stem and mature hematopoietic cells, we find that most HMRs observed in differentiated cells (~70-75%) are established at early developmental stages and accumulate as development progresses. HMRs that arise during differentiation frequently (~35%) establish near existing HMRs ([&le;] 6kb away), leading to the formation of HMR clusters associated with stronger enhancer activity. Using SNP-based partitioned heritability from GWAS summary statistics across diverse traits and clinical lab values, we discovered that genetic contribution to trait heritability is enriched within HMRs. Moreover, the contribution of heritability to cell-relevant traits increases with both increasing developmental specificity and HMR clustering, supporting the role of distinct HMR subsets in regulating normal cell function. Altogether, our findings reveal that HMRs can predict cellular phenotypes by providing genetically distinct historical records of a cells journey through development.

AUTHOR SUMMARYStudies aiming to understand the relationship between DNA methylation patterns and phenotypic outcomes have focused largely on individual differentially methylated regions without consideration of combinatorial changes that drive phenotypes. In non-disease contexts, most of the human genome is stably methylated, except for thousands of discrete DNA hypomethylated regions (HMRs) coinciding with gene regulatory elements. Here, we comprehensively characterize HMR relationships both within and between developmentally diverse cell types to understand the functional significance of complex HMR patterns. We show that levels of HMR specificity across cell-types captures time-point specific branchpoints of development. Our analysis further reveals that HMRs form clusters in proximity to cell identity genes and are associated with stronger gene enhancer activity. This is a wide-spread phenomenon and only a very small subset of HMR clusters is explained by overlapping super-enhancer annotations. Partitioned heritability revealed the functional significance of different HMR patterns linked to specific phenotypic outcomes and indicates a quantitative relationship between HMR patterns and complex trait heritability. Altogether, our findings reveal that HMRs can predict cellular phenotypes by providing genetically distinct historical records of a cells journey through development, ultimately providing novel insights into how DNA hypo-methylation mediates genome function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.15.520535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-tissue patterns of DNA hypomethylation reveal genetically distinct histories of cell development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LIQ HD (Lick Instance Quantifier Home cage Device): An open-source tool for recording undisturbed two-bottle drinking behavior in a home cage environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.16.520661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigation of rodent drinking behavior has provided insight into drivers of thirst, circadian rhythms, anhedonia, and drug and ethanol consumption. Traditional methods of recording fluid intake involve weighing bottles, which is cumbersome and lacks temporal resolution. Several open-source devices have been designed to improve drink monitoring, particularly for two-bottle choice tasks. However, recent designs are limited by the use of infrared photobeam sensors and incompatibility with prolonged undisturbed use in ventilated home cages. Beam-break sensors lack accuracy for bout microstructure analysis and are prone to damage from rodents. Thus, we designed LIQ HD (Lick Instance Quantifier Home cage Device) with the goal of utilizing capacitive sensors to increase accuracy and analyze lick microstructure, building a device compatible with ventilated home cages, increasing scale with prolonged undisturbed recordings, and creating a design that is easy to build and use with an intuitive touchscreen graphical user interface. The system tracks two-bottle choice licking behavior in up to 18 rodent cages, or 36 single bottles, on a minute-to-minute timescale controlled by a single Arduino microcontroller. The data are logged to a single SD card, allowing for efficient downstream analysis. With sucrose, quinine, and ethanol two-bottle choice tasks, we validated that LIQ HD has superior accuracy compared to photobeam sensors. The system measures preference over time and changes in bout microstructure, with undisturbed recordings lasting up to 7 days. All designs and software are open-source to allow other researchers to build upon the system and adapt LIQ HD to their animal home cages.

Significance StatementTwo-bottle choice drinking tasks are traditionally performed by periodically weighing bottles, which is cumbersome and lacks temporal resolution. Several open-source tools have been developed to improve drink monitoring in various settings. However, no open-source devices have been designed specifically to investigate temporally precise two-bottle choice drinking behavior and bout microstructure during prolonged undisturbed tasks in mouse ventilated home cages at a large scale. Our design, LIQ HD (Lick Instance Quantifier Home cage Device), is a home cage compatible system that utilizes capacitive sensors for highly accurate lick detection during two-bottle choice tasks in up to 18 cages driven by a single Arduino microcontroller. The system is low-cost, easy to build, and controlled via touchscreen with an intuitive graphical user interface.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adank, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.16.520661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LIQ HD (Lick Instance Quantifier Home cage Device): An open-source tool for recording undisturbed two-bottle drinking behavior in a home cage environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRK2 Kinase Activity Regulates Parkinson's Disease-Relevant Lipids at the Lysosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.19.521070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lysosomal dysfunction is a hallmark of Parkinsons disease (PD), and variants in several PD-associated genes, including LRRK2, perturb lysosomal homeostasis. Based on this, LRRK2 kinase inhibition is being explored as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of PD. LRRK2 inhibitors reduce levels of BMP, an endolysosomal lipid involved in glycosphingolipid (GSL) catabolism, in urine from preclinical models and clinical subjects, however, the mechanisms by which LRRK2 regulates BMP and the functional significance of this change to disease are undefined. We establish that LRRK2 regulates secretion of BMP- and GSL-containing vesicles from kidney into urine and modulates BMP and GSL levels in the brain. BMP accumulates within lysosomes as a secondary response to LRRK2s effects on the activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a PD-linked enzyme involved in GSL catabolism. Alterations in BMP and GCase substrate turnover are observed in CSF from LRRK2-PD patients, highlighting the relevance of LRRK2-dependent lysosomal dysfunction in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maloney, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghosh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciuca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masoud, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, A. C.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Propson, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyzer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Paolo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vocadlo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vicente, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewcock, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntwork-Rodriguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.19.521070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRK2 Kinase Activity Regulates Parkinson's Disease-Relevant Lipids at the Lysosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Open-Source Rodent Chronic EEG Array System with High Density MXene-Based Skull Surface Electrodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.28.522126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an indispensable tool in epilepsy, sleep, and behavioral research. In rodents, EEG recordings are typically performed with metal electrodes that traverse the skull into the epidural space. In addition to requiring a major surgery, this intracranial EEG technique is difficult to perform for more than a few electrodes, is time-intensive, and confounds experiments studying traumatic brain injury. Here, we describe an open-source cost-effective refinement of this technique for chronic mouse EEG recording. Our alternative two channel (EEG2) and sixteen channel high-density EEG (HdEEG) arrays use electrodes made of the novel, flexible 2D nanomaterial titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene. The MXene electrodes are placed on the surface of the intact skull and establish electrical connection without conductive gel or paste. Fabrication and implantation times of MXene EEG electrodes are significantly shorter than the standard approach and recorded resting baseline and epileptiform EEG waveforms are similar to those obtained with traditional epidural electrodes. Applying HdEEG to a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) model in mice of both sexes revealed that mTBI significantly altered awake resting state spectral density with a spatiospectral region of interest in the {beta} spectral band (12-30 Hz) in the central and posterior regions. These findings indicate that fabrication of MXene electrode arrays is a cost effective, efficient technology for multichannel EEG recording in rodents that obviates the need for skull-penetrating surgery. Moreover, increased {beta} spectral power may contribute to the development of early post-mTBI seizures.

Significance StatementElectroencephalography (EEG) is a critical technique used to study neurological activity in rodents. Commonly used EEG procedures require time-consuming skull-penetrating surgeries that may confound the experiments. Here we provide a cost-effective solution for obtaining two channel (EEG2) and high-density EEG (HdEEG) recordings on the skull surface thus avoiding major surgery. We compared this HdEEG system to traditional EEG recordings and then used it to determine the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on awake resting state spectral density. This novel open-source EEG system will contribute the electrophysiological characterization of rodent behaviors and seizure activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Driscoll, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>rex, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitale, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.28.522126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Open-Source Rodent Chronic EEG Array System with High Density MXene-Based Skull Surface Electrodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Liver Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is Required for the Full Anorectic Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Male Mice fed High Carbohydrate Diets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. Studies report that GLP-1RA induce FGF21. Here, we investigated the mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. We show that liraglutide increases FGF21 levels via neuronal GLP-1R activation. We also demonstrate that lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers partial resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we tested whether the contribution of FGF21 to liraglutide-induced weight loss is dependent on dietary carbohydrate content. In control and liver Fgf21 knockout (LivFgf21-/-) mice fed calorically matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content, we found that only HC-fed LivFgf21-/- mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Similarly, liraglutide-induced weight loss was partially impaired in LivFgf21-/- mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. Lastly, we show that loss of neuronal {beta}-klotho expression also diminishes liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed a HC or HFHS diet, indicating that FGF21 mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss via neuronal FGF21 action. Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in the presence of high dietary carbohydrate content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, T. D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watters, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozadjieva-Kramer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baggio, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bales, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nwaba, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drucker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potthoff, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Liver Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is Required for the Full Anorectic Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Male Mice fed High Carbohydrate Diets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.08.523127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early Omicron lineage variants evolved and gave rise to diverging lineages that fueled the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Bivalent mRNA vaccines, designed to broaden protection against circulating and future variants, were authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2022 and recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in September 2022. The impact of bivalent vaccination on eliciting neutralizing antibodies against homologous BA.4/BA.5 viruses as well as emerging heterologous viruses needs to be analyzed. In this study, we analyze the neutralizing activity of sera collected after a third dose of vaccination (2-6 weeks post monovalent booster) or a fourth dose of vaccination (2-7 weeks post bivalent booster) against 10 predominant/recent Omicron lineage viruses including BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BA.2.75, BA.2.75.2, BN.1, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1. The bivalent booster vaccination enhanced neutralizing antibody titers against all Omicron lineage viruses tested, including a 10-fold increase in neutralization of BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 viruses that predominated in the U.S. during the last two months of 2022. Overall, the data indicate the bivalent vaccine booster strengthens protection against Omicron lineage variants that evolved from BA.5 and BA.2 progenitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atteberry, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paden, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rambo-Martin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondor, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoads, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baughman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMorrow, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wentworth, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.08.523127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associative white matter tracts selectively predict sensorimotor learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human learning is a complex phenomenon that varies greatly among individuals and is related to the microstructure of major white matter tracts in several learning domains, yet the impact of the existing myelination of white matter tracts on future learning outcomes remains unclear. We employed a machine-learning model selection framework to evaluate whether existing microstructure might predict individual differences in the potential for learning a sensorimotor task, and further, if the mapping between the microstructure of major white matter tracts and learning was selective for learning outcomes. We used diffusion tractography to measure the mean fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter tracts in 60 adult participants who then underwent training and subsequent testing to evaluate learning. During training, participants practiced drawing a set of 40 novel symbols repeatedly using a digital writing tablet. We measured drawing learning as the slope of draw duration over the practice session and visual recognition learning as the performance accuracy in an old/new 2-AFC recognition task. Results demonstrated that the microstructure of major white matter tracts selectively predicted learning outcomes, with left hemisphere pArc and SLF 3 tracts predicting drawing learning and the left hemisphere MDLFspl predicting visual recognition learning. These results were replicated in a repeat, held-out data set and supported with complementary analyses. Overall, results suggest that individual differences in the microstructure of human white matter tracts may be selectively related to future learning outcomes and open avenues of inquiry concerning the impact of existing tract myelination in the potential for learning.

Significance statementA selective mapping between tract microstructure and future learning has been demonstrated in the murine model and, to our knowledge, has not yet been demonstrated in humans. We employed a data-driven approach that identified only two tracts, the two most posterior segments of the arcuate fasciculus in the left hemisphere, to predict learning a sensorimotor task (drawing symbols) and this prediction model did not transfer to other learning outcomes (visual symbol recognition). Results suggest that individual differences in learning may be selectively related to the tissue properties of major white matter tracts in the human brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinci-Booher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berquist, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestilli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associative white matter tracts selectively predict sensorimotor learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The QseB response regulator imparts tolerance to positively charged antibiotics by controlling metabolism and minor changes to LPS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.10.523522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. is primarily controlled by the two-component system PmrAB. LPS modification allows bacteria to avoid killing by positively charged antibiotics like polymyxin B. We previously demonstrated that in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), the sensor histidine kinase PmrB also activates a non-cognate transcription factor, QseB, and this activation somehow augments polymyxin B tolerance in UPEC. Here, we demonstrate - for the first time - that in the absence of the canonical LPS transcriptional regulator, PmrA, QseB can direct some modifications on the LPS. In agreement with this observation, transcriptional profiling analyses demonstrate regulatory overlaps between PmrA and QseB in terms of regulating LPS modification genes. However, both PmrA and QseB must be present for UPEC to mount robust tolerance to polymyxin B. Transcriptional and metabolomic analyses also reveal that QseB transcriptionally regulates the metabolism of glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate, which are consumed and produced during the modification of lipid A. We show that deletion of qseB alters glutamate levels in the bacterial cells. The qseB deletion mutant, which is susceptible to positively charged antibiotics, is rescued by exogenous addition of 2-oxoglutarate. These findings uncover a previously unknown mechanism of metabolic control of antibiotic tolerance that may be contributing to antibiotic treatment failure in the clinic.

IMPORTANCEAlthough antibiotic prescriptions are guided by well-established susceptibility testing methods, antibiotic treatments oftentimes fail. The presented work is significant, because it uncovers a mechanism by which bacteria transiently avoid killing by antibiotics. This mechanism involves two closely related transcription factors, PmrA and QseB, which are conserved across Enterobacteriaceae. We demonstrate that PmrA and QseB share regulatory targets in lipid A modification pathway and prove that QseB can orchestrate modifications of lipid A in E. coli in the absence of PmrA. Finally, we show that QseB controls glutamate metabolism during the antibiotic response. These results suggest that rewiring of QseB-mediated metabolic genes can lead to stable antibiotic resistance in subpopulations within the host, thereby contributing to antibiotic treatment failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurst, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebout, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollingsworth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guckes, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trent, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The QseB response regulator imparts tolerance to positively charged antibiotics by controlling metabolism and minor changes to LPS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Independent regulation of Z-lines and M-linesduring sarcomere assembly in cardiac myocytesrevealed by the automatic image analysis software sarcApp 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units within cardiac myocytes, and the collective shortening of sarcomeres aligned along myofibrils generates the force driving the heartbeat. The alignment of the individual sarcomeres is important for proper force generation, and misaligned sarcomeres are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies and COVID-19. The actin bundling protein, -actinin-2, localizes to the "Z-Bodies" of sarcomere precursors and the "Z-Lines" of sarcomeres, and has been used previously to assess sarcomere assembly and maintenance. Previous measurements of -actinin-2 organization have been largely accomplished manually, which is time-consuming and has hampered research progress. Here, we introduce sarcApp, an image analysis tool that quantifies several components of the cardiac sarcomere and their alignment in muscle cells and tissue. We first developed sarcApp to utilize deep learning-based segmentation and real space quantification to measure -actinin-2 structures and determine the organization of both precursors and sarcomeres/myofibrils. We then expanded sarcApp to analyze "M-Lines" using the localization of myomesin and a protein that connects the Z-Lines to the M-Line (titin). sarcApp produces 33 distinct measurements per cell and 24 per myofibril that allow for precise quantification of changes in sarcomeres, myofibrils, and their precursors. We validated this system with perturbations to sarcomere assembly. We found perturbations that affected Z-Lines and M-Lines differently, suggesting that they may be regulated independently during sarcomere assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neininger-Castro, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenix, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moparthi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassilopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.11.523681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Independent regulation of Z-lines and M-linesduring sarcomere assembly in cardiac myocytesrevealed by the automatic image analysis software sarcApp]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524296v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Damage-induced senescent immune cells regulate regeneration of the zebrafish retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524296v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zebrafish spontaneously regenerate their retina in response to damage through the action of Muller glia. Even though Muller glia (MG) are conserved in higher vertebrates, the capacity to regenerate retinal damage is lost. Recent work has focused on the regulation of inflammation during tissue regeneration with precise temporal roles for macrophages and microglia. Senescent cells that have withdrawn from the cell cycle have mostly been implicated in aging, but are still metabolically active, releasing pro-inflammatory signaling molecules as part of the Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). Here, we discover that in response to retinal damage, a subset of cells expressing markers of microglia/macrophages also express markers of senescence. These cells display a temporal pattern of appearance and clearance during retina regeneration. Premature removal of senescent cells by senolytic treatment led to a decrease in proliferation and incomplete repair of the ganglion cell layer after NMDA damage. Our results demonstrate a role for modulation of senescent cell responses to balance inflammation, regeneration, plasticity, and repair as opposed to fibrosis and scarring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flickinger, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallone, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doshier, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524296</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Damage-induced senescent immune cells regulate regeneration of the zebrafish retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptations to water stress and pastoralism in the Turkana of northwest Kenya 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Turkana people inhabit arid regions of east Africa--where temperatures are high and water is scarce--and they practice subsistence pastoralism, such that their diet is primarily composed of animal products. Working with Turkana communities, we sequenced 367 genomes and identified 8 regions putatively involved in adaptation to water stress and pastoralism. One of these regions includes a putative enhancer for STC1--a kidney-expressed gene involved in the response to dehydration and the metabolism of purine-rich foods such as red meat. We show that STC1 is induced by antidiuretic hormone in humans, is associated with urea levels in the Turkana themselves, and is under strong selection in this population (s[~]0.041). This work highlights that partnerships with subsistence-level groups can lead to new models of human physiology with biomedical relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldas, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garske, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echwa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahumbu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinyua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotukoi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopurudoi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowasa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallarino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messer, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phung, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roichman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taravella-Oill, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptations to water stress and pastoralism in the Turkana of northwest Kenya]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi biosynthesize a diversity of secondary metabolites, small organic bioactive molecules that play diverse roles in fungal ecology. Fungal secondary metabolites are often encoded by physically clustered sets of genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Fungi in the genus Penicillium produce diverse secondary metabolites that have been both useful (e.g., the antibiotic penicillin and the cholesterol-lowering drug mevastatin) and harmful (e.g., the mycotoxin patulin and the immunosuppressant gliotoxin) to human affairs. BGCs often also encode resistance genes that confer self-protection to the secondary metabolite-producing fungus. Some Penicillium species, such as Penicillium lilacinoechinulatum and Penicillium decumbens, are known to produce gliotoxin, a secondary metabolite with known immunosuppressant activity; however, an evolutionary characterization of the BGC responsible for gliotoxin biosynthesis among Penicillium species is lacking. Here, we examine the conservation of genes involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis and resistance in 35 Penicillium genomes from 23 species. We found homologous, less fragmented gliotoxin BGCs in 12 genomes, mostly fragmented remnants of the gliotoxin BGC in 21 genomes, whereas the remaining two Penicillium genomes lacked the gliotoxin BGC altogether. In contrast, we observed broad conservation of homologs of resistance genes that reside outside the BGC across Penicillium genomes. Evolutionary rate analysis revealed that BGCs with higher numbers of genes evolve slower than BGCs with few genes. Even though the gliotoxin BGC is fragmented to varying degrees in nearly all genomes examined, ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of Penicillium species possessed the gliotoxin BGC. Our analyses suggest that genes that are part of BGCs can be retained in genomes long after the loss of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of the gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurable fields to spikes causality and its dependence on cortical layer and area. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.17.524451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Distinct dynamics in different cortical layers are apparent in neuronal and local field potential (LFP) patterns, yet their associations in the context of laminar processing have been sparingly analyzed. Here, we study the laminar organization of spike-field causal flow within and across visual (V4) and frontal areas (PFC) of monkeys performing a visual task. Using an event-based quantification of LFPs and a directed information estimator, we found area and frequency specificity in the laminar organization of spike-field causal connectivity. Gamma bursts (40-80 Hz) in the superficial layers of V4 largely drove intralaminar spiking. These gamma influences also fed forward up the cortical hierarchy to modulate laminar spiking in PFC. In PFC, the direction of intralaminar information flow was from spikes [-&gt;] fields where these influences dually controlled top-down and bottom-up processing. Our results, enabled by innovative methodologies, emphasize the complexities of spike-field causal interactions amongst multiple brain areas and behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Principe, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.17.524451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurable fields to spikes causality and its dependence on cortical layer and area.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive characterization of a Williams Syndrome murine model shows Gtf2ird1-mediated rescue of select sensorimotor tasks, but no effect on enhanced social behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.523029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Williams Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder exhibiting cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, including increased social motivation, risk of anxiety and specific phobias along with perturbed motor function. Williams Syndrome is caused by a microdeletion of 26-28 genes on chromosome 7, including GTF2IRD1, which encodes a transcription factor suggested to play a role in the behavioral profile of Williams Syndrome. Duplications of the full region also lead to frequent autism diagnosis, social phobias, and language delay. Thus, genes in the region appear to regulate social motivation in a dose-sensitive manner. A  Complete Deletion mouse, heterozygously eliminating the syntenic Williams Syndrome region, has been deeply characterized for cardiac phenotypes, but direct measures of social motivation have not been assessed. Furthermore, the role of Gtf2ird1 in these behaviors has not been addressed in a relevant genetic context. Here, we have generated a mouse overexpressing Gtf2ird1, which can be used both to model duplication of this gene alone and to rescue Gtf2ird1 expression in the Complete Deletion mice. Using a comprehensive behavioral pipeline and direct measures of social motivation, we provide evidence that the Williams Syndrome Critical Region regulates social motivation along with motor and anxiety phenotypes, but that Gtf2ird1 complementation is not sufficient to rescue most of these traits, and duplication does not decrease social motivation. However, Gtf2ird1 complementation does rescue light-aversive behavior and performance on select sensorimotor tasks, perhaps indicating a role for this gene in sensory processing or integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fass, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirnics, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.523029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive characterization of a Williams Syndrome murine model shows Gtf2ird1-mediated rescue of select sensorimotor tasks, but no effect on enhanced social behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unified Physiological Process Links Global Patterns of Functional MRI, Respiratory Activity, and Autonomic Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain is closely attuned to visceral signals from the bodys internal environment, as evidenced by the numerous associations between neural, hemodynamic, and peripheral physiological signals. We show that these brain-body co-fluctuations can be captured by a single spatiotemporal pattern. Across several independent samples, as well as single-echo and multi-echo fMRI data acquisition sequences, we identify widespread co-fluctuations in the low-frequency range (0.01 - 0.1 Hz) between resting-state global fMRI signals, neural activity, and a host of autonomic signals spanning cardiovascular, pulmonary, exocrine and smooth muscle systems. The same brain-body co-fluctuations observed at rest are elicited by arousal induced by cued deep breathing and intermittent sensory stimuli, as well as spontaneous phasic EEG events during sleep. Further, we show that the spatial structure of global fMRI signals is maintained under experimental suppression of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) variations, suggesting that respiratory-driven fluctuations in arterial CO2 accompanying arousal cannot explain the origin of these signals in the brain. These findings establish the global fMRI signal as a significant component of the arousal response governed by the autonomic nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bolt, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nomi, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spreng, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilholz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unified Physiological Process Links Global Patterns of Functional MRI, Respiratory Activity, and Autonomic Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting cultural evolution in a songbird species using community-science data and computational modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Song in oscine birds is learned across generations, and aspects of the song-learning process parallel genetic transmission: variation can be introduced into both cultural and genetic traits via copy-error, and both types of traits are subject to drift and selective pressure. Similarly to allele frequencies in population genetics, observing frequencies of birdsong features can improve our understanding of cultural transmission and evolution. Uniquely, community-science databases of birdsong provide rich spatiotemporal data with untapped potential to evaluate cultural evolution in songbirds. Here we use both community-science and field-study recordings of chipping sparrows to examine trends across nearly seven decades of song. We find that some syllable types tend to persist in the population for much longer than others. Persistent songs tend to contain more syllables of shorter duration than songs that were observed across fewer years. To draw inferences about the effects of learning biases on chipping sparrow syllables, we construct a spatially explicit agent-based model of song learning. By comparing our empirical analysis to simulated song distributions using three different song-learning strategies--neutral transmission, conformity bias, and directional selection--we suggest that chipping sparrows are unlikely to select tutors neutrally or with a conformity bias and that they learn their songs with a remarkably low copy-error rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pichkar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searfoss, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting cultural evolution in a songbird species using community-science data and computational modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Overlap of Inborn Errors of Immunity and Metabolism Genes Define T Cell Immunometabolic Vulnerabilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.24.525419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) and Immunity (IEI) are Mendelian diseases in which complex phenotypes and patient rarity can limit clinical annotations. Few genes are assigned to both IEM and IEI, but immunometabolic demands suggest functional overlap is underestimated. We applied CRISPR screens to test IEM genes for immunologic roles and IEI genes for metabolic effects and found considerable crossover. Analysis of IEM showed N-linked glycosylation and the de novo hexosamine synthesis enzyme, Gfpt1, are critical for T cell expansion and function. Interestingly, Gfpt1-deficient TH1 cells were more affected than TH17 cells, which had increased Nagk for salvage UDP-GlcNAc synthesis. Screening IEI genes showed the transcription factor Bcl11b promotes CD4+ T cell mitochondrial activity and Mcl1 expression necessary to prevent metabolic stress. These data illustrate a high degree of functional overlap of IEM and IEI genes and point to potential immunometabolic mechanisms for a previously unappreciated set of these disorders.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIInborn errors of immunity and metabolism have greater overlap than previously known
C_LIO_LIGfpt1 deficiency causes an IEM but also selectively regulates T cell subset fate
C_LIO_LILoss of Bcl11b causes a T cell deficiency IEI but also harms mitochondrial function
C_LIO_LIMany IEM may have immune defects and IEI may be driven by metabolic mechanisms
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needle, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodnya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.24.525419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Overlap of Inborn Errors of Immunity and Metabolism Genes Define T Cell Immunometabolic Vulnerabilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Molecule Activation of NAPE-PLD Enhances Efferocytosis by Macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.25.525554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is a zinc metallohydrolase that hydrolyzes N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPEs) to form N-acyl-ethanolamides (NAEs) and phosphatidic acid. Several lines of evidence suggest that reduced NAPE-PLD activity could contribute to cardiometabolic diseases. For instance, NAPEPLD expression is reduced in human coronary arteries with unstable atherosclerotic lesions, defective efferocytosis is implicated in the enlargement of necrotic cores of these lesions, and NAPE-PLD products such as palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide have been shown to enhance efferocytosis. Thus, enzyme activation mediated by a small molecule may serve as a therapeutic treatment for cardiometabolic diseases. As a proof-of-concept study, we sought to identify small molecule activators of NAPE-PLD. High-throughput screening followed by hit validation and primary lead optimization studies identified a series of benzothiazole phenylsulfonyl-piperidine carboxamides that variably increased activity of both mouse and human NAPE-PLD. From this set of small molecules, two NAPE-PLD activators (VU534 and VU533) were shown to increase efferocytosis by bone-marrow derived macrophages isolated from wild-type mice, while efferocytosis was significantly reduced in Napepld-/- BMDM or after Nape-pld inhibition. Together these studies demonstrate an essential role for NAPE-PLD in the regulation of efferocytosis and the potential value of NAPE-PLD activators as a strategy to treat cardiometabolic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zarrow, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli-Oluwafuyi, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youwakim, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suero, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashhadi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulikowski, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Molecule Activation of NAPE-PLD Enhances Efferocytosis by Macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabidiol sensitizes TRPV2 channels to activation by 2-APB 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.525817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cation-permeable TRPV2 channel is essential for cardiac and immune cells. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid of clinical relevance, is one of the few molecules known to activate TRPV2. Using the patch-clamp technique we discover that CBD can sensitize current responses of the rat TRPV2 channel to the synthetic agonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2- APB) by over two orders of magnitude, without sensitizing channels to activation by moderate (40 C) heat. Using cryo-EM we uncover a new small-molecule binding site in the pore domain of rTRPV2 that can be occupied by CBD in addition to a nearby CBD site that had already been reported. The TRPV1 and TRPV3 channels share >40% sequence identity with TRPV2 are also activated by 2-APB and CBD, but we only find a strong sensitizing effect of CBD on the response of mouse TRPV3 to 2-APB. Mutations at non-conserved positions between rTRPV2 and rTRPV1 in either the pore domain or the CBD sites failed to confer strong sensitization by CBD in mutant rTRPV1 channels. Together, our results indicate that CBD-dependent sensitization of TRPV2 channels engages multiple channel regions and possibly involves more than one CBD and 2-APB sites. The remarkably robust effect of CBD on TRPV2 and TRPV3 channels offers a promising new tool to both understand and overcome one of the major roadblocks in the study of these channels - their resilience to activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gochman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swartz, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jara-Oseguera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabidiol sensitizes TRPV2 channels to activation by 2-APB]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust biomarker discovery through multiplatform multiplex image analysis of breast cancer clinical cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.525753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSpatial profiling of tissues promises to elucidate tumor-microenvironment interactions and enable development of spatial biomarkers to predict patient response to immunotherapy and other therapeutics. However, spatial biomarker discovery is often carried out on a single patient cohort or imaging technology, limiting statistical power and increasing the likelihood of technical artifacts. In order to analyze multiple patient cohorts profiled on different platforms, we developed methods for comparative data analysis from three disparate multiplex imaging technologies: 1) cyclic immunofluorescence data we generated from 102 breast cancer patients with clinical follow-up, in addition to publicly available 2) imaging mass cytometry and 3) multiplex ion-beam imaging data. We demonstrate similar single-cell phenotyping results across breast cancer patient cohorts imaged with these three technologies and identify cellular abundance and proximity-based biomarkers with prognostic value across platforms. In multiple platforms, we identified lymphocyte infiltration as independently associated with longer survival in triple negative and high-proliferation breast tumors. Then, a comparison of nine spatial analysis methods revealed robust spatial biomarkers. In estrogen receptor-positive disease, quiescent stromal cells close to tumor were more abundant in good prognosis tumors while tumor neighborhoods of mixed fibroblast phenotypes were enriched in poor prognosis tumors. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), macrophage proximity to tumor and B cell proximity to T cells were greater in good prognosis tumors, while tumor neighborhoods of vimentin-positive fibroblasts were enriched in poor prognosis tumors. We also tested previously published spatial biomarkers in our ensemble cohort, reproducing the positive prognostic value of isolated lymphocytes and lymphocyte occupancy and failing to reproduce the prognostic value of tumor-immune mixing score in TNBC. In conclusion, we demonstrate assembly of larger clinical cohorts from diverse platforms to aid in prognostic spatial biomarker identification and validation.

SO_SCPLOWTATEMENTC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWOFC_SCPLOWO_SCPCAP C_SCPCAPO_SCPLOWSIGNIFICANCEC_SCPLOWOur single-cell spatial analysis of multiple clinical cohorts uncovered novel biomarkers of patient outcome in breast cancer. Additionally, our data, software, and methods will help advance spatial characterization of the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eng, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarthy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietenpol, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.525753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust biomarker discovery through multiplatform multiplex image analysis of breast cancer clinical cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Consensus tissue domain detection in spatial -omics data using MILWRM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially resolved molecular assays provide high dimensional genetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenetic information in situ and at various resolutions. Pairing these data across modalities with histological features enables powerful studies of tissue pathology in the context of an intact microenvironment and tissue structure. Increasing dimensions across molecular analytes and samples require new data science approaches to functionally annotate spatially resolved molecular data. A specific challenge is data-driven cross-sample domain detection that allows for analysis within and between consensus tissue compartments across high volumes of multiplex datasets stemming from tissue atlasing efforts. Here, we present MILWRM - multiplex image labeling with regional morphology - a Python package for rapid, multi-scale tissue domain detection and annotation. We demonstrate MILWRMs utility in identifying histologically distinct compartments in human colonic polyps and mouse brain slices through spatially-informed clustering in two different spatial data modalities. Additionally, we used tissue domains detected in human colonic polyps to elucidate molecular distinction between polyp subtypes. We also explored the ability of MILWRM to identify anatomical regions of mouse brain and their respective distinct molecular profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antunes, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Consensus tissue domain detection in spatial -omics data using MILWRM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neanderthal Introgression Shaped Human Circadian Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionWhen the ancestors of modern Eurasians migrated out of Africa and interbred with Eurasian archaic hominins, namely Neanderthals and Denisovans, DNA of archaic ancestry integrated into the genomes of anatomically modern humans. This process potentially accelerated adaptation to Eurasian environmental factors, including reduced ultra-violet radiation and increased variation in seasonal dynamics. However, whether these groups differed substantially in circadian biology, and whether archaic introgression adaptively contributed to human chronotypes remains unknown.

ResultsHere we traced the evolution of chronotype based on genomes from archaic hominins and present-day humans. First, we inferred differences in circadian gene sequences, splicing, and regulation between archaic hominins and modern humans. We identified 28 circadian genes containing variants with potential to alter splicing in archaics (e.g., CLOCK, PER2, RORB, RORC), and 16 circadian genes likely divergently regulated between present-day humans and archaic hominins, including RORA. These differences suggest the potential for introgression to modify circadian gene expression. Testing this hypothesis, we found that introgressed variants are enriched among eQTLs for circadian genes. Supporting the functional relevance of these regulatory effects, we found that many introgressed alleles have associations with chronotype. Strikingly, the strongest introgressed effects on chronotype increase morningness, consistent with adaptations to high latitude in other species. Finally, we identified several circadian loci with evidence of adaptive introgression or latitudinal clines in allele frequency.

ConclusionsThese findings identify differences in circadian gene regulation between modern humans and archaic hominins and support the contribution of introgression via coordinated effects on variation in human chronotype.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTInterbreeding between humans and Neanderthals created the potential for adaptive introgression as humans moved into environments that had been populated by Neanderthals for hundreds of thousands of years. Here we discover lineage-specific genetic differences in circadian genes and their regulatory elements between humans and Neanderthals. We show that introgressed alleles are enriched for effects on circadian gene regulation, consistently increase propensity for morningness in Europeans, and show evidence of adaptive introgression or associations between latitude and frequency. These results expand our understanding of how the genomes of humans and our closest relatives responded to environments with different light/dark cycles, and demonstrate a coordinated contribution of admixture to human chronotype in a direction that is consistent with adaptation to higher latitudes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Velazquez-Arcelay, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neanderthal Introgression Shaped Human Circadian Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elexacaftor/VX-445-mediated CFTR interactome remodeling reveals differential correction driven by mutation-specific translational dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.04.527134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most prevalent lethal genetic diseases with over 2000 identified mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Pharmacological chaperones such as Lumacaftor (VX-809), Tezacaftor (VX-661) and Elexacaftor (VX-445) treat mutation-induced defects by stabilizing CFTR and are called correctors. These correctors improve proper folding and thus facilitate processing and trafficking to increase the amount of functional CFTR on the cell surface. Yet, CFTR variants display differential responses to each corrector. Here, we report variants P67L and L206W respond similarly to VX-809 but divergently to VX-445 with P67L exhibiting little rescue when treated with VX-445. We investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms of how CFTR biogenesis is altered by correctors in these variants. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) multiplexed with isobaric Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) was used to quantify CFTR protein-protein interaction changes between variants P67L and L206W. VX-445 facilitates unique proteostasis factor interactions especially in translation, folding, and degradation pathways in a CFTR variant-dependent manner. A number of these interacting proteins knocked down by siRNA, such as ribosomal subunit proteins, moderately rescued fully glycosylated P67L. Importantly, these knock-downs sensitize P67L to VX-445 and further enhance the correction of this variant. Our results provide a better understanding of VX-445 biological mechanism of action and reveal cellular targets that may sensitize unresponsive CFTR variants to known and available correctors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabusap, C. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timalsina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorscher, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.04.527134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elexacaftor/VX-445-mediated CFTR interactome remodeling reveals differential correction driven by mutation-specific translational dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IQGAP2 regulates blood-brain barrier immune dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain endothelial cells (BECs) play an important role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions. BECs express low baseline levels of adhesion receptors, which limits entry of leukocytes. However, the molecular mediators governing this phenotype remain mostly unclear. Here, we explored how infiltration of immune cells across the BBB is influenced by the scaffold protein IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 2 (IQGAP2). In mice and zebrafish, we demonstrate that loss of Iqgap2 increases infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the CNS under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistology, we further show that BECs from mice lacking Iqgap2 exhibit a profound inflammatory signature, including extensive upregulation of adhesion receptors and antigen-processing machinery. Human tissue analyses also reveal that Alzheimers disease is associated with reduced hippocampal IQGAP2. Overall, our results implicate IQGAP2 as an essential regulator of BBB immune privilege and immune cell entry into the CNS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katdare, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlouk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megason, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IQGAP2 regulates blood-brain barrier immune dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidized phospholipid oxPAPC induces a Th1-like phenotype in regulatory T cells and inhibits their protective function in atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.08.527689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are protective in atherosclerosis but reduced during disease progression due to cell death and loss of stability. However, the mechanisms of Treg dysfunction remain unknown. Oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) are abundant in atherosclerosis and can activate innate immune cells, but there is limited information regarding their impact on T cells. Given Treg loss during atherosclerosis progression and oxPL levels in the plaque microenvironment, we sought to determine whether oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxPAPC), an oxPL associated with atherosclerotic plaques, alters Treg differentiation and function.

MethodsNaive CD4+ T cells were cultured under Treg, Th1, and Th17 polarizing conditions with or without oxPAPC and assessed by flow cytometry. Gene expression in oxPAPC-treated Tregs was analyzed by bulk RNA sequencing. Functional studies of oxPAPC-induced Tregs were performed by co-culturing Tregs with CTV-labeled CD8+ cells in vitro. In vivo suppression of atherosclerosis was evaluated by adoptively transferring control or oxPAPC-treated Tregs to hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice.

ResultsCompared to controls, oxPAPC-treated Tregs were less viable but expressed higher levels of the Th1-associated markers T-bet, CXCR3, and IFN-{gamma}. Th1 and Th17 skewing cultures were unaltered by oxPAPC. IFN-{gamma} is linked to Treg instability, thus Treg polarization experiments were repeated using Ifngr1-/- CD4+ T cells. IFN{gamma}R1 deficiency did not improve cell viability in oxPAPC-treated Tregs, however, T-bet and IFN-{gamma} expression was not increased suggesting a role for IFN-{gamma} signaling. OxPAPC-treated Tregs were less suppressive in vitro, and adoptive transfer studies in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice showed that oxPAPC-induced Tregs possessed altered tissue homing and were insufficient to inhibit atherosclerosis progression.

ConclusionsOxPAPC elicits Treg-specific changes that induce a Th1-like phenotype dependent on IFN-{gamma} signaling. This is biologically relevant as oxPAPC-treated Tregs are unable to reduce atherosclerosis progression in Ldlr-/- mice. This study supports a role for oxPLs in negatively impacting Treg differentiation and atheroprotective function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Appleton, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.08.527689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidized phospholipid oxPAPC induces a Th1-like phenotype in regulatory T cells and inhibits their protective function in atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Androgen Signaling Restricts Glutaminolysis to Drive Sex-Specific Th17 Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.10.527741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females have increased prevalence of many Th17-mediated diseases. While androgen signaling decreases Th17-mediated inflammation, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Th17 cells rely on glutaminolysis; however, it remains unclear whether androgen receptor (AR) signaling in males modifies glutamine metabolism to suppress Th17-mediated inflammation. We show that Th17 cells from male humans and mice had decreased glutaminolysis compared to females, and AR signaling attenuated Th17 cell mitochondrial respiration and glutaminolysis.

Using allergen-induced airway inflammation models, we determined females, but not males, had a critical reliance upon glutaminolysis for Th17-mediated airway inflammation, and AR signaling attenuated glutamine uptake by reducing expression of glutamine transporters. These findings were confirmed in circulating human Th17 cells with minimal reliance on glutamine uptake in male compared to female Th17 cells. We found that AR signaling attenuates glutaminolysis, demonstrating sex-specific metabolic regulation of Th17 cells with implications for design and implementation of Th17 or glutaminolysis targeted therapeutics.

HighlightsO_LIHuman male CD4+ T cells have decreased expression of metabolic enzymes and decreased reliance on glutaminolysis compared to female CD4+ T cells.
C_LIO_LIAndrogen signaling decreased mitochondrial metabolism in Th17 cells and decreased airway inflammation.
C_LIO_LIAndrogen signaling decreased glutamine uptake and utilization in Th17 cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cephus, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stier, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehnle, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scales, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzy, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peebles, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.10.527741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Androgen Signaling Restricts Glutaminolysis to Drive Sex-Specific Th17 Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fixation Before Dissociation Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent Preserves In Vivo States and Phospho-Signaling in Single-Cell Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) presents an opportunity to deconstruct cellular networks but is limited by the loss of biological information, including in vivo cellular states and phospho-signaling. Herein, we present fixation before dissociation using a deep eutectic solvent (DES), which preserves multiple domains of in vivo biological data, including morphology, RNA, proteins, and post-translational modifications. In scRNA-seq of viable versus DES bone marrow, dissociation induced global stress responses, immune and stromal cell activation, and loss of highly sensitive cell populations, which were prevented with DES. Further, we introduce a validated and flexible method for performing intracellular CITE-seq in DES-fixed cells. Leveraging this approach during Th17 T cell stimulation allowed the simultaneous quantification of transcriptomes and four phosphorylated proteins, leading to the identification of a hyperactivated state in p-ERK/p-FOS double positive cells, which we experimentally validated. We anticipate that DES-based fixatives will allow the accurate reconstruction of in vivo cellular networks and uncover cooperativity amongst intracellular pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortmann, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanumanthu, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsborough, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilchrist, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fixation Before Dissociation Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent Preserves In Vivo States and Phospho-Signaling in Single-Cell Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human gene regulatory evolution is driven by the divergence of regulatory element function in both cis and trans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory divergence between species can result from cis-acting local changes to regulatory element DNA sequences or global trans-acting changes to the regulatory environment. Understanding how these mechanisms drive regulatory evolution has been limited by challenges in identifying trans-acting changes. We present a comprehensive approach to directly identify cis- and trans-divergent regulatory elements between human and rhesus macaque lymphoblastoid cells using ATAC-STARR-seq. In addition to thousands of cis changes, we discover an unexpected number (~10,000) of trans changes and show that cis and trans elements exhibit distinct patterns of sequence divergence and function. We further identify differentially expressed transcription factors that underlie >50% of trans differences and trace how cis changes can produce cascades of trans changes. Overall, we find that most divergent elements (67%) experienced changes in both cis and trans, revealing a substantial role for trans divergence--alone and together with cis changes--to regulatory differences between species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human gene regulatory evolution is driven by the divergence of regulatory element function in both cis and trans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528513v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dephosphorylation of 4EBP1/2 Induces Prenatal Neural Stem Cell Quiescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528513v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A limiting factor in the regenerative capacity of the adult brain is the abundance and proliferative ability of neural stem cells (NSCs). Adult NSCs are derived from a subpopulation of embryonic NSCs that temporarily enter quiescence during mid-gestation and remain quiescent until postnatal reactivation. Here we present evidence that the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates quiescence entry in embryonic NSCs of the developing forebrain. Throughout embryogenesis, two downstream effectors of mTOR, p-4EBP1/2 T37/46 and p-S6 S240/244, were mutually exclusive in NSCs, rarely occurring in the same cell. While 4EBP1/2 was phosphorylated in stem cells undergoing mitosis at the ventricular surface, S6 was phosphorylated in more differentiated cells migrating away from the ventricle. Phosphorylation of 4EBP1/2, but not S6, was responsive to quiescence induction in cultured embryonic NSCs. Further, inhibition of p-4EBP1/2, but not p-S6, was sufficient to induce quiescence. Collectively, this work offers new insight into the regulation of quiescence entry in embryonic NSCs and, thereby, correct patterning of the adult brain. These data suggest unique biological functions of specific posttranslational modifications and indicate that the preferential inhibition of such modifications may be a useful therapeutic approach in neurodevelopmental diseases where NSC numbers, proliferation, and differentiation are altered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geben, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, M. B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuing, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simerly, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528513</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dephosphorylation of 4EBP1/2 Induces Prenatal Neural Stem Cell Quiescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain, gray and white matter time-locked functional signal changes with simple tasks and model-free analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have revealed the production of time-locked blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) signals throughout the entire brain in response to a task, challenging the idea of sparse and localized brain functions, and highlighting the pervasiveness of potential false negative fMRI findings. In these studies,  whole-brain refers to gray matter regions only, which is the only tissue traditionally studied with fMRI. However, recent reports have also demonstrated reliable detection and analyses of BOLD signals in white matter which have been largely ignored in previous reports. Here, using model-free analysis and simple tasks, we investigate BOLD signal changes in both white and gray matters. We aimed to evaluate whether white matter also displays time-locked BOLD signals across all structural pathways in response to a stimulus. We find that both white and gray matter show time-locked activations across the whole-brain, with a majority of both tissue types showing statistically significant signal changes for all task stimuli investigated. We observed a wide range of signal responses to tasks, with different regions showing very different BOLD signal changes to the same task. Moreover, we find that each region may display different BOLD responses to different stimuli. Overall, we present compelling evidence that the whole brain, including both white and gray matter, show time-locked activation to multiple stimuli, not only challenging the idea of sparse functional localization, but also the prevailing wisdom of treating white matter BOLD signals as artefacts to be removed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain, gray and white matter time-locked functional signal changes with simple tasks and model-free analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528574v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Optimization of siRNA Conjugates for Albumin Binding Achieves Effective MCL1-Targeted Cancer Therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.14.528574v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The high potential for therapeutic application of siRNAs to silence traditionally undruggable oncogenic drivers remains largely untapped due to the challenges of tumor cell delivery. Here, siRNAs were optimized for in situ binding to albumin through C18 lipid modifications to improve pharmacokinetics and tumor delivery. Systematic variation of siRNA conjugates revealed a lead structure with divalent C18 lipids each linked through three repeats of hexaethylene glycol connected by phosphorothioate bonds. Importantly, we discovered that locating the branch site of the divalent lipid structure proximally (adjacent to the RNA) rather than at a more distal site (after the linker segment) promotes association with albumin, while minimizing self-assembly and lipoprotein association. Comparison to higher albumin affinity (diacid) lipid variants and siRNA directly conjugated to albumin underscored the importance of conjugate hydrophobicity and reversibility of albumin binding for siRNA delivery and bioactivity in tumors. The lead conjugate increased tumor siRNA accumulation 12-fold in orthotopic mouse models of triple negative breast cancer over the parent siRNA. When applied for silencing of the anti-apoptotic oncogene MCL-1, this structure achieved approximately 80% MCL1 silencing in orthotopic breast tumors. Furthermore, application of the lead conjugate structure to target MCL1 yielded better survival outcomes in three independent, orthotopic, triple negative breast cancer models than an MCL1 small molecule inhibitor. These studies provide new structure-function insights on optimally leveraging siRNA-lipid conjugate structures that associate in situ with plasma albumin for molecular-targeted cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboezem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavnar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babb, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colazo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCune, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeJulius, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528574</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Optimization of siRNA Conjugates for Albumin Binding Achieves Effective MCL1-Targeted Cancer Therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Gut Microbial Diversity Augments Estrogen-driven Pulmonary Fibrosis in Female-Predominant Interstitial Lung Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.15.528630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although profibrotic cytokines such as IL-17A and TGF-{beta}1 have been implicated in interstitial lung disease (ILD) pathogenesis, interactions between gut dysbiosis, gonadotrophic hormones and molecular mediators of profibrotic cytokine expression, such as phosphorylation of STAT3, have not been defined. Here we show by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis of primary human CD4+ T cells that regions within the STAT3 locus are significantly enriched for binding by the transcription factor estrogen receptor alpha (ERa). Using the murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, we found significantly increased regulatory T cells compared to Th17 cells in the female lung. Genetic absence of ESR1 or ovariectomy in mice significantly increased pSTAT3 and IL-17A expression in pulmonary CD4+ T cells, which was reduced after repletion of female hormones. Remarkably, there was no significant reduction in lung fibrosis under either condition, suggesting that factors outside of ovarian hormones also contribute. Assessment of lung fibrosis among menstruating females in different rearing environments revealed that environments favoring gut dysbiosis augment fibrosis. Furthermore, hormone repletion following ovariectomy further augmented lung fibrosis, suggesting pathologic interactions between gonadal hormones and gut microbiota on lung fibrosis severity. Analysis in female sarcoidosis patients revealed a significant reduction in pSTAT3 and IL-17A levels and a concomitant increase in TGF-{beta}1 levels in CD4+ T cells, compared to male sarcoidosis patients. These studies reveal that estrogen is profibrotic in females and that gut dysbiosis in menstruating females augments lung fibrosis severity, supporting a critical interaction between gonadal hormones and gut flora in lung fibrosis pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chioma, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallott, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandhi, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelbard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Kaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.15.528630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Gut Microbial Diversity Augments Estrogen-driven Pulmonary Fibrosis in Female-Predominant Interstitial Lung Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.526477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.19.526477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examines the intersectional role of citizenship and gender with career self-efficacy amongst 10,803 doctoral and postdoctoral trainees in US universities. These biomedical trainees completed surveys administered by 17 US institutions that participated in the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) Programs. Findings indicate that career self-efficacy of non-citizen trainees is significantly lower than that of US citizen trainees. While lower career efficacy was observed in women compared with men, it was even lower for non-citizen female trainees. Results suggest that specific career interests may be related to career self-efficacy. Relative to US citizen trainees, both male and female non-citizen trainees showed higher interest in pursuing a career as an academic research investigator. In comparison with non-citizen female trainees and citizen trainees of all genders, non-citizen male trainees expressed the highest interest in research-intensive (and especially principal investigator) careers. The authors discuss potential causes for these results and offer recommendations for increasing trainee career self-efficacy which can be incorporated into graduate and postdoctoral training.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nogueira, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wefes, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturzenegger Varvayanis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaines, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.526477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CXCR2 expression during melanoma tumorigenesis controls transcriptional programs that facilitate tumor growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThough the CXCR2 chemokine receptor is known to play a key role in cancer growth and response to therapy, a direct link between expression of CXCR2 in tumor progenitor cells during induction of tumorigenesis has not been established.

MethodsTo characterize the role of CXCR2 during melanoma tumorigenesis, we generated tamoxifen-inducible tyrosinase-promoter driven BrafV600E/Pten-/-/Cxcr2-/- and NRasQ61R/INK4a-/-/Cxcr2-/- melanoma models. In addition, the effects of a CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist, SX-682, on melanoma tumorigenesis were evaluated in BrafV600E/Pten-/- and NRasQ61R/INK4a-/- mice and in melanoma cell lines. Potential mechanisms by which Cxcr2 affects melanoma tumorigenesis in these murine models were explored using RNAseq, mMCP-counter, ChIPseq, and qRT-PCR; flow cytometry, and reverse phosphoprotein analysis (RPPA).

ResultsGenetic loss of Cxcr2 or pharmacological inhibition of CXCR1/CXCR2 during melanoma tumor induction resulted in key changes in gene expression that reduced tumor incidence/growth and increased anti-tumor immunity. Interestingly, after Cxcr2 ablation, Tfcp2l1, a key tumor suppressive transcription factor, was the only gene significantly induced with a log2 fold-change greater than 2 in these three different melanoma models.

ConclusionsHere, we provide novel mechanistic insight revealing how loss of Cxcr2 expression/activity in melanoma tumor progenitor cells results in reduced tumor burden and creation of an anti-tumor immune microenvironment. This mechanism entails an increase in expression of the tumor suppressive transcription factor, Tfcp2l1, along with alteration in the expression of genes involved in growth regulation, tumor suppression, stemness, differentiation, and immune modulation. These gene expression changes are coincident with reduction in the activation of key growth regulatory pathways, including AKT and mTOR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergdorf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oleskie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zebala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CXCR2 expression during melanoma tumorigenesis controls transcriptional programs that facilitate tumor growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensitivity to outcome devaluation in operant tasks is better predicted by food restriction level than reinforcement training schedule in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Behavioral strategies are often classified based on whether reinforcement is controlled by the value of the reinforcer. Value-sensitive behaviors, in which animals update their actions when reinforcer value is changed, are classified as goal-directed; conversely, value-insensitive actions, where behavior remains consistent when the reinforcer is removed or devalued, are considered habitual. Understanding the features of operant training that bias behavioral control toward either strategy is essential to understanding the cognitive and neuronal processes on which they rely. Using basic reinforcement principles, behavior can be biased toward relying on either process: random ratio (RR) schedules are thought to promote the formation of goal-directed behaviors while random intervals (RI) promote habitual control. However, how the schedule-specific features of these task structures relate to external factors to influence behavior is not well understood. Using male and female mice on distinct food restriction levels, we trained each group on RR schedules with responses-per-reinforcer rates matched to their RI counterparts to control for differences in reinforcement rate. We determined that food restriction level has a stronger effect on the behavior of mice following RR schedules than mice following RI schedules and that food restriction better predicted sensitivity to outcome devaluation than training schedule. Our results support the idea the relationships between RR or RI schedules with goal-directed or habitual behaviors, respectively, are more nuanced than previously appreciated and suggest that an animals engagement in a task must be accounted for, together with the structure of reinforcement schedules, to appropriately interpret the cognitive underpinnings of behavior.

Significance statementUnderstanding the basic learning principles that control behavior is essential to developing therapies for psychiatric disorders such as addiction or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Reinforcement schedules are thought to control the reliance on habitual versus goal-directed control during adaptive behaviors. However, external factors that are independent of training schedule also influence behavior, for example by modulating motivation or energy balance. In this study, we find that food restriction levels are at least equally important as reinforcement schedules in shaping adaptive behavior. Our results add to the growing body of work showing the distinction between habitual and goal-directed control is nuanced.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chevee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follman, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensitivity to outcome devaluation in operant tasks is better predicted by food restriction level than reinforcement training schedule in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of pasteurization on osteopontin levels in human breastmilk and pasteurized breastmilk products 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOsteopontin (OPN) is an important breastmilk protein involved in infant intestinal, immunological, and brain development. However, little is known about how common milk pasteurization and storage techniques affect this important bioactive protein.

MethodsHuman milk osteopontin concentration was measured in single-donor fresh or frozen breastmilk, pooled Holder-pasteurized donor breastmilk, and a shelf-stable (retort pasteurized) breastmilk product by ELISA. Breastmilk samples were pasteurized and/or frozen before measuring osteopontin concentrations.

ResultsHolder pasteurization of breastmilk resulted in an [~]50% decrease in osteopontin levels within single-donor samples, whereas pooled donor breastmilk had comparable osteopontin levels to non-pasteurized single-donor samples. Breastmilk from mothers of preterm infants trended toward higher osteopontin concentration than mothers of term infants; however, samples from preterm mothers experienced greater osteopontin degradation upon pasteurization. Finally, freezing breastmilk prior to Holder pasteurization resulted in less osteopontin degradation than Holder pasteurization prior to freezing.

ConclusionCommonly used breastmilk pasteurization and storage techniques, including freezing, Holder and retort pasteurization, decrease the levels of the bioactive protein osteopontin in human breastmilk.

ImpactO_LIPasteurization of human breastmilk significantly decreases the levels of the bioactive protein osteopontin
C_LIO_LIUse of both pasteurization and freezing techniques for breastmilk preservation results in greater loss of osteopontin
C_LIO_LIThis study presents for the first time an analysis of osteopontin levels in single-donor pasteurized milk samples
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClanahan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitkemp, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of pasteurization on osteopontin levels in human breastmilk and pasteurized breastmilk products]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolutional-recurrent neural networks approximate diffusion tractography from T1-weighted MRI and associated anatomical context 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.25.530046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) streamline tractography is the gold-standard for in vivo estimation of white matter (WM) pathways in the brain. However, the high angular resolution dMRI acquisitions capable of fitting the microstructural models needed for tractography are often time-consuming and not routinely collected clinically, restricting the scope of tractography analyses. To address this limitation, we build on recent advances in deep learning which have demonstrated that streamline propagation can be learned from dMRI directly without traditional model fitting. Specifically, we propose learning the streamline propagator from T1w MRI to facilitate arbitrary tractography analyses when dMRI is unavailable. To do so, we present a novel convolutional-recurrent neural network (CoRNN) trained in a teacher-student framework that leverages T1w MRI, associated anatomical context, and streamline memory from data acquired for the Human Connectome Project. We characterize our approach under two common tractography paradigms, WM bundle analysis and structural connectomics, and find approximately a 5-15% difference between measures computed from streamlines generated with our approach and those generated using traditional dMRI tractography. When placed in the literature, these results suggest that the accuracy of WM measures computed from T1w MRI with our method is on the level of scan-rescan dMRI variability and raise an important question: is tractography truly a microstructural phenomenon, or has dMRI merely facilitated its discovery and implementation?
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newlin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerley, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanakaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.25.530046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolutional-recurrent neural networks approximate diffusion tractography from T1-weighted MRI and associated anatomical context]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directing Protein Design Choices by Per-Residue Energy Breakdown Analysis with an Interactive Web Application 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in machine learning have greatly facilitated the design of proteins with improved properties. However, accurately assessing the contributions of an individual or multiple amino acid mutations to overall protein stability to select the most promising mutants remains a challenge. Knowing the specific types of amino acid interactions that improve energetic stability is crucial for finding favorable combinations of mutations and deciding which mutants to test experimentally. In this work, we present an interactive workflow for assessing the energetic contributions of single and multi-mutant designs of proteins. The energy breakdown guided protein design (ENDURE) workflow includes several key algorithms, including per-residue energy analysis and the sum of interaction energies calculations, which are performed using the Rosetta energy function, as well as a residue depth analysis, which enables tracking the energetic contributions of mutations occurring in different spatial layers of the protein structure. ENDURE is available as a web application that integrates easy-to-read summary reports and interactive visualizations of the automated energy calculations and helps users selecting protein mutants for further experimental characterization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool in identifying the mutations in a designed polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-degrading enzyme that add up to an improved thermodynamic stability. We expect that ENDURE can be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working in the field of protein design and optimization. ENDURE is freely available for academic use at: http://endure.kuenzelab.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Engelberger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakary, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directing Protein Design Choices by Per-Residue Energy Breakdown Analysis with an Interactive Web Application]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Jedi-1/MEGF12-mediated phagocytosis controls the pro-neurogenic properties of microglia in the ventricular-subventricular zone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microglia are the primary phagocytes in the central nervous system and are responsible for clearing dead cells generated during development or disease. The phagocytic process shapes the phenotype of the microglia, which affects the local environment. A unique population of microglia reside in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of neonatal mice, but how they influence this neurogenic niche is not well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis creates a pro-neurogenic microglial phenotype in the V-SVZ and that these microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells via the engulfment receptor Jedi-1. Deletion of Jedi-1 decreases apoptotic cell clearance, triggering the development of a neuroinflammatory phenotype, reminiscent of neurodegenerative and-age-associated microglia, that reduces neural precursor proliferation via elevated interleukin (IL)-1{beta} signaling; inhibition of IL-1 receptor rescues precursor proliferation in vivo. Together, these results reveal a critical role for Jedi-1 in connecting microglial phagocytic activity to a phenotype that promotes neurogenesis in the developing V-SVZ.

Graphical Abstract. Jedi-1-dependent phagocytosis supports neurogenesis via suppression of microglial inflammatory pathway activationTop: Wild-type Proliferative-zone-Associated Microglia (PAMs) (cyan) use the engulfment receptor Jedi-1 ( Jedi) to engulf apoptotic cells (yellow) in the neurogenic ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the early postnatal brain. Jedi activation supports neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation and the generation of new neurons.

Bottom: Deletion of Jedi reduces microglial phagocytosis and transforms PAMs into Disease-associated Inflammatory Microglia (DIMs) characterized by the upregulation of canonical inflammatory genes and core DIM markers iden ified in the aging and neurodegenerative brain (Nlrp3, NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3; Tnf, tumor necrosis factor; Ccl4, C-C chemokine ligand 4 (also called macrophage inflammatory protein 1{beta}); Ccr5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5). Increased interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta}) synthesis, release, and signaling in the Jedi-null V-SVZ reduces NPC proliferation and newborn neuron number.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=119 SRC="FIGDIR/small/531012v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (34K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16b9785org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a8be50org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@66b726org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1825d8b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIThe engulfment receptor Jedi-1 is expressed by microglia in the neonatal ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) neurogenic niche.
C_LIO_LIJedi-1 knockout microglia have decreased engulfment ability, resulting in accumulation of dead cells in the V-SVZ.
C_LIO_LILoss of Jedi-1 leads to a neuroinflammatory phenotype in microglia that is characteristic of neurodegenerative and age-associated microglia.
C_LIO_LIMicroglial-specific loss of Jedi-1 reduces neurogenesis, which is rescued in vivo by inhibition of interleukin-1{beta} signaling.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morrison, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houpert, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapani, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katdare, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguena-Jones, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevisan, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire-Zeiss, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bix, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Jedi-1/MEGF12-mediated phagocytosis controls the pro-neurogenic properties of microglia in the ventricular-subventricular zone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute alcohol and chronic drinking bidirectionally regulate the excitability of prefrontal cortex vasoactive intestinal peptide interneurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates drinking behaviors and affective changes following chronic alcohol use. PFC activity is dynamically modulated by local inhibitory interneurons (INs), which can be divided into non-overlapping groups with distinct functional roles. Within deeper layers of neocortex, INs that express either parvalbumin or somatostatin directly inhibit pyramidal cells. By contrast, the plurality of all remaining INs express vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), reside within superficial layers, and preferentially target other types of INs. While recent studies have described adaptations to PFC parvalbumin-INs and somatostatin-INs in alcohol use models, whether ethanol or drinking affect the physiology of PFC VIP-INs has not been reported. To address this gap, we used genetically engineered female and male mice to target VIP-INs in layers 1-3 of prelimbic PFC for whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. We found that ethanol (20 mM, [~]0.09 BEC) application to PFC brain slices enhances VIP-IN excitability. We next examined effects following chronic drinking by providing mice with 4 weeks of intermittent access (IA) ethanol two-bottle choice in the home cage. In these studies, VIP-INs from female and male IA ethanol mice displayed reduced excitability relative to cells from water-only controls. Finally, we assessed whether these effects continue into abstinence. After 7-11 days without ethanol, the hypo-excitability of VIP-INs from male IA ethanol mice persisted, whereas cells from female IA ethanol mice were not different from their controls. Together, these findings illustrate that acute ethanol enhances VIP-IN excitability and suggest these cells undergo pronounced homeostatic changes following long-term drinking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferranti, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joffe, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute alcohol and chronic drinking bidirectionally regulate the excitability of prefrontal cortex vasoactive intestinal peptide interneurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adhesion-based capture stabilizes nascent microvilli at epithelial cell junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Differentiated transporting epithelial cells present an extensive apical array of microvilli - a "brush border" - where neighboring microvilli are linked together by intermicrovillar adhesion complexes (IMACs) composed of protocadherins CDHR2 and CDHR5. Although loss-of-function studies provide strong evidence that IMAC function is needed to build a mature brush border, how the IMAC contributes to the stabilization and accumulation of nascent microvilli remains unclear. We found that, early in differentiation, the apical surface exhibits a marginal accumulation of microvilli, characterized by higher packing density relative to medial regions of the surface. While medial microvilli are highly dynamic and sample multiple orientations over time, marginal protrusions exhibit constrained motion and maintain a vertical orientation. Unexpectedly, we found that marginal microvilli span the junctional space and contact protrusions on neighboring cells, mediated by complexes of CDHR2/CDHR5. FRAP analysis indicated that these transjunctional IMACs are highly stable relative to adhesion complexes between medial microvilli, which explains the restricted motion of protrusions in the marginal zone. Finally, long-term live imaging revealed that the accumulation of microvilli at cell margins consistently leads to accumulation in medial regions of the cell. Collectively, our findings suggest that nascent microvilli are stabilized by a capture mechanism that is localized to cell margins and enabled by the transjunctional formation of IMACs. These results inform our understanding of how apical specializations are assembled in diverse epithelial systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cencer, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adhesion-based capture stabilizes nascent microvilli at epithelial cell junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531807v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRC8A anion channels modulate vasodilation via association with Myosin Phosphatase Rho Interacting Protein (MPRIP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531807v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), LRRC8A volume regulated anion channels (VRACs) are activated by inflammatory and pro-contractile stimuli including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), angiotensin II and stretch. LRRC8A physically associates with NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and supports its production of extracellular superoxide (O2-*).

Methods and ResultsMice lacking LRRC8A exclusively in VSMCs (Sm22-Cre, KO) were used to assess the role of VRACs in TNF signaling and vasomotor function. KO mesenteric vessels contracted normally to KCl and phenylephrine, but relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was enhanced compared to wild type (WT). 48 hours of ex vivo exposure to TNF (10ng/ml) markedly impaired dilation to ACh and SNP in WT but not KO vessels. VRAC blockade (carbenoxolone, CBX, 100 M, 20 min) enhanced dilation of control rings and restored impaired dilation following TNF exposure. Myogenic tone was absent in KO rings. LRRC8A immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectroscopy identified 35 proteins that interacted with LRRC8A. Pathway analysis revealed actin cytoskeletal regulation as the most closely associated function of these proteins. Among these proteins, the Myosin Phosphatase Rho-Interacting protein (MPRIP) links RhoA, MYPT1 and actin. LRRC8A-MPRIP co-localization was confirmed by confocal imaging of tagged proteins, Proximity Ligation Assays, and IP/western blots which revealed LRRC8A binding at the second Pleckstrin Homology domain of MPRIP. siLRRC8A or CBX treatment decreased RhoA activity in cultured VSMCs, and MYPT1 phosphorylation at T853 was reduced in KO mesenteries suggesting that reduced ROCK activity contributes to enhanced relaxation. MPRIP was a target of redox modification, becoming oxidized (sulfenylated) after TNF exposure.

ConclusionsInteraction of Nox1/LRRC8A with MPRIP/RhoA/MYPT1/actin may allow redox regulation of the cytoskeleton and link Nox1 activation to both inflammation and vascular contractility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrbough, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatwright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarboro, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531807</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRC8A anion channels modulate vasodilation via association with Myosin Phosphatase Rho Interacting Protein (MPRIP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular cartography uncovers evolutionary and microenvironmental dynamics in sporadic colorectal tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer exhibits dynamic cellular and genetic heterogeneity during progression from precursor lesions toward malignancy. Leveraging spatial molecular information to construct a phylogeographic map of tumor evolution can reveal individualized growth trajectories with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Integrative analysis of spatial multi-omic data from 31 colorectal specimens revealed simultaneous microenvironmental and clonal alterations as a function of progression. Copy number variation served to re-stratify microsatellite stable and unstable tumors into chromosomally unstable (CIN+) and hypermutated (HM) classes. Phylogeographical maps classified tumors by their evolutionary dynamics, and clonal regions were placed along a global pseudotemporal progression trajectory. Cell-state discovery from a single-cell cohort revealed recurring epithelial gene signatures and infiltrating immune states in spatial transcriptomics. Charting these states along progression pseudotime, we observed a transition to immune exclusion in CIN+ tumors as characterized by a novel gene expression signature comprised of DDR1, TGFBI, PAK4, and DPEP1. We demonstrated how these genes and their protein products are key regulators of extracellular matrix components, are associated with lower cytotoxic immune infiltration, and show prognostic value in external cohorts. Through high-dimensional data integration, this atlas provides insights into co-evolution of tumors and their microenvironments, serving as a resource for stratification and targeted treatment of CRC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayers, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drewes, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.530832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular cartography uncovers evolutionary and microenvironmental dynamics in sporadic colorectal tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fission yeast cytokinetic ring component Fic1 promotes septum formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe septum formation is coordinated with cytokinetic ring constriction but the mechanisms linking these events are unclear. In this study, we explored the role of the cytokinetic ring component Fic1, first identified by its interaction with the F-BAR protein Cdc15, in septum formation. We found that the fic1 phospho-ablating mutant, fic1-2A, is a gain-of-function allele that suppresses myo2-E1, the temperature-sensitive allele of the essential type-II myosin, myo2. This suppression is achieved by the promotion of septum formation and required Fic1s interaction with the F-BAR proteins Cdc15 and Imp2. Additionally, we found that Fic1 interacts with Cyk3 and that this interaction was likewise required for Fic1s role in septum formation. Fic1, Cdc15, Imp2, and Cyk3 are the orthologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ingression progression complex, which stimulates the chitin synthase Chs2 to promote primary septum formation. However, our findings indicate that Fic1 promotes septum formation and cell abscission independently of the S. pombe Chs2 ortholog. Thus, while similar complexes exist in the two yeasts that each promote septation, they appear to have different downstream effectors.

Summary StatementThe S. pombe cytokinetic ring protein Fic1 promotes septum formation in a manner dependent on interactions with the cytokinetic ring components Cdc15, Imp2, and Cyk3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rossi, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohnert, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fission yeast cytokinetic ring component Fic1 promotes septum formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular mechanisms of functional impairment for active site mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 linked to glycogen storage disease type 1a. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mediating the terminal reaction of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, the integral membrane protein G6PC1 regulates hepatic glucose production by catalyzing hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Consistent with its vital contribution to glucose homeostasis, inactivating mutations in G6PC1 cause glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1a characterized by hepatomegaly and severe hypoglycemia. Despite its physiological importance, the structural basis of G6P binding to G6PC1 and the molecular disruptions induced by missense mutations within the active site that give rise to GSD type 1a are unknown. Exploiting a computational model of G6PC1 derived from the groundbreaking structure prediction algorithm AlphaFold2 (AF2), we combine molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and computational predictions of thermodynamic stability with a robust in vitro screening platform to define the atomic interactions governing G6P binding as well as explore the energetic perturbations imposed by disease-linked variants. We identify a collection of side chains, including conserved residues from the signature phosphatidic acid phosphatase motif, that contribute to a hydrogen bonding and van der Waals network stabilizing G6P in the active site. Introduction of GSD type 1a mutations into the G6PC1 sequence elicits changes in G6P binding energy, thermostability and structural properties, suggesting multiple pathways of catalytic impairment. Our results, which corroborate the high quality of the AF2 model as a guide for experimental design and to interpret outcomes, not only confirm active site structural organization but also suggest novel mechanistic contributions of catalytic and non-catalytic side chains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawes, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular mechanisms of functional impairment for active site mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 linked to glycogen storage disease type 1a.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A mechanistic model of primer synthesis from catalytic structures of DNA polymerase α-primase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.16.533013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanism by which polymerase -primase (pol-primase) synthesizes chimeric RNA-DNA primers of defined length and composition, necessary for replication fidelity and genome stability, is unknown. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of pol-primase in complex with primed templates representing various stages of DNA synthesis. Our data show how interaction of the primase regulatory subunit with the primer 5'-end facilitates handoff of the primer to pol and increases pol processivity, thereby regulating both RNA and DNA composition. The structures detail how flexibility within the heterotetramer enables synthesis across two active sites and provide evidence that termination of DNA synthesis is facilitated by reduction of pol and primase affinities for the varied conformations along the chimeric primer/template duplex. Together, these findings elucidate a critical catalytic step in replication initiation and provide a comprehensive model for primer synthesis by pol-primase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mullins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salay, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durie, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.16.533013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A mechanistic model of primer synthesis from catalytic structures of DNA polymerase α-primase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comprehensive map of hotspots of de novo telomere addition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere healing occurs when telomerase, normally restricted to chromosome ends, acts upon a double-strand break to create a new, functional telomere. De novo telomere addition on the centromere-proximal side of a break truncates the chromosome but, by blocking resection, may allow the cell to survive an otherwise lethal event. We previously identified several sequences in the bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that act as hotspots of de novo telomere addition (termed Sites of Repair-associated Telomere Addition or SiRTAs), but the distribution and functional relevance of SiRTAs is unclear. Here, we describe a high-throughput sequencing method to measure the frequency and location of telomere addition within sequences of interest. Combining this methodology with a computational algorithm that identifies SiRTA sequence motifs, we generate the first comprehensive map of telomere-addition hotspots in yeast. Putative SiRTAs are strongly enriched in subtelomeric regions where they may facilitate formation of a new telomere following catastrophic telomere loss. In contrast, outside of subtelomeres, the distribution and orientation of SiRTAs appears random. Since truncating the chromosome at most SiRTAs would be lethal, this observation argues against selection for these sequences as sites of telomere addition per se. We find, however, that sequences predicted to function as SiRTAs are significantly more prevalent across the genome than expected by chance. Sequences identified by the algorithm bind the telomeric protein Cdc13, raising the possibility that association of Cdc13 with single-stranded regions generated during the response to DNA damage may facilitate DNA repair more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittens, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatmaker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plotkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoerr, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comprehensive map of hotspots of de novo telomere addition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial short-chain fatty acids regulate drug seeking and transcriptional control in a model of cocaine seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.22.533834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cocaine use disorder represents a public health crisis with no FDA-approved medications for its treatment. A growing body of research has detailed the important connections between the brain and the resident population of bacteria in the gut, the gut microbiome in psychiatric disease models. Acute depletion of gut bacteria results in enhanced reward in a mouse cocaine place preference model, and repletion of bacterially-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites reverses this effect. However, the role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in modulating cocaine-seeking behavior after prolonged abstinence is unknown. Given that relapse prevention is the most clinically challenging issue in treating substance use disorders, studies examining the effects of microbiome manipulations in relapse-relevant models are critical. Here, Sprague-Dawley rats received either untreated water or antibiotics to deplete the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and subjected to either within-session threshold testing to evaluate motivation for cocaine or 21 days of abstinence followed by a cue-induced cocaine-seeking task to model relapse behavior. Microbiome depletion did not affect cocaine acquisition on an FR1 schedule. However, microbiome-depleted subjects exhibited significantly enhanced motivation for low dose cocaine on a within-session threshold task. Similarly, microbiome depletion increased cue-induced cocaine-seeking following prolonged abstinence. In the absence of a normal microbiome, repletion of bacterially-derived SCFA metabolites reversed the behavioral and transcriptional changes associated with microbiome depletion. These findings suggest that gut bacteria, via their metabolites, are key regulators of drug-seeking behaviors, positioning the microbiome as a potential translational research target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meckel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofford, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.22.533834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial short-chain fatty acids regulate drug seeking and transcriptional control in a model of cocaine seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Golgi organization is a determinant of stem cell function in the small intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-to-cell signalling between niche and stem cells regulates tissue regeneration. While the identity of many mediating factors is known, it is largely unknown whether stem cells optimize their receptiveness to niche signals according to the niche organization. Here, we show that Lgr5+ small intestinal stem cells (ISCs) regulate the morphology and orientation of their secretory apparatus to match the niche architecture, and to increase transport efficiency of niche signal receptors. Unlike the progenitor cells lacking lateral niche contacts, ISCs orient Golgi apparatus laterally towards Paneth cells of the epithelial niche, and divide Golgi into multiple stacks reflecting the number of Paneth cell contacts. Stem cells with a higher number of lateral Golgi transported Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) with a higher efficiency than cells with one Golgi. The lateral Golgi orientation and enhanced Egfr transport required A-kinase anchor protein 9 (Akap9), and was necessary for normal regenerative capacity in vitro. Moreover, reduced Akap9 in aged ISCs renders ISCs insensitive to niche-dependent modulation of Golgi stack number and transport efficiency. Our results reveal stem cell-specific Golgi complex configuration that facilitates efficient niche signal reception and tissue regeneration, which is compromised in the aged epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scharaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sola Carvajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belevich, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentinmikko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villablanca, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jokitalo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katajisto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Golgi organization is a determinant of stem cell function in the small intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MutationExplorer - a webserver for mutation of proteins and 3D visualization of energetic impacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.533926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe possible effects of mutations on stability and function of a protein can only be understood in the context of protein 3D structure. The MO_SCPLOWUTATIONC_SCPLOWEO_SCPLOWXPLORERC_SCPLOW webserver maps sequence changes onto protein structures and allows users to study variation by inputting sequence changes. As the user enters variants, the 3D model evolves, and estimated changes in energy are highlighted. In addition to a basic per-residue input format, MO_SCPLOWUTATIONC_SCPLOWEO_SCPLOWXPLORERC_SCPLOW can also upload an entire replacement sequence. Previously the purview of desktop applications, such an upload can back-mutate PDB structures to wildtype sequence in a single step. Another supported variation source is human single nucelotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genomic coordinates input in VCF format.

Structures are flexibly colorable, not only by energetic differences, but also by hydrophobicity, sequence conservation, or other biochemical profiling. Coloring by interface score reveals mutation impacts on binding surfaces.

MO_SCPLOWUTATIONC_SCPLOWEO_SCPLOWXPLORERC_SCPLOW strives for efficiency in user experience. For example, we have prepared 45,000 PDB depositions for instant retrieval and initial display. All modeling steps are performed by Rosetta. Visualizations leverage MDsrv/Mol*. MO_SCPLOWUTATIONC_SCPLOWEO_SCPLOWXPLORERC_SCPLOW is available at: http://proteinformatics.org/mutation_explorer/
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Philipp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moth, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ristic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemann, J. K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seufert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrand, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiegreffe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staritzbichler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.533926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MutationExplorer - a webserver for mutation of proteins and 3D visualization of energetic impacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role for N6-methyldeoxyadenosine in C. elegans mitochondrial genome regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.27.534452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modifications provide powerful means for transmitting information from parent to progeny. As a maternally inherited genome that encodes essential components of the electron transport chain, the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is ideally positioned to serve as a conduit for the transgenerational transmission of metabolic information. Here, we provide evidence that mtDNA of C. elegans contains the epigenetic mark N6-methyldeoxyadenosine (6mA). Bioinformatic analysis of SMRT sequencing data and methylated DNA IP sequencing data reveal that C. elegans mtDNA is methylated at high levels in a site-specific manner. We further confirmed that mtDNA contains 6mA by leveraging highly specific anti-6mA antibodies. Additionally, we find that mtDNA methylation is dynamically regulated in response to antimycin, a mitochondrial stressor. Further, 6mA is increased in nmad-1 mutants and is accompanied by a significant decrease in mtDNA copy number. Our discovery paves the way for future studies to investigate the regulation and inheritance of mitochondrial epigenetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grub, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canter, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malagise, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.27.534452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role for N6-methyldeoxyadenosine in C. elegans mitochondrial genome regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BRWD3 promotes KDM5 degradation to maintain H3K4 methylation levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone modifications are critical for regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Dysregulation of histone modifications likely contributes to disease states and cancer. Depletion of the chromatin-binding protein BRWD3, a known substrate-specificity factor of the Cul4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, results in increased in H3K4me1 levels. The underlying mechanism linking BRWD3 and H3K4 methylation, however, has yet to be defined. Here, we show that depleting BRWD3 not only causes an increase in H3K4me1 levels, but also causes a decrease in H3K4me3 levels, indicating that BRWD3 influences H3K4 methylation more broadly. Using immunoprecipitation coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified an interaction between BRWD3 and the H3K4-specific demethylase 5 (KDM5/Lid), an enzyme that removes tri- and di- methyl marks from H3K4. Moreover, analysis of ChIP-seq data revealed that BRWD3 and KDM5 are significantly co- localized throughout the genome and that sites of H3K4me3 are highly enriched at BRWD3 binding sites. We show that BRWD3 promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of KDM5 and that KDM5 degradation is dependent on both BRWD3 and Cul4. Critically, depleting KDM5 fully restores altered H3K4me3 levels and partially restores H3K4me1 levels upon BRWD3 depletion. Together, our results demonstrate that BRWD3 regulates KDM5 activity to balance H3K4 methylation levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BRWD3 promotes KDM5 degradation to maintain H3K4 methylation levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sox11 is enriched in myogenic progenitors but dispensable for development and regeneration of skeletal muscle. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.30.534956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in regulating the differentiation and function of stem cells, including muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), a resident stem cell population responsible for postnatal regeneration of the skeletal muscle. Sox11 belongs to the Sry-related HMG-box (SOX) family of TFs that play diverse roles in stem cell behavior and tissue specification. Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets identify a specific enrichment of Sox11 mRNA in differentiating but not quiescent MuSCs. Consistent with the scRNA-seq data, Sox11 levels increase during differentiation of murine primary myoblasts in vitro. scRNA-seq data comparing muscle regeneration in young and old mice further demonstrate that Sox11 expression is reduced in aged MuSCs. Age-related decline of Sox11 expression is associated with reduced chromatin contacts within the topologically associated domains. Unexpectedly, Myod1Cre-driven deletion of Sox11 in embryonic myoblasts has no effects on muscle development and growth, resulting in apparently healthy muscles that regenerate normally. Pax7CreER or Rosa26CreER driven (MuSC-specific or global) deletion of Sox11 in adult mice similarly has no effects on MuSC differentiation or muscle regeneration. These results identify Sox11 as a novel myogenic differentiation marker with reduced expression in quiescent and aged MuSCs, but the specific function of Sox11 in myogenesis remain to be elucidated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oprescu, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.534956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sox11 is enriched in myogenic progenitors but dispensable for development and regeneration of skeletal muscle.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.01.535226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-driven structural analysis of Small Cell Lung Cancer transcription factor networksuggests potential subtype regulators and transition pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.01.535226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease and challenging to treat due to its mixture of transcriptional subtypes and subtype transitions. Transcription factor (TF) networks have been the focus of studies to identify SCLC subtype regulators via systems approaches. Yet, their structures, which can provide clues on subtype drivers and transitions, are barely investigated. Here, we analyze the structure of an SCLC TF network by using graph theory concepts and identify its structurally important components responsible for complex signal processing, called hubs. We show that the hubs of the network are regulators of different SCLC subtypes by analyzing first the unbiased network structure and then integrating RNA-seq data as weights assigned to each interaction. Data-driven analysis emphasizes MYC as a hub, consistent with recent reports. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the pathways connecting functionally distinct hubs may control subtype transitions and test this hypothesis via network simulations on a candidate pathway and observe subtype transition. Overall, structural analyses of complex networks can identify their functionally important components and pathways driving the network dynamics. Such analyses can be an initial step for generating hypotheses and can guide the discovery of target pathways whose perturbation may change the network dynamics phenotypically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ozen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.01.535226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-driven structural analysis of Small Cell Lung Cancer transcription factor networksuggests potential subtype regulators and transition pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1-3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.02.535287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are a large GPCR class that direct diverse fundamental biological processes. One prominent mechanism for aGPCR agonism involves autoproteolytic cleavage, which generates an activating, membrane-proximal tethered agonist (TA). How universal this mechanism is for all aGPCRs is unclear. Here, we investigate G protein induction principles of aGPCRs using mammalian LPHN3 and CELSR1-3, members of two aGPCR families conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. LPHNs and CELSRs mediate fundamental aspects of brain development, yet CELSR signaling mechanisms are unknown. We found that CELSR1 and CELSR3 are cleavage-deficient, while CELSR2 is efficiently cleaved. Despite differential autoproteolysis, CELSR1-3 all engage GS, and CELSR1 or CELSR3 TA point mutants retain GS coupling activity. CELSR2 autoproteolysis enhances GS coupling, yet acute TA exposure alone is insufficient. These studies support that aGPCRs signal via multiple paradigms and provide insights into CELSR biological function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, D. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orput, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.02.535287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1-3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune Profiling of Dermatologic Adverse Events from Checkpoint Blockade using Tissue Cyclic Immunofluorescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In this study, we demonstrate the utility of whole-slide CyCIF (tissue-based cyclic immunofluorescence) imaging for characterizing immune cell infiltrates in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced dermatologic adverse events (dAEs). We analyzed six cases of ICI-induced dAEs, including lichenoid, bullous pemphigoid, psoriasis, and eczematous eruptions, comparing immune profiling results obtained using both standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) and CyCIF. Our findings indicate that CyCIF provides more detailed and precise single-cell characterization of immune cell infiltrates than IHC, which relies on semi-quantitative scoring by pathologists. This pilot study highlights the potential of CyCIF to advance our understanding of the immune environment in dAEs by revealing tissue-level spatial patterns of immune cell infiltrates, allowing for more precise phenotypic distinctions and deeper exploration of disease mechanisms. By demonstrating that CyCIF can be performed on friable tissues, such as bullous pemphigoid, we provide a foundation for future studies to examine the drivers of specific dAEs using larger cohorts of phenotyped toxicity and suggest a broader role for highly multiplexed tissue imaging in phenotyping the immune mediated disease that they resemble.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maliga, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, A.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmal, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorger, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBoeuf, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune Profiling of Dermatologic Adverse Events from Checkpoint Blockade using Tissue Cyclic Immunofluorescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Implementation considerations for deep learning with diffusion MRI streamline tractography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.03.535465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One area of medical imaging that has recently experienced innovative deep learning advances is diffusion MRI (dMRI) streamline tractography with recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Unlike traditional imaging studies which utilize voxel-based learning, these studies model dMRI features at points in continuous space off the voxel grid in order to propagate streamlines, or virtual estimates of axons. However, implementing such models is nontrivial, and an open-source implementation is not yet widely available. Here, we describe a series of considerations for implementing tractography with RNNs and demonstrate they allow one to approximate a deterministic streamline propagator with comparable performance to existing algorithms. We release this trained model and the associated implementations leveraging popular deep learning libraries. We hope the availability of these resources will lower the barrier of entry into this field, spurring further innovation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newlin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Implementation considerations for deep learning with diffusion MRI streamline tractography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interplay between Nrf2 and αB-crystallin in the lens and heart of zebrafish under proteostatic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A coordinated oxidative stress response, partly triggered by the transcription factor Nrf2, protects cells from the continual production of reactive oxygen species. Left unbuffered, reactive oxygen species can lead to protein aggregation which has been implicated in a spectrum of diseases including cataract of the ocular lens and myopathy of the heart. While proteostasis is maintained by diverse families of heat shock proteins, the interplay between the oxidative and proteostatic stress responses in the lens and the heart have not been investigated. Capitalizing on multiple zebrafish lines that have compromised function of Nrf2 and/or the two zebrafish small heat-shock proteins Ba- and Bb-crystallin, we uncovered a transcriptional relationship that leads to a substantial increase in Bb-crystallin transcripts in the heart in response to compromised function of Nrf2. In the lens, the concomitant loss of function of Nrf2 and Ba-crystallin leads to upregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway thus mitigating the phenotypic consequences of the Ba-crystallin knockout. In contrast, abrogation of Nrf2 function accentuates the penetrance of a heart edema phenotype characteristic of embryos of B-crystallin knockout lines. Multiple molecular pathways, such as genes involved in extracellular interactions and implicated in cardiomyopathy, are revealed from transcriptome profiling thus identifying novel targets for further investigation. Together our transcriptome/phenotypic analysis establishes an intersection between the oxidative stress and chaperone responses in the lens and the heart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>park, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGavin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niederbrach, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interplay between Nrf2 and αB-crystallin in the lens and heart of zebrafish under proteostatic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing chromatin contact maps at scale: methods and insights 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Comparing chromatin contact maps is an essential step in quantifying how three-dimensional (3D) genome organization shapes development, evolution, and disease. However, no gold standard exists for comparing contact maps, and even simple methods often disagree. In this study, we propose novel comparison methods and evaluate them alongside existing approaches using genome-wide Hi-C data and 22,500 in silico predicted contact maps. We also quantify the robustness of methods to common sources of biological and technical variation, such as boundary size and noise. We find that simple difference-based methods such as mean squared error are suitable for initial screening, but biologically informed methods are necessary to identify why maps diverge and propose specific functional hypotheses. We provide a reference guide, codebase, and benchmark for rapidly comparing chromatin contact maps at scale to enable biological insights into the 3D organization of the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunsalus, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gjoni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing chromatin contact maps at scale: methods and insights]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prelimbic neuron calcium activity predicts perceived hedonic value across drinking solutions and ethanol dependent states in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.04.535635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWThe medial prefrontal cortex integrates information about salience and valence of stimuli, including rewarding solutions like alcohol and sucrose, and regulates aspects of alcohol seeking and consumption. However, our understanding of how cortical outputs encode alcohol consumption is limited. Using fiber photometry to measure calcium activity in putative prelimbic (PrL) glutamatergic projection neurons, we show similar but distinct patterns of activity during the peri-consummatory phase in response to consumption of water (non-deprived conditions), ethanol (20% v/v), or sucrose (1% w/v). PrL population activity appears to track hedonic value, as GCaMP6f signals ramped immediately preceding bouts for water, ethanol, and sucrose, and the signal scaled with presumed hedonic value, i.e., water<ethanol<sucrose. Further, using machine learning, population activity of PrL neurons prior to consumption was sufficient to predict both consumption of and distinguish between these different solutions. To assess valence encoding, we adulterated the ethanol solution with quinine, a bitter tastant. In non-dependent mice, calcium activity surrounding drinking bouts was reduced, paralleling the decreased consumption of quinine-adulterated ethanol. This effect was not present in ethanol dependent mice, suggesting altered hedonic value of the adulterated solution either due to reduced sensitivity to the aversiveness of quinine or increased sensitivity to the reinforcing value of ethanol. The global population of PrL glutamatergic neurons also display sustained GCaMP6f "up-states" that last tens to hundreds of seconds, which were longer and larger when consummatory bouts occurred. Overall, our results demonstrate a functional signature in PrL neurons that differs across solutions and is disrupted by ethanol dependence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinker, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wukitsch, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutlu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahan, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulholland, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prelimbic neuron calcium activity predicts perceived hedonic value across drinking solutions and ethanol dependent states in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) maintain expression of the pluripotent gene network via recruitment of RNA polymerase II to coding and non-coding loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone acetylation is a dynamic modification regulated by the opposing actions of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Deacetylation of histone tails results in chromatin tightening and therefore HDACs are generally regarded as transcriptional repressors. Counterintuitively, simultaneous deletion of Hdac1 and Hdac2 in embryonic stem cells (ESC) reduced expression of pluripotent transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog (OSN). By shaping global histone acetylation patterns, HDACs indirectly regulate the activity of acetyl-lysine readers, such as the transcriptional activator, BRD4. We used inhibitors of HDACs and BRD4 (LBH589 and JQ1 respectively) in combination with precision nuclear run-on and sequencing (PRO-seq) to examine their roles in defining the ESC transcriptome. Both LBH589 and JQ1 caused a marked reduction in the pluripotent network. However, while JQ1 treatment induced widespread transcriptional pausing, HDAC inhibition caused a reduction in both paused and elongating polymerase, suggesting an overall reduction in polymerase recruitment. Using enhancer RNA (eRNA) expression to measure enhancer activity we found that LBH589-sensitive eRNAs were preferentially associated with super-enhancers and OSN binding sites. These findings suggest that HDAC activity is required to maintain pluripotency by regulating the OSN enhancer network via the recruitment of RNA polymerase II.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) maintain expression of the pluripotent gene network via recruitment of RNA polymerase II to coding and non-coding loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Expression of Gluconeogenesis-Related Transcripts in a Freshwater Zooplankton Model Organism Suggests a Role of the Cori Cycle in Hypoxia Tolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.06.535910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIGluconeogenesis (GNG) is the process of regenerating glucose and NAD+ that allows continuing ATP synthesis by glycolysis during fasting or in hypoxia. Recent data from C. elegans and crustaceans challenged with hypoxia show differential and tissue-specific expression of GNG-specific genes.
C_LIO_LIHere we report differential expression of several GNG-specific genes in the head and body of a model organism, Daphnia magna, a planktonic crustacean, in normoxic and acute hypoxic conditions. We predict that GNG-specific transcripts will be enriched in the body, where most of the fat tissue is located, rather than in the head, where the tissues critical for survival in hypoxia, the central nervous system and locomotory muscles, are located. We measured the relative expression of GNG-specific transcripts in each body part by qRT-PCR and normalized them by either the expression of a reference gene or the rate-limiting glycolysis enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK).
C_LIO_LIOur data show that of the three GNG-specific transcripts tested, pyruvate carboxylase (PC) showed no differential expression in either the head or body. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C), on the other hand, is upregulated in hypoxia in both body parts. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) is upregulated in the body relative to the head and upregulated in hypoxia relative to normoxia, with a stronger body effect in hypoxia when normalized by PK expression.
C_LIO_LIThese results support our hypothesis that Daphnia can survive hypoxic conditions by implementing the Cori cycle, where body tissues supply glucose and NAD+ to the brain and muscles, enabling them to continuously generate ATP by glycolysis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yampolsky, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilaru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.06.535910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Expression of Gluconeogenesis-Related Transcripts in a Freshwater Zooplankton Model Organism Suggests a Role of the Cori Cycle in Hypoxia Tolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of human hippocampal subfield microstructure and relation to associative inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hippocampus is a complex brain structure composed of subfields that each have distinct cellular organizations. While the volume of hippocampal subfields displays age-related changes that have been associated with inference and memory functions, the degree to which the cellular organization within each subfield is related to these functions throughout development is not well understood. We employed an explicit model testing approach to characterize the development of tissue microstructure and its relationship to performance on two inference tasks, one that required memory (memory-based inference) and one that required only perceptually available information (perception-based inference). We found that each subfield had a unique relationship with age in terms of its cellular organization. While the subiculum (SUB) displayed a linear relationship with age, the dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis field 1 (CA1), and cornu ammonis subfields 2 and 3 (combined; CA2/3) displayed non-linear trajectories that interacted with sex in CA2/3. We found that the DG was related to memory-based inference performance and that the SUB was related to perception-based inference; neither relationship interacted with age. Results are consistent with the idea that cellular organization within hippocampal subfields might undergo distinct developmental trajectories that support inference and memory performance throughout development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vinci-Booher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlichting, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pestilli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of human hippocampal subfield microstructure and relation to associative inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tCFS: A new 'CFS tracking' paradigm reveals uniform suppression depth regardless of target complexity or salience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When the eyes view separate and incompatible images, the brain suppresses one image and promotes the other into visual awareness. Periods of interocular suppression can be prolonged during continuous flash suppression (CFS) - when one eye views a static  target while the other views a complex dynamic stimulus. Measuring the time needed for a suppressed image to break CFS (bCFS) has been widely used to investigate unconscious processing, and the results have generated controversy regarding the scope of visual processing without awareness. Here, we address this controversy with a new  CFS tracking paradigm (tCFS) in which the suppressed monocular target steadily increases in contrast until breaking into awareness (as in bCFS) after which it decreases until it again disappears (reCFS), with this cycle continuing for many reversals. Unlike bCFS, tCFS provides a measure of suppression depth by quantifying the difference between breakthrough and suppression thresholds. tCFS confirms that: (i) breakthrough thresholds indeed differ across target types (e.g., faces vs gratings, as bCFS has shown) - but (ii) suppression depth does not vary across target types. Once the breakthrough contrast is reached for a given stimulus, all stimuli require a strikingly uniform reduction in contrast to reach the corresponding suppression threshold. This uniform suppression depth points to a single mechanism of CFS suppression, one that likely occurs early in visual processing because suppression depth was not modulated by target salience or complexity. More fundamentally, it shows that variations in bCFS thresholds alone are insufficient for inferring whether the barrier to achieving awareness exerted by interocular suppression is weaker for some categories of visual stimuli compared to others.

Significance statementResearch on unconscious vision has proliferated recently, often employing the continuous flash suppression (CFS) method in which rapidly changing shapes viewed by one eye suppress the other eyes image from awareness. If that suppressed image is progressively strengthened in contrast it will eventually break suppression and emerge into visible awareness. Low breakthrough thresholds are claimed to indicate unconscious processing during suppression. We introduce a method that quantifies breakthrough thresholds and suppression thresholds, thus providing a lower bound missing from previous CFS research. Comparing various image types, including those claimed to undergo unconscious processing, all images show equal suppression when both thresholds are measured. We thus find no evidence of differential unconscious processing and conclude reliance on breakthrough thresholds is misleading without considering suppression thresholds and leads to spurious claims about unconscious processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alais, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coorey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tCFS: A new 'CFS tracking' paradigm reveals uniform suppression depth regardless of target complexity or salience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating Expert Knowledge with Deep Learning Improves QSAR Models for CADD Modeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fusion of traditional chemical descriptors with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) offers a compelling strategy for enhancing ligand-based virtual screening methodologies. A comprehensive evaluation revealed that the benefits derived from this integrative strategy vary significantly among different GNNs. Specifically, while GCN and SchNet demonstrate pronounced improvements by incorporating descriptors, SphereNet exhibits only marginal enhancement. Intriguingly, despite SphereNets modest gain, all three models-GCN, SchNet, and SphereNet-achieve comparable performance levels when leveraging this combination strategy. This observation underscores a pivotal insight: sophisticated GNN architectures may be substituted with simpler counterparts without sacrificing efficacy, provided that they are augmented with descriptors. Furthermore, our analysis reveals a set of expert-crafted descriptors robustness in scaffold-split scenarios, frequently outperforming the combined GNN-descriptor models. Given the critical importance of scaffold splitting in accurately mimicking real-world drug discovery contexts, this finding accentuates an imperative for GNN researchers to innovate models that can adeptly navigate and predict within such frameworks. Our work not only validates the potential of integrating descriptors with GNNs in advancing ligand-based virtual screening but also illuminates pathways for future enhancements in model development and application. Our implementation can be found at https://github.com/meilerlab/gnn-descriptor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodenheimer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating Expert Knowledge with Deep Learning Improves QSAR Models for CADD Modeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-dependent ventilator-induced lung injury: Mathematical modeling, experimental data, and statistical analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.20.537614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of pulmonary insults can result in the necessity for mechanical ventilation, which, when misused, used for prolonged periods of time, or associated with an excessive inflammatory response, can result in ventilator-induced lung injury. Older patients have been observed to have an increased risk for respiratory distress with ventilation and more recent studies suggest that this could be linked to disparities in the inflammatory response. To address this, we ventilated young (2-3 months) and old (20-25 months) mice for 2 hours using high pressure mechanical ventilation and extracted data for inflammatory cell ratios, namely macrophage phenotypes, and lung tissue integrity. A large difference in naive macrophages at baseline, alternatively-activated (M2) macrophages at baseline, and airspace enlargement after ventilation was observed in the old mice. The experimental data was used to fit a mathematical model for the inflammatory response to lung injury. Model variables include inflammatory markers and cells, namely neutrophils and macrophages, epithelial cells at varying states, and repair mediators. Parameter sampling was performed using an iterative sampling method and parameter sets were selected based on their ability to fit either the old or young macrophage phenotype percentages and epithelial variables at zero and two hours. Classification methods were performed to identify influential parameters separating the old and young parameter sets as well as user-defined health states. Parameters involved in repair and damage to epithelial cells and parameters regulating the pro-inflammatory response were shown to be important. Local sensitivity analysis preformed for the different epithelial cell variables produced similar results. A pseudo-intervention was also performed on the parameter sets. The results were most influential for the old parameter sets, specifically those with poorer lung health. These results indicate potential targets for therapeutic interventions prior to and during ventilation, particularly for old subjects.

Author summaryA variety of inhaled pathogens and other pulmonary insults prompt the need for mechanical ventilation; a procedure that has become increasingly necessary following the 2019 coronavirus pandemic. A proportion of patients respond poorly to ventilation, some resulting in ventilator-induced lung injury. Observational data has shown increased instance of severe disease in older patients as well as differences in the inflammatory response to injury, although more research is needed to confirm this. We performed high-pressure ventilation on young (2-3 months) and old (20-25 months) mice and observed large disparities in inflammatory cell ratios at baseline and lung tissue integrity after ventilation. The experimental data was then used to fit a mathematical model of the inflammatory response to lung injury. We used a variety of analysis methods to identify important parameters separating the young and old parameter sets and user-defined health states of the resulting simulations. Parameters involved in damage and repair of epithelial cells in the lung as well as parameters controlling the pro-inflammatory response to injury were important in both classifying between old and young sets and determining predicted health after ventilation. These results indicate potential targets for therapeutic interventions prior to and during ventilation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hay, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubb, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minucci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mullekom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heise, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.20.537614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-dependent ventilator-induced lung injury: Mathematical modeling, experimental data, and statistical analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of repeated developmental GLP-1R agonist exposure on adult behavior and hippocampal structure in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.21.537724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are common type 2 diabetes medications that have been repurposed for adult chronic weight management. Clinical trials suggest this class may also be beneficial for obesity in pediatric populations. Since several GLP-1R agonists cross the blood-brain barrier, it is important to understand how postnatal developmental exposure to GLP-1R agonists might affect brain structure and function in adulthood. Toward that end, we systemically treated male and female C57BL/6 mice with the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (0.5 mg/kg, twice daily) or saline from postnatal day 14 to 21, then allowed uninterrupted development to adulthood. Beginning at 7 weeks of age, we performed open field and marble burying tests to assess motor behavior and the spontaneous location recognition (SLR) task to assess hippocampal-dependent pattern separation and memory. Mice were sacrificed, and we counted ventral hippocampal mossy cells, as we have recently shown that most murine hippocampal neuronal GLP-1R is expressed in this cell population. We found that GLP-1R agonist treatment did not alter P14-P21 weight gain, but modestly reduced adult open field distance traveled and marble burying. Despite these motor changes, there was no effect on SLR memory performance or time spent investigating objects. Finally, we did not detect any changes in ventral mossy cell number using two different markers. These data suggest developmental exposure to GLP-1R agonists might have specific rather than global effects on behavior later in life and that extensive additional study is necessary to clarify how drug timing and dose affect distinct constellations of behavior in adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cerroni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seanez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.21.537724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of repeated developmental GLP-1R agonist exposure on adult behavior and hippocampal structure in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Proteins 3 and 4 tune the Unfolded Protein Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses (CoV), including SARS-CoV-2, modulate host proteostasis through activation of stress-responsive signaling pathways such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), which remedies misfolded protein accumulation by attenuating translation and increasing protein folding capacity. While CoV nonstructural proteins (nsps) are essential for infection, little is known about the role of nsps in modulating the UPR. We characterized the impact of SARS-CoV-2 nsp4, a key driver of replication, on the UPR using quantitative proteomics to sensitively detect pathway-wide upregulation of effector proteins. We find nsp4 preferentially activates the ATF6 and PERK branches of the UPR. Previously, we found an N-terminal truncation of nsp3 (nsp3.1) can suppress pharmacological ATF6 activation. To determine how nsp3.1 and nsp4 tune the UPR, their co-expression demonstrated that nsp3.1 suppresses nsp4-mediated PERK, but not ATF6 activation. Re-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection proteomics data revealed time-dependent activation of PERK targets early in infection, which subsequently fades. This temporal regulation suggests a role for nsp3 and nsp4 in tuning the PERK pathway to attenuate host translation beneficial for viral replication while avoiding later apoptotic signaling caused by chronic activation. This work furthers our understanding of CoV-host proteostasis interactions and highlights the power of proteomic methods for systems-level analysis of the UPR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcikiewicz, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Proteins 3 and 4 tune the Unfolded Protein Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontal-midline oscillations index the evolution of spatial memory during active navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.22.537940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous research has demonstrated that humans combine multiple sources of spatial information such as self-motion and landmark cues, while navigating through an environment. However, it is unclear whether this involves comparing multiple representations obtained from different sources during navigation (parallel hypothesis) or building a representation first based on self-motion cues and then combining with landmarks later (serial hypothesis). We tested these two hypotheses (parallel vs. serial) in an active navigation task using wireless mobile scalp EEG recordings. Participants walked through an immersive virtual hallway with or without conflicts between self-motion and landmarks (i.e., intersections) and pointed toward the starting position of the hallway. We employed the oscillatory signals recorded during mobile wireless scalp EEG as means of identifying when participant representations based on self-motion vs. landmark cues might have first emerged. We found that path segments, including intersections present early during navigation, were more strongly associated with later pointing error, regardless of when they appeared during encoding. We also found that there was sufficient information contained within the frontal-midline theta and posterior alpha oscillatory signals in the earliest segments of navigation involving intersections to decode condition (i.e., conflicting vs. not conflicting). Together, these findings suggest that intersections play a pivotal role in the early development of spatial representations, suggesting that memory representations for the geometry of walked paths likely develop early during navigation, in support of the parallel hypothesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAvan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekstrom, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.22.537940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontal-midline oscillations index the evolution of spatial memory during active navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct blood CD3+ CD14+ T Cell-Monocyte complexes harbor HIV and are dynamic, glucose-dependent, and increased in individuals with glucose intolerance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increased risk of cardiometabolic disease accompanies persistent systemic inflammation. Yet, the innate and adaptive immune system features in persons who develop these conditions remain poorly defined. Doublets, or cell-cell complexes, are routinely eliminated from flow cytometric and other immune phenotyping analyses, which limits our understanding of their relationship to disease states. Using well-characterized clinical cohorts, including participants with controlled HIV as a model for chronic inflammation and increased immune cell interactions, we show that circulating CD14+ monocytes complexed to CD3+ T cells are dynamic, biologically relevant, and increased in individuals with diabetes after adjusting for confounding factors. The complexes form functional immune synapses with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and greater glucose utilization. Furthermore, in persons with HIV, the CD3+T-cell: CD14+monocyte complexes had more HIV copies compared to matched CD14+ monocytes or CD4+ T cells alone. Our results demonstrate that circulating CD3+T-cell:CD14+monocyte pairs represent dynamic cellular interactions that may contribute to inflammation and cardiometabolic disease pathogenesis and may originate or be maintained, in part, by chronic viral infections. These findings provide a foundation for future studies investigating mechanisms linking T cell-monocyte cell-cell complexes to developing immune-mediated diseases, including HIV and diabetes.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/538020v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (37K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fdc324org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@168fc4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@138a9a0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1087108_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LICirculating CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes are higher in individuals with diabetes.
C_LIO_LICD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocytes complexes comprise a heterogenous group of functional and dynamic cell-cell interactions.
C_LIO_LIThe proportion of CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes is positively associated with fasting blood glucose and negatively with plasma IL-10 levels and CD4+ T regulatory cells.
C_LIO_LICD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocyte complexes are metabolically flexible and can utilize both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for their energy requirements.
C_LIO_LIIn persons with treated HIV, CD3+ CD14+ T cell-monocytes have more detectable HIV DNA than circulating CD4+ T cells alone.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nochowivz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watten, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolze, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct blood CD3+ CD14+ T Cell-Monocyte complexes harbor HIV and are dynamic, glucose-dependent, and increased in individuals with glucose intolerance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.537919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Nanoparticle RIG-I Agonist for Cancer Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.537919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacological activation of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathway holds promise for increasing tumor immunogenicity and improving response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, the potency and clinical efficacy of 5-triphosphate RNA (3pRNA) agonists of RIG-I is hindered by multiple pharmacological barriers, including poor pharmacokinetics, nuclease degradation, and inefficient delivery to the cytosol where RIG-I is localized. Here, we address these challenges through the design and evaluation of ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the delivery of 3p-modified stem-loop RNAs (SLRs). Packaging of SLRs into LNPs (SLR-LNPs) yielded surface charge-neutral nanoparticles with a size of [~]100 nm that activated RIG-I signaling in vitro and in vivo. SLR-LNPs were safely administered to mice via both intratumoral and intravenous routes, resulting in RIG-I activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and inhibition of tumor growth in mouse models of poorly immunogenic melanoma and breast cancer. Significantly, we found that systemic administration of SLR-LNPs reprogrammed the breast TME to enhance the infiltration of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with antitumor function, resulting in enhanced response to PD-1 ICI in an orthotopic EO771 model of triple negative breast cancer. Therapeutic efficacy was further demonstrated in a metastatic B16.F10 melanoma model, with systemically administered SLR-LNPs significantly reducing lung metastatic burden compared to combined PD-1 + CTLA-4 ICI. Collectively, these studies have established SLR-LNPs as a translationally promising immunotherapeutic nanomedicine for potent and selective activation of RIG-I with potential to enhance response to ICIs and other immunotherapeutic modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang-Bishop, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehbe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastora, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garland, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulkoski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamurthy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorova, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pyle, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.537919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Nanoparticle RIG-I Agonist for Cancer Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Turicibacterales protect mice from severe Citrobacter rodentium infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.25.538270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the major contributors to child mortality in the world is diarrheal diseases, with an estimated 800,000 deaths per year. Many pathogens are causative agents of these illnesses, including the enteropathogenic (EPEC) or enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) forms of Escherichia coli. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to cause attaching and effacing lesions in the gut mucosa. Although much has been learned about the pathogenicity of these organisms and the immune response against them, the role of the intestinal microbiota during these infections is not well characterized. Infection of mice with E. coli requires pre-treatment with antibiotics in most mouse models, which hinders the study of the microbiota in an undisturbed environment. Using Citrobacter rodentium as a murine model for attaching and effacing bacteria, we show that C57BL/6 mice deficient in granzyme B expression are highly susceptible to severe disease caused by C. rodentium infection. Although a previous publication from our group shows that granzyme B-deficient CD4+ T cells are partially responsible for this phenotype, in this report we present data demonstrating that the microbiota, in particular members of the order Turicibacterales, have an important role in conferring resistance. Mice deficient in Turicibacter sanguinis have increased susceptibility to severe disease. However, when these mice are co-housed with resistant mice, or colonized with T. sanguinis, susceptibility to severe infection is reduced. These results clearly suggest a critical role for this commensal in the protection against entero-pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoek, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClanahan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latour, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallance, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Turicibacterales protect mice from severe Citrobacter rodentium infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane binding of endocytic myosin-1s is inhibited by a class of ankyrin repeat proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myosin-1s are monomeric actin-based motors that function at membranes. Myo1 is the single myosin-1 isoform in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that works redundantly with Wsp1-Vrp1 to activate the Arp2/3 complex for endocytosis. Here, we identified Ank1 as an uncharacterized cytoplasmic Myo1 binding partner. We found that in ank1{Delta} cells, Myo1 dramatically redistributed from endocytic patches to decorate the entire plasma membrane and endocytosis was defective. Biochemical analysis and structural predictions suggested that the Ank1 ankyrin repeats bind the Myo1 lever arm and the Ank1 acidic tail binds the Myo1 TH1 domain to prevent TH1-dependent Myo1 membrane binding. Indeed, Ank1 over-expression precluded Myo1 membrane localization and recombinant Ank1 blocked purified Myo1 liposome binding in vitro. Based on biochemical and cell biology analyses, we propose budding yeast Ank1 and human OSTF1 are functional Ank1 orthologs and that cytoplasmic sequestration by small ankyrin repeat proteins is a conserved mechanism regulating myosin-1s in endocytosis.

SummaryFission yeast long-tailed myosin-1 binds Ank1. Ank1 ankyrin repeats associate with the Myo1 lever arm and Ank1 acidic tail binds the Myo1 TH1 domain to inhibit Myo1 membrane binding. Ank1 orthologs exists in budding yeast (Ank1) and humans (OSTF1).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane binding of endocytic myosin-1s is inhibited by a class of ankyrin repeat proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fission yeast CK1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair through both homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.27.538600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CK1 family are conserved serine/threonine kinases with numerous substrates and cellular functions. The fission yeast CK1 orthologues Hhp1 and Hhp2 were first characterized as regulators of DNA repair, but the mechanism(s) by which CK1 activity promotes DNA repair had not been investigated. Here, we found that deleting Hhp1 and Hhp2 or inhibiting CK1 catalytic activities in yeast or in human cells activated the DNA damage checkpoint due to persistent double-strand breaks (DSBs). The primary pathways to repair DSBs, homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining, were both less efficient in cells lacking Hhp1 and Hhp2 activity. In order to understand how Hhp1 and Hhp2 promote DSB repair, we identified new substrates using quantitative phosphoproteomics. We confirmed that Arp8, a component of the INO80 chromatin remodeling complex, is a bona fide substrate of Hhp1 and Hhp2 that is important for DSB repair. Our data suggest that Hhp1 and Hhp2 facilitate DSB repair by phosphorylating multiple substrates, including Arp8.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cullati, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillen, R. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarrete-Perea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gygi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.27.538600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fission yeast CK1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair through both homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitotic spindle positioning protein (MISP) is an actin bundler that senses ADP-actin and binds near the pointed ends of filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.05.539649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Actin bundling proteins crosslink filaments into polarized structures that shape and support membrane protrusions including filopodia, microvilli, and stereocilia. In the case of epithelial microvilli, mitotic spindle positioning protein (MISP) is an actin bundler that localizes specifically to the basal rootlets, where the pointed ends of core bundle filaments converge. Previous studies established that MISP is prevented from binding more distal segments of the core bundle by competition with other actin binding proteins. Yet whether MISP holds a preference for binding directly to rootlet actin remains an open question. Using in vitro TIRF microscopy assays, we found that MISP exhibits a clear binding preference for filaments enriched in ADP-actin monomers. Consistent with this, assays with actively growing actin filaments revealed that MISP binds at or near their pointed ends. Moreover, although substrate attached MISP assembles filament bundles in parallel and antiparallel configurations, in solution MISP assembles parallel bundles consisting of multiple filaments exhibiting uniform polarity. These discoveries highlight nucleotide state sensing as a mechanism for sorting actin bundlers along filaments and driving their accumulation near filament ends. Such localized binding might drive parallel bundle formation and/or locally modulate bundle mechanical properties in microvilli and related protrusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morales, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.05.539649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitotic spindle positioning protein (MISP) is an actin bundler that senses ADP-actin and binds near the pointed ends of filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dark nanodiscs as a model membrane for evaluating membrane protein thermostability by differential scanning fluorimetry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.08.539917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Measuring protein thermostability provides valuable information on the biophysical rules that govern structure-energy relationships of proteins. However, such measurements remain a challenge for membrane proteins. Here, we introduce a new experimental system to evaluate membrane protein thermostability. This system leverages a recently-developed non-fluorescent membrane scaffold protein (MSP) to reconstitute proteins into nanodiscs and is coupled with a nano-format of differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF). This approach offers a label-free and direct measurement of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of the membrane protein as it unfolds in solution without signal interference from the "dark" nanodisc. In this work, we demonstrate the application of this method using the disulfide bond formation protein B (DsbB) as a test membrane protein. NanoDSF measurements of DsbB reconstituted in dark nanodiscs show a complex biphasic thermal unfolding pattern in the presence of lipids with a minor unfolding transition followed by a major transition. The inflection points of the thermal denaturation curve reveal two distinct unfolding midpoint melting temperatures (Tm) of 70.5 {degrees}C and 77.5 {degrees}C, consistent with a three-state unfolding model. Further, we show that the catalytically conserved disulfide bond between residues C41 and C130 drives the intermediate state of the unfolding pathway for DsbB in a nanodisc. We introduce this method as a new tool that can be used to understand how compositionally, and biophysically complex lipid environments drive membrane protein stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selvasingh, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckinney, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledwitch, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.539917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dark nanodiscs as a model membrane for evaluating membrane protein thermostability by differential scanning fluorimetry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-field potentials index local neural computations more accurately than population spiking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local field potentials (LFP) are low-frequency extracellular voltage fluctuations thought to primarily arise from synaptic activity. However, unlike highly localized neuronal spiking, LFP is spatially less specific. LFP measured at one location is not entirely generated there due to far-field contributions that are passively conducted across volumes of neural tissue. We sought to quantify how much information within the locally generated, near-field low-frequency activity (nfLFP) is masked by volume-conducted far-field signals. To do so, we measured laminar neural activity in primary visual cortex (V1) of monkeys viewing sequences of multifeatured stimuli. We compared information content of regular LFP and nfLFP that was mathematically stripped of volume-conducted far-field contributions. Information content was estimated by decoding stimulus properties from neural responses via spatiotemporal multivariate pattern analysis. Volume-conducted information differed from locally generated information in two important ways: (1) for stimulus features relevant to V1 processing (orientation and eye-of-origin), nfLFP contained more information. (2) in contrast, the volume-conducted signal was more informative regarding temporal context (relative stimulus position in a sequence), a signal likely to be coming from elsewhere. Moreover, LFP and nfLFP differed both spectrally as well as spatially, urging caution regarding the interpretations of individual frequency bands and/or laminar patterns of LFP. Most importantly, we found that population spiking of local neurons was less informative than either the LFP or nfLFP, with nfLFP containing most of the relevant information regarding local stimulus processing. These findings suggest that the optimal way to read out local computational processing from neural activity is to decode the local contributions to LFP, with significant information loss hampering both regular LFP and local spiking.

Authors ContributionsConceptualization, D.A.T., J.A.W, and A.M.; Data Collection, J.A.W., M.A.C., K.D.; Formal Analysis, D.A.T. and J.A.W.; Data Visualization, D.A.T. and J.A.W.; Original Draft, D.A.T., J.A.W., and A.M.; Revisions and Final Draft, D.A.T., J.A.W., M.A.C., K.D., M.T.W., A.M.B., and A.M.

Competing InterestsThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tovar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-field potentials index local neural computations more accurately than population spiking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography reveals postsynaptic nanoblocks in excitatory synapses for transcellular alignment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nanoscale organization of proteins within synapses is critical for maintaining and regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we use cryogenic electron tomography to directly visualize the three-dimensional architecture and supramolecular organization of pre-cleft-postsynaptic components in their near-native cellular context in both synaptosomes from rat hippocampi and synapses from rat primary cultured neurons. High-resolution electron microscopy and quantitative analyses revealed that postsynaptic density (PSD) is composed of membrane-associated nanoblocks of various sizes, which are in close relationship with potential presynaptic release sites through adhesion molecules spanning the synaptic cleft, as well as with post-synaptic receptors. Subtomogram averaging from synaptosomes showed two distinct types of postsynaptic membrane proteins at resolutions of 24 [A] and 26 [A] respectively. Furthermore, our data reveal that majority of potential release sites and [~]50% subtomogram averaged receptor-like particles are located within the boundary of PSD nanoblocks, while PSD nanoblocks might be redundant for neurotransmission. The results of this study provide a more comprehensive understanding of synaptic ultrastructure and suggest that PSD is composed of clustering of various nanoblocks, which likely underlies the dynamic nature of PSD to modulate synaptic strength.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-electron tomography reveals postsynaptic nanoblocks in excitatory synapses for transcellular alignment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic bacteria experience pervasive RNA polymerase backtracking during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts are in a constant arms race. Hosts have numerous defense mechanisms at their disposal that not only challenge the bacterial invaders, but have the potential to disrupt molecular transactions along the bacterial chromosome. However, it is unclear how the host impacts association of proteins with the bacterial chromosome at the molecular level during infection. This is partially due to the lack of a method that could detect these events in pathogens while they are within host cells. We developed and optimized a system capable of mapping and measuring levels of bacterial proteins associated with the chromosome while they are actively infecting the host (referred to as PIC-seq). Here, we focused on the dynamics of RNA polymerase (RNAP) movement and association with the chromosome in the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica as a model system during infection. Using PIC-seq, we found that RNAP association patterns with the chromosome change during infection genome-wide, including at regions that encode for key virulence genes. Importantly, we found that infection of a host significantly increases RNAP backtracking on the bacterial chromosome. RNAP backtracking is the most common form of disruption to RNAP progress on the chromosome. Interestingly, we found that the resolution of backtracked RNAPs via the anti-backtracking factors GreA and GreB is critical for pathogenesis, revealing a new class of virulence genes. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that infection of a host significantly impacts transcription by disrupting RNAP movement on the chromosome within the bacterial pathogen. The increased backtracking events have important implications not only for efficient transcription, but also for mutation rates as stalled RNAPs increase the levels of mutagenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Browning, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic bacteria experience pervasive RNA polymerase backtracking during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540609v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.12.540609v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are required for energy production and even give brown adipose tissue (BAT) its characteristic color due to their high iron content and abundance. The physiological function and bioenergetic capacity of mitochondria are connected to the structure, folding, and organization of its inner-membrane cristae. During the aging process, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, and the regulatory balance of mitochondrial dynamics is often disrupted, leading to increased mitochondrial fragmentation in aging cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that significant morphological changes in BAT mitochondria and cristae would be present with aging. We developed a quantitative three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy approach to map cristae network organization in mouse BAT to test this hypothesis. Using this methodology, we investigated the 3D morphology of mitochondrial cristae in adult (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT tissue via serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and 3D reconstruction software for manual segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Upon investigation, we found increases in mitochondrial volume, surface area, and complexity and decreased sphericity in aged BAT, alongside significant decreases in cristae volume, area, perimeter, and score. Overall, these data define the nature of the mitochondrial structure in murine BAT across aging.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=144 SRC="FIGDIR/small/540609v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@96099borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@50b4f4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@983092org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19ceb9b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical Abstract:C_FLOATNO Overview of serial block facing-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) workflow, data segmentation, and 3D analysis of mitochondria using Amira software for murine interscapular BAT.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweetwyne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaganjor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540609</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid-β exposed astrocytes induce iron transport from endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier by altering the ratio of apo- and holo-transferrin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive brain iron accumulation is observed in early in the onset of Alzheimers disease, notably prior to widespread proteinopathy. These findings suggest that increases in brain iron levels are due to a dysregulation of the iron transport mechanism at the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes release signals (apo- and holo-transferrin) that communicate brain iron needs to endothelial cells in order to modulate iron transport. Here we use iPSC-derived astrocytes and endothelial cells to investigate how early-disease levels of amyloid-{beta} disrupt iron transport signals secreted by astrocytes to stimulate iron transport from endothelial cells. We demonstrate that conditioned media from astrocytes treated with amyloid-{beta} stimulates iron transport from endothelial cells and induces changes in iron transport pathway protein levels. The mechanism underlying this response begins with increased iron uptake and mitochondrial activity by the astrocytes which in turn increases levels of apo-transferrin in the amyloid-{beta} conditioned astrocyte media leading to increased iron transport from endothelial cells. These novel findings offer a potential explanation for the initiation of excessive iron accumulation in early stages of Alzheimers disease. Whats more, these data provide the first example of how the mechanism of iron transport regulation by apo- and holo-transferrin becomes misappropriated in disease to detrimental ends. The clinical benefit from understanding early dysregulation in brain iron transport in AD cannot be understated. If therapeutics can target this early process, they could possibly prevent the detrimental cascade that occurs with excessive iron accumulation.

Significance StatementExcessive brain iron accumulation is hallmark pathology of Alzheimers disease that occurs early in the disease staging and before widespread proteinopathy deposition. This overabundance of brain iron has been implicated to contribute to disease progression, thus understandingthe mechanism of early iron accumulation has significant therapeutic potential to slow to halt disease progression. Here, we show that in response to low levels of amyloid-{beta} exposure, astrocytes increase their mitochondrial activity and iron uptake, resulting in iron deficient conditions. Elevated levels of apo (iron free)-transferrin stimulate iron release from endothelial cells. These data are the first to propose a mechanism for the initiation of iron accumulation and the misappropriation of iron transport signaling leading to dysfunctional brain iron homeostasis and resultant disease pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baringer, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacher, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palsa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connor, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid-β exposed astrocytes induce iron transport from endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier by altering the ratio of apo- and holo-transferrin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540821v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of learned song in the evolution and speciation of Eastern and Spotted towhees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540821v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscine songbirds learn vocalizations that function in mate attraction and territory defense. Sexual selection pressures on these learned songs could accelerate speciation. The Eastern and Spotted towhees are sister species that diverged recently (0.28 Ma) but now have partially overlapping ranges with evidence of some hybridization; widespread community-science recordings of these species, including songs within their zone of overlap and from potential hybrids, enable us to investigate whether song differentiation might facilitate their reproductive isolation. Here, we quantify 16 song features to analyze geographic variation in Spotted and Eastern towhee songs and test for species-level differences. We then use random-forest models to measure how accurately their songs can be classified by species, both within and outside the zone of overlap. While no single song feature reliably distinguishes the two species, a random-forest model trained on 16 features accurately classified 89.5% of songs; interestingly, species classification was less accurate in the zone of overlap. Finally, our analysis of the limited publicly available genetic data from each species supports the hypothesis that they are reproductively isolated. Together, our results suggest that, in combination, small variations in song features may contribute to these sister species ability to recognize their species-specific songs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leon Du'Mottuchi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540821</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of learned song in the evolution and speciation of Eastern and Spotted towhees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging longitudinal diffusion MRI data to quantify differences in white matter microstructural decline in normal and abnormal aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_ST_ABSINTRODUCTIONC_ST_ABSIt is unclear how rates of white matter microstructural decline differ between normal aging and abnormal aging.

METHODSDiffusion MRI data from several well-established longitudinal cohorts of aging [Alzheimers Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project (VMAP)] was free-water corrected and harmonized. This dataset included 1,723 participants (age at baseline: 72.8{+/-}8.87 years, 49.5% male) and 4,605 imaging sessions (follow-up time: 2.97{+/-}2.09 years, follow-up range: 1-13 years, mean number of visits: 4.42{+/-}1.98). Differences in white matter microstructural decline in normal and abnormal agers was assessed.

RESULTSWhile we found global decline in white matter in normal/abnormal aging, we found that several white matter tracts (e.g., cingulum bundle) were vulnerable to abnormal aging.

CONCLUSIONSThere is a prevalent role of white matter microstructural decline in aging, and future large-scale studies in this area may further refine our understanding of the underlying neurodegenerative processes.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LILongitudinal data was free-water corrected and harmonized
C_LIO_LIGlobal effects of white matter decline were seen in normal and abnormal aging
C_LIO_LIThe free-water metric was most vulnerable to abnormal aging
C_LIO_LICingulum free-water was the most vulnerable to abnormal aging
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashikumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jasodanand, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beason-Held, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrucci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risacher, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging longitudinal diffusion MRI data to quantify differences in white matter microstructural decline in normal and abnormal aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Folding of the cerebellar cortex is clade-specific in form, but universal in degree 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Like the cerebral cortex, the surface of the cerebellum is repeatedly folded. Unlike the cerebral cortex, however, cerebellar folds in a given brain are much thinner and more numerous; repeat themselves largely along a single direction, forming long strips transverse to the mid-sagittal plane, like an accordion; and occur in the smallest of cerebella, including those of lissencephalic mammals and non-mammal vertebrates. We have shown previously that while the location of folds in mammalian cerebral cortex is clade-specific, the overall degree of folding strictly follows a universal power law relating cortical thickness, and the exposed and total surface areas. This law is derived from a statistical-physics model for gyrification that postulates that folding results from the interplay between axonal elongation dynamics and the self-avoiding nature of the expanding cortical surfaces. Since both aspects are present in the cerebellum, we hypothesize that a similar relation across species also exists therein. Furthermore, given the modular organization of cerebellar architecture and circuitry, as well as the transverse orientation of the folia, it is plausible that this relation is reflected in the degree of folding of the mid-sagittal section of the cerebellum, which greatly facilitates analysis. Here we show that a strict universal scaling law does apply to the folding of the mid-sagittal sections of the cerebellum of 53 species belonging to six mammalian clades, spanning a large range of sizes and degrees of gyrification. This folding is hierarchical and can be explicitly separated into branching orders, such that position of the 1st-order folds is largely stereotypical across all mammals examined. Subsequent nth-order folds become progressively less stereotypical, and folding within such cerebellar subsections scales with power laws whose exponents decrease monotonically with branching order, converging to the exponents predicted by a two-dimensional version of the same gyrification model that describes cortical folding. We propose that the changes in scaling exponent with branching order occurs as increasing amounts of white matter are included in the folding volume of the cerebellum, reflecting the difference between the outside-in development of the cerebellar cortex around a preexisting core of already connected white matter, compared to the inside-out development of the cerebral cortex with a white matter volume that develops as the cerebral cortex itself gains neurons. Our data strongly indicate that the mammalian cerebellum folds as a multi-fractal object, emerging from the interplay between clade-specificity and universality, and between phylogenetical contingency and the physics of self-organization. Thus, repeated folding, one of the most recognizable features of biology, can arise simply from the universal applicability of physical principles, without the need for invoking selective pressures in evolution; and diversity arises within the constraints imposed by physics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>York, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manger, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mota, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Folding of the cerebellar cortex is clade-specific in form, but universal in degree]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid Cell-Derived IL1β Contributes to Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.18.541302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary hypertension (PH) in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a common and highly morbid syndrome, but mechanisms driving PH-HFpEF are not well understood. We sought to determine whether a well-accepted murine model of HFpEF also displays features of PH in HFpEF, and we sought to identify pathways that might drive early remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature in HFpEF.

MethodsEight week old male and female C57/BL6J mice were given either L-NAME and high fat diet (HFD) or control water/diet for 2,5, and 12 weeks. Bulk RNA sequencing and single cell RNA sequencing was performed to identify early and cell-specific pathways that might regulate pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH-HFpEF. Finally, clodronate liposome and IL1{beta} antibody treatments were utilized to deplete macrophages or IL1{beta}, respectively, to assess their impact on pulmonary vascular remodeling in HFpEF.

ResultsMice given L-NAME/HFD developed PH, small vessel muscularization, and right heart dysfunction after 2 weeks of treatment. Inflammation-related gene ontologies were over-represented in bulk RNA sequencing analysis of whole lungs, with an increase in CD68+ cells in both murine and human PH-HFpEF lungs. Cytokine profiling of mouse lung and plasma showed an increase in IL1{beta}, which was confirmed in plasma from patients with HFpEF. Single cell sequencing of mouse lungs also showed an increase in M1-like, pro-inflammatory populations of Ccr2+ monocytes and macrophages, and transcript expression of IL1{beta} was primarily restricted to myeloid-type cells. Finally, clodronate liposome treatment prevented the development of PH in L-NAME/HFD treated mice, and IL1{beta} antibody treatment also attenuated PH in L-NAME/HFD treated mice.

ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that a well-accepted model of HFpEF recapitulates features of pulmonary vascular remodeling commonly seen in patients with HFpEF, and we identified myeloid cell derived IL1{beta} as an important contributor to PH in HFpEF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobeck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meoli, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talati, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrier, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemnes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.18.541302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid Cell-Derived IL1β Contributes to Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calorie Restriction Outperforms Bariatric Surgery in a Murine Model of Obesity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity promotes triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and effective interventions are urgently needed to break the obesity-TNBC link. Epidemiologic studies indicate that bariatric surgery reduces TNBC risk, while evidence is limited or conflicted for weight loss via low-fat diet (LFD) or calorie restriction (CR). Using a murine model of obesity- driven TNBC, we compared the antitumor effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) with LFD, chronic CR, and intermittent CR. Each intervention generated weight and fat loss and suppressed tumor growth relative to obese mice (greatest suppression with CR). VSG and CR regimens exerted both similar and unique effects, as assessed using multi-omic approaches, in reversing obesity-associated transcriptional, epigenetic, secretome, and microbiota changes and restoring antitumor immunity. Thus, in a murine model of TNBC, bariatric surgery and CR each reverse obesity-driven tumor growth via shared and distinct antitumor mechanisms, and CR is superior to VSG in reversing obesitys procancer effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camp, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerstling, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezeli, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeil, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouladi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenny, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodor, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hursting, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calorie Restriction Outperforms Bariatric Surgery in a Murine Model of Obesity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimizing In Situ Proximity Ligation Assays for Mitochondria, ER, or MERC Markers in Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proximity ligation assays (PLA) use specific antibodies to detect endogenous protein-protein interactions. PLA is a highly useful biochemical technique that allows two proteins within close proximity to be visualized with fluorescent probes amplified by PCR. While this technique has gained prominence, the use of PLA in mouse skeletal muscle (SkM) is novel. In this article, we discuss how the PLA method can be used in SkM to study the protein-protein interactions within mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MERCs).

Tweetable AbstractProximity Ligation Assays can be used in skeletal muscle tissue and myoblasts to explore the protein-protein interactions involved in MERC sites.

HighlightsO_LISkeletal muscle tissue and cells are plated on glass coverslips for evaluation by proximity ligation assay (PLA).
C_LIO_LIFollowing fixation, cells are probed and stained for Mfn1, Mfn2, mitochondria, and ER and imaged using fluorescence confocal microscopy.
C_LIO_LIThis method shows that PLA can be used in mouse SkM and is adaptable to other models.
C_LIO_LIProtocol for detection of protein-protein interactions using PLA.
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=126 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541599v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@169ba8corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@566b30org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@197330dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@198ca7borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@158b80_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimizing In Situ Proximity Ligation Assays for Mitochondria, ER, or MERC Markers in Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541600v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Components of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Differentiated Through Antibody Validation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541600v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isolation of skeletal muscles allows for the exploration of many complex diseases. Fibroblasts and myoblast play important roles in skeletal muscle morphology and function. However, skeletal muscles are complex and made up of many cellular populations and validation of these populations is highly important. Therefore, in this article, we discuss a comprehensive method to isolate mice skeletal muscle, create satellite cells for tissue culture, and use immunofluorescence to validate our approach.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=196 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541600v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@165b34dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1de9976org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d3cfeorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ff660c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541600</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Components of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Differentiated Through Antibody Validation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Creating Optimal Conditions for OPA1 isoforms by Western Blot in Muscle Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OPA1 is a dynamin-related GTPase that modulates various mitochondrial functions and is involved in mitochondrial morphology. There are eight different isoforms of OPA1 in humans and five different isoforms in mice that are expressed as short or long-form isoforms. These isoforms contribute to OPA1s ability to control mitochondrial functions. However, isolating OPA1 all long and short isoforms through western blot has been a difficult task. To address this issue, we outline an optimized western blot protocol to isolate 5 different isoforms of OPA1 on the basis of different antibodies. This protocol can be used to study changes in mitochondrial structure and function.

Tweetable AbstractWestern blot protocol optimization to visualize OPA1 isoforms.

HighlightsO_LIProtocol for isolating OPA1 isoforms in primary skeletal muscle myoblast and myotubes
C_LIO_LISteps for running isolated skeletal muscle cells from muscle tissue on a gel
C_LIO_LIHow to collect samples in preparation for western blotting
C_LIO_LIDetection of OPA1 isoforms
C_LI

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/541601v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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O_TBL View this table:
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c518ceorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@df826borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1eb5bf8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e324e6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8baedc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_TBL C_TBL Method SummarySamples for western blot analysis are isolated from lysed cells, loaded onto a gel, and ran using optimized conditions to better isolate OPA1 isoforms. Samples are transferred to a membrane for incubation and protein detection using OPA1 antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Creating Optimal Conditions for OPA1 isoforms by Western Blot in Muscle Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in human myotubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.20.541602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sorting and Assembly Machinery (SAM) Complex is responsible for assembling {beta}-barrel proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. Comprising three subunits, Sam35, Sam37, and Sam50, the SAM complex connects the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes by interacting with the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex. Sam50, in particular, stabilizes the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, which is crucial for protein transport, respiratory chain complex assembly, and regulation of cristae integrity. While the role of Sam50 in mitochondrial structure and metabolism in skeletal muscle remains unclear, this study aims to investigate its impact. Serial block-face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and computer-assisted 3D renderings were employed to compare mitochondrial structure and networking in Sam50-deficient myotubes from mice and humans with wild-type (WT) myotubes. Furthermore, autophagosome 3D structure was assessed in human myotubes. Mitochondrial metabolic phenotypes were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics to explore differential changes in WT and Sam50-deficient myotubes. The results revealed increased mitochondrial fragmentation and autophagosome formation in Sam50-deficient myotubes compared to controls. Metabolomic analysis indicated elevated metabolism of propanoate and several amino acids, including {beta}-Alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, along with increased amino acid and fatty acid metabolism in Sam50-deficient myotubes. Furthermore, impairment of oxidative capacity was observed upon Sam50 ablation in both murine and human myotubes, as measured with the XF24 Seahorse Analyzer. Collectively, these findings support the critical role of Sam50 in establishing and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, cristae structure, and mitochondrial metabolism. By elucidating the impact of Sam50-deficiency, this study enhances our understanding of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.20.541602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ablation of Sam50 is associated with fragmentation and alterations in metabolism in human myotubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Niche-specific Two-Component System Requirements in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.23.541942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory systems allow pathogens to differentiate between different niches and respond to stimuli within them. A major mechanism through which bacteria sense and respond to stimuli in their surroundings is two-component systems (TCSs). TCSs allow for the detection of multiple stimuli to lead to a highly controlled and rapid change in gene expression. Here, we provide a comprehensive list of TCSs important for the pathogenesis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC accounts for >75% of urinary tract infections (UTIs) worldwide. UTIs are most prevalent among people assigned female at birth, with the vagina becoming colonized by UPEC in addition to the gut and the bladder. In the bladder, adherence to the urothelium triggers E. coli invasion of bladder cells and an intracellular pathogenic cascade. Intracellular E. coli are safely hidden from host neutrophils, competition from the microbiota, and antibiotics that kill extracellular E. coli. To survive in these intimately connected, yet physiologically diverse niches E. coli must rapidly coordinate metabolic and virulence systems in response to the distinct stimuli encountered in each environment. We hypothesized that specific TCSs allow UPEC to sense these diverse environments encountered during infection with built-in redundant safeguards. Here, we created a library of isogenic TCS deletion mutants that we leveraged to map distinct TCS contributions to infection. We identify - for the first time - a comprehensive panel of UPEC TCSs that are critical for infection of the genitourinary tract and report that the TCSs mediating colonization of the bladder, kidneys, or vagina are distinct.

IMPORTANCEWhile two-component system (TCS) signaling has been investigated at depth in model strains of E. coli, there have been no studies to elucidate - at a systems level - which TCSs are important during infection by pathogenic Escherichia coli. Here, we report the generation of a markerless TCS deletion library in a uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolate that can be leveraged for dissecting the role of TCS signaling in different aspects of pathogenesis. We use this library to demonstrate, for the first time in UPEC, that niche-specific colonization is guided by distinct TCS groups.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebout, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamidele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.23.541942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Niche-specific Two-Component System Requirements in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth factor-free, peptide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel promotes arteriogenesis and attenuates tissue damage in a murine model of critical limb ischemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) occurs when blood flow is restricted through the arteries, resulting in ulcers, necrosis, and chronic wounds in the downstream extremities. The development of collateral arterioles (i.e. arteriogenesis), either by remodeling of pre-existing vascular networks or de novo growth of new vessels, can prevent or reverse ischemic damage, but it remains challenging to stimulate collateral arteriole development in a therapeutic context. Here, we show that a gelatin-based hydrogel, devoid of growth factors or encapsulated cells, promotes arteriogenesis and attenuates tissue damage in a murine CLI model. The gelatin hydrogel is functionalized with a peptide derived from the extracellular epitope of Type 1 cadherins. Mechanistically, these "GelCad" hydrogels promote arteriogenesis by recruiting smooth muscle cells to vessel structures in both ex vivo and in vivo assays. In a murine femoral artery ligation model of CLI, delivery of in situ crosslinking GelCad hydrogels was sufficient to restore limb perfusion and maintain tissue health for 14 days, whereas mice treated with gelatin hydrogels had extensive necrosis and autoamputated within 7 days. A small cohort of mice receiving the GelCad hydrogels were aged out to 5 months and exhibited no decline in tissue quality, indicating durability of the collateral arteriole networks. Overall, given the simplicity and off-the-shelf format of the GelCad hydrogel platform, we suggest it could have utility for CLI treatment and potentially other indications that would benefit from arteriole development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curry, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturgeon, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paige, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowery, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katdare, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlouk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiefbold, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaie-Partin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawabata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore-Lotridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusunose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmeckpeper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenecker, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth factor-free, peptide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel promotes arteriogenesis and attenuates tissue damage in a murine model of critical limb ischemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of Fast-Spiking Prefrontal Neurons on Working Memory Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.28.542641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Working memory is a limited-capacity system for maintaining and manipulating information for recall. Neurons that generate persistent activity in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex have been shown to be predictive of behavior in working memory tasks, though subtle differences between them have been observed in how information was represented, in some tasks. The role of different neuron types in each of these areas has not been investigated at depth. We thus compared the activity of neurons classified as fast-spiking, putative interneurons, and regular-spiking, putative pyramidal neurons, recorded from the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex of male monkeys, to analyze their role in the maintenance of working memory. Our results demonstrate that fast-spiking neurons are active during a range of tasks and generate persistent activity during the delay period over which stimuli need to be maintained in memory. Furthermore, the activity of fast spiking neurons, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, is predictive of the subjects recall no less than that of regular-spiking neurons, which are exclusively projection neurons in the cortex and thus capable of transmitting signals from the prefrontal cortex into other areas. Our results shed light onto the fundamental neural circuits that determine subjects memories and judgments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.28.542641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of Fast-Spiking Prefrontal Neurons on Working Memory Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.541986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric conformations and lipid interactions shape the ATP-coupled cycle of a heterodimeric ABC transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.541986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To illuminate the structural origin of catalytic asymmetry of heterodimeric ABC transporters and how it shapes the energetics of their conformational cycles, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy (DEER), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, to capture and characterize conformational states of the heterodimeric ABC multidrug exporter BmrCD in lipid nanodiscs. In addition to multiple ATP- and substrate-bound inward-facing (IF) conformations, we obtained the structure of an occluded (OC) conformation wherein the unique extracellular domain (ECD) twists to partially open the extracellular gate. In conjunction with DEER analysis of the populations of these conformations, the structures reveal that ATP-powered isomerization entails changes in the relative symmetry of the BmrC and BmrD subunits that propagates from the transmembrane domain (TMD) to the nucleotide binding domain (NBD). The structures uncover asymmetric substrate and Mg2+ binding which we hypothesize are required for triggering ATP hydrolysis preferentially in one of the nucleotide-binding sites. MD simulations demonstrated that multiple lipid molecules, identified from the cryo-EM density maps, differentially bind the IF versus the OC conformation thus modulating their relative stability. In addition to establishing how lipid interactions with BmrCD modulate the energy landscape, our findings are framed in a distinct transport model that highlights the role of asymmetric conformations in the ATP-coupled cycle with implications to the mechanism of ABC transporters in general.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasdemir, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.541986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric conformations and lipid interactions shape the ATP-coupled cycle of a heterodimeric ABC transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Study design features that improve effect sizes in cross-sectional and longitudinal brain-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-wide association studies (BWAS) are a fundamental tool in discovering brain-behavior associations. Several recent studies showed that thousands of study participants are required for good replicability of BWAS because the standardized effect sizes (ESs) are much smaller than the reported standardized ESs in smaller studies. Here, we perform analyses and meta-analyses of a robust effect size index using 63 longitudinal and cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging studies from the Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium (77,695 total scans) to demonstrate that optimizing study design is critical for increasing standardized ESs and replicability in BWAS. A meta-analysis of brain volume associations with age indicates that BWAS with larger variability in covariate have larger reported standardized ES. In addition, the longitudinal studies we examined reported systematically larger standardized ES than cross-sectional studies. Analyzing age effects on global and regional brain measures from the United Kingdom Biobank and the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we show that modifying longitudinal study design through sampling schemes improves the standardized ESs and replicability. Sampling schemes that improve standardized ESs and replicability include increasing between-subject age variability in the sample and adding a single additional longitudinal measurement per subject. To ensure that our results are generalizable, we further evaluate these longitudinal sampling schemes on cognitive, psychopathology, and demographic associations with structural and functional brain outcome measures in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development dataset. We demonstrate that commonly used longitudinal models can, counterintuitively, reduce standardized ESs and replicability. The benefit of conducting longitudinal studies depends on the strengths of the between-versus within-subject associations of the brain and non-brain measures. Explicitly modeling between-versus within-subject effects avoids averaging the effects and allows optimizing the standardized ESs for each separately. Together, these results provide guidance for study designs that improve the replicability of BWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildcrout, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>3R-BRAIN,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AIBL,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimers Disease Repository Without Borders Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CALM Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CCNP,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COBRE,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>cVEDA,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvard Aging Brain Study,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>IMAGEN,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>POND,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The PREVENT-AD Research Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Study design features that improve effect sizes in cross-sectional and longitudinal brain-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542971v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Albumin-binding RNAi Conjugate for Carrier Free Treatment of Arthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.542971v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are joint diseases that are associated with pain and lost quality of life. No disease modifying OA drugs are currently available. RA treatments are better established but are not always effective and can cause immune suppression. Here, an MMP13-selective siRNA conjugate was developed that, when delivered intravenously, docks onto endogenous albumin and promotes preferential accumulation in articular cartilage and synovia of OA and RA joints. MMP13 expression was diminished upon intravenous delivery of MMP13 siRNA conjugates, consequently decreasing multiple histological and molecular markers of disease severity, while also reducing clinical manifestations such as swelling (RA) and joint pressure sensitivity (RA and OA). Importantly, MMP13 silencing provided more comprehensive OA treatment efficacy than standard of care (steroids) or experimental MMP inhibitors. These data demonstrate the utility of albumin  hitchhiking for drug delivery to arthritic joints, and establish the therapeutic utility of systemically delivered anti-MMP13 siRNA conjugates in OA and RA.

Editorial summaryLipophilic siRNA conjugates optimized for albumin binding and "hitchhiking" can be leveraged to achieve preferential delivery to and gene silencing activity within arthritic joints. Chemical stabilization of the lipophilic siRNA enables intravenous siRNA delivery without lipid or polymer encapsulation. Using siRNA sequences targeting MMP13, a key driver of arthritis-related inflammation, albumin hitchhiking siRNA diminished MMP13, inflammation, and manifestations of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis at molecular, histological, and clinical levels, consistently outperforming clinical standards of care and small molecule MMP antagonists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colazo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboezem, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.542971</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Albumin-binding RNAi Conjugate for Carrier Free Treatment of Arthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor restores tension to epithelial cells in a dynamic inward-traveling wave 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.31.543122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The maintenance of epithelial barrier function involves cellular tension, with cells pulling on their neighbors to maintain epithelial integrity. Wounding interrupts cellular tension, which may serve as an early signal to initiate epithelial repair. To characterize how wounds alter cellular tension, we used a laser-recoil assay to map cortical tension around wounds in the epithelial monolayer of the Drosophila pupal notum. Within a minute of wounding, there was widespread loss of cortical tension along both radial and tangential directions. This tension loss was similar to levels observed with Rok inactivation. Tension was subsequently restored around the wound, first in distal cells and then in proximal cells, reaching the wound margin about 10 minutes after wounding. Restoring tension required the GPCR Mthl10 and the IP3 receptor, indicating the importance of this calcium signaling pathway known to be activated by cellular damage. Tension restoration correlated with an inward-moving contractile wave that has been previously reported; however, the contractile wave itself was not affected by Mthl10 knockdown. These results indicate that cells may transiently increase tension and contract in the absence of Mthl10 signaling, but that pathway is critical for fully resetting baseline epithelial tension after it is disrupted by wounding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.31.543122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[After wounding, a G-protein coupled receptor restores tension to epithelial cells in a dynamic inward-traveling wave]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eosinophils exert direct and indirect anti-tumorigenic effects in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.01.543287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/AimsEosinophils are present in several solid tumors and have context-dependent function. Our aim is to define the contribution of eosinophils in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), since their role in ESCC is unknown.

MethodsEosinophils were enumerated in tissues from two ESCC cohorts. Mice were treated with 4-nitroquinolone-1-oxide (4-NQO) for 8 weeks to induce pre-cancer or 16 weeks to induce carcinoma. Eosinophil number was modified by monoclonal antibody to IL-5 (IL5mAb), recombinant IL-5 (rIL-5), or genetically with eosinophil-deficient ({Delta}dblGATA) mice or mice deficient in eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin-1 (Ccl11-/-). Esophageal tissue and eosinophil specific RNA-sequencing was performed to understand eosinophil function. 3-D co-culturing of eosinophils with pre-cancer or cancer cells was done to ascertain direct effects of eosinophils.

ResultsActivated eosinophils are present in higher numbers in early stage versus late stage ESCC. Mice treated with 4-NQO exhibit more esophageal eosinophils in pre-cancer versus cancer. Correspondingly, epithelial cell Ccl11 expression is higher in mice with pre-cancer. Eosinophil depletion using three mouse models (Ccl11-/- mice, {Delta}dblGATA mice, IL5mAb treatment) all display exacerbated 4-NQO tumorigenesis. Conversely, treatment with rIL-5 increases esophageal eosinophilia and protects against pre-cancer and carcinoma. Tissue and eosinophil RNA-sequencing revealed eosinophils drive oxidative stress in pre-cancer. In vitro co-culturing of eosinophils with pre-cancer or cancer cells resulted in increased apoptosis in the presence of a degranulating agent, which is reversed with N-acetylcysteine, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. {Delta}dblGATA mice exhibited increased CD4 T cell infiltration, IL-17, and enrichment of IL-17 pro-tumorigenic pathways.

ConclusionEosinophils likely protect against ESCC through ROS release during degranulation and suppression of IL-17.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaparro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilat, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wimbiscus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orita, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coburn, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.01.543287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eosinophils exert direct and indirect anti-tumorigenic effects in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of common variants on gene expression in the human brain: from RNA to protein to schizophrenia risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.04.543603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe impact of genetic variants on gene expression has been intensely studied at the transcription level, yielding invaluable insights into the association between genes and the risk of complex disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the downstream impact of these variants and the molecular mechanisms connecting transcription variation to disease risk are not well understood.

ResultsWe quantitated ribosome occupancy in prefrontal cortex samples of the BrainGVEX cohort. Together with transcriptomics and proteomics data from the same cohort, we performed cis-Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping and identified, at 10% false discovery rate, 3,253 expression QTLs (eQTLs), 1,344 ribosome occupancy QTLs (rQTLs), and 657 protein QTLs (pQTLs) out of 7,458 genes from 185 samples. Of the eQTLs identified, only 34% have their effects propagated to the protein level. Further analysis on the effect size of prefrontal cortex eQTLs identified from an independent dataset clearly replicated the post-transcriptional attenuation of eQTL effects. We identified omics-specific QTLs and investigated their potential in driving disease risks. Using both a variant-based approach and a gene-based approach, we identified genes containing expression-specific QTLs (esQTLs), ribosome-occupancy-specific QTLs (rsQTLs), and protein-specific QTLs (psQTLs). Among the variant-based omics-specific QTL, 38 showed strong colocalization with brain associated disorder GWAS signals, 29 of them are esQTLs. From the gene-based approach, we found 11 brain associated disorder risk genes that are driven predominantly by omics-specific QTL, all of them are driven by variants impacting transcriptional regulation. To take a complementary approach to further investigate the functional relevance of genes driven predominantly by attenuated eQTL signals, we identified SCZ risk genes using each omics independently and then investigated the omics-specificity of the driver regulatory process for each risk gene. Using S-PrediXcan we identified 74 SCZ risk genes across the three omics, 30% of which were novel, and 67% of these risk genes were confirmed to be causal in a MR-Egger test. Notably, 52 out of the 74 risk genes were identified using eQTL data and 68% of these SCZ-risk-gene-driving eQTLs show little to no evidence of driving corresponding variations at the protein level.

ConclusionThe effect of eQTLs on gene expression in the prefrontal cortex is commonly attenuated post-transcriptionally. Many of the attenuated eQTLs still correlate with GWAS signals of brain associated complex disorders, indicating the possibility that these eQTL variants drive disease risk through mechanisms other than regulating protein expression level. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanistic link between attenuated eQTLs and brain associated complex disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadukapuram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grennan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The PsychENCODE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.04.543603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of common variants on gene expression in the human brain: from RNA to protein to schizophrenia risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.542485v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation signatures of early life adversity are exposure-dependent in wild baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.05.542485v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The early life environment can profoundly shape the trajectory of an animals life, even years or decades later. One mechanism proposed to contribute to these early life effects is DNA methylation. However, the frequency and functional importance of DNA methylation in shaping early life effects on adult outcomes is poorly understood, especially in natural populations. Here, we integrate prospectively collected data on fitness-associated variation in the early environment with DNA methylation estimates at 477,270 CpG sites in 256 wild baboons. We find highly heterogeneous relationships between the early life environment and DNA methylation in adulthood: aspects of the environment linked to resource limitation (e.g., low-quality habitat, early life drought) are associated with many more CpG sites than other types of environmental stressors (e.g., low maternal social status). Sites associated with early resource limitation are enriched in gene bodies and putative enhancers, suggesting they are functionally relevant. Indeed, by deploying a baboon-specific, massively parallel reporter assay, we show that a subset of windows containing these sites are capable of regulatory activity, and that, for 88% of early drought-associated sites in these regulatory windows, enhancer activity is DNA methylation-dependent. Together, our results support the idea that DNA methylation patterns contain a persistent signature of the early life environment. However, they also indicate that not all environmental exposures leave an equivalent mark and suggest that socioenvironmental variation at the time of sampling is more likely to be functionally important. Thus, multiple mechanisms must converge to explain early life effects on fitness-related traits.

Significance statementThe environment animals face when young can affect how they function throughout life. Long-lasting changes in DNA methylation--a chemical mark deposited on DNA that can affect gene activity--have been hypothesized to contribute to early life effects. But evidence for persistent, early environment-associated differences in DNA methylation is lacking in wild animals. Here, we show that early life adversity in wild baboons predicts DNA methylation levels in adulthood, especially for animals born in low resource environments and drought conditions. We also show that some of the changes we observe in DNA methylation have the capacity to influence gene activity levels. Together, our results support the idea that early experiences can become biologically embedded in the genomes of wild animals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyles, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akinyi, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.05.542485</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation signatures of early life adversity are exposure-dependent in wild baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.542650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proprotein convertase BLI-4 promotes collagen secretion during assembly of the  Caenorhabditis elegans  cuticle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.542650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some types of collagens, including transmembrane MACIT collagens and C. elegans cuticle collagens, are N-terminally cleaved at a dibasic site that resembles the consensus for furin or other proprotein convertases of the subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) family. Such cleavage may release transmembrane collagens from the plasma membrane and affect extracellular matrix assembly or structure. However, the functional consequences of such cleavage are unclear and evidence for the role of specific PCSKs is lacking. Here, we used endogenous collagen fusions to fluorescent proteins to visualize the secretion and assembly of the first collagen-based cuticle in C. elegans and then tested the role of the PCSK BLI-4 in these processes. Unexpectedly, we found that cuticle collagens SQT-3 and DPY-17 are secreted into the extraembryonic space several hours before cuticle matrix assembly. Furthermore, this early secretion depends on BLI-4/PCSK; in bli-4 and cleavage-site mutants, SQT-3 and DPY-17 are not efficiently secreted and instead form large intracellular aggregates. Their later assembly into cuticle matrix is reduced but not entirely blocked. These data reveal a role for collagen N-terminal processing in intracellular trafficking and in the spatial and temporal restriction of matrix assembly in vivo. Our observations also prompt a revision of the classic model for C. elegans cuticle matrix assembly and the pre-cuticle-to-cuticle transition, suggesting that cuticle layer assembly proceeds via a series of regulated steps and not simply by sequential secretion and deposition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belfi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.542650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proprotein convertase BLI-4 promotes collagen secretion during assembly of the  Caenorhabditis elegans  cuticle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting genetically regulated gene expression on the X chromosome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe X chromosome is often omitted in disease association studies despite containing thousands of genes which may provide insight into well-known sex differences in the risk of Alzheimers Disease.

ObjectiveTo model the expression of X chromosome genes and evaluate their impact on Alzheimers Disease risk in a sex-stratified manner.

MethodsUsing elastic net, we evaluated multiple modeling strategies in a set of 175 whole blood samples and 126 brain cortex samples, with whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq data. SNPs (MAF>0.05) within the cis-regulatory window were used to train tissue-specific models of each gene. We apply the best models in both tissues to sex-stratified summary statistics from a meta-analysis of Alzheimers disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) studies to identify AD-related genes on the X chromosome.

ResultsAcross different model parameters, sample sex, and tissue types, we modeled the expression of 217 genes (95 genes in blood and 135 genes in brain cortex). The average model R2 was 0.12 (range from 0.03 to 0.34). We also compared sex-stratified and sex-combined models on the X chromosome. We further investigated genes that escaped X chromosome inactivation (XCI) to determine if their genetic regulation patterns were distinct. We found ten genes associated with AD at p < 0.05, with only ARMCX6 in female brain cortex (p = 0.008) nearing the significance threshold after adjusting for multiple testing ( = 0.002).

ConclusionsWe optimized the expression prediction of X chromosome genes, applied these models to sex-stratified AD GWAS summary statistics, and identified one putative AD risk gene, ARMCX6.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting genetically regulated gene expression on the X chromosome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arrest of mouse preterm labor until term delivery by combination therapy with atosiban and mundulone, a natural product with tocolytic efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.06.543921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently, there is a lack of FDA-approved tocolytics for the management of preterm labor (PL). In prior drug discovery efforts, we identified mundulone and its analog mundulone acetate (MA) as inhibitors of in vitro intracellular Ca2+-regulated myometrial contractility. In this study, we probed the tocolytic and therapeutic potential of these small molecules using myometrial cells and tissues obtained from patients receiving cesarean deliveries, as well as a mouse model of PL resulting in preterm birth. In a phenotypic assay, mundulone displayed greater efficacy in the inhibition of intracellular-Ca2+ from myometrial cells; however, MA showed greater potency and uterine-selectivity, based IC50 and Emax values between myometrial cells compared to aorta vascular smooth muscle cells, a major maternal off-target site of current tocolytics. Cell viability assays revealed that MA was significantly less cytotoxic. Organ bath and vessel myography studies showed that only mundulone exerted concentration-dependent inhibition of ex vivo myometrial contractions and that neither mundulone or MA affected vasoreactivity of ductus arteriosus, a major fetal off-target of current tocolytics. A high-throughput combination screen of in vitro intracellular Ca2+-mobilization identified that mundulone exhibits synergism with two clinical-tocolytics (atosiban and nifedipine), and MA displayed synergistic efficacy with nifedipine. Of these synergistic combinations, mundulone + atosiban demonstrated a favorable in vitro therapeutic index (TI)=10, a substantial improvement compared to TI=0.8 for mundulone alone. The ex vivo and in vivo synergism of mundulone and atosiban was substantiated, yielding greater tocolytic efficacy and potency on isolated mouse and human myometrial tissue and reduced preterm birth rates in a mouse model of PL compared to each single agent. Treatment with mundulone 5hrs after mifepristone administration (and PL induction) dose-dependently delayed the timing of delivery. Importantly, mundulone in combination with atosiban (FR 3.7:1, 6.5mg/kg + 1.75mg/kg) permitted long-term management of PL after induction with 30 g mifepristone, allowing 71% dams to deliver viable pups at term (> day 19, 4-5 days post-mifepristone exposure) without any visible maternal and fetal consequences. Collectively, these studies provide a strong foundation for the future development of mundulone as a stand-alone single- and/or combination-tocolytic therapy for management of PL.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siricilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulikowski, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crockett, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatwright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paria, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herington, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arrest of mouse preterm labor until term delivery by combination therapy with atosiban and mundulone, a natural product with tocolytic efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544507v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Minimum entropy framework identifies a novel class of genomic functional elements and reveals regulatory mechanisms at human disease loci 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.11.544507v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce CoRE-BED, a framework trained using 19 epigenomic features in 33 major cell and tissue types to predict cell-type-specific regulatory function. CoRE-BED identifies nine functional classes de-novo, capturing both known and new regulatory categories. Notably, we describe a previously undercharacterized class that we term Development Associated Elements (DAEs), which are highly enriched in cell types with elevated regenerative potential and distinguished by the dual presence of either H3K4me2 and H3K9ac (an epigenetic signature associated with kinetochore assembly) or H3K79me3 and H4K20me1 (a signature associated with transcriptional pause release). Unlike bivalent promoters, which represent a transitory state between active and silenced promoters, DAEs transition directly to or from a non-functional state during stem cell differentiation and are proximal to highly expressed genes. CoRE-BEDs interpretability facilitates causal inference and functional prioritization. Across 70 complex traits, distal insulators account for the largest mean proportion of SNP heritability ([~]49%) captured by the GWAS. Collectively, our results demonstrate the value of exploring non-conventional ways of regulatory classification that enrich for trait heritability, to complement existing approaches for cis-regulatory prediction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Betti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.11.544507</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Minimum entropy framework identifies a novel class of genomic functional elements and reveals regulatory mechanisms at human disease loci]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermal proteome profiling of breast cancer cells reveals proteasomal activation by CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Palbociclib is a CDK4/6 inhibitor approved for metastatic estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. In addition to G1 cell cycle arrest, palbociclib treatment results in cell senescence, a phenotype that are not readily explained by CDK4/6 inhibition. In order to identify a molecular mechanism responsible for palbociclib-induced senescence, we performed thermal proteome profiling of MCF7 breast cancer cells. In addition to affecting known CDK4/6 targets, palbociclib induces a thermal stabilization of the 20S proteasome, despite not directly binding to it. We further show that palbociclib treatment increases proteasome activity independently of the ubiquitin pathway. This leads to cellular senescence which can be counteracted by proteasome inhibitors. Palbociclib-induced proteasome activation and senescence is mediated by reduced proteasomal association of ECM29. Loss of ECM29 activates the proteasome, blocks cell proliferation and induces senescence. Finally, we find that ECM29 mRNA levels are predictive of relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy. In conclusion, thermal proteome profiling identifies the proteasome and ECM29 protein as mediators of palbociclib activity in breast cancer cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miettinen, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartlova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gierlinski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trost, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorklund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermal proteome profiling of breast cancer cells reveals proteasomal activation by CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of de novo variants reveals sex differences in complex and isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia and indicates MYRF as a candidate gene 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/206037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is one of the most common and lethal birth defects. Previous studies using exome sequencing support a significant contribution of coding de novo variants in complex CDH cases with additional anomalies and likely gene-disrupting (LGD) variants in isolated CDH cases. To further investigate the genetic architecture of CDH, we performed exome or genome sequencing in 283 proband-parent trios. Combined with data from previous studies, we analyzed a total of 357 trios, including 148 complex and 209 isolated cases. Complex and isolated cases both have a significant burden of deleterious de novo coding variants (1.7~fold, p= 1.2x10-5 for complex, 1.5~fold, p= 9.0x10-5 for isolated). Strikingly, in isolated CDH, almost all of the burden is carried by female cases (2.1~fold, p=0.004 for likely gene disrupting and 1.8~fold, p= 0.0008 for damaging missense variants); whereas in complex CDH, the burden is similar in females and males. Additionally, de novo LGD variants in complex cases are mostly enriched in genes highly expressed in developing diaphragm, but distributed in genes with a broad range of expression levels in isolated cases. Finally, we identified a new candidate risk gene MYRF (4 de novo variants, p-value=2x10-10), a transcription factor intolerant of mutations. Patients with MYRF mutations have additional anomalies including congenital heart disease and genitourinary defects, likely representing a novel syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitaygorodsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wynn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspelund, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crombleholme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azarow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danko, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaliska, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potoka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ElFiky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>High, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/206037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of de novo variants reveals sex differences in complex and isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia and indicates MYRF as a candidate gene]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic features and evolution of the conditionally dispensable chromosome in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/207746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tangerine pathotype of the ascomycete fungus Alternaria alternata is the causal agent of citrus brown spot, which can result in significant losses of both yield and marketability for tangerines and tangerine hybrids worldwide. A conditionally dispensable chromosome (CDC), which harbors the host-selective ACT toxin gene cluster, is required for tangerine pathogenicity of A. alternata. To understand the genetic makeup and evolution of the tangerine pathotype CDC, we analyzed the function and evolution of the CDC genes present in the A. alternata Z7 strain. The 1.84Mb long CDC contains 512 predicted protein-coding genes, which are enriched in functional categories associated with  metabolic process (132 genes, p-value = 0.00192) including  oxidation-reduction process (48 genes, p-value = 0.00021) and  lipid metabolic process (11 genes, p-value = 0.04591). Relatively few of the CDC genes can be classified as CAZymes (13), kinases (3) and transporters (20). Differential transcriptome analysis of H2O2 treatment and control conditions revealed that 29 CDC genes were significantly up-regulated and 14 were significantly down-regulated, suggesting that CDC genes may play a role in coping with oxidative stress. Evolutionary analysis of the 512 CDC proteins showed that their evolutionary conservation tends to be restricted within the genus Alternaria and that the CDC genes evolve faster than genes in the essential chromosomes. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis suggested that the genes of 13 enzymes and one sugar transporter residing in the CDC were likely horizontally transferred from distantly related species. Among these, one carboxylesterase gene was transferred from bacteria but functionally knocking out this gene revealed no obvious biological role. Another 4 genes might have been transferred from Colletotrichum (Sordariomycetes) and 5 were likely transferred as a physically linked cluster of genes from Cryptococcus (Basidiomycota) or Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes). Functionally knocking out the 5-gene cluster resulted in an 80% decrease in asexual spore production in the deletion mutant. These results provide new insights into the function and evolution of CDC genes in Alternaria.nnAuthor SummaryMany fungal phytopathogens harbor conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs). CDCs are variable in size, contain many genes involved in virulence, but their evolution remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the origin of the CDC present in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata Z7 strain. We found that most of the Z7 CDC proteins are highly conserved within the genus Alternaria but poorly conserved outside the genus. We also discovered that a small number of genes originated via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from distantly related fungi and bacteria. These horizontally transferred genes include a carboxylesterase gene that was likely acquired from bacteria, a cluster of 4 physically linked genes likely transferred from Colletotrichum, and a cluster of 5 physically linked genes likely transferred from Cryptococcus (Basidiomycota) or Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes). To gain insight into the functions of these transferred genes, we knocked out the bacterial carboxylesterase and the 5-gene cluster. Whereas the carboxylesterase deletion mutant showed no obvious phenotype, the 5-gene cluster mutant showed a dramatically reduced production of asexual spores (conidia). The results of our study suggest that Alternaria CDCs are largely comprised from rapidly evolving native genes; although only a few genes were acquired via horizontal gene transfer, some of them appear to be involved in functions critical to the phytopathogenic lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/207746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic features and evolution of the conditionally dispensable chromosome in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for thousands of phenotypes in large biobanks, most binary traits have substantially fewer cases than controls. Both of the widely used approaches, linear mixed model and the recently proposed logistic mixed model, perform poorly - producing large type I error rates - in the analysis of phenotypes with unbalanced case-control ratios. Here we propose a scalable and accurate generalized mixed model association test that uses the saddlepoint approximation (SPA) to calibrate the distribution of score test statistics. This method, SAIGE, provides accurate p-values even when case-control ratios are extremely unbalanced. It utilizes state-of-art optimization strategies to reduce computational time and memory cost of generalized mixed model. The computation cost linearly depends on sample size, and hence can be applicable to GWAS for thousands of phenotypes by large biobanks. Through the analysis of UK Biobank data of 408,961 white British European-ancestry samples for >1400 binary phenotypes, we show that SAIGE can efficiently analyze large sample data, controlling for unbalanced case-control ratios and sample relatedness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsche, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elvestad, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolford, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hveem, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional categories in macaque frontal eye field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frontal eye field (FEF) in macaque monkeys contributes to visual attention, visual-motor transformations and production of eye movements. Traditionally, neurons in FEF have been classified by the magnitude of increased discharge rates following visual stimulus presentation, during a waiting period, and associated with eye movement production. However, considerable heterogeneity remains within the traditional visual, visuomovement and movement categories. Cluster analysis is a data-driven method of identifying self-segregating groups within a dataset. Because many cluster analysis techniques exist and cluster outcomes vary with analysis assumptions, consensus clustering aggregates over multiple cluster analyses, identifying robust groups. To describe more comprehensively the neuronal composition of FEF, we applied a consensus clustering technique for unsupervised categorization of patterns of spike rate modulation measured during a memory-guided saccade task. We report ten functional categories, expanding on the traditional three. Categories were distinguished by latency, magnitude, and sign of visual response, presence of sustained activity, and dynamics, magnitude and sign of saccade-related modulation. Consensus clustering can include other metrics and can be applied to datasets from other brain regions to provides better information guiding microcircuit models of cortical function.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe contribution of a brain region cannot be understood without knowing the diversity, arrangement, and circuitry of constituent neurons. Traditional descriptions of frontal eye field include visual, visuo-saccadic, and saccadic categories. Here, we employ a novel consensus clustering method to identify more reliably functional categories in neural data. While confirming the traditional categories, consensus clustering distinguishes additional, previously unappreciated diversity in neural activity patterns. Such information is necessary to formulate correct microcircuit models of cortical function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional categories in macaque frontal eye field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff of visual search: Saccade vigor, targeting errors, superior colliculus and frontal eye field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balancing the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) is necessary for successful behavior. Using a visual search task with interleaved cues emphasizing speed or accuracy, we recently reported diverse contributions of frontal eye field (FEF) neurons instantiating salience evidence and response preparation. Here we report replication of visual search SAT performance in two macaque monkeys, new information about variation of saccade dynamics with SAT, extension of the neurophysiological investigation to describe processes in the superior colliculus, and description of the origin of search errors in this task. Saccade vigor varied idiosyncratically across SAT conditions and monkeys, but tended to decrease with response time. As observed in the FEF, speed-accuracy tradeoff was accomplished through several distinct adjustments in the superior colliculus. Visually-responsive neurons modulated baseline firing rate and the time course of salience evidence. Unlike FEF, the magnitude of visual responses in SC did not vary across SAT conditions, but the time to locate the target was longer in Accurate as compared to Fast trials. Also unlike FEF, the activity of SC movement neurons when saccades were initiated was equivalent in Fast and Accurate trials. Search errors occurred when visual salience neurons in FEF and SC treated distractors as targets, even in the Accurate condition. Saccade-related neural activity in SC but less FEF varied with saccade peak velocity. These results extend our understanding of the cortical and subcortical contributions to SAT.nnSignificance statementNeurophysiological mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) have only recently been investigated. This paper reports the first replication of SAT performance in nonhuman primates, the first report of variation of saccade dynamics with SAT, the first description of superior colliculus contributions to SAT, and the first description of the origin of errors during SAT. These results inform and constrain new models of distributed decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reppert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Servant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural mechanisms of speed-accuracy tradeoff of visual search: Saccade vigor, targeting errors, superior colliculus and frontal eye field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212720v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prefrontal control of visual distraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212720v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Avoiding distraction by salient irrelevant stimuli is critical to accomplishing daily tasks. Regions of prefrontal cortex control attention by enhancing the representation of task-relevant information in sensory cortex, which can be measured directly in modulation of both single neurons and averaging of the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram [1,2]. However, when irrelevant information is particularly conspicuous, it may distract attention and interfere with the selection of behaviorally relevant information. Many studies have shown that that distraction can be minimized via top-down control [3-5], but the cognitive and neural mechanisms giving rise to this control over distraction remain uncertain and vigorously debated [6-8]. Bridging neurophysiology to electrophysiology, we simultaneously recorded neurons in prefrontal cortex and event-related potentials (ERPs) over extrastriate visual cortex to track the processing of salient distractors during a visual search task. Critically, we observed robust suppression of salient distractor representations in both cortical areas, with suppression arising in prefrontal cortex before being manifest in the ERP signal over extrastriate cortex. Furthermore, only prefrontal neurons that participated in selecting the task-relevant target also showed suppression of the task-irrelevant distractor. This suggests a common prefrontal mechanism for target selection and distractor suppression, with input from prefrontal cortex being responsible for both selecting task-relevant and suppressing task-irrelevant information in sensory cortex. Taken together, our results resolve a long-standing debate over the mechanisms that prevent distraction, and provide the first evidence directly linking suppressed neural firing in prefrontal cortex with surface ERP measures of distractor suppression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cosman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212720</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prefrontal control of visual distraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for loss and adaptive reacquisition of alcoholic fermentation in an early-derived fructophilic yeast lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fructophily is a rare trait that consists in the preference for fructose over other carbon sources. Here we show that in a yeast lineage (the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella, W/S clade) formed by fructophilic species thriving in the floral niche, the acquisition of fructophily is part of a wider process of adaptation of central carbon metabolism to the high sugar environment. Coupling comparative genomics with biochemical and genetic approaches, we show that the alcoholic fermentation pathway was profoundly remodeled in the W/S clade, as genes required for alcoholic fermentation were lost and subsequently re-acquired from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. We further show that the reinstated fermentative pathway is functional and that an enzyme required for sucrose assimilation is also of bacterial origin, reinforcing the adaptive nature of the genetic novelties identified in the W/S clade. This work shows how even central carbon metabolism can be remodeled by a surge of HGT events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salema-Oom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leandro, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for loss and adaptive reacquisition of alcoholic fermentation in an early-derived fructophilic yeast lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevention and reversion of pancreatic tumorigenesis through a differentiation-based mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activating mutations in Kras are nearly ubiquitous in human pancreatic cancer and initiate precancerous pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) when induced in adult murine acinar cells. PanINs normally take months to form, but can be rapidly induced by genetic deletion of acinar cell differentiation factors such as Ptf1a, suggesting that loss of mature cell identity is a rate-limiting step in pancreatic tumor initiation. Using a novel genetic mouse model that allows for independent control of oncogenic Kras and Ptf1a expression, we demonstrate that maintained activity of Ptf1a is sufficient to eliminate Kras-driven tumorigenesis, even in the presence of tumor-promoting inflammation. Furthermore, reintroduction of Ptf1a into established PanINs reverts their phenotype in vivo. Our results suggest that reactivation of an endogenous differentiation program can prevent and reverse oncogenesis in cells harboring tumor driving mutations, thus introducing a novel paradigm for solid tumor prevention and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krah, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yugawa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtaugh, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevention and reversion of pancreatic tumorigenesis through a differentiation-based mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput Functional Evaluation of KCNQ1 Decrypts Variants of Unknown Significance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe explosive growth in known human gene variation presents enormous challenges to current approaches for variant classification that impact diagnosis and treatment of many genetic diseases. For disorders caused by mutations in cardiac ion channels, such as congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS), in vitro electrophysiological evidence has high value in discriminating pathogenic from benign variants, but these data are often lacking because assays are cost-, time- and labor-intensive.nnMethods and ResultsWe implemented a strategy for performing high throughput, functional evaluations of ion channel variants that repurposed an automated electrophysiology platform developed previously for drug discovery. We demonstrated success of this approach by evaluating 78 variants in KCNQ1, a major LQTS gene. We benchmarked our results with traditional electrophysiological approaches and observed a high level of concordance. Our results provided functional data useful for classifying ~70% of previously unstudied KCNQ1 variants annotated with uninformative descriptions in the public database ClinVar. Further, we show that rare and ultra-rare KCNQ1 variants in the general population exhibit functional properties ranging from normal to severe loss-of-function indicating that allele frequency is not a reliable predictor of channel function.nnConclusionsOur results illustrate an efficient and high throughput paradigm linking genotype to function for a human cardiac channelopathy that will enable data-driven classification of large numbers of variants and create new opportunities for precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeKeyser, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput Functional Evaluation of KCNQ1 Decrypts Variants of Unknown Significance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the genetic effect mediated through gene expression from summary eQTL and GWAS data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Integrating genome-wide association (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) data into transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) based on predicted expression can boost power to detect novel disease loci or pinpoint the susceptibility gene at a known disease locus. However, it is often the case that multiple eQTL genes colocalize at disease loci, making the identification of the true susceptibility gene challenging, due to confounding through linkage disequilibrium (LD). To distinguish between true susceptibility genes (where the genetic effect on phenotype is mediated through expression) and colocalization due to LD, we examine an extension of the Mendelian Randomization Egger regression method that allows for LD while only requiring summary association data for both GWAS and eQTL. We derive the standard TWAS approach in the context of Mendelian Randomization and show in simulations that the standard TWAS does not control Type I error for causal gene identification when eQTLs have pleiotropic or LD-confounded effects on disease. In contrast, LD Aware MR-Egger regression can control Type I error in this case while attaining similar power as other methods in situations where these provide valid tests. However, when the direct effects of genetic variants on traits are correlated with the eQTL associations, all of the methods we examined including LD Aware MR-Egger regression can have inflated Type I error. We illustrate these methods by integrating gene expression within a recent large-scale breast cancer GWAS to provide guidance on susceptibility gene identification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barfield, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaniuc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the genetic effect mediated through gene expression from summary eQTL and GWAS data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations in RPL3L and MYZAP increase risk of atrial fibrillation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on atrial fibrillation (AF) among 14,710 cases and 373,897 controls from Iceland and 14,792 cases and 393,863 controls from the UK Biobank, focusing on low frequency coding and splice mutations, with follow-up in samples from Norway and the US. We observed associations with two missense (OR=1.19 for both) and one splice-donor mutation (OR=1.52) in RPL3L, encoding a ribosomal protein primarily expressed in skeletal muscle and heart. Analysis of 167 RNA samples from the right atrium revealed that the splice donor mutation in RPL3L results in exon skipping. AF is the first disease associated with RPL3L and RPL3L is the first ribosomal gene implicated in AF. This finding is consistent with tissue specialization of ribosomal function. We also found an association with a missense variant in MYZAP (OR=1.37), encoding a component of the intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes, the organelle harbouring most of the mutated proteins involved in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Both discoveries emphasize the close relationship between the mechanical and electrical function of the heart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thorolfsdottir, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveinbjornsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulem, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halldorsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melsted, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivarsdottir, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidsson, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristjansson, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorleifsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgadottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gretarsdottir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norddahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajamani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torfason, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valgardsson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sverrisson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tragante, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asselbergs, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatine, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochen, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halldorsson, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsdottir, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnar, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsteinsdottir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudbjartsson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefansson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations in RPL3L and MYZAP increase risk of atrial fibrillation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms of KCNQ1 Channel Dysfunction in Long QT Syndrome Involving Voltage Sensor Domain Mutations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in human KCNQ1 are responsible for susceptibility to a life-threatening heart rhythm disorder, the congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Hundreds of KCNQ1 mutations have been identified, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired function are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of 51 KCNQ1 variants located within the voltage sensor domain (VSD), with an emphasis on elucidating effects on cell surface expression, protein folding and structure. For each variant, the efficiency of trafficking to the plasma membrane, the impact of proteasome inhibition, and protein stability were assayed. The results of these experiments, combined with channel functional data, provided the basis for classifying each mutation into one of 6 mechanistic categories. More than half of the KCNQ1 LOF mutations destabilize the structure of the VSD, resulting in mistrafficking and degradation by the proteasome, an observation that underscores the growing appreciation that mutation-induced destabilization of membrane proteins may be a common human disease mechanism. Finally, we observed that 5 of the folding-defective LQTS mutants are located in the VSD S0 helix, where they interact with a number of other LOF mutation sites in other segments of the VSD. These observations reveal a critical role for the S0 helix as a central scaffold to help organize and stabilize the KCNQ1 VSD and, most likely, the corresponding domain of many other ion channels.nnOne Sentence SummaryLong QT syndrome-associated mutations in KCNQ1 most often destabilize the protein, leading to mistrafficking and degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadziselimovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms of KCNQ1 Channel Dysfunction in Long QT Syndrome Involving Voltage Sensor Domain Mutations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Copy number variation in fungi and its implications for wine yeast genetic diversity and adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/233122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, copy number (CN) variation has emerged as a new and significant source of genetic polymorphisms contributing to the phenotypic diversity of populations. CN variants are defined as genetic loci that, due to duplication and deletion, vary in their number of copies across individuals in a population. CN variants range in size from 50 base pairs to whole chromosomes, can influence gene activity, and are associated with a wide range of phenotypes in diverse organisms, including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we introduce CN variation, discuss the genetic and molecular mechanisms implicated in its generation, how they can contribute to genetic and phenotypic diversity in fungal populations, and consider how CN variants may influence wine yeast adaptation in fermentation-related processes. In particular, we focus on reviewing recent work investigating the contribution of changes in CN of fermentation-related genes associated with the adaptation and domestication of yeast wine strains and offer notable illustrations of such changes, including the high levels of CN variation among the CUP genes, which confer resistance to copper, and the preferential deletion and duplication of the MALI and MAL3 loci, respectively, which are responsible for metabolizing maltose and sucrose. Based on the available data, we propose that CN variation is a substantial dimension of yeast genetic diversity that occurs largely independent of single nucleotide polymorphisms. As such, CN variation harbors considerable potential for understanding and manipulating yeast strains in the wine fermentation environment and beyond.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/233122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Copy number variation in fungi and its implications for wine yeast genetic diversity and adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
iterativeWGCNA: iterative refinement to improve module detection from WGCNA co-expression networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Weighted-gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) is frequently used to identify highly co-expressed clusters of genes (modules) within whole-transcriptome datasets. However, transcriptome-scale networks tend to be highly connected, making it challenging for the hierarchical clustering underlying the WGCNA-based classification to discriminate coherently expressed gene sets without significant information loss from either a priori filtering of the expression dataset or a posteriori pruning of the cluster dendrogram.nnHere we present iterativeWGCNA, a Python-wrapped extension for the WGCNA R software package that improves the robustness of detected modules and minimizes information loss. The method works by pruning poorly fitting genes from estimated modules and then re-running WGCNA to refine gene clusters. After refining, pruned genes are assembled into a new expression dataset to isolate overlapping modules and the process repeated. In doing so, iterativeWGCNA provides an unsupervised, non-biased filtering to generate a robust, comprehensive network-based classification of whole-transcriptome expression datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenfest-Allen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoeckert, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[iterativeWGCNA: iterative refinement to improve module detection from WGCNA co-expression networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235424v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle specific stress fibers give rise to sarcomeres and are mechanistically distinct from stress fibers in non-muscle cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235424v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit within cardiomyocytes driving heart muscle contraction. We sought to test the mechanisms regulating thin (i.e., actin) and thick (i.e., myosin) filament assembly during sarcomere formation. Thus, we developed an assay using human cardiomyocytes to test de novo sarcomere assembly. Using this assay, we report a population of muscle-specific stress fibers are essential sarcomere precursors. We show sarcomeric actin filaments arise directly from these muscle stress fibers. This process requires formin-mediated but not Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization and nonmuscle myosin IIB but not non-muscle myosin IIA. Furthermore, we show a short species of {beta} cardiac myosin II filaments grows to form ~1.5 long filaments that then "stitch" together to form the stack of filaments at the core of the sarcomere (i.e., A-band). Interestingly, these are different from mechanisms that have previously been reported during stress fiber assembly in non-muscle cells. Thus, we provide a new model of cardiac sarcomere assembly based on distinct mechanisms of stress fiber regulation between non-muscle and muscle cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feinx, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neininger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visetsouk, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manalo, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutzman, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235424</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle specific stress fibers give rise to sarcomeres and are mechanistically distinct from stress fibers in non-muscle cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Formation of retinal direction-selective circuitry initiated by starburst amacrine cell homotypic contact 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impact statementSelective synapse formation in a retinal motion-sensitive circuit is orchestrated by starburst amacrine cells, which use homotypic interactions to initiate formation of a dendritic scaffold that recruits projections from circuit partners.nnSUMMARYA common strategy by which developing neurons locate their synaptic partners is through projections to circuit-specific neuropil sublayers. Once established, sublayers serve as a substrate for selective synapse formation, but how sublayers arise during neurodevelopment remains unknown. Here we identify the earliest events that initiate formation of the direction-selective circuit in the inner plexiform layer of mouse retina. We demonstrate that radially-migrating newborn starburst amacrine cells establish homotypic contacts on arrival at the inner retina. These contacts, mediated by the cell-surface protein MEGF10, trigger neuropil innervation resulting in generation of two sublayers comprising starburst-cell dendrites. This dendritic scaffold then recruits projections from circuit partners. Abolishing MEGF10-mediated contacts profoundly delays and ultimately disrupts sublayer formation, leading to broader direction tuning and weaker direction-selectivity in retinal ganglion cells. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which differentiating neurons transition from migratory to mature morphology, and highlight this mechanisms importance in forming circuit-specific sublayers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ray, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cafaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulbert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kay, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Formation of retinal direction-selective circuitry initiated by starburst amacrine cell homotypic contact]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A memory element imposes epigenetic behavior on intrinsically labile RNAi-induced heterochromatin spread. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/237479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABTRACTThe heterochromatin spreading reaction is a central contributor to the formation of gene-repressive structures, which are re-established with high fidelity following replication. The high fidelity of this process is not obviously encoded in the primary spreading reaction. To resolve origins of stable inheritance of repression, we probed the intrinsic fidelity of spreading events in fission yeast using a system that quantitatively describes the spreading reaction in live single cells. We show that spreading from RNAi-nucleated elements is stochastic, multimodal, and fluctuates dynamically across time. In contrast, a second form of spreading, nucleated by the cis-acting element REIII, is deterministic, has high memory capacity and acts as the source of locus fidelity. REIII enables fidelity in part by endowing the locus with resistance to perturbations. Together, our results suggest that epigenetic capacity may not be intrinsically encoded in the spreading reaction, but rather requires collaboration with specialized memory elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greenstein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spivey, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybarski, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkelstein, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Sady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/237479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A memory element imposes epigenetic behavior on intrinsically labile RNAi-induced heterochromatin spread.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bioinformatic analysis of endogenous and exogenous small RNAs on lipoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/246900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To comprehensively study extracellular small RNAs (sRNA) by sequencing (sRNA-seq), we developed a novel pipeline to overcome current limitations in analysis entitled, "Tools for Integrative Genome analysis of Extracellular sRNAs (TIGER)". To demonstrate the power of this tool, sRNA-seq was performed on mouse lipoproteins, bile, urine, and liver samples. A key advance for the TIGER pipeline is the ability to analyze both host and non-host sRNAs at genomic, parent RNA, and individual fragment levels. TIGER was able to identify approximately 60% of sRNAs on lipoproteins, and >85% of sRNAs in liver, bile, and urine, a significant advance compared to existing software. Results suggest that the majority of sRNAs on lipoproteins are non-host sRNAs derived from bacterial sources in the microbiome and environment, specifically rRNA-derived sRNAs from Proteobacteria. Collectively, TIGER facilitated novel discoveries of lipoprotein and biofluid sRNAs and has tremendous applicability for the field of extracellular RNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Allen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethupathy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/246900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bioinformatic analysis of endogenous and exogenous small RNAs on lipoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering of a Polydisperse Small Heat-Shock Protein Reveals Conserved Motifs of Oligomer Plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small heat-shock proteins (sHSP) are molecular chaperones that bind and sequester partially and globally unfolded states of their client proteins. Of paramount importance to their physiological roles is the assembly into large oligomers, which for mammalian sHSP are polydisperse and undergo subunit exchange. The flexibility and dynamic nature of these oligomers mediates functional regulation by phosphorylation and underpins the deleterious effects of disease-linked mutations. Previously, we discovered that the archaeal Hsp16.5, which natively forms ordered and symmetric 24-subunit oligomers, can be engineered to transition to an ordered and symmetric 48-subunit oligomer by insertion of a peptide from human HspB1 (Hsp27) at the junction of the N-terminal and -crystallin domains. Here, we carried out a detailed analysis of the determinants of Hsp16.5 oligomeric plasticity by altering the sequence and length of the inserted peptide. Utilizing light scattering, blue native gel electrophoresis, native mass spectrometry and electron microscopy, we uncovered the existence of an array of oligomeric states (30 to 38 subunits) that can be populated as a consequence of different insertions. These oligomers are intermediate states on the assembly pathway of the 48-subunit oligomer as two of the variants can concurrently form 24-subunit or 30-38 subunit polydisperse oligomers. Polydisperse Hsp16.5 oligomers displayed higher affinity to a model client protein consistent with a general mechanism for recognition and binding that involves increased access of the hydrophobic N-terminal region. Our findings, which integrate structural and functional analyses from evolutionarily-distant sHSP, support a model wherein the modular architecture of these proteins encodes motifs of oligomer polydispersity, dissociation and expansion to achieve functional diversity and regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koteiche, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benesch, J. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering of a Polydisperse Small Heat-Shock Protein Reveals Conserved Motifs of Oligomer Plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256909v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple genetic basis for managing maternally transmitted symbionts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/256909v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maternal transmission of intracellular microbes is pivotal in establishing long-term, intimate symbioses. For germline microbes that exert negative reproductive effects on their hosts, selection can theoretically favor the spread of host genes that counteract the microbes harmful effects. Here, we leverage a major difference in bacterial (Wolbachia pipientis) titers between closely-related wasp species with forward genetic, transcriptomic, and cytological approaches to map two quantitative trait loci that suppress bacterial titers via a maternal effect. Fine mapping and knockdown experiments identify the gene Wolbachia density suppressor (Wds), which dominantly suppresses bacterial transmission from mother to embryo. Wds evolved by lineage-specific non-synonymous changes driven by positive selection. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a genetically simple change arose by Darwinian selection in less than a million years to regulate maternally transmitted bacteria via a dominant, maternal effect gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Funkhouser-Jones, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Opstal, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/256909</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple genetic basis for managing maternally transmitted symbionts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Focal adhesion kinase regulates early steps of myofibrillogenesis in cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Forces generated by myofibrils within cardiomyocytes must be balanced by adhesion to the substrate and to other cardiomyocytes for proper heart function. Loss of this force balance results in cardiomyopathies that ultimately cause heart failure. How this force balance is first established during the assembly of myofibrils is poorly understood. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, we show coupling of focal adhesions to myofibrils during early steps of de novo myofibrillogenesis is essential for myofibril maturation. We also establish a key role for Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a known regulator of adhesion dynamics in non-muscle cells, in regulating focal adhesion dynamics in cardiomyocytes. Specifically, FAK inhibition increased the stability of vinculin in focal adhesions, allowing greater substrate coupling of assembling myofibrils. Furthermore, this coupling is critical for regulating myofibril tension and viscosity. Taken together, our findings uncover a fundamental mechanism regulating the maturation of myofibrils in human cardiomyocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neininger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Focal adhesion kinase regulates early steps of myofibrillogenesis in cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF activity asymmetrically regulates the timing of habenular neurogenesis in a Nodal-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/261834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly conserved habenular nuclei in the vertebrate epithalamus function as an integrating center that relaying information between the forebrain and the brain stem. These nuclei play crucial roles in modulating a broad variety of cognitive behaviors. Moreover, habenular nuclei has also attracted interest as a model for brain asymmetry, since many vertebrates exhibit left-right differences in habenular size and neural circuitry. Left-right (L/R) asymmetry is a shared feature of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Despite its prevalence and functional significance, few studies have addressed the molecular bases for the generation of the asymmetric brain structure, perhaps due to the absence of genetically accessible model animals showing robust brain asymmetry. Previous studies on zebrafish epithalamus demonstrated that Nodal signaling directs the habenular asymmetry during the early stages of development by biasing the neurogenesis on the left-side. Here, we discover a novel regulatory module involving asymmetric activation of FGF signaling that determines the timing of habenular neurogenesis by regulating cell-cycle progression of neuronal progenitors, which seamlessly integrates the L/R patterning driven by Nodal and the spatiotemporal patterning of habenular neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dean, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamse, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/261834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF activity asymmetrically regulates the timing of habenular neurogenesis in a Nodal-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multisensory perception reflects individual differences in processing temporal correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/264457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory signals originating from a single event, such as audiovisual speech, are temporally correlated. Correlated signals are known to facilitate multisensory integration and binding. We sought to further elucidate the nature of this relationship, hypothesizing that multisensory perception will vary with the strength of audiovisual correlation. Human participants detected near-threshold amplitude modulations in auditory and/or visual stimuli. During audiovisual trials, the frequency and phase of auditory modulations were varied, producing signals with a range of correlations. After accounting for individual differences which likely reflect relative temporal processing abilities of participants auditory and visual systems, we found that multisensory perception varied linearly with strength of correlation. Diffusion modelling confirmed this and revealed that correlation is supplied to the decisional system as sensory evidence. These data implicate correlation as an important cue in audiovisual feature integration and binding and suggest correlational strength as an important factor for flexibility in these processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nidiffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diederich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/264457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multisensory perception reflects individual differences in processing temporal correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differences In Neural Activity, But Not Behavior, Across Social Contexts In Guppies, Poecilia reticulata 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals are continually faced with the challenge of producing context-appropriate social behaviors. In many instances, animals produce unrelated behaviors across contexts. However, in some instances the same behaviors are produced across different social contexts, albeit in response to distinct stimuli and with distinct purposes. We took advantage of behavioral similarities across mating and aggression contexts in guppies, Poecilia reticulata, to understand how patterns of neural induction differ across social contexts when behaviors are nonetheless shared across contexts. While these is growing interest in understanding behavioral mechanisms in guppies, resources are sparse. As part of this study, we developed a neuroanatomical atlas of the guppy brain as a research community resource. Using this atlas, we found that neural activity in the preoptic area reflected social context, whereas individual differences in behavioral motivation paralleled activity in the posterior tuberculum and ventral telencephalon (teleost homologs of the ventral tegmental area and lateral septum, respectively). Our findings suggest independent coding of social salience versus behavioral motivation when behavioral repertoires are shared across social contexts.nnSummary statementActivity in distinct brain regions reflects behavioral context versus social motivation in a in which behavioral repertoires are shared across social contexts (Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westrick, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartsough, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differences In Neural Activity, But Not Behavior, Across Social Contexts In Guppies, Poecilia reticulata]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feature Specific Prediction Errors and Surprise across Macaque Fronto-Striatal Circuits during Attention and Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prediction errors signal unexpected outcomes indicating that expectations need to be adjusted. For adjusting expectations efficiently prediction errors need to be associated with the precise features that gave rise to the unexpected outcome. For many visual tasks this credit assignment proceeds in a multidimensional feature space that makes it ambiguous which object defining features are relevant. Here, we report of a potential solution by showing that neurons in all areas of the medial and lateral fronto-striatal networks encode prediction errors that are specific to separate features of attended multidimensional stimuli, with the most ubiquitous prediction error occurring for the reward relevant features. These feature specific prediction error signals (1) are different from a non-specific prediction error signal, (2) arise earliest in the anterior cingulate cortex and later in lateral prefrontal cortex, caudate and ventral striatum, and (3) contribute to feature-based stimulus selection after learning. These findings provide strong evidence for a widely-distributed feature-based eligibility trace that can be used to update synaptic weights for improved feature-based attention.nnHighlightsO_LINeural reward prediction errors carry information for updating feature-based attention in all areas of the fronto-striatal network.nC_LIO_LIFeature specific neural prediction errors emerge earliest in anterior cingulate cortex and later in lateral prefrontal cortex.nC_LIO_LIVentral striatum neurons encode feature specific surprise strongest for the goal-relevant feature.nC_LIO_LINeurons encoding feature-specific prediction errors contribute to attentional selection after learning.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westendorff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feature Specific Prediction Errors and Surprise across Macaque Fronto-Striatal Circuits during Attention and Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Significant shared heritability underlies suicide attempt and clinically predicted probability of attempting suicide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/266411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Suicide accounts for nearly 800,000 deaths per year worldwide with rates of both deaths and attempts rising. Family studies have estimated substantial heritability of suicidal behavior; however, collecting the sample sizes necessary for successful genetic studies has remained a challenge. We utilized two different approaches in independent datasets to characterize the contribution of common genetic variation to suicide attempt. The first is a patient reported suicide attempt phenotype from genotyped samples in the UK Biobank (337,199 participants, 2,433 cases). The second leveraged electronic health record (EHR) data from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC, 2.8 million patients, 3,250 cases) and machine learning to derive probabilities of attempting suicide in 24,546 genotyped patients. We identified significant and comparable heritability estimates of suicide attempt from both the patient reported phenotype in the UK Biobank (h2SNP = 0.035, p = 7.12x10-4) and the clinically predicted phenotype from VUMC (h2SNP = 0.046, p = 1.51x10-2). A significant genetic overlap was demonstrated between the two measures of suicide attempt in these independent samples through polygenic risk score analysis (t = 4.02, p = 5.75x10-5) and genetic correlation (rg = 1.073, SE = 0.36, p = 0.003). Finally, we show significant but incomplete genetic correlation of suicide attempt with insomnia (rg = 0.34 - 0.81) as well as several psychiatric disorders (rg = 0.26 - 0.79). This work demonstrates the contribution of common genetic variation to suicide attempt. It points to a genetic underpinning to clinically predicted risk of attempting suicide that is similar to the genetic profile from a patient reported outcome. Lastly, it presents an approach for using EHR data and clinical prediction to generate quantitative measures from binary phenotypes that improved power for our genetic study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aquirre, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivas, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/266411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Significant shared heritability underlies suicide attempt and clinically predicted probability of attempting suicide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Most calbindin-immunoreactive neurons, but few calretinin-immunoreactive neurons, express the m1 acetylcholine receptor in the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/271924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Release of the neuromodulator acetylcholine into cortical circuits supports cognition, although its precise role and mechanisms of action are not well-understood. Little is known about functional differences in cholinergic modulatory effects across cortical model systems, but anatomical evidence suggests that such differences likely exist because, for example, the expression of cholinergic receptors differs profoundly both within and between species. In the primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque monkeys, cholinergic receptors are strongly expressed by inhibitory interneurons. Here, we examine m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression by two subclasses of inhibitory interneurons--identified by their expression of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and calretinin--in the middle temporal extrastriate area (MT) of the macaque. Using dual-immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we find that the majority of calbindin-immunoreative neurons (55%) and only few calretinin-immunoreactive neurons (10%) express the m1 acetylcholine receptor. This differs from the pattern observed in V1 of the same species, lending further support to the notion that cholinergic modulation in cortex is tuned such that different cortical compartments will respond to acetylcholine release in different ways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coppola, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/271924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Most calbindin-immunoreactive neurons, but few calretinin-immunoreactive neurons, express the m1 acetylcholine receptor in the middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variations in neuromodulatory chemical signatures define compartments in macaque cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/272849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical neuromodulatory systems exhibit widespread projections that influence the output of cortical circuits. These modulatory systems have been portrayed as providing global signals to the entirety of cortex based on their widespread innervation. This innervation is not necessarily predictive of the levels of the neuromodulatory molecules that actually provide these signals to cortex. In the present study, we examine tissue concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin to see how they locally vary across multiple areas of the macaque cortex. Our results indicate that different cortical areas exhibit varying levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. Using cluster analysis, we examine how similar cortical regions are to each other, finding that similarities in neurochemical content are shared by areas that exhibit similar functionality. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that neurochemical signatures vary across cortical regions and help define unique, local neuromodulatory signaling compartments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ward, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppola, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/272849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variations in neuromodulatory chemical signatures define compartments in macaque cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D model of human skeletal muscle innervated with stem cell-derived motor neurons enables epsilon-subunit targeted myasthenic syndrome studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-dimensional (2D) human skeletal muscle fiber cultures are ill equipped to support the contractile properties of maturing muscle fibers. This limits their application to the study of adult human neuromuscular junction (NMJ) development, a process requiring maturation of muscle fibers in the presence of motor neuron endplates. Here we describe a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture method whereby human muscle progenitors mixed with human pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons self-organize to form functional NMJ connections within two weeks. Functional connectivity between motor neuron endplates and muscle fibers is confirmed with calcium transient imaging and electrophysiological recordings. Notably, we only observed epsilon acetylcholine receptor subunit protein upregulation and activity in 3D co-culture. This demonstrates that the 3D co-culture system supports a developmental shift from the embryonic to adult form of the receptor that does not occur in 2D co-culture. Further, 3D co-culture treatments with myasthenia gravis patient sera shows the ease of studying human disease with the system. This work delivers a simple, reproducible, and adaptable method to model and evaluate adult human NMJ de novo development and disease in culture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afshar Bakooshli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegoraro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginsberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D model of human skeletal muscle innervated with stem cell-derived motor neurons enables epsilon-subunit targeted myasthenic syndrome studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YES1 amplification: a mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors identified by transposon mutagenesis and clinical genomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In approximately 30% of patients with EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas whose disease progresses on EGFR inhibitors, the basis for acquired resistance remains unclear. We have integrated transposon mutagenesis screening in an EGFR-mutant cell line and clinical genomic sequencing in cases of acquired resistance to identify novel mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors. The most prominent candidate genes identified by insertions in or near the genes during the screen were MET, a gene whose amplification is known to mediate resistance to EGFR inhibitors, and the gene encoding the Src family kinase YES1. Cell clones with transposon insertions that activated expression of YES1 exhibited resistance to all three generations of EGFR inhibitors and sensitivity to pharmacologic and siRNA-mediated inhibition of YES1. Analysis of clinical genomic sequencing data from cases of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors revealed amplification of YES1 in 5 cases, 4 of which lacked any other known mechanisms of resistance. Pre-inhibitor samples, available for 2 of the 5 patients, lacked YES1 amplification. None of 136 post-inhibitor samples had detectable amplification of other Src family kinases (SRC, FYN). YES1 amplification was also found in 2 of 17 samples from ALK fusion-positive lung cancer patients who had progressed on ALK TKIs. Taken together, our findings identify acquired amplification of YES1 as a novel, recurrent, and targetable mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibition in EGFR-mutant lung cancers, and demonstrate the utility of transposon mutagenesis in discovering clinically relevant mechanisms of drug resistance.nnSIGNIFICANCEDespite high response rates to treatment with small molecule inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity, patients with EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas eventually develop resistance to these drugs. In many cases, the basis of acquired resistance remains unclear. We have used a transposon mutagenesis screen in an EGFR-mutant cell line and clinical genomic sequencing in cases of acquired resistance to identify amplification of YES1 as a novel and targetable mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibitors in EGFR-mutant lung cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, P.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narzisi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaprakash, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robine, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smibert, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janjigian, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaft, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbluth, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovly, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kris, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riely, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Politi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varmus, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladanyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YES1 amplification: a mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors identified by transposon mutagenesis and clinical genomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule minus-end aster organization is driven by processive HSET-tubulin clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher-order structures of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton are comprised of two architectures: bundles and asters. Although both architectures are critical for cellular function, the molecular pathways that drive aster formation are poorly understood. Here, we study aster formation by human minus-end directed kinesin-14 (HSET/KIFC1). We show that HSET is incapable of forming asters from pre-formed, non-growing MTs, but rapidly forms MT asters in the presence of soluble tubulin. HSET binds soluble (non-polymer) tubulin via its N-terminal tail domain to form heterogeneous HSET-tubulin "clusters" containing multiple motors. Cluster formation induces motor processivity and rescues the formation of asters from non-growing MTs. We then show that excess soluble tubulin stimulates aster formation in HeLa cells overexpressing HSET during mitosis. We propose a model where HSET can toggle between MT bundle and aster formation in a manner governed by the availability of soluble tubulin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norris, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strothman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/278481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule minus-end aster organization is driven by processive HSET-tubulin clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disabling Gβγ SNARE interaction in transgenic mice disrupts GPCR-mediated presynaptic inhibition leading to physiological and behavioral phenotypes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/280347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gi/o-coupled G-protein coupled receptors modulate neurotransmission presynaptically through inhibition of exocytosis. Release of G{beta}{gamma} subunits decreases the activity of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC), decreasing excitability. A less understood G{beta}{gamma}-mediated mechanism downstream of calcium entry is the binding of G{beta}{gamma} to SNARE complexes. Here, we create a mouse partially deficient in this interaction. SNAP25{Delta}3 homozygote animals are developmentally normalbut impaired gait and supraspinal nociception. They also have elevated stress-induced hyperthermia and impaired inhibitory postsynaptic responses to 2A-AR, but normal inhibitory postsynaptic responses to Gi/o-coupled GABAB receptor activation. SNAP25{Delta}3 homozygotes have deficits in inhibition of hippocampal postsynaptic responses to 5 HT1b agonists that affect hippocampal learning. These data suggest that Gi/o-coupled GPCR inhibition of exocytosis through the G{beta}{gamma}-SNARE interaction is a crucial component of numerous physiological and behavioral processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson Gray, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohn, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortlock, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/280347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disabling Gβγ SNARE interaction in transgenic mice disrupts GPCR-mediated presynaptic inhibition leading to physiological and behavioral phenotypes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prosody perception in children: studying individual differences with novel brain and behavioral approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/281998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A sizeable literature has shown that perception of prosodic elements bolsters speech comprehension across developmental stages; recent work also suggests that variance in musical aptitude predicts individual differences in prosody perception in adults. The current study investigates brain and behavioral methods of assessing prosody perception and tests the relationship with musical rhythm perception in 35 school-aged children (age range: 5;5 to 8;0 years, M = 6;7 years, SD = 10 months; 18 females). We applied stimulus reconstruction, a technique for analyzing EEG data by fitting a temporal response function that maps the neural response back to the sensory stimulus. In doing so, we obtain a measure of neural encoding of the speech envelope in passive listening to continuous narratives. We also present a behavioral prosody assessment that requires holistic judgments of filtered speech. The results from these typically developing children revealed that individual differences in stimulus reconstruction in the delta band, indexing neural synchrony to the speech envelope, are significantly related to individual differences in behavioral measurement of prosody perception. In addition, both of these measures are moderately to strongly correlated with musical rhythm perception skills. Results support a domain-general mechanism for cognitive processing of speech and music.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=150 SRC="FIGDIR/small/281998v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (68K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7a4ca2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13d41c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a9652borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@130eb6a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korsnack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/281998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prosody perception in children: studying individual differences with novel brain and behavioral approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283192v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupted structure and aberrant function of CHIP mediates the loss of motor and cognitive function in preclinical models of cerebellar CHIPopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283192v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CHIP (carboxyl terminus of heat shock 70-interacting protein) has long been recognized as an active member of the cellular protein quality control system given the ability of CHIP to function as both a co-chaperone and ubiquitin ligase. Mutations in CHIP are the driver of spinocerebellar autosomal recessive 16 (SCAR16), or cerebellar CHIPopathy, as we initially discovered this disease was caused by a loss of CHIP ubiquitin ligase function. The initial mutation describing SCAR16 was a missense mutation in the ubiquitin ligase domain of CHIP (p.T246M). Using multiple biophysical and cellular approaches, we demonstrate that T246M mutation results in structural disorganization and misfolding of the CHIP U-box domain, promoting oligomerization, and increased proteasome-dependent turnover. CHIP-T246M has no ligase activity, but maintains interactions with chaperones and alters the co-chaperone function of CHIP. To establish preclinical models of SCAR16, we engineered T246M at the endogenous locus in both mice and rats. Animals homozygous for T246M had both cognitive and motor cerebellar dysfunction distinct from those observed in the CHIP null animal model, as well as deficits in learning and memory, reflective of the cognitive deficits reported in SCAR16 patients. We conclude that the T246M mutation is not equivalent to the total loss of CHIP, supporting the concept that disease-causing CHIP mutations have different biophysical and functional repercussions on CHIP function that may directly correlate to the spectrum of clinical phenotypes observed in SCAR16 patients. Our findings both further expand our basic understanding of CHIP biology and provide meaningful mechanistic insight underlying the molecular drivers of SCAR16 disease pathology, which may be used to inform the development of novel therapeutics for this devastating disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, C.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soss, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Hodge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, C.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, M.-b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.-w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283192</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupted structure and aberrant function of CHIP mediates the loss of motor and cognitive function in preclinical models of cerebellar CHIPopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome wide association analysis identifies genetic variants associated with reproductive variation across domestic dog breeds and uncovers links to domestication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/285791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The diversity of eutherian reproductive strategies has led to variation in many traits, such as number of offspring, age of reproductive maturity, and gestation length. While reproductive trait variation has been extensively investigated and is well established in mammals, the genetic loci contributing to this variation remain largely unknown. The domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris is a powerful model for studies of the genetics of inherited disease due to its unique history of domestication. To gain insight into the genetic basis of reproductive traits across domestic dog breeds, we collected phenotypic data for four traits - cesarean section rate (n = 97 breeds), litter size (n = 60), stillbirth rate (n = 57), and gestation length (n = 23) - from primary literature and breeders handbooks. By matching our phenotypic data to genomic data from the Cornell Veterinary Biobank, we performed genome wide association analyses for these four reproductive traits, using body mass and kinship among breeds as co-variates. We identified 14 genome-wide significant associations between these traits and genetic loci, including variants near CACNA2D3 with gestation length, MSRB3 with litter size, SMOC2 with cesarean section rate, MITF with litter size and still birth rate, KRT71 with cesarean section rate, litter size, and stillbirth rate, and HTR2C with stillbirth rate. Some of these loci, such as CACNA2D3 and MSRB3, have been previously implicated in human reproductive pathologies. Many of the variants that we identified have been previously associated with domestication-related traits, including brachycephaly (SMOC2), coat color (MITF), coat curl (KRT71), and tameness (HTR2C). These results raise the hypothesis that the artificial selection that gave rise to dog breeds also shaped the observed variation in their reproductive traits. Overall, our work establishes the domestic dog as a system for studying the genetics of reproductive biology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/285791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome wide association analysis identifies genetic variants associated with reproductive variation across domestic dog breeds and uncovers links to domestication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of DVL2 ubiquitylation by USP9X biases participation in canonical or non-canonical WNT signalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/289595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The WNT signaling network is comprised of multiple receptors that relay various input signals via distinct transduction pathways to execute multiple complex and context-specific output processes. Integrity of the WNT signaling network relies on proper specification between canonical and non-canonical pathways, which presents a regulatory challenge given that several signal transducing elements are shared between pathways. Here, we report that USP9X, a deubiquitylase, and WWP1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, interact physically to regulate a ubiquitin switch on DVL2, a WNT signaling protein. Our findings indicate that USP9X-mediated deubiquitylation of DVL2 is required for canonical WNT activation, while DVL2 ubiquitylation promotes its localization to actin-rich projections and increased cellular motility. We propose that a WWP1-USP9X axis regulates a ubiquitin switch on DVL2 that specifies its participation in either canonical WNT or WNT-PCP pathways. These findings have important implications for therapeutic targeting of USP9X in human cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/289595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of DVL2 ubiquitylation by USP9X biases participation in canonical or non-canonical WNT signalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HDAC11 Suppresses the Thermogenic Program of Adipose Tissue via BRD2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about the biological function of histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11), which is the lone class IV HDAC. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of HDAC11 in mice stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) formation and beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT). Consequently, HDAC11-deficient mice exhibit dramatically enhanced thermogenic potential and, in response to high fat feeding, attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Ex vivo and cell-based assays revealed that HDAC11 catalytic activity suppresses the BAT transcriptional program, in both the basal state and in response to {beta}-adrenergic receptor signaling, through a mechanism that is dependent on physical association with BRD2, a bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) acetyl-histone binding protein. These findings define a novel epigenetic pathway for the regulation of energy homeostasis, and suggest potential for HDAC11-selective inhibitors for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bagchi, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavasin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londono, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparks, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seto, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinsey, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HDAC11 Suppresses the Thermogenic Program of Adipose Tissue via BRD2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic review of social contact surveys to inform transmission models of close contact infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/292235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social contact data are increasingly being used to inform models for infectious disease spread with the aim of guiding effective policies on disease prevention and control. In this paper, we undertake a systematic review of the study design, statistical analyses and outcomes of the many social contact surveys that have been published. Our primary focus is to identify the designs that have worked best and the most important determinants and to highlight the most robust [fi]ndings.nnTwo publicly accessible online databases were systematically searched for articles regarding social contact surveys. PRISMA guidelines were followed as closely as possible. In total, 64 social contact surveys were identi[fi]ed. These surveys were conducted in 24 countries, and more than 80% of the surveys were conducted in high-income countries. Study settings included general population (58%), schools/universities (37%) and health care/conference/research institutes (5%). The majority of studies did not focus on a speci[fi]c age group (38%), whereas others focused on adults (32%) or children (19%). Retrospective and prospective designs were used mostly (45% and 41% of the surveys, respectively) with 6% using both for comparison purposes. The de[fi]nition of a contact varied among surveys, e.g. a non-physical contact may require conversation, close proximity or both. Age, time schedule (e.g., weekday/weekend) and household size were identi[fi]ed as relevant determinants for contact pattern across a large number of studies. The surveys present a wide range of study designs. Throughout, we found that the overall contact patterns were remarkably robust for the study details. By considering the most common approach in each aspect of design (e.g., sampling schemes, data collection, de[fi]nition of contact), we could identify a common practice approach that can be used to facilitate comparison between studies and for benchmarking future studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoang, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coletti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melegaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallinga, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grijalva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmunds, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutels, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/292235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic review of social contact surveys to inform transmission models of close contact infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strains of Helicobacter pylori that cause ulcer or gastric cancer typically express a type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the cag pathogenicity island (PAI). CagY is an ortholog of VirB10 that, unlike other VirB10 orthologs, has a large middle repeat region (MRR) with extensive repetitive sequence motifs, which undergo CD4+ T cell-dependent recombination during infection of mice. Recombination in the CagY MRR reduces T4SS function, diminishes the host inflammatory response, and enables the bacteria to colonize at a higher density. Since CagY is known to bind human 5{beta}1 integrin, we tested the hypothesis that recombination in the CagY MRR regulates T4SS function by modulating binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Using a cell-free microfluidic assay, we found that H. pylori binding to 5{beta}1 integrin under shear flow is dependent on the CagY MRR, but independent of the presence of the T4SS pili, which are only formed when H. pylori is in contact with host cells. Similarly, expression of CagY in the absence of other T4SS genes was necessary and sufficient for whole bacterial cell binding to 5{beta}1 integrin. Bacteria with variant cagY alleles that reduced T4SS function showed comparable reduction in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, though CagY was still expressed on the bacterial surface. We speculate that cagY-dependent modulation of H. pylori T4SS function is mediated by alterations in binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, which in turn regulates the host inflammatory response so as to maximize persistent infection.nnIMPORTANCEInfection with H. pylori can cause peptic ulcers, and is the most important risk factor for gastric cancer, the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The major H. pylori virulence factor that determines whether infection causes disease or asymptomatic colonization is the type IV secretion system (T4SS), a sort of molecular syringe that injects bacterial products into gastric epithelial cells and alters host cell physiology. We previously showed that recombination in CagY, an essential T4SS component, modulates the function of the T4SS. Here we found that these recombination events produce parallel changes in specific binding to 5{beta}1 integrin, a host cell receptor that is essential for T4SS-dependent translocation of bacterial effectors. We propose that CagY-dependent binding to 5{beta}1 integrin acts like a molecular rheostat that alters T4SS function and modulates the host immune response to promote persistent infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skoog, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morikis, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solnick, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CagY-dependent regulation of type IV secretion in Helicobacter pylori is associated with alterations in integrin binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Confidence Analysis of DEER Data and its Structural Interpretation with Ensemble-Biased Metadynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/299941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Given its ability to measure multicomponent distance distributions between electron-spin probes, Double Electron-Electron Resonance spectroscopy (DEER) has become a leading technique to assess the structural dynamics of biomolecules. However, methodologies to evaluate the statistical error of these distributions are not standard, often hampering a rigorous interpretation of the experimental results. Distance distributions are often determined from the experimental DEER data through a mathematical method known as Tikhonov regularization, but this approach makes rigorous error estimates difficult. Here, we build upon an alternative model-based approach in which the distance probability distribution is represented as a sum of Gaussian components and use propagation of errors to calculate an associated confidence band. Our approach considers all sources of uncertainty, including the experimental noise, the uncertainty in the fitted background signal, and the limited time-span of the data collection. The resulting confidence band reveals the most and least reliable features of the probability distribution, thereby informing the structural interpretation of DEER experiments. To facilitate this interpretation, we also generalize the molecular-simulation method known as Ensemble-Biased Metadynamics. This method, originally designed to generate maximum-entropy structural ensembles consistent with one or more probability distributions, now also accounts for the uncertainty in those target distributions, exactly as dictated by their confidence bands. After careful benchmarks, we demonstrate the proposed techniques using DEER results from spin-labeled T4 lysozyme.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hustedt, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinelli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraldo-Gomez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/299941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Confidence Analysis of DEER Data and its Structural Interpretation with Ensemble-Biased Metadynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single prophage WO gene rescues cytoplasmic incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wolbachia are maternally-inherited, intracellular bacteria at the forefront of vector control efforts to curb arbovirus transmission. In international field trials, the cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) drive system of wMel Wolbachia is deployed to replace target vector populations, whereby a Wolbachia- induced modification of the sperm genome kills embryos. However, Wolbachia in the embryo rescue the sperm genome impairment, and therefore CI results in a strong fitness advantage for infected females that transmit the bacteria to offspring. The two genes responsible for the wMel-induced sperm modification of CI, cifA and cifB, were recently identified in the eukaryotic association module of prophage WO, but the genetic basis of rescue is unresolved. Here we use transgenic and cytological approaches to demonstrate that cifA independently rescues CI and nullifies embryonic death caused by wMel Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster. Discovery of cifA as the rescue gene and previously one of two CI induction genes establishes a new  Two-by-One model that underpins the genetic basis of CI. Results highlight the central role of prophage WO in shaping Wolbachia phenotypes that are significant to arthropod evolution and vector control.nnSignificance StatementThe World Health Organization recommended pilot deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to curb viral transmission to humans. Releases of mosquitoes are underway worldwide because Wolbachia can block replication of these pathogenic viruses and deterministically spread by a drive system termed cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Despite extensive research, the underlying genetic basis of CI remains only half-solved. We recently reported that two prophage WO genes recapitulate the modification component of CI in a released strain for vector control. Here we show that one of these genes underpins rescue of CI. Together, our results reveal the complete genetic basis of this selfish trait and pave the way for future studies exploring WO prophage genes as adjuncts or alternatives to current control efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shropshire, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>On, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single prophage WO gene rescues cytoplasmic incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mass Action Kinetic Model of Apoptosis by TRAIL-Functionalized Leukocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1 AbstractO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSMetastasis through the bloodstream contributes to poor prognosis in many types of cancer. A unique approach to target and kill colon, prostate, and other epithelial-type cancer cells in the blood has been recently developed that causes circulating leukocytes to present the cancer-specific, liposome-bound Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) on their surface along with E - selectin adhesion receptors. This approach, demonstrated both in vitro with human blood and in mice, mimics the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. The resulting liposomal TRAIL-coated leukocytes hold promise as an effective means to neutralize circulating tumor cells that enter the bloodstream with the potential to form new metastases.nnResultsThe computational biology study reported here examines the mechanism of this effective signal delivery, by considering the kinetics of the coupled reaction cascade, from TRAIL binding death receptor to eventual apoptosis. In this study, a collision of bound TRAIL with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is considered and compared to a prolonged exposure of CTCs to soluble TRAIL. An existing computational model of soluble TRAIL treatment was modified to represent the kinetics from a diffusion-limited 3D reference frame into a 2D collision frame with advection and adhesion to mimic the E - selectin and membrane bound TRAIL treatment. Thus, the current model recreates the new approach of targeting cancer cells within the blood. The model was found to faithfully reproduce representative observations from experiments of liposomal TRAIL treatment under shear. The model predicts apoptosis of CTCs within 2 hr when treated with membrane bound TRAIL, while apoptosis in CTCs treated with soluble TRAIL proceeds much more slowly over the course of 10 hrs, consistent with previous experiments. Given the clearance rate of soluble TRAIL in vivo, this model predicts that the soluble TRAIL method would be rendered ineffective, as found in previous experiments.nnConclusionThis study therefore indicates that the kinetics of the coupled reaction cascade of liposomal E - selectin and membrane bound TRAIL colliding with CTCs can explain why this new approach to target and kill cancer cells in blood is much more effective than its soluble counterpart.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lederman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mass Action Kinetic Model of Apoptosis by TRAIL-Functionalized Leukocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrinsic cooperativity potentiates parallel cis-regulatory evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Convergent evolutionary events in independent lineages provide an opportunity to understand why evolution favors certain outcomes over others. We studied such a case, where a large set of genes--those coding for the ribosomal proteins--gained cis-regulatory sequences for a particular transcription regulator (Mcm1) in independent fungal lineages. We present evidence that these gains occurred because Mcm1 shares a mechanism of transcriptional activation with an ancestral regulator of the ribosomal protein genes, Rap1. Specifically, we show that Mcm1 and Rap1 have the inherent ability to cooperatively activate transcription through contacts with the general transcription factor TFIID. Because the two regulatory proteins share a common interaction partner, the presence of one ancestral cis-regulatory sequence can "channel" random mutations into functional sites for the second regulator. At a genomic scale, this type of intrinsic cooperativity can account for a pattern of parallel evolution involving the fixation of hundreds of substitutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorrells, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Britton, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feigerle, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weil, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrinsic cooperativity potentiates parallel cis-regulatory evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population level rhythms in human skin: implications for circadian medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/301820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skin is the largest organ in the body and serves important barrier, regulatory, and sensory functions. Like other tissues, skin is subject to temporal fluctuations in physiological responses under both homeostatic and stressed states. To gain insight into these fluctuations, we investigated the role of the circadian clock in the transcriptional regulation of epidermis using a hybrid experimental design, where a limited set of human subjects (n=20) were sampled throughout the 24 h cycle and a larger population (n=219) were sampled once. By looking at pairwise correlations of core clock genes in 298 skin samples, we found a robust circadian oscillator in skin at the population level. Encouraged by this, we used CYCLOPS to reconstruct the temporal order of all samples and identified hundreds of rhythmically-expressed genes at the population level in human skin. We compared these results with published time-series skin data from mouse and show strong concordance in circadian phase across species for both transcripts and pathways. Further, like blood, skin is readily accessible and a potential source of biomarkers. Using ZeitZeiger, we identified a biomarker set for human skin that is capable of reporting circadian phase to within 3 h from a single sample. In summary, we show rhythms in human skin that persist at the population scale and a path to develop robust single-sample circadian biomarkers.nnOne Sentence SummaryHuman epidermis shows strong circadian rhythms at the population scale and provides a better source for developing robust, single-sample circadian phase biomarkers than human blood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francey, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anafi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasseff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oblong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogenesch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/301820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population level rhythms in human skin: implications for circadian medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302612v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
integRATE: a desirability-based data integration framework for the prioritization of candidate genes across heterogeneous omics and its application to preterm birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302612v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe integration of high-quality, genome-wide analyses offers a robust approach to elucidating genetic factors involved in complex human diseases. Even though several methods exist to integrate heterogeneous omics data, most biologists still manually select candidate genes by examining the intersection of lists of candidates stemming from analyses of different types of omics data that have been generated by imposing hard (strict) thresholds on quantitative variables, such as P-values and fold changes, increasing the chance of missing potentially important candidates.nnMethodsTo better facilitate the unbiased integration of heterogeneous omics data collected from diverse platforms and samples, we propose a desirability function framework for identifying candidate genes with strong evidence across data types as targets for follow-up functional analysis. Our approach is targeted towards disease systems with sparse, heterogeneous omics data, so we tested it on one such pathology: spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB).nnResultsWe developed the software integRATE, which uses desirability functions to rank genes both within and across studies, identifying well-supported candidate genes according to the cumulative weight of biological evidence rather than based on imposition of hard thresholds of key variables. Integrating 10 sPTB omics studies identified both genes in pathways previously suspected to be involved in sPTB as well as novel genes never before linked to this syndrome. integRATE is available as an R package on GitHub (https://github.com/haleyeidem/integRATE).nnConclusionsDesirability-based data integration is a solution most applicable in biological research areas where omics data is especially heterogeneous and sparse, allowing for the prioritization of candidate genes that can be used to inform more targeted downstream functional analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eidem, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisecaver, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302612</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[integRATE: a desirability-based data integration framework for the prioritization of candidate genes across heterogeneous omics and its application to preterm birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loading of piperlongumine to liposomes after complexation with β-cyclodextrin and its effect on viability of colon and prostate cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/314161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Use of nano carriers to treat cancer is attractive due to their advantages such as the sustained release of drugs and ability to target specific regions of the body where treatment is needed. However, loading water insoluble chemotherapeutic drugs into liposomes is challenging. In this study, we developed a method to encapsulate water-insoluble drug (piperlongumine) in liposomes by complexing piperlongumine with {beta}-Cyclodextrin. Liposomes encapsulated with piperlongumine incubated with COLO 205 and PC-3 cell lines and demonstrated that viability of COLO 205 and PC-3 cells decreases to 7% and 41% respectively when the piperlongumine concentration is at 20 M.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayawardana, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyotsana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/314161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loading of piperlongumine to liposomes after complexation with β-cyclodextrin and its effect on viability of colon and prostate cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic determinants of risk and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disorder leading to premature death. Rare genetic variants contribute to disease etiology but the contribution of common genetic variation to disease risk and outcome remains poorly characterized.nnMethodsWe performed two separate genome-wide association studies of PAH using data across 11,744 European-ancestry individuals (including 2,085 patients), one with genotypes from 5,895 whole genome sequences and another with genotyping array data from 5,849 further samples. Cross-validation of loci reaching genome-wide significance was sought by meta-analysis. We functionally annotated associated variants and tested associations with duration of survival.nnFindingsA locus at HLA-DPA1/DPB1 within the class II major histocompatibility (MHC) region and a second near SOX17 were significantly associated with PAH. The SOX17 locus contained two independent signals associated with PAH. Functional and epigenomic data indicate that the risk variants near SOX17 alter gene regulation via an enhancer active in endothelial cells. PAH risk variants determined haplotype-specific enhancer activity and CRISPR-inhibition of the enhancer reduced SOX17 expression. Analysis of median survival showed that PAH patients with two copies of the HLA-DPA1/DPB1 risk variant had a two-fold difference (>16 years versus 8 years), compared to patients homozygous for the alternative allele.nnInterpretationWe have found that common genetic variation at loci in HLA-DPA1/DPB1 and an enhancer near SOX17 are associated with PAH. Impairment of Sox17 function may be more common in PAH than suggested by rare mutations in SOX17. Allelic variation at HLA-DPB1 stratifies PAH patients for survival following diagnosis, with implications for future therapeutic trial design.nnFundingUK NIHR, BHF, UK MRC, Dinosaur Trust, NIH/NHLBI, ERS, EMBO, Wellcome Trust, EU, AHA, ACClinPharm, Netherlands CVRI, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of UMC, Netherlands OHRD and RNAS, German DFG, German BMBF, APH Paris, Inserm, Universite Paris-Sud, and French ANR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhodes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haimel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southgate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauciulo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadinnapola, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girerd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karnes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbaum, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cebola, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NIHR BioResource Rare Diseases Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>UK PAH Cohort Study Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>US PAH Biobank Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badesch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakinala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Church, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coghlan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condliffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corris, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic determinants of risk and survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amycomicin: a potent and specific antibiotic discovered with a targeted interaction screen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/317362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria has accelerated the search for new antibiotics. Many clinically used antibacterials were discovered through culturing a single microbial species under nutrient-rich conditions, but in the environment, bacteria constantly encounter poor nutrient conditions and interact with neighboring microbial species. In an effort to recapitulate this environment we generated a nine-strain Actinomycete community and used 16S rDNA sequencing to deconvolute the stochastic production of antimicrobial activity that was not observed from any of the axenic cultures. We subsequently simplified the community to just two strains and identified Amycolatopsis sp. AA4 as the producing strain and Streptomyces coelicolor M145 as an inducing strain. Bioassay-guided isolation identified amycomicin, a highly modified fatty acid containing an epoxide isonitrile warhead as a potent and specific inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus. Amycomicin targets an essential enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis (FabH) and reduces S. aureus infection in a mouse skin infection model. The discovery of amycomicin demonstrates the utility of screening complex communities against specific targets to discover small-molecule antibiotics.nnSignificanceBacteria, especially actinomycetes, produce the majority of our clinically useful small-molecule antibiotics. Genomic analyses of antibiotic-producing strains indicate that earlier discovery efforts found only a fraction of the likely antibiotic candidates. In an effort to uncover these previously missed candidates we developed an approach that utilizes the ability of microbial communities to produce antibiotics that are not produced by any single member in isolation. Successful communities were established and deconvoluted to identify both producers and inducers of antibiotic activity. One inducer-producer pair made amycomicin, a potent and specific antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen. Amycomicin targets fatty acid biosynthesis and exhibits in vivo efficacy against skin infections in a mouse model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pishchany, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mevers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndousse-Fetter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paludo, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Junior, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clardy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/317362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amycomicin: a potent and specific antibiotic discovered with a targeted interaction screen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binocular Integration Manifests as a Transient Spiking Increase Followed by Selective Suppression in Primary Visual Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research throughout the past decades revealed that neurons in primate primary visual cortex (V1) rapidly integrate the two eyes separate signals into a combined binocular response. The exact mechanisms giving underlying this binocular integration remain elusive. One open question is whether binocular integration occurs at a single stage of sensory processing or in a sequence of computational steps. To address this question, we examined the temporal dynamics of binocular integration across V1s laminar microcircuit of awake behaving monkeys. We find that V1 processes binocular stimuli in a dynamic sequence that comprises at least two distinct phases: A transient phase, lasting 50-150ms from stimulus onset, in which neuronal population responses are significantly enhanced for binocular stimulation compared to monocular stimulation, followed by a sustained phase characterized by widespread suppression in which feature-specific computations emerge. In the sustained phase, incongruent binocular stimulation resulted in response reduction relative to monocular stimulation across the V1 population. By contrast, sustained responses for binocular congruent stimulation were either reduced or enhanced relative to monocular responses depending on the neurons selectivity for one or both eyes (i.e., ocularity). These results suggest that binocular integration in V1 occurs in at least two sequential steps, with an initial additive combination of the two eyes signals followed by the establishment of interocular concordance and discordance.nnSignificance StatementOur two eyes provide two separate streams of visual information that are merged in the primary visual cortex (V1). Previous work showed that stimulating both eyes rather than one eye may either increase or decrease activity in V1, depending on the nature of the stimuli. Here we show that V1 binocular responses change over time, with an early phase of general excitation and followed by stimulus-dependent response suppression. These results provide important new insights into the neural machinery that supports the combination of the two eyes perspectives into a single coherent view.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binocular Integration Manifests as a Transient Spiking Increase Followed by Selective Suppression in Primary Visual Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression and purification of a functional heteromeric GABAA receptor for structural studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/318832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The multi-subunit GABA-gated chloride channels of the Cys-loop receptor family, known as GABAA receptors, function as the primary gatekeepers of fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. In addition to their role in controlling synaptic tone, these receptors are the targets of a vast array of therapeutic compounds that potentiate channel gating. Importantly, functional activity and pharmacological efficacy of GABAA receptors is coupled directly to the subunit composition. However, the absence of high resolution structural information precludes an explicit determination of the molecular mechanism of ligand binding to ion channel gating and modulation. Efforts to obtain this data are hindered largely by the lack of heterologous expression and purification protocols for high expressing receptor constructs. To address this issue, we describe a unique approach to identify bona fide functional GABAA receptor subunit combinations by using the Xenopus oocyte as an expression host in combination with fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography. The results demonstrate that formation of a defined pentameric species is dependent on subunit composition. Furthermore, receptor subunits can tolerate large truncations in non-conserved M3/M4 cytoplasmic loop, although removal of N-linked glycosylation sites is negatively correlated with expression level. Additionally, we report methods to improve GABAA receptor expression in mammalian cell culture that employ recombinant baculovirus transduction. From these methods we have identified a well-behaving minimal functional construct for the 1/{beta}1 GABAA receptor subtype that can be purified in milligram quantities while retaining high affinity agonist binding activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/318832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression and purification of a functional heteromeric GABAA receptor for structural studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Binocular modulation of monocular V1 neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In humans and other primates, sensory signals from each eye remain separated until they arrive in the primary visual cortex (V1), but their exact meeting point is unknown. In V1, some neurons are activated by stimulation of only one eye (monocular neurons) while most neurons are driven by stimulation of either eye (binocular neurons). Monocular neurons are most prevalent in the main input layers of V1 while binocular neurons dominate the layers above and below. This observation has given rise to the idea that the two eyes signals remain separate until they converge outside V1s input layers. Here, we show that despite responding to only one eye, monocular neurons in all layers, including the input layers, of V1 discriminate between stimulation of their driving eye alone and stimulation of both eyes. This finding suggests that binocular signals occur at an earlier processing stage than previously appreciated as even so-called monocular neurons across all V1 layers encode what is shown to both eyes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Binocular modulation of monocular V1 neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptation of Intracortical Signaling Concurs with Enhanced Encoding Efficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/320226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stimulus repetitions improve performance despite decreased brain responses, suggesting that the brain is more efficient when processing familiar stimuli. Previous work demonstrated that stimulus repetition enhances encoding efficiency in primary visual cortex (V1) by increasing synchrony and sharpening the orientation tuning of neurons. Here we show that these adaptive changes are supported by an altered flow of sensory activation across the V1 laminar microcircuit. Using a repeating stimulus sequence, we recorded laminar responses in V1 of two fixating monkeys. We found repetition-related response reductions that were most pronounced outside V1 layers that receive the main retinogeniculate input. This repetition-induced suppression was robust to alternating stimuli between the eyes, in line with the notion that repetition suppression is predominantly of cortical origin. Congruent with earlier reports, we found that V1 adaptation to repeating stimuli is accompanied by sharpened neural tuning as well as increased neural synchrony. Current source density (CSD) analysis, which provides an estimate of net synaptic activation, revealed that the responses to repeated stimuli were most profoundly affected within layers that harbor the bulk of cortico-cortical connections. Together, these results suggest that stimulus repetition induces an altered state of intracortical processing resulting in enhanced encoding efficiency of sensory stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/320226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptation of Intracortical Signaling Concurs with Enhanced Encoding Efficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Relief of the Dma1-mediated checkpoint requires Dma1 autoubiquitination and dynamic localization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosome segregation and cell division are coupled to prevent aneuploidy and cell death. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the septation initiation network (SIN) promotes cytokinesis, but upon mitotic checkpoint activation, the SIN is actively inhibited to prevent cytokinesis from occurring before chromosomes have safely segregated. SIN inhibition during the mitotic checkpoint is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Dma1. Dma1 binds to the CK1-phosphorylated SIN scaffold protein, Sid4, at the SPB, and ubiquitinates it. Sid4 ubiquitination antagonizes the SPB localization of the Polo-like kinase Plo1, the major SIN activator, so that SIN signaling is delayed. How this checkpoint is silenced once spindle defects are resolved has not been clear. Here we establish that Dma1 transiently leaves SPBs during anaphase B due to extensive auto-ubiquitination. The SIN is required for Dma1 to return to SPBs later in anaphase. Blocking Dma1 removal from SPBs by permanently tethering it to Sid4 prevents SIN activation and cytokinesis. Therefore, controlling Dma1s SPB dynamics in anaphase is an essential step in S. pombe cell division and the silencing of the Dma1-dependent mitotic checkpoint.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmore, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullati, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/322214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Relief of the Dma1-mediated checkpoint requires Dma1 autoubiquitination and dynamic localization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucocorticoid Regulation of Ependymal Glia and Regenerative Potential after Spinal Cord Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following injury, the mammalian spinal cord forms a glial scar and fails to regenerate. In contrast, spinal cord tissue of vertebrate fish regenerates and restores function. Cord transection in zebrafish (Danio rerio) initially causes paralysis and neural cell death, with subsequent ependymal glial proliferation, extension of bipolar glia across the lesion, and neurogenesis. Axons extending from spared and nascent neurons along trans-lesional glial bridges restore functional connectivity. Here we report that glucocorticoids directly target the regeneration supporting changes in ependymal glia to inhibit neural repair. This effect is independent of hematogenic immune cells or microglia. Furthermore, glucocorticoid receptor signaling in ependymal glia is inversely regulated in rat models of spinal cord injury compared to zebrafish. The blockade of neural regeneration by glucocorticoids via a direct effect on ependymal glia has important clinical implications concerning the putative therapeutic benefit of corticosteroids in early management of spinal cord injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamalova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madigan, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windebank, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henley, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucocorticoid Regulation of Ependymal Glia and Regenerative Potential after Spinal Cord Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unperturbed Expression Bias of Imprinted Genes in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/329748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How gene expression correlates with schizophrenia across individuals is beginning to be examined through analyses of RNA-seq from post-mortem brains of individuals with disease and control brains. Here we focus on variation in allele-specific expression, following up on the Common Mind Consortium (CMC) RNA-seq experiments of nearly 600 human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) samples. Analyzing the extent of allelic expression bias--a hallmark of imprinting--we find that the number of imprinted human genes is consistent with lower estimates ({approx}0.5% of all genes) and thus contradicts much higher estimates. Moreover, the handful of putatively imprinted genes are all in close genomic proximity to known imprinted genes. Joint analysis of the imprinted genes across hundreds of individuals allowed us to establish how allelic bias depends on various factors. We find that age and genetic ancestry have gene-specific, differential effect on allelic bias. In contrast, allelic bias appears to be independent of schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gulyas-Kovacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keydar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachidanandam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/329748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unperturbed Expression Bias of Imprinted Genes in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contemporary circulating enterovirus D68 strains show differential viral entry and replication in human neuronal cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Historically, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has primarily been associated with respiratory illnesses. However, in the summers of 2014 and 2016 EV-D68 outbreaks coincided with a spike in polio-like acute flaccid myelitis/paralysis (AFM/AFP) cases. This raised concerns that the EV-D68 virus could be the causative agent of AFM during these recent outbreaks. To assess the neurotropic capacity of EV-D68, we explored the use of the neuroblastoma-derived neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y, as a tissue culture model to determine if differential infection permissibility is observed for different EV-D68 strains. In contrast to HeLa and A549 cells, which support viral infection of all EV-D68 strains tested, SH-SY5Y cells only supported infection by a subset of contemporary EV-D68 strains, including members from the 2014 outbreak. Viral replication and infectivity in SH-SY5Y was assessed using four different assays - infectious virus production, cytopathic effects, cellular ATP release, and VP1 capsid protein production - with similar results. Similar differential neurotropism was also observed in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, primary human neuron cultures, and a mouse paralysis model. Using the SH-SY5Y cell culture model, we determined that barriers to viral entry was at least partly responsible for the differential infectivity phenotype, since transfection of genomic RNA into SH-SY5Y generated virions for all EV-D68 isolates, but only a single round of replication was observed from strains which could not directly infect SH-SY5Y. In addition to supporting virus replication and other functional studies, this cell culture model may help confirm epidemiological associations between EV-D68 strains and AFM and allow for the rapid identification of emerging neurotropic strains.nnAuthor SummarySince the outbreak during the summer of 2014, EV-D68 has been linked to a type of limb paralysis referred to as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), with evidence mounting for the causal link of EV-D68 to AFM. Among these AFM cases, concurrent EV-D68 infection was confirmed in several independent epidemiological clusters in four continents. In this report, we describe a neuronal cell culture model (SH-SY5Y cells) where only a subset of contemporary 2014 outbreak strains of EV-D68 show infectivity in neuronal cells, or neurotropism, based on four different assays of viral replication and infection. We further confirmed the observed difference in neurotropism in vitro using primary human neuron cell cultures and in vivo with a mouse paralysis model. Using the SH-SY5Y cell model, we determined that a barrier to viral entry is at least partly responsible for neurotropism. SH-SY5Y cells may be useful in determining if specific EV-D68 genetic determinants are associated with neuropathogenesis, and replication in this cell line could be used as rapid screening tool for identifying neurotropic EV-D68 strains. This may assist with better understanding of pathogenesis and epidemiology, and with the development of potential therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hixon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldfield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novotny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabman, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contemporary circulating enterovirus D68 strains show differential viral entry and replication in human neuronal cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conservation and Divergence in the Asexual Sporulation Gene Regulatory Network Across a Genus of Filamentous Fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/331868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asexual sporulation is fundamental to the ecology and lifestyle of filamentous fungi and can facilitate both plant and human infection. In Aspergillus, the production of asexual spores is primarily governed by the BrlA[-&gt;]AbaA[-&gt;]WetA regulatory cascade. The final step in this cascade is controlled by the WetA protein and not only governs the morphological differentiation of spores but also the production and deposition of diverse metabolites into spores. While WetA is conserved across the genus Aspergillus, the structure and degree of conservation of the wetA gene regulatory network (GRN) remains largely unknown. We carried out comparative transcriptome analyses between wetA null mutant and wild type asexual spores in three representative species spanning the diversity of the genus Aspergillus: A. nidulans, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus. We discovered that WetA regulates asexual sporulation in all three species via a negative feedback loop that represses BrlA, the cascades first step. Furthermore, ChIP-seq experiments in A. nidulans asexual spores suggest that WetA is a DNA-binding protein that interacts with a novel regulatory motif. Several global regulators known to bridge spore production and the production of secondary metabolites show species-specific regulatory patterns in our data. These results suggest that the BrlA[-&gt;]AbaA[-&gt;]WetA cascades regulatory role in cellular and chemical asexual spore development is functionally conserved, but that the wetA-associated GRN has diverged during Aspergillus evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, M.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/331868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conservation and Divergence in the Asexual Sporulation Gene Regulatory Network Across a Genus of Filamentous Fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative assessment of cell population diversity in single-cell landscapes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has become a powerful tool for the systematic investigation of cellular diversity. As a number of computational tools have been developed to identify and visualize cell populations within a single scRNA-seq dataset, there is a need for methods to quantitatively and statistically define proportional shifts in cell population structures across datasets, such expansion or shrinkage, or emergence or disappearance of cell populations. Here we present sc-UniFrac, a framework to statistically quantify compositional diversity in cell populations between single-cell transcriptome landscapes. sc-UniFrac enables sensitive and robust quantification in simulated and experimental datasets in terms of both population identity and quantity. We have demonstrated the utility of sc-UniFrac in multiple applications, including assessment of biological and technical replicates, classification of tissue phenotypes, identification and definition of altered cell populations, and benchmarking batch correction tools. sc-UniFrac provides a framework for quantifying diversity or alterations in cell populations across conditions, and has broad utility for gaining insight on how cell populations respond to perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herring, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ping, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative assessment of cell population diversity in single-cell landscapes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using Topic Modeling via Non-negative Matrix Factorization to Identify Relationships between Genetic Variants and Disease Phenotypes: A Case Study of Lipoprotein(a) (LPA) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/335745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide and phenome-wide association studies are commonly used to identify important relationships between genetic variants and phenotypes. Most of these studies have treated diseases as independent variables and suffered from heavy multiple adjustment burdens due to the large number of genetic variants and disease phenotypes. In this study, we propose using topic modeling via non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) for identifying associations between disease phenotypes and genetic variants. Topic modeling is an unsupervised machine learning approach that can be used to learn the semantic patterns from electronic health record data. We chose rs10455872 in LPA as the predictor since it has been shown to be associated with increased risk of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Using data of 12,759 individuals from the biobank at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, we trained a topic model using NMF from 1,853 distinct phecodes extracted from the cohorts electronic health records and generated six topics. We quantified their associations with rs10455872 in LPA. Topics indicating CVD had positive correlations with rs10455872 (P < 0.001), replicating a previous finding. We also identified a negative correlation between LPA and a topic representing lung cancer (P < 0.001). Our results demonstrate the applicability of topic modeling in exploring the relationship between the genome and clinical diseases.nnAuthor summaryIdentifying the clinical associations of genetic variants remains crucial in understanding how the human genome modulates disease risk. Traditional phenome-wide association studies consider each disease phenotype as an independent variable, however, diseases often present as complex clusters of comorbid conditions. In this study, we propose using topic modeling to model electronic health record data as a mixture of topics (e.g., disease clusters or relevant comorbidities) and testing associations between topics and genetic variants. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of using topic modeling to replicate and discover novel associations between the human genome and clinical diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/335745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using Topic Modeling via Non-negative Matrix Factorization to Identify Relationships between Genetic Variants and Disease Phenotypes: A Case Study of Lipoprotein(a) (LPA)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diagnostic algorithms to study post-concussion syndrome using electronic health records: validating a method to capture an important patient population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionPost-concussion syndrome (PCS) is characterized by persistent cognitive, somatic, and emotional symptoms after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Genetic and other biological variables may contribute to PCS etiology, and the emergence of biobanks linked to electronic health records (EHR) offers new opportunities for research on PCS. We sought to validate the use of EHR data of PCS patients by comparing two diagnostic algorithms.nnMethodsVanderbilt University Medical Center curates a de-identified database of 2.8 million patient EHR. We developed two EHR-based algorithmic approaches that identified individuals with PCS by: (i) natural language processing (NLP) of narrative text in the EHR combined with structured demographic, diagnostic, and encounter data; or (ii) coded billing and procedure data. The predictive value of each algorithm was assessed, and cases and controls identified by each approach were compared on demographic and medical characteristics.nnResultsFirst, the NLP algorithm identified 507 cases and 10,857 controls. The positive predictive value (PPV) in the cases was 82% and the negative predictive value in the controls was 78%. Second, the coded algorithm identified 1,142 patients with two or more PCS billing codes and had a PPV of 76%. Comparisons of PCS controls to both case groups recovered known epidemiology of PCS: cases were more likely than controls to be female and to have pre-morbid diagnoses of anxiety, migraine, and PTSD. In contrast, controls and cases were equally likely to have ADHD and learning disabilities, in accordance with the findings of recent systematic reviews of PCS risk factors.nnConclusionsEHR are a valuable research tool for PCS. Ascertainment based on coded data alone had a predictive value comparable to an NLP algorithm, recovered known PCS risk factors, and maximized the number of included patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo-Kahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solomon, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/336560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diagnostic algorithms to study post-concussion syndrome using electronic health records: validating a method to capture an important patient population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the benzodiazepine-sensitive α1β1γ2 heterotrimeric GABAA receptor in complex with GABA illuminates mechanism of receptor assembly and agonist binding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/337659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian nervous system is largely mediated by GABAA receptors, chloride-selective members of the superfamily of pentameric Cys-loop receptors. Native GABAA receptors are heteromeric assemblies sensitive to many important drugs, from sedatives to anesthetics and anticonvulsive agents, with mutant forms of GABAA receptors implicated in multiple neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Despite the profound importance of heteromeric GABAA receptors in neuroscience and medicine, they have proven recalcitrant to structure determination. Here we present the structure of the triheteromeric 1{beta}1{gamma}2EM GABAA receptor in complex with GABA, determined by single particle cryo-EM at 3.1-3.8 [A] resolution, elucidating the molecular principles of receptor assembly and agonist binding. Remarkable N-linked glycosylation on the 1 subunit occludes the extracellular vestibule of the ion channel and is poised to modulate receptor assembly and perhaps ion channel gating. Our work provides a pathway to structural studies of heteromeric GABAA receptors and a framework for the rational design of novel therapeutic agents.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phulera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshioka, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouaux, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/337659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the benzodiazepine-sensitive α1β1γ2 heterotrimeric GABAA receptor in complex with GABA illuminates mechanism of receptor assembly and agonist binding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/339242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeted Molecular Dynamics Simulations Suggest Direct Ligand Competition as a Plausible Efflux Inhibition Mechanism in the Multidrug Resistance Pump AcrB. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/339242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report computer simulation results using the Targeted Molecular Dynamics technique to explore possible transport mechanisms in the multidrug efflux pump AcrB for two substrates, ethidium bromide and a tetrahydropyridine derivative. These studies revealed structural elements, including specific -helices, {beta}-strands and flexible loops that define a physically plausible pathway for substrates to the extracellular environment. These calculation results can be used to plan future biophysical experiments and may suggest interesting drug design possibilities to address drug resistance due to AcrB function.nnImportanceAddressing the issue of antimicrobial resistance mediated by efflux, this study presents possible binding sites and structures in the AcrB MDR pump that could be molecular targets for drugs. Targeted molecular dynamics simulations suggested that these sites and structures seem vital for a successful efflux. The AcrB is proposed to be divided into three distinct zones, with loops, sheets and helices mediating the passage of molecules from one zone to another. We also described possible capture sites on the outer part of the protein and access ways to its interior. Finally, we proposed that ligand competition for same pathways could be thought as an efflux inhibitory mechanism, thus assisting to conceive new ways of designing efflux pump inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vieira da Silva Junior, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida da Silva, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lybrand, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/339242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeted Molecular Dynamics Simulations Suggest Direct Ligand Competition as a Plausible Efflux Inhibition Mechanism in the Multidrug Resistance Pump AcrB.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut Microbiota Diversity across Ethnicities in the United States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/342915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Composed of hundreds of microbial species, the composition of the human gut microbiota can vary with chronic diseases underlying health disparities that disproportionally affect ethnic minorities. However, the influence of ethnicity on the gut microbiota remains largely unexplored and lacks reproducible generalizations across studies. By distilling associations between ethnicity and differences in two United States based 16S gut microbiota datasets including 1,673 individuals, we report 12 microbial genera and families that reproducibly vary by ethnicity. Interestingly, a majority of these microbial taxa, including the most heritable bacterial family, Christensenellaceae, overlap with genetically-associated taxa and form co-occurring clusters linked by similar fermentative and methanogenic metabolic processes. These results demonstrate recurrent associations between specific taxa in the gut microbiota and ethnicity, providing hypotheses for examining specific members of the gut microbiota as mediators of health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blekhman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/342915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut Microbiota Diversity across Ethnicities in the United States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345447v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saracatinib and Dasatinib Fail To Prevent Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345447v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence suggests that the deregulation of SRC Family Kinases may play a role in the development of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension, associated with BMPR2 mutations. The truncated c-terminus of the BMPR2 protein is known to increase the phosphorylation and downstream activity of SRC tyrosine kinases. To test the hypothesis that the inhibition of SRC can prevent heritable PAH due to a BMPR2 mutation, we exposed BMPR2 mutant mice to SRC inhibitors, saracatinib and dasatinib, to block the SRC activation caused by the BMPR2 mutation. Saracatinib and dasatinib failed to prevent the development of PAH in BMPR2 mutant mice. Increased pressure in the right ventricle was not normalized and muscularization of large blood vessels was not reduced when compared to wild type mice. Inhibiting SRCs phosphorylation does not prevent heritable PAH, and thus supports evidence that SRCs aberrant localization and trafficking in PAH plays a more critical role in disease development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>D'Amico, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345447</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saracatinib and Dasatinib Fail To Prevent Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale transcriptome-wide association study identifies new prostate cancer risk regions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/345736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for prostate cancer (PrCa) have identified more than 100 risk regions, most of the risk genes at these regions remain largely unknown. Here, we integrate the largest PrCa GWAS (N=142,392) with gene expression measured in 45 tissues (N=4,458), including normal and tumor prostate, to perform a multi-tissue transcriptomewide association study (TWAS) for PrCa. We identify 235 genes at 87 independent 1Mb regions associated with PrCa risk, 9 of which are regions with no genome-wide significant SNP within 2Mb. 24 genes are significant in TWAS only for alternative splicing models in prostate tumor thus supporting the hypothesis of splicing driving risk for continued oncogenesis. Finally, we use a Bayesian probabilistic approach to estimate credible sets of genes containing the causal gene at pre-defined level; this reduced the list of 235 associations to 120 genes in the 90% credible set. Overall, our findings highlight the power of integrating expression with PrCa GWAS to identify novel risk loci and prioritize putative causal genes at known risk loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayther, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penney, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the PRACTICAL consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CRUK,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BPC3,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CAPS,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PEGASUS,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kote-Jarai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eeles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaniuc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/345736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale transcriptome-wide association study identifies new prostate cancer risk regions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346650v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rif1 inhibits replication fork progression and controls DNA copy number in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/346650v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Control of DNA copy number is essential to maintain genome stability and ensure proper cell and tissue function. In Drosophila polyploid cells, the SNF2-domain-containing SUUR protein inhibits replication fork progression within specific regions of the genome to promote DNA underreplication. While dissecting the function of SUURs SNF2 domain, we identified a physical interaction between SUUR and Rif1. Rif1 has many roles in DNA metabolism and regulates the replication timing program. We demonstrate that repression of DNA replication is dependent on Rif1. Rif1 localizes to active replication forks in an SUUR-dependent manner and directly regulates replication fork progression. Importantly, SUUR associates with replication forks in the absence of Rif1, indicating that Rif1 acts downstream of SUUR to inhibit fork progression. Our findings uncover an unrecognized function of the Rif1 protein as a regulator of replication fork progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/346650</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rif1 inhibits replication fork progression and controls DNA copy number in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of an automated segmentation algorithm for lower leg MR images, applied to sodium quantification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/348136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveTo develop and validate an automated segmentation algorithm for the lower leg using a multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging protocol.nnMethodsAn automated algorithm combining active contour and intensity-based thresholding methods was developed to identify skin and muscle regions from proton Dixon MR images of the lower leg. Tissue sodium concentration was then computed using contemporaneously acquired sodium images with calibrated phantoms in the field of view. Resulting sodium concentration measurements were compared to a gold standard manual segmentation in 126 scans.nnResultsMost cases had no observable errors in segmentation of muscle and skin. Six cases had minor errors that were not expected to affect quantification; in the worst, 126 mm2 (2%) of a muscle area of 8,042 mm2 was misclassified. In one case the algorithm failed to separate the tibia from the muscle compartment. Correlation between automated and manual measurements of sodium concentration was R2 = 0.84 for skin, R2 = 0.99 for muscle. Additionally, the RMSE was 2.4mM for skin and 0.5mM for muscle; the observed physiological range was 8.5 to 37.4mM.nnConclusionFor the purpose of estimating sodium concentrations in muscle and skin compartments, the automated segmentations provided equally accurate results compared to the more time-intensive manual segmentations. Sodium quantification serves as a biomarker for disease progression, which would assist with early diagnostic treatments. The proposed algorithm will improve workflow, reproducibility, and consistency in such studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deger, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsouqi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikizler, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titze, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/348136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of an automated segmentation algorithm for lower leg MR images, applied to sodium quantification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exocyst Dynamics During Vesicle Tethering and Fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/354449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The exocyst is a conserved octameric complex that tethers exocytic vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to fusion. Exocyst assembly and delivery mechanisms remain unclear, especially in mammalian cells. Here we tagged multiple endogenous exocyst subunits with sfGFP or Halo using Cas9 gene editing, to create single and double knock-in lines of mammary epithelial cells, and interrogated exocyst dynamics by high-speed imaging and correlation spectroscopy. We discovered that mammalian exocyst is comprised of tetrameric subcomplexes that, unexpectedly, can associate independently with vesicles and plasma membrane and are in dynamic equilibrium. Membrane arrival times are similar for subunits and vesicles, but with a small delay (~80msec) between subcomplexes. Departure of Sec3 occurs prior to fusion, whereas other subunits depart just after fusion. Single molecule counting indicates ~9 exocyst complexes associated per vesicle. These data reveal the mammalian exocyst as a remarkably dynamic two-part complex and provide important new insights into assembly/disassembly mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishida-Fukuda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gradinaru, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/354449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exocyst Dynamics During Vesicle Tethering and Fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide maps of distal gene regulatory regions active in the human placenta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Placental dysfunction is implicated in many pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia and preterm birth (PTB). While both these syndromes are influenced by environmental risk factors, they also have a substantial genetic component that is not well understood. Precisely controlled gene expression during development is crucial to proper placental function and often mediated through gene regulatory enhancers. However, we lack accurate maps of placental enhancer activity due to the challenges of assaying the placenta and the difficulty of comprehensively identifying enhancers. To address the gap in our knowledge of gene regulatory elements in the placenta, we used a two-step machine learning pipeline to synthesize existing functional genomics studies, transcription factor (TF) binding patterns, and evolutionary information to predict placental enhancers. The trained classifiers accurately distinguish enhancers from the genomic background and placental enhancers from enhancers active in other tissues. Genomic features collected from tissues and cell lines involved in pregnancy are the most predictive of placental regulatory activity. Applying the classifiers genome-wide enabled us to create a map of 33,010 predicted placental enhancers, including 4,562 high-confidence enhancer predictions. The genome-wide placental enhancers are significantly enriched nearby genes associated with placental development and birth disorders and for SNPs associated with gestational age. These genome-wide predicted placental enhancers provide candidate regions for further testing in vitro, will assist in guiding future studies of genetic associations with pregnancy phenotypes, and aid interpretation of potential mechanisms of action for variants found through genetic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide maps of distal gene regulatory regions active in the human placenta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transgenic Zebrafish Models Reveal Distinct Molecular Mechanisms for Cataract-linked alphaA-Crystallin Mutants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/364125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the small heat shock proteins -crystallins have been linked to autosomal dominant cataracts in humans. Extensive studies in vitro have revealed a spectrum of alterations to the structure and function of these proteins including shifts in the size of the oligomer, modulation of subunit exchange and modification of their affinity to client proteins. Although mouse models of these mutants were instrumental in identifying changes in cellular proliferation and lens development, a direct comparative analysis of their effects on lens proteostasis has not been performed. Here, we have transgenically expressed cataract-linked mutants of A- and B-crystallin in the zebrafish lens to dissect the underlying molecular changes that contribute to the loss of lens optical properties. Zebrafish lines expressing these mutants displayed a range of morphological lens defects. Phenotype penetrance and severity were dependent on the mutation even in fish lines lacking endogenous -crystallin. The mechanistic origins of these differences were investigated by the transgenic co-expression of a destabilized human{gamma} D-crystallin mutant. We found that the R49C but not the R116C mutant of A-crystallin promoted aggregation of {gamma}D-crystallin, although both mutants have similar affinity to client proteins in vitro. Our working model attributes these differences to the propensity of R49C, located in the buried N-terminal domain of A-crystallin, to disulfide crosslinking as previously demonstrated in vitro. Our findings complement and extend previous work in mouse models and emphasize the need of investigating chaperone/client protein interactions in appropriate cellular context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/364125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transgenic Zebrafish Models Reveal Distinct Molecular Mechanisms for Cataract-linked alphaA-Crystallin Mutants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366682v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning from Longitudinal Data in Electronic Health Record and Genetic Data to Improve Cardiovascular Event Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366682v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent approaches to predicting Cardiovascular disease rely on conventional risk factors and cross-sectional data. In this study, we asked whether: i) machine learning and deep learning models with longitudinal EHR information can improve the prediction of 10-year CVD risk, and ii) incorporating genetic data can add values to predictability.nnMethodsWe conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, we modeled longitudinal EHR data with aggregated features and temporal features. We applied logistic regression (LR), random forests (RF) and gradient boosting trees (GBT) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks, using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) units. In the second experiment, we proposed a late-fusion framework to incorporate genetic features.nnResultsOur study cohort included 109, 490 individuals (9,824 were cases and 99, 666 were controls) from Vanderbilt University Medical Centers (VUMC) de-identified EHRs. American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Pooled Cohort Risk Equations had areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of 0.732 and areas under receiver under precision and recall curves (AUPRC) of 0.187. LSTM, CNN and GBT with temporal features achieved best results, which had AUROC of 0.789, 0.790, and 0.791, and AUPRC of 0.282, 0.280 and 0.285, respectively. The late fusion approach achieved a significant improvement for the prediction performance.nnConclusionsMachine learning and deep learning with longitudinal features improved the 10-year CVD risk prediction. Incorporating genetic features further enhanced 10-year CVD prediction performance, underscoring the importance of integrating relevant genetic data whenever available in the context of routine care.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lupu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilke, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366682</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning from Longitudinal Data in Electronic Health Record and Genetic Data to Improve Cardiovascular Event Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale Adaptive Gabor Expansion (MAGE): Improved Detection of Transient Oscillatory Burst Amplitude and Phase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since Denis Gabors pioneering paper on the discrete Gabor Expansion (Gabor, 1946), time-frequency signal analysis has proven to be an important tool for many fields. In neurophysiology, time-frequency analysis has often been used to characterize and describe transient bursts in local field potential data. However, these transient bursts have a wide range of variable durations, suggesting that a time-frequency-scale dictionary composed of elementary signal "atoms" may prove useful to more accurately match recorded bursts. While overcomplete multiscale dictionaries are useful, generating a sparse code over such dictionaries is a difficult computational problem. Existing adaptive algorithms for discovering a sparse description are slow and computationally intensive. Here we describe the Multiscale Adaptive Gabor Expansion (MAGE), which uses an implicit dictionary of parametric time-frequency-scale Gabor atoms to perform fast parameter reassignment to accelerate discovery of a sparse decomposition. Using analytic expressions together with numerical computation, MAGE is a greedy pursuit algorithm similar to Matching Pursuit, restricted to a dictionary of multiscale Gaussian-envelope Gabor atoms. MAGE parameter reassignment is robust in the presence of moderate noise. By expressing a unknown signal as a weighted sum of Gabor atoms, MAGE permits a more accurate estimate of the amplitude and phase of transient bursts than existing methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canolty, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale Adaptive Gabor Expansion (MAGE): Improved Detection of Transient Oscillatory Burst Amplitude and Phase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric effective connectivity between primate anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex revealed by electrical microstimulation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (IPFC) of the non-human primate show neural firing correlations and synchronize at theta and beta frequencies during the monitoring and shifting of attention. These functional interactions might be based on synaptic connectivity that is equally efficacious in both directions, but it might be that there are systematic asymmetries in connectivity consistent with reports of more effective inhibition within the ACC than IPFC, or with a preponderance of ACC projections synapsing onto inhibitory neurons in the IPFC. Here, we tested effective ACC-IPFC connectivity in awake monkeys and report systematic asymmetries in the temporal patterning and latencies of effective connectivity as measured using electrical microstimulation. We found that ACC stimulation triggered evoked fields (EFPs) were more likely to be multiphasic in the IPFC than in the reverse direction, with a large proportion of connections showing 2-4 inflection points resembling resonance in the 20-30 Hz beta frequency range. Stimulation of ACC [-&gt;] IPFC resulted, on average, in shorter-latency EFPs than IPFC [-&gt;] ACC. Overall, latencies and connectivity strength varied more than two-fold depending on the precise anterior-to-posterior location of the connections. These findings reveal systematic asymmetries in effective connectivity between ACC and IPFC in the awake non-human primate and document the spatial and temporal patchiness of effective synaptic connections. We speculate that measuring effective connectivity profiles will be essential for understanding how local synaptic efficacy and synaptic connectivity translates into functional neuronal interactions to support adaptive behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nacher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric effective connectivity between primate anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex revealed by electrical microstimulation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Double Dissociation of Nicotinic alpha-7 and alpha-4/beta-2 Sub-receptor Agonists for Enhancing Learning and Attentional Filtering of Distraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/369496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) modulate attention, memory, and higher executive functioning, but it has remained unclear whether nAChR sub-receptors tap into different neural mechanisms of these functions. We therefore set out to contrast the contributions of selective alpha-7 nAChR and alpha-4/beta-2 nAChR agonists in mediating value learning and attentional filtering of distractors in the nonhuman primate. We found that the alpha-7 nAChR agonist PHA-543613 selectively enhanced the learning speed of feature values but did not modulate how salient distracting information was filtered from ongoing choice processes. In contrast, the selective alpha-4/beta-2 nAChR agonist ABT-089 did not affect learning speed but reduced distractibility. This double dissociation was dose-dependent and evident in the absence of systematic changes in overall performance, reward intake, motivation to perform the task, perseveration tendencies, or reaction times. These results suggest nicotinic sub-receptor-specific mechanisms consistent with (1) alpha-4/beta-2 nAChR specific amplification of cholinergic transients in prefrontal cortex linked to enhanced cue detection in light of interferences, and (2) alpha-7 nAChR specific activation prolonging cholinergic transients, which could facilitate subjects to follow-through with newly established attentional strategies when outcome contingencies change. These insights will be critical for developing function-specific drugs alleviating attention and learning deficits in neuro-psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azimi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/369496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Double Dissociation of Nicotinic alpha-7 and alpha-4/beta-2 Sub-receptor Agonists for Enhancing Learning and Attentional Filtering of Distraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A robust phylogenomic timetree for biotechnologically and medically important fungi from Aspergillaceae (Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbbreviationsNT, nucleotide; AA, amino acid; CI, credible interval; RCV, relative composition variability; IC, internode certainty; GSF, gene support frequencies; GLS, gene-wise log-likelihood scores; DVMC, degree of violation of a molecular clocknnThe filamentous fungal family Aspergillaceae contains > 1,000 known species, mostly in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Several species are used in the food, biotechnology, and drug industries (e.g., Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium camemberti), while others are dangerous human and plant pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium digitatum). To infer a robust phylogeny and pinpoint poorly resolved branches and their likely underlying contributors, we used 81 genomes spanning the diversity of Aspergillus and Penicillium to construct a 1,668-gene data matrix. Phylogenies of the nucleotide and amino acid versions of this full data matrix as well as of five additional 834-gene data matrices constructed by subsampling the top 50% of genes according to different criteria associated with strong phylogenetic signal were generated using three different maximum likelihood schemes (i.e., gene-partitioned, unpartitioned, and coalescence). Examination of the topological agreement among these 36 phylogenies and measures of internode certainty identified 12 / 78 (15.4%) bipartitions that were incongruent and pinpoint the likely underlying contributing factors (incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization or introgression, and reconstruction artifacts associated with poor taxon sampling). Relaxed molecular clock analyses suggest that Aspergillaceae likely originated in the lower Cretaceous and the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera in the upper Cretaceous. Our results shed light on the ongoing debate on Aspergillus systematics and taxonomy and provide a robust evolutionary and temporal framework for comparative genomic analyses in Aspergillaceae. More broadly, our approach provides a general template for phylogenomic identification of resolved and contentious branches in densely genome-sequenced lineages across the tree of life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A robust phylogenomic timetree for biotechnologically and medically important fungi from Aspergillaceae (Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Programmatic Detection of Diploid-Triploid Mixoploidy via Whole Genome Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/371468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMixoploidy is a type of mosaicism where an organism is a mixture of cells with different numbers of chromosomes. There are a broad range of phenotypes associated with mixoploidy that vary greatly depending on the fraction of cells that are non-diploid, their chromosome number, their distribution, and presumably the specific variation present in the patient. Clinical detection of mixoploidy is important for diagnosis.nnMethodsWe developed a method to detect mixoploidy from clinical whole genome sequencing (WGS) data through the identification of excess of variant calls centered on unusual B-allele frequencies. Our method isolates the signal from these variants using trio calls and then solves a basic linear equation to estimate levels of diploid-triploid mixoploidy within the sample.nnResultsWe show that our method reflects the results from a cytogenetic test. We provide examples detailing how our method has been used to identify diploid-triploid mixoploid individuals from within the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Network. We present confirmatory findings obtained by clinical cytogenetic testing and show that our method can be used to identify the diploid-triploid ratio in these cases.nnConclusionWGS data from patients with rare diseases can be used to identify mixoploid individuals. Individuals with certain characteristics as discussed should be tested for mixoploidy as part of standard clinical pipeline procedures. Scripts that perform this calculation are publicly available at https://github.com/HudsonAlpha/mixoviz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamid, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Diseases Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dipple, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilain, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/371468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Programmatic Detection of Diploid-Triploid Mixoploidy via Whole Genome Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The GRE Over the Entire Range of Scores Lacks Predictive Ability for PhD Outcomes in the Biomedical Sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The association between GRE scores and academic success in graduate programs is currently of national interest. GRE scores are often assumed to be predictive of student success in graduate school. However, we found no such association in admission data from Vanderbilts Initiative for Maximizing Student Diversity (IMSD), which recruited historically underrepresented students for graduate study in the biomedical sciences at Vanderbilt University spanning a wide range of GRE scores. This study avoids the typical biases of most GRE investigations of performance where only high-achievers on the GRE were admitted. GRE scores, while collected at admission, were not used or consulted for admission decisions and comprise the full range of percentiles, from 1% to 91%. We report on the 29 students recruited to the Vanderbilt IMSD from 2007-2011 who have completed the program at this date. While the data set is not large, the predictive trends between GRE and long-term graduate outcomes (publications, first author publications, time to degree, predoctoral fellowship awards, and faculty evaluations) are remarkably null and there is sufficient precision to rule out even mild relationships between GRE and these outcomes. Career outcomes are encouraging; many students are in postdocs, and the rest are in stage-appropriate career environments for such a cohort, including tenure track faculty, biotech and entrepreneurship careers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sealy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blume, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The GRE Over the Entire Range of Scores Lacks Predictive Ability for PhD Outcomes in the Biomedical Sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of yeast and human glycosphingolipid flippases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/373712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid transport is an essential process with manifest importance to human health and disease. Phospholipid flippases (P4-ATPases) transport lipids across the membrane bilayer, and are involved in signal transduction, cell division, and vesicular transport. Mutations in flippase genes cause or contribute to a host of diseases such as cholestasis, neurological deficits, immunological dysfunction, and metabolic disease. Genome-wide association studies have shown that ATP10A and ATP10D variants are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis; and ATP10D SNPs are associated with elevated levels of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in plasma from diverse European populations. Although sphingolipids are strong contributors to metabolic disease, little is known about how GlcCer is transported across cell membranes. We have identified an evolutionarily conserved clade of P4-ATPases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Dnf1, Dnf2), Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Dnf2), and Homo sapiens (ATP10A, ATP10D) that transport GlcCer. Further, we establish the structural determinants necessary for the specific recognition of this sphingolipid substrate. Our molecular observations clarify the relationship between these flippases and human disease, and have fundamental implications for membrane organization and sphingolipid homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roland, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naito, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Best, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnaiz-Yepez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takatsu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/373712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of yeast and human glycosphingolipid flippases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptor protein Bbc1 regulates localization of Wsp1 and Vrp1 during endocytic actin patch assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/389015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arp2/3 complex-nucleated branched actin networks provide the force necessary for endocytosis. The Arp2/3 complex is activated by Nucleation Promoting Factors (NPFs) including the Schizosaccharomyces pombe proteins WASp Wsp1 and myosin-1 Myo1. There are >40 known yeast endocytic proteins with distinct spatial and temporal localizations and functions; however, it is still unclear how these proteins work together to drive endocytosis. We used quantitative live cell imaging to determine the function of the uncharacterized S. pombe protein Bbc1. We discovered Myo1 interacts with and recruits Bbc1 to sites of endocytosis. Bbc1 competes with verprolin Vrp1 for Myo1 binding, thus releasing Vrp1 and its binding partner Wsp1 from Myo1. Normally Myo1 remains at the base of the endocytic invagination and Vrp1-Wsp1 internalize with the endocytic vesicle; however, in the absence of Bbc1, a portion of Vrp1-Wsp1 remains with Myo1 at the base of the invagination and endocytic invaginations are twice as long. We propose that Bbc1 disrupts a transient Myo1-Vrp1-Wsp1 interaction and limits Arp2/3 complex-nucleation of actin branches at the plasma membrane.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacQuarrie, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sirotkin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/389015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptor protein Bbc1 regulates localization of Wsp1 and Vrp1 during endocytic actin patch assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter the microbiota and exacerbate Clostridium difficile colitis while dysregulating the inflammatory response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major public health threat worldwide. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with enhanced susceptibility to and severity of nosocomial CDI; however, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon have not been elucidated. NSAIDs alter prostaglandin (PG) metabolism by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Here, we found that treatment with the NSAID indomethacin prior to infection altered the microbiota and dramatically increased mortality and intestinal pathology associated with CDI in mice. We demonstrate that in C. difficile-infected animals, indomethacin lead to PG deregulation, an altered proinflammatory transcriptional and protein profile, and perturbed epithelial cell junctions. These effects were paralleled by an increased recruitment of intestinal neutrophils and CD4+ cells. Together, these data implicate NSAIDs in perturbation of the gut microbiota and disruption of protective COX-mediated PG production during CDI, resulting in altered epithelial integrity and associated immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maseda, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zackular, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trindade, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schloss, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roxas, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedantam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs alter the microbiota and exacerbate Clostridium difficile colitis while dysregulating the inflammatory response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Context triggers the retrieval of long-term memories into working memory to guide attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/401216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do we know what we are looking for in familiar scenes and surroundings? Here we tested a novel hypothesis derived from theories of human memory that working memory (WM) buffers mnemonic contents retrieved from long-term memory (LTM) to control attention. To test this hypothesis, we measured the electrical fields recorded noninvasively from human subjects as they searched for specific sets of objects in learned contexts. We found that the subjects WM-indexing brain activity tracked the number of real-world objects people learned to search for in each context. Moreover, the level of this WM activity predicted the inter-subject variability in behavioral performance. Together, our results demonstrate that familiar contexts can trigger the transfer of information from LTM to WM to provide top-down attentional control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/401216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Context triggers the retrieval of long-term memories into working memory to guide attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydophila pneumoniae: Pilot Study for Alternative Methods that Address the Complex Chlamydial Life Cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conventional susceptibility testing of Chlamydophila pneumoniae does not account for the complex life cycle that takes place in an obligatory intracellular niche and involves multiple morphological forms. Some of these forms (elementary bodies and cryptic bodies) cause persistence and are not susceptible to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, we describe a pilot study for alternative methods of susceptibility testing of C. pneumoniae. These methods include delaying the addition of antimicrobial agents to cell cultures for 48 hours to allow the development of an established chlamydial infection as well as the use of reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR [RT-qPCR] to measure messenger RNA. Using these methods, susceptibility testing of an established infection in Hep2 cells was compared with conventional susceptibility testing of C. pneumoniae.nnConventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. pneumoniae results in MICs and MBCs that would suggest that recommended treatment regimens of 2 to 3 weeks of antibiotics such as doxycycline, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and rifabutin would be sufficient. However, susceptibility testing using an established chlamydial infection in HEp2 cells reveals that none of these agents are as inhibitory and/or bactericidal as indicated by conventional methods. The resultsof this pilot study suggest that further evaluation of chlamydial susceptibility testing methods using established infection in cell cultures and RT-qPCR to measure messenger RNA are needed to optimize treatment recommendations for chronic C. pneumoniae infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stratton, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Macias, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHenry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydophila pneumoniae: Pilot Study for Alternative Methods that Address the Complex Chlamydial Life Cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Specific Protection Against Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in TRPV1 Null Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesTRPV1 channels have been linked to the development and progression of diabetes at multiple levels, including control of appetite and weight, regulation of pancreatic function, thermogenesis, metabolism and energy homeostasis. Despite this, little information is known regarding its role in liver homeostasis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).nnMethods and ResultsTo better understand the role of TRPV1 in liver metabolism, we explored the effects of a high fat/sugar diet (Western, 24-week regimen) in male and female wild type (WT) and TRPV1-null (V1KO) mice. Our data reveal that loss of the TRPV1 gene makes mice susceptible to diet-induced obesity and induces NAFLD. V1KO mice displayed gross phenotypic and gross morphological changes including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, increased body mass and central adiposity on a western diet compared to WT counterparts. Western fed V1KO mice exhibited gross changes in liver morphology and size compared to western fed WT mice, which were supported with histological H&E and Oil Red O staining. Accompanying the liver changes, Western fed V1KO mice exhibited altered lipid profiles as demonstrated by elevated hepatic triglyceride, cholesterol and free fatty acid levels compared to western fed WT mice. Interestingly, female V1KO mice fed a western diet displayed significant protection against diet-induced obesity and the progression of NAFLD compared to their male counterparts. Taken together, these data suggest that loss of TRPV1 promotes fat accumulation, NAFLD development and changes in liver lipid profiles in male mice, the extent to which is less severe in female V1KO mice.nnConclusionIn conclusion, TRPV1 may be a protective therapeutic target for the prevention of NAFLD development in diet-induced obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Connell, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratz, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrei, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eusebio, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelloStritto, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahmy, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, J. Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damron, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/403881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Specific Protection Against Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in TRPV1 Null Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-scale genome-wide association meta-analysis of endometriosis reveals 13 novel loci and genetically-associated comorbidity with other pain conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endometriosis is a common complex inflammatory condition characterised by the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus, mainly in the pelvic area. It is associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility, and its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The disease is typically classified according to the revised American Fertility Society (rAFS) 4-stage surgical assessment system, although stage does not correlate well with symptomatology or prognosis. Previously identified genetic variants mainly are associated with stage III/IV disease, highlighting the need for further phenotype-stratified analysis that requires larger datasets. We conducted a meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a replication analysis, including 58,115 cases and 733,480 controls in total, and sub-phenotype analyses of stage I/II, stage III/IV and infertility-associated endometriosis cases. This revealed 27 genetic loci associated with endometriosis at the genome-wide p-value threshold (P<5x10-8), 13 of which are novel and an additional 8 novel genes identified from gene-based association analyses. Of the 27 loci, 21 (78%) had greater effect sizes in stage III/IV disease compared to stage I/II, 1 (4%) had greater effect size in stage I/II compared to stage III/IV and 17 (63%) had greater effect sizes when restricted to infertility-associated endometriosis cases compared to overall endometriosis. These results suggest that specific variants may confer risk for different sub-types of endometriosis through distinct pathways. Analyses of genetic variants underlying different pain symptoms reported in the UK Biobank showed that 7/9 had positive significant (p<1.28x103) positive genetic correlations with endometriosis, suggesting a genetic basis for sensitivity to pain in general. Additional conditions with significant positive genetic correlations with endometriosis included uterine fibroids, excessive and irregular menstrual bleeding, osteoarthritis, diabetes as well as menstrual cycle length and age at menarche. These results provide a basis for fine-mapping of the causal variants at these 27 loci, and for functional follow-up to understand their contribution to endometriosis and its potential subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmioglu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banasik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christofidou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danning, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galarneau, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGregor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortlock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapkota, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schork, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobalska-Kwapis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefansdottir, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oimari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnadottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgdorf, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheuk, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vivio, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiVasta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorien, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geirsson, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holdsworth-Carson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houshdaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu-Seliger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvelin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulig, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marciniak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-scale genome-wide association meta-analysis of endometriosis reveals 13 novel loci and genetically-associated comorbidity with other pain conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study provides insight into effector genes and molecular mechanisms for kidney function and highlights a causal effect on kidney-specific disease aetiologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects [~]10% of the global population, with considerable ethnic differences in prevalence and aetiology. We assembled genome-wide association studies (GWAS)1-3 of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function that defines CKD, in 312,468 individuals from four ancestry groups. We identified 93 loci (20 novel), which were delineated to 127 distinct association signals. These signals were homogenous across ancestries, and were enriched for protein-coding exons, kidney-specific histone modifications, and transcription factor binding sites for HDAC2 and EZH2. Fine-mapping revealed 40 high-confidence variants driving eGFR associations and highlighted potential causal genes with cell-type specific expression in glomerulus, and proximal and distal nephron. Mendelian randomisation (MR) supported causal effects of eGFR on overall and cause-specific CKD, kidney stone formation, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and hypertension. These results define novel molecular mechanisms and effector genes for eGFR, offering insight into clinical outcomes and routes to CKD treatment development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadkarni, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valladares-Salgado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wacher-Rodarte, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamatani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnlov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanton, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Borst, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charchar, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eales, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharavi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papanicolaou, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study provides insight into effector genes and molecular mechanisms for kidney function and highlights a causal effect on kidney-specific disease aetiologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NATF (Native And Tissue-specific Fluorescence): A strategy for bright, tissue-specific GFP labeling of native proteins. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/426205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GFP labeling by genome editing can reveal the authentic location of a native protein but is frequently hampered by weak GFP signals and broad expression across a range cell types in multicellular animals. To overcome these problems, we engineered a Native And Tissue-specific Fluorescence (NATF) strategy which combines CRISPR/Cas-9 and split-GFP to yield bright, cell-specific protein labeling. We use CRISPR/Cas9 to insert a tandem array of seven copies of the GFP11 {beta}-strand (gfp11x7) at the genomic locus of each target protein. The resultant gfp11x7 knock-in strain is then crossed with separate reporter lines that express the complementing split-GFP fragment (gfp1-10) in specific cell types thus affording tissue-specific labeling of the target protein at its native level. We show that NATF reveals the otherwise undetectable intracellular location of the immunoglobulin protein, OIG-1, and demarcates a receptor auxiliary protein LEV-10 at cell-specific synaptic domains in the C. elegans nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuentas-Condori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/426205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NATF (Native And Tissue-specific Fluorescence): A strategy for bright, tissue-specific GFP labeling of native proteins.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing the pathogenic, genomic, and chemical traits of Aspergillus fischeri, the closest sequenced relative of the major human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/430728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fischeri is closely related to Aspergillus fumigatus, the major cause of invasive mold infections. Even though A. fischeri is commonly found in diverse environments, including hospitals, it rarely causes invasive disease; why that is so is unclear. Comparison of A. fischeri and A. fumigatus for diverse pathogenic, genomic, and secondary metabolic traits revealed multiple differences for pathogenesis-related phenotypes, including that A. fischeri is less virulent than A. fumigatus in multiple animal models of disease, grows slower in low oxygen environments, and is more sensitive to oxidative stress. In contrast, the two species exhibit high genomic similarity; ~90% of the A. fumigatus proteome is conserved in A. fischeri, including 48/49 genes known to be involved in A. fumigatus virulence. However, only 10/33 A. fumigatus biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) likely involved in secondary metabolite production are conserved in A. fischeri and only 13/48 A. fischeri BGCs are conserved in A. fumigatus. Detailed chemical characterization of A. fischeri cultures grown on multiple substrates identified multiple secondary metabolites, including two new compounds and one never before isolated as a natural product. Interestingly, an A. fischeri deletion mutant of laeA, a master regulator of secondary metabolism, produced fewer secondary metabolites and in lower quantities, suggesting that regulation of secondary metabolism is at least partially conserved. These results suggest that the non-pathogenic A. fischeri possesses many of the genes important for A. fumigatus pathogenicity but is divergent with respect to its ability to thrive under host-relevant conditions and its secondary metabolism.nnImportanceAspergillus fumigatus is the primary cause of aspergillosis, a devastating ensemble of diseases associated with severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. A. fischeri is a close relative of A. fumigatus, but is not generally observed to cause human disease. To gain insights into the underlying causes of this remarkable difference in pathogenicity, we compared two representative strains (one from each species) for a range of host-relevant biological and chemical characteristics. We found that disease progression in multiple A. fischeri mouse models was slower and caused less mortality than A. fumigatus. The two species also exhibited different growth profiles when placed in a range of stress-inducing conditions encountered during infection, such as low levels of oxygen and the presence of reactive oxygen species-inducing agents. Interestingly, we also found that the vast majority of A. fumigatus genes known to be involved in virulence are conserved in A. fischeri, whereas the two species differ significantly in their secondary metabolic pathways. These similarities and differences that we identified are the first step toward understanding the evolutionary origin of a major fungal pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalski, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiaratto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ries, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/430728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing the pathogenic, genomic, and chemical traits of Aspergillus fischeri, the closest sequenced relative of the major human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actin dynamics drive microvillar motility and clustering during brush border assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/432294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During differentiation, transporting epithelial cells generate large arrays of microvilli known as a brush borders to enhance functional capacity. To develop our understanding of brush border formation, we used live cell imaging to visualize apical surface remodeling during early stages of this process. Strikingly, we found that individual microvilli exhibit persistent active motility, translocating across the cell surface at ~0.2 m/min. Perturbation studies with inhibitors and photokinetic experiments revealed that microvillar motility is driven by actin assembly at the barbed-ends of core bundles, which in turn is linked to robust treadmilling of these structures. Because the apical surface of differentiating epithelial cells is crowded with nascent microvilli, persistent motility promotes collisions between protrusions and ultimately leads to their clustering and consolidation into higher order arrays. Thus, microvillar motility represents a previously unrecognized driving force for apical surface remodeling and maturation during epithelial differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/432294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actin dynamics drive microvillar motility and clustering during brush border assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystallographic and kinetic analyses of human IPMK reveal disordered domains modulate ATP binding and kinase activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a member of the IPK-superfamily of kinases, catalyzing phosphorylation of several soluble inositols and the signaling phospholipid PI(4,5)P2 (PIP2). IPMK also has critical non-catalytic roles in p53, mTOR/Raptor, TRAF6 and AMPK signaling mediated partly by two disordered domains. Although IPMK non-catalytic functions are well established, it is less clear if the disordered domains are important for IPMK kinase activity or ATP binding. Here, kinetic and structural analyses of an engineered human IPMK lacking all disordered domains ({Delta}IPMK) are presented. Although the KM for PIP2 is identical between {Delta}IPMK and wild type, {Delta}IPMK has a 1.8-fold increase in kcat for PIP2, indicating the native IPMK disordered domains decrease IPMK activity in vitro. The 2.5 [A] crystal structure of {Delta}IPMK is reported, confirming the conserved ATP-grasp fold. A comparison with other IPK-superfamily structures revealed a putative "ATP-clamp" in the disordered N-terminus, we predicted would stabilize ATP binding. Consistent with this observation, removal of the ATP clamp sequence increases the KM for ATP 4.9-fold, indicating the N-terminus enhances ATP binding to IPMK. Together, these structural and kinetic studies suggest in addition to mediating protein-protein interactions, the disordered domains of IPMK impart modulatory capacity to IPMK kinase activity through multiple kinetic mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seacrist, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/434308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystallographic and kinetic analyses of human IPMK reveal disordered domains modulate ATP binding and kinase activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
USE: An integrative suite for temporally-precise psychophysical experiments in virtual environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/434944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
11.1 BackgroundThere is a growing interest in complex, active, and immersive behavioral neuroscience tasks. However, the development and control of such tasks present unique challenges.nn1.2 New MethodThe Unified Suite for Experiments (USE) is an integrated set of hardware and software tools for the design and control of behavioral neuroscience experiments. The software, developed using the Unity video game engine, supports both active tasks in immersive 3D environments and static 2D tasks used in more traditional visual experiments. The custom USE SyncBox hardware, based around an Arduino Mega2560 board, integrates and synchronizes multiple data streams from different pieces of experimental hardware. The suite addresses three key issues with developing cognitive neuroscience experiments in Unity: tight experimental control, accurate sub-ms timing, and accurate gaze target identification.nn1.3 ResultsUSE is a flexible framework to realize experiments, enabling (i) nested control over complex tasks, (ii) flexible use of 3D or 2D scenes and objects, (iii) touchscreen-, button-, joystick- and gaze-based interaction, and (v) complete offline reconstruction of experiments for post-processing and temporal alignment of data streams.nn1.4 Comparison with Existing MethodsMost existing experiment-creation tools are not designed to support the development of video-game-like tasks. Those that do use older or less popular video game engines as their base, and are not as feature-rich or enable as precise control over timing as USE.nn1.5 ConclusionsUSE provides an integrated, open source framework for a wide variety of active behavioral neuroscience experiments using human and nonhuman participants, and artificially-intelligent agents.nn2 GlossaryO_LIActive task: Experimental tasks which involve some combination of realistic, usually moving, stimuli, continuous opportunities for action, ecologically valid tasks, complex behaviours, etc. Here, they are contrasted with static tasks (see below)nC_LIO_LIArduino: A multi-purpose generic micro-processor, here used to control inter-device communication and time synchronization.nC_LIO_LIRaycast: A game-engine method that sends a vector between two points in a virtual three-dimensional environment, and returns the first object in that environment it hits. Often used to determine if a character in a game can see or shoot another character.nC_LIO_LIState Machine (also Finite State Machine): A way of conceptualizing and implementing control in software, such that at any one moment the software is in one, and only one, state. In hierarchical state machines, as used in the present software suite, these can be organized into different levels, such that each level can only be in one state, but a state can pass control to a lower level.nC_LIO_LIStatic task: Experimental tasks like those traditionally used in the cognitive neurosciences. Simple, usually stationary, stimuli, limited opportunities for action, simple behaviours, etc. Here, they are contrasted with active tasks (see above).nC_LIO_LIUnity: One of the most popular video game engines. Freely available.nC_LIO_LIVideo game engine: A software development kit designed to handle many of the common issues involved in creating video games, such as interfacing with controllers, simulating physical collisions and lighting, etc.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voloh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/434944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[USE: An integrative suite for temporally-precise psychophysical experiments in virtual environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initiation of droxidopa during hospital admission for management of refractory neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in severely ill patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionOrthostatic hypotension (OH) is a common cause of hospitalization, particularly in the elderly. Hospitalized patients with OH are often severely ill, with complex medical comorbidities and high rates of disability. Droxidopa is a norepinephrine precursor approved for the treatment of neurogenic OH (nOH) associated with autonomic failure that is commonly used in the outpatient setting, but there is currently no data regarding the safety and efficacy of droxidopa initiation in medically complex patients.nnMethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients started on droxidopa for refractory nOH while hospitalized at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between October 2014 and May 2017. Primary outcome measures were safety, change in physician global impression of illness severity from admission to discharge, and persistence on medication after 180-day follow-up.nnResultsA total of 20 patients were identified through chart review. Patients were medically complex with high rates of cardiovascular comorbidities and a diverse array of underlying autonomic diagnoses. Rapid titration of droxidopa was safe and well-tolerated in this cohort, with no cardiovascular events or new onset arrhythmias. Supine hypertension requiring treatment occurred in four patients. One death occurred during hospital admission due to organ failure associated with end-stage amyloidosis. Treating physicians noted improvements in presyncopal symptoms in 80% of patients. After 6 months, 13 patients (65%) continued on droxidopa therapy.nnConclusionIn a retrospective cohort of hospitalized, severely ill patients with refractory nOH, supervised rapid titration of droxidopa was safe and effective. Treatment persistence was high, suggesting that symptomatic benefit extended beyond acute intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonell, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preheim, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diedrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muldowney, J. A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peltier, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biaggioni, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibao, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initiation of droxidopa during hospital admission for management of refractory neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in severely ill patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439927v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex in hierarchical predictive coding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439927v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive control and decision-making relies on the interplay of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (mPFC/LPFC), particularly for circumstances in which correct behavior requires integrating and selecting among multiple sources of interrelated information. While the interaction between mPFC and LPFC is generally acknowledged as a crucial circuit in adaptive behavior, the nature of this interaction remains open to debate, with various proposals suggesting complementary roles in (i) signaling the need for and implementing control, (ii) identifying and selecting appropriate behavioral policies from a candidate set, and (iii) constructing behavioral schemata for performance of structured tasks. Although these proposed roles capture salient aspects of conjoint mPFC/LPFC function, none are sufficiently well-specified to provide a detailed account of the continuous interaction of the two regions during ongoing behavior. A recent computational model of mPFC and LPFC, the Hierarchical Error Representation (HER) model, places the regions within the framework of hierarchical predictive coding, and suggests how they interact during behavioral periods preceding and following salient events. In this manuscript, we extend the HER model to incorporate real-time temporal dynamics and demonstrate how the extended model is able to capture single-unit neurophysiological, behavioral, and network effects previously reported in the literature. Our results add to the wide range of results that can be accounted for by the HER model, and provide further evidence for predictive coding as a unifying framework for understanding PFC function and organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alexander, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439927</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex in hierarchical predictive coding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae induces placental macrophages to release extracellular traps loaded with tissue remodeling enzymes via an oxidative-burst-dependent mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/440685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae, or Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a common perinatal pathogen. GBS colonization of the vaginal mucosa during pregnancy is a risk factor for invasive infection of the fetal membranes (chorioamnionitis) and its consequences such as membrane rupture, preterm labor, stillbirth, and neonatal sepsis. Placental macrophages, or Hofbauer cells, are fetally-derived macrophages present within placental and fetal membrane tissues that perform vital functions for fetal and placental development, including supporting angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and regulation of maternal-fetal tolerance. Although placental macrophages, as tissue-resident innate phagocytes, are likely to engage invasive bacteria such as GBS, there is limited information regarding how these cells respond to bacterial infection. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that placental macrophages release macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in response to bacterial infection. Placental macrophage METs contain proteins including histones, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil elastase similar to neutrophil extracellular traps and are capable of killing GBS cells. MET release from these cells occurs by a process that depends on the production of reactive oxygen species. Placental macrophage METs also contain matrix metalloproteases that are released in response to GBS and could contribute to fetal membrane weakening during infection. MET structures were identified within human fetal membrane tissues infected ex vivo, suggesting that placental macrophages release METs in response to bacterial infection during chorioamnionitis.nnImportanceStreptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a common pathogen during pregnancy where infection can result in chorioamnionitis, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm labor, stillbirth, and neonatal sepsis. Mechanisms by which GBS infection results in adverse pregnancy outcomes are still incompletely understood. This study evaluated interactions between GBS and placental macrophages. The data demonstrate that in response to infection, placental macrophages release extracellular traps capable of killing GBS. Additionally, this work establishes that proteins associated with extracellular trap fibers include several matrix metalloproteinases that have been associated with chorioamnionitis. In the context of pregnancy, placental macrophage responses to bacterial infection might have beneficial and adverse consequences, including protective effects against bacterial invasion but also releasing important mediators of membrane breakdown that could contribute to membrane rupture or preterm labor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doster, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/440685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streptococcus agalactiae induces placental macrophages to release extracellular traps loaded with tissue remodeling enzymes via an oxidative-burst-dependent mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442855v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential generation of saccade, fixation and image onset event-related potentials in the human mesial temporal lobe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/442855v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrophysiological signatures of encoding and retrieval recorded from mesial temporal lobe (MTL) structures are observed as event related potentials (ERPs) during visual memory tasks. The waveforms of the ERPs associated with the onset of visual stimuli (image-onset) and eye movements (saccades and fixations) provide insights into the mechanisms of their generation. We hypothesized that since eye movements and image-onset (common methods of stimulus presentation when testing memory) provide MTL structures with salient visual information, that perhaps they both engage similar neural mechanisms. To explore this question, we used intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) data from the MTLs of 11 patients with medically refractory epilepsy who participated in a visual search task. We sought to characterize electrophysiological responses of MTL structures to saccades, fixations and image onset. We demonstrate that the image-onset response is an evoked/additive response with a low-frequency power increase and post-stimulus phase clustering. In contrast, ERPs following eye movements appeared to arise from phase resetting of higher frequencies than the image onset ERP. Intriguingly, this reset was associated with saccade onset and not saccade termination (fixation), suggesting it is likely the MTL response to a corollary discharge, rather than a response to visual stimulation - in stark contrast to the image onset response. The distinct mechanistic underpinnings of these two ERP may help guide future development of visual memory tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talakoub, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groppe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valiante, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/442855</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential generation of saccade, fixation and image onset event-related potentials in the human mesial temporal lobe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On statistical tests of functional connectome fingerprinting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/443556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fingerprinting of functional connectomes is an increasingly standard measure of reproducibility in functional magnetic resonance imaging connectomics. In such studies, one attempts to match a subjects first session image with their second, in a blinded fashion, in a group of subjects measured twice. The number or percentage of correct matches is usually reported as a statistic. In this manuscript, we investigate the statistical tests of matching based on exchangeability assumption in the fingerprinting analysis. We show that a nearly universal Poisson(1) approximation applies for different matching schemes. We theoretically investigate the permutation tests and explore the issue that the test is overly sensitive to uninteresting directions in the alternative hypothesis, such as clustering due to familial status or demographics. We perform a numerical study on two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state datasets, the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). These datasets are instructive, as the HCP includes techinical replications of long scans and includes monozygotic and dyzogotic twins as well as non-twin siblings. In contrast, the BLSA study incorporates more typical length resting state scans in a longitudinal study. Finally, a study of single regional connections is performed on the HCP data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sair, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crainiceanu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindquist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogelstein, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caffo, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/443556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On statistical tests of functional connectome fingerprinting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of essential regulatory elements in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The identification of essential regulatory elements is central to the understanding of the consequences of genetic variation. Here we use novel genomic data and machine learning techniques to map essential regulatory elements and to guide functional validation. We train an XGBoost model using 38 functional and structural features, including genome essentiality metrics, 3D genome organization and enhancer reporter STARR-seq data to differentiate between pathogenic and control non-coding genetic variants. We validate the accuracy of prediction by using data from tiling-deletion-based and CRISPR interference screens of activity of cis-regulatory elements. In neurodevelopmental disorders, the model (ncER, non-coding Essential Regulation) maps essential genomic segments within deletions and rearranged topologically associated domains linked to human disease. We show that the approach successfully identifies essential regulatory elements in the human genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>telenti, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckerman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkamani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>di Iulio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of essential regulatory elements in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/455709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functionally Coherent Transcription Factor Target Networks Illuminate Control of Epithelial Remodelling and Oncogenic Notch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/455709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCell identity is governed by gene expression, regulated by Transcription Factor (TF) binding at cis-regulatory modules. Decoding the relationship TF binding patterns and the regulation of cognate target genes is nontrivial, remaining a fundamental limitation in understanding cell decision-making mechanisms. Identification of TF physical binding that is biologically  neutral is a current challenge. We studied cell identity in the context of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a cell programme fundamental for normal embryonic development that contributes to tumour progression and fibrosis.nnResultsWe developed the NetNC software for discovery of functionally coherent TF targets. NetNC was applied to analyse gene regulation by the EMT TFs Snail, Twist in early embryogenesis and also to modENCODE  HOT regions. Predicted neutral binding accounted for 50% to [&ge;]80% of candidate target genes assigned from significant binding peaks. Novel gene functions and network modules were identified, including regulation of chromatin organisation and crosstalk with notch signalling. Orthologues of predicted TF targets discriminated breast cancer molecular subtypes and NetNC analysis predicted new gene functions; for example, evidencing networks that reshape Waddingtons landscape during EMT-like phenotype switching. Predicted invasion roles for SNX29, ATG3, UNK and IRX4 were validated using a tractable cell model.nnConclusionsWe found extensive neutral TF binding across the nine datasets examined and showed that NetNC performs well in identifying functionally coherent targets. HOT regions had comparatively high functional coherence. Our results illuminate conserved molecular networks that regulate epithelial remodelling in development and disease, with potential implications for precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Overton, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pairo-Castineira, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essafi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/455709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functionally Coherent Transcription Factor Target Networks Illuminate Control of Epithelial Remodelling and Oncogenic Notch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White Matter Microstructure Correlates of General and Specific Second-Order Factors of Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/459396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing data indicate that prevalent forms of psychopathology can be organized into second-order dimensions based on their correlations, including a general factor of psychopathology that explains the common variance among all disorders and specific second-order externalizing and internalizing factors. Despite this organization, and high levels of comorbidity between diagnoses, most existing studies on the neural correlates of psychopathology employ case-control designs that treat diagnoses as independent categories. Thus, for instance, although perturbations in white matter microstructure have been identified across a range of disorders, the majority of such studies have used case-control designs, leaving it unclear whether observed relations reflect disorder specific characteristics, or transdiagnostic patterns. Using a representative community twin sample of 410 young adults, we tested the hypothesis that some relations between white matter microstructure properties in major tracts are related to second-order factors of psychopathology. We examined fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). White matter correlates of all second-order factors were identified after controlling for multiple tests, including the general factor (FA in the body of the corpus callosum), specific internalizing (AD in the fornix), and specific externalizing (AD in the splenium of the corpus callosum, sagittal stratum, anterior corona radiata, and internal capsule). These findings suggest that features of white matter within specific tracts are associated with broad transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology rather than being restricted to individual diagnostic categories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hinton, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta-Gil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, F. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chodes, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Applegate, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hulle, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/459396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White Matter Microstructure Correlates of General and Specific Second-Order Factors of Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Respiratory heterogeneity shapes biofilm formation and host colonization in uropathogenic Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofilms are multicellular bacterial communities encased in a self-secreted extracellular matrix comprised of polysaccharides, proteinaceous fibers, and DNA. Organization of these components lends spatial organization to the biofilm community such that biofilm residents can benefit from the production of common goods, while being protected from exogenous insults. Spatial organization is driven by the presence of chemical gradients, such as oxygen. Here we quantified and localized the expression of two Escherichia coli cytochrome oxidases in cells found in the biofilm state and defined their contribution to biofilm architecture. These studies elucidated a role for the high-affinity quinol oxidase cytochrome bd in matrix production and biofilm resident protection. Cytochrome bd was the most abundantly expressed respiratory complex in the biofilm community and was localized in the biofilm interior. Depletion of the cytochrome bd-expressing subpopulation led to decreased extracellular matrix and increased sensitivity of the community to exogenous stresses. Interrogation of the distribution of cytochrome oxidases in the planktonic state revealed that [~]15% of the population expresses cytochrome bd at atmospheric oxygen concentration, and this population dominates during acute urinary tract infection. These data point towards a bet-hedging mechanism in which heterogeneous expression of respiratory complexes ensures respiratory plasticity of E. coli across diverse host niches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beebout, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eberly, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>werby, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cegelski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Respiratory heterogeneity shapes biofilm formation and host colonization in uropathogenic Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466524v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolutionary advantage of cultural memory on heterogeneous contact networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466524v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultural processes, as well as the selection pressures experienced by individuals in a population over time and space, are fundamentally stochastic. Phenotypic variability, together with imperfect phenotypic transmission between parents and offspring, has been previously shown to play an important role in evolutionary rescue and (epi)genetic adaptation of populations to fluctuating temporal environmental pressures. This type of evolutionary bet-hedging does not confer a direct benefit to a single individual, but instead increases the adaptability of the whole lineage.nnHere we develop a population-genetic model to explore cultural response strategies to temporally changing selection, as well as the role of local population structure, as exemplified by heterogeneity in the contact network between individuals, in shaping evolutionary dynamics. We use this model to study the evolutionary advantage of cultural bet-hedging, modeling the evolution of a variable cultural trait starting from one copy in a population of individuals with a fixed cultural strategy. We find that the probability of fixation of a cultural bet-hedger is a non-monotonic function of the probability of cultural memory between generations. Moreover, this probability increases for networks of higher mean degree but decreases with increasing heterogeneity of the contact network, tilting the balance of forces towards drift and against selection.nnThese results shed light on the interplay of temporal and spatial stochasticity in shaping cultural evolutionary dynamics and suggest that partly-heritable cultural phenotypic variability may constitute an important evolutionary bet-hedging strategy in response to changing selection pressures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carja, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466524</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolutionary advantage of cultural memory on heterogeneous contact networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present the largest exome sequencing study to date focused on rare variation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=35,584). Integrating de novo and case-control variation with an enhanced Bayesian framework incorporating evolutionary constraint against mutation, we implicate 99 genes in ASD risk at a false discovery rate (FDR) [&le;] 0.1. Of these 99 risk genes, 46 show higher frequencies of disruptive de novo variants in individuals ascertained for severe neurodevelopmental delay, while 50 show higher frequencies in individuals ascertained for ASD, and comparing ASD cases with disruptive mutations in the two groups shows differences in phenotypic presentation. Expressed early in brain development, most of the risk genes have roles in neuronal communication or regulation of gene expression, and 12 fall within recurrent copy number variant loci. In human cortex single-cell gene expression data, expression of the 99 risk genes is also enriched in both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal lineages, implying that disruption of these genes alters the development of both neuron types. Together, these insights broaden our understanding of the neurobiology of ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satterstrom, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosmicki, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Rubeis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulhern, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artomov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerges, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheppard, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleksic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carracedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiocchetti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuccaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Bernardina, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallerini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Prieto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrero, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitag,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genes for autism implicate both excitatory and inhibitory cell lineages in risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tractography Reproducibility Challenge with Empirical Data (TraCED): The 2017 ISMRM Diffusion Study Group Challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/484543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeFiber tracking with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging has become an essential tool for estimating in vivo brain white matter architecture. Fiber tracking results are sensitive to the choice of processing method and tracking criteria. Phantom studies provide concrete quantitative comparisons of methods relative to absolute ground truths, yet do not capture variabilities because of in vivo physiological factors.nnMethodsTo date, a large-scale reproducibility analysis has not been performed for the assessment of the newest generation of tractography algorithms with in vivo data. Reproducibility does not assess the validity of a brain connection however it is still of critical importance because it describes the variability for an algorithm in group studies. The ISMRM 2017 TraCED challenge was created to fulfill the gap. The TraCED dataset consists of a single healthy volunteer scanned on two different scanners of the same manufacturer. The multi-shell acquisition included b-values of 1000, 2000 and 3000 s/mm2 with 20, 45 and 64 diffusion gradient directions per shell, respectively.nnResultsNine international groups submitted 46 tractography algorithm entries. The top five submissions had high ICC > 0.88. Reproducibility is high within these top 5 submissions when assessed across sessions or across scanners. However, it can be directly attributed to containment of smaller volume tracts in larger volume tracts. This holds true for the top five submissions where they are contained in a specific order. While most algorithms are contained in an ordering there are some outliers.nnConclusionThe different methods clearly result in fundamentally different tract structures at the more conservative specificity choices (i.e., volumetrically smaller tractograms). The data and challenge infrastructure remain available for continued analysis and provide a platform for comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvathaneni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hainline, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaber, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prckovska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydogan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, A. A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeen, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserthal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier-Hein, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palesi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romascano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael-Pinto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frigo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiran, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquette, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leemans, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyrby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/484543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tractography Reproducibility Challenge with Empirical Data (TraCED): The 2017 ISMRM Diffusion Study Group Challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Netrin/UNC-6 triggers actin assembly and non-muscle myosin activity to drive dendrite retraction in the self-avoidance response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/492769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendrite growth is constrained by the self-avoidance response but the downstream pathways that balance these opposing mechanisms are unknown. We have proposed that the diffusible cue UNC-6(Netrin) is captured by UNC-40 (DCC) for a short-range interaction with UNC-5 to trigger self-avoidance in the C. elegans PVD neuron. Here we report that the actin-polymerizing proteins UNC-34(Ena/VASP), WSP-1(WASP), UNC-73(Trio), MIG-10(Lamellipodin) and the Arp2/3 complex effect dendrite retraction in the self-avoidance response mediated by UNC-6(Netrin). The paradoxical idea that actin polymerization results in shorter rather than longer dendrites is explained by our finding that NMY-1 (non-muscle myosin II) is necessary for retraction and could therefore mediate this effect in a contractile mechanism. Our results also show that dendrite length is determined by the antagonistic effects on the actin cytoskeleton of separate sets of effectors for retraction mediated by UNC-6(Netrin) versus outgrowth promoted by the DMA-1 receptor. Thus, our findings suggest that the dendrite length depends on an intrinsic mechanism that balances distinct modes of actin assembly for growth versus retraction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/492769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Netrin/UNC-6 triggers actin assembly and non-muscle myosin activity to drive dendrite retraction in the self-avoidance response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deconvoluting Stress-Responsive Proteostasis Signaling Pathways for Pharmacologic Activation using Targeted RNA-sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular proteostasis is maintained by stress-responsive signaling pathways such as the heat shock response (HSR), the oxidative stress response (OSR), and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Activation of these pathways results in the transcriptional upregulation of select subsets of stress-responsive genes that restore proteostasis and adapt cellular physiology to promote recovery following various types of acute insult. The capacity for these pathways to regulate cellular proteostasis makes them attractive therapeutic targets to correct proteostasis defects associated with diverse diseases. High-throughput screening (HTS) using cell-based reporter assays is highly effective for identifying putative activators of stress-responsive signaling pathways. However, the development of these compounds is hampered by the lack of medium-throughput assays to define compound potency and selectivity for a given pathway. Here, we describe a targeted RNA sequencing (RNAseq) assay that allows cost effective, medium-throughput screening of stress-responsive signaling pathway activation. We demonstrate that this assay allows deconvolution of stress-responsive signaling activated by chemical genetic or pharmacologic agents. Furthermore, we use this assay to define the selectivity of putative OSR and HSR activating compounds previously identified by HTS. Our results demonstrate the potential for integrating this adaptable targeted RNAseq assay into screening programs focused on developing pharmacologic activators of stress-responsive signaling pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grandjean, J. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morimoto, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollong, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deconvoluting Stress-Responsive Proteostasis Signaling Pathways for Pharmacologic Activation using Targeted RNA-sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antigen receptor control of methionine metabolism in T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/499095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune activated T lymphocytes modulate the activity of key metabolic pathways to support the transcriptional reprograming and reshaping of cell proteomes that permits effector T cell differentiation. The present study uses high resolution mass spectrometry and metabolic labelling to explore how T cells control the methionine cycle to produce methyl donors for protein and nucleotide methylations. We show that antigen receptor engagement controls flux through the methionine cycle and also controls RNA and histone methylations. We establish that the main rate limiting step for the methionine cycle is control of methionine transporter expression by antigen receptors. Only T cells that respond to antigen to upregulate and sustain methionine transport are supplied with the methyl donors that permit the dynamic nucleotide methylations and epigenetic reprogramming that drives T cell differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenes-Murillo, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hukelmann, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macintyre, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locasale, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamond, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantrell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/499095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antigen receptor control of methionine metabolism in T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genomic Geography and Evolution of Clusters of Tandemly Duplicated Genes in the Human and Mammal Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clusters of duplicated genes (CTDGs) are nearly ubiquitous in lifes genomes, and are associated with several well-known gene families, such as olfactory receptors, zinc fingers, and immunity-related genes, as well as with several highly variable traits, including olfaction, body plan architecture, and pathogen resistance. However, these observations are usually anecdotal, restricted to specific cases, and lacking evolutionary context. In this study, we use a robust statistical approach to characterize the CTDG repertoire and analyze the distribution of CTDGs across 18 mammal genomes, including human. We found that, on average, 18% of the genes in each species are parts of CTDGs. Although genes in CTDGs are enriched for several biological processes, these tend to be involved in the interactions between the organism and its environment. We further found that mammalian CTDGs are not uniformly distributed across chromosomes and that orthologs of the human chromosome 19 are among the most clustered chromosomes in nearly all mammalian genomes analyzed. We also found evidence that the human chromosome 19 was formed by a fusion event that occurred before the diversification of the rodent and primate lineages and maintained its high density of CTDGs during its subsequent evolution. Finally, using chromosome-level alignments across mammalian genomes, we show how the syntenic regions of the human chromosome 19 have been shrinking, increasing their gene density and possibly increasing the compactness of its CTDGs. These results suggest that CTDGs are a major feature of mammalian genomes and provide novel insights into the origin and evolution of regions with unusually high densities of CTDGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortiz, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genomic Geography and Evolution of Clusters of Tandemly Duplicated Genes in the Human and Mammal Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elongated cells drive morphogenesis in a surface-wrapped finite element model of germband retraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/504548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During Drosophila embryogenesis, the germband first extends to curl around the posterior end of the embryo, and then retracts back; however, retraction is not simply the reversal of extension. At a tissue level, extension is coincident with ventral furrow formation, and at a cellular level, extension occurs via convergent cell neighbor exchanges in the germband while retraction involves only changes in cell shape. To understand how cell shapes, tissue organization and cellular forces drive germband retraction, we investigate this process using a whole-embryo, surface-wrapped cellular finite element model. This model represents two key epithelial tissues - amnioserosa and germband - as adjacent sheets of 2D cellular finite elements that are wrapped around an ellipsoidal 3D approximation of an embryo. The model reproduces the detailed kinematics of in vivo retraction by fitting just one free model parameter, the tension along germband cell interfaces; all other cellular forces are constrained to follow ratios inferred from experimental observations. With no additional parameter adjustments, the model also reproduces failures of retraction when amnioserosa cells are removed to mimic U-shaped mutants or laser-microsurgery experiments. Surprisingly, retraction in the model is robust to changes in cellular force values, but is critically dependent on starting from a configuration with highly elongated amnioserosa cells. Their extreme cellular elongation is established during the prior process of germband extension and is then used to drive retraction. The amnioserosa is the one tissue whose cellular morphogenesis is reversed in germband extension and retraction - serving as a store of morphological information that coordinates the forces needed to retract the germband back to its pre-extension position and shape. In this case, and perhaps more generally, cellular force strengths are less important than the carefully established cell shapes that direct them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCleery, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veldhuis, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodland, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/504548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elongated cells drive morphogenesis in a surface-wrapped finite element model of germband retraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of natural selection on the evolution and function of placentally expressed galectins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/505339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunity genes have repeatedly experienced natural selection during mammalian evolution. Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate diverse immune responses, including maternal-fetal immune tolerance in placental pregnancy. Seven human galectins, four conserved across vertebrates and three specific to primates, are involved in placental development. To comprehensively study the molecular evolution of these galectins both across mammals and within humans, we conducted a series of between-and within-species evolutionary analyses. By examining patterns of sequence evolution between species, we found that primate-specific galectins showed uniformly high substitution rates, whereas two of the four other galectins experienced accelerated evolution in primates. By examining human population genomic variation, we found that galectin genes and variants, including variants previously linked to immune diseases, showed signatures of recent positive selection in specific human populations. By examining one nonsynonymous variant in Galectin-8 previously associated with autoimmune diseases, we further discovered that it is tightly linked to three other nonsynonymous variants; surprisingly, the global frequency of this four-variant haplotype is [~]50%. To begin understanding the impact of this major haplotype on Galectin-8 protein structure, we modeled its 3D protein structure and found that it differed substantially from the reference protein structure. These results suggest that placentally expressed galectins experienced both ancient and more recent selection in a lineage-and population-specific manner. Furthermore, our discovery that the major Galectin-8 haplotype is structurally distinct from and more commonly found than the reference haplotype illustrates the significance of understanding the evolutionary processes that sculpted variants associated with human genetic disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ely, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliwoski, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangha, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/505339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of natural selection on the evolution and function of placentally expressed galectins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Cell Lung Cancer subtypes identified by systems-level modeling of transcription factor networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/506402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adopting a systems approach, we devise a general workflow to define actionable subtypes in human cancers. Applied to small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the workflow identifies four subtypes based on global gene expression patterns and ontologies. Three correspond to known subtypes, while the fourth is a previously undescribed neuroendocrine variant (NEv2). Tumor deconvolution with subtype gene signatures shows that all of the subtypes are detectable in varying proportions in human and mouse tumors. To understand how multiple stable subtypes can arise within a tumor, we infer a network of transcription factors and develop BooleaBayes, a minimally-constrained Boolean rule-fitting approach. In silico perturbations of the network identify master regulators and destabilizers of its attractors. Specific to NEv2, BooleaBayes predicts ELF3 and NR0B1 as master regulators of the subtype, and TCF3 as a master destabilizer. Since the four subtypes exhibit differential drug sensitivity, with NEv2 consistently least sensitive, these findings may lead to actionable therapeutic strategies that consider SCLC intratumoral heterogeneity. Our systems-level approach should generalize to other cancer types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/506402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Cell Lung Cancer subtypes identified by systems-level modeling of transcription factor networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic risk for major depressive disorder and loneliness in gender-specific associations with coronary artery disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceEpidemiological evidence indicates that major depressive disorder (MDD) and loneliness both reduce life expectancies, but mechanisms underlying the excess morbidity are unclear. Electronic health records (EHRs) linked to genetic data offer new opportunities to address this knowledge gap.nnObjectiveTo determine the medical morbidity pattern associated with genetic risk factors for MDD and loneliness, two common psychological traits with adverse health outcomes.nnDesignPhenome-wide association study using EHRs spanning 1990 to 2017 from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center biobank, BioVU. Top associations with coronary artery disease (CAD) were replicated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort.nnSettingHospital-based EHR study, with replication in a population-based cohort study.nnParticipants18,385 genotyped adult patients in BioVU. Replication in ARIC included 7,197 genotyped participants. All participants were of European ancestry.nnExposuresPolygenic scores for MDD and loneliness were developed for each individual using previously published meta-GWAS summary statistics.nnMain Outcomes and MeasuresThe phenome-wide association study included 882 clinical diagnoses ascertained via billing codes in the EHR. ARIC included 1598 incident CAD cases.nnResultsBioVU patients had a median EHR length of 9.91 years. In the phenome-wide association study, polygenic scores for MDD and loneliness were significantly associated with psychiatric and cardiac phenotypes. Targeted analyses of CAD in 3,893 cases and 4,197 controls in BioVU found odds ratios of 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04-1.18; P=8.43x10-4) and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.20; P=4.51x10-6) per 1-SD increase in the polygenic scores for MDD and loneliness, respectively. Comparable hazard ratios in ARIC were 1.07 (95% CI, 0.99-1.14; P=0.07) and 1.07 (1.01-1.15; P=0.03). Across both studies, the increased risk persisted in women after adjusting for multiple conventional risk factors, a polygenic score for CAD, and psychiatric symptoms (available in BioVU). Controlling for genetic risk factors shared between MDD and loneliness, the polygenic score for loneliness conditioned on MDD remained associated with CAD risk, but the polygenic score for MDD conditioned on loneliness did not.nnConclusions and RelevanceGenetic risk factors for MDD and loneliness act pleiotropically to increase CAD risk in women. Continued research into the biological and clinical connections between the heart and mind is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinson, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber-Eger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hucks, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellaoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic risk for major depressive disorder and loneliness in gender-specific associations with coronary artery disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal integration and information transfer in an allosterically regulated network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A biological reaction network may serve multiple purposes, processing more than one input and impacting downstream processes via more than one output. These networks operate in a dynamic cellular environment in which the levels of network components may change within cells and across cells. Recent evidence suggests that protein concentration variability could explain cell fate decisions. However, systems with multiple inputs, multiple outputs, and changing input concentrations have not been studied in detail due to their complexity. Here, we take a systems biochemistry approach, combining physiochemical modeling and information theory, to investigate how cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) processes simultaneous input signals within a complex interaction network. We find that changes in input levels affect the amount of information transmitted by the network, as does the correlation between those inputs. This, and the allosteric regulation of COX-2 by its substrates, allows it to act as a signal integrator that is most sensitive to changes in relative input levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shockley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouzer, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deeds, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/518514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal integration and information transfer in an allosterically regulated network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-10-producing B cells are enriched in murine pericardial adipose tissues and ameliorate the outcome of acute myocardial infarction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) provokes an inflammatory response in the heart that removes damaged tissues to facilitate repair. However, exaggerated and/or persistent inflammation compromises healing, which may be counteracted by regulatory immune mechanisms. A key regulatory factor in an inflammatory response is the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which can be produced by a number of immune cells including subsets of B lymphocytes. Here, we investigated IL-10-producing B cells in pericardial adipose tissues (PATs) and their role in the healing process following acute MI in mice. We found abundant IL-10-producing B cells in PATs under homeostatic conditions, with the majority of them bearing cell surface CD5 (CD5+ B cells). These cells were detected early in life, maintained a steady presence during adulthood, and resided in fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs). The cytokine IL-33 was preferentially expressed in PATs under homeostatic conditions and contributed to enrichment of IL-10-producing CD5+ B cells in PATs. CD5+ B cells expanded in PATs following MI, and accumulated in the infarcted heart during the resolution of MI-induced inflammation. B cell-specific deletion of IL-10 worsened cardiac function after MI, exacerbated myocardial injury, and delayed resolution of inflammation. These findings reveal a significant contribution of IL-10-producing B cells to the anti-inflammatory mechanism that terminates MI-induced inflammation, and identify these cells as novel therapeutic targets to improve the outcome of MI.

Significance StatementMyocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although it is now recognized that a balanced and timely terminated pro-inflammatory response following acute MI is essential in promoting tissue repair, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly defined. In this report, we show that IL-10-producing B cells in mice 1) are enriched in pericardial adipose tissues (PATs) and influenced by cytokine IL-33 under homeostatic conditions; 2) expand in PATs following MI and accumulate in the infarcted heart during the resolution of MI-induced inflammation; and 3) facilitate resolution of inflammation and reduce myocardial injury to preserve cardiac function after MI. These findings identify IL-10-producing B cells as novel therapeutic targets to improve the outcome of MI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Kaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postoack, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/520742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-10-producing B cells are enriched in murine pericardial adipose tissues and ameliorate the outcome of acute myocardial infarction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isogenic human iPSC pairs reveal a neuronal subtype-specific and genetic background-independent mechanism of SCN1A epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over 1250 mutations in SCN1A, the Nav1.1 voltage-gated sodium channel gene, are associated with seizure disorders including GEFS+. To evaluate how a specific mutation, independent of genetic background, causes seizure activity we generated two pairs of isogenic human iPSC lines by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. One pair is a control line from an unaffected sibling, and the mutated control carrying the GEFS+ K1270T SCN1A mutation. The second pair is a GEFS+ patient line with the K1270T mutation, and the corrected patient line. By comparing the electrophysiological properties in inhibitory and excitatory iPSC-derived neurons from these pairs, we found the K1270T mutation causes cell type-specific alterations in sodium current density and evoked firing, resulting in hyperactive neural networks. We also identified differences associated with genetic background and interaction between the mutation and genetic background. Comparisons within and between dual pairs of isogenic iPSC-derived neuronal cultures provide a novel platform for evaluating cellular mechanisms underlying a disease phenotype and for developing patient-specific anti-seizure therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safrina, O. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dowd, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isogenic human iPSC pairs reveal a neuronal subtype-specific and genetic background-independent mechanism of SCN1A epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scavenging of reactive dicarbonyls with 2-hydroxybenzylamine reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr-/- mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis may be accelerated by oxidative stress, which produces lipid peroxidation. Among the products of lipid peroxidation are highly reactive dicarbonyls including isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) and malondialdehyde (MDA) that covalently modify proteins. We investigated the impact of treatment with the dicarbonyl scavenger, 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) on HDL function and atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic Ldlr-/- mice, a model of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Compared to mice treated with vehicle, 2-HOBA significantly decreased atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr-/- mice by 31% in the proximal aortas and 60% in en face aortas, in the absence of changes in blood lipid levels. 2-HOBA reduced MDA content in HDL and LDL. Consuming a western diet increased plasma MDA-apoAI adduct levels in Ldlr-/- mice. 2-HOBA inhibited MDA-apoAI formation and increased the capacity of the mouse HDL to reduce macrophage cholesterol stores. Importantly, 2-HOBA reduced the MDA- and IsoLG-lysyl content in atherosclerotic aortas in Ldlr-/- mice. Furthermore, 2-HOBA diminished oxidative stress-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells in atherosclerotic lesions by 72%, and decreased serum proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, 2-HOBA enhanced efferocytosis and promoted characteristics of stable plaque formation in mice as evidenced by a 69% (p<0.01) reduction in necrotic core and by increased collagen content (2.7-fold) and fibrous cap thickness (2.1-fold). HDL from patients with FH had increased MDA content resulting in a reduced ability of FH-HDL to decrease macrophage cholesterol content versus controls. Our results demonstrate that dicarbonyl scavenging with 2-HOBA has multiple atheroprotective effects on lipoproteins and reduces atherosclerosis in a murine model of FH, supporting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of human atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.nnAbbreviations2-HOBA, 2-hydroxybenzylamine; 4-HOBA, 4-hydroxybenzylamine; MDA, malondialdehyde; 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; IsoLGs, isolevuglandins; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, lowdensity lipoprotein; LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor; ApoAI, apolipoprotein AI; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IL, interleukin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yancey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakemore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarnath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oates, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scavenging of reactive dicarbonyls with 2-hydroxybenzylamine reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr-/- mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reactive Dicarbonyl Scavenging Effectively Reduces MPO-Mediated Oxidation of HDL and Preserves HDL Atheroprotective Functions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/528026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is atheroprotective by mediating cholesterol efflux, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidation functions. Atheroprotective functions of HDL are related to the activity of HDL-associated enzymes such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1). We examined the impact of inhibition of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated HDL oxidation by PON1 on HDL malondialdehyde (MDA) content and HDL function. In the presence of PON1, crosslinking of apoAI in response to MPO-mediated oxidation of HDL was abolished and MDA-HDL adduct levels were decreased. In addition, PON1 prevented the impaired cholesterol efflux capacity of MPO-oxidized HDL from Apoe-/- macrophages. Direct modification of HDL with MDA increased apoAI crosslinking and reduced the cholesterol efflux capacity in a dose dependent manner. In addition, MDA modification of HDL reduced its anti-inflammatory function compared to native HDL as the expression of IL-1{beta} and IL6 increased by 3-(p<0.05) and 1.8-fold (p<0.05) in Apoe-/- macrophages in response to LPS. MDA-HDL also had impaired ability to increase PON1 activity. Importantly, HDL from subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH-HDL) versus controls had increased MDA-apoAI adducts, and normalization of the PON1 activity to PON1 mass revealed a 24 % (p<0.05) decrease in specific activity indicating that PON1 activity is also impaired in FH. Consistent with the impaired PON1 activity and increased MDA-apoAI, FH-HDL induced a pro-inflammatory response in Apoe-/- macrophages compared to incubation with LPS alone. FH-HDL versus control HDL also had an impaired ability to promote cholesterol efflux from Apoe-/- macrophages. Interestingly, reactive dicarbonyl scavengers effectively abolished MPO-mediated apoAI crosslinking, MDA adduct formation, and improved cholesterol efflux capacity. Importantly, in vivo treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with reactive dicarbonyl scavengers effectively reduced MDA-HDL adduct formation and increased PON1 activity and HDL cholesterol efflux capacity, supporting a therapeutic potential of reactive carbonyl scavenging in maintaining HDL function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yancey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loren, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/528026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reactive Dicarbonyl Scavenging Effectively Reduces MPO-Mediated Oxidation of HDL and Preserves HDL Atheroprotective Functions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530329v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualization and analysis of high-throughput in vitro dose-response datasets with Thunor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/530329v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput cell proliferation assays to quantify drug-response are becoming increasingly common and powerful with the emergence of improved automation and multi-time point analysis methods. However, pipelines for analysis of these datasets that provide reproducible, efficient, and interactive visualization and interpretation are sorely lacking. To address this need, we introduce Thunor, an open-source software platform to manage, analyze, and visualize large, dose-dependent cell proliferation datasets. Thunor supports both end-point and time-based proliferation assays as input. It provides a simple, user-friendly interface with interactive plots and publication-quality images of cell proliferation time courses, dose-response curves, and derived dose-response metrics, e.g. IC50, including across datasets or grouped by tags. Tags are categorical labels for cell lines and drugs, used for aggregation, visualization, and statistical analysis, e.g. cell line mutation or drug class/target pathway. A graphical plate map tool is included to facilitate plate annotation with cell lines, drugs, and concentrations upon data upload. Datasets can be shared with other users via point-and-click access control. We demonstrate the utility of Thunor to examine and gain insight from two large drug response datasets: a large, publicly available cell viability database and an in-house, high-throughput proliferation rate dataset. Thunor is available from www.thunor.net.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lubbock, A. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/530329</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualization and analysis of high-throughput in vitro dose-response datasets with Thunor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CADHERIN-11 BLOCKADE REDUCES INFLAMMATION DRIVEN FIBROTIC REMODELING AND IMPROVES OUTCOMES AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOver one million Americans experience myocardial infarction (MI) every year, and the resulting scar and subsequent cardiac fibrosis contribute to heart failure and death. A specialized cell-cell adhesion protein, cadherin-11 (CDH11), contributes to inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, and aortic valve calcification but has not yet been studied in the context of cardiac remodeling after MI. We hypothesized that targeting CDH11 function after MI would reduce inflammation-driven fibrotic remodeling and infarct expansion to improve functional outcomes in mice.

MethodsMI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery in transgenic mice with reduced or ablated CDH11, wild type mice receiving bone marrow transplants from Cdh11 transgenic animals, and wild type mice treated with a functional blocking antibody against CDH11 (SYN0012). Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography, expression of cell populations was quantified by flow cytometry, and tissue remodeling by altered histological assessment and transcription of inflammatory and pro-angiogenic genes by qPCR. Co-culture was used to assess interactions between cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages.

ResultsMI increased transcription of Cdh11 in non-cardiomyocyte cells. Mice with deletion of Cdh11 and wild type mice receiving bone marrow transplants from Cdh11 transgenic animals had improved cardiac function and dimensions after MI. Animals given SYN0012 had improved cardiac function, reduced tissue remodeling, and altered transcription of inflammatory and proangiogenic genes. Targeting CDH11 also reduced the number of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells and increased pro-angiogenic cells in the heart three days after MI, consistent with a decrease in transcription and expression of IL-6 in the infarct region. Cardiac fibroblast and macrophage interactions led to an increase in IL-6 secretion that was reduced with SYN0012 treatment in vitro.

ConclusionsOur findings suggest that CDH11-expressing cells contribute to inflammation-driven fibrotic remodeling after MI, and that targeting CDH11 with a blocking antibody improves cardiac function after MI. This improvement is likely mediated by altered recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells, thereby limiting the macrophage-induced expression of IL-6 by fibroblasts and promoting vascularization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatzopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Force, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CADHERIN-11 BLOCKADE REDUCES INFLAMMATION DRIVEN FIBROTIC REMODELING AND IMPROVES OUTCOMES AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neanderthal introgression reintroduced functional alleles lost in the human out of Africa bottleneck 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neanderthal ancestry remains across modern Eurasian genomes, and introgressed sequences influence diverse phenotypes, including immune, skin, and neuropsychiatric diseases. Interpretation of introgressed sequences has focused on alleles derived in the Neanderthal lineage. Here, we demonstrate that Neanderthal introgression also reintroduced thousands of ancestral hominin alleles lost in the Eurasian out of Africa bottleneck. Combining evolutionary simulations, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) data, and in vitro validation, we show that reintroduced alleles (RAs) have different fitness effects than Neanderthal-derived alleles (NDAs) and that some RAs regulate gene expression independent of NDAs. Illustrating the broad potential influence of RAs, we find that over 70% of known phenotype associations with NDAs are equally associated with RAs. Finally, we discover enrichment for RA eQTL activity in several tissues, with strongest enrichment in the brain. In summary, our study reveals that Neanderthal introgression supplied Eurasians with many lost functional variants and demonstrates that RAs must be considered when evaluating the effects of introgression.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYNeanderthal interbreeding with modern humans restored to Eurasians, hundreds of thousands of ancient alleles that were lost in the out of Africa bottleneck.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neanderthal introgression reintroduced functional alleles lost in the human out of Africa bottleneck]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of recent positive selection in enhancers across 41 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary changes in enhancers are widely associated with variation in human traits and diseases. However, studies comprehensively quantifying levels of selection on enhancers at multiple evolutionary time points during recent human evolution and how enhancer evolution varies across human tissues are lacking. To address these questions, we integrated a dataset of 41,561 transcribed enhancers active in 41 different human tissues (FANTOM Consortium) with whole genome sequences of 1,668 individuals from the African, Asian, and European populations (1000 Genomes Project). Our analyses based on four different metrics (Tajimas D, FST, H12, nSL) showed that ~5.90% of enhancers considered showed evidence of recent positive selection and that genes associated with enhancers under positive selection are enriched for diverse immune-related functions. The distributions of these metrics for brain and testis enhancers were often statistically significantly different compared to those of other tissues; the same was true for brain and testis enhancers that are tissue-specific compared to those that are tissue-broad and for testis enhancers associated with tissue-enriched and non-tissue-enriched genes. These differences varied considerably across metrics and tissues and were generally due to changes in distributions shapes rather than shifts in their values. These results suggest that many human enhancers experienced recent positive selection throughout multiple time periods in human evolutionary history, that this selection occurred in a tissue-dependent and immune-related functional context, and that much like the evolution of their coding counterparts, the evolution of brain and testis enhancers has been markedly different from that of enhancers in other tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of recent positive selection in enhancers across 41 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Neuromodulator Measurements across Fronto-Striatal Network Areas of the Behaving Macaque using Solid-Phase Microextraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different neuromodulators rarely act independent from each other to modify neural processes but are instead co-released, gated, or modulated. To understand this interdependence of neuromodulators and their collective influence on local circuits during different brain states, it is necessary to reliably extract local concentrations of multiple neuromodulators in vivo. Here we describe results using solid phase microextraction (SPME), a method providing sensitive, multi-neuromodulator measurements. SPME is a sampling method that is coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify collected analytes. Reliable measurements of glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine and choline were made simultaneously within frontal cortex and striatum of two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during goal-directed behavior. We find glutamate concentrations several orders of magnitude higher than acetylcholine and dopamine in all brain regions. Dopamine was reliably detected in the striatum at tenfold higher concentrations than acetylcholine. Acetylcholine and choline concentrations were detected with high consistency across brain areas, within monkeys and between monkeys. These findings illustrate that SPME microprobes provide a versatile novel tool to characterize multiple neuromodulators across different brain areas in vivo to understand the interdependence and co-variation of neuromodulators during goal directed behavior. Such data will be important to better distinguish between different behavioral states and characterize dysfunctional brain states that may be evident in psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lendor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyaci, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawliszyn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Neuromodulator Measurements across Fronto-Striatal Network Areas of the Behaving Macaque using Solid-Phase Microextraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An actin-based protrusion originating from a podosome-enrichedregion initiates macrophage fusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophage fusion resulting in the formation of multinucleated giant cells occurs in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the mechanism responsible for initiating macrophage fusion is unknown. Here, we used live cell imaging to show that actin-based protrusions at the leading edge initiate macrophage fusion. Phase contrast video microscopy demonstrated that in the majority of events, short protrusions (3 {+/-} 1 m) between two closely apposed cells initiated fusion, but occasionally we observed long protrusions (16 {+/-} 7 m). Using macrophages isolated from LifeAct mice and imaging with lattice light sheet microscopy, we further found that fusion-competent actin-based protrusions formed at sites enriched in podosomes. Inducing fusion in mixed populations of GFP- and mRFP-LifeAct macrophages showed rapid spatial overlap between GFP and RFP signal at the site of fusion. Cytochalasin B strongly reduced fusion and when rare fusion events occurred, protrusions were not observed. Fusion of macrophages deficient in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and Cdc42, key molecules involved in the formation of actin-based protrusions and podosomes, was also impaired both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, inhibiting the activity of the Arp2/3 complex decreased fusion and podosome formation. Together these data indicate that an actin-based protrusion formed at the leading edge initiates macrophage fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faust, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balabiyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heddleston, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podolnikova, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baluch, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ugarova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An actin-based protrusion originating from a podosome-enrichedregion initiates macrophage fusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impaired M-current in KCNQ2 Encephalopathy Evokes Dyshomeostatic Modulation of Excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/538371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in KCNQ2, which encodes a pore-forming K+ channel subunit responsible for neuronal M-current, cause neonatal epileptic encephalopathy, a complex disorder presenting with severe early-onset seizures and impaired neurodevelopment. The condition is exceptionally difficult to treat, partially because the effects of KCNQ2 mutations on the development and function of human neurons are unknown. Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cells and gene editing to establish a disease model, and measured the functional properties of patient-derived neurons using electrophysiological and optical approaches. We find that while patient-derived excitatory neurons exhibit reduced M-current early, they develop intrinsic and network hyperexcitability progressively. This hyperexcitability is associated with faster action potential repolarization, larger afterhyperpolarization, and a functional enhancement of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. These properties facilitate a burst-suppression firing pattern that is reminiscent of the interictal electroencephalography pattern in patients. Importantly, we were able to phenocopy these excitability features in control neurons only by chronic but not acute pharmacological inhibition of M-current. Our findings suggest that dyshomeostatic mechanisms compound KCNQ2 loss-of-function and lead to alterations in the neurodevelopmental trajectory of patient-derived neurons. Our work has therapeutic implications in explaining why KCNQ2 agonists are not beneficial unless started at an early disease stage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Searl, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piyevsky, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penzes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laux, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McManus, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dempsey, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millichap, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiskinis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/538371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impaired M-current in KCNQ2 Encephalopathy Evokes Dyshomeostatic Modulation of Excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-generational transcriptomic response to natural variation in host plant toxicity and insecticides in a specialist insect. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/541904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insects have been challenged by plant secondary metabolites throughout their evolutionary history. An important mechanism thought to promote insecticide resistance is the ability of insects to use preexisting detoxification systems originally evolved for tolerance of plant defenses. However, it remains unclear what level of convergence exists in metabolic mechanisms employed against various natural and xenobiotic chemicals? How do transcriptomic responses to these stressors change in response to novel and long-term exposure? We employ an experimental evolution approach in a milkweed- specialist aphid (Aphis nerii) model to test the effects of a more toxic host plant species and two insecticides commonly used in rotation in agriculture (a neonicotinoid, Imidacloprid, and a general homopteran blocker, Pymetrozine) on aphid gene expression and fitness over multiple generations of selection. Aphids were selected on three stress treatments: a toxic host plant species and two pesticides (Imidacloprid and Pymetrozine) for five generations. Whole transcriptome gene expression changes and changes in development time and fecundity were compared at generations one and five. While there were no consistent fitness costs or benefits to long-term exposure, exposure to stress is associated with increased transcriptional plasticity and changes in genes associated with the metabolism of secondary metabolites as well as genes important in transcription, translation, and post-translation processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, S. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/541904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-generational transcriptomic response to natural variation in host plant toxicity and insecticides in a specialist insect.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optical Metabolic Imaging of Heterogeneous Drug Response in Pancreatic Cancer Patient Organoids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/542167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
New tools are needed to match pancreatic cancer patients with effective treatments. Patient-derived organoids offer a high-throughput platform to personalize treatments and discover novel therapies. Currently, methods to evaluate drug response in organoids are limited because they cannot be completed in a clinically relevant time frame, only evaluate response at one time point, and most importantly, overlook cellular heterogeneity. In this study, non-invasive optical metabolic imaging (OMI) of cellular heterogeneity in organoids was evaluated as a predictor of clinical treatment response. Organoids were generated from fresh patient tissue samples acquired during surgery and treated with the same drugs as the patient's prescribed adjuvant treatment. OMI measurements of heterogeneity in response to this treatment were compared to later patient response, specifically to the time to recurrence following surgery. OMI was sensitive to patient-specific treatment response in as little as 24 hours. OMI distinguished subpopulations of cells with divergent and dynamic responses to treatment in living organoids without the use of labels or dyes. OMI of organoids agreed with long-term therapeutic response in patients. With these capabilities, OMI could serve as a sensitive high-throughput tool to identify optimal therapies for individual pancreatic cancer patients, and to develop new effective therapies that address cellular heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharick, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprackling, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkowskyj, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skala, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/542167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optical Metabolic Imaging of Heterogeneous Drug Response in Pancreatic Cancer Patient Organoids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546366v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive loss of cell cycle and DNA repair genes in an ancient lineage of bipolar budding yeasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546366v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair processes protect organisms from potentially lethal mutational damage. Compared to other budding yeasts in the subphylum Saccharomycotina, we noticed that a lineage in the genus Hanseniaspora exhibited very high evolutionary rates, low GC content, small genome sizes, and lower gene numbers. To better understand Hanseniaspora evolution, we analyzed 25 genomes, including 11 newly sequenced, representing 18 / 21 known species in the genus. Our phylogenomic analyses identify two Hanseniaspora lineages, the fast-evolving lineage (FEL), which began diversifying [~]87 million years ago (mya), and the slow-evolving lineage (SEL), which began diversifying [~]54 mya. Remarkably, both lineages lost genes associated with the cell cycle and genome integrity, but these losses were greater in the FEL. For example, all species lost the cell cycle regulator WHI5, and the FEL lost components of the spindle checkpoint pathway (e.g., MAD1, MAD2) and DNA damage checkpoint pathway (e.g., MEC3, RAD9). Similarly, both lineages lost genes involved in DNA repair pathways, including the DNA glycosylase gene MAG1, which is part of the base excision repair pathway, and the DNA photolyase gene PHR1, which is involved in pyrimidine dimer repair. Strikingly, the FEL lost 33 additional genes, including polymerases (i.e., POL4 and POL32) and telomere-associated genes (e.g., RIF1, RFA3, CDC13, PBP2). Echoing these losses, molecular evolutionary analyses reveal that, compared to the SEL, the FEL stem lineage underwent a burst of accelerated evolution, which resulted in greater mutational loads, homopolymer instabilities, and higher fractions of mutations associated with the common endogenously damaged base, 8-oxoguanine. We conclude that Hanseniaspora is an ancient lineage that has diversified and thrived, despite lacking many otherwise highly conserved cell cycle and genome integrity genes and pathways, and may represent a novel system for studying cellular life without them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kominek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libkind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVirgilio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulfachor, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzman, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546366</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive loss of cell cycle and DNA repair genes in an ancient lineage of bipolar budding yeasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A rare variant on a common risk haplotype of HFE causes increased risk of hereditary hemochromatosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disorder of excess iron absorption. The most common form, HH1, is caused by loss of function variants in HFE. HFE encodes a cell surface protein that binds to the Transferrin Receptor (TfR1), reducing TfR1s affinity for the transferrin/iron complex and thereby limiting cellular iron uptake. Two common missense alleles for HH1 have been identified, HFE C282Y and HFE H63D; H63D is considered to be a less penetrant allele. When we deployed Phenotype Risk Scores (PheRS), a method that aggregates multiple symptoms together in Electronic Health Records (EHRs), we identified HFE E168Q as a novel variant associated with HH. E168Q is on the same haplotype as H63D, and in a crystal structure HFE E168 lies at the interface of the HFE-TfR1 interaction and makes multiple salt bridge connections with TfR1. In in vitro cell surface abundance experiments, the HFE E168Q+H63D double mutation surprisingly increased cell surface abundance of HFE by 10-fold compared to wildtype. In coimmunoprecipitation experiments, however, HFE C282Y, E168Q, and E168Q+H63D completely abolished the interaction between HFE and TfR1, while H63D alone only partially reduced binding. These findings provide mechanistic insight to validate the PheRS result that HFE E168Q is an HH1-associated allele and lead to the reclassification of E168Q from a variant of uncertain significance to a pathogenic variant, according to ACMG guidelines. HFE E168Q results in loss of HFE function by disrupting the HFE-TfR1 interaction. In addition, some disease manifestations attributed to H63D may reflect the functional effects of E168Q.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A rare variant on a common risk haplotype of HFE causes increased risk of hereditary hemochromatosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of single gene copy number variants in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/550863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of schizophrenia (SCZ) have now implicated numerous genomic loci that contribute to risk including several copy number variants (CNV) of large effect and hundreds of associated loci of small effect. However, in only a few cases has a specific gene been clearly identified. Rare CNV that affect only a single gene offer a potential avenue to discovering specific SCZ risk genes. Here, we use CNV generated from exome-sequencing of 4,913 SCZ cases and 6,188 controls in a homogenous Swedish cohort to assess the contribution of single-gene deletions and duplications to SCZ risk. As previously seen, we found an excess of rare deletions (p = 0.0004) and duplications (p = 0.0006) in SCZ cases compared to controls. When limiting to only single-gene CNV we identified nominally significant excess of deletions (p = 0.04) and duplications (p = 0.03). In an effort to increase the number of single-gene CNV, we reduced strict filtering criteria but required support from two independent CNV calling methods to create an expanded set that showed a significant burden of deletions in 11 out of 22 gene sets previously implicated in SCZ and in the combined set of genes across those sets (p = 0.008). Finally, for the significantly enriched set of voltage-gated calcium channels, we performed an extensive validation of all deletions generated from exome-sequencing as well as any deletion with evidence from previously analyzed genotyping arrays. In total, 4 exonic, single-gene deletions validated in cases and none in controls (p = 0.039), of which all were identified by exome-sequencing. Broadly, these results point to the potential contribution of single-gene CNV to SCZ and the added value of a deeper dive into CNV calls from exome-sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Szatkiewicz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonneman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ancalade, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmans, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/550863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of single gene copy number variants in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal L-Type Calcium Channel Signaling to the Nucleus Requires a Novel CaMKIIα-Shank3 Interaction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/551648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular mechanisms that couple plasma membrane receptors/channels to specific intracellular responses, such as increased gene expression, are incompletely understood. The postsynaptic scaffolding protein Shank3 associates with Ca2+ permeable receptors or ion channels that can activate many downstream signaling proteins, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Here, we show that Shank3/CaMKII complexes can be specifically co-immunoprecipitated from mouse forebrain lysates, and that purified activated (Thr286 autophosphorylated) CaMKII binds directly to Shank3 between residues 829-1130. Mutation of three basic residues in Shank3 (R949RK951) to alanine disrupts CaMKII binding to Shank3 fragments in vitro, as well as CaMKII association with full-length Shank3 in heterologous cells. Our shRNA/rescue studies revealed that Shank3 binding to both CaMKII and L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) is required for increased phosphorylation of the nuclear CREB transcription factor induced by depolarization of cultured hippocampal neurons. Thus, this novel Shank3-CaMKII interaction is essential for the initiation of a specific long-range signal from plasma membrane LTCCs to the nucleus that is required for activity-dependent changes in neuronal gene expression during learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perfitt, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/551648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal L-Type Calcium Channel Signaling to the Nucleus Requires a Novel CaMKIIα-Shank3 Interaction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal and neocortical oscillations are tuned to behavioral state in freely-behaving macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/552877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wireless recordings in macaque neocortex and hippocampus showed stronger theta oscillations during early-stage sleep than during alert volitional movement including walking. In contrast, hippocampal beta and gamma oscillations were prominent during walking and other active behaviors. These relations between hippocampal rhythms and behavioral states in the primate differ markedly from those observed in rodents. Primate neocortex showed similar changes in spectral content across behavioral state as the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Talakoub, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayegh, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinke, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/552877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal and neocortical oscillations are tuned to behavioral state in freely-behaving macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D computational models explain muscle activation patterns and energetic functions of internal structures in fish swimming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How muscles are used is a key to understanding the internal driving of fish swimming. However, the underlying mechanisms of some features of the muscle activation patterns and their differential appearance on different species are still obscure. In this study, we explain the muscle activation patterns by using 3D computational fluid dynamics models coupled to the motion of fish with prescribed deformation and examining the torque and power required along the fish body with two primary swimming modes. We find that the torque required by the hydrodynamic forces and body inertia exhibits a wave pattern that travels faster than the curvature wave in both anguilliform and carangiform swimmers, which can explain the traveling wave speeds of the muscle activations. Most interestingly, intermittent negative power (i.e., power delivered by the fluid to the body) on the posterior part, along with a timely transfer of torque and energy by tendons, explains the decrease of the duration of muscle activation towards the tail. The torque contribution from the body elasticity further solves the mystery of the wave speed increase or the reverse of the wave direction of the muscle activation on the posterior part of a carangiform swimmer. For anguilliform swimmers, the absence of the changes mentioned above in the muscle activation on the posterior part is in line with our torque prediction and the absence of long tendons from experimental observations. These results provide novel insights into the function of muscles and tendons as an integrative part of the internal driving system, especially from an energy perspective, and highlight the differences in the internal driving systems between the two primary swimming modes.

Author summaryFor undulatory swimming, fish form posteriorly traveling waves of body bending by activating their muscles sequentially along the body. However, experimental observations have showed that the muscle activation wave does not simply match the bending wave. Researchers have previously computed the torque required for muscles along the body based on classic hydrodynamic theories and explained the higher wave speed of the muscle activation compared to the curvature wave. However, the origins of other features of the muscle activation pattern and their variation among different species are still obscure after decades of research. In this study, we use 3D computational fluid dynamics models to compute the spatiotemporal distributions of both the torque and power required for eel-like and mackerel-like swimming. By examining both the torque and power patterns and considering the energy transfer, storage, and release by tendons and body viscoelasticity, we can explain not only the features and variations in the muscle activation patterns as observed from fish experiments but also how tendons and body elasticity save energy. We provide a mechanical picture in which the body shape, body movement, muscles, tendons, and body elasticity of a mackerel (or similar) orchestrate to make swimming efficient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ming, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D computational models explain muscle activation patterns and energetic functions of internal structures in fish swimming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardiolipin-dependent Properties of Model Mitochondrial Membranes from Molecular Dynamics Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiolipin is a unique anionic lipid found in mitochondrial membranes where it contributes to various mitochondrial functions, including metabolism, mitochondrial membrane fusion/fission dynamics, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of cardiolipin synthesis and remodeling have also been implicated in several diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and Barth Syndrome. Although cardiolipins structural and dynamic roles have been extensively studied in binary mixtures with other phospholipids, the biophysical properties of cardiolipin in ternary lipid mixtures are still not well resolved. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the cardiolipin-dependent properties of ternary lipid bilayer systems that mimic the major components of mitochondrial membranes. We found that changes to cardiolipin concentration only resulted in minor changes to bilayer structural features, but that the lipid diffusion was significantly affected by those alterations. We also found that cardiolipin position along the bilayer surfaces correlated to negative curvature deflections, consistent with the induction of negative curvature stress in the membrane monolayers. This work contributes to a foundational understanding of the role of CL in altering the properties in ternary lipid mixtures composed of the major mitochondrial phospholipids, providing much needed insights to help understand how cardiolipin concentration modulates the biophysical properties of mitochondrial membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardiolipin-dependent Properties of Model Mitochondrial Membranes from Molecular Dynamics Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561373v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling cell shape diversity arising from complex Rho GTPase dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/561373v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is well known that cells exhibit a variety of morphologically distinct responses to their environments that manifest in their cell shape. Some protrude uniformly to increase substrate contacts, others are broadly contrac-tile, some polarize to facilitate migration, and yet others exhibit mixtures of these responses. Prior imaging studies have identified a discrete collection of shapes that the majority of cells display and have demonstrated links between those shapes and activity levels of the cytoskeletal regulators Rho GTPases. Here we use a novel computational modeling approach to demonstrate that well known Rho GTPase signaling dynamics naturally give rise to this diverse but discrete (rather than continuum) set of morphologies. Specifically, the combination of auto-activation and mutually-antagonistic crosstalk between GTPases along with the conservative membrane (un)binding dynamics readily explain at least 6 of the 7 commonly observed morphologies. We further use this methodology to map the entire parameter space of this model and show that in appropriate regimes, individual parameter sets give rise to a variety of different morphologies. This provides an explanation for how seemingly similar cells of the same fate derived from the same population can exhibit a diverse array of cell shapes in imaging studies. These results thus demonstrate that Rho GTPases form the core of a cytoskeletal regulatory system governing cell shape, further supporting the picture that they act as a central signaling hub determining how cells respond to their environmental context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zmurchok, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/561373</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling cell shape diversity arising from complex Rho GTPase dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564179v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ticks Home in on Body Heat: A New Understanding of Ectoparasite Host-Seeking and Repellent Action 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564179v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ticks are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of disease to humans and animals. Commercial insect repellents reduce or prevent potentially infectious tick bites by disrupting tick host-seeking behavior. Tick host-seeking is mainly ascribed to the Hallers organ, a complex sensory structure on the tick foreleg that detects odors, carbon dioxide and heat 4-7, but these host-seeking mechanisms and the mechanism of their disruption by repellents are not well understood1,2. There is anecdotal evidence that ticks and other ectoparasites are attracted to heat, but it has never been demonstrated that they use radiant heat to detect hosts at a distance. In fact, previous attempts to do this have concluded that radiant heat is not used by ticks. Here we show that Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks can sense and home in on a human from several meters away, guided by radiant heat sensed by the Hallers organ, and specifically the capsule, a covered spherical pit organ. An aperture in the capsule cover confers directionality and highly reflective interior surfaces of the capsule provide high sensitivity. Low concentrations of the insect repellents DEET, picaridin, 2-undecanone, citronellal and nootkatone eliminate thermotaxis without affecting olfactory-stimulated host-seeking behavior. Our results demonstrate that the tick Hallers organ capsule is a radiant heat sensor used in host-finding and that repellents disrupt this sense at concentrations that do not disrupt olfaction. We anticipate this discovery to significantly aid insect repellent research and development of innovative strategies for protection against ectoparasites and vector-borne disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carr, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564179</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ticks Home in on Body Heat: A New Understanding of Ectoparasite Host-Seeking and Repellent Action]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mortality among adults living with HIV treated for tuberculosis based on positive, negative, or no bacteriologic test results for tuberculosis: the IeDEA consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn resource-constrained settings, people living with HIV (PLWH) treated for tuberculosis (TB) despite negative bacteriologic tests have a higher mortality than those treated with positive tests. Many PLWH are treated without bacteriologic testing; their mortality compared to those with bacteriologic testing is uncertain.nnMethodsWe conducted an observational cohort study among PLWH [&ge;] 15 years of age who initiated TB treatment at clinical sites affiliated with four regions of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium from 2012-2014: Caribbean, Central and South America, and Central, East, and West Africa. The primary exposure of interest was the TB bacteriologic test status at TB treatment initiation: positive, negative, or no test result. The hazard for death in the 12 months following TB treatment initiation was estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for patient- and site-level factors. Missing covariates were multiply imputed.nnResultsAmong 2,091 PLWH included, the median age at TB treatment initiation was 36 years, 44% were female, 53% had CD4 counts [&le;] 200 cells/mm3, and 52% were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). Compared to patients with positive bacteriologic tests, the adjusted hazard for death was higher among patients with no test results (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.26) but not different than those with negative tests (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.91-1.81). Older age was also associated with a higher hazard for death, while being on ART, having a higher CD4 count, West Africa region, and tertiary facility level were associated with lower hazards for death.nnConclusionPLWH treated for TB with no bacteriologic test results were more likely to die than those treated with positive tests, underscoring the importance of TB bacteriologic diagnosis in resource-constrained settings. Research is needed to understand the causes of death among PLWH treated for TB in the absence of positive bacteriologic tests.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mpofu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettit, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree-Ramirez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yotebieng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastos, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiannoutsos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wools-Kaloustian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>See S8 Table,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mortality among adults living with HIV treated for tuberculosis based on positive, negative, or no bacteriologic test results for tuberculosis: the IeDEA consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Bayesian method using sparse data to estimate penetrance of disease-associated genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/571158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeA major challenge in genomic medicine is how to best predict risk of disease from rare variants discovered in Mendelian disease genes but with limited phenotypic data. We have recently used Bayesian methods to show that in vitro functional measurements and computational pathogenicity classification of variants in the cardiac gene SCN5A correlate with rare arrhythmia penetrance. We hypothesized that similar predictors could be used to impute variant-specific penetrance prior probabilities.nnMethodsFrom a review of 756 publications, we developed a pattern mixture algorithm, based on a Bayesian Beta-Binomial model, to generate SCN5A variant-specific penetrance priors for the heart arrhythmia Brugada syndrome (BrS).nnResultsThe resulting priors correlate with mean BrS penetrance posteriors (cross validated R2= 0.41). SCN5A variant function and structural context provide the most information predictive of BrS penetrance. The resulting priors are interpretable as equivalent to the observation of affected and unaffected carriers.nnConclusionsBayesian estimates of penetrance can efficiently integrate variant-specific data (e.g. functional, structural, and sequence) to accurately estimate disease risk attributable to individual variants. We suggest this formulation of penetrance is quantitative, probabilistic, and more precise than, but consistent with, discrete pathogenicity classification approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blume, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/571158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Bayesian method using sparse data to estimate penetrance of disease-associated genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pHluo_M153R-CD63, a bright, versatile live cell reporter of exosome secretion and uptake, reveals pathfinding behavior of migrating cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/577346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small extracellular vesicles called exosomes affect a variety of autocrine and paracrine cellular phenotypes, including cellular migration, immune activation, and neuronal function. Understanding the function of exosomes requires a variety of tools, including live cell imaging. We previously constructed a live-cell reporter, pHluorin-CD63, that allows dynamic subcellular monitoring of exosome secretion in migrating and spreading cells. However, there were some caveats to its use, including dim fluorescence and the inability to make cell lines that stably express the protein. By incorporating a stabilizing mutation in the pHluorin moiety, M153R, pHluorin-CD63 now exhibits higher and stable expression in cells and superior monitoring of exosome secretion. Using this improved construct, we demonstrate visualization of secreted exosomes in 3D culture and in vivo and identify a role for exosomes in promoting leader-follower behavior in 2D and 3D migration. By incorporating a further non-pH-sensitive red fluorescent tag, this reporter allows visualization of the exosome lifecycle, including multivesicular body (MVB) trafficking, MVB fusion, exosome uptake and endosome acidification. This new reporter will be a useful tool for understanding both autocrine and paracrine roles of exosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sung, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelletier, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/577346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pHluo_M153R-CD63, a bright, versatile live cell reporter of exosome secretion and uptake, reveals pathfinding behavior of migrating cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Genetically Regulated Gene Expression identifies a trauma type specific PTSD gene, SNRNP35 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PTSD has significant genetic heritability; however, it is unclear how genetic risk influences tissue-specific gene expression. We used brain and non-brain transcriptomic imputation models to impute genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) in 9,087 PTSD-cases and 23,811 controls and identified thirteen significant GReX-PTSD associations. The results suggest substantial genetic heterogeneity between civilian and military PTSD cohorts. The top study-wide significant PTSD-association was with predicted downregulation of the Small Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U11/U12 Subunit 35 (SNRNP35) in the BA9 region of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in military cohorts. In peripheral leukocytes from 175 U.S. Marines, the observed PTSD differential gene expression correlated with the predicted blood GReX differences for these individuals, and deployment stress downregulated SNRNP35 expression, primarily in Marines with post-deployment PTSD. SNRNP35 is a subunit of the minor spliceosome complex and SNRNP35 knockdown in cells validated its functional importance in U12-intron splicing. Finally, mimicking acute activation of the endogenous stress axis in mice downregulated PFC Snrnp35 expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzinakos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klengel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Almeida, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klengel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lori, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloofman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PTSD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Con,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geyer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risbrough, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehuda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenen, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Genetically Regulated Gene Expression identifies a trauma type specific PTSD gene, SNRNP35]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581181v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein fold prediction using simulated DEER distance distributions and decay traces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581181v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite advances in sampling and scoring strategies, Monte Carlo modeling methods still struggle to accurately predict de novo the structures of large proteins, membrane proteins, or proteins of complex topologies. Previous approaches have addressed these shortcomings by leveraging sparse distance data gathered using site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (SDSL-EPR) to improve protein structure prediction and refinement outcomes. However, existing computational implementations must choose between coarse-grained models of the spin label that lower the resolution and explicit models that lead to resource-intense simulations. Existing methods are further limited by their reliance on distance distributions, which are calculated from a primary refocused echo decay signal and may contain artifacts introduced during this processing step. Here, we addressed these challenges by developing RosettaDEER, a scoring method within the Rosetta software suite capable of simulating distance distributions and echo decay traces between spin labels fast enough to fold proteins de novo. We demonstrate that the accuracy of resulting distance distributions match or exceed those generated by more computationally intensive methods. Moreover, decay traces generated from these distributions recapitulate intermolecular background coupling parameters, allowing RosettaDEER to discriminate between poorly-folded and native-like models even when the time window of EPR data collection is truncated, rendering them unsuitable for accurate transformation into distance distributions. Finally, we demonstrate that one decay trace per nine residues is sufficient to predict the folds of Bax and the C-terminus of ExoU, two soluble proteins with surface-exposed amphipathic structural features that prevent the Rosetta energy function from correctly identifying native-like models in the absence of experimental data. These benchmarking results confirm that RosettaDEER can effectively leverage sparse experimental data for a wide array of modeling applications built into the Rosetta software suite.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>del Alamo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tessmer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feix, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581181</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein fold prediction using simulated DEER distance distributions and decay traces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubules Regulate Spatial Localization and Availability of Insulin Granules in Pancreatic Beta Cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two key prerequisites for glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in Beta cells are the proximity of insulin granules to the plasma membrane and their anchoring or docking to the plasma membrane (PM). While recent evidence has indicated that both of these factors are altered in the context of diabetes, it is unclear what regulates localization of insulin and its interactions with the PM within single cells. Here we demonstrate that microtubule (MT) motor mediated transport dynamics have a critical role in regulating both factors. Super-resolution imaging shows that while the MT cytoskeleton resembles a random meshwork in the cells interior, MTs near the cells surface are preferentially aligned with the PM. Computational modeling demonstrates two consequences of this alignment. First, this structured MT network preferentially withdraws granules from the PM. Second, the binding and transport of insulin granules by MT motors prevents their stable anchoring to the PM. The MT cytoskeleton thus negatively regulates GSIS by both limiting the amount of insulin proximal to the PM and preventing/breaking interactions between the PM and the remaining nearby insulin. These results predict that altering MT structure in beta cells can be used to tune GSIS. Thus, our study points to a potential of an alternative therapeutic strategy for diabetes by targeting specific MT regulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracey, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yampolsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubules Regulate Spatial Localization and Availability of Insulin Granules in Pancreatic Beta Cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The TMEM106B rs1990621 protective variant is also associated with increased neuronal proportion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn previous studies, we observed decreased neuronal and increased astrocyte proportions in AD cases in parietal brain cortex by using a deconvolution method for bulk RNA-seq. These findings suggested that genetic risk factors associated with AD etiology have a specific effect in the cellular composition of AD brains. The goal of this study is to investigate if there are genetic determinants for brain cell compositions.nnMethodsUsing cell type composition inferred from transcriptome as a disease status proxy, we performed cell type association analysis to identify novel loci related to cellular population changes in disease cohort. We imputed and merged genotyping data from seven studies in total of 1,669 samples and derived major CNS cell type proportions from cortical RNAseq data. We also inferred RNA transcript integrity number (TIN) to account for RNA quality variances. The model we performed in the analysis was: normalized neuronal proportion [~] SNP + Age + Gender + PC1 + PC2 + median TIN.nnResultsA variant rs1990621 located in the TMEM106B gene region was significantly associated with neuronal proportion (p=6.40x10-07) and replicated in an independent dataset. The association became more significant as we combined both discovery and replication datasets in multi-tissue meta-analysis (p=9.42x10-09) and joint analysis (p=7.66x10-10). This variant is in high LD with rs1990622 (r2 = 0.98) which was previously identified as a protective variant in FTD cohorts. Further analyses indicated that this variant is associated with increased neuronal proportion in participants with neurodegenerative disorders, not only in AD cohort but also in cognitive normal elderly cohort. However, this effect was not observed in a younger schizophrenia cohort with a mean age of death < 65. The second most significant loci for neuron proportion was APOE, which suggested that using neuronal proportion as an informative endophenotype could help identify loci associated with neurodegeneration.nnConclusionThis result suggested a common pathway involving TMEM106B shared by aging groups in the present or absence of neurodegenerative pathology may contribute to cognitive preservation and neuronal protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farias, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Aguila, J. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihindukulasuriya, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, M.-V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budde, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lake, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, B. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The TMEM106B rs1990621 protective variant is also associated with increased neuronal proportion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging non-human primate multisensory neurons and circuits in assessing consciousness theory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/584516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both the Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) and Integrated Information Theory (IIT) posit that highly complex and interconnected networks engender perceptual awareness. GNW specifies that activity recruiting fronto-parietal networks will elicit a subjective experience, while IIT is more concerned with the functional architecture of networks than with activity within it. Here, we argue that according to IIT mathematics, circuits converging on integrative vs. convergent yet non-integrative neurons should support a greater degree of consciousness. We test this hypothesis by analyzing a dataset of neuronal responses collected simultaneously from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and ventral premotor cortex (vPM) in non-human primates presented with auditory, tactile, and audio-tactile stimuli as they are progressively anesthetized with Propofol. We first describe the multisensory (audio-tactile) characteristics of S1 and vPM neurons (mean and dispersion tendencies, as well as noise-correlations), and functionally label these neurons as convergent or integrative according to their spiking responses. Then, we characterize how these different pools of neurons behave as a function of consciousness. At odds with the IIT mathematics, results suggest that convergent neurons more readily exhibit properties of consciousness (neural complexity and noise correlation) and are more impacted during the loss of consciousness than integrative neurons. Lastly, we provide support for the GNW by showing that neural ignition (i.e., same trial co-activation of S1 and vPM) was more frequent in conscious than unconscious states. Overall, we contrast GNW and IIT within the same single-unit activity dataset, and support the GNW.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishizawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskandar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/584516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging non-human primate multisensory neurons and circuits in assessing consciousness theory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-endothelial insulin transport is impaired in skeletal muscle capillaries of obese male mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delivery of insulin to the surface of myocytes is required for skeletal muscle (SkM) insulin action. Previous studies have shown that SkM insulin delivery is reduced in the setting of obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The key variables that control SkM insulin delivery are 1) microvascular perfusion and 2) the rate at which insulin moves across the continuous endothelium of SkM capillaries. Obesity and IR are associated with reduced insulin-stimulated SkM perfusion. Whether an impairment in trans-endothelial insulin transport (EIT) contributes to SkM IR, however, is unknown. We hypothesized that EIT would be delayed in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and IR. Using intravital insulin imaging, we found that DIO male mice have a ~15% reduction in EIT compared to their lean counterparts. This impairment in EIT is associated with a 45% reduction in the density of endothelial vesicles. Despite impaired EIT, hyperinsulinemia sustained delivery of insulin to the interstitial space in DIO male mice. Even with maintained interstitial insulin delivery DIO male mice still showed SkM IR, indicating severe myocyellular IR in this model. Interestingly, there was no difference in EIT, endothelial ultrastructure or SkM insulin sensitivity between lean and high fat diet-fed female mice. These results suggest that, in male mice, obesity results in damage to the capillary endothelium which limits the capacity for EIT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchey, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonner, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-endothelial insulin transport is impaired in skeletal muscle capillaries of obese male mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial colonization of the urogenital tract is limited by innate defenses, including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) resist AMP-killing to cause a range of urinary tract infections (UTIs) including asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and sepsis. UPEC strains have high genomic diversity and encode numerous virulence factors that differentiate them from non-UTI causing strains, including ompT. As OmpT homologues cleave and inactivate AMPs, we hypothesized that high OmpT protease activity-levels contribute to UPEC colonization during symptomatic UTIs. Therefore, we measured OmpT activity in 58 UPEC clinical isolates. While heterogeneous OmpT activities were observed, OmpT activity was significantly greater in UPEC strains isolated from patients with symptomatic infections. Unexpectedly, UPEC strains exhibiting the greatest protease activities harboured an additional ompT-like gene called arlC (ompTp). The presence of two OmpT-like proteases in some UPEC isolates led us to compare the substrate specificities of OmpT-like proteases found in E. coli. While all three cleaved AMPs, cleavage efficiency varied on the basis of AMP size and secondary structure. Our findings suggest the presence ArlC and OmpT in the same UPEC isolate may confer a fitness advantage by expanding the range of target substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Desloges, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Portt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marczynski, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruenheid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Moual, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomassin, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dendritic spines on GABAergic neurons respond to cholinergic signaling in the Caenorhabditis elegans motor circuit. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic spines are specialized postsynaptic structures that detect and integrate presynaptic signals. The shape and number of dendritic spines are regulated by neural activity and correlated with learning and memory. Most studies of spine function have focused on the mammalian nervous system. However, spine-like protrusions have been previously reported in invertebrates, suggesting that the experimental advantages of smaller model organisms could be exploited to study the biology of dendritic spines. Here, we document the presence of dendritic spines in Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons. We used super-resolution microscopy, electron microscopy, live-cell imaging and genetic manipulation to show that GABAergic motor neurons display functional dendritic spines. Our analysis revealed salient features of dendritic spines: (1) A key role for the actin cytoskeleton in spine morphogenesis; (2) Postsynaptic receptor complexes at the tips of spines in close proximity to presynaptic active zones; (3) Localized postsynaptic calcium transients evoked by presynaptic activity; (4) The presence of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes; (5) The regulation of spine density by presynaptic activity. These studies provide a solid foundation for a new experimental paradigm that exploits the power of C. elegans genetics and live-cell imaging for fundamental studies of dendritic spine morphogenesis and function.nnHIGHLIGHTS- Spines in C. elegans GABAergic motor neurons are enriched in actin cytoskeleton.n- Spines are dynamic structures.n- Spines display Ca++ transients coupled with presynaptic activation.n- Spine density is regulated during development and is modulated by actin dynamics and cholinergic signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cuentas-Condori, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulcahy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dendritic spines on GABAergic neurons respond to cholinergic signaling in the Caenorhabditis elegans motor circuit.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide analyses indirectly implicate miRNA regulatory mechanisms in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/601401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMiRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs possessing the potential to modulate gene expression upon binding to their target messenger RNA (mRNA) constructs, and are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of a range of psychiatric disorders. To date, little work has focused on the role of miRNAs in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to assess the potential involvement of miRNAs in OCD psychopathology.nnMethodsThe most significant variants (p [&le;] 1x10-4) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) TS/OCD Workgroup OCD meta-analysis were selected and investigated using miRBASE, TargetScan and SNPnexus to determine whether they influence miRNA- mediated regulation in the clinical manifestation of OCD.nnResultsTwo-hundred and forty SNPs were identified from the PGC OCD summarystatistics, of which none were found to directly alter miRNA-related gene regulation using in silico analyses. Enrichment analyses identified several potential indirect miRNA-mediated targets associated with both increased (ITPR3: mir-124A) and decreased risk (GPR109A: mir-520A, and mir-525; CGNL1: mir-98 and mir-219).nnConclusionmiRNA-mediated regulation was indirectly implicated in the psychopathology of OCD. Enrichment analyses implicates intracellular calcium and immune dysregulation in the clinical manifestation of the disorder and warrants further investigation of the role the immune system may play in the manifestation of disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGregor, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lochner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/601401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide analyses indirectly implicate miRNA regulatory mechanisms in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Innate CD8aa+ cells and osteopontin promote ILC1-like intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and intestinal inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/606616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Innate CD8+ cells, also referred to as iCD8 cells, are TCR-negative intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) possessing cytokine and chemokine profiles and functions related to innate immune cells. iCD8 cells constitute an important source of osteopontin in the intestinal epithelium. Osteopontin is a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse roles in bone and tissue remodeling, but also has relevant functions in the homeostasis of immune cells. In this report, we present evidence for the role of iCD8 cells and osteopontin in the homeostasis of TCR-negative NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL (ILC1-like). We show that in the absence of iCD8 cells, the number of NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL is significantly reduced. These ILC1-like cells are involved in intestinal pathogenesis in the anti-CD40 mouse model of intestinal inflammation. Reduced iCD8 cell numbers and/or osteopontin expression results in a milder form of intestinal inflammation in this disease model. Collectively, our results suggest that iCD8 cells and osteopontin promote survival of NKp46+NK1.1+ IEL, which significantly impacts the development of intestinal inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazmi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/606616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Innate CD8aa+ cells and osteopontin promote ILC1-like intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and intestinal inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Variation and selection on codon usage bias across an entire subphylum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in synonymous codon usage is abundant across multiple levels of organization: between codons of an amino acid, between genes in a genome, and between genomes of different species. It is now well understood that variation in synonymous codon usage is influenced by mutational bias coupled with both natural selection for translational efficiency and genetic drift, but how these processes shape patterns of codon usage bias across entire lineages remains unexplored. To address this question, we used a rich genomic data set of 327 species that covers nearly one third of the known biodiversity of the budding yeast subphylum Saccharomycotina. We found that, while genome-wide relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for all codons was highly correlated with the GC content of the third codon position (GC3), the usage of codons for the amino acids proline, arginine, and glycine was inconsistent with the neutral expectation where mutational bias coupled with genetic drift drive codon usage. Examination between genes effective numbers of codons and their GC3 contents in individual genomes revealed that nearly a quarter of genes (381,174/1,683,203; 23%), as well as most genomes (308/327; 94%), significantly deviate from the neutral expectation. Finally, by evaluating the imprint of translational selection on codon usage, measured as the degree to which genes adaptiveness to the tRNA pool were correlated with selective pressure, we show that translational selection is widespread in budding yeast genomes (264/327; 81%). These results suggest that the contribution of translational selection and drift to patterns of synonymous codon usage across budding yeasts varies across codons, genes, and genomes; whereas drift is the primary driver of global codon usage across the subphylum, the codon bias of large numbers of genes in the majority of genomes is influenced by translational selection.nnLay Summary / Significance statementSynonymous mutations in genes have no effect on the encoded proteins and were once thought to be evolutionarily neutral. By examining codon usage bias across codons, genes, and genomes of 327 species in the budding yeast subphylum, we show that synonymous codon usage is shaped by both neutral processes and selection for translational efficiency. Specifically, whereas codon usage bias for most codons appears to be strongly associated with mutational bias and largely driven by genetic drift across the entire subphylum, patterns of codon usage bias in a few codons, as well as in many genes in nearly all genomes of budding yeasts, deviate from neutral expectations. Rather, the synonymous codons used within genes in most budding yeast genomes are adapted to the tRNAs present within each genome, a result most likely due to translational selection that optimizes codons to match the tRNAs. Our results suggest that patterns of codon usage bias in budding yeasts, and perhaps more broadly in fungi and other microbial eukaryotes, are shaped by both neutral and selective processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Variation and selection on codon usage bias across an entire subphylum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting fibroblast aggregation in skin wounds unlocks developmental pathway to regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/608075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salamanders are capable of full-thickness skin regeneration where removal of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis results in scar-free repair. What remains unclear is whether regeneration of these tissues recapitulates the cellular events of skin development or occurs through a process unique to regenerative healing. Unfortunately, information on the post-embryonic development of salamander skin is severely lacking, having focused on compartments or cell types, but never on the skin as a complete organ. By examining coordinated development of the epidermis and dermis in axolotls we establish six distinct stages of skin development (I-VI): I-V for normally paedomorphic adults and a sixth stage following metamorphosis. Raising animals either in isolation (zero density pressure) or in groups (density pressure) we find that skin development progresses as a function of animal size and that density directly effects developmental rate. Using keratins, p63, and proliferative markers, we show that although the epidermis lacks visible stratification at early stages of skin development, when the dermis transforms into the stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum keratinocytes differentiate into at least three distinct phenotypes that reveal a cryptic stratification program uncoupled from metamorphosis. Lastly, comparing skin regeneration to skin development, we find that dermal regeneration occurs through a unique process, relying heavily on remodeling of the wound extracellular matrix, rather than proceeding through direct development of a dermal lamella produced by the epidermis. By preventing fibroblast influx into the wound bed using beryllium nitrate, we show that in the absence of fibroblast generated ECM production skin regeneration occurs through an alternate route that recapitulates development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seifert, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/608075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting fibroblast aggregation in skin wounds unlocks developmental pathway to regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning predicts rapid relapse of triple negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/613604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeMetastatic relapse of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) within 2 years of diagnosis is associated with particularly aggressive disease and a distinct clinical course relative to TNBCs that relapse beyond 2 years. We hypothesized that rapid relapse TNBCs (rrTNBC; metastatic relapse or death <2 years) reflect unique genomic features relative to late relapse (lrTNBC; >2 years).nnPatients and MethodsWe identified 453 primary TNBCs from three publicly-available datasets and characterized each as rrTNBc, lrTNBC, or  no relapse (nrTNBC: no relapse/death with at least 5 years follow-up). We compiled primary tumor clinical and multi-omic data, including transcriptome (n=453), copy number alterations (CNAs; n=317), and mutations in 171 cancer-related genes (n=317), then calculated published gene expression and immune signatures.nnResultsPatients with rrTNBC were higher stage at diagnosis (Chi-square p<0.0001) while lrTNBC were more likely to be non-basal PAM50 subtype (Chi-square p=0.03). Among 125 expression signatures, five immune signatures were significantly higher in nrTNBCs while lrTNBC were enriched for eight estrogen/luminal signatures (all FDR p<0.05). There was no significant difference in tumor mutation burden or percent genome altered across the groups. Among mutations, only TP53 mutations were significantly more frequent in rrTNBC compared to lrTNBC (Fisher exact FDR p=0.009). To develop an optimal classifier, we used 77 significant clinical and  omic features to evaluate six modeling approaches encompassing simple, machine learning, and artificial neural network (ANN). Support vector machine outperformed other models with average receiver-operator characteristic area under curve >0.75.nnConclusionsWe provide a new approach to define TNBCs based on timing of relapse. We identify distinct clinical and genomic features that can be incorporated into machine learning models to predict rapid relapse of TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nock, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyse, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, N. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lustberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sardesai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandeusen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/613604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning predicts rapid relapse of triple negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Molecular Basis for Nestmate Recognition in the Eusocial Ant Camponotus floridanus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/614719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn eusocial ants, aggressive behaviors require a sophisticated ability to detect and discriminate between chemical signatures such as cuticular hydrocarbons that distinguish nestmate friends from non-nestmate foes. It has been suggested that a mismatch between a chemical signature (label) and the internal, neuronal representation of the colony odor (template) leads to the recognition of and subsequent aggression between non-nestmates. While several studies have demonstrated that ant chemosensory systems, most notably olfaction, are largely responsible for the decoding of these chemical signatures, a definitive demonstration that odorant receptors are responsible for the detection and processing of the pheromonal signals that regulate nestmate recognition has thus far been lacking. To address this, we have developed an aggression-based bioassay incorporating a suite of highly selective odorant receptor modulators to characterize the role of olfaction in nestmate recognition in the formicine ant Camponotus floridanus.nnResultsValidation of our aggression-based behavioral assay was carried out by demonstrating an antennal requirement for nestmate recognition. In order to adapt this bioassay for the volatile delivery of Orco modulators, electroantennography was used to show that both a volatilized Orco antagonist (VUANT1) and an Orco agonist (VUAA4) eliminated or otherwise interfered with the electrophysiological responses to the hydrocarbon decane, respectively. Volatilize administration of these compounds to adult workers significantly reduced aggression between non-nestmates without altering aggression levels between nestmates but did not alter aggressive responses towards a mechanical stimulus.nnConclusionsOur studies provide direct evidence that the antennae (as olfactory appendages) and odorant receptors (at the molecular level) are necessary for mediating aggression towards non-nestmates. Furthermore, our observations support a hypothesis in which rejection of non-nestmates depends on the precise detection and decoding of chemical signatures present on non-nestmates as opposed to the absence of any information or the active acceptance of familiar signatures. In addition to describing a novel approach to assess olfactory signaling in genetically intractable insect systems, these studies contribute to a long-standing interest in odor coding and the molecular neuroethology of nestmate recognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/614719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Molecular Basis for Nestmate Recognition in the Eusocial Ant Camponotus floridanus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An antisense oligonucleotide leads to suppressed transcriptional elongation of Hdac2 and long-term memory enhancement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repression of the memory suppressor gene histone deacetylase 2 (Hdac2) in mice elicits cognitive enhancement, and drugs that block HDAC2 catalytic activity are being investigated for treating disorders affecting memory. Currently available compounds that target HDAC2 are not specific to the HDAC2 isoform, and have short half-lives. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a class of drugs that base pair with RNA targets and exhibit extremely long-lasting, specific inhibition relative to small molecule drugs. We utilized an ASO to reduce Hdac2 messenger RNA (mRNA) quantities, and explored its longevity, specificity, and mechanism of repression. A single injection of the Hdac2-targeted ASO in the central nervous system diminished Hdac2 mRNA levels for at least 4 months in the brain, and knockdown of this factor resulted in significant memory enhancement for 8 weeks in mice. RNA-seq analysis of brain tissues revealed that the ASO repression was specific to the Hdac2 isoform relative to other classical Hdac genes, and caused alterations in levels of other memory-associated mRNAs. In cultured neurons, we observed that the Hdac2-targeted ASO suppressed Hdac2 mRNA and an Hdac2 non-coding regulatory extra-coding RNA (ecRNA). The ASO not only triggered a reduction in mRNA levels, but also elicited direct transcriptional suppression of the Hdac2 gene through blocking RNA polymerase II elongation. These findings suggest transcriptional suppression of the target gene as a novel mechanism of action of ASOs, and opens up the possibility of using ASOs to achieve lasting gene silencing in the brain without altering the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greer, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poplawski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordasiewicz, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goleva, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Motley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swayze, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweatt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/618116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An antisense oligonucleotide leads to suppressed transcriptional elongation of Hdac2 and long-term memory enhancement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fitness barriers limit reversion of a proofreading-deficient coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/618249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease in coronavirus (CoV) nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14-ExoN) mediates RNA proofreading during genome replication. ExoN catalytic residues are arranged in three motifs: I (DE), II (E), III (D). Alanine substitution of the motif I residues (AA-E-D, four nucleotide substitutions) in murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and SARS-CoV yields viable mutants with impaired replication and fitness, increased mutation rates, and attenuated virulence in vivo. Despite these impairments, MHV- and SARS-CoV ExoN motif I AA mutants (ExoN-AA) have not reverted at motif I in diverse in vitro and in vivo environments, suggesting that profound fitness barriers prevent motif I reversion. To test this hypothesis, we engineered MHV-ExoN-AA with 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide mutations along genetic pathways to AA-to-DE reversion. We show that engineered intermediate revertants were viable but had no increased replication or competitive fitness compared to MHV-ExoN-AA. In contrast, a low passage (P10) MHV-ExoN-AA showed increased replication and competitive fitness without reversion of ExoN-AA. Finally, engineered reversion of ExoN-AA to ExoN-DE in the presence of ExoN-AA passage-adaptive mutations resulted in significant fitness loss. These results demonstrate that while reversion is possible, at least one alternative adaptive pathway is more rapidly advantageous than intermediate revertants and may alter the genetic background to render reversion detrimental to fitness. Our results provide an evolutionary rationale for lack of ExoN-AA reversion, illuminate potential multi-protein replicase interactions and coevolution, and support future studies aimed at stabilizing attenuated CoV ExoN-AA mutants.nnIMPORTANCECoronaviruses encode an exoribonuclease (ExoN) that is important for viral replication, fitness, and virulence, yet coronaviruses with a defective ExoN (ExoN-AA) have not reverted under diverse experimental conditions. In this study, we identify multiple impediments to MHV-ExoN-AA reversion. We show that ExoN-AA reversion is possible but evolutionarily unfavorable. Instead, compensatory mutations outside of ExoN-AA motif I are more accessible and beneficial than partial reversion. We also show that coevolution between replicase proteins over long-term passage partially compensates for ExoN-AA motif I but renders the virus inhospitable to a reverted ExoN. Our results reveal the evolutionary basis for the genetic stability of ExoN-inactivating mutations, illuminate complex functional and evolutionary relationships between coronavirus replicase proteins, and identify potential mechanisms for stabilization of ExoN-AA coronavirus mutants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Graepel, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/618249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fitness barriers limit reversion of a proofreading-deficient coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective Influence and Sequential Operations: A Research Strategy for Visual Search 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce conceptually and empirically a powerful but underutilized experimental approach to dissect the cognitive processes supporting performance of a visual search task with factorial manipulations of singleton-distractor identifiability and stimulus-response cue discriminability. We show that systems factorial technology can distinguish processing architectures from the performance of macaque monkeys. This demonstration offers new opportunities to distinguish neural mechanisms through selective manipulation of visual encoding, search selection, rule encoding, and stimulus-response mapping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowe, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reppert, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective Influence and Sequential Operations: A Research Strategy for Visual Search]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of cardiac interoceptive accuracy across development: implications for social symptoms in autism spectrum disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInteroception involves the processing of sensory information relevant to physiological functioning and is integral to building self-awareness, emotional states, and modulating social behaviors. With the role of interoception in emotional processing and social functioning, there is growing interest in characterizing interoception in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet, there are mixed results regarding cardiac interoceptive accuracy in ASD.nnMethodsIn this study, we explored the neural basis of cardiac interoception using an fMRI heartbeat counting task in order to assess neural correlates of primary interoception. We predicted that interoceptive-specific response in the insula, a "hub" for interoception, would be related to ASD symptomatology. We investigated the relationship of insula responses during cardiac interoceptive accuracy and a self/caregiver-reported autism-related symptom scale (Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS)). Participants included 46 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (age 8-54, mean= 19.43{+/-}10.68 years) and 54 individuals with typical development for comparison (TC, age 8-53, mean= 21.43{+/-}10.41 years).nnResultsWe found no significant difference in cardiac interoceptive accuracy or neural response to cardiac interoception in ASD. Several insula sudivisons had a curvilinear relationship to age, peaking in early adulthood. Interoceptive-specific insula response was associated with adult self-report SRS scores; this association differed by diagnostic group and self/other report.nnConclusionsThis work suggests that 1) there is no global deficit in interoception in ASD, but that integrating interoceptive cues with social information may distinguish individuals with ASD, and 2) there is a developmental trajectory for interoceptive processing in the insula that may be relevant for socio-emotional health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Failla, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heflin, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mash, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schauder, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerdes, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitlauf, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascio, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of cardiac interoceptive accuracy across development: implications for social symptoms in autism spectrum disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-autonomous induction of epithelial lineage infidelity and hyperplasia by DNA damage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several epithelial tissues contain stem cell reserves to replenish cells lost during normal homeostasis or upon injury. However, how epithelial tissues respond to distinct types of damage, and how stem cell plasticity and proliferation are regulated in these contexts, remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal that genotoxic agents, but not mechanical damage, induce hyperplasia and lineage infidelity in three related epithelial tissues: the mammary gland, interfollicular epidermis and hair follicle. Furthermore, DNA damage also promotes stromal proliferation. In the mammary gland, we find that DNA damage activates multipotency within the myoepithelial population and hyper-proliferation of their luminal progeny, resulting in tissue disorganization. Additionally, in epidermal and hair follicle epithelia, DNA damage induces basal cell hyperplasia with the formation of abnormal, multi-layered K14+/K10+ cells. This behavior does not involve apoptosis or immunity, and is epithelial cell non-autonomous; stromal fibroblasts are both necessary and sufficient to induce the epithelial response. Thus, genotoxic agents that are used chemotherapeutically to promote cancer cell death can have the opposite effect on wild-type epithelial tissue, paradoxically promoting hyperplasia and inducing both stemness and lineage infidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seldin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-autonomous induction of epithelial lineage infidelity and hyperplasia by DNA damage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplex RNA single molecule FISH of inducible mRNAs in single yeast cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcript levels powerfully influence cell behavior and phenotype and are carefully regulated at several steps. Recently developed single cell approaches such as RNA single molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization (smFISH) have produced advances in our understanding of how these steps work within the cell. In comparison to single-cell sequencing, smFISH provides more accurate quantification of RNA levels. Additionally, transcript subcellular localization is directly visualized, enabling the analysis of transcription (initiation and elongation), RNA export and degradation. As part of our efforts to investigate how this type of analysis can generate improved models of gene expression, we used smFISH to quantify the kinetic expression of STL1 and CTT1 mRNAs in single Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells upon 0.2 and 0.4M NaCl osmotic stress. In this Data Descriptor, we outline our procedure along with our data in the form of raw images and processed mRNA counts. We discuss how these data can be used to develop single cell modelling approaches, to study fundamental processes in transcription regulation and develop single cell image processing approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplex RNA single molecule FISH of inducible mRNAs in single yeast cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High risk glioblastoma cells revealed by machine learning and single cell signaling profiles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent developments in machine learning implemented dimensionality reduction and clustering tools to classify the cellular composition of patient-derived tissue in multi-dimensional, single cell studies. Current approaches, however, require prior knowledge of either categorical clinical outcomes or cell type identities. These algorithms are not well suited for application in tumor biology, where clinical outcomes can be continuous and censored and cell identities may be novel and plastic. Risk Assessment Population IDentification (RAPID) is an unsupervised, machine learning algorithm that identifies single cell phenotypes and assesses clinical risk stratification as a continuous variable. Single cell mass cytometry evaluated 34 different phospho-proteins, transcription factors, and cell identity proteins in tumor tissue resected from patients bearing IDH wild-type glioblastomas. RAPID identified and characterized multiple biologically distinct tumor cell subsets that independently and continuously stratified patient outcome. RAPID is broadly applicable for single cell studies where atypical cancer and immune cells may drive disease biology and treatment responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leelatian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnaeve, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diggins, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenplate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambless, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High risk glioblastoma cells revealed by machine learning and single cell signaling profiles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generating kinetic environments to study dynamic cellular processes in single cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells of any organism are consistently exposed to changes over time in their environment. The kinetics by which these changes occur are critical for the cellular response and fate decision. It is therefore important to control the temporal changes of extracellular stimuli precisely to understand biological mechanisms in a quantitative manner. Most current cell culture and biochemical studies focus on instant changes in the environment and therefore neglect the importance of kinetic environments. To address these shortcomings, we developed two experimental methodologies to precisely control the environment of single cells. These methodologies are compatible with standard biochemistry, molecular, cell and quantitative biology assays. We demonstrate applicability by obtaining time series and time point measurements in both live and fixed cells. We demonstrate the feasibility of the methodology in yeast and mammalian cell culture in combination with widely used assays such as flow cytometry, time-lapse microscopy and single-molecule RNA Fluorescent in-situ Hybridization. Our experimental methodologies are easy to implement in most laboratory settings and allows the study of kinetic environments in a wide range of assays and different cell culture conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thiemicke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jashnsaz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generating kinetic environments to study dynamic cellular processes in single cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated cell boundary and 3D nuclear segmentation of cells in suspension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To characterize cell types, cellular functions and intracellular processes, an understanding of the differences between individual cells is required. Although microscopy approaches have made tremendous progress in imaging cells in different contexts, the analysis of these imaging data sets is a long-standing, unsolved problem. The few robust cell segmentation approaches that exist often rely on multiple cellular markers and complex time-consuming image analysis. Recently developed deep learning approaches can address some of these challenges, but they require tremendous amounts of data and well-curated reference data sets for algorithm training. We propose an alternative experimental and computational approach, called CellDissect, in which we first optimize specimen preparation and data acquisition prior to image processing to generate high quality images that are easier to analyze computationally. By focusing on fixed suspension and dissociated adherent cells, CellDissect relies only on widefield images to identify cell boundaries and nuclear staining to automatically segment cells in two dimensions and nuclei in three dimensions. This segmentation can be performed on a desktop computer or a computing cluster for higher throughput. We compare and evaluate the accuracy of different nuclear segmentation approaches against manual expert cell segmentation for different cell lines acquired with different imaging modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kesler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiemicke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated cell boundary and 3D nuclear segmentation of cells in suspension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
4-oxo-2-nonenal Adducts In HDL Are Elevated In Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Identification Of Modified Sites And Functional Consequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lipid aldehyde 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) derived from peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and generated in parallel to 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a highly reactive protein crosslinker. Crosslinking of proteins in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by lipid peroxidation products causes HDL dysfunction and contributes to atherogenesis. While HNE is relatively well studied, the relevance of ONE in atherosclerosis and in modifying HDL has not been examined. In the present study, we found a significant increase in ONE-ketoamide (lysine) adducts in HDL derived from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (1620 {+/-} 985.4 pmol/mg) compared to healthy controls (664 {+/-} 219.5 pmol/mg). ONE crosslinked apoA-I on HDL at a concentration of >3 mol ONE per 10 mol apoA-I (0.3 eq), which is 100-fold lower than HNE but comparable to the potent protein crosslinker, isolevuglandin. ONE-modified HDL partially inhibited the ability of HDL to protect against LPS-induced TNF and IL-1{beta} mRNA expression in murine macrophages. At 3 eq., ONE dramatically decreased the ability of apoA-I to exchange from HDL, from ~46.5% to only ~18.4% (P<0.001). Surprisingly, ONE-modification of HDL or apoA-I did not alter macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity. LC/MS/MS analysis showed modification of Lys12, Lys23, Lys96, and Lys226 of apoA-I by ONE-ketoamide adducts. Compared to other dicarbonyl scavengers, pentylpyridoxamine (PPM) was most efficacious at blocking ONE-induced protein crosslinking in HDL. Our studies show that ONE HDL adducts are elevated in FH who have severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis and causes HDL dysfunction. We demonstrate the use of PPM in preferentially scavenging ONE in biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yermalitsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melchior, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borja, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pleasent, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarnath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yancey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[4-oxo-2-nonenal Adducts In HDL Are Elevated In Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Identification Of Modified Sites And Functional Consequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precise tuning of cortical contractility regulates cell shape during cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanical properties of the cellular cortex regulate shape changes during cell division, cell migration and tissue morphogenesis. During cell division, contractile force generated by the molecular motor myosin II (MII) at the equatorial cortex drives cleavage furrow ingression. Cleavage furrow ingression in turn increases stresses at the polar cortex, where contractility must be regulated to maintain cell shape during cytokinesis. How polar cortex contractility controls cell shape is poorly understood. We show a balance between MII paralogs allows a fine-tuning of cortex tension at the polar cortex to maintain cell shape during cytokinesis, with MIIA driving cleavage furrow ingression and bleb formation, and MIIB serving as a stabilizing motor and mediating completion of cytokinesis. As the majority of non-muscle contractile systems are cortical, this tuning mechanism will likely be applicable to numerous processes driven by MII contractility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baillargeon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenix, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precise tuning of cortical contractility regulates cell shape during cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural state recognition facilitates tip tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule ends in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/636092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The microtubule binding protein EB1 specifically targets the growing ends of microtubules in cells, where EB1 facilitates the interactions of cellular proteins with microtubule plus-ends. Microtubule end targeting of EB1 has been attributed to high affinity binding of EB1 to GTP-tubulin that is present at growing microtubule ends. However, our 3D single-molecule diffusion simulations predicted a [~]6000% increase in EB1 arrivals to open, tapered microtubule tip structures relative to closed lattice conformations. Using quantitative fluorescence, single-molecule, and electron microscopy experiments, we found that the binding of EB1 onto opened, structurally disrupted microtubules was dramatically increased relative to closed, intact microtubules, regardless of hydrolysis state. Correspondingly, in cells, the conversion of growing microtubule ends from a tapered into a blunt configuration resulted in reduced EB1 targeting. Together, our results suggest that microtubule structural recognition, based on a fundamental diffusion-limited binding model, facilitates the tip tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule ends.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reid, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldblum, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parmar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClellan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtemanche, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/636092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural state recognition facilitates tip tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule ends in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do available protein 3D structures reflect human genetic and functional diversity? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic databases are substantially biased towards European ancestry populations, and this bias contributes to health disparities. Here, we quantify how well 66,971 experimentally characterized human protein 3D structures represent the diversity of protein sequences observed across the 1000 Genomes Project. More than 85% of available structures do not match a sequence observed in at least one individual, and on average structures match the sequence of 74% of individuals. Nearly 23% of human structures do not match any observed sequences; however, after masking engineered/known mutations, this decreases to ~4%. African ancestry sequences are modestly, but significantly, less likely to be represented by structures (73.5% vs. 74.0%). These differences are mainly driven by the greater genetic diversity of African populations. We identify thousands of variants unrepresented in available structures that influence protein structure and function. Thus, the use of a single structure as representative of "the wild type" protein will often bias results against many individuals. The diversity of protein sequence and structure must be considered to enable accurate, reproducible, and generalizable conclusions from structural analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sliwoski, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivley, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do available protein 3D structures reflect human genetic and functional diversity?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus infects osteoclasts and replicates intracellularly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/638528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteomyelitis (OM), or inflammation of bone tissue, occurs most frequently as a result of bacterial infection and severely perturbs bone structure. The majority of OM is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and even with proper treatment, OM has a high rate of recurrence and chronicity. While S. aureus has been shown to infect osteoblasts, persist intracellularly, and promote the release of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, it remains unclear whether osteoclasts (OCs) are also a target of intracellular infection. In this study, we examined the interaction between S. aureus and OCs, demonstrating internalization of GFP-labeled bacteria by confocal microscopy, both in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing an intracellular survival assay and flow cytometry during OC differentiation from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), we found that the intracellular burden of S. aureus increases after initial infection in cells with at least 2 days of exposure to the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Presence of dividing bacteria was confirmed via visualization by transmission electron microscopy. In contrast, undifferentiated BMMs, or those treated with interferon-{gamma} or IL-4, had fewer internal bacteria, or no change, respectively, at 18 hours post infection, compared to 1.5 hours post infection. To further explore the signals downstream of RANKL, we manipulated NFATc1 and alternative NF-{kappa}B, which controls NFATc1 and other factors affecting OC function, finding that intracellular bacterial growth correlates with NFATc1 levels in RANKL-treated cells. Confocal microscopy in mature OCs showed a range of intracellular infection that correlated inversely with S. aureus and phagolysosome colocalization. The ability of OCs to become infected, paired with their diminished bactericidal capacity compared to BMMs, could promote OM progression by allowing S. aureus to evade initial immune regulation and proliferate at the periphery of lesions where OCs and bone remodeling are most abundant.nnAuthor SummaryThe inflammation of bone tissue is called osteomyelitis, and most cases are caused by an infection with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. To date, the bone building cells, osteoblasts, have been implicated in the progression of these infections, but not much is known about how the bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts, participate. In this study, we show that S. aureus can infect osteoclasts and proliferate inside these cells, whereas macrophages, immune cells related to osteoclasts, destroy the bacteria. These findings elucidate a unique role for osteoclasts to harbor bacteria during infection, providing a possible mechanism by which bacteria could evade destruction by the immune system. Therapeutic interventions that target osteoclasts specifically might reduce the severity of OM or improve antibiotic responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roper, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, P. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/638528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus infects osteoclasts and replicates intracellularly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group B rotavirus encodes a functional fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rotavirus is an important cause of diarrheal disease in young mammals. Group A rotavirus (RVA) causes most human rotavirus diarrheal disease and primarily affects infants and young children. Group B rotavirus (RVB) has been associated with sporadic outbreaks of human adult diarrheal disease. RVA and RVB are predicted to encode mostly homologous proteins but differ significantly in the proteins encoded by the NSP1 gene. In the case of RVB, the NSP1 gene encodes two putative protein products of unknown function, NSP1-1 and NSP1-2. We demonstrate that human RVB NSP1-1 mediates syncytia formation in cultured human cells. Based on sequence alignment, NSP1-1 from groups B, G, and I contain features consistent with fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins, which have previously been identified in other Reoviridae viruses. Like some other FAST proteins, RVB NSP1-1 is predicted to have an N-terminal myristoyl modification. Addition of an N-terminal FLAG peptide disrupts NSP1-1-mediated fusion, consistent with a role for this fatty-acid modification in NSP1-1 function. NSP1-1 from a human RVB mediates fusion of human cells but not hamster cells and, thus, may serve as a species tropism determinant. NSP1-1 also can enhance RVA replication in human cells, both in single-cycle infection studies and during a multi-cycle time course in the presence of fetal bovine serum, which inhibits rotavirus spread. These findings suggest potential yet untested roles for NSP1-1 in RVB species tropism, immune evasion, and pathogenesis.nnIMPORTANCEWhile group A rotavirus is commonly associated with diarrheal disease in young children, group B rotavirus has caused sporadic outbreaks of adult diarrheal disease. A major genetic difference between group A and B rotaviruses is the NSP1 gene, which encodes two proteins for group B rotavirus. We demonstrate that the smaller of these proteins, NSP1-1, can mediate fusion of cultured human cells. Comparison with viral proteins of similar function provides insight into NSP1-1 domain organization and fusion mechanism. Our findings are consistent with an important role for a fatty acid modification at the amino terminus of the protein in mediating its function. NSP1-1 from a human virus mediates fusion of human cells, but not hamster cells, and enhances rotavirus replication in culture. These findings suggest potential, but currently untested, roles for NSP1-1 in RVB species tropism, immune evasion, and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrington, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group B rotavirus encodes a functional fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian retromer is an adaptable scaffold for cargo sorting from endosomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In metazoans, retromer (VPS26/VPS35/VPS29) associates with sorting nexin (SNX) proteins to form coats on endosomal tubules and sort cargo proteins to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or plasma membrane. This core complex is highly conserved from yeast to humans, but molecular mechanisms of metazoan retromer assembly remain undefined. Here we combine single particle cryo-electron microscopy with biophysical methods to uncover multiple oligomer structures formed by mammalian retromer. Two-dimensional class averages in ice reveal the retromer heterotrimer; dimers of trimers; tetramers of trimers; and flat chains. These species are further supported by biophysical studies in solution. We provide cryo-EM reconstructions of all species, including pseudo-atomic resolution detail for key sub-structures. Multi-body refinement demonstrates how retromer heterotrimers and dimers adopt a range of conformations. Our structures identify a flexible yet highly conserved electrostatic interface in dimers formed by interactions between VPS35 subunits. We generate a structure-based mutant to disrupt this key interface in vitro and introduce equivalent mutations into S. cerevisiae to demonstrate the mutant exhibits a cargo sorting defect. Together, structures and complementary functional data in budding yeast imply a conserved assembly interface across eukaryotes. These data further suggest mammalian retromer acts as an adaptable and plastic scaffold that accommodates interactions with different SNXs to sort multiple cargoes from endosomes their final destinations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kendall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burcham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian retromer is an adaptable scaffold for cargo sorting from endosomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642298v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive Transcriptional and Translational Regulation Occur During the Maturation of Malaria Parasite Sporozoites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642298v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted from an infected mosquito to mammals in which they infect the liver. The infectivity profile of sporozoites changes as they egress from oocysts on the mosquito midgut into the hemocoel, and then invade the salivary glands, where they maintain a poised and infectious state until transmission occurs. Upon transmission, the sporozoite must then navigate the host skin, vasculature, and liver. All of these feats require distinct repertoires of proteins and capabilities that are coordinated in an appropriate temporal manner. Here, we report the comprehensive and dynamic transcriptomes and proteomes of both oocyst sporozoite and salivary gland sporozoite stages in both rodent-infectious Plasmodium yoelii parasites and human-infectious Plasmodium falciparum parasites. These data robustly define mRNAs and proteins that are Upregulated in Oocyst Sporozoites (UOS) or Upregulated in Infectious Sporozoites (UIS), which include critical gene products for sporozoite functions, as well as many of unknown importance that are similarly regulated. Moreover, we found that Plasmodium uses two overlapping, extensive, and independent programs of translational repression across sporozoite maturation to temporally regulate specific genes necessary to successfully navigate the mosquito vector and mammalian host environments. Finally, gene-specific validation experiments of selected, translationally repressed transcripts in P. yoelii confirmed the interpretations of the global transcriptomic and proteomic datasets. Together, these data indicate that two waves of translational repression are implemented and relieved at different times in sporozoite maturation to promote its successful life cycle progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swearingen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrana, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minns, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinnis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappe, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/642298</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive Transcriptional and Translational Regulation Occur During the Maturation of Malaria Parasite Sporozoites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/650796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global outbreaks and epidemics caused by emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne viruses are becoming more common. These viruses belong to multiple genera including Flavivirus and Alphavirus and often cause non-specific or asymptomatic infection, which can confound viral prevalence studies. In addition, many acute phase diagnostic tests rely on the detection of viral components such as RNA or antigen. Standard serological tests are often not reliable for diagnosis after the acute phase due to cross-reactivity among viruses (e.g. flaviviruses). In order to contribute to development efforts for mosquito-borne serodiagnostics, we incubated 137 human sera on individual custom peptide arrays that consisted of over 866 unique peptides in quadruplicate. Our bioinformatics workflow to analyze these data incorporated machine learning, statistics, and B-cell epitope prediction. The unprocessed array data can be useful in separate meta-analyses that can be applicable to diverse efforts including the development of new pan-flavivirus antibodies, more accurate epitope mapping, and vaccine development against these viral pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martinez Viedma, M. d. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmaseda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuan, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzana, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/650796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptide Arrays of Three Collections of Human Sera from Patients Infected with Mosquito-Borne Viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TractEM: Fast Protocols for Whole Brain Deterministic Tractography-Based White Matter Atlas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/651935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducible identification of white matter tracts across subjects is essential for the study of structural connectivity of the human brain. The key challenges are anatomical differences between subjects and human rater subjectivity in labeling. Labeling white matter regions of interest presents many challenges due to the need to integrate both local and global information. Clearly communicating the human/manual processes to capture this information is cumbersome, yet essential to lay a solid foundation for comprehensive atlases. The state-of-the-art for white matter atlas is the single population-averaged Johns Hopkins Eve atlas. A critical bottleneck with the Eve atlas framework is that manual labeling time is extensive and peripheral white matter regions are conservatively labeled. In this work, we developed protocols that will facilitate manual virtual dissection of white matter pathways, with the goals to be anatomically accurate, intuitive, reproducible, and act as an initial stage to build an amenable knowledge base of neuroanatomical regions. We analyzed reproducibility of the fiber bundles and variability of human raters using DICE correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, and root mean squared error. The protocols at their initial stage have shown promising results on both typical 3T research acquisition Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and high-acquisition quality Human Connectome Project datasets. The TractEM manual labeling protocols allow for reconstruction of reproducible subject-specific fiber bundles across the brain. The protocols and sample results have been made available in open source to improve generalizability and reliability in collaboration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayrak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaber, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beason-Held, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/651935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TractEM: Fast Protocols for Whole Brain Deterministic Tractography-Based White Matter Atlas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study of decomposed cardioelectric phenotypes illustrates strategies to identify and characterize evidence of shared genetic effects for complex traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/654012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPublished genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are mainly European-centric, examine a narrow view of phenotypic variation, and infrequently interrogate genetic effects shared across traits. We therefore examined the extent to which a multi-ethnic, combined trait GWAS of phenotypes that map to well-defined biology can enable detection and characterization of complex trait loci.nnMethodsWith 1000 Genomes Phase 3 imputed data in 34,668 participants (15% African American; 3% Chinese American; 51% European American; 30% Hispanic/Latino), we performed covariate-adjusted univariate GWAS of six contiguous electrocardiogram (ECG) traits that decomposed an average heartbeat and two commonly reported composite ECG traits that summed contiguous traits. Combined phenotype testing was performed using the adaptive sum of powered scores test (aSPU).nnResultsWe identified six novel and 87 known ECG trait loci (aSPU p-value < 5E-9). Lead SNP rs3211938 at novel locus CD36 was common in African Americans (minor allele frequency=10%) and near-monomorphic in European Americans, with effect sizes for the composite trait, QT interval, among the largest reported. Only one novel locus was detected for the composite traits, due to opposite directions of effects across contiguous traits that summed to near-zero. Combined phenotype testing did not detect novel loci unapparent by univariate testing. However, this approach aided locus characterization, particularly when loci harbored multiple independent signals that differed by trait.nnConclusionsDespite including one-third as few participants as the largest published GWAS of ECG traits, our study identifies multiple novel ECG genetic loci, emphasizing the importance of ancestral diversity and phenotype measurement in this era of ever-growing GWAS.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYWe leveraged a multiethnic cohort with precise measures of cardioelectric function to identify novel genetic loci affecting this complex, multifaceted phenotype. The success of our approach stresses the importance of phenotypic precision and participant diversity for future locus discovery and characterization efforts, and cautions against compromises made in genome-wide association studies to pursue ever-growing sample sizes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baldassari, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gondalia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hindorff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ida Chen, Y.-D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohet, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotters, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyerle, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/654012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study of decomposed cardioelectric phenotypes illustrates strategies to identify and characterize evidence of shared genetic effects for complex traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epidermal Growth Factor signaling acts directly and through a sedation neuron to depolarizes a sleep-active neuron following cellular stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/656512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep is induced by sleep-active neurons that depolarize at sleep onset to inhibit wake circuits. Sleep-active neurons are under the control of homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms that determine sleep need. However, little is known about the molecular and circuit mechanisms that translate sleep need into the depolarization of sleep-active neurons. During many conditions in C. elegans sleep induction requires a sleep-active neuron called RIS. Here, we defined the transcriptome of RIS to discover that genes of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway are expressed in RIS. With cellular stress, EGFR activates RIS, and RIS induces sleep. Activation of EGFR signaling in the ALA neuron has previously been suggested to promote sleep independently of RIS. Unexpectedly, we found that ALA activation promotes RIS depolarization. Our results suggest that ALA is a sedating neuron with two separable functions. (1) It inhibits specific wakefulness behaviors independently of RIS, (2) and it activates RIS to induce sleep. Whereas ALA plays a strong role in surviving cellular stress, surprisingly, RIS does not. In summary, EGFR signaling can induce sleep-active neuron depolarization by an indirect mechanism through activation of the sedating ALA neuron that acts upstream of the sleep-active RIS neuron as well as through a direct mechanism using EGFR signaling in RIS. Sedation rather than sleep appears to be important for increasing survival following cellular stress, suggesting that sedation and sleep play different roles in restoring health.nnHighlights- The transcriptome of the sleep-active RIS neuron reveals the presence of the EGFR signaling machineryn- EGFR activates RIS directly upon cellular stress to induce sleep boutsn- In parallel, EGFR activates RIS indirectly through the sedating ALA neuronn- Sedation rather than sleep bouts support survival following cellular stress
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konietzka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palumbos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steuer Costa, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oranth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottschalk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajnal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bringmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/656512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epidermal Growth Factor signaling acts directly and through a sedation neuron to depolarizes a sleep-active neuron following cellular stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactive Multiresolution Visualization of Cellular Network Processes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/659367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models of network-driven processes have become a standard to explain cellular systems-level behavior and predict cellular responses to perturbations. Modern models can span a broad range of biochemical reactions and species that, in principle, comprise the complexity of dynamic cellular processes. Visualization plays a central role in the analysis of biochemical network processes to identify patterns that arise from model dynamics and perform model exploratory analysis. However, most existing visualization tools are limited in their capabilities to facilitate mechanism exploration of large, dynamic, and complex models. Here, we present PyViPR, a visualization tool that provides researchers static and dynamic representations of biochemical network processes within a Python-based Literate Programming environment. PyViPR embeds network visualizations on Jupyter notebooks, thus facilitating integration with Python modeling, simulation, and analysis workflows. To present the capabilities of PyViPR, we explore execution mechanisms of extrinsic apoptosis in HeLa cells. We show how community-detection algorithms can identify groups of molecular species that represent key biological regulatory functions and simplify the apoptosis network by placing those groups into interactively collapsible nodes. We then show how dynamic execution of a signal, under different kinetic parameter sets that fit the experimental data equally well, exhibit significantly different signal-execution modes in mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization - the point of no return in extrinsic apoptosis execution. Therefore, PyViPR aids the conceptual understanding of dynamic network processes and accelerates hypothesis generation for further testing and validation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega, O. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/659367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactive Multiresolution Visualization of Cellular Network Processes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophosphorylation of the CK1 kinase domain regulates enzyme activity and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CK1 enzymes are conserved, acidophilic serine/threonine kinases with a variety of critical cellular functions; misregulation of CK1 contributes to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and sleep phase disorders. Despite this, little is known about how CK1 activity is controlled. Here, we describe a new mechanism of CK1 autoregulation that is conserved in CK1 enzymes from yeast to human - the autophosphorylation of a threonine in the mobile L-EF loop proximal to the active site. Phosphorylation at this site inhibits kinase activity, in contrast to well-characterized T-loop autophosphorylation in other kinase families. Consequently, yeast and human enzymes with phosphoablating mutations at this site are hyperactive. In S. pombe, hyperactive CK1 causes defects in cell growth and morphology at a high level but protection from heat shock at a low level, highlighting the necessity of regulated CK1 function. We propose that phosphorylation on the L-EF loop prevents substrate docking with the kinase domain by shielding the positively charged binding pocket and/or sterically hindering the active site. Due to the strong sequence conservation of this autophosphorylation site and the functional importance of the L-EF loop, which is unique to the CK1 family of kinases, this mechanism is likely to regulate the majority of CK1 enzymes in vivo.nnSignificance StatementKinases in the CK1 family are important signaling enzymes, and they function in multiple pathways within the same cell. Misregulation of CK1 activity contributes to human disease, including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and sleep phase disorders, yet the mechanisms that control CK1 activity are not well understood. We have identified a conserved autophosphorylation site in the CK1 kinase domain that inhibits substrate phosphorylation. We hypothesize that by using kinase domain autophosphorylation in combination with other regulatory mechanisms, CK1 enzymes can coordinate the phosphorylation of their substrates in different pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cullati, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophosphorylation of the CK1 kinase domain regulates enzyme activity and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resting-state \"Physiological Networks\" 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/660787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Slow changes in systemic brain physiology can elicit large fluctuations in fMRI time series, which may manifest as structured spatial patterns of temporal correlations between distant brain regions. These correlations can appear similar to large-scale networks typically attributed to coupled neuronal activity. However, little effort has been devoted to a systematic investigation of such "physiological networks"--sets of segregated brain regions that exhibit similar physiological responses--and their potential influence on estimates of resting-state brain networks. Here, by analyzing a large group of subjects from the 3T Human Connectome Project database, we demonstrate brain-wide and noticeably heterogenous dynamics attributable to either respiratory variation or heart rate changes. We show that these physiologic dynamics can give rise to apparent "connectivity" patterns that resemble previously reported resting-state networks derived from fMRI data. Further, we show that this apparent "physiological connectivity" cannot be removed by the use of a single nuisance regressor for the entire brain (such as global signal regression) due to the clear regional heterogeneity of the physiological responses. Possible mechanisms causing these apparent "physiological networks", and their broad implications for interpreting functional connectivity studies are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohringer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimeni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/660787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resting-state \"Physiological Networks\"]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PARP1 as a biomarker for early detection and intraoperative tumor delineation in epithelial cancers - first-in-human results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/663385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major determining factors for survival of patients with oral, oropharyngeal, and esophageal cancer are early detection, the quality of surgical margins, and the contemporaneous detection of residual tumor. Intuitively, the exposed location at the epithelial surface qualifies these tumor types for utilization of visual aids to assist in discriminating tumor from healthy surrounding tissue. Here, we explored the DNA repair enzyme PARP1 as imaging biomarker and conducted optical imaging in animal models, human tissues and as part of a first-in-human clinical trial. Our data suggests that PARP1 is a quantitative biomarker for oral, oropharyngeal, and esophageal cancer and can be visualized with PARPi-FL, a fluorescently labeled small molecule contrast agent for topical or intravenous delivery. We show feasibility of PARPi-FL-assisted tumor detection in esophageal cancer, oropharyngeal and oral cancer. We developed a contemporaneous PARPi-FL topical staining protocol for human biospecimens. Using fresh oral cancer tissues within 25 min of biopsy, tumor and margin samples were correctly identified with >95% sensitivity and specificity without terminal processing. PARPi-FL imaging can be integrated into clinical workflows, potentially providing instantaneous assessment of the presence or absence of microscopic disease at the surgical margin. Additionally, we showed first-in-human PARPi-FL imaging in oral cancer. In aggregate, our preclinical and clinical studies have the unifying goal of verifying the clinical value of PARPi-FL-based optical imaging for early detection and intraoperative margin assignment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kossatz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirovano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demetrio De Souza Franca, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strome, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunny, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karassawa Zanoni, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauguen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanajinappa, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedne, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sihag, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghossein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strome, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriakose, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/663385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PARP1 as a biomarker for early detection and intraoperative tumor delineation in epithelial cancers - first-in-human results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting the Cx43 Carboxyl Terminal H2 Domain Preserves Left Ventricular Function Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/668509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCT1 is a 25 amino acid therapeutic peptide incorporating the Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1)-binding domain of connexin43 (Cx43) that is currently in Phase III clinical testing for healing chronic skin wounds. In preclinical studies in mice, we reported that CT1 reduces arrhythmias and improves ventricular function following cardiac injury, effects that were accompanied by increases in PKC{varepsilon} phosphorylation of Cx43 at serine 368 (pS368). In this study, we undertake a systematic characterization of the molecular mode-of-action of CT1 in mitigating the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury on ventricular contractile function.nnMethods and ResultsTo determine the basis of CT1-mediated increases in pS368 we undertook tandem mass spectrometry of reactants in an in vitro assay of PKC{varepsilon} phosphorylation, identifying an interaction between negatively charged amino acids in the CT1 Asp-Asp-Leu-Glu-Iso sequence and positively charged lysines (Lys345, Lys346) in a short -helical sequence (H2) within the Cx43 CT domain. In silico modeling provided further support of the specificity of this interaction, leading us to conclude that CT1 has potential to directly interact with both Cx43 and ZO-1. Using surface plasmon resonance, thermal shift and phosphorylation assays, we characterized a series of CT1 variant peptides, identifying sequences competent to interact with either ZO-1 PDZ2 or the Cx43 CT, but with limited or no ability to bind both polypeptides. Based on this analysis, it was found that only those peptides competent to interact with Cx43, but not ZO-1 alone, resulted in increased pS368 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, in a mouse model of global ischemia reperfusion injury we determined that pre-ischemic infusion only with those peptides competent to bind Cx43 preserved left ventricular (LV) contractile function following injury. Interestingly, a short 9 amino acid (MW=1110) Cx43-binding variant of the original 25 amino acid CT1 sequence demonstrated potent LV-protecting effects when infused either before or after ischemic injury.nnConclusionsInteraction of CT1 with the Cx43 CT, but not ZO-1 PDZ2, explains cardioprotection mediated by this therapeutic peptide. Pharmacophores targeting the Cx43 carboxyl terminus could provide a novel translational approach to preservation of ventricular function following ischemic injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palatinus, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyyathurai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jourdan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoagland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bultynck, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poelzing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourdie, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/668509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting the Cx43 Carboxyl Terminal H2 Domain Preserves Left Ventricular Function Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Osteopontin promotes survival of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and protect against colitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/669432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) comprise a diverse population of cells residing in the epithelium at the interface between the intestinal lumen and the sterile environment of the lamina propria. Because of this anatomical location, IEL are considered critical components of intestinal immune responses. Indeed, IEL are involved in many different immunological processes ranging from pathogen control to tissue stability. However, despite their critical importance in mucosal immune responses, very little is known about the homeostasis of different IEL subpopulations. The phosphoprotein osteopontin is important for critical physiological processes, including cellular immune responses such as survival of Th17 cells and homeostasis of NK cells, among others. Because of its impact in the immune system, we investigated the role of osteopontin in the homeostasis of IEL. Here, we report that mice deficient in the expression of osteopontin exhibit reduced numbers of the IEL subpopulations TCR{gamma}{delta}+, TCR{beta}+CD4+, TCR{beta}+CD4+CD8+ and TCR{beta}+CD8+ cells in comparison to wild-type mice. For some IEL subpopulations the decrease in cells numbers could be attributed to apoptosis and reduced cell division. Moreover, we show in vitro that exogenous osteopontin stimulates the survival of murine IEL subpopulations and unfractionated IEL derived from human intestines, an effect mediated by CD44, a known osteopontin receptor. We also show that iCD8 IEL, but not TCR{gamma}{delta}+ IEL, TCR{beta}+ IEL or intestinal epithelial cells, can promote survival of different IEL populations via osteopontin, indicating an important role for iCD8 cells in the homeostasis of IEL.

Key PointsO_LIOsteopontin promotes homeostasis of mouse and human IEL, mediated by its ligand CD44
C_LIO_LIiCD8 cells produce osteopontin which impacts the survival of other IEL
C_LIO_LILack of osteopontin renders mice susceptible to intestinal inflammation
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nazmi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoek, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitkamp, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/669432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Osteopontin promotes survival of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and protect against colitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequential Operations Revealed by Serendipitous Feature Selectivity in Frontal Eye Field 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurons in macaque frontal eye field contribute to spatial but typically not feature selection during visual search. Using an innovative visual search task, we report a serendipitous discovery that some frontal eye field neurons can develop rapid selectivity for stimulus orientation that is used to guide gaze during a visual search task with pro-saccade and anti-saccade responses. This feature selectivity occurs simultaneously at multiple locations for all objects sharing that feature and coincides with when neurons select the singleton of a search array. This feature selectivity also reveals the distinct, subsequent operation of selecting the endpoint of the saccade in pro-saccade as well as anti-saccade trials. These results demonstrate that target selection preceding saccade preparation is composed of multiple operations. We conjecture that singleton selection indexes the allocation of attention, which can be divided, to conspicuous items. Consequently, endpoint selection indexes the focused allocation of attention to the endpoint of the saccade. These results demonstrate that saccade target selection is not a unitary process.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFrontal eye field is well known to contribute to spatial selection for attention and eye movements. We discovered that some frontal eye field neurons can acquire selectivity for stimulus orientation when it guides visual search. The chronometry of neurons with and without feature selectivity reveal distinct operations accomplishing visual search.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lowe, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequential Operations Revealed by Serendipitous Feature Selectivity in Frontal Eye Field]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Consensus Framework Unifies Multi-Drug Synergy Metrics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug combination discovery depends on reliable synergy metrics; however, no consensus exists on the appropriate synergy model to prioritize lead candidates. The fragmented state of the field confounds analysis, reproducibility, and clinical translation of combinations. Here we present a mass-action based formalism to accurately measure the synergy of drug combinations. In this work, we clarify the relationship between the dominant drug synergy principles and show how biases emerge due to intrinsic assumptions which hinder their broad applicability. We further present a mapping of commonly used frameworks onto a unified synergy landscape, which identifies fundamental issues impacting the interpretation of synergy in discovery efforts. Specifically, we infer how traditional metrics mask consequential synergistic interactions, and contain biases dependent on the Hill-slope and maximal effect of single-drugs. We show how these biases systematically impact the classification of synergy in large combination screens misleading discovery efforts. The proposed approach has potential to accelerate the translatability and reproducibility of drug-synergy studies, by bridging the gap between the curative potential of drug mixtures and the complexity in their study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wooten, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Consensus Framework Unifies Multi-Drug Synergy Metrics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative framework for evaluating single-cell data structure preservation by dimensionality reduction techniques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-dimensional data, such as those generated using single-cell RNA sequencing, present challenges in interpretation and visualization. Numerical and computational methods for dimensionality reduction allow for low-dimensional representation of genome-scale expression data for downstream clustering, trajectory reconstruction, and biological interpretation. However, a comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of the performance of these techniques has not been established. We present an unbiased framework that defines metrics of global and local structure preservation in dimensionality reduction transformations. Using discrete and continuous scRNA-seq datasets, we find that input cell distribution and method parameters are largely determinant of global, local, and organizational data structure preservation by eleven published dimensionality reduction methods. Code available at github.com/KenLauLab/DR-structure-preservation allows for rapid evaluation of further datasets and methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative framework for evaluating single-cell data structure preservation by dimensionality reduction techniques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of type 2 diabetes loci in 433,540 East Asian individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/685172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >240 loci associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), however most loci have been identified in analyses of European-ancestry individuals. To examine T2D risk in East Asian individuals, we meta-analyzed GWAS data in 77,418 cases and 356,122 controls. In the main analysis, we identified 298 distinct association signals at 178 loci, and across T2D association models with and without consideration of body mass index and sex, we identified 56 loci newly implicated in T2D predisposition. Common variants associated with T2D in both East Asian and European populations exhibited strongly correlated effect sizes. New associations include signals in/near GDAP1, PTF1A, SIX3, ALDH2, a microRNA cluster, and genes that affect muscle and adipose differentiation. At another locus, eQTLs at two overlapping T2D signals act through two genes, NKX6-3 and ANK1, in different tissues. Association studies in diverse populations identify additional loci and elucidate disease genes, biology, and pathways.nnType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common metabolic disease primarily caused by insufficient insulin production and/or secretion by the pancreatic {beta} cells and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues1. Most genetic loci associated with T2D have been identified in populations of European (EUR) ancestry, including a recent meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of nearly 900,000 individuals of European ancestry that identified >240 loci influencing the risk of T2D2. Differences in allele frequency between ancestries affect the power to detect associations within a population, particularly among variants rare or monomorphic in one population but more frequent in another3,4. Although smaller than studies in European populations, a recent T2D meta-analysis in almost 200,000 Japanese individuals identified 28 additional loci4. The relative contributions of different pathways to the pathophysiology of T2D may also differ between ancestry groups. For example, in East Asian (EAS) populations, T2D prevalence is greater than in European populations among people of similar body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference5. We performed the largest meta-analysis of East Asian individuals to identify new genetic associations and provide insight into T2D pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spracklen, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horikoshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwak, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takeuchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakatochi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyengar, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brotman, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Bunt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloyn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petty, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adair, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chee, M.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, L.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Larsen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/685172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of type 2 diabetes loci in 433,540 East Asian individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PACSIN2-dependent apical endocytosis regulates the morphology of epithelial microvilli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/686816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apical microvilli are critical for the homeostasis of transporting epithelia, yet mechanisms that control the assembly and morphology of these protrusions remain poorly understood. Previous studies in intestinal epithelial cell lines suggested a role for F-BAR domain protein PACSIN2 in normal microvillar assembly. Here we report the phenotype of PACSIN2 KO mice and provide evidence that through its role in promoting apical endocytosis, this molecule functions in controlling microvillar morphology. PACSIN2 KO enterocytes exhibit reduced numbers of microvilli and defects in microvillar ultrastructure, with membranes lifting away from rootlets of core bundles. Dynamin2, a PACSIN2 binding partner, and other endocytic factors were also lost from their normal localization near microvillar rootlets. To determine if loss of endocytic machinery could explain defects in microvillar morphology, we examined the impact of PACSIN2 KD and endocytosis inhibition on live intestinal epithelial cells. These assays revealed that when endocytic vesicle scission fails, tubules are pulled into the cytoplasm and this, in turn, leads to a membrane lifting phenomenon reminiscent of that observed in PACSIN2 KO brush borders. These findings lead to a new model where inward forces generated by endocytic machinery on the plasma membrane control the membrane wrapping of cell surface protrusions.nnHighlight for TOCApical microvilli increase the functional surface area of transporting epithelia. Here we report that the F-BAR domain-containing protein PACSIN2, through its ability to promote apical endocytosis, plays a critical role in controlling the morphology of intestinal brush border microvilli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Postema, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grega-Larson, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/686816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PACSIN2-dependent apical endocytosis regulates the morphology of epithelial microvilli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spin{infty} an improved miniaturized spinning bioreactor for the generation of human cerebral organoids from pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/687095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have become a powerful system to study early development events and to model human disease. Cerebral organoids are generally produced in static culture or in a culture vessel with active mixing, and the two most widely used systems for mixing are a large spinning flask and a miniaturized multi-well spinning bioreactor (also known as Spin Omega (Spin{Omega})). The Spin{Omega} provides a system that is amenable to drug testing, has increased throughput and reproducibility, and utilizes less culture media. However, technical limitations of this system include poor stability of select components and an elevated risk of contamination due to the inability to sterilize the device preassembled. Here, we report a new design of the miniaturized bioreactor system, which we term Spin{infty} that overcomes these concerns to permit long-term experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Romero-Morales, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balotin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/687095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spin{infty} an improved miniaturized spinning bioreactor for the generation of human cerebral organoids from pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel multidimensional reinforcement task in mice elucidates sex-specific behavioral strategies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/690750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSex is a critical biological variable in the neuropathology of psychiatric disease, and in many cases, women represent a vulnerable population. It has been hypothesized that sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders are manifestations of differences in basic reward processing. However, preclinical models often present rewards in isolation, ignoring that ethologically, reward seeking requires the consideration of potential aversive outcomes.nnMethodsWe developed a Multidimensional Cue Outcome Action Task (MCOAT) to dissociate motivated action from cue learning and valence. Mice are trained in a series of operant tasks. In phase 1, mice acquire positive and negative reinforcement in the presence of discrete discriminative stimuli. In phase 2, both discriminative stimuli are presented concurrently allowing us to parse innate behavioral strategies based on reward seeking and shock avoidance. Phase 3 is punished responding where a discriminative stimulus predicts that nose-poking for sucrose occurs concurrently with footshock, allowing for the assessment of how positive and negative outcomes are relatively valued.nnResultsFemales prioritize avoidance of negative outcomes over seeking positive, while males have the opposite strategy. In cases where rules are uncertain, males and females employ different strategies, with females demonstrating bias for shock avoidance.nnConclusionsThe MCOAT has broad utility for neuroscience research where pairing this task with recording and manipulation techniques will allow for the definition of the discrete information encoded within cellular populations. Ultimately, we show that making conclusions from unidimensional data leads to inaccurate generalizations about sex-specific behaviors that do not accurately represent ground truth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kutlu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachry, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melugin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tat, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibeault, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/690750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel multidimensional reinforcement task in mice elucidates sex-specific behavioral strategies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/691188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topological stress is responsible for the detrimental outcomes of head-on replication-transcription conflicts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/691188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conflicts between the replication and transcription machineries have profound effects on chromosome duplication, genome organization, as well as evolution across species. Head-on conflicts (lagging strand genes) are significantly more detrimental than co-directional conflicts (leading strand genes). The source of this fundamental difference is unknown. Here, we report that topological stress underlies this difference. We find that head-on conflict resolution requires the relaxation of positive supercoils DNA gyrase and Topo IV. Interestingly, we find that after positive supercoil resolution, gyrase introduces excessive negative supercoils at head-on conflict regions, driving pervasive R-loop formation. The formation of these R-Loops through gyrase activity is most likely caused by the diffusion of negative supercoils through RNA polymerase spinning. Altogether, our results address a longstanding question regarding replication-transcription conflicts by revealing the fundamental mechanistic difference between the two types of encounters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/691188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topological stress is responsible for the detrimental outcomes of head-on replication-transcription conflicts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697169v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phytochromes measure photoperiod in Brachypodium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697169v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daylength is a key seasonal cue for animals and plants. In cereals, photoperiodic responses are a major adaptive trait, and alleles of clock genes such as PHOTOPERIOD DEPENDENT1 (PPD1) and EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) have been selected for in breeding barley and wheat for more northern latitudes (Faure et al., 2012; Turner, Beales, Faure, Dunford, & Laurie, 2005). How monocot plants sense photoperiod and integrate this information into growth and development is not well understood. We show that in Brachypodium distachyon, phytochrome C (phyC) acts as a molecular timer, directly communicating information to the circadian clock protein ELF3. In this way, ELF3 levels integrate night length information. ELF3 is a central regulator of photoperiodism in Brachypodium, and elf3 mutants display a constitutive long day transcriptome. Conversely, conditions that result in higher levels of ELF3 suppress long day responses. We are able to show that these effects are direct, as ELF3 and phyC occur in a common complex, and they associate with the promoters of a number of conserved regulators of photoperiodism, including PPD1. Consistent with observations in barley, we are able to show that PPD1 overexpression accelerates flowering in SD and is necessary for rapid flowering in response to LD. These findings provide a conceptual framework for understanding observations in the photoperiodic responses of key crops, including wheat, barley and rice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudt, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockler, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusinow, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiltbrunner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wigge, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697169</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phytochromes measure photoperiod in Brachypodium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal changes in genetic admixture are linked to heterozygosity and health diagnoses in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/697581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproduction between individuals from different ancestral populations creates genetically admixed offspring. Admixture can have positive and negative impacts on individual health, feeding back to population health. Historical and forced migrations, and recent mobility, have brought formerly disparate populations of humans together. Here we sought to better understand how temporal changes in genetic admixture influence levels of heterozygosity and health outcomes. We evaluated variation in ancestry over 100 birth years in 35,842 individuals from a genetic database linked to health records in a population in the Southeastern United States. Analysis of 2,678 ancestrally informative markers revealed increased admixture and heterozygosity for all clinically-defined race groups since 1990. Most groups also exhibited increasing long-range linkage disequilibrium over time. A phenome-wide association study of clinical outcomes detected protective associations with female reproductive disorders and increased risk for diseases with links to autoimmunity dysfunction. These mixed effects have important ramifications for human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mautz, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellwege, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGregor, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/697581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal changes in genetic admixture are linked to heterozygosity and health diagnoses in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Migratory divides coincide with species barriers across replicated avian hybrid zones above the Tibetan Plateau 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/698597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Migratory divides are proposed to be catalysts for speciation across a diversity of taxa. However, the relative contribution of migratory behavior to reproductive isolation is difficult to test. Comparing reproductive isolation in hybrid zones with and without migratory divides offers a rare opportunity to directly examine the contribution of divergent migratory behavior to reproductive barriers. We show that across replicate sampling transects of two pairs of barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) subspecies, strong reproductive isolation coincided with an apparent migratory divide spanning 20 degrees of latitude. A third subspecies pair exhibited no evidence for a migratory divide and hybridized extensively. Within migratory divides, migratory phenotype was associated with assortative mating, implicating a central contribution of divergent migratory behavior to reproductive barriers. The remarkable geographic coincidence between migratory divides and genetic breaks supports a longstanding hypothesis that the Tibetan Plateau is a substantial barrier contributing to the diversity of Siberian avifauna.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scordato, E. S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semenov, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubtsov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundev, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koyama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turbek, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunder, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/698597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Migratory divides coincide with species barriers across replicated avian hybrid zones above the Tibetan Plateau]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Urgency, Leakage, and the Relative Nature of Information Processing in Decision Making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/706291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last decade, there has been a robust debate in decision neuroscience and psychology about what mechanism governs the time course of decision making. Historically, the most prominent hypothesis is that neural architectures accumulate information over time until some threshold is met, the so-called Evidence Accumulation hypothesis. However, most applications of this theory rely on simplifying assumptions, belying a number of potential complexities. Is changing stimulus information perceived and processed in an independent manner or is there a relative component? Does urgency play a role? What about evidence leakage? Although the latter questions have been the subject of recent investigations, most studies to date have been piecemeal in nature, addressing one aspect of the decision process or another. Here we develop a modeling framework, an extension of the Urgency Gating Model, in conjunction with a changing information experimental paradigm to simultaneously probe these aspects of the decision process. Using state-of-the-art Bayesian methods to perform parameter-based inference, we find that 1) information processing is relative with early information influencing the perception of late information, 2) time varying urgency and evidence accumulation are of roughly equal importance in the decision process, and 3) leakage is present with a time scale of ~200-250ms. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to utilize a changing information paradigm to jointly and quantitatively estimate the temporal dynamics of human decision-making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trueblood, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heathcote, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/706291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Urgency, Leakage, and the Relative Nature of Information Processing in Decision Making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Probabilistic Assessment of Nerve Regeneration with Diffusion MRI: Validation in Rat Models of Peripheral Nerve Trauma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve regeneration after injury must occur in a timely fashion to restore function. Unfortunately, current methods (e.g., electrophysiology) provide limited information following trauma, resulting in delayed management and suboptimal outcomes. Herein, we evaluated the ability of diffusion MRI to monitor nerve regeneration after injury/repair. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three treatment groups (sham=21, crush=23, cut/repair=19) and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) was performed 1-12 weeks post-surgery. Behavioral data showed a distinction between crush and cut/repair nerves at 4 weeks. This was consistent with DTI, which found that thresholds based on the ratio of radial and axial diffusivities (RD/AD=0.40{+/-}0.02) and fractional anisotropy (FA=0.53{+/-}0.01) differentiated crush from cut/repair injuries. By the 12th week, cut/repair nerves whose behavioral data indicated a partial recovery were below the RD/AD threshold (and above the FA threshold), while nerves that did not recover were on the opposite side of each threshold. Additional morphometric analysis indicated that DTI-derived normalized scalar indices report on axon density (RD/AD: r=-0.54, p<1e-3; FA: r=0.56, p<1e-3). Interestingly, higher-order DKI analyses did not improve our ability classify recovery. These findings suggest that DTI can distinguish successful/unsuccessful nerve repairs and potentially identify cases that require reoperation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manzanera Esteve, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollins, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nussenbaum, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardwell, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Does, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thayer, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dortch, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/707646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Probabilistic Assessment of Nerve Regeneration with Diffusion MRI: Validation in Rat Models of Peripheral Nerve Trauma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional annotation of rare structural variation in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) contribute substantially to risk of many brain related disorders including autism and schizophrenia. However, annotating the potential contribution of SVs to disease remains a major challenge. Here, we integrated high resolution SV calling from genome-sequencing in 755 human post-mortem brains with dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex RNA-sequencing from a subset of 629 samples to quantify the dosage and regulatory effects of SVs. We show that genic (p = 5.44x10-9) and regulatory SVs (enhancer p = 3.22x10-23, CTCF p = 3.86x10-18) are present at significantly lower frequencies than intergenic SVs after correcting for SV length. Copy number variants (CNVs)--deletions and duplications--exhibit a significant quantitative and directional relationship between the proportion of genic and regulatory content altered and gene expression, and the size of the effect is inversely correlated with the loss-of-function intolerance of the gene. We trained a joint linear model that leverages genic and regulatory annotations to predict expression effects of rare CNVs in independent samples (R2 = 0.21-0.41). We further developed a regulatory disruption score for each CNV that aggregates the predicted expression across all affected genes weighted by the genes intolerance score and applied it to an independent set of SVs from 14,891 genome-sequenced individuals. Pathogenic deletions implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders by ClinGen had significantly more extreme regulatory disruption scores than the rest of the SVs. Rank ordering based on the most extreme regulatory disruption scores prioritized pathogenic deletions that would not have been prioritized by frequency or length alone. This work points to the deleteriousness of regulatory SVs, particularly those altering CTCF sites. We further provide a simple approach for functionally annotating the regulatory effects of SVs in the human brain that has potential to be useful in larger SV studies and should improve as more regulatory annotation data is generated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perumal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloofman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marenco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional annotation of rare structural variation in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716779v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Clinical Phenotyping Algorithm to Identify Cases of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Electronic Health Records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/716779v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. Electronic health records provide large-scale healthcare data for clinical research, but have been underutilized in COPD research due to challenges identifying these individuals, especially in the absence of pulmonary function testing data.nnObjectivesTo develop an algorithm to electronically phenotype individuals with COPD at a large tertiary care center.nnMethodsWe identified individuals over 45 years of age at last clinic visit within Vanderbilt University Medical Center electronic health records. We tested phenotyping algorithms using combinations of both structured and unstructured text and examined the clinical characteristics of the resulting case sets.nnMeasurement and Main ResultsA simple algorithm consisting of 3 International Classification of Disease codes for COPD achieved a sensitivity of 97.6%, a specificity of 76.0%, a positive predictive value of 57.1%, and a negative predictive value of 99.0%. A more complex algorithm consisting of both billing codes and a mention of oxygen on the problem list that achieved a positive predictive value of 86.5%. However, the association of known risk factors with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was consistent in both algorithm sets, suggesting a simple code-only algorithm may suffice for many research applications.nnConclusionsSimple code-only phenotyping algorithms for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can identify case populations with epidemiologic and genetic profiles consistent with published literature. Implementation of this phenotyping algorithm will expand opportunities for clinical research and pragmatic trials for COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martucci, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerchberger, V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torstenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/716779</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Clinical Phenotyping Algorithm to Identify Cases of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Electronic Health Records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yersiniabactin producing AIEC promote inflammation-associated fibrosis in gnotobiotic Il10-/- mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/723148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is a significant complication of intestinal disorders associated with microbial dysbiosis and pathobiont expansion, notably Crohns disease (CD). Mechanisms that favor fibrosis are not well understood and therapeutic strategies are limited. Here we demonstrate that colitis susceptible Il10-deficient mice develop inflammation-associated fibrosis when mono-associated with adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) that harbor the yersiniabactin (Ybt) pathogenicity island. Inactivation of Ybt siderophore production in AIEC nearly abrogated fibrosis development in inflamed mice. In contrast, inactivation of Ybt import through its cognate receptor FyuA enhanced fibrosis severity. This corresponded with increased colonic expression of profibrogenic genes prior to the development of histological disease, therefore suggesting causality. FyuA-deficient AIEC also exhibited greater localization within sub-epithelial tissues and fibrotic lesions that was dependent on Ybt biosynthesis and corresponded with increased fibroblast activation in vitro. Together, these findings suggest that Ybt establishes a pro-fibrotic environment in the host in the absence of binding to its cognate receptor and indicates a direct link between intestinal AIEC and the induction of inflammation-associated fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellermann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharaibeh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulbright, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broberg, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothemich, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieder, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartor, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthur, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/723148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yersiniabactin producing AIEC promote inflammation-associated fibrosis in gnotobiotic Il10-/- mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Background Dominates Fibrotic Aortic Remodeling During Angiotensin-Induced Hypertension in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genetic mutations affect aortic structure and function in mice, but little is known about the influence of background strain. We phenotyped aortas from C57BL/6J and 129SvEv mice before and after continuous infusion of angiotensin II (AngII) for two weeks, which elevated blood pressure similarly in both strains (1.34-fold vs. 1.32-fold, systolic). Excised thoracic aortas were characterized functionally using isobaric vasoactive and cyclic passive stiffness tests whereas immunohistological studies quantified altered medial and adventitial composition as well as the infiltration of pan-inflammatory CD45+ cells. Baseline aortic geometry, composition, and biomechanical properties were similar across strains, consistent with mechanical homeostasis. Yet, aortic remodeling in response to AngII-induced hypertension differed dramatically between strains, with gross maladaptive remodeling in C57BL/6J but not in 129SvEv mice. CD45+ cell density was markedly higher in C57BL/6J than 129SvEv aortas while vasoconstrictive responses to AngII were greater in 129SvEv than C57BL/6J both before and after hypertension; importantly, smooth muscle mediated vasoconstriction reduces pressure-induced wall stress. Bulk RNA sequencing, layer-specific biomechanical modeling, and growth and remodeling simulations support the emergent hypothesis that mechanical stress-mediated immune processes promote maladaptive remodeling while smooth muscle contractile processes reduce wall stress and thereby protect against fibrosis. Differentially expressed mechano-sensitive genes thus play key roles in the distinct hypertensive aortic remodeling in C57BL/6J and 129SvEv mice and must be considered when comparing studies in different background strains, particularly mixed strains that are often used to generate mice with targeted mutations.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=152 SRC="FIGDIR/small/727800v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spronck, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulk, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandra, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtada, S.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bersi, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellides, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Background Dominates Fibrotic Aortic Remodeling During Angiotensin-Induced Hypertension in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of an N-Cadherin Biofunctionalized Hydrogel to Support the Formation of Synaptically Connected Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/729079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro models of the human central nervous system (CNS), particularly those derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are becoming increasingly recognized as useful complements to animal models for studying neurological diseases and developing therapeutic strategies. However, current 3D CNS models suffer from deficits that limit their research utility. Notably, it remains difficult to drive iPSC-derived neurons to a mature and synaptically connected state. Moreover, the most common extracellular matrices (ECMs) used to fabricate 3D CNS models are either difficult to pattern into complex structures due to their mechanical properties or lack appropriate bioinstructive cues. Here, we describe the functionalization of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) with an N-cadherin extracellular peptide epitope to create a biomaterial termed GelMA-Cad. After photopolymerization, GelMA-Cad forms soft hydrogels that can maintain patterned architectures. The N-cadherin functionality promotes survival and maturation of iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons into synaptically connected networks as determined by viral tracing and electrophysiology. Immunostaining reveals a pronounced increase in presynaptic and postsynaptic marker expression in GelMA-Cad relative to Matrigel, as well as extensive co-localization of these markers, thus highlighting the biological activity of the N-cadherin peptide. Overall, given its ability to enhance iPSC-derived neuron maturity and connectivity, GelMA-Cad should be broadly useful for in vitro studies of neural circuitry in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balotin, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosworth, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchey, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/729079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of an N-Cadherin Biofunctionalized Hydrogel to Support the Formation of Synaptically Connected Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystal structure of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has recently emerged as an exciting therapeutic target for treating a range of disorders, including drug addiction. However, a lack of structural information for this receptor subtype has limited further drug development and validation. Here we report a high-resolution crystal structure of the human M5 mAChR bound to the clinically used inverse agonist, tiotropium. This structure allowed for a comparison across all five mAChR family members that revealed important differences in both orthosteric and allosteric sites that could inform the rational design of selective ligands. These structural studies together with chimeric swaps between the extracellular regions of the M2 and M5 mAChR further revealed the structural insight into "kinetic-selectivity", where ligands show differential residency times between related family members. Collectively, our study provides important insights into the nature of orthosteric and allosteric ligand interaction across the mAChR family that could be exploited for the design of selective ligands.nnSignificance StatementThe five subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system where they play a vital role in physiology and pathologies. Recently, the M5 mAChR subtype has emerged as an exciting drug target for the treatment of drug addiction. We have determined the atomic structure of the M5 mAChR bound to the clinically used inverse agonist tiotropium. The M5 mAChR structure now allows for a full comparison of all five mAChR subtypes and reveals subtle differences in the extracellular loop (ECL) regions of the receptor that mediate orthosteric and allosteric ligand selectivity. Together these findings open the door for future structure-based design of selective drugs that target this therapeutically important class of receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vuckovic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berizzi, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirata, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Westhuizen, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, W. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmead, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thal, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystal structure of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Primary complex motor stereotypies are associated with de novo damaging DNA coding mutations that identify candidate risk genes and biological pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/730952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor stereotypies are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, or sensory deprivation, as well as in typically developing children ("primary" stereotypies, CMS). The precise pathophysiological mechanism for motor stereotypies is unknown, although genetic etiologies have been suggested. In this study, we perform whole-exome DNA sequencing in 129 parent-child trios with CMS and 853 control trios (118 cases and 750 controls after quality control). We report an increased rate of de novo predicted-damaging variants in CMS versus controls, identifying KDM5B as a high-confidence risk gene and estimating 184 genes conferring risk. Genes harboring de novo damaging variants in CMS probands show significant overlap with those in Tourette syndrome, ASD candidate genes, and those in ASD probands with high stereotypy scores. Furthermore, exploratory biological pathway and gene ontology analysis highlight histone demethylation, organism development, cell motility, glucocorticoid receptor pathway, and ion channel transport. Continued sequencing of CMS trios will identify more risk genes and allow greater insights into biological mechanisms of stereotypies across diagnostic boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kline, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajendran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Augustine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, C. A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olfson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/730952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Primary complex motor stereotypies are associated with de novo damaging DNA coding mutations that identify candidate risk genes and biological pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of execution modes in the extrinsic apoptosis signaling network via Bayesian inference methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/732396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mathematical models of biochemical reaction networks are central to the study of dynamic cellular processes and hypothesis generation that informs experimentation and validation. Unfortunately, model parameters are often not available and sparse experimental data leads to challenges in model calibration and parameter estimation. This can in turn lead to unreliable mechanistic interpretations of experimental data and the generation of poorly conceived hypotheses for experimental validation. To address this challenge, we evaluate whether a Bayesian-inspired probability-based approach, that incorporates available information regarding reaction network topology and parameters, can be used to qualitatively explore hypothetical biochemical network execution mechanisms in the context of limited available data. We test our approach on a model of extrinsic apoptosis execution to identify preferred signal execution modes across varying conditions. Apoptosis signal processing can take place either through a mitochondria independent (Type I) mode or a mitochondria dependent (Type II) mode. We first show that in silico knockouts, represented by model subnetworks, successfully identify the most likely execution mode for specific concentrations of key molecular regulators. We then show that changes in molecular regulator concentrations alter the overall reaction flux through the network by shifting the primary route of signal flow between the direct caspase and mitochondrial pathways. Our work thus demonstrates that probabilistic approaches can be used to explore the qualitative dynamic behavior of model biochemical systems even with missing or sparse data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kochen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/732396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of execution modes in the extrinsic apoptosis signaling network via Bayesian inference methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression profiling of the mature C. elegans nervous system by single-cell RNA-Sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A single neuron and its synapses define the fundamental structural motif of the brain but the underlying gene expression programs that specify individual neuron types are poorly understood. To address this question in a model organism, we have produced a gene expression profile of >90% of the individual neuron classes in the C. elegans nervous system, an ensemble of neurons for which both the anatomy and connectivity are uniquely defined at single cell resolution. We generated single cell transcriptomes for 52,412 neurons that resolve as clusters corresponding to 109 of the canonical 118 neuron classes in the mature hermaphrodite nervous system. Detailed analysis revealed molecular signatures that further subdivide identified classes into specific neuronal subtypes. Notably, neuropeptide-related genes are often differentially expressed between subtypes of the given neuron class which points to distinct functional characteristics. All of these data are publicly available at our website (http://www.cengen.org) and can be interrogated at the web application SCeNGEA (https://cengen.shinyapps.io/SCeNGEA). We expect that this gene expression catalog will spur the goal of delineating the underlying mechanisms that define the developmental lineage, detailed anatomy, synaptic connectivity and function of each type of C. elegans neuron.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santpere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenwinkel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sestan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression profiling of the mature C. elegans nervous system by single-cell RNA-Sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective enhancement of object representations through multisensory integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/740555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objects are the fundamental building blocks of how we create a representation of the external world. One major distinction amongst objects is between those that are animate versus inanimate. Many objects are specified by more than a single sense, yet the nature by which multisensory objects are represented by the brain remains poorly understood. Using representational similarity analysis of human EEG signals, we show enhanced encoding of audiovisual objects when compared to their corresponding visual and auditory objects. Surprisingly, we discovered the often-found processing advantages for animate objects was not evident in a multisensory context due to greater neural enhancement of inanimate objects--the more weakly encoded objects under unisensory conditions. Further analysis showed that the selective enhancement of inanimate audiovisual objects corresponded with an increase in shared representations across brain areas, suggesting that neural enhancement was mediated by multisensory integration. Moreover, a distance-to-bound analysis provided critical links between neural findings and behavior. Improvements in neural decoding at the individual exemplar level for audiovisual inanimate objects predicted reaction time differences between multisensory and unisensory presentations during a go/no-go animate categorization task. Interestingly, links between neural activity and behavioral measures were most prominent 100 to 200ms and 350 to 500ms after stimulus presentation, corresponding to time periods associated with sensory evidence accumulation and decision-making, respectively. Collectively, these findings provide key insights into a fundamental process the brain uses to maximize information it captures across sensory systems to perform object recognition.nnSignificance StatementOur world is filled with an ever-changing milieu of sensory information that we are able to seamlessly transform into meaningful perceptual experience. We accomplish this feat by combining different features from our senses to construct objects. However, despite the fact that our senses do not work in isolation but rather in concert with each other, little is known about how the brain combines the senses together to form object representations. Here, we used EEG and machine learning to study how the brain processes auditory, visual, and audiovisual objects. Surprisingly, we found that non-living objects, the objects which were more difficult to process with one sense alone, benefited the most from engaging multiple senses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tovar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/740555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective enhancement of object representations through multisensory integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-State Design of Flexible Proteins Predicts Sequences Optimal for Conformational Change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational protein design of an ensemble of conformations for one protein - i.e., multi-state design - determines the side chain identity by optimizing the energetic contributions of that side chain in each of the backbone conformations. Sampling the resulting large sequence-structure search space limits the number of conformations and the size of proteins in multi-state design algorithms. Here, we demonstrated that the REstrained CONvergence (RECON) algorithm can simultaneously evaluate the sequence of large proteins that undergo substantial conformational changes, such as viral surface glycoproteins. Simultaneous optimization of side chain conformations across all conformations resulted in an increase of 30% to 40% in sequence conservation when compared to single-state designs. More importantly, the sampled sequence space of RECON designs resembled the evolutionary sequence space of functional proteins. This finding was especially true for sequence positions that require substantial changes in their local environment across an ensemble of conformations. To quantify this rewiring of contacts at a certain position in sequence and structure, we introduced a new metric designated  contact proximity deviation that enumerates contact map changes. This measure allows mapping of global conformational changes into local side chain proximity adjustments, a property not captured by traditional global similarity metrics such as RMSD or local similarity metrics such as changes in {varphi} and {psi} angles.nnAuthor SummaryMulti-state design can be used to engineer proteins that need to exist in multiple conformations or that bind to multiple partner molecules. In essence, multi-state design selects a compromise of protein sequences that allow for an ensemble of protein conformations, or states, associated with a particular biological function. In this paper, we used the REstrained CONvergence (RECON) algorithm with Rosetta to show that multi-state design of flexible proteins predicts sequences optimal for conformational change, mimicking mutation preferences sampled in evolution. Modeling optimal local side chain physicochemical environments within an ensemble selected significantly more native-like sequences than selections performed when all conformations states are designed independently. This outcome was particularly true for amino acids whose local side chain environment change between conformations. To quantify such contact map changes, we introduced a novel metric to show that sequence conservation is dependent on protein flexibility, i.e., changes in local side chain environments between stated limit the space of tolerated mutations. Additionally, such positions in sequence and structure are more likely to be energetically frustrated, at least in some states. Importantly, we showed that multi-state design over an ensemble of conformations (space) can explore evolutionary tolerated sequence space (time), thus enabling RECON to not only design proteins that require multiple states for function but also predict mutations that might be tolerated in native proteins but have not yet been explored by evolution. The latter aspect can be important to anticipate escape mutations, for example in pathogens or oncoproteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sauer, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sevy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-State Design of Flexible Proteins Predicts Sequences Optimal for Conformational Change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aquila_stLFR: assembly based variant calling package for stLFR and hybrid assembly for linked-reads 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/742239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationIdentifying structural variants (SVs) is of critical importance in health and disease, however, detecting them remains a scientific and computing challenge. Several linked-read sequencing technologies, including 10X linked-read, TELL-Seq, and single tube long fragment read (stLFR), have been recently developed as cost-effective approaches to reconstruct multi-megabase haplotypes (phase blocks) from sequence data of a single sample. These technologies provide an optimal sequencing platform to characterize SVs, though few computational algorithms can utilize them. Thus, we developed Aquila_stLFR, an approach that resolves SVs through haplotype-based assembly of stLFR linked-reads.

ResultsAquila_stLFR first partitions LFRs into two haplotype-specific blocks, by taking advantage of the potential phasing ability of the linked-read itself. Each haplotype is then assembled independently, to achieve a complete diploid assembly to finally reconstruct the genome-wide SVs. We benchmarked Aquila_stLFR on a well-studied sample, NA24385, and showed Aquila_stLFR can detect medium to large size (50bp - 10kb) deletions with a high sensitivity and insertions with a high specificity.

AvailabilitySource code and documentation are available on https://github.com/maiziex/Aquila_stLFR.

Contactmaizie.zhou@vanderbilt.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dill, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/742239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aquila_stLFR: assembly based variant calling package for stLFR and hybrid assembly for linked-reads]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCL-1 inhibition by selective BH3 mimetics disrupts mitochondrial dynamics in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/743922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MCL-1 is a well characterized inhibitor of cell death that has also been shown to be a regulator of mitochondrial dynamics in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We used cardiomyocytes derived from hPSCs (hPSC-CMs) to uncover whether MCL-1 is crucial for cardiac function and survival. Inhibition of MCL-1 by BH3 mimetics, resulted in the disruption of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics as well as disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Interfering with MCL-1 function affects the homeostatic proximity of DRP-1 and MCL-1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in decreased functionality of hPSC-CMs. BH3 mimetics targeting MCL-1 are promising anti-tumor therapeutics. Cardiomyocytes display abnormal functional cardiac performance even after caspase inhibition, supporting a non-apoptotic activity of MCL-1 in hPSC-CMs. Progression towards using BCL-2 family inhibitors, especially targeting MCL-1, depends on understanding not only its canonical function in preventing apoptosis, but also in the maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neininger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/743922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCL-1 inhibition by selective BH3 mimetics disrupts mitochondrial dynamics in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PLD3 is a neuronal lysosomal phospholipase D associated with β-amyloid plaques and cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/746222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) is a protein of unclear function that structurally resembles other members of the phospholipase D superfamily. A coding variant in this gene confers increased risk for the development of Alzheimers disease (AD), although the magnitude of this effect has been controversial. Because of the potential significance of this obscure protein, we undertook a study to determine whether PLD3 is relevant to memory and cognition in sporadic AD, to observe its distribution in normal human brain and AD-affected brain, to describe its subcellular localization, and to evaluate its molecular function. PLD3 mRNA levels in the human pre-frontal cortex inversely correlated with {beta}-amyloid pathology severity and rate of cognitive decline in 531 participants enrolled in the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. PLD3 levels across genetically diverse BXD mouse strains and strains crossed with 5xFAD mice correlated strongly with learning and memory performance in a fear conditioning task. In human neuropathological samples, PLD3 was primarily found within neurons and colocalized with lysosome markers (LAMP2, progranulin, and cathepsins D and B). This colocalization was also present in AD brain with prominent enrichment on lysosomal accumulations within dystrophic neurites surrounding {beta}-amyloid plaques. This pattern of protein distribution was conserved in mouse brain in wild type and the 5xFAD mouse model of cerebral {beta}-amyloidosis. We discovered PLD3 has phospholipase D activity in lysosomes. A coding variant in PLD3 reported to confer AD risk significantly reduced enzymatic activity compared to wild-type PLD3. In summary, this study identified a new functional mammalian phospholipase D isoform which is lysosomal and closely associated with both {beta}-amyloid pathology and cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nackenoff, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akers, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/746222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PLD3 is a neuronal lysosomal phospholipase D associated with β-amyloid plaques and cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus-specific information flow across the canonical cortical microcircuit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The vast majority of mammalian neocortex consists of a stereotypical microcircuit, the canonical cortical microcircuit (CCM), consisting of a granular input layer, positioned between superficial and deep layers. Due to this uniform layout, neuronal activation tends to follow a similar laminar sequence, with unique information extracted at each step. For example, the primate primary visual cortex (V1) combines the two eyes signals, extracts stimulus orientation and modulates its activity depending on stimulus history. Several theories have been proposed on when and where these processes happen within the CCMs laminar activation sequence, but it has been methodologically challenging to test these hypotheses. Here, we use time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to decode information regarding the eye-of-origin, stimulus orientation and stimulus repetition from simultaneously measured spiking responses across V1s laminar microcircuit. We find that eye-of-origin information was decodable for the entire duration of stimulus presentation, but diminished in the deepest layers of V1, consistent with the notion that two eyes signals are combined within the upper layers. Conversely, orientation information was transient and equally pronounced across the microcircuit, in line with the idea that this information is relayed to other areas for further processing. Moreover, when stimuli were repeated, information regarding orientation was enhanced at the expense of eye-of origin information, suggesting that V1 modulates information flow to optimize specific stimulus dimensions. Taken together, these findings provide empirical evidence that adjudicates between long-standing hypotheses and reveals how information transfer within the CCM supports unique cortical functions.nnSignificance StatementDespite the brains daunting complexity, there are common organizing principles across brain areas. For example, neocortical activation follows a stereotypical pattern that spreads from input layers towards layers above and below. While this activation pattern is well known, it has been challenging to ascertain how unique types of information are extracted within this common sequence in different brain areas. Here we use machine learning to track the flow of stimulus-specific information across the layers of visual cortex. We found that information regarding several separate stimulus dimensions was routed uniquely within the common activation sequence in a manner that confirmed prior model predictions. This finding demonstrates how differences in information flow within the stereotypical neocortical activation sequence shape area-specific functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tovar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus-specific information flow across the canonical cortical microcircuit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals profibrotic roles of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/753806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary fibrosis is a form of chronic lung disease characterized by pathologic epithelial remodeling and accumulation of extracellular matrix. In order to comprehensively define the cell types, mechanisms and mediators driving fibrotic remodeling in lungs with pulmonary fibrosis, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of single-cell suspensions from 10 non-fibrotic control and 20 PF lungs. Analysis of 114,396 cells identified 31 distinct cell types. We report a remarkable shift in epithelial cell phenotypes occurs in the peripheral lung in PF, and identify several previously unrecognized epithelial cell phenotypes including a KRT5-/KRT17+, pathologic ECM-producing epithelial cell population that was highly enriched in PF lungs. Multiple fibroblast subtypes were observed to contribute to ECM expansion in a spatially-discrete manner. Together these data provide high-resolution insights into the complexity and plasticity of the distal lung epithelium in human disease, and indicate a diversity of epithelial and mesenchymal cells contribute to pathologic lung fibrosis.nnOne Sentence SummarySingle-cell RNA-sequencing provides new insights into pathologic epithelial and mesenchymal remodeling in the human lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habermann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yahn, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonnell, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loyd, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bremner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/753806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals profibrotic roles of distinct epithelial and mesenchymal lineages in pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of early acoustic experience in song discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscine songbirds are an ideal system for investigating how early experience affects behavior. Young songbirds face a challenging task: how to recognize and selectively learn only their own species song, often during a time-limited window. Because birds are capable of hearing birdsong very early in life, early exposure to song could plausibly affect recognition of appropriate models; however, this idea conflicts with the traditional view that song learning occurs only after a bird leaves the nest. Thus, it remains unknown whether natural variation in acoustic exposure prior to song learning affects the template for recognition. In a population where sister species, golden-crowned and white-crowned sparrows, breed syntopically, we found that nestlings discriminate between heterospecific and conspecific song playbacks prior to the onset of song memorization. We then asked whether natural exposure to more frequent or louder heterospecific song explained any variation in golden-crowned nestling response to heterospecific song playbacks. We characterized the amount of each species song audible in golden-crowned sparrow nests and showed that even in a relatively small area, the ratio of heterospecific to conspecific song exposure varies widely. However, although many songbirds hear and respond to acoustic signals before fledging, golden-crowned sparrow nestlings that heard different amounts of heterospecific song did not behave differently in response to heterospecific playbacks. This study provides the first evidence that song discrimination at the onset of song learning is robust to the presence of closely related heterospecifics in nature, which may be an important adaptation in sympatry between potentially interbreeding taxa.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hudson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shizuka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of early acoustic experience in song discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The CRY1 tail controls circadian timing by regulating its association with CLOCK:BMAL1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/758714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms are generated by a transcription-translation feedback loop that establishes cell-autonomous biological timing of ~24-hours. A prevalent human variation in the core clock gene cryptochrome 1, Cry1{Delta}11, lengthens circadian period to cause Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD). CRY1 has a 55 kDa photolyase homology region (PHR) followed by a ~100 residue tail that is intrinsically disordered; the {Delta}11 variant lacks a short segment encoded by Exon 11 within its tail. We show here that the disordered tail of CRY1 interacts directly with its PHR, and that Exon 11 is necessary and sufficient to disrupt the interaction between CRY1 and CLOCK, a subunit of the primary circadian transcription factor. Competition between PER2 and the tail for the CRY1 PHR suggests a regulatory role for the tail in the early morning, when CRY1 binds to CLOCK:BMAL1 on DNA independently of PER2. Discovery of this autoregulatory role for mammalian CRY1 highlights functional conservation with plant and insect cryptochromes, which also utilize PHR-tail interactions to reversibly control their activity.nnOne Sentence SummaryThe disordered tail of the CRY1 protein regulates interactions between CRY1 and other core circadian rhythm proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parico, G. C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fribourgh, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partch, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/758714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The CRY1 tail controls circadian timing by regulating its association with CLOCK:BMAL1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cigarette Smoke Exposure Impairs β-Cell Function Through Activation of Oxidative Stress and Ceramide Accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesEpidemiological studies indicate that first- and second-hand cigarette smoke (CS) exposure are important risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, elevated diabetes risk has been reported to occur within a short period of time after smoking cessation, and health risks associated with smoking are increased when combined with obesity. At present, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to test the impact of CS exposure on pancreatic {beta}-cell function using rodent and in vitro models.nnMethodsBeginning at 8 weeks of age, C57BL/6J mice were concurrently fed high fat-diet (HFD) and exposed to CS for 11 weeks, followed by an additional 11 weeks of smoking cessation with continued HFD exposure. Glucose tolerance testing was performed during CS exposure and during the cessation period. Cultured {beta}-cells (INS-1) and primary islets were exposed ex vivo to CS extract (CSE), and {beta}-cell function and viability were tested. Since CS increases ceramide in lungs cells and these bioactive sphingolipids have been implicated in pancreatic {beta}-cell dysfunction in diabetes, islet and {beta}-cell sphingolipid levels were measured in islets from CS-exposed mice and in CSE-treated islets and INS-1 cells using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.nnResultsCompared to HFD-fed ambient air-exposed mice, HFD-fed and CS- exposed mice had reduced weight gain and better glucose tolerance during the active smoking period. Following smoking cessation, CS-mice exhibited rapid weight gain and a significantly greater increase in glucose intolerance compared to non-smoking control mice. CS-exposed mice had higher serum proinsulin/insulin ratios, indicative of {beta}-cell dysfunction, significantly lower {beta}-cell mass (p=0.02), and reduced {beta}-cell proliferation (p=0.006), and increased islet ceramide accumulation. Ex vivo exposure of isolated islets to CSE was sufficient to increase islet ceramide accumulation, reduce insulin gene expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and increase {beta}-cell oxidative and ER stress. Treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, markedly attenuated the effects of CSE on ceramide levels, restored {beta}-cell function and survival, and increased cyclin D2 expression, while also reducing activation of {beta}-cell ER and oxidative stress.nnConclusionsOur results indicate that CS exposure inhibits insulin production, processing, and secretion and reduced {beta}-cell viability and proliferation. These effects were linked to increased {beta}-cell oxidative and ER stress and ceramide accumulation. Mice fed HFD continued to experience detrimental effects of CS exposure even during smoking cessation. Elucidation of mechanisms by which CS exposure impairs {beta}-cell function in synergy with obesity will help design therapeutic and preventive interventions for both active and former smokers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bone, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanojia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maddatu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrache, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kono, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/761007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cigarette Smoke Exposure Impairs β-Cell Function Through Activation of Oxidative Stress and Ceramide Accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Application of long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to motion-sensitive visual cortex does not lead to changes in motion perception 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/766428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The perception of visual motion is dependent on a set of occipitotemporal regions which are readily accessible to neuromodulation. Previous studies using paired-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (ppTMS) have provided evidence of the capacity of this type of protocols to modulate cognitive processes. To test whether such cortical modulation can be observed in the visual system, particularly during motion perception, ppTMS was applied to the occipital cortex using both scalp-based and meta-analytic targeting coordinates. In this within-subject, sham-controlled study, fifteen subjects completed two sessions in two consecutive weeks. On the first visit, subject-specific resting motor threshold (RMT) was determined and participants performed an adaptive motion discrimination task to determine individual motion sensitivity. During the second visit, subjects performed the same task with three individualized difficulty levels as two TMS pulses were delivered respectively -150 and -50 ms prior to motion stimulus onset at 120% RMT, under the logic that the cumulative inhibitory effect of these two pulses would alter motion sensitivity as measured by the individually calibrated task. The ppTMS was delivered at one of two locations: 3 cm dorsal and 5 cm lateral to inion (scalp-based coordinate), or at the site of peak activation for "motion" according to the NeuroSynth fMRI database (meta-analytic coordinate). Sham stimulation was delivered on one-third of trials and evenly between the two targets. Analyses showed no significant active-versus-sham effects of ppTMS when stimulation was delivered to the meta-analytic (p = 0.15) or scalp-based coordinates (p = 0.17), which were separated by 29 mm on average. Additionally, there was no was significant interaction between ppTMS at either location and task difficulty level (p = 0.12 and p = 0.33, respectively). These findings fail to support the hypothesis that long-interval ppTMS recruits inhibitory processes in motion-sensitive cortex, but must be considered within the limits of the current design choices.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LILong-interval paired-pulse TMS was applied to visual cortex during a motion tasknC_LIO_LIThe ppTMS was delivered according to scalp and meta-analytic coordinates, as well as shamnC_LIO_LINo effects of active-versus-sham stimulation were observed on motion task performancenC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamboa, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brito, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abzug, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DArbeloff, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beynel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannhauer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilbig, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donaldson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeza, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterchev, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommer, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appelbaum, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/766428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Application of long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to motion-sensitive visual cortex does not lead to changes in motion perception]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence that vertical transmission of the vaginal microbiota can persist into adolescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/768598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundFactors that influence vaginal microbiota composition, including its source, are not well understood. To determine if vaginal microbiota transmission from mother to daughter at birth influences the human vaginal microbiota composition in adolescence, we investigated the relationship between the vaginal microbiota of 13 mother/daughter pairs and the daughters birth mode.

ResultsBased on analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences, the vaginal microbiotas of mother/daughter pairs were more similar to each other if the daughter was born by vaginal delivery rather than by C-section. Additionally, genome sequences from an important member of the vaginal microbiota, Lactobacillus crispatus, isolated from one mother/daughter pair in which the daughter was born by vaginal delivery, were highly similar.

ConclusionsBoth community-level analysis and isolate genome sequence analysis are consistent with birth-mode dependent transmission and persistence of at least some members of the vaginal microbiota.

ImportanceThe composition of the human vaginal microbiota is related to many aspects of health from infection susceptibility to preterm birth. Our study provides evidence that transmission of vaginal bacteria from mother to daughter at birth may be an important factor influencing vaginal microbiota composition into adolescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bassis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bullock, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saund, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alaniz, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quint, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/768598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence that vertical transmission of the vaginal microbiota can persist into adolescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural Mechanisms for Executive Control of Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The balance of speed with accuracy requires error detection and performance adaptation. To date, neural concomitants of these processes have been investigated only with noninvasive measures. To provide the first neurophysiological description, macaque monkeys performed visual search under cued speed accuracy tradeoff (SAT). Monkeys changed SAT emphasis immediately after a cued switch while neuron discharges were sampled in medial frontal cortex area supplementary eye field (SEF). A multiplicity of SEF neurons signaled production of choice errors and timing errors. Modulation of SEF activity after choice errors predicted production of un-rewarded corrective saccades. Modulation of activity after timing errors signaled reward prediction error. Adaptation of performance during SAT of visual search was accomplished through pronounced changes in neural state from before search array presentation until after reward delivery. These results contextualize previous findings using noninvasive measures, complement neurophysiological findings in visuomotor structures, endorse the role of medial frontal cortex as a critic relative to the actor instantiated in visuomotor structures, and extend our understanding of the distributed neural mechanisms of SAT.nnHIGHLIGHTSO_LIMedial frontal cortex enables post-error adjustment during SATnC_LIO_LIChoice and timing errors were signaled by partially overlapping neural poolsnC_LIO_LIMedial frontal cortex can proactively modulate visuomotor processesnC_LIO_LIMedial frontal cortex is to visuomotor circuits as critic to actornC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reppert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural Mechanisms for Executive Control of Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence and Structural Determinants of Ligand-dependent Alternating Access of a MATE Transporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MATE transporters are ubiquitous ion-coupled antiporters that extrude structurally- and chemically-dissimilar molecules and have been implicated in conferring multidrug resistance. Here, we integrate Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) in conjunction with functional assays and site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues to illuminate principles of ligand-dependent alternating access of PfMATE, a proton-coupled MATE from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Pairs of spin labels monitoring the two sides of the transporter reconstituted into nanodiscs reveal large amplitude movement of helices that alter the orientation of a putative substrate binding cavity. We found that acidic pH favors formation of an inward-facing (IF) conformation, whereas elevated pH (>7) and the substrate rhodamine 6G stabilizes an outward-facing (OF) conformation. PfMATE isomerization between outward-facing and inward-facing conformations is driven by protonation of a previously unidentified intracellular glutamate residue that is critical for drug resistance. Our results can be framed in a mechanistic model of transport that addresses central aspects of ligand coupling and alternating access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jagessar, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claxton, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence and Structural Determinants of Ligand-dependent Alternating Access of a MATE Transporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myt Transcription Factors prevent stress-response gene over-activation to enable postnatal pancreatic β cell proliferation and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although stress response maintains cell function and survival under adverse conditions, over-activation of late-stage stress-gene effectors causes dysfunction and death. Here we show that the Myelin Transcription Factors (Myt 1, 2, and 3 TFs) prevent this over-activation. Co-inactivating Myt TFs in mouse pancreatic progenitors compromised postnatal {beta}-cell function, proliferation, and survival, preceded by upregulation of late-stage stress-response genes Activating Transcription Factors (e.g., Atf4) and Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps). Myt1 binds the putative enhancers of Atf4 and Hsps, whose over-expression in mouse {beta} cells largely recapitulated the Myt mutant phenotypes. Moreover, Myt(MYT)-TF levels were upregulated in functional mouse and human {beta} cells by metabolic stress but downregulated in those of type 2 diabetic islets that display ATF4 and HSP over-activation. Lastly, human MYT knockdown caused stress-gene over-activation and death in Endo-{beta}H1 cells. These findings suggest that the Myt TFs restrict stress-response to physiologically tolerable levels in mice and human.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golovin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myt Transcription Factors prevent stress-response gene over-activation to enable postnatal pancreatic β cell proliferation and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep Mutational Scan of a cardiac sodium channel voltage sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/773887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants in ion channel genes have classically been studied in low-throughput by patch clamping. Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS) is a complementary approach that can simultaneously assess function of thousands of variants. We have developed and validated a method to perform a DMS of variants in SCN5A, which encodes the major voltage-gated sodium channel in the heart. We created a library of nearly all possible variants in a 36 base region of SCN5A in the S4 voltage sensor of domain IV and stably integrated the library into HEK293T cells. In preliminary experiments, challenge with three drugs (veratridine, brevetoxin, and ouabain) could discriminate wildtype channels from gain and loss of function pathogenic variants. High-throughput sequencing of the pre- and post-drug challenge pools was used to count the prevalence of each variant and identify variants with abnormal function. The DMS scores identified 40 putative gain of function and 33 putative loss of function variants. For 8/9 variants, patch clamping data was consistent with the scores. These experiments demonstrate the accuracy of a high-throughput in vitro scan of SCN5A variant function, which can be used to identify deleterious variants in SCN5A and other ion channel genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matreyek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/773887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep Mutational Scan of a cardiac sodium channel voltage sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A post-processing algorithm for building longitudinal medication dose data from extracted medication information using natural language processing from electronic health records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe developed a post-processing algorithm to convert raw natural language processing (NLP) output from electronic health records (EHRs) into a usable format for analysis. This algorithm was specifically developed for creating datasets for use in medication-based studies.

Materials and MethodsThe algorithm was developed using output from two NLP systems, MedXN and medExtractR. We extracted medication information from deidentified clinical notes from Vanderbilts EHR system for two medications, tacrolimus and lamotrigine. The algorithm consists of two parts. Part I parses the raw NLP output and connects entities together. Part II removes redundancies and calculates dose intake and daily dose. We evaluated each part by comparing to human-determined gold standards that were generated using approximately 300 records from 10 subjects for each medication and each NLP system.

ResultsThe algorithm performed well. For MedXN, the F-measures were at or above 0.99 for Part I and at or above 0.97 for Part II. For medExtractR, the F-measures for Part I were 1.00 and for Part II they were at or above 0.98.

DiscussionOur post-processing algorithm was developed separately from an NLP system, making it easier to modify and generalize to other systems. It performed well to convert NLP output to analyzable data, but it cannot perform well in certain cases, such as when incorrect information is extracted by the NLP system.

ConclusionOur post-processing algorithm provides a way to convert raw NLP output to a form that is useful for medication-based studies, leading to more opportunities to use EHR data for diverse studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McNeer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeks, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A post-processing algorithm for building longitudinal medication dose data from extracted medication information using natural language processing from electronic health records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commensal-derived succinate enhances tuft cell specification and suppresses ileal inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longitudinal analysis of Crohn's disease (CD) incidence has identified an inverse correlation with helminth infestation and recent studies have revealed that intestinal tuft cell hyperplasia is critical for helminth response. Tuft cell frequency was decreased in the inflamed ilea of CD patients and a mouse model of TNF-induced Crohn's-like ileitis (TNF{Delta}ARE). Single-cell RNA sequencing paired with unbiased differential trajectory analysis of the tuft cell lineage in a genetic model of tuft cell hyperplasia (AtohKO) demonstrated that the tuft cell lineage had increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle gene signatures. Commensal microbiome-derived succinate was detected in the ileal lumen of these animals while microbiome depletion suppressed tuft cell hyperplasia. Therapeutic succinate treatment in TNF{Delta}ARE animals reduced pathology in correlation with induced tuft cell specification. We provide evidence implicating the modulatory role of intestinal tuft cells in chronic intestinal inflammation, which could facilitate leveraging this rare and elusive cell type for CD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herring, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoville, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commensal-derived succinate enhances tuft cell specification and suppresses ileal inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter MCU is required for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/781161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is central to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Whether Ca2+ uptake into pancreatic {beta}-cell mitochondria potentiates or antagonises this process is still a matter of debate. Although the mitochondrial importer (MCU) complex is thought to represent the main route for Ca2+ transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, its role in {beta}-cells has not previously been examined in vivo. Here, we inactivated the pore-forming subunit MCUa (MCU) selectively in the {beta}-cell in mice using Ins1Cre-mediated recombination. Glucose-stimulated mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation, ATP production and insulin secretion were strongly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) inhibited in MCU null animals ({beta}MCU-KO) in vitro. Interestingly, cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations increased (p<0.001) whereas mitochondrial membrane depolarisation improved in {beta}MCU-KO animals. Male {beta}MCU-KO mice displayed impaired in vivo insulin secretion at 5 (p<0.001) but not 15 min. post intraperitoneal (IP) injection of glucose while the opposite phenomenon was observed following an oral gavage at 5 min. Unexpectedly, glucose tolerance was improved (p<0.05) in young {beta}MCU-KO (<12 weeks), but not older animals. We conclude that MCU is crucial for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in pancreatic {beta}-cells and is required for normal GSIS. The apparent compensatory mechanisms which maintain glucose tolerance in {beta}MCU-KO mice remain to be established.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haythorne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiadou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickerson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Noriega, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pullen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Xavier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Sanchez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semplici, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGinty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cane, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leclerc, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutter, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/781161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter MCU is required for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An optimized procedure for robust volitional drug intake in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/786616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Substance use disorder is a behavioral disorder characterized by volitional drug consumption, compulsive behavior, drug seeking, and relapse. Mouse models of substance use disorder allow for the use of molecular, genetic, and circuit level tools, which provide enormous potential for defining the underlying mechanisms of this disorder. However, the relevance of results depends entirely on the validity of the mouse models used. Self-administration models have long been considered the gold standard of preclinical addiction models, as they allow for volitional drug use, this providing strong face validity. In a series of experiments, we show that traditional mouse models of self-administration, where behavior is maintained on a fixed-ratio one schedule of reinforcement, show similar levels of responding in the presence and absence of drug delivery - demonstrating that it is impossible to determine when intake is and is not volitional. Further, when assessing inclusion criteria, we find a sex-bias in exclusion criteria where females that acquired food self-administration were eliminated when traditional criteria were applied. To address these issues, we have developed a novel mouse self-administration procedure where animals do not need to be pre-trained on food and behavior is maintained on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. This procedure increases rates of reinforcement behavior, increases levels of drug intake, and eliminates sex bias in inclusion criteria. Together, these data highlight a major issue with fixed-ratio models in mice that complicates subsequent analysis and provide a simple and novel approach to minimize these confounds with escalating variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunnath, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachry, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibeault, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutlu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/786616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An optimized procedure for robust volitional drug intake in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project was established to characterize genetic effects on the transcriptome across human tissues, and to link these regulatory mechanisms to trait and disease associations. Here, we present analyses of the v8 data, based on 17,382 RNA-sequencing samples from 54 tissues of 948 post-mortem donors. We comprehensively characterize genetic associations for gene expression and splicing in cis and trans, showing that regulatory associations are found for almost all genes, and describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and their contribution to allelic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of complex traits. Leveraging the large diversity of tissues, we provide insights into the tissue-specificity of genetic effects, and show that cell type composition is a key factor in understanding gene regulatory mechanisms in human tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasela, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsana, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fresard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaamzon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segrc, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wucher, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handsaker, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouhana, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todres, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermitzakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelhardt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thickness of deep layers in the fusiform face area predicts face recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People with superior face recognition have relatively thin cortex in face-selective brain areas, while those with superior vehicle recognition have relatively thick cortex in the same areas. We suggest that these opposite correlations reflect distinct mechanisms influencing cortical thickness (CT) for abilities acquired at different points in development. We explore a new prediction regarding the specificity of these effects through the depth of the cortex: that face recognition selectively and negatively correlates with thickness of the deepest laminar subdivision in face-selective areas. With ultra-high resolution MRI at 7T, we estimated the thickness of three laminar subdivisions, which we term MR layers, in the right fusiform face area (rFFA) in 14 adult male humans. Face recognition was negatively associated with the thickness of deep MR layers, while vehicle recognition was positively related to the thickness of all layers. Regression model comparisons provided overwhelming support for a model specifying that the magnitude of the association between face recognition and CT differs across MR layers (deep vs. superficial/middle) while the magnitude of the association between vehicle recognition and CT is invariant across layers. The total CT of rFFA accounted for 69% of the variance in face recognition, and thickness of the deep layer alone accounted for 84% of this variance. Our findings demonstrate the functional validity of MR laminar estimates in FFA. Studying the structural basis of individual differences for multiple abilities in the same cortical area can reveal effects of distinct mechanisms that are not apparent when studying average variation or development.nnSignificance StatementFace and object recognition vary in the normal population and are only modestly related to each other. The recognition of faces and vehicles are both positively related to neural responses in the fusiform face area (FFA), but show different relations to the cortical thickness of FFA. Here, we use very high-resolution MRI, and find that face recognition ability (a skill acquired early in life) is negatively correlated with thickness of FFAs deepest MR-defined layers, whereas recognition of vehicles (a skill acquired later in life) is positively related to thickness at of all cortical layers. Our methods can be used in the future to characterize sources of variability in human abilities and relate them to distinct mechanisms of neural plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGugin, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamber-Rosenau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomarken, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thickness of deep layers in the fusiform face area predicts face recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural variation in the contribution of microbial density to inducible immune dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune responses evolve to balance the benefits of microbial killing against the costs of autoimmunity and energetic resource use. Models that explore the evolution of optimal immune responses generally include a term for constitutive immunity, or the level of immunological investment prior to microbial exposure, and for inducible immunity, or investment in immune function after microbial challenge. However, studies rarely consider the functional form of inducible immune responses with respect to microbial density, despite the theoretical dependence of immune system evolution on microbe-versus immune-mediated damage to the host. In this study, we analyze antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression from seven wild-caught flour beetle populations (Tribolium spp.) during acute infection with the virulent bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Photorhabdus luminescens (P.lum) to demonstrate that inducible immune responses mediated by the humoral IMD pathway exhibit natural variation in both microbe density-dependent and independent temporal dynamics. Beetle populations that exhibited greater AMP expression sensitivity to Bt density were also more likely to die from infection, while populations that exhibited higher microbe density-independent AMP expression were more likely to survive P. luminescens infection. Reduction in pathway signaling efficiency through RNAi-mediated knockdown of the imd gene reduced the magnitude of both microbe-independent and dependent responses and reduced host resistance to Bt growth, but had no net effect on host survival. This study provides a framework for understanding natural variation in the flexibility of investment in inducible immune responses and should inform theory on the contribution of non-equilibrium host-microbe dynamics to immune system evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jent, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Critchlow, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural variation in the contribution of microbial density to inducible immune dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine and deep learning single-cell segmentation and quantification of multi-dimensional tissue images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/790162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasingly, highly multiplexed in situ tissue imaging methods are used to profile protein expression at the single-cell level. However, a critical limitation is a lack of robust cell segmentation tools applicable for sections of tissues with a complex architecture and multiple cell types. Using human colorectal adenomas, we present a pipeline for cell segmentation and quantification that utilizes machine learning-based pixel classification to define cellular compartments, a novel method for extending incomplete cell membranes, quantification of antibody staining, and a deep learning-based cell shape descriptor. We envision that this method can be broadly applied to different imaging platforms and tissue types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macedonia, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/790162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine and deep learning single-cell segmentation and quantification of multi-dimensional tissue images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791236v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of eye-centered and landmark-centered codes in frontal eye field gaze responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/791236v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The visual system is thought to separate egocentric and allocentric representations, but behavioral experiments show that these codes are optimally integrated to influence goal-directed movements. To test if frontal cortex participates in this integration process, we recorded primate frontal eye field (FEF) activity during a cue-conflict memory delay saccade task. To dissociate egocentric and allocentric coordinates, we surreptitiously shifted a visual landmark during the delay period, causing saccades to deviate by 37% in the same direction. To assess the cellular mechanisms, we fit neural response fields against an egocentric (eye centered target-to-gaze) continuum, and an allocentric shift (eye-to-landmark centered) continuum. Initial visual responses best fit target position. Motor responses (after the landmark shift) predicted future gaze position but embedded within the motor code was a 29% shift toward allocentric coordinates. This shift appeared transiently in memory-related visuomotor activity, and then reappeared in motor activity before saccades. Notably, fits along the egocentric and allocentric shift continua were initially independent, but became correlated just before the motor burst. Overall, these results implicate frontal cortex in the integration of egocentric and allocentric visual information for goal-directed action, and demonstrate the cell-specific, temporal progression of signal multiplexing for this process in the gaze system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bharmauria, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/791236</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of eye-centered and landmark-centered codes in frontal eye field gaze responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796912v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selectivity and engineering of the sialoglycan-binding spectrum in Siglec-like adhesins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/796912v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Siglec-like Serine-Rich Repeat (SRR) adhesins mediate bacterial attachment to mammalian hosts via sialoglycan receptors. Here, we combine structural, computational, biochemical, and phylogenetic approaches to elucidate the determinants of the sialoglycan-binding spectrum across the family of Siglec-like SRR adhesins. We further identified mutable positions that disproportionately affect sialoglycan selectivity, as demonstrated by increases in binding to alternative ligands of 2- to 3-orders of magnitude. Biologically, these studies highlight how bacteria nimbly modulate the receptor interaction during coevolution of host and pathogen. These studies additionally created binding proteins specific for sialyl-T antigen or 6S-sialyl LewisX that can recognize glycosylation of human plasma proteins. The engineered binding proteins can facilitate the characterization of normal cellular glycan modifications or may be used as diagnostic tools in disease states with altered glycosylation.nnSignificanceThe ability of bacteria to bind selectively to host receptors underlies both commensalism and pathogenesis. Here, we identify the molecular basis for receptor selectivity in streptococci that bind to sialoglycan receptors. This revealed how to convert these adhesins into selective probes that measure triand tetrasacharides within the context of larger glycosylations. These probes that can be used in a laboratory with no specialized equipment and can be used to address biological questions relating to sialoglycan-dependent signaling and adhesion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bensing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukachevitch, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamakawa, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadadianpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fialkowski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wawrzak, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iverson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/796912</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selectivity and engineering of the sialoglycan-binding spectrum in Siglec-like adhesins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measuring anesthetic resistance in Drosophila by VAAPR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/797209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Volatile anesthetics are compounds which are commonly used to induce a reversable loss of consciousness (LOC) in animals. The molecular mechanism of how anesthetics induce LOC is largely unknown. However, observations have been made which show that there are genetically-encoded traits which influence the effective concentration of anesthetics in the inducement of LOC. Despite this long-term observation, little progress has been made in identifying genes involved in anesthetic sensitivity. One reason for this is that many techniques to test anesthetic sensitivity are technically challenging and are inhibitory for high-throughput studies. Here we introduce a technique for testing volatiles and aerosols with positional recording (VAAPR), a method which allows for high-throughput testing of the effect of anesthetics and other aerosolized drugs using Drosophila. Using VAAPR we show that the enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) significantly shifts the concentration of diethyl ether, chloroform, and isoflurane needed to induce LOC in Drosophila. We also show that PLD is required for a paradoxical hyperactivity phenotype. We expect that this technique will allow for additional genes to be found which control anesthetic sensitivity as well as other behavioral phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clowes, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/797209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measuring anesthetic resistance in Drosophila by VAAPR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Palmitate induces apoptotic cell death and inflammasome activation in human placental macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/799718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThere is an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases worldwide. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increasingly affect women during pregnancy, which can harm pregnancy outcomes and the long-term health and wellbeing of exposed offspring. Both obesity and GDM have been associated with proinflammatory effects within the placenta, the critical organ governing fetal development.nnMethodsThe purpose of these studies was to model, in vitro, the effects of metabolic stress (high levels of glucose, insulin and saturated lipids) on placental macrophage biology, since these cells are the primary innate immune phagocyte within the placenta with roles in governing maternofetal immune tolerance and antimicrobial host defense. Macrophages were isolated from the villous core of term, human placentae delivered through nonlaboring, elective Cesarean sections and exposed to combinations of elevated glucose (30 mM), insulin (10 nM) and the saturated lipid palmitic acid (palmitate, 0.4 mM).nnResultsWe found that palmitate alone induced the activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in placental macrophages, which was associated with increased interleukin 1 beta release and an increase in apoptotic cell death. Glucose and insulin neither provoked these effects nor augmented the impact of palmitate itself.nnDiscussionOur findings confirm an impact of saturated fat on placental macrophage immune activation and could be relevant to the impact of metabolic stress in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englund-Ogge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/799718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Palmitate induces apoptotic cell death and inflammasome activation in human placental macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806943v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biased M1 positive allosteric modulators reveal novel role of phospholipase D in M1-dependent rodent cortical plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/806943v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have emerged as an exciting new approach for the potential improvement of cognitive function in patients suffering from Alzheimers disease and schizophrenia. M1 PAM discovery programs have produced a structurally diverse range of M1 PAMs with distinct pharmacological properties, including different levels of agonist activity and differences in signal bias. This includes the recent discovery of novel biased M1 PAMs that can potentiate coupling of M1 to activation of phospholipase C but not phospholipase D (PLD). However, little is known about the role of PLD in M1 signaling in native systems and it is not clear whether biased M1 PAMs will display differences in modulating M1-mediated responses in native tissue. We now report a series of studies using novel PLD inhibitors and PLD knockout mice to show that PLD is necessary for the induction of M1-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Importantly, biased M1 PAMs that do not couple to PLD not only fail to potentiate orthosteric agonist-induced LTD but also block M1-dependent LTD in the PFC. In contrast, biased and non-biased M1 PAMs act similarly in potentiating M1-dependent electrophysiological responses that are PLD-independent. These findings demonstrate that PLD plays a critical role in the ability of M1 PAMs to modulate certain CNS functions and that biased M1 PAMs function differently in brain regions implicated in cognition.nnSummaryWe demonstrate a novel role of phospholipase D in M1-dependent rodent cortical plasticity and M1 PAMs that do not couple to phospholipase D have functionally distinct effects on cortical plasticity than non-biased M1 PAMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moran, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maksymetz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faltin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niswender, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rook, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/806943</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biased M1 positive allosteric modulators reveal novel role of phospholipase D in M1-dependent rodent cortical plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chipper: Open-source software for semi-automated segmentation and analysis of birdsong and other natural sounds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/807974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAudio recording devices have changed significantly over the last 50 years, making large datasets of recordings of natural sounds, such as birdsong, easier to obtain. This increase in digital recordings necessitates an increase in high-throughput methods of analysis for researchers. Specifically, there is a need in the community for open-source methods that are tailored to recordings of varying qualities and from multiple species collected in nature.nC_LIO_LIWe developed Chipper, a Python-based software to semi-automate both the segmentation of acoustic signals and the subsequent analysis of their frequencies and durations. For avian recordings, we provide widgets to best determine appropriate thresholds for noise and syllable similarity, which aid in calculating note measurements and determining syntax. In addition, we generated a set of synthetic songs with various levels of background noise to test Chippers accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility.nC_LIO_LIChipper provides an effective way to quickly generate reproducible estimates of birdsong features. The cross-platform graphical user interface allows the user to adjust parameters and visualize the resulting spectrogram and signal segmentation, providing a simplified method for analyzing field recordings.nC_LIO_LIChipper streamlines the processing of audio recordings with multiple user-friendly tools and is optimized for multiple species and varying recording qualities. Ultimately, Chipper supports the use of citizen-science data and increases the feasibility of large-scale multi-species birdsong studies.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Searfoss, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pino, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/807974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chipper: Open-source software for semi-automated segmentation and analysis of birdsong and other natural sounds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma-derived exosomal analysis and deconvolution enables prediction and tracking of melanoma checkpoint blockade response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have demonstrated promising therapeutic benefit although a majority will not respond. Here we identify and validate predictive biomarkers from plasma-derived exosomes that allow non-invasive monitoring of tumor intrinsic and host immune status and prediction of ICI success.nnExperimental DesignTranscriptomic profiling of peripheral blood bulk exosomes and tumors from a discovery cohort of 50 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with ICI was undertaken; a further validation cohort of 30 patients was utilized to validate findings from the discovery cohort. We designed a Bayesian probabilistic model to partition bulk exosomes into tumor-specific and non-tumor-specific proportions.nnResultsExosomal RNA signatures exhibit significant correlations with tumor transcriptomes. Exosomal profiles reflect several key biological drivers of ICI resistance or melanoma progression, exhibit significantly differentially expressed genes and pathways, and correlate with and are predictive of clinical response to therapy. Our deconvolution model estimates contributions from tumor and non-tumor sources, enabling more precise interpretation of differentially-expressed genes and pathways. Exosomal RNA-seq mutational information can be used to segregate responders and non-responders.nnConclusionsPeripheral blood-derived exosomes can serve as a non-invasive biomarker to jointly probe tumor-intrinsic and immune changes to ICI, and can potentially function as predictive markers of ICI responsiveness and a monitoring tool for tumor persistence and immune activation.nnStatement of SignificanceWe use transcriptomic analysis of bulk, non-selected, peripheral blood derived exosomes to reveal both tumor-intrinsic and immune-derived signatures predictive of early response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. We develop a novel computational model to classify exosomal transcripts into tumor and non-tumor components and establish relevance in immune checkpoint blockade therapy. We show that tumor driver load from RNA-seq mutational calls are significantly different between responders and non-responders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasumova, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaud, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cintolo-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmura, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plana, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boland, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma-derived exosomal analysis and deconvolution enables prediction and tracking of melanoma checkpoint blockade response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug-tolerant idling melanoma cells exhibit theory-predicted metabolic low-low phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/809889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells adjust their metabolic profiles to evade treatment. Metabolic adaptation is complex and hence better understood by an integrated theoretical-experimental approach. Using a minimal kinetic model, we predicted a previously undescribed Low/Low (L/L) phenotype, characterized by low oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and low glycolysis. Here, we report that L/L metabolism is observed in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells that enter a drug-tolerant "idling state" upon long-term MAPK inhibition (MAPKi). Consistently, using publicly available RNA-sequencing data of both cell lines and patient samples, we show that melanoma cells decrease their glycolysis and/or OXPHOS activity upon MAPKi and converge toward the L/L phenotype. L/L metabolism is unfavorable for tumor growth, yet supports successful cell division at ~50% rate. Thus, L/L drug-tolerant idling cells are a reservoir for accumulating mutations responsible for relapse, and it should be considered as a target subpopulation for improving MAPKi outcomes in melanoma treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuchic, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/809889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug-tolerant idling melanoma cells exhibit theory-predicted metabolic low-low phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orexin signaling in GABAergic lateral habenula neurons modulates aggressive behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/811265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heightened aggression is characteristic of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and can have a wide variety of negative effects on patients, their families, and the public. Recent studies in humans and animals have implicated brain reward circuits in aggression and suggest that, in subsets of aggressive individuals, repeated domination of subordinate social targets is reinforcing. Here, we show that orexin neurons originating from the lateral hypothalamus activate a small population of GABAergic interneurons in the lateral habenula (LHb) via orexin receptor 2 (OxR2) to promote aggression and conditioned place preference (CPP) for aggression-paired contexts. Our study suggests that the orexin system is a potential target for the development of novel therapies aimed at reducing aggressive behaviors and provides the first functional evidence of a local inhibitory circuit within the LHb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flanigan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleyasin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeClair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matikainen-Ankney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janssen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestler, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiLeone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamanaka, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huntley, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/811265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orexin signaling in GABAergic lateral habenula neurons modulates aggressive behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimal Design of Single-Cell Experiments within Temporally Fluctuating Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/812479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern biological experiments are becoming increasingly complex, and designing these experiments to yield the greatest possible quantitative insight is an open challenge. Increasingly, computational models of complex stochastic biological systems are being used to understand and predict biological behaviors or to infer biological parameters. Such quantitative analyses can also help to improve experiment designs for particular goals, such as to learn more about specific model mechanisms or to reduce prediction errors in certain situations. A classic approach to experiment design is to use the Fisher information matrix (FIM), which quantifies the expected information a particular experiment will reveal about model parameters. The Finite State Projection based FIM (FSP-FIM) was recently developed to compute the FIM for discrete stochastic gene regulatory systems, whose complex response distributions do not satisfy standard assumptions of Gaussian variations. In this work, we develop the FSP-FIM analysis for a stochastic model of stress response genes in S. cerevisae under time-varying MAPK induction. We verify this FSP-FIM analysis and use it to optimize the number of cells that should be quantified at particular times to learn as much as possible about the model parameters. We then extend the FSP-FIM approach to explore how different measurement times or genetic modifications help to minimize uncertainty in the sensing of extracellular environments, and we experimentally validate the FSP-FIM to rank single-cell experiments for their abilities to minimize estimation uncertainty of NaCl concentrations during yeast osmotic shock. This work demonstrates the potential of quantitative models to not only make sense of modern biological data sets, but to close the loop between quantitative modeling and experimental data collection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munsky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/812479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimal Design of Single-Cell Experiments within Temporally Fluctuating Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread dose-dependent effects of RNA expression and splicing on complex diseases and traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/814350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The resources generated by the GTEx consortium offer unprecedented opportunities to advance our understanding of the biology of human diseases. Here, we present an in-depth examination of the phenotypic consequences of transcriptome regulation and a blueprint for the functional interpretation of genome-wide association study-discovered loci. Across a broad set of complex traits and diseases, we demonstrate widespread dose-dependent effects of RNA expression and splicing. We develop a data-driven framework to benchmark methods that prioritize causal genes and find no single approach outperforms the combination of multiple approaches. Using colocalization and association approaches that take into account the observed allelic heterogeneity of gene expression, we propose potential target genes for 47% (2,519 out of 5,385) of the GWAS loci examined. Our results demonstrate the translational relevance of the GTEx resources and highlight the need to increase their resolution and breadth to further our understanding of the genotype-phenotype link.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonazzola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim-Hellmuth, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hormozdiari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamel, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx GWAS Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbanck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/814350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread dose-dependent effects of RNA expression and splicing on complex diseases and traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accounting for diverse evolutionary forces reveals the mosaic nature of selection on genomic regions associated with human preterm birth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/816827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human pregnancy requires the coordinated function of multiple tissues in both mother and fetus and has evolved in concert with major human adaptations. As a result, pregnancy-associated phenotypes and related disorders are genetically complex and have likely been sculpted by diverse evolutionary forces. However, there is no framework to comprehensively evaluate how these traits evolved or to explore the relationship of evolutionary signatures on trait-associated genetic variants to molecular function. Here we develop an approach to test for signatures of diverse evolutionary forces, including multiple types of selection, and apply it to genomic regions associated with spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), a complex disorder of global health concern. We find that sPTB-associated regions harbor diverse evolutionary signatures including evolutionary sequence conservation (consistent with the action of negative selection), excess population differentiation (local adaptation), accelerated evolution (positive selection), and balanced polymorphism (balancing selection). Furthermore, these genomic regions show diverse functional characteristics which enables us to use evolutionary and molecular lines of evidence to develop hypotheses about how these genomic regions contribute to sPTB risk. In summary, we introduce an approach for inferring the spectrum of evolutionary forces acting on genomic regions associated with complex disorders. When applied to sPTB-associated genomic regions, this approach both improves our understanding of the potential roles of these regions in pathology and illuminates the mosaic nature of evolutionary forces acting on genomic regions associated with sPTB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pichkar, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muglia, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbot, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/816827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accounting for diverse evolutionary forces reveals the mosaic nature of selection on genomic regions associated with human preterm birth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of Redox Balance Enhances the Effects of BRAF-inhibition in Melanoma Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/818989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryMelanomas harboring BRAF mutations can be treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), but responses are varied and tumor recurrence is inevitable. Here, using an integrative approach of experimentation and mathematical flux balance analyses in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells, we report that elevated antioxidant capacity is linked to BRAFi sensitivity in melanoma cells. High levels of antioxidant metabolites in cells with reduced BRAFi sensitivity confirm this conclusion. By extending our analyses to other melanoma subtypes in TCGA, we predict that elevated redox capacity is a general feature of melanomas, not previously observed. We propose that redox vulnerabilities could be exploited for therapeutic benefits and identify unsuspected combination targets to enhance the effects of BRAFi in any melanoma, regardless of mutational status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paudel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/818989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of Redox Balance Enhances the Effects of BRAF-inhibition in Melanoma Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive Spike-Artifact Removal from Local Field Potentials Uncovers Prominent Beta and Gamma Band Neuronal Synchronization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMany neurons synchronize their action potentials to the phase of local field potential (LFP) fluctuations in one or more frequency bands. Analyzing this spike-to-LFP synchronization is challenging, however, when neural spikes and LFP are generated in the same local circuit, because the spikes action potential waveform leak into the LFP and distort phase synchrony estimates. Existing approaches to address this spike bleed-through artifact relied on removing the average action potential waveforms of neurons, but this leaves artifacts in the LFP and distorts synchrony estimates.nnNew MethodWe describe a spike-removal method that surpasses these limitations by decomposing individual action potentials into their frequency components before their removal from the LFP. The adaptively estimated frequency components allow for variable spread, strength and temporal variation of the spike artifact.nnResultsThis adaptive approach effectively removes spike bleed-through artifacts in synthetic data with known ground truth, and in single neuron and LFP recordings in nonhuman primate striatum. For a large population of neurons with both narrow and broad action potential waveforms, the use of adaptive artifact removal uncovered 20-35 Hz beta and 35-45 Hz gamma band spike-LFP synchronization that would have remained contaminated otherwise.nnComparison with Existing MethodsWe demonstrate that adaptive spike-artifact removal cleans LFP data that remained contaminated when applying existing Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods of average spike-artifact removal.nnConclusionsApplying adaptive spike-removal from field potentials allows to estimate the phase at which neurons synchronize and the consistency of their phase-locked firing for both beta and low gamma frequencies. These metrics may prove essential to understand cell-to-circuit neuronal interactions in multiple brain systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive Spike-Artifact Removal from Local Field Potentials Uncovers Prominent Beta and Gamma Band Neuronal Synchronization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GLP-1 Notch - LAG-1 CSL control of the germline stem cell fate is mediated by transcriptional targets lst-1 and sygl-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/825232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cell systems are essential for the development and maintenance of polarized tissues. Intercellular signaling pathways control stem cell systems, where niche cells signal stem cells to maintain the stem cell fate/self renewal and inhibit differentiation. In the C. elegans germline, GLP-1 Notch signaling specifies the stem cell fate. We undertook a comprehensive genome-wide approach to identify transcriptional targets of GLP-1 signaling. We expected primary response target genes to be evident at the intersection of genes identified as directly bound by LAG-1, the C. elegans Notch pathway sequence-specific DNA binding protein, from ChIP-seq experiments, with genes identified as requiring GLP-1 signaling for RNA accumulation, from RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, we performed a time-course transcriptomics analysis following auxin inducible degradation of LAG-1 to distinguish between genes whose RNA level was a primary or secondary response of GLP-1 signaling. Surprisingly, only lst-1 and sygl-1, the two known target genes of GLP-1 in the germline, fulfilled these criteria, indicating that these two genes are the primary response targets of GLP-1 Notch and may be the sole germline GLP-1 signaling protein-coding transcriptional targets for mediating the stem cell fate. In addition, three secondary response genes were identified based on their timing following loss of LAG-1, their lack of a LAG-1 ChIP-seq peak and that their glp-1 dependent mRNA accumulation could be explained by a requirement for lst-1 and sygl-1 activity. Moreover, our analysis also suggests that the function of the primary response genes lst-1 and sygl-1 can account for the glp-1 dependent peak protein accumulation of FBF-2, which promotes the stem cell fate and, in part, for the spatial restriction of elevated LAG-1 accumulation to the stem cell region.

Author SummaryStem cell systems are central to tissue development, homeostasis and regeneration, where niche to stem cell signaling pathways promote the stem cell fate/self-renewal and inhibit differentiation. The evolutionarily conserved GLP-1 Notch signaling pathway in the C. elegans germline is an experimentally tractable system, allowing dissection of control of the stem cell fate and inhibition of meiotic development. However, as in many systems, the primary molecular targets of the signaling pathway in stem cells is incompletely known, as are secondary molecular targets, and this knowledge is essential for a deep understanding of stem cell systems. Here we focus on the identification of the primary transcriptional targets of the GLP-1 signaling pathway that promotes the stem cell fate, employing unbiased multilevel genomic approaches. We identify only lst-1 and sygl-1, two of a number of previously reported targets, as likely the sole primary mRNA transcriptional targets of GLP-1 signaling that promote the germline stem cell fate. We also identify secondary GLP-1 signaling RNA and protein targets, whose expression shows dependence on lst-1 and sygl-1, where the protein targets reinforce the importance of posttranscriptional regulation in control of the stem cell fate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schedl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazdernik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tycksen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/825232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GLP-1 Notch - LAG-1 CSL control of the germline stem cell fate is mediated by transcriptional targets lst-1 and sygl-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent loss of abaA, a master regulator of asexual development in filamentous fungi, correlates with changes in genomic and morphological traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/829465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) drive developmental and cellular differentiation, and variation in their architectures gives rise to morphological diversity. Pioneering studies in Aspergillus fungi, coupled with subsequent work in other filamentous fungi, have shown that the GRN governed by the BrlA, AbaA, and WetA proteins controls the development of the asexual fruiting body or conidiophore. A specific aspect of conidiophore development is the production of phialides, conidiophore structures that are under the developmental control of AbaA and function to repetitively generate spores. Fungal genome sequencing has revealed that some filamentous fungi lack abaA, and also produce asexual structures that lack phialides, raising the hypothesis that abaA loss is functionally linked to diversity in asexual fruiting body morphology. To examine this hypothesis, we carried out an extensive search for the abaA gene across 241 genomes of species from the fungal subphylum Pezizomycotina. We found that abaA was independently lost in four lineages of Eurotiomycetes, including from all sequenced species within the order Onygenales, and that all four lineages that have lost abaA also lack the ability to form phialides. Genetic restoration of abaA from Aspergillus nidulans into Histoplasma capsulatum, a pathogenic species from the order Onygenales that lacks an endogenous copy of abaA, did not alter Histoplasma conidiation morphology but resulted in a marked increase in spore viability. We also discovered that species lacking abaA contain fewer AbaA binding motifs in the regulatory regions of orthologs of some AbaA target genes, suggesting that the asexual fruiting body GRN of organisms that have lost abaA has been rewired. Our results provide an illustration of how repeated losses of a key regulatory transcription factor and concomitant changes in non-coding regulatory regions of the genome have contributed to the diversity of an iconic fungal morphological trait.nnAuthor SummaryFungi exhibit tremendous variation in their asexual fruiting bodies. For example, whereas some fungi form complex fruiting bodies whose tips repeatedly generate and release spores, others produce single spores in the absence of a specialized structure. To gain insights into the molecular differences that underpin fungal asexual fruiting body diversity, we examined the genomes of hundreds of filamentous fungi for the presence of abaA, a master regulatory gene previously shown to control the development of fungal asexual fruiting bodies. We found that abaA was repeatedly lost during fungal evolution, including in a lineage of human pathogenic fungi, and that the loss of the gene was always associated with the loss of specialized structures in fungal asexual fruiting bodies. Reintroduction of abaA into the human pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which normally lacks the regulator, did not result in a change in the spore-producing structure but did increase spore outgrowth. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the loss of the master regulatory gene abaA has contributed to the observed diversity of fungal fruiting body morphology. This work advances our understanding of how fungal developmental networks evolve over time and advances our understanding of how infectious spores form in pathogenic fungi.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borowsky, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joehnk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/829465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent loss of abaA, a master regulator of asexual development in filamentous fungi, correlates with changes in genomic and morphological traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DRAMS: A Tool to Detect and Re-Align Mixed-up Samples for Integrative Studies of Multi-omics Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Studies of complex disorders benefit from integrative analyses of multiple omics data. Yet, sample mix-ups frequently occur in multi-omics studies, weakening statistical power and risking false findings. Accurately aligning sample information, genotype, and corresponding omics data is critical for integrative analyses. We developed DRAMS (https://github.com/Yi-Jiang/DRAMS) to Detect and Re-Align Mixed-up Samples to address the sample mix-up problem. It uses a logistic regression model followed by a modified topological sorting algorithm to identify the potential true IDs based on data relationships of multi-omics. According to tests using simulated data, the more types of omics data used or the smaller the proportion of mix-ups, the better that DRAMS performs. Applying DRAMS to real data from the PsychENCODE BrainGVEX project, we detected and corrected 201 (12.5% of total data generated) mix-ups. Of the 21 mix-ups involving errors of racial identity, DRAMS re-assigned all samples to the correct racial cluster in the 1000 Genomes project. In doing so, quantitative trait loci (QTL) (FDR<0.01) increased by an average of 1.62-fold. The use of DRAMS in multi-omics studies will strengthen statistical power of the study and improve quality of the results. Even though very limited studies have multi-omics data in place, we expect such data will increase quickly with the needs of DRAMS.nnAuthor summarySample mix-up happens inevitably during sample collection, processing, and data management. It leads to reduced statistical power and sometimes false findings. It is of great importance to correct mixed-up samples before conducting any downstream analyses. We developed DRAMS to detect and re-align mixed-up samples in multi-omics studies. The basic idea of DRAMS is to align the data and labels for each sample leveraging the genetic information of multi-omics data. DRAMS corrects sample IDs following a two-step strategy. At first, it estimates pairwise genetic relatedness among all the data generated from all the individuals. Because the different data generated from the same individual should share the same genetics, we can cluster all the highly related data and consider that the data from one cluster have only one potential ID. Then, we used a "majority vote" strategy to infer the potential ID for individuals in each cluster. Other information, such as match of genetics-based and reported sexes, omics priorority, etc., were also used to direct identifying the potential IDs. It has been proved that DRAMS performs very well in both simulation and PsychENCODE BrainGVEX multi-omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grennan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shieh, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DRAMS: A Tool to Detect and Re-Align Mixed-up Samples for Integrative Studies of Multi-omics Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual indexed design of in-Drop single-cell RNA-seq libraries improves sequencing quality and throughput 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/835488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing demand of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) experiments, such as the number of experiments and cells queried per experiment, necessitates higher sequencing depth coupled to high data quality. New high-throughput sequencers, such as the Illumina NovaSeq 6000, enables this demand to be filled in a cost-effective manner. However, current scRNA-seq library designs present compatibility challenges with newer sequencing technologies, such as index-hopping, and their ability to generate high quality data has yet to be systematically evaluated. Here, we engineered a new dual-indexed library structure, called TruDrop, on top of the inDrop scRNA-seq platform to solve these compatibility challenges, such that TruDrop libraries and standard Illumina libraries can be sequenced alongside each other on the NovaSeq. We overcame the index-hopping issue, demonstrated significant improvements in base-calling accuracy, and provided an example of multiplexing twenty-four scRNA-seq libraries simultaneously. We showed favorable comparisons in transcriptional diversity of TruDrop compared with prior library structures. Our approach enables cost-effective, high throughput generation of sequencing data with high quality, which should enable more routine use of scRNA-seq technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scurrah, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenan, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xuan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenan, C. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quigley, L. N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/835488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual indexed design of in-Drop single-cell RNA-seq libraries improves sequencing quality and throughput]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unravelling the genetic architecture of musical rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/836197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moving in synchrony to the beat is a fundamental component of musicality. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify common genetic variants associated with beat synchronization in 606,825 individuals. Beat synchronization exhibited a highly polygenic architecture, with sixty-nine loci reaching genome-wide significance (p<5x10-8) and SNP-based heritability (on the liability scale) of 13%-16%. Heritability was enriched for genes expressed in brain tissues, and for fetal and adult brain-specific gene regulatory elements, underscoring the role of central nervous system-expressed genes linked to the genetic basis of the trait. We performed validations of the self-report phenotype (through internet-based experiments) and of the GWAS (polygenic scores for beat synchronization were associated with patients algorithmically classified as musicians in medical records of a separate biobank). Genetic correlations with breathing function, motor function, processing speed, and chronotype suggest shared genetic architecture with beat synchronization and provide avenues for new phenotypic and genetic explorations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niarchou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathirapongsasuti, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacoby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosing, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/836197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unravelling the genetic architecture of musical rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell-type Specific Learning of Attentional Gating in Primate Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive flexibility depends on a fast neural learning mechanism for enhancing momentary relevant over irrelevant information. A possible neural mechanism realizing this enhancement uses fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the striatum to train striatal projection neurons to gate relevant and suppress distracting cortical inputs. We found support for such a mechanism in nonhuman primates during the flexible adjustment of visual attention. FSIs gated visual attention cues during feature-based learning. One FSI population showed stronger inhibition during learning, while another FSI subpopulation showed weaker inhibition after learning signifying post-learning disinhibition. Additionally, a smaller neural subpopulation increased activity when salient distractor events were successfully suppressed. These findings highlight that fast behavioral learning of feature relevance is accompanied by fast neural learning of cell-type specific cortico-striatal gating.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Banaie Boroujeni, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oemisch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/837740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell-type Specific Learning of Attentional Gating in Primate Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated polygenic burden for ASD is associated with the broad autism phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder that encompasses a complex and heterogeneous set of traits. Subclinical traits that mirror the core features of ASD, referred to as the broad autism phenotype (BAP) have been documented repeatedly in unaffected relatives and are believed to reflect underlying genetic liability to ASD. The BAP may help inform the etiology of ASD by allowing the stratification of families into more phenotypically and etiologically homogeneous subgroups. This study explored polygenic scores related to the BAP.

MethodsPhenotypic and genotypic information were obtained from 2,614 trios from Simons Simplex Sample. Polygenic scores of ASD (ASD-PGS) were generated across the sample to determine the shared genetic overlap between the BAP and ASD. Maternal and Paternal ASD-PGS was explored in relation to BAP traits and their child ASD symptomatology.

ResultsMaternal pragmatic language was related to childs social communicative atypicalities. In fathers, rigid personality was related to increased repetitive behaviors in children. Maternal (but not paternal) ASD-PGS was related to the pragmatic language and rigid BAP domains.

ConclusionsDomain- and sex-specific associations emerged between parent and child phenotypes. ASD-PGS associations emerged with BAP in mothers only, highlighting the potential for a female protective factor, and implicating the polygenic etiology of ASD-related phenotypes in the BAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nayar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maltman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Losh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated polygenic burden for ASD is associated with the broad autism phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A/T/N polygenic risk score for cognitive decline in old age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/838847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONWe developed a novel polygenic risk score (PRS) based on the A/T/N (amyloid plaques (A), phosphorylated tau tangles (T), and neurodegeneration (N)) framework and compared a PRS based on clinical AD diagnosis to assess which was a better predictor of cognitive decline.

METHODSWe used summary statistics from genome wide association studies of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}42) and phosphorylated-tau (ptau181), left hippocampal volume (LHIPV), and late-onset AD dementia to calculate PRS for 1181 participants in the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Individual PRS were averaged to generate a composite A/T/N PRS. We assessed the association of PRS with baseline and longitudinal cognitive composites of executive function and memory.

RESULTSThe A/T/N PRS showed superior predictive performance on AD biomarkers and executive function decline compared to the clinical AD PRS.

DISCUSSIONResults suggest that integration of genetic risk across AD biomarkers may improve prediction of disease progression.

Research in ContextO_ST_ABSSystematic ReviewC_ST_ABSAuthors reviewed relevant literature using PubMed and Google Scholar. Key studies that generated and validated polygenic risk scores (PRS) for clinical and pathologic AD were cited. PRS scores have been increasingly used in the literature but clinical utility continues to be questioned.

InterpretationIn the current research landscape concerning PRS clinical utility in the AD space, there is room for model improvement and our hypothesis was that a PRS with integrated risk for AD biomarkers could yield a better model for cognitive decline.

Future DirectionsThis study serves as proof-of-concept that encourages future study of integrated PRS across disease markers and utility in taking an A/T/N (amyloidosis, tauopathy and neurodegeneration) focused approach to genetic risk for cognitive decline and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filshtein, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elahi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedden, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolova, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saykin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasioti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fardo, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/838847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A/T/N polygenic risk score for cognitive decline in old age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Recalibration of Peri-Personal Space; Psychophysical, Electrophysiological, and Neural Network Modeling Evidence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions between individuals and the environment are mediated by the body and occur within the peri-personal space (PPS) - the space surrounding the body. The multisensory encoding of this space plastically adapts to different bodily constraints and stimuli features. However, these remapping effects have only been demonstrated on the time-scale of days, hours, or minutes. Yet, if PPS mediates human-environment interactions in an adaptive manner, its representation should be altered by sensory history on trial-to-trial timescale. Here we test this idea first via a visuo-tactile reaction time paradigm in augmented reality where participants are asked to respond as fast as possible to touch, as visual object approach them. Results demonstrate that reaction times to touch are facilitated as a function of visual proximity, and the sigmoidal function describing this facilitation shifts closer to the body if the immediately precedent trial had indexed a smaller visuo-tactile disparity (i.e., positive serial dependency). Next, we derive the electroencephalographic correlates of PPS and demonstrate that this measure is equally shaped by recent sensory history. Finally, we demonstrate that a validated neural network model of PPS is able to account for the present results via a simple Hebbian plasticity rule. The present findings suggest that PPS encoding remaps on a very rapid time-scale and is sensitive to recent sensory history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terrebonne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellencin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbelin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magosso, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/842690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Recalibration of Peri-Personal Space; Psychophysical, Electrophysiological, and Neural Network Modeling Evidence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human pseudoislet system enables detection of differences in G-protein-coupled-receptor signaling pathways between α and β cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/842989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs) modulate insulin secretion from {beta} cells and glucagon secretion from  cells. Here, we developed an integrated approach to study the function of primary human islet cells using genetically modified pseudoislets that resemble native islets across multiple parameters. We studied the Gi and Gq GPCR pathways by expressing the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) hM4Di or hM3Dq. Activation of Gi signaling reduced insulin and glucagon secretion, while activation of Gq signaling stimulated glucagon secretion but had both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on insulin secretion. Further, we developed a microperifusion system that allowed synchronous acquisition of GCaMP6f biosensor signal and hormone secretory profiles and showed that the dual effects for Gq signaling occur through changes in intracellular Ca2+. By combining pseudoislets with a microfluidic system, we co-registered intracellular signaling dynamics and hormone secretion and demonstrated differences in GPCR signaling pathways between human {beta} and  cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haliyur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishahak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reihsmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchsinger, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Ocana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/842989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human pseudoislet system enables detection of differences in G-protein-coupled-receptor signaling pathways between α and β cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural correlates of goal-directed and non-goal-directed movements 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
What are the neural correlates that distinguish goal-directed (G) from non-goal-directed movements (nG)? We investigated this question in the monkey frontal eye field, which is implicated in voluntary control of saccades. We found that only for G-saccades, the variability in spike rate across trials decreased, the regularity of spike timings within trials increased, the neural activity increased earlier from baseline and had a concurrent reduction of LFP beta band power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sendhilnathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural correlates of goal-directed and non-goal-directed movements]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tet2 negatively regulates memory fidelity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/843581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite being fully differentiated, DNA methylation is dynamically regulated in post-mitotic glutamatergic neurons in the CA1 of the hippocampus through competing active DNA methylation and de-methylation, a process that regulates neuronal plasticity. Active DNA methylation after learning is necessary for long-term memory formation, and active DNA de-methylation by the TET enzymes has been implicated as a counter-regulator of that biochemical process. We demonstrate that Tet2 functions in the CA1 as a negative regulator of long-term memory, whereby its knockdown across the CA1 or haploinsufficiency in glutamatergic neurons enhances the fidelity of hippocampal-dependent spatial and associative memory. Loci of altered DNA methylation were then determined using whole genome bisulfite sequencing from glutamatergic Tet2 haploinsufficient CA1 tissue, which revealed hypermethylation in the promoters of genes known to be transcriptionally regulated after experiential learning. This study demonstrates a link between Tet2 activity at genes important for memory formation in CA1 glutamatergic neurons and memory fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zengeler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gettens, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caron, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boitnott, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogliettino, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malachowsky, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/843581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tet2 negatively regulates memory fidelity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural characterization of an intermediate reveals a unified mechanism for the CLC Cl-/H+ transport cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Among coupled exchangers, CLCs uniquely catalyze the exchange of oppositely charged ions (Cl- for H+). Transport-cycle models to describe and explain this unusual mechanism have been proposed based on known CLC structures. While the proposed models harmonize many experimental findings, there have remained gaps and inconsistencies in our understanding. One limitation has been that global conformational change - which occurs in all conventional transporter mechanisms - has not been observed in any high-resolution structure. Here, we describe the 2.6 [A] structure of a CLC mutant designed to mimic the fully H+-loaded transporter. This structure reveals a global conformational change to a state that has improved accessibility for the Cl- substrate from the extracellular side and new conformations for two key glutamate residues. Based on this new structure, together with DEER measurements, MD simulations, and functional studies, we propose a unified model of the CLC transport mechanism that reconciles existing data on all CLC-type proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chavan, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maduke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/857136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural characterization of an intermediate reveals a unified mechanism for the CLC Cl-/H+ transport cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput reclassification of SCN5A variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/858175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationalePartial or complete loss of function variants in SCN5A are the most common genetic cause of the arrhythmia disorder Brugada Syndrome (BrS1). However, the pathogenicity of SCN5A variants is often unknown or disputed; 80% of the 1,390 SCN5A missense variants observed in at least one individual to date are variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The designation of VUS is a barrier to the use of sequence data in clinical care.

ObjectiveWe selected 83 variants for study: 10 previously studied control variants, 10 suspected benign variants, and 63 suspected Brugada Syndrome-associated variants, selected on the basis of their frequency in the general population and in patients with Brugada Syndrome. We used high-throughput automated patch clamping to study the function of the 83 variants, with the goal of reclassifying variants with functional data.

Methods and ResultsTen previously studied variants had functional properties concordant with published manual patch clamp data. All 10 suspected benign variants had wildtype-like function. 22 suspected BrS variants had loss of channel function (<10% normalized peak current) and 23 variants had partial loss of function (10-50% normalized peak current). The 73 previously unstudied variants were initially classified as likely benign (n=2), likely pathogenic (n=11), or VUS (n=60). After the patch clamp studies, 16 variants were benign/likely benign, 47 were pathogenic/likely pathogenic, and only 10 were still VUS. 8/22 loss of function variants were partially rescuable by incubation at lower temperature or pretreatment with a sodium channel blocker. Structural modeling identified likely mechanisms for loss of function including altered thermostability, and disruptions to alpha helices, disulfide bonds, or the permeation pore.

ConclusionsHigh-throughput automated patch clamping enabled the reclassification of the majority of tested VUSs in SCN5A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalash, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'neill, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/858175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput reclassification of SCN5A variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning on drug-specific data to predict small molecule teratogenicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/860627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pregnant women are an especially vulnerable population, given the sensitivity of a developing fetus to chemical exposures. However, prescribing behavior for the gravid patient is guided on limited human data and conflicting cases of adverse outcomes due to the exclusion of pregnant populations from randomized, controlled trials. These factors increase risk for adverse drug outcomes and reduce quality of care for pregnant populations. Herein, we propose the application of artificial intelligence to systematically predict the teratogenicity of a prescriptible small molecule from information inherent to the drug. Using unsupervised and supervised machine learning, our model probes all small molecules with known structure and teratogenicity data published in research-amenable formats to identify patterns among structural, meta-structural, and in vitro bioactivity data for each drug and its teratogenicity score. With this workflow, we discovered three chemical functionalities that predispose a drug towards increased teratogenicity and two moieties with potentially protective effects. Our models predict three clinically-relevant classes of teratogenicity with AUC = 0.8 and nearly double the predictive accuracy of a blind control for the same task, suggesting successful modeling. We also present extensive barriers to translational research that restrict data-driven studies in pregnancy and therapeutically "orphan" pregnant populations. Collectively, this work represents a first-in-kind platform for the application of computing to study and predict teratogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Challa, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beam, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peryea, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavieri, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/860627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning on drug-specific data to predict small molecule teratogenicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LEARNING AND INTERPRETING THE GENE REGULATORY GRAMMAR IN A DEEP LEARNING FRAMEWORK 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in identifying gene regulatory sequences, but they have provided limited insight into the biology of regulatory elements due to the difficulty of interpreting the complex features they learn. Several models of how combinatorial binding of transcription factors, i.e. the regulatory grammar, drives enhancer activity have been proposed, ranging from the flexible TF billboard model to the stringent enhanceosome model. However, there is limited knowledge of the prevalence of these (or other) sequence architectures across enhancers. Here we perform several hypothesis-driven analyses to explore the ability of DNNs to learn the regulatory grammar of enhancers. We created a synthetic dataset based on existing hypotheses about combinatorial transcription factor binding site (TFBS) patterns, including homotypic clusters, heterotypic clusters, and enhanceosomes, from real TF binding motifs from diverse TF families. We then trained deep residual neural networks (ResNets) to model the sequences under a range of scenarios that reflect real-world multi-label regulatory sequence prediction tasks. We developed a gradient-based unsupervised clustering method to extract the patterns learned by the ResNet models. We demonstrated that simulated regulatory grammars are best learned in the penultimate layer of the ResNets, and the proposed method can accurately retrieve the regulatory grammar even when there is heterogeneity in the enhancer categories and a large fraction of TFBS outside of the regulatory grammar. However, we also identify common scenarios where ResNets fail to learn simulated regulatory grammars. Our results provide a framework for interpreting the regulatory rules learned by ResNets, and they demonstrate that the ability and efficiency of ResNets in learning the regulatory grammar highly depends on the nature of the prediction task.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LEARNING AND INTERPRETING THE GENE REGULATORY GRAMMAR IN A DEEP LEARNING FRAMEWORK]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gliotoxin, a known virulence factor in the major human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, is also biosynthesized by the non-pathogenic relative A. fischeri 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/868745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus is a major opportunistic human pathogen. Multiple traits contribute to A. fumigatus pathogenicity, including its ability to produce specific secondary metabolites, such as gliotoxin. Gliotoxin is known to inhibit the host immune response, and genetic mutants that inactivate gliotoxin biosynthesis (or secondary metabolism in general) attenuate A. fumigatus virulence. The genome of A. fischeri, a very close non-pathogenic relative of A. fumigatus, contains a biosynthetic gene cluster that exhibits high sequence similarity to the A. fumigatus gliotoxin cluster. However, A. fischeri is not known to produce gliotoxin. To gain further insight into the similarities and differences between the major pathogen A. fumigatus and the non-pathogen A. fischeri, we examined whether A. fischeri strain NRRL 181 biosynthesizes gliotoxin and whether its production, and of secondary metabolites more generally, influence its virulence profile. We found that A. fischeri biosynthesizes gliotoxin in the same conditions as A. fumigatus. However, whereas loss of laeA, a master regulator of secondary metabolite production, has been previously shown to reduce the virulence of A. fumigatus, we found that laeA loss (and loss of secondary metabolite production, including gliotoxin) in A. fischeri does not influence its virulence. These results suggest that gliotoxin and secondary metabolite production are virulence factors in the genomic and phenotypic background of the major pathogen A. fumigatus but are much less important in the background of the non-pathogen A. fischeri. We submit that understanding the observed spectrum of pathogenicity across closely related pathogenic and non-pathogenic Aspergillus species will require detailed characterization of their biological, chemical, and genomic similarities and differences.

IMPORTANCEAspergillus fumigatus is a major opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans but most of its close relatives are non-pathogenic. Why is that so? This important, yet largely unanswered, question can be addressed by examining how A. fumigatus and its non-pathogenic close relatives are similar or different with respect to virulence-associated traits. We investigated whether Aspergillus fischeri, a non-pathogenic close relative of A. fumigatus, can produce gliotoxin, a mycotoxin known to contribute to A. fumigatus virulence. We discovered that the non-pathogenic A. fischeri produces gliotoxin under the same conditions as the major pathogen A. fumigatus. However, we also discovered that, in contrast to what has been previously observed in A. fumigatus, loss of secondary metabolite, including gliotoxin, production in A. fischeri does not alter its virulence. Our results are consistent with the "cards of virulence" model of opportunistic fungal disease, where the ability to cause disease stems from the combination ("hand") of individual virulence factors ("cards"), but not from individual factors per se.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/868745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gliotoxin, a known virulence factor in the major human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, is also biosynthesized by the non-pathogenic relative A. fischeri]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rif1 functions in a tissue-specific manner to control replication timing through its PP1-binding motif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/870451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication initiation in eukaryotic cells occurs asynchronously throughout S phase, yielding early and late replicating regions of the genome, a process known as replication timing (RT). RT changes during development to ensure accurate genome duplication and maintain genome stability. To understand the relative contributions that cell lineage, cell cycle, and replication initiation regulators have on RT, we utilized the powerful developmental systems available in Drosophila melanogaster. We generated and compared RT profiles from mitotic cells of different tissues and from mitotic and endocycling cells of the same tissue. Our results demonstrate that cell lineage has the largest effect on RT, whereas switching from a mitotic to an endoreplicative cell cycle has little to no effect on RT. Additionally, we demonstrate that the RT differences we observed in all cases are largely independent of transcriptional differences. We also employed a genetic approach in these same cell types to understand the relative contribution the eukaryotic RT control factor, Rif1, has on RT control. Our results demonstrate that Rif1 can function in a tissue-specific manner to control RT. Importantly, the Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) binding motif of Rif1 is essential for Rif1 to regulate RT. Together, our data support a model in which the RT program is primarily driven by cell lineage and is further refined by Rif1/PP1 to ultimately generate tissue-specific RT programs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duronio, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/870451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rif1 functions in a tissue-specific manner to control replication timing through its PP1-binding motif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing missing isoforms encoded in the human genome by integrating genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/012112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological and biomedical research relies on comprehensive understanding of protein-coding transcripts. However, the total number of human proteins is still unknown due to the prevalence of alternative splicing and is much larger than the number of human genes.nnIn this paper, we detected 31,566 novel transcripts with coding potential by filtering our ab initio predictions with 50 RNA-seq datasets from diverse tissues/cell lines. PCR followed by MiSeq sequencing showed that at least 84.1% of these predicted novel splice sites could be validated. In contrast to known transcripts, the expression of these novel transcripts were highly tissue-specific. Based on these novel transcripts, at least 36 novel proteins were detected from shotgun proteomics data of 41 breast samples. We also showed L1 retrotransposons have a more significant impact on the origin of new transcripts/genes than previously thought. Furthermore, we found that alternative splicing is extraordinarily widespread for genes involved in specific biological functions like protein binding, nucleoside binding, neuron projection, membrane organization and cell adhesion. In the end, the total number of human transcripts with protein-coding potential was estimated to be at least 204,950.nnAuthor summaryThe identification of all human proteins is an important and open problem. In this report we first develop an ab initio predictor to collect candidate gene models as many as possible. Next, comprehensive sets of RNA-seq data from diverse tissues and cell lines are used to select confident transcripts. Experimental validation of a subset of predictions confirms a high accuracy for the predicted coding transcript set and has added about 30,000 new protein-coding transcripts to the existing corpus of knowledge in this area. This is significant progress given that the existing protein-coding transcript number in public databases is about 60,000. Our newly found transcripts are more tissue specific. Based on our results, we show that L1's high impact on gene origin and genes with high number of transcripts are enriched in specific functions. At last, we estimate that the total number of human protein-coding transcripts is in excess of 200,000.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhiqiang Hu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamish S. Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guangrong Qin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guangyong Zheng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xixia Chu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu Xie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David L. Adelson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergithe E. Oftedal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvalthy Venugopal</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milena Barbic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher N. Hahn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bing Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiaojing Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaochun Wei</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/012112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing missing isoforms encoded in the human genome by integrating genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computing the Internode Certainty and related measures from partial gene trees. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/022053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present, implement, and evaluate an approach to calculate the internode certainty and tree certainty on a given reference tree from a collection of partial gene trees. Previously, the calculation of these values was only possible from a collection of gene trees with exactly the same taxon set as the reference tree. An application to sets of partial gene trees requires mathematical corrections in the internode certainty and tree certainty calculations. We implement our methods in RAxML and test them on empirical data sets. These tests imply that the inclusion of partial trees does matter. However, in order to provide meaningful measurements, any data set should also include trees containing the full species set.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kassian Kobert</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonidas Salichos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonis Rokas</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandros Stamatakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/022053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computing the Internode Certainty and related measures from partial gene trees.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Great Migration and African-American genomic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/029173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic studies of African-Americans identify functional variants, elucidate historical and genealogical mysteries, and reveal basic biology. However, African-Americans have been under-represented in genetic studies, and little is known about nation-wide patterns of genomic diversity in the population. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of African-American genomic diversity using genotype data from nationally and regionally representative cohorts. We find higher African ancestry in southern United States compared to the North and West. We show that relatedness patterns track north- and west-bound routes followed during the Great Migration, suggesting that admixture occurred predominantly in the South prior to the Civil War and that ancestry-biased migration is responsible for regional differences in ancestry. Rare genetic traits among African-Americans can therefore be shared over long geographic distances along the Great Migration routes, yet their distribution over short distances remains highly structured. This study clarifies the role of recent demography in shaping African-American genomic diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soheil Baharian</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maxime Barakatt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher R Gignoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suyash Shringarpure</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob Errington</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William J Blot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D Bustamante</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eimear E Kenny</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott M Williams</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melinda C Aldrich</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Gravel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/029173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Great Migration and African-American genomic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Ancestry Based Approach for Detecting Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/036640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IBackgroundEpistasis and gene-environment interactions are known to contribute significantly to variation of complex phenotypes in model organisms. However, their identification in human association studies remains challenging for myriad reasons. In the case of epistatic interactions, the large number of potential interacting sets of genes presents computational, multiple hypothesis correction, and other statistical power issues. In the case of gene-environment interactions, the lack of consistently measured environmental covariates in most disease studies precludes searching for interactions and creates difficulties for replicating studies.nnResultsIn this work, we develop a new statistical approach to address these issues that leverages genetic ancestry in admixed populations. We applied our method to gene expression and methylation data from African American and Latino admixed individuals respectively, identifying nine interactions that were significant at p < 5x10-8, we show that two of the interactions in methylation data replicate, and the remaining six are significantly enriched for low p-values (p < 1.8x10-6).nnConclusionWe show that genetic ancestry can be a useful proxy for unknown and unmeasured covariates in the search for interaction effects. These results have important implications for our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danny Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itamar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Yong Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celeste Eng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher R Gignoux</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshua M Galanter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esteban Burchard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chun J Ye</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugues Aschard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eran Halperin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noah Zaitlen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/036640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Ancestry Based Approach for Detecting Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SNP-based heritability estimation: measurement noise, population stratification and stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Siddharth Krishna Kumar1 and co-authors claim to have shown that "GCTA applied to current SNP data cannot produce reliable or stable estimates of heritability." Given the numerous recent studies on the genetic architecture of complex traits that are based on this methodology, these claims have important implications for the field. Through an investigation of the stability of the likelihood function under phenotype perturbation and an analysis of its dependence on the spectral properties of the genetic relatedness matrix, our study characterizes the properties of an important approach to the analysis of GWAS data and identified crucial errors in the authors analyses, invalidating their main conclusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danny S Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SNP-based heritability estimation: measurement noise, population stratification and stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of Focal Outflow Enhancement using Differential Canalograms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeTo quantify regional changes of conventional outflow caused by ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT).nnMethodsGonioscopic, plasma-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT; Trabectome, Neomedix, Tustin, CA) was established in enucleated pig eyes. We developed a program to automatically quantify outflow changes (R, package eye-canalogram, github.com) using a fluorescent tracer reperfusion technique. Trabecular meshwork (TM) ablation was demonstrated with fluorescent spheres in 6 eyes before formal outflow quantification with two dye reperfusion canalograms in 6 further eyes. Eyes were perfused with a central, intracameral needle at 15 mmHg. Canalograms and histology were correlated for each eye.nnResultsThe pig eye provided a model with high similarity to AIT in human patients. Histology indicated ablation of TM and unroofing of most Schlemms canal segments. Spheres highlighted additional circumferential and radial outflow beyond the immediate area of ablation. Differential canalograms showed that AIT caused an increase of outflow of 17{+/-}5 fold inferonasally (IN), 14{+/-}3 fold superonasally (SN) and also an increase in the opposite quadrants with a 2{+/-}1 fold increase superotemporally (ST) and 3{+/-}3 inferotemporally (IT). Perilimbal specific flow image analysis showed an accelerated nasal filling with an additional perilimbal flow direction into adjacent quadrants.nnConclusionA quantitative, differential canalography technique was developed that allows to quantify supraphysiological outflow enhancement by AIT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ralitsa T. Loewen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric N. Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon Scott</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardik Parikh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joel S. Schuman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nils A Loewen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of Focal Outflow Enhancement using Differential Canalograms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/062471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is highly heritable, although identification of its underlying genetic cause(s) has remained elusive. We examined a European ancestry sample composed of 2,435 TS cases and 4,100 controls for copy-number variants (CNVs) using SNP microarrays and identified two genome-wide significant loci that confer a substantial increase in risk for TS (NRXN1, OR=20.3, 95%CI [2.6-156.2], p=6.0 x 10-6; CNTN6, OR=10.1, 95% CI [2.3-45.4], p=3.7 x 10-5). Approximately 1% of TS cases carried one of these CNVs, indicating that rare structural variation contributes significantly to the genetic architecture of TS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alden Y Huang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dongmei Yu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea K Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae-Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotis Tsetsos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasily Ramensky</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivette Zelaya</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliana Marisa Ramos</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisa Osiecki</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason A Chen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauren M McGrath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornelia Illmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Sandor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Barr</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marco Grados</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey S Singer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markus M Noethen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johannes Hebebrand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert A King</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yves Dion</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guy Rouleau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cathy L Budman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christel Depienne</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yulia Worbe</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Hartmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirsten R Muller-Vahl</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manfred Stuhrmann</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harald Aschauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mara Stamenkovic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monika Schloegelhofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anastasios Konstantinidis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholson L Lyon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William M McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Csaba Barta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsanett Tarnok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter Nagy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James R Batterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renata Rizzo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danielle C Cath</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/062471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare copy number variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 increase risk for Tourette syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroendocrine Modulation Sustains the C. elegans Forward Motor State 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/065235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuromodulators shape neural circuit dynamics. Combining electron microscopy, genetics, transcriptome profiling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics, we discovered a peptidergic neuron that modulates C. elegans motor circuit dynamics. The Six/SO-family homeobox transcription factor UNC-39 governs lineage-specific neurogenesis to give rise to a neuron RID. RID bears the anatomic hallmarks of a specialized endocrine neuron: it harbors near-exclusive dense core vesicles that cluster periodically along the axon, and expresses multiple neuropeptides, including the FMRF-amide-related FLP-14. RID activity increases during forward movement. Ablating RID reduces the sustainability of forward movement, a phenotype partially recapitulated by removing FLP-14. Optogenetic depolarization of RID prolongs forward movement, an effect reduced in the absence of FLP-14. Together, these results establish the role of a neuroendocrine cell RID in sustaining a specific behavioral state in C. elegans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maria A. Lim</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jyothsna Chitturi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valeriya Laskova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun Meng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Findeis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anne Wiekenberg</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben Mulcahy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linjiao Luo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yangning Lu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesley Hung</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yixin Qu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi-Yip Ho</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas Holmyard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni Ji</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebecca WcWhirter</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravinthan D. T. Samuel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David Miller</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralf Schnabel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Calarco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei Zhen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/065235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroendocrine Modulation Sustains the C. elegans Forward Motor State]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monitoring the circadian clock in human blood using personalized machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/066126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The circadian clock and the rhythms it produces are crucial for human health, but frequently perturbed by the modern environment. At the same time, circadian rhythms may influence the efficacy and toxicity of therapeutics and the metabolic response to food intake. Measuring the bodys response to treatments for circadian dysfunction, as well as optimizing the daily timing of treatments for other health conditions, requires a simple and accurate method for monitoring the circadian clock. Here we used a recently developed method called ZeitZeiger to predict circadian time (CT, time of day according to the circadian clock) from genome-wide gene expression in human blood. In cross-validation on 498 samples from 60 individuals across three publicly available datasets, ZeitZeiger predicted CT in single samples with a median absolute error of 2.1 h. The predictor trained on all 498 samples used 15 genes, only two of which are part of the core circadian clock. We then extended ZeitZeiger to make predictions for groups of samples, and developed a general framework to personalize predictions using samples from only the respective individual. Each of these strategies improved prediction of CT by ~20%. Our results are an important step towards precision circadian medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob J Hughey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/066126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monitoring the circadian clock in human blood using personalized machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interacting networks of resistance, virulence and core machinery genes identified by genome-wide epistasis analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/071696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in the scale and diversity of population genomic datasets for bacteria now provide the potential for genome-wide patterns of co-evolution to be studied at the resolution of individual bases. The major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae represents the first bacterial organism for which densely enough sampled population data became available for such an analysis. Here we describe a new statistical method, genomeDCA, which uses recent advances in computational structural biology to identify the polymorphic loci under the strongest co-evolutionary pressures. Genome data from over three thousand pneumococcal isolates identified 5,199 putative epistatic interactions between 1,936 sites. Over three-quarters of the links were between sites within the pbp2x, pbp1a and pbp2b genes, the sequences of which are critical in determining non-susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. A network-based analysis found these genes were also coupled to that encoding dihydrofolate reductase, changes to which underlie trimethoprim resistance. Distinct from these resistance genes, a large network component of 384 protein coding sequences encompassed many genes critical in basic cellular functions, while another distinct component included genes associated with virulence. These results have the potential both to identify previously unsuspected protein-protein interactions, as well as genes making independent contributions to the same phenotype. This approach greatly enhances the future potential of epistasis analysis for systems biology, and can complement genome-wide association studies as a means of formulating hypotheses for experimental work.nnAuthor SummaryEpistatic interactions between polymorphisms in DNA are recognized as important drivers of evolution in numerous organisms. Study of epistasis in bacteria has been hampered by the lack of both densely sampled population genomic data, suitable statistical models and powerful inference algorithms for extremely high-dimensional parameter spaces. We introduce the first model-based method for genome-wide epistasis analysis and use the largest available bacterial population genome data set on Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to demonstrate its potential for biological discovery. Our approach reveals interacting networks of resistance, virulence and core machinery genes in the pneumococcus, which highlights putative candidates for novel drug targets. Our method significantly enhances the future potential of epistasis analysis for systems biology, and can complement genome-wide association studies as a means of formulating hypotheses for experimental work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marcin J Skwark</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas J Croucher</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santeri Puranen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claire Chewapreecha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maiju Pesonen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yingying Xu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Turner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon R Harris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julian Parkhill</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen D Bentley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erik Aurell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jukka Corander</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/071696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interacting networks of resistance, virulence and core machinery genes identified by genome-wide epistasis analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distant regulatory effects of genetic variation in multiple human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the genetics of gene regulation provides information on the cellular mechanisms through which genetic variation influences complex traits. Expression quantitative trait loci, or eQTLs, are enriched for polymorphisms that have been found to be associated with disease risk. While most analyses of human data has focused on regulation of expression by nearby variants (cis-eQTLs), distal or trans-eQTLs may have broader effects on the transcriptome and important phenotypic consequences, necessitating a comprehensive study of the effects of genetic variants on distal gene transcription levels. In this work, we identify trans-eQTLs in the Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) project data1, consisting of 449 individuals with RNA-sequencing data across 44 tissue types. We find 81 genes with a trans-eQTL in at least one tissue, and we demonstrate that trans-eQTLs are more likely than cis-eQTLs to have effects specific to a single tissue. We evaluate the genomic and functional properties of trans-eQTL variants, identifying strong enrichment in enhancer elements and Piwi-interacting RNA clusters. Finally, we describe three tissue-specific regulatory loci underlying relevant disease associations: 9q22 in thyroid that has a role in thyroid cancer, 5q31 in skeletal muscle, and a previously reported master regulator near KLF14 in adipose. These analyses provide a comprehensive characterization of trans-eQTLs across human tissues, which contribute to an improved understanding of the tissue-specific cellular mechanisms of regulatory genetic variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brian Jo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Princy Parsana</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane E Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariel Gewirtz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genna Gliner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buhm Han</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amy Z He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eun Yong Kang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian C McDowell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashis Saha</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jae Hoon Sul</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristin G Ardlie</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopher D Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald F Conrad</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanouil T Dermitzakis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuuli Lappalainen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiara Sabatti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GTEx Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distant regulatory effects of genetic variation in multiple human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/074450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping provides a powerful means to identify functional variants influencing gene expression and disease pathogenesis. We report the identification of cis-eQTLs from 7,051 post-mortem samples representing 44 tissues and 449 individuals as part of the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We find a cis-eQTL for 88% of all annotated protein-coding genes, with one-third having multiple independent effects. We identify numerous tissue-specific cis-eQTLs, highlighting the unique functional impact of regulatory variation in diverse tissues. By integrating large-scale functional genomics data and state-of-the-art fine-mapping algorithms, we identify multiple features predictive of tissue-specific and shared regulatory effects. We improve estimates of cis-eQTL sharing and effect sizes using allele specific expression across tissues. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this large compendium of cis-eQTLs for understanding the tissue-specific etiology of complex traits, including coronary artery disease. The GTEx project provides an exceptional resource that has improved our understanding of gene regulation across tissues and the role of regulatory variation in human genetic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Francois Aguet</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew A Brown</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephane Castel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joe R Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pejman Mohammadi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet V Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachary Zappala</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathan S Abell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laure Fresard</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eric R Gamazon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Gelfand</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machael J Gloudemans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farhad Hormozdiari</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxiang Liu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diego Garrido-Martin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halit Ongen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John J Palowitch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YoSon Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine B Peterson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerald Quon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephan Ripke</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrey A Shabalin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler C Shimko</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin J Strober</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timothy J Sullivan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicole A Teran</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emily K Tsang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hailei Zhang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi-Hui Zhou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexis Battle</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlos D Bustamonte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nancy J Cox</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara E Engelhardt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleazar Eskin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gad Getz</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manolis Kellis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gen Li</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel G MacArt</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/074450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local genetic effects on gene expression across 44 human tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analyses for age at menarche identify 389 independent signals and indicate BMI-independent effects of puberty timing on cancer susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/076794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The timing of puberty is a highly polygenic childhood trait that is epidemiologically associated with various adult diseases. Here, we analyse 1000-Genome reference panel imputed genotype data on up to ~370,000 women and identify 389 independent signals (all P<5x10-8) for age at menarche, a notable milestone in female pubertal development. In Icelandic data from deCODE, these signals explain ~7.4% of the population variance in age at menarche, corresponding to one quarter of the estimated heritability. We implicate over 250 genes via coding variation or associated gene expression, and demonstrate enrichment across genes active in neural tissues. We identify multiple rare variants near the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 that exhibit large effects on menarche only when paternally inherited. Disproportionate effects of variants on early or late puberty timing are observed: single variant and heritability estimates are larger for early than late puberty timing in females. The opposite pattern is seen in males, with larger estimates for late than early puberty timing. Mendelian randomization analyses indicate causal inverse associations, independent of BMI, between puberty timing and risks for breast and endometrial cancers in women, and prostate cancer in men. In aggregate, our findings reveal new complexity in the genetic regulation of puberty timing and support new causal links with adult cancer risks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felix Day</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deborah Thompson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannes Helgason</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel Chasman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilary Finucane</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick Sulem</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katherine Ruth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sean Whalen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhishek Sarkar</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eva Albrecht</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisabeth Altmaier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzyeh Amini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Barbieri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaud Boutin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie Campbell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen Demerath</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayush Giri</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chunyan He</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouke Hottenga</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert Karlsson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivana Kolcic</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Po-Ru Loh</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathryn Lunetta</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massimo Mangino</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumat Marco</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerorge McMahon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah Medland</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilja Nolte</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raymond Noordam</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teresa Nutile</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavinia Paternoster</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natalia Perjakova</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eleonora Porcu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynda Rose</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katharina Schraut</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayellet Segre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert Smith</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisette Stolk</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander Teumer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irene Andrulis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefania Ban</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/076794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analyses for age at menarche identify 389 independent signals and indicate BMI-independent effects of puberty timing on cancer susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/077248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe our efforts to prepare common starting structures and models for the SAMPL5 blind prediction challenge. We generated the starting input files and single configuration potential energies for the host-guest in the SAMPL5 blind prediction challenge for the GROMACS, AMBER, LAMMPS, DESMOND and CHARMM molecular simulation programs. All conversions were fully automated from the originally prepared AMBER input files using a combination of the ParmEd and InterMol conversion programs.nnWe find that the energy calculations for all molecular dynamics engines for this molecular set agree to a better than 0.1% relative absolute energy for all energy components, and in most cases an order of magnitude better, when reasonable choices are made for different cutoff parameters. However, there are some surprising sources of statistically significant differences. Most importantly, different choices of Coulombs constant between programs are one of the largest sources of discrepancies in energies. We discuss the measures required to get good agreement in the energies for equivalent starting configurations between the simulation programs, and the energy differences that occur when simulations are run with program-specific default simulation parameter values. Finally, we discuss what was required to automate this conversion and comparison.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michael R. Shirts</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoph Klein</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason M. Swails</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian Yin</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael K. Gilson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David L. Mobley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David A. Case</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellen D. Zhong</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/077248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lessons learned from comparing molecular dynamics engines on the SAMPL5 dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals First Locus for Anorexia Nervosa and Metabolic Correlations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/088815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, resulting in abnormally low body weight. It has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%, disproportionately affects females1,2, and has no well replicated evidence of effective pharmacological or psychological treatments despite high morbidity and mortality2. Twin studies support a genetic basis for the observed aggregation of AN in families3, with heritability estimates of 48%-74%4. Although initial genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were underpowered5,6, evidence suggested that signals for AN would be detected with increased power5. We present a GWAS of 3,495 AN cases and 10,982 controls with one genome-wide significant locus (index variant rs4622308, p=4.3x10-9) in a region (chr12:56,372,585-56,482,185) which includes six genes. The SNP-chip heritability [Formula] of AN from these data is 0.20 (SE=0.02), suggesting that a substantial fraction of the twin-based heritability stems from common genetic variation. Using these GWAS results, we also find significant positive genetic correlations with schizophrenia, neuroticism, educational attainment, and HDL cholesterol, and significant negative genetic correlations with body mass, insulin, glucose, and lipid phenotypes. Our results support the reconceptualization of AN as a disorder with both psychiatric and metabolic components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antilla, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik-Sullivan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfredsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bencko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birgegard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraska Perica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bughardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedoussis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSocio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikeos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmitrzak-Weglarz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docampo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/088815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals First Locus for Anorexia Nervosa and Metabolic Correlations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the language network: Domain-specific hippocampal recruitment during high-level linguistic processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/091900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language processing requires us to encode linear relations between acoustic forms and map them onto hierarchical relations between meaning units. Such relational binding of linguistic elements might recruit the hippocampus given its engagement by similar operations in other cognitive domains. Historically, hippocampal engagement in online language use has received little attention because patients with hippocampal damage are not aphasic. However, recent studies have found that these patients exhibit language impairments when the demands on flexible relational binding are high, suggesting that the hippocampus does, in fact, contribute to linguistic processing. A fundamental question is thus whether language processing engages domain-general hippocampal mechanisms that are also recruited across other cognitive processes or whether, instead, it relies on certain language-selective areas within the hippocampus. To address this question, we conducted the first systematic analysis of hippocampal engagement during comprehension in healthy adults (n=150 across three experiments) using fMRI. Specifically, we functionally localized putative "language-regions" within the hippocampus using a language comprehension task, and found that these regions (i) were selectively engaged by language but not by six non-linguistic tasks; and (ii) were coupled in their activity with the cortical language network during both "rest" and especially story comprehension, but not with the domain-general "multiple-demand (MD)" network. This functional profile did not generalize to other hippocampal regions that were localized using a non-linguistic, working memory task. These findings suggest that some hippocampal mechanisms that maintain and integrate information during language comprehension are not domain-general but rather belong to the language-specific brain network.nnSignificance statementAccording to popular views, language processing is exclusively supported by neocortical mechanisms. However, recent patient studies suggest that language processing may also require the hippocampus, especially when relations among linguistic elements have to be flexibly integrated and maintained. Here, we address a core question about the place of the hippocampus in the cognitive architecture of language: are certain hippocampal operations language-specific rather than domain-general? By extensively characterizing hippocampal recruitment during language comprehension in healthy adults using fMRI, we show that certain hippocampal subregions exhibit signatures of language specificity in both their response profiles and their patterns of activity synchronization with known functional regions in the neocortex. We thus suggest that the hippocampus is a satellite constituent of the language network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown-Schmidt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/091900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the language network: Domain-specific hippocampal recruitment during high-level linguistic processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defects of myelination are common pathophysiology in syndromic and idiopathic autism spectrum disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/128124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 1:68 individuals and has incalculable burdens on affected individuals, their families, and health care systems. While the genetic contributions to idiopathic ASD are heterogeneous and largely unknown, the causal mutations for syndromic forms of ASD - including truncations and copy number variants - provide a genetic toehold with which to gain mechanistic insights1-3. Models of these syndromic disorders have been used to better characterize the molecular and physiological processes disrupted by these mutations4. Two fundamental questions remain - how biologically similar are the mouse models of syndromic forms of ASD, and how relevant are these mouse models to their human analogs? To address these questions, we performed integrative transcriptomic analyses of seven independent mouse models of three syndromic forms of ASD generated across five laboratories, and assessed dysregulated genes and their pathways in human postmortem brain from patients with ASD and unaffected controls. These cross-species analyses converged on shared disruptions in myelination and axon development across both syndromic and idiopathic ASD, highlighting both the face validity of mouse models for these disorders and identifying novel convergent molecular phenotypes amendable to rescue with therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Phan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlen, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaxton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweatt, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philpot, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/128124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defects of myelination are common pathophysiology in syndromic and idiopathic autism spectrum disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-localization of Conditional eQTL and GWAS Signatures in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/129429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Causal genes and variants within genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci can be identified by integrating GWAS statistics with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and determining which SNPs underlie both GWAS and eQTL signals. Most analyses, however, consider only the marginal eQTL signal, rather than dissecting this signal into multiple independent eQTL for each gene. Here we show that analyzing conditional eQTL signatures, which could be important under specific cellular or temporal contexts, leads to improved fine mapping of GWAS associations. Using genotypes and gene expression levels from post-mortem human brain samples (N=467) reported by the CommonMind Consortium (CMC), we find that conditional eQTL are widespread; 63% of genes with primary eQTL also have conditional eQTL. In addition, genomic features associated with conditional eQTL are consistent with context specific (i.e. tissue, cell type, or developmental time point specific) regulation of gene expression. Integrating the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium schizophrenia (SCZ) GWAS and CMC conditional eQTL data reveals forty loci with strong evidence for co-localization (posterior probability >0.8), including six loci with co-localization of conditional eQTL. Our co-localization analyses support previously reported genes and identify novel genes for schizophrenia risk, and provide specific hypotheses for their functional follow-up.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boocock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloofman, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glicksberg, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giambartolomei, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perumal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the CommonMind Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akbarian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/129429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-localization of Conditional eQTL and GWAS Signatures in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of Cytometry Data Reveals Racial Differences in Immune Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/130948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While meta-analysis has demonstrated increased statistical power and more robust estimations in studies, the application of this commonly accepted methodology to cytometry data has been challenging. Different cytometry studies often involve diverse sets of markers. Moreover, the detected values of the same marker are inconsistent between studies due to different experimental designs and cytometer configurations. As a result, the cell subsets identified by existing auto-gating methods cannot be directly compared across studies. We developed MetaCyto for automated meta-analysis of both flow and mass cytometry (CyTOF) data. By combining clustering methods with a silhouette scanning method, MetaCyto is able to identify commonly labeled cell subsets across studies, thus enabling meta-analysis. Applying MetaCyto across a set of 10 heterogeneous cytometry studies totaling 2926 samples enabled us to identify multiple cell populations exhibiting differences in abundance between White and Asian adults. Software is released to the public through GitHub (github.com/hzc363/MetaCyto).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jujjavarapu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherardini, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butte, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/130948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of Cytometry Data Reveals Racial Differences in Immune Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exact Topological Inference For Paired Brain Networks Via Persistent Homology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/140533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a novel framework for characterizing paired brain networks using techniques in hyper-networks, sparse learning and persistent homology. The framework is general enough for dealing with any type of paired images such as twins, multimodal and longitudinal images. The exact nonparametric statistical inference procedure is derived on testing monotonic graph theory features that do not rely on time consuming permutation tests. The proposed method computes the exact probability in quadratic time while the permutation tests require exponential time. As illustrations, we apply the method to simulated networks and a twin fMRI study. In case of the latter, we determine the statistical significance of the heritability index of the large-scale reward network where every voxel is a network node.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalta-Gil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathouz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/140533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exact Topological Inference For Paired Brain Networks Via Persistent Homology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Olfactory Receptors Are Required For Social Behavior And Neural Plasticity In Ants, As Evidenced By CRISPR-Mediated Gene Knockout 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/142232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chemosensory system is key to establishing and maintaining social structure in eusocial insects. Ants exhibit cooperative colonial behaviors reflective of an advanced form of sociality with an extensive dependency on communication. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) serve as pheromones and cues that regulate multiple aspects of social interactions and behaviors in ants. The perception of CHCs entails odorant receptor neurons (ORNs) that express specific odorant receptors (ORs) encoded by a dramatically expanded Or gene family in ants. Until recently, studies of the biological functions of ORs in eusocial insects were stymied by the lack of genetic tools. In most eusocial insect species, only one or a few queens in a colony can transmit the genetic information to their progeny. In contrast, any worker in the ant Harpegnathos saltator can be converted into a gamergate (pseudo-queen), and used as a foundress to engender an entire new colony and be crossed for genetic experiments. This feature facilitated CRISPR-Cas9 gene targeting to generate a germline mutation in the orco gene that encodes the obligate co-receptor whose mutation should significantly impact ant olfaction. Our results show that Orco exhibits a conserved role in the perception of general odorants but also a role in reproductive physiology and social behavior plasticity in ants. Surprisingly, and in contrast to other insect systems, the loss of OR functionality also dramatically reduces the development of the ant antennal lobe where ORNs project. Taken together, these findings open the possibility of studying the genetics of eusociality and provide inroads towards understanding the function of the expanded ORs family in eusocial insects in regulating caste determination, social communication and neuronal plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opachaloemphan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mlejnek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haight, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaninia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leibholz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traficante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penick, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokhale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fetter-Pruneda, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonasio, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desplan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/142232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Olfactory Receptors Are Required For Social Behavior And Neural Plasticity In Ants, As Evidenced By CRISPR-Mediated Gene Knockout]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large Meta-Analysis Provides Evidence For An Association Of Serum Vitamin D With Pulmonary Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/144717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role that vitamin D plays in pulmonary function remains uncertain. Epidemiological studies reported mixed findings for the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and pulmonary function. We conducted the largest cross-sectional meta-analysis of the 25(OH)D- pulmonary function association to date, based on nine European ancestry (EA) cohorts (n=22,838) and five African ancestry (AA) cohorts (n=4,290) in the CHARGE Consortium. Data were analyzed using linear models by cohort and ancestry. Effect modification by smoking status (current/former/never) was tested. Results were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D was 68 (29) nmol/L for EAs and 49 (21) nmol/L for AAs. For each 1 nmol/L higher 25(OH)D, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was higher by 1.1 mL in EAs (95% CI: 0.9,1.3; P=2.5x10-21) and 1.8 mL (95% CI: 1.1,2.5; P=1.6x10-7) in Aas (Prace difference=0.06), and forced vital capacity (FVC) was higher by 1.3 mL in EAs (95% CI: 1.0,1.6; P=1.1x10-20) and 1.5 mL (95% CI: 0.8,2.3; P=1.2x10-4) in AAs (Prace difference=0.56). Among EAs, the 25(OH)D-FVC association was stronger in smokers: per 1nmol/L higher 25(OH)D, FVC was higher by 1.7 mL (95% CI: 1.1,2.3) for current smokers and 1.7 mL (95% CI: 1.2,2.1) for former smokers, compared to 0.8 mL (95% CI: 0.4,1.2) for never smokers. In summary, the 25(OH)D associations with FEV1 and FVC were positive in both ancestries. In EAs, a stronger association was observed for smokers compared to never smokers, which supports the importance of vitamin D in vulnerable populations.nnCohort FundingThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant number R21 HL125574 funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) (co-Principal Investigators [co-PIs]: DBH and PAC). The corresponding author (PAC) had full access to the data for the meta-analysis, and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. No funding source had any role in the analysis of the data, the writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit it. This work was also supported in part by R01HL077612 (PI: RGB) and by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ZO1 ES043012, PI: SJL). SJL is supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Infrastructure for the CHARGE Consortium is supported in part by the NHLBI grant R01HL105756.nnThe Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study has been funded by NIH contracts N01-AG-1-2100 and 271201200022C, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, VSN: 00-063. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study.nnThe Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C. 25(OH)D measurements were conducted with the support of R01 HL103706 from the NHLBI and R01 HL103706-S1 from the NIH ODS. The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions.nnThis Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) research was supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants U01HL080295, R01HL085251, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, and R01HL130114 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from NIA. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS-NHLBI.org. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Vitamin D measurements were made possible by NHLBI (R01HL084443-01A2).nnThis work in Framingham Heart Study was supported by NHLBIs Framingham Heart Study contract (N01-HC-25195 and HHSN268201500001I). Vitamin D measurements in the Framingham study were made possible by NIA (R01 AG14759 to SLB.).nnThe Health Aging and Body Composition cohort study was supported by NIA contracts N01AG62101, N01AG2103, and N01AG62106, NIA grant R01-AG028050, NINR grant R01-NR012459, and in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIA, NIH. This research was further supported by RC1AG035835, and the serum vitamin D assays were supported by R01AG029364.nnThe Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study is conducted and supported by NHLBI in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, and N01-HC-95169 from NHLBI, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001881 from NCRR, and DK063491 from the NIDDK. The MESA Lung study was supported by grants R01 HL077612, RC1 HL100543 and R01 HL093081 from NHLBI. Support for the Mineral Metabolite dataset was provided by grant HL096875.nnThe Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; the Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE); the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science; the Dutch Ministry for Health, Welfare, and Sports; the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. LL was a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation--Flanders (FWO) in Brussels, Belgium. Part of this work was supported by a FWO-grant G035014N. DSM Nutritional Products AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland, sponsored the Vitamin D serum analyses. The authors are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study, and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists.nnThe Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) is supported by contracts HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300029C, and HHSN268200900041C from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and an intra-agency agreement between NIA and NHLBI (AG0005).nnAuthor DisclosureDr. Psaty serves on the DSMB of a clinical trial funded by the manufacturer (Zoll LifeCor) and on the Steering Committee of the Yale Open Data Access Project funded by Johnson & Johnson.nnAll other authors have no conflicts of interest. There is no commercial support or financial interest from the tobacco industry for the research presented.nnThe study sponsors were not involved in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, report writing, or decisions to submit the paper for publication. PAC and DBH had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.nnOnline Supporting MaterialSupplemental table, figures, and methods are available.nnAbbreviation Footnote
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittoor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terzikhan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brusselle, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Boer, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier-Wood, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houston, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kritchevsky, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latourelle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemaitre, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutsey, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oelsner, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankow, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voruganti, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zillikens, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gharib, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahousse, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/144717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large Meta-Analysis Provides Evidence For An Association Of Serum Vitamin D With Pulmonary Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetics of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): genome-wide association study of delay discounting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delay discounting (DD), which is the tendency to discount the value of delayed versus current rewards, is elevated in a constellation of diseases and behavioral conditions. We performed a genome-wide association study of DD using 23,127 research participants of European ancestry. The most significantly associated SNP was rs6528024 (P = 2.40 x 10-8), which is located in an intron of the gene GPM6B. We also showed that 12% of the variance in DD was accounted for by genotype, and that the genetic signature of DD overlapped with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, major depression, smoking, personality, cognition, and body weight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- The 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetics of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): genome-wide association study of delay discounting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in 20,328 research participants of European ancestry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/147397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic factors contribute to the risk for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). In collaboration with the genetics company 23andMe, Inc., we performed a genome-wide association (GWAS) study of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), an instrument designed to screen for alcohol misuse over the past year. Our final sample consisted of 20,328 research participants of European ancestry (55.3% females; mean age = 53.8, SD = 16.1) who reported ever using alcohol. Our results showed that the  chip-heritability of AUDIT score, when treated as a continuous phenotype, was 12%. No loci reached genome-wide significance. The gene ADH1C, which has been previously implicated in AUD, was among our most significant associations (4.4 x 10-7; rs141973904). We also detected a suggestive association on chromosome 1 (2.1 x 10-7; rs182344113) near the gene KCNJ9, which has been implicated in mouse models of high ethanol drinking. Using LD score regression, we identified positive genetic correlations between AUDIT score and AUD, high alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. We also observed an unexpected positive genetic correlation between AUDIT and educational attainment, and additional unexpected negative correlations with BMI/obesity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conclude that conducting a genetic study using data from a population unselected for AUD and responding to an online questionnaire may represent a cost-effective strategy for elucidating the etiology of AUD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>- the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/147397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in 20,328 research participants of European ancestry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/148502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the proliferation of multi-site neuroimaging studies, there is a greater need for handling non-biological variance introduced by differences in MRI scanners and acquisition protocols. Such unwanted sources of variation, which we refer to as "scanner effects", can hinder the detection of imaging features associated with clinical covariates of interest and cause spurious findings. In this paper, we investigate scanner effects in two large multi-site studies on cortical thickness measurements, across a total of 11 scanners. We propose a set of general tools for visualizing and identifying scanner effects that are generalizable to other modalities. We then propose to use ComBat, a technique adopted from the genomics literature and recently applied to diffusion tensor imaging data, to combine and harmonize cortical thickness values across scanners. We show that ComBat removes unwanted sources of scan variability while simultaneously increasing the power and reproducibility of subsequent statistical analyses. We also show that ComBat is useful for combining imaging data with the goal of studying life-span trajectories in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fortin, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheline, Y. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aselcioglu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGrath, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsey, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/148502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated collection of pathogen-specific diagnostic data for real-time syndromic epidemiological studies 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/157156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Health-care and public health professionals rely on accurate, real-time monitoring of infectious diseases for outbreak preparedness and response. Early detection of outbreaks is improved by systems that are pathogen-specific. We describe a system, FilmArray(R) Trend, for rapid disease reporting that is syndrome-based but pathogen-specific. Results from a multiplex molecular diagnostic test are sent directly to a cloud database. www.syndromictrends.com presents these data in near real-time. Trend preserves patient privacy by removing or obfuscating patient identifiers. We summarize the respiratory pathogen results, for 20 organisms from 344,000 patient samples acquired as standard of care testing over the last four years from 20 clinical laboratories in the United States. The majority of pathogens show influenza-like seasonality, rhinovirus has fall and spring peaks and adenovirus and bacterial pathogens show constant detection over the year. Interestingly, the rate of pathogen co-detections, on average 7.7%, matches predictions based on the relative abundance of organisms present.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyers, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginocchio, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faucett, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gesteland, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowiak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dien Bard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stellrecht, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimnia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvarangan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juretschko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallentine, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguero-Rosenfeld, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fey, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Storch, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melnick, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scarpino, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Althouse, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ririe, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malin, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poritz, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/157156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated collection of pathogen-specific diagnostic data for real-time syndromic epidemiological studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic selection underlies evolution of human brain structure and behavioral traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/164707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seemingly paradoxical characteristics of psychiatric disorders, including moderate to high prevalence, reduced fecundity, and high heritability have motivated explanations for the persistence of common risk alleles for severe psychiatric phenotypes throughout human evolution. Proposed mechanisms include balancing selection, drift, and weak polygenic adaptation acting either directly, or indirectly through selection on correlated traits. While many mechanisms have been proposed, few have been empirically tested. Leveraging publicly available data of unprecedented sample size, we studied twenty-five traits (i.e., ten neuropsychiatric disorders, three personality traits, total intracranial volume, seven subcortical brain structure volume traits, and four complex traits without neuropsychiatric associations) for evidence of several different signatures of selection over a range of evolutionary time scales. Consistent with the largely polygenic architecture of neuropsychiatric traits, we found no enrichment of trait-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in regions of the genome that underwent classical selective sweeps (i.e., events which would have driven selected alleles to near fixation). However, we discovered that SNPs associated with some, but not all, behaviors and brain structure volumes are enriched in genomic regions under selection since divergence from Neanderthals ~600,000 years ago, and show further evidence for signatures of ancient and recent polygenic adaptation. Individual subcortical brain structure volumes demonstrate genome-wide evidence in support of a mosaic theory of brain evolution while total intracranial volume and height appear to share evolutionary constraints consistent with concerted evolution. We further characterized the biological processes potentially targeted by selection, through expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and found evidence for the role of regulatory functions among selected SNPs in immune and brain tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that alleles associated with neuropsychiatric, behavioral, and brain volume phenotypes have experienced both ancient and recent polygenic adaptation in human evolution, acting through neurodevelopmental and immune-mediated pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beiter, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimusa, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/164707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic selection underlies evolution of human brain structure and behavioral traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary genetics of cytoplasmic incompatibility genes cifA and cifB in prophage WO of Wolbachia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia manipulates arthropod reproduction to facilitate its maternal spread through populations. The most common manipulation is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI): Wolbachia-infected males produce modified sperm that cause embryonic mortality, unless rescued by eggs harboring the same Wolbachia. The genes underlying CI, cifA and cifB, were recently identified in the eukaryotic association module of Wolbachias prophage WO. Here, we use transcriptomic and genomic approaches to address three important evolutionary facets of these genes. First, we assess whether or not cifA and cifB comprise a classic toxin-antitoxin operon, and show they do not form an operon in strain wMel. They coevolve but exhibit strikingly distinct expression across host development. Second, we provide new domain and functional predictions across homologs within Wolbachia, and we show amino acid sequences vary substantially across the genus. Lastly, we investigate conservation of cifA and cifB and find degradation and loss of the genes is common in strains that no longer induce CI. Taken together, we find no evidence for the operon hypothesis in wMel, provide functional annotations that broaden the potential mechanisms of CI induction, illuminate recurrent erosion of cifA and cifB in non-CI strains, and advance an understanding of the most widespread form of reproductive parasitism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, A. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bordenstein, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, I. L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary genetics of cytoplasmic incompatibility genes cifA and cifB in prophage WO of Wolbachia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional signatures of schizophrenia in hiPSC-derived NPCs and neurons are concordant with signatures from post mortem adult brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/185546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas highly penetrant variants have proven well-suited to human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models, the power of hiPSC-based studies to resolve the much smaller effects of common variants within the size of cohorts that can be realistically assembled remains uncertain. In developing a large case/control schizophrenia (SZ) hiPSC-derived cohort of neural progenitor cells and neurons, we identified and accounted for a variety of technical and biological sources of variation. Reducing the stochastic effects of the differentiation process by correcting for cell type composition boosted the SZ signal in hiPSC-based models and increased the concordance with post mortem datasets. Because this concordance was strongest in hiPSC-neurons, it suggests that this cell type may better model genetic risk for SZ. We predict a growing convergence between hiPSC and post mortem studies as both approaches expand to larger cohort sizes. For studies of complex genetic disorders, to maximize the power of hiPSC cohorts currently feasible, in most cases and whenever possible, we recommend expanding the number of individuals even at the expense of the number of replicate hiPSC clones.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartley, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gochman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapoport, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/185546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional signatures of schizophrenia in hiPSC-derived NPCs and neurons are concordant with signatures from post mortem adult brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exome chip meta-analysis elucidates the genetic architecture of rare coding variants in smoking and drinking behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/187658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSmoking and alcohol use behaviors in humans have been associated with common genetic variants within multiple genomic loci. Investigation of rare variation within these loci holds promise for identifying causal variants impacting biological mechanisms in the etiology of disordered behavior. Microarrays have been designed to genotype rare nonsynonymous and putative loss of function variants. Such variants are expected to have greater deleterious consequences on gene function than other variants, and significantly contribute to disease risk.nnMethodsIn the present study, we analyzed [~]250,000 rare variants from 17 independent studies. Each variant was tested for association with five addiction-related phenotypes: cigarettes per day, pack years, smoking initiation, age of smoking initiation, and alcoholic drinks per week. We conducted single variant tests of all variants, and gene-based burden tests of nonsynonymous or putative loss of function variants with minor allele frequency less than 1%.nnResultsMeta-analytic sample sizes ranged from 70,847 to 164,142 individuals, depending on the phenotype. Known loci tagged by common variants replicated, but there was no robust evidence for individually associated rare variants, either in gene based or single variant tests. Using a modified method-of-moment approach, we found that all low frequency coding variants, in aggregate, contributed 1.7% to 3.6% of the phenotypic variation for the five traits (p<.05).nnConclusionsThe findings indicate that rare coding variants contribute to phenotypic variation, but that much larger samples and/or denser genotyping of rare variants will be required to successfully identify associations with these phenotypes, whether individual variants or gene- based associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazel, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erzurumluoglu, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faul, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammerschlag, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melbourne, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pistis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qaiser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetherill, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beirut, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacono, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polderman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CHD Exome+ Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium for Genetics of Smoking Behavior,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlessinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/187658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exome chip meta-analysis elucidates the genetic architecture of rare coding variants in smoking and drinking behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/188094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary/AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have laid the foundation for investigations into the biology of complex traits, drug development, and clinical guidelines. However, the dominance of European-ancestry populations in GWAS creates a biased view of the role of human variation in disease, and hinders the equitable translation of genetic associations into clinical and public health applications. The Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study conducted a GWAS of 26 clinical and behavioral phenotypes in 49,839 non-European individuals. Using strategies designed for analysis of multi-ethnic and admixed populations, we confirm 574 GWAS catalog variants across these traits, and find 38 secondary signals in known loci and 27 novel loci. Our data shows strong evidence of effect-size heterogeneity across ancestries for published GWAS associations, substantial benefits for fine-mapping using diverse cohorts, and insights into clinical implications. We strongly advocate for continued, large genome-wide efforts in diverse populations to reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorokin, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belbin, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodonsky, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocarnik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setiawan, V. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vishnu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verbanck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zubair, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambite, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottinger, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caberto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deelman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doheny, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rhodes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/188094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Diversity Turns a New PAGE in Our Understanding of Complex Traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/198234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High blood pressure is the foremost heritable global risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We report the largest genetic association study of blood pressure traits to date (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure) in over one million people of European ancestry. We identify 535 novel blood pressure loci that not only offer new biological insights into blood pressure regulation but also reveal shared loci influencing lifestyle exposures. Our findings offer the potential for a precision medicine strategy for future cardiovascular disease prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosen-Ansorena, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntritsos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabrera, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzanis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellwege, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P. W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovesdy, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almgren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giulianini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li-Gao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, W.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surendran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theriault, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verwe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/198234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic analysis of over one million people identifies 535 novel loci for blood pressure.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C promotes Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis Independent of Superantigen Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.13.875633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) is critical for Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (SAIE) in rabbits. Superantigenicity, its hallmark function, was proposed to be a major underlying mechanism driving SAIE but was not directly tested. With the use of S. aureus MW2 expressing SEC toxoids, we show that superantigenicity does not sufficiently account for vegetation growth, myocardial inflammation, and acute kidney injury in the rabbit model of native valve SAIE. These results highlight the critical contribution of an alternative function of superantigens to SAIE. In support of this, we provide evidence that SEC exerts anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting branching microvessel formation in an ex vivo rabbit aortic ring model and by inhibiting endothelial cell expression of one of the most potent mediators of angiogenesis, VEGF-A. SECs ability to interfere with tissue re-vascularization and remodeling after injury serves as a mechanism to promote SAIE and its life-threatening systemic pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kinney, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forsythe, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulhankova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salgado-Pabon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C promotes Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis Independent of Superantigen Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo studies of glucagon secretion by human islets transplanted in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.15.876920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relatively little is known about regulated glucagon secretion by human islet  cells compared to insulin secretion from {beta} cells, despite conclusive evidence of dysfunction in both cell types in diabetes mellitus. Distinct insulin sequences in humans and mice permit in vivo studies of {beta} cell regulation after human islet transplantation in immunocompromised mice, whereas identical glucagon sequences prevent analogous in vivo measures of glucagon output from human  cells. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to remove glucagon-encoding codons 2-29 in immunocompromised (NSG) mice, preserving production of other proglucagon-derived hormones, like Glucagon-like-peptide 1. These NSG-Glucagon knockout (NSG-GKO) mice had phenotypes associated with glucagon signaling deficits, including hypoglycemia, hyperaminoacidemia, hypoinsulinemia, and islet  cell hyperplasia. NSG-GKO host metabolic and islet phenotypes reverted after human islet transplantation, and human islets retained regulated glucagon and insulin secretion. NSG-GKO mice provide an unprecedented resource to investigate unique, species-specific human  cell regulation in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tellez, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.15.876920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo studies of glucagon secretion by human islets transplanted in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Levonorgestrel modulates innate immune activation in human endocervical epithelium and monocytes during Chlamydia trachomatis infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ProblemOur group has previously shown that baboons with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) have delayed clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Based on this result, we hypothesized that LNG results in changes to development of the immune response by epithelial and resident innate immune cells.

Method of StudyUsing the end1 endocervical cell line or the THP.1 monocyte-like cell line, cells were exposed to increasing levels of progesterone (P4) or a dose of LNG representative of LNG in reproductive tract tissues of women with an LNG-IUS. Ct was used at an MOI of 1 and supernatants were collected for ELISA at 48 hours post-infection. Select nuclear receptors were inhibited to determine which receptor contributed to LNG-mediated immunosuppression.

ResultsCervical epithelial cells infected with Ct expressed IL-1{beta} when treated with vehicle control. P4 further increased IL-1{beta} expression during Ct infection, while LNG decreased IL-1{beta} expression. Treatment with the androgen receptor blocker ailanthone prevented LNG-mediated immunosuppression.

ConclusionsLNG in the presence of increasing P4 suppresses IL-1{beta} production in response to Ct infection in vitro. This appears to be mediated at least in part by the androgen receptor. This has implications for women with LNG-IUS at high risk for sexually transmitted infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Levonorgestrel modulates innate immune activation in human endocervical epithelium and monocytes during Chlamydia trachomatis infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insula Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.16.878827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The insula is structurally abnormal in schizophrenia, demonstrating robust reductions in gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and altered gyrification during prodromal, early and chronic stages of the illness. Despite compelling structural alterations, less is known about its functional connectivity, limited by studies considering the insula as a whole or only within the context of resting-state networks. There is evidence, however, from healthy subjects that the insula is comprised of sub-regions with distinct functional profiles, with dorsal anterior insula (dAI) involved in cognitive processing, ventral anterior insula (vAI) involved in affective processing, and posterior insula (PI) involved in somatosensory processing. The current study builds on this prior work and characterizes insula resting-state functional connectivity sub-region profiles in a large cohort of schizophrenia (N=191) and healthy (N=196) participants and hypothesizes specific associations between insula sub-region connectivity abnormalities and clinical characteristics related to their functional profiles. Functional dysconnectivity of the insula in schizophrenia is broadly characterized by reduced connectivity within insula sub-networks and hyper-connectivity with regions not normally connected with that sub-region, reflected in significantly greater similarity of dAI and PI connectivity profiles and significantly lower similarity of dAI and vAI connectivity profiles (p<.05). In schizophrenia, hypo-connectivity of dAI correlates with cognitive function (r=.18, p=.014), whereas hyper-connectivity between vAI and superior temporal sulcus correlates with negative symptoms (r=.27, p<.001). These findings reveal altered insula connectivity in all three sub-regions and converges with recent evidence of reduced differentiation of insula connectivity in schizophrenia, implicating functional dysconnectivity of the insula in cognitive and clinical symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheffield, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2019.12.16.878827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insula Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chop/Ddit3 depletion in β-cells alleviates ER stress and corrects hepatic steatosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.02.893271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (IR). During the early phase of T2D, insulin synthesis and secretion by pancreatic {beta} cells is enhanced, which can lead to proinsulin (ProIns) misfolding that aggravates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in {beta} cells. Moreover, increased insulin in the circulation may contribute to fatty liver disease. Medical interventions aimed at alleviating ER stress in {beta} cells while maintaining optimal insulin secretion are therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy for T2D. Previously, we demonstrated that germline Chop gene deletion preserved {beta} cells in high fat diet (HFD) fed mice and in leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. In the current study, we further investigated whether targeting Chop/Ddit3 specifically in murine {beta} cells confers therapeutic benefits. First, we show that Chop deletion in {beta} cells alleviates {beta} cell ER stress and delays glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in HFD fed mice. Second, importantly, {beta} cell-specific Chop deletion prevented liver steatosis and hepatomegaly in aged HFD fed mice without affecting basal glucose homeostasis. Third, we provide the first mechanistic evidence that ER remodeling secondary to Chop deletion modulates glucose-induced islet Ca2+ oscillations. Finally, using state-of-the-art GLP1-conjugated Chop AntiSense Oligonucleotides (GLP1-Chop ASO), we demonstrated that the Chop deletion induced GSIS change is a long term complex event in {beta} cells. In summary, our results demonstrate that Chop depletion in {beta} cells is a new therapeutic strategy to alleviate dysregulated insulin secretion and the consequently fatty liver disease in T2D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebeaupin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satin, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.02.893271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chop/Ddit3 depletion in β-cells alleviates ER stress and corrects hepatic steatosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Latent Genetic Structure of Impulsivity and its Relation to Internalizing Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.897231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Factor analyses suggest that impulsivity traits that capture tendencies to act prematurely or take risks tap partially distinct constructs. We applied genomic structure equation modeling to evaluate the genetic factor structure of two well-established impulsivity questionnaires, using published genome-wide association study statistics from up to 22,861 participants. We also tested the hypotheses that delay discounting would be genetically separable from other impulsivity factors, and that emotionally-triggered facets of impulsivity (urgency) would be those most strongly genetically correlated with an internalizing latent factor. A five-factor model best fit the impulsivity data. Delay discounting was genetically distinct from these five factors. As expected, the two urgency subscales were most strongly related to an Internalizing Psychopathology latent factor. These findings provide empirical genetic evidence that impulsivity can be disarticulated into distinct categories of differential relevance for internalizing psychopathology. They also demonstrate how measured genetic markers can be used to inform theories of psychology/personality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Latent Genetic Structure of Impulsivity and its Relation to Internalizing Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.911545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell metabolic analysis by mass cytometry reveals distinct transitional states of CD8 T cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.911545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory T cells conventionally rely on oxidative phosphorylation and short-lived effector T cells on glycolysis. Here, we investigate how T cells arrive at these states during an immune response. In order to understand the metabolic state of rare, early activated T cells, we adapted mass cytometry to quantify metabolic regulators at single-cell resolution in parallel with cell signaling, proliferation, and effector function. We interrogated CD8 T cell activation in vitro as well as the trajectory of CD8 T cells responding to Listeria monocytogenes infection, a well-characterized in vivo model for studies of T cell differentiation. This approach revealed a unique metabolic state in early activated T cells characterized by maximal expression of glycolytic and oxidative metabolic proteins. Peak utilization of both pathways was confirmed by extracellular flux analysis. Cells in this transient state were most abundant five days post-infection before rapidly downregulating metabolic protein expression. This approach should be useful for mechanistic investigations of metabolic regulation of immune responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levine, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiam, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquez, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenvooren, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.21.911545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell metabolic analysis by mass cytometry reveals distinct transitional states of CD8 T cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.949990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor reduces cocaine-seeking and downregulates glutamatergic synaptic proteins in medial prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.949990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPsychostimulant use disorder is a major public health issue, and despite the scope of the problem there are currently no FDA approved treatments. There would be tremendous utility in development of a treatment that could help patients both achieve and maintain abstinence. Previous work from our group has identified granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a neuroactive cytokine that alters behavioral response to cocaine, increases synaptic dopamine release, and enhances cognitive flexibility. Here, we investigate the role of G-CSF in affecting extinction and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking and perform detailed characterization of its proteomic effects in multiple limbic substructures.

MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were injected with PBS or G-CSF during (1) extinction or (2) abstinence from cocaine self-administration, and drug seeking behavior was measured. Quantitative assessment of changes in the proteomic landscape in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were performed via data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry analysis.

ResultsAdministration of G-CSF during extinction accelerated the rate of extinction, and administration during abstinence attenuated cue-induced cocaine-seeking. Analysis of global protein expression demonstrated that G-CSF regulated proteins primarily in mPFC that are critical to glutamate signaling and synapse maintenance.

ConclusionTaken together, these findings support G-CSF as a viable translational research target with the potential to reduce drug craving or seeking behaviors. Importantly, recombinant G-CSF exists as an FDA-approved medication which may facilitate rapid clinical translation. Additionally, using cutting-edge multi-region discovery proteomics analyses, these studies identify a novel mechanism underlying G-CSF effects on behavioral plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofford, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Euston, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meckel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.949990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor reduces cocaine-seeking and downregulates glutamatergic synaptic proteins in medial prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anxiety and the neurobiology of uncertain threat anticipation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.25.964734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When extreme, anxiety--a state of distress and arousal prototypically evoked by uncertain danger--can be debilitating. Uncertain anticipation is a shared feature of situations that elicit signs and symptoms of anxiety across psychiatric disorders, species, and assays. Despite the profound significance of anxiety for human health and wellbeing, the neurobiology of uncertain-threat anticipation remains unsettled. Leveraging a paradigm adapted from animal research and optimized for functional MRI signal decomposition, we examined the neural circuits engaged during the anticipation of temporally uncertain and certain threat in 99 men and women. Results revealed that the neural systems recruited by uncertain and certain threat anticipation are anatomically co-localized in fronto-cortical regions, extended amygdala, and periaqueductal gray. Comparison of the threat conditions demonstrated that this circuitry can be fractionated, with fronto-cortical regions showing relatively stronger engagement during the anticipation of uncertain threat, and the extended amygdala showing the reverse pattern. Although there is widespread agreement that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and dorsal amygdala--the two major subdivisions of the extended amygdala--play a critical role in orchestrating adaptive responses to potential danger, their precise contributions to human anxiety have remained contentious. Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these regions show statistically indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat anticipation. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing anxiety and fear, for understanding the functional neuroanatomy of threat anticipation in humans, and for accelerating the development of more effective intervention strategies for pathological anxiety.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnxiety--an emotion prototypically associated with the anticipation of uncertain harm--has profound significance for public health, yet the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. Leveraging a novel neuroimaging paradigm in a relatively large sample, we identify a core circuit responsive to both uncertain and certain threat anticipation, and show that this circuitry can be fractionated into subdivisions with a bias for one kind of threat or the other. The extended-amygdala occupies center-stage in neuropsychiatric models of anxiety, but its functional architecture has remained contentious. Here we demonstrate that its major subdivisions show statistically indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat. Collectively, these observations indicate the need to revise how we think about the neurobiology of anxiety and fear.

RESOURCE SHARINGRaw data are available at the National Institute of Mental Healths Data Archive. Key statistical maps are or will be publicly available at NeuroVault.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shackman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.964734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anxiety and the neurobiology of uncertain threat anticipation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for modulation of EEG microstate sequence by vigilance level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.26.966150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The momentary global functional state of the brain is reflected in its electric field configuration and cluster analytical approaches have consistently shown four configurations, referred to as EEG microstate classes A to D. Changes in microstate parameters are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, task performance, and mental state establishing their relevance for cognition. However, the common practice to use eye-closed resting state data to assess the temporal dynamics of microstate parameters might induce systematic confounds related to vigilance levels. Here, we studied the dynamics of microstate parameters in two independent data sets and showed that the parameters of microstates are strongly associated with vigilance level assessed both by EEG power analysis and fMRI global signal. We found that the duration and contribution of microstate class C, as well as transition probabilities towards microstate class C were positively associated with vigilance, whereas the sign was reversed for microstate classes A and B. Furthermore, in looking for the origins of the correspondence between microstates and vigilance level, we found Granger-causal effects of vigilance levels on microstate sequence parameters. Collectively, our findings suggest that duration and occurrence of microstates have a different origin and possibly reflect different physiological processes. Finally, our findings indicate the need for taking vigilance levels into consideration in resting-sate EEG investigations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krylova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizadeh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izyurov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teckentrup, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Meer, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroemer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamalabadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.966150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for modulation of EEG microstate sequence by vigilance level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.980086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0991c is a redox-regulated molecular chaperone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.980086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by an infectious disease among humans. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized M. tuberculosis protein, Rv0991c, as a molecular chaperone that is activated by oxidation. Rv0991c has homologues in most bacterial lineages and appears to function analogously to the well-characterized Escherichia coli redox-regulated chaperone Hsp33, despite a dissimilar protein sequence. Rv0991c is transcriptionally co-regulated with hsp60 and hsp70 chaperone genes in M. tuberculosis, suggesting that Rv0991c functions with these chaperones in maintaining protein quality control. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that, like oxidized Hsp33, oxidized Rv0991c prevents the aggregation of a model unfolded protein in vitro, and promotes its refolding by the M. tuberculosis Hsp70 chaperone system. Furthermore, Rv0991c interacts with DnaK and associates with many other M. tuberculosis proteins. Importantly, we found Rv0991c is required for the full virulence of M. tuberculosis in mice. We therefore propose that Rv0991c, which we named "Ruc" (redox-regulated protein with unstructured C-terminus), represents a founding member of a new chaperone family that protects M. tuberculosis and other species from proteotoxicity during oxidative stress.

IMPORTANCEM. tuberculosis infections are responsible for more than one million human deaths per year. Developing effective strategies to combat this disease requires a greater understanding of M. tuberculosis biology. As in all cells, protein quality control is essential for the viability of M. tuberculosis, which likely faces proteome stress within a host. Here, we identify an M. tuberculosis protein, Ruc, that gains chaperone activity upon oxidation. Ruc represents a previously unrecognized family of redox-regulated chaperones found throughout the bacterial super-kingdom. In addition to elucidating the activity of this chaperone, we found that Ruc was required for full M. tuberculosis virulence in mice. This work contributes to a growing appreciation that oxidative stress may provide a particular strain on protein stability in cells, and may likewise play a role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhabaria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakob, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.980086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0991c is a redox-regulated molecular chaperone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin-Bound PARP1 Correlates with Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes in Response to Long-Term Treatment with Veliparib 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.08.982785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are active against cells and tumors with defects in homology-directed repair as a result of synthetic lethality. PARP inhibitors have been suggested to act by either catalytic inhibition or by PARP localization in chromatin. In this study, we treat human HCC1937 BRCA1 mutant and isogenic BRCA1-complemented cells for three weeks with veliparib, a PARP inhibitor. We show that long-term treatment with veliparib results in chromatin-bound PARP1 in the BRCA1 mutant cells, and that this correlates with significant upregulation of inflammatory genes and activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/ signalling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. In contrast, long-term treatment of isogenic BRCA1-complemented cells with veliparib does not result in chromatin-associated PARP or significant upregulation of the inflammatory response. Our results suggest that long-term veliparib treatment may prime BRCA1 mutant tumors for positive responses to immune checkpoint blockade.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alvarado-Cruz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoud, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clairmont, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porciuncula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyatt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LoRusso, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalper, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauthammer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweasy, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin-Bound PARP1 Correlates with Upregulation of Inflammatory Genes in Response to Long-Term Treatment with Veliparib]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-Dimensional mass cytometry analysis reveals systemic immune perturbations in paediatric cancer influenced by age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.983288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Systemic immunity plays an important role in cancer immune surveillance and therapy but there is little detailed knowledge about the immune status of healthy children or children with cancer. We performed a high dimensional single cell analysis of systemic immunity in pediatric cancer patients and age-matched healthy children. In young children with cancer (age < 8years) NK cells were decreased in frequency, maturity, expression of perforin and granzyme-B, and were less cytotoxic in ex vivo assays. NK cell activity was restored after in vitro culture with interleukin-2. In contrast, older children with cancer (>8 years old) had decreased naive CD4 and CD8 T-cells with concomitant increases in effector memory and T effector memory RA-revertant (TEMRA) T-cells. These immunological changes in pediatric cancer patients are relevant to the better understanding of how cancers diagnosed in childhood interact with systemic immunity and could inform the development and application of effective immune-modulating therapies in the pediatric population.

One Sentence SummaryHigh dimensional analysis of systemic immunity in pediatric cancer patients reveals clinically relevant immune changes in NK and T-cells that vary with patient age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Syrimi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masand, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barone, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.983288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-Dimensional mass cytometry analysis reveals systemic immune perturbations in paediatric cancer influenced by age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sprouty2 limits intestinal tuft and goblet cell numbers through GSK3β-mediated restriction of epithelial IL-33. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.984369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic regulation of intestinal cell differentiation is crucial for both homeostasis and the response to injury or inflammation. Sprouty2, an intracellular signaling regulator, controls pathways including PI3K and MAPKs that are implicated in differentiation and are dysregulated in inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we asked whether Sprouty2 controls secretory cell differentiation and the response to colitis. We report that colonic epithelial Sprouty2 deletion led to expanded goblet and tuft cell populations. Sprouty2 loss induced PI3K/Akt signaling, leading to GSK3{beta} inhibition and epithelial interleukin (IL)-33 expression. In vivo, this resulted in increased stromal IL-13+ cells. IL-13 in turn induced tuft and goblet cell expansion in vitro and in vivo. Sprouty2 was downregulated by inflammation; this appeared to be a protective response, as VillinCre;Sprouty2F/F mice were resistant to DSS colitis. In contrast, Sprouty2 was elevated in colons of inflammatory bowel disease patients, suggesting that this protective epithelial-stromal signaling mechanism is lost in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appel, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waddell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almohazey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucar, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadeock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maselli, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grikscheit, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warburton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frey, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sprouty2 limits intestinal tuft and goblet cell numbers through GSK3β-mediated restriction of epithelial IL-33.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ODELAM: Rapid sequence-independent detection of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.17.995480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes over 200,000 deaths each year. Current assays of antimicrobial resistance need knowledge of mutations that confer drug resistance, or long periods of culture time to test growth under drug pressure. We present ODELAM (One-cell Doubling Evaluation of Living Arrays of Mycobacterium), a time-lapse microscopy-based method that observes individual cells growing into microcolonies. ODELAM enables rapid quantitative measures of growth kinetics in as little as 30 hours under a wide variety of environmental conditions. We show the utility of ODELAM by identifying ofloxacin resistance in clinical isolates of Mtb and benchmark its performance with standard MIC assays. In one clinical isolate, ODELAM identified ofloxacin heteroresistance and identifies the presence of drug resistant colony forming units (CFU) at 1 per 1000 CFUs in as little as 48 hours. ODELAM is a powerful new tool that can rapidly evaluate Mtb drug resistance in a laboratory setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herricks, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donczew, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mast, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitchison, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.995480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ODELAM: Rapid sequence-independent detection of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997890v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and multiple endemic, epidemic and bat coronavirus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.997890v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronaviruses (CoVs) traffic frequently between species resulting in novel disease outbreaks, most recently exemplified by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we show that the ribonucleoside analog {beta}-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931) has broad spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV 2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and related zoonotic group 2b or 2c Bat-CoVs, as well as increased potency against a coronavirus bearing resistance mutations to another nucleoside analog inhibitor. In mice infected with SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV, both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of EIDD-2801, an orally bioavailable NHC-prodrug (b-D-N4-hydroxycytidine-5-isopropyl ester), improved pulmonary function, and reduced virus titer and body weight loss. Decreased MERS-CoV yields in vitro and in vivo were associated with increased transition mutation frequency in viral but not host cell RNA, supporting a mechanism of lethal mutagenesis. The potency of NHC/EIDD-2801 against multiple coronaviruses, its therapeutic efficacy, and oral bioavailability in vivo, all highlight its potential utility as an effective antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and other future zoonotic coronaviruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sims, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruijssers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bluemling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natchus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saindane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolykhalov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swanstrom, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcourt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.997890</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and multiple endemic, epidemic and bat coronavirus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.011825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of genes required for enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.27.011825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Castration-resistant prostate cancer can be treated with the anti-androgen enzalutamide, but responses and duration of response are variable. To identify genes that support enzalutamide resistance, we performed a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen in the bone-homing, castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line, C4-2B. We identified eleven genes (TFAP2C, CAD, SPDEF, EIF6, GABRG2, CDC37, PSMD12, COL5A2, AR, MAP3K11, and ACAT1), whose loss resulted in decreased cell survival in response to enzalutamide. To validate our screen, we performed transient knockdowns in C4-2B and 22Rv1 cells and evaluated cell survival in response to enzalutamide. Through these studies, we validated three genes (ACAT1, MAP3K11, and PSMD12) as supporters of enzalutamide resistance in vitro. Although ACAT1 expression is lower in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer samples versus primary prostate cancer samples, knockdown of ACAT1 was sufficient to reduce cell survival in C4-2B and 22Rv1 cells. MAP3K11 expression increases with Gleason grade, and the highest expression is observed in metastatic castration-resistant disease. Knockdown of MAP3K11 reduced cell survival and pharmacologic inhibition of MAP3K11 with CEP-1347 in combination with enzalutamide resulted in a dramatic increase in cell death. This was associated with decreased phosphorylation of AR-Serine650, which is required for maximal AR activation. Finally, while PSMD12 expression did not change during disease progression, knockdown of PSMD12 resulted in decreased AR and AR splice variant expression, likely contributing to the C4-2B and 22Rv1 decrease in cell survival. Our study has therefore identified at least three new supporters of enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro.

Financial supportThe authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Joe C. Davis Foundation (to RJM), the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR, to YY, PEC, and RJM). The Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) is funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Program, Award Number 5UL1TR002243. The content of this manuscript solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. We would also like to acknowledge the Case Research Institute, a joint venture between University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, start-up funds (to MMG), and the Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program (T32 GM 008056 to SEK).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohrt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awadallah, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matusik, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowska, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.27.011825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of genes required for enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.013433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of female song provides insight into the evolution of dimorphism in a widely studied songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.28.013433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTUnderstanding the patterns and processes related to sexual dimorphism and sex differences in diverse animal taxa is a foundational research topic in ecology and evolution. Within the realm of animal communication, studies have traditionally focused on male signals, assuming that female choice and male-male competition have promoted sex differences via elaboration of male traits, but selection on females also has the potential to drive sexual differentiation in signals. Here, we describe female song in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) for the first time, report rates of female song production, and couple song data with plumage data to explore the relative degree to which sex differences in phenotypic traits are consistent with contemporary selection on males versus females. During previous intensive study of male song over two years, we opportunistically recorded songs for 15 females, with matched phenotypic and fitness data. We randomly selected 15 high-quality samples from our larger male dataset to test whether sex differences in song and plumage are more strongly associated with fledgling success for females or genetic paternity for males. Analyses included 35 potential sexual signals including 22 song parameters and 13 plumage traits. Outcomes indicate that: female songs were used in multiple contexts, restricted primarily to the beginning of the breeding season; song traits showed greater sexual differentiation than visual plumage traits; and trait correlations with reproductive success in females, rather than males, predicted sex-based differences in song and plumage. These results are consistent with phylogenetic studies showing that sex-based phenotypic differences are driven by changes in females, highlighting the potential role of female trait evolution in explaining patterns of sexual differentiation. To achieve a better understanding of sex differences and dimorphism, we require comprehensive studies that measure the same traits in males and females and their fitness consequences.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odom, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benedict, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.28.013433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of female song provides insight into the evolution of dimorphism in a widely studied songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation from peripheral blood in first-episode schizophrenia parallel neuroimaging and cognitive phenotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.31.018283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Today, second generation anti-psychotics such as clozapine and risperidone are the favored treatment for schizophrenia. Yet, the absence of relevant biomarkers that can decode their neurobiological effect shackles our ability to accurately predict and track response to treatment. While researchers have investigated DNA methylation as a biomarker for schizophrenia risk, none have performed a systematic analysis of the effect of antipsychotics upon DNA methylation. We hypothesize that disease-related methylation changes occur before treatment, and that acute antipsychotic treatment may affect DNA methylation. We designed a longitudinal DNA methylation study to estimate risperidones effect on DNA methylation and how changes in DNA methylation might influence risperidones therapeutic effect on behavioral and neuroimaging phenotypes. Thirty-eight patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia (FES) and 38 demographically-matched individuals (healthy controls) participated. We identified brain related pathways enriched in 8,204 FES-associated methylation sites. Risperidone administration altered methylation in 6,143 CpG DNA sites. Post-treatment FES associated with methylation in 6760 CpG sites. Majority of the DNA methylation changes were treatment effect in the overall CpG sites, the FES associated CpG sites, and risperidone associated CpG sites, except for the post-treatment FES associated CpG sites. There were 590 DNA methylation cites normalized by risperidone treatment. The methylation changes of these 590 CpG sites were related to alterations in symptom severity, spontaneous neurophysiological activity, and cognitive function. To our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal methylation study of drug treatment effect and side effect in psychiatric disorders to include parallel studies of neuroimaging and cognitive phenotypes. We identified FES-associated CpG sites not confounded by drug treatment as potential SCZ biomarkers. The normalization effect of risperidone monotherapy suggests that DNA methylation changes may serve as a predictive biomarker for treatment effect. The constructed methylation-phenotype network revealed a relationship between methylation and a wide range of biological and psychological variables.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giase, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubin, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Risperidone-induced changes in DNA methylation from peripheral blood in first-episode schizophrenia parallel neuroimaging and cognitive phenotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.029454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three adjacent nucleotide changes spanning two residues in SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein: possible homologous recombination from the transcription-regulating sequence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.029454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic variations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome may influence transmissibility of the virus and the hosts anti-viral immune response, in turn affecting the frequency of variants over-time. In this study, we examined the adjacent amino acid polymorphisms in the nucleocapsid (R203K/G204R) of SARS-CoV-2 that arose on the background of the spike D614G change and describe how strains harboring these changes became dominant circulating strains globally.

MethodsDeep sequencing data of SARS-CoV-2 from public databases and from clinical samples were analyzed to identify and map genetic variants and sub-genomic RNA transcripts across the genome.

ResultsSequence analysis suggests that the three adjacent nucleotide changes that result in the K203/R204 variant have arisen by homologous recombination from the core sequence (CS) of the leader transcription-regulating sequence (TRS) rather than by stepwise mutation. The resulting sequence changes generate a novel sub-genomic RNA transcript for the C-terminal dimerization domain of nucleocapsid. Deep sequencing data from 981 clinical samples confirmed the presence of the novel TRS-CS-dimerization domain RNA in individuals with the K203/R204 variant. Quantification of sub-genomic RNA indicates that viruses with the K203/R204 variant may also have increased expression of sub-genomic RNA from other open reading frames.

ConclusionsThe finding that homologous recombination from the TRS may have occurred since the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in humans resulting in both coding changes and novel sub-genomic RNA transcripts suggests this as a mechanism for diversification and adaptation within its new host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.029454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three adjacent nucleotide changes spanning two residues in SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein: possible homologous recombination from the transcription-regulating sequence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, creates an urgent need for identifying molecular mechanisms that mediate viral entry, propagation, and tissue pathology. Cell membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and associated proteases, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and Cathepsin L (CTSL), were previously identified as mediators of SARS-CoV2 cellular entry. Here, we assess the cell type-specific RNA expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL through an integrated analysis of 107 single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq studies, including 22 lung and airways datasets (16 unpublished), and 85 datasets from other diverse organs. Joint expression of ACE2 and the accessory proteases identifies specific subsets of respiratory epithelial cells as putative targets of viral infection in the nasal passages, airways, and alveoli. Cells that co-express ACE2 and proteases are also identified in cells from other organs, some of which have been associated with COVID-19 transmission or pathology, including gut enterocytes, corneal epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, heart pericytes, olfactory sustentacular cells, and renal epithelial cells. Performing the first meta-analyses of scRNA-seq studies, we analyzed 1,176,683 cells from 282 nasal, airway, and lung parenchyma samples from 164 donors spanning fetal, childhood, adult, and elderly age groups, associate increased levels of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL in specific cell types with increasing age, male gender, and smoking, all of which are epidemiologically linked to COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes. Notably, there was a particularly low expression of ACE2 in the few young pediatric samples in the analysis. Further analysis reveals a gene expression program shared by ACE2+TMPRSS2+ cells in nasal, lung and gut tissues, including genes that may mediate viral entry, subtend key immune functions, and mediate epithelial-macrophage cross-talk. Amongst these are IL6, its receptor and co-receptor, IL1R, TNF response pathways, and complement genes. Cell type specificity in the lung and airways and smoking effects were conserved in mice. Our analyses suggest that differences in the cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry may be responsible for aspects of COVID-19 epidemiology and clinical course, and point to putative molecular pathways involved in disease susceptibility and pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muus, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luecken, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waghray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heimberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikkema, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaishnav, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smillie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadeesh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duong, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiskin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torlai Triglia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoro, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allon, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrusivova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelidis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashenberg, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benhar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergenstrahle, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichelnitskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conlon, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuoco, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deprez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.19.049254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.043653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy-guided transcriptome imputation from normal and tumor tissues identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast and ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.043653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial, genome-wide association (GWAS), and sequencing studies and genetic correlation analyses have progressively unraveled the shared or pleiotropic germline genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. In this study, we aimed to leverage this shared germline genetics to improve the power of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) to identify candidate breast cancer and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. We built gene expression prediction models using the PrediXcan method in 681 breast and 295 ovarian tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 211 breast and 99 ovarian normal tissue samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and integrated these with GWAS meta-analysis data from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (122,977 cases/105,974 controls) and the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (22,406 cases/40,941 controls). The integration was achieved through novel application of a pleiotropy-guided conditional/conjunction false discovery rate approach for the first time in the setting of a TWAS. This identified 14 new candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes spanning 11 genomic regions and 8 new candidate ovarian cancer susceptibility genes spanning 5 genomic regions at conjunction FDR < 0.05 that were > 1 Mb away from known breast and/or ovarian cancer susceptibility loci. We also identified 38 candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes and 17 candidate ovarian cancer susceptibility genes at conjunction FDR < 0.05 at known breast and/or ovarian susceptibility loci. Overlaying candidate causal risk variants identified by GWAS fine mapping onto expression prediction models for genes at known loci suggested that the association for 55% of these genes was driven by the underlying GWAS signal.

SignificanceThe 22 new genes identified by our cross-cancer analysis represent promising candidates that further elucidate the role of the transcriptome in mediating germline breast and ovarian cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenevix-Trench, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deFazio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fountzilas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goode, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillemanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogdall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogdall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huzarski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapdor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebrich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterlongo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloustros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierkant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winha</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.043653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy-guided transcriptome imputation from normal and tumor tissues identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast and ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058008v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptidoglycan editing provides immunity to Acinetobacter baumannii during bacterial warfare 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.058008v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peptidoglycan (PG) is essential in most bacteria. Thus, it is often targeted by various assaults, including the host immune response, antibiotic treatment and interbacterial attacks via the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Here, we report that the Gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 17978 produces, secretes and incorporates the non-canonical D-amino acid D-Lysine into its PG during stationary phase. We show that PG editing increases the competitiveness of A. baumannii during bacterial warfare by providing immunity against peptidoglycan-targeting T6SS effectors from various bacterial competitors. We propose that PG editing has evolved as an effective strategy for bacteria to overcome T6SS attacks. In contrast, we found that D-Lys production is detrimental to pathogenesis due, at least in part, to the activity of the human enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), which degrades D-Lys producing H2O2 toxic to bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the last common ancestor of A. baumannii possessed the ability to produce D-Lys. However, this trait was independently lost multiple times, likely reflecting the evolution of A. baumannii as a human pathogen.

One sentence summaryAcinetobacter baumannii attains immunity against nonkin competitors during T6SS warfare by incorporating D-Lysine into its peptidoglycan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espaillat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheldon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Venanzio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djahanschiri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennon, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebersberger, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cava, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldman, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.058008</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptidoglycan editing provides immunity to Acinetobacter baumannii during bacterial warfare]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Remdesivir potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells and chimeric SARS-CoV expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.064279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 as the causative agent of the novel pandemic viral disease COVID-19. With no approved therapies, this pandemic illustrates the urgent need for safe, broad-spectrum antiviral countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging CoVs. We report that remdesivir (RDV), a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog, potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cultures (EC50 = 0.01 M). Weaker activity was observed in Vero E6 cells (EC50 = 1.65 M) due to their low capacity to metabolize RDV. To rapidly evaluate in vivo efficacy, we engineered a chimeric SARS-CoV encoding the viral target of RDV, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, of SARS-CoV-2. In mice infected with chimeric virus, therapeutic RDV administration diminished lung viral load and improved pulmonary function as compared to vehicle treated animals. These data provide evidence that RDV is potently active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo, supporting its further clinical testing for treatment of COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pruijssers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schäfer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gralinski, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinnon, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yount, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostini, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gully, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du Pont, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babusis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murakami, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilello, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cihlar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.27.064279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Remdesivir potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells and chimeric SARS-CoV expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071217v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Permeability of the HIV-1 capsid to metabolites modulates viral DNA synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.30.071217v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reverse transcription, an essential event in the HIV-1 lifecycle, requires deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) to fuel DNA synthesis, thus requiring penetration of dNTPs into the viral core. The central cavity of the capsid protein (CA) hexamer reveals itself as a plausible channel that allows the passage of dNTPs into assembled capsids. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of nucleotide import into the capsid remains unknown. Employing all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we established that cooperative binding between nucleotides inside a CA hexamer cavity results in energetically-favorable conditions for passive translocation of dNTPs into the HIV-1 capsid. Furthermore, binding of the host cell metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) enhances dNTP import, while binding of synthesized molecules like benzenehexacarboxylic acid (BHC) inhibits it. The enhancing effect on reverse transcription by IP6 and the consequences of interactions between CA and nucleotides were corroborated using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and virological assays. Collectively, our results provide an atomistic description of the permeability of the HIV-1 capsid to small molecules and reveal a novel mechanism for the involvement of metabolites in HIV-1 capsid stabilization, nucleotide import and reverse transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runge, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadorozhnyi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polenova, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambrose, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousso, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perilla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.071217</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Permeability of the HIV-1 capsid to metabolites modulates viral DNA synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated technology platform for accelerated discovery of antiviral antibody therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.090944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence and reemergence of highly virulent viral pathogens with pandemic potential has created an urgent need for accelerated discovery of antiviral therapeutics. Antiviral human monoclonal (mAbs) are promising drug candidates to prevent or treat severe viral diseases, but the long timelines needed for discovery limits their rapid deployment and use. Here, we report the development of an integrated sequence of technologies incorporating advances in single-cell mRNA sequence analysis, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, and high-throughput functional analysis that allowed us to discover highly potent antiviral human mAbs and validate their activity in vivo at an unprecedented scale, speed, and efficiency. In a 78-day study, modeling deployment of a rapid response platform to an outbreak, we isolated >100 individual Zika virus (ZIKV) specific human mAbs, assessed their function, identified 29 broadly-neutralizing mAbs, and verified therapeutic potency of lead candidates with antibody-encoding mRNA formulation and/or IgG protein delivery in mice and nonhuman primates. Our work provides a roadmap for the rapid antibody discovery programs against viral pathogens of global concern.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erasmus, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbink, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suscovich, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunellin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khandhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouch, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doranz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuerte-Stone, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linnekin, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linde, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkolola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alter, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hoeven, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thackray, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.090944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated technology platform for accelerated discovery of antiviral antibody therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multilayer modelling and analysis of the humantranscriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.21.109082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here, we performed a comprehensive intra-tissue and inter-tissue network analysis of the human transcriptome. We generated an atlas of communities in co-expression networks in 49 tissues (GTEx v8), evaluated their tissue specificity, and investigated their methodological implications. UMAP embeddings of gene expression from the communities (representing nearly 18% of all genes) robustly identified biologically-meaningful clusters. Methodologically, integration of the communities into a transcriptome-wide association study of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 361,194 individuals in the UK Biobank identified genetically-determined expression changes associated with CRP and led to considerably improved performance. Furthermore, a deep learning framework applied to the communities in nearly 11,000 tumours profiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas across 33 different cancer types learned biologically-meaningful latent spaces, representing metastasis (p < 2.2 x 10-16) and stemness (p < 2.2 x 10-16). Our study provides a rich genomic resource to catalyse research into inter-tissue regulatory mechanisms and their downstream phenotypic consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azevedo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitri, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.109082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multilayer modelling and analysis of the humantranscriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related expression of SARS-CoV-2 priming protease TMPRSS2 in the developing lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.111187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus global pandemic (COVID-19) has led to millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths around the globe. While the elderly appear at high risk for severe disease, hospitalizations and deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 among children have been relatively rare. Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the developing mouse lung with temporally-resolved RNA-in-situ hybridization (ISH) in mouse and human lung tissue, we found that expression of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein primer TMPRSS2 was highest in ciliated cells and type I alveolar epithelial cells (AT1), and TMPRSS2 expression was increased with aging in mice and humans. Analysis of autopsy tissue from fatal COVID-19 cases revealed SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected most frequently in ciliated and secretory cells in the airway epithelium and AT1 cells in the peripheral lung. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was highly colocalized in cells expressing TMPRSS2. Together, these data demonstrate the cellular spectrum infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the lung epithelium, and suggest that developmental regulation of TMPRSS2 may underlie the relative protection of infants and children from severe respiratory illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schuler, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plosa, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulleman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braunstein, L. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koval, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttentag, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderbilt COVID-19 Consortium Cohort,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HCA Lung Biological Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.111187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related expression of SARS-CoV-2 priming protease TMPRSS2 in the developing lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Motor corollary discharge activates layer six circuits in the auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.121459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Optogenetic activation of Ntsr1+ layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) neurons modulates thalamocortical sensory processing and perception for hundreds of milliseconds following laser offset. Naturally occurring sources of extrasensory inputs that could recruit L6 CTs prior to upcoming sensory stimuli have not been identified. Here, we found that 100% of L6 CTs in mouse primary auditory cortex (A1) expressed FoxP2, a protein marker found in brain areas that coordinate sensory inputs with movement. To test the idea that motor preparatory inputs could be a natural extrasensory activator of L6 CTs, we combined quantitative videography, optogenetically targeted single unit recordings, and two-photon imaging during self-initiated behavior. We found that A1 L6 CTs were activated hundreds of milliseconds prior to orofacial movements, but not whole-body movements associated with locomotion. These findings identify new local circuit arrangements for routing motor corollary discharge into A1 and suggest new roles for CT neurons in active sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clayton, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasaka, G.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizrahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Motor corollary discharge activates layer six circuits in the auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.123505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups using 1 degree of freedom (1df) interaction and 2df joint tests. Primary multi-ancestry analyses in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified 3 novel loci that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2, including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) showing significant 1df interactions with long sleep duration and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) showing significant 1df interactions with short sleep duration (Pint < 5x10-8). Secondary ancestry-specific two-stage analyses and combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified 23 novel loci that need external replication, including 3 and 5 loci showing significant 1df interactions with long and short sleep duration, respectively (Pint < 5x10-8). Multiple genes mapped to our 26 novel loci have known functions in sleep-wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. We also identified new gene by long sleep interactions near five known BP loci ([&le;]1Mb) including NME7, FAM208A, MKLN1, CEP164, and RGL3/ELAVL3 (Pint < 5x10-8). This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpelainen, T. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nierenberg, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitrala, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rauramaa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Most, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munroe, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eiriksdottir, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Launer, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arking, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.123505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143594v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus σ1 conformational flexibility modulates the efficiency of host cell attachment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143594v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reovirus attachment protein {sigma}1 is a trimeric molecule containing tail, body, and head domains. During infection, {sigma}1 engages sialylated glycans and junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), triggering uptake into the endocytic compartment, where virions are proteolytically converted to infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs). Further disassembly allows {sigma}1 release and escape of transcriptionally active reovirus cores into the cytosol. Electron microscopy has revealed a distinct conformational change in {sigma}1 from a compact form on virions to an extended form on ISVPs. To determine the importance of {sigma}1 conformational mobility, we used reverse genetics to introduce cysteine mutations that can crosslink {sigma}1 by establishing disulfide bonds between structurally adjacent sites in the tail, body, and head domains. We detected phenotypic differences among the engineered viruses. A mutant with a cysteine pair in the head domain replicates with enhanced kinetics, forms large plaques, and displays increased avidity for JAM-A relative to the parental virus, mimicking properties of ISVPs. However, unlike ISVPs, particles containing cysteine mutations that crosslink the head domain uncoat and transcribe viral positive-sense RNA with kinetics similar to the parental virus and are sensitive to ammonium chloride. Together, these data suggest that {sigma}1 conformational flexibility modulates the efficiency of reovirus host cell attachment.

IMPORTANCENonenveloped virus entry is an incompletely understood process. For reovirus, the functional significance of conformational rearrangements in the attachment protein, {sigma}1, that occur during entry and particle uncoating are unknown. We engineered and characterized reoviruses containing cysteine mutations that crosslink {sigma}1 monomers in non-reducing conditions. We found that the introduction of a cysteine pair in the receptor-binding domain of {sigma}1 yielded a virus that replicates with faster kinetics than the parental virus and forms larger plaques. Using functional assays, we found that crosslinking the {sigma}1 receptor-binding domain modulates reovirus attachment but not uncoating or transcription. These data suggest that {sigma}1 conformational rearrangements mediate the efficiency of reovirus host cell attachment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halloran, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Natividade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsteens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143594</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus σ1 conformational flexibility modulates the efficiency of host cell attachment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148197v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heart Slice Culture System Reliably Demonstrates Clinical Drug-Related Cardiotoxicity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148197v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The limited availability of human heart tissue and its complex cell composition are major limiting factors for reliable testing drug efficacy, toxicity and understanding mechanism. Recently, we developed a functional human and pig heart slice biomimetic culture system that fully preserves the viability and functionality of 300 {micro}m heart slices for 6 days. Here, we tested the reliability of this culture system in delineating the mechanisms of known anti-cancer drugs that cause cardiomyopathy. We tested three anti-cancer drugs (doxorubicin, trastuzumab, and sunitinib) associated with different mechanisms leading to cardiotoxicity at three concentrations and assessed the effect of these drugs on heart slice viability, structure, function and transcriptome. Slices incubated with any of these drugs for 48 h showed significant loss in viability, cardiomyocyte structure and functionality. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing demonstrated a significant downregulation of cardiac genes and upregulation of oxidative response in doxorubicin-treated tissues. Trastuzumab treatment caused major downregulation in cardiac muscle contraction-related genes, consistent with its clinically known direct effect on cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, sunitinib treatment resulted in significant downregulation of angiogenesis-related genes in line with its mechanism of action. Heart slices are not only able to demonstrate the expected toxicity of doxorubicin and trastuzumab similar to hiPS-derived-cardiomyocytes; they are superior in detecting sunitinib cardiotoxicity phenotypes and mechanism in the clinically relevant concentration range, 100 nM - 1 {micro}M. These results indicate that heart slice tissue culture models have the potential to become a reliable platform for testing drug toxicity and mechanism of action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meki, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gams, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abouleisa, R. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahern, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giridharan, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Baz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moslehi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, A. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimov, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, T. M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.148197</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heart Slice Culture System Reliably Demonstrates Clinical Drug-Related Cardiotoxicity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.146803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining genome-wide studies of breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers maps cross-cancer susceptibility loci and identifies new genetic associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.146803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a meta-analysis of breast, prostate, ovarian, and endometrial cancer genome-wide association data (effective sample size: 237,483 cases/317,006 controls). This identified 465 independent lead variants (P<5x10-8) across 192 genomic regions. Four lead variants were >1Mb from previously identified risk loci for the four cancers and an additional 23 lead variant-cancer associations were novel for one of the cancers. Bayesian models supported pleiotropic effects involving at least two cancers at 222/465 lead variants in 118/192 regions. Gene-level association analysis identified 13 shared susceptibility genes (P<2.6x10-6) in 13 regions not previously implicated in any of the four cancers and not uncovered by our variant-level meta-analysis. Several lead variants had opposite effects across cancers, including a cluster of such variants in the TP53 pathway. Fifty-four lead variants were associated with blood cell traits and suggested genetic overlaps with clonal hematopoiesis. Our study highlights the remarkable pervasiveness of pleiotropy across hormone-related cancers, further illuminating their shared genetic and mechanistic origins at variant- and gene-level resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstroem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrenson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glubb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildkraut, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsulimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly-Fadiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Bois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawelko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillemanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irmejs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannisto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapdor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiblo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.146803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining genome-wide studies of breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers maps cross-cancer susceptibility loci and identifies new genetic associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of altruistic fluid transport in egg development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.155606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From insects to mice, oocytes develop within cysts alongside nurse-like sister germ cells. Prior to fertilization, the nurse cells cytoplasmic contents are transported into the oocyte, which grows as its sister cells regress and die. Although critical for fertility, the biological and physical mechanisms underlying this transport process are poorly understood. Here, we combined live imaging of germline cysts, genetic perturbations, and mathematical modeling to investigate the dynamics and mechanisms that enable directional and complete cytoplasmic transport in Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. We discovered that during  nurse cell (NC) dumping, most cytoplasm is transported into the oocyte independently of changes in myosin-II contractility, with dynamics instead explained by an effective Young-Laplaces law, suggesting hydraulic transport induced by baseline cell surface tension. A minimal flow network model inspired by the famous two-balloon experiment and genetic analysis of a myosin mutant correctly predicts the directionality of transport time scale, as well as its intercellular pattern. Long thought to trigger transport through  squeezing, changes in actomyosin contractility are required only once cell volume is reduced by [~]75%, in the form of surface contractile waves that drive NC dumping to completion. Our work thus demonstrates how biological and physical mechanisms cooperate to enable a critical developmental process that, until now, was thought to be a mainly biochemically regulated phenomenon.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imran Alsous, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romeo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunkel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.155606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of altruistic fluid transport in egg development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a critical horseshoe-shaped region in the nsp5 (Mpro, 3CLpro) protease interdomain loop (IDL) of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which cause respiratory diseases ranging in severity from the seasonal common cold to SARS and COVID-19. Of the 7 human coronaviruses discovered to date, 3 emergent and severe human coronavirus strains (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) have recently jumped to humans in the last 20 years. The COVID-19 pandemic spawned by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 has highlighted the importance for development of effective therapeutics to target emerging coronaviruses. Upon entry, the replicase genes of coronaviruses are translated and subsequently proteolytically processed by virus-encoded proteases. Of these proteases, nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5, Mpro, or 3CLpro), mediates the majority of these cleavages and remains a key drug target for therapeutic inhibitors. Efforts to develop nsp5 active-site inhibitors for human coronaviruses have thus far been unsuccessful, establishing the need for identification of other critical and conserved non-active-site regions of the protease. In this study, we describe the identification of an essential, conserved horseshoe-shaped region in the nsp5 interdomain loop (IDL) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a common coronavirus replication model. Using site-directed mutagenesis and replication studies, we show that several residues comprising this horseshoe-shaped region either fail to tolerate mutagenesis or were associated with viral temperature-sensitivity. Structural modeling and sequence analysis of these sites in other coronaviruses, including all 7 human coronaviruses, suggests that the identified structure and sequence of this horseshoe regions is highly conserved and may represent a new, non-active-site regulatory region of the nsp5 (3CLpro) protease to target with coronavirus inhibitors.

ImportanceIn December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in humans and triggered a pandemic which has to date resulted in over 8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 across more than 180 countries and territories (June 2020). SARS-CoV-2 represents the third emergent coronavirus in the past 20 years and the future emergence of new coronaviruses in humans remains certain. Critically, there remains no vaccine nor established therapeutics to treat cases of COVID-19. The coronavirus nsp5 protease is a conserved and indispensable virus-encoded enzyme which remains a key target for therapeutic design. However, past attempts to target the active site of nsp5 with inhibitors have failed stressing the need to identify new conserved non-active-site targets for therapeutic development. This study describes the discovery of a novel conserved structural region of the nsp5 protease of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) which may provide a new target for coronavirus drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nick, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandya, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callahan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasik, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthrong, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stobart, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a critical horseshoe-shaped region in the nsp5 (Mpro, 3CLpro) protease interdomain loop (IDL) of coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does rhythmic priming improve grammatical processing in Hungarian-speaking children with and without Developmental Language Disorder? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.162347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research has described several features shared between musical rhythm and speech or language, and experimental studies consistently show associations between performance on tasks in the two domains as well as impaired rhythm processing in children with language disorders. Motivated by these results, in the current study our first aim was to explore whether the activation of the shared system underlying rhythm and language processing with a regular musical rhythm can improve subsequent grammatical processing in preschool-aged Hungarianspeaking children with and without Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Second, we investigated whether rhythmic priming is specific to grammar processing by assessing priming in two additional domains: a linguistic but non-grammatical task (picture naming) and a non-linguistic task (nonverbal Stroop task). Third, to confirm that the rhythmic priming effect originates from the facilitating effect of the regular rhythm and not the negative effect of the control condition, we added a third condition, silence, for all the three tasks. Both groups of children showed better performance on the grammaticality judgment task in the regular compared to both the irregular and the silent conditions but no such effect appeared in the non-grammatical and non-linguistic tasks. These results suggest that 1) rhythmic priming can improve grammatical processing in Hungarian, a language with complex morphosyntax, both in children with and without DLD, 2) the effect is specific to grammar and 3) is a result of the facilitating effect of the regular rhythm.Research Highlights6-year-old Hungarian-speaking children with and without Developmental Language Disorder perform better on a grammatical task subsequent to exposure to a regular rhythm vs. an irregular rhythm/silenceThe effect of regular rhythm is specific: it improves performance on a grammatical task but not on a word retrieval or a non-linguistic taskDifference between performance following regular vs. irregular rhythm originates from the facilitating effect of the regular rhythm (not the negative effect of the irregular rhythm)The results highlight the importance of rhythm in speech processing, and point towards a possible intervention tool in language disordersCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ladanyi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gervain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.162347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does rhythmic priming improve grammatical processing in Hungarian-speaking children with and without Developmental Language Disorder?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust, flexible, and scalable tests for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium across diverse ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.23.167759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traditional Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) tests (the {chi}2 test and the exact test) have long been used as a metric for evaluating genotype quality, as technical artifacts leading to incorrect genotype calls often can be identified as deviations from HWE. However, in datasets comprised of individuals from diverse ancestries, HWE can be violated even without genotyping error, complicating the use of HWE testing to assess genotype data quality. In this manuscript, we present the Robust Unified Test for HWE (RUTH) to test for HWE while accounting for population structure and genotype uncertainty, and evaluate the impact of population heterogeneity and genotype uncertainty on the standard HWE tests and alternative methods using simulated and real sequence datasets. Our results demonstrate that ignoring population structure or genotype uncertainty in HWE tests can inflate false positive rates by many orders of magnitude. Our evaluations demonstrate different tradeoffs between false positives and statistical power across the methods, with RUTH consistently amongst the best across all evaluations. RUTH is implemented as a practical and scalable software tool to rapidly perform HWE tests across millions of markers and hundreds of thousands of individuals while supporting standard VCF/BCF formats. RUTH is publicly available at https://www.github.com/statgen/ruth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Analysis Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, A. C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peloso, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.23.167759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust, flexible, and scalable tests for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium across diverse ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
periscope: sub-genomic RNA identification in SARS-CoV-2 ARTIC Network Nanopore Sequencing Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.181867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have developed periscope, a tool for the detection and quantification of sub-genomic RNA (sgRNA) in SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence data. The translation of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome for most open reading frames (ORFs) occurs via RNA intermediates termed "sub-genomic RNAs". sgRNAs are produced through discontinuous transcription which relies on homology between transcription regulatory sequences (TRS-B) upstream of the ORF start codons and that of the TRS-L which is located in the 5 UTR. TRS-L is immediately preceded by a leader sequence. This leader sequence is therefore found at the 5 end of all sgRNA. We applied periscope to 1,155 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Sheffield, UK and validated our findings using orthogonal datasets and in vitro cell systems. Using a simple local alignment to detect reads which contain the leader sequence we were able to identify and quantify reads arising from canonical and non-canonical sgRNA. We were able to detect all canonical sgRNAs at expected abundances, with the exception of ORF10. A number of recurrent non-canonical sgRNAs are detected. We show that the results are reproducible using technical replicates and determine the optimum number of reads for sgRNA analysis. In VeroE6 ACE2+/- cell lines, periscope can detect the changes in the kinetics of sgRNA in orthogonal sequencing datasets. Finally, variants found in genomic RNA are transmitted to sgRNAs with high fidelity in most cases. This tool can be applied to all sequenced COVID-19 samples worldwide to provide comprehensive analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyles, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angyal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrilero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.181867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[periscope: sub-genomic RNA identification in SARS-CoV-2 ARTIC Network Nanopore Sequencing Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182709v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic architecture of host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.01.182709v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Strategies to develop therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection may be informed by experimental identification of viral-host protein interactions in cellular assays and measurement of host response proteins in COVID-19 patients. Identification of genetic variants that influence the level or activity of these proteins in the host could enable rapid  in silico assessment in human genetic studies of their causal relevance as molecular targets for new or repurposed drugs to treat COVID-19. We integrated large-scale genomic and aptamer-based plasma proteomic data from 10,708 individuals to characterize the genetic architecture of 179 host proteins reported to interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins or to participate in the host response to COVID-19. We identified 220 host DNA sequence variants acting in cis (MAF 0.01-49.9%) and explaining 0.3-70.9% of the variance of 97 of these proteins, including 45 with no previously known protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) and 38 encoding current drug targets. Systematic characterization of pQTLs across the phenome identified protein-drug-disease links, evidence that putative viral interaction partners such as MARK3 affect immune response, and establish the first link between a recently reported variant for respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients at the ABO locus and hypercoagulation, i.e. maladaptive host response. Our results accelerate the evaluation and prioritization of new drug development programmes and repurposing of trials to prevent, treat or reduce adverse outcomes. Rapid sharing and dynamic and detailed interrogation of results is facilitated through an interactive webserver (https://omicscience.org/apps/covidpgwas/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pietzner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco-Zanini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerrison, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oerton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, V. P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostroff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenmüller, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wareham, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hingorani, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langenberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182709</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic architecture of host proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.185868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed evolution reveals the mechanism of HitRS signal transduction in Bacillus anthracis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.03.185868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial two component systems (TCSs) have been studied for decades; however, most work has focused on individual domains or proteins. Systematic characterization of an entire TCS could provide a mechanistic understanding of these important signal transduction systems. Here, genetic selections were employed to dissect the molecular basis of signal transduction by the HitRS system that has been implicated in detecting cell envelope stress in the pathogen Bacillus anthracis. Numerous point mutations were isolated within HitRS, 17 of which were in a 50-residue HAMP domain. Mutational analysis revealed the importance of hydrophobic interactions within the HAMP domain and highlighted its essentiality in TCS signaling. In addition, these data defined residues critical for activities intrinsic to HitRS, uncovered specific interactions among individual domains and between the two signaling proteins, and revealed that phosphotransfer is the rate-limiting step for signal transduction. This study establishes the use of unbiased genetic selections to study TCS signaling, provides a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of an entire TCS, and lays the foundation for development of novel antimicrobial therapeutics against this important infectious threat.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latario, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillebrand, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reppart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauff, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.185868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed evolution reveals the mechanism of HitRS signal transduction in Bacillus anthracis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antagonistic epistasis of Hnf4a and FoxO1 networks through enhancer interactionsin beta-cell function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.04.187864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic and acquired abnormalities contribute to pancreatic {beta}-cell failure in diabetes. Transcription factors Hnf4 (MODY1) and FoxO1 are respective examples of these two components, and are known to act through {beta}-cell-specific enhancers. However, their relationship is unclear. Here we show by genome-wide interrogation of chromatin modifications that FoxO1 ablation in mature {beta}-cells leads to increased selection of FoxO1 enhancers by Hnf4. To model the functional significance we generated single and compound knockouts of FoxO1 and Hnf4 in {beta}-cells. Single knockout of either gene impaired insulin secretion in mechanistically distinct fashions. Surprisingly, the defective {beta}-cell secretory function of either single mutant in hyperglycemic clamps and isolated islets treated with various secretagogues, was completely reversed in double mutants. Gene expression analyses revealed the reversal of {beta}-cell dysfunction with an antagonistic network regulating glycolysis, including {beta}-cell "disallowed" genes; and that a synergistic network regulating protocadherins emerged as likely mediators of the functional restoration of insulin secretion. The findings provide evidence of antagonistic epistasis as a model of gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of {beta}-cell dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miyachi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Accili, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antagonistic epistasis of Hnf4a and FoxO1 networks through enhancer interactionsin beta-cell function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.209130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
INTS13 Mutations Causing a Developmental Ciliopathy Disrupt Integrator Complex Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.209130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFD) are a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders characterized by malformations of the face and oral cavity, and digit anomalies. To date, mutations in 12 ciliary-related genes have been identified that cause several types of OFD, suggesting that OFDs constitute a subgroup of developmental ciliopathies. Through homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing of two families with variable OFD type 2, we identified distinct germline mutations in INTS13, a subunit of the Integrator complex. This 14-component complex associates with RNAPII and can cleave nascent RNA to modulate gene expression. We determined that INTS13 utilizes a discrete domain within its C-terminus to bind the Integrator cleavage module, which is disrupted by the identified germline INTS13 mutations. Depletion of INTS13 disrupts ciliogenesis in human cultured cells and causes dysregulation of a broad collection of ciliary genes. Accordingly, its knockdown in Xenopus embryos lead to motile cilia anomalies. Altogether, we show that mutations in INTS13 cause an autosomal recessive ciliopathy, which reveals key interactions within Integrator components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mascibroda, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shboul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elrod, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colleaux, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamamy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peart, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jodoin, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Rawashdeh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ababneh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Khateeb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathalla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escande-Beillard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenney, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reversade, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.209130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[INTS13 Mutations Causing a Developmental Ciliopathy Disrupt Integrator Complex Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zinc is an essential cofactor for bacterial metabolism, and many Enterobacteriaceae express the zinc transporters ZnuABC and ZupT to acquire this metal in the host. Unexpectedly, the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 exhibited appreciable growth in zinc-limited media even when these transporters were deleted. By utilizing in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as native spray metal infusion mass spectrometry and ion identity molecular networking, we discovered that Nissle utilizes yersiniabactin as a zincophore. Indeed, yersiniabactin enables Nissle to scavenge zinc in zinc-limited media, to resist calprotectin-mediated zinc sequestration, and to thrive in the inflamed gut. Moreover, we discovered that yersiniabactins affinity for iron or zinc changes in a pH-dependent manner, with higher affinity for zinc as the pH increased. Altogether, we demonstrate that siderophore metal affinity can be influenced by the local environment and reveal a mechanism of zinc acquisition available to many commensal and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjokrosurjo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaldo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treacy-Abarca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilston, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garneau-Tsodikova, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrenz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nuccio, S.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorrestein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuron-intrinsic NF-κB Signaling Mediates Reovirus Virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.05.238220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological effects of apoptosis associated with viral infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Reovirus is a neurotropic virus that causes apoptosis in neurons, leading to lethal encephalitis in newborn mice. Reovirus-induced encephalitis is diminished in mice with germline ablation of NF-{kappa}B subunit p50. It is not known whether the pro-apoptotic function of NF-{kappa}B is mediated by neuron-intrinsic processes, NF-{kappa}B-regulated cytokine production by inflammatory cells, or a combination of both. To determine the contribution of cell type-specific NF-{kappa}B signaling in reovirus-induced neuronal injury, we established mice that lack NF-{kappa}B p65 expression in neurons using the Cre/loxP recombination system. Following intracranial inoculation of reovirus, 50% of wild-type (WT) mice succumbed to infection, whereas more than 90% of mice lacking neural NF-{kappa}B p65 (Nsp65-/-) mice survived. While viral loads in brains of WT and Nsp65-/- were comparable, histological analysis revealed that reovirus antigen-positive areas in the brain of WT mice displayed enhanced cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity, a marker of apoptosis, compared with Nsp65-/- mice. These data suggest that neuron-intrinsic NF-{kappa}B-dependent factors are essential mediators of reovirus neurovirulence. RNA sequencing analysis of reovirus-infected cortices of WT and Nsp65-/- mice suggests that NF-{kappa}B activation in neurons upregulates genes involved in innate immunity, inflammation, and cell death following reovirus infection. A better understanding of the contribution of cell type-specific NF-{kappa}B-dependent signaling to viral neuropathogenesis could inform development of new therapeutics that target and protect highly vulnerable cell populations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruijssers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigleb, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brwon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.05.238220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuron-intrinsic NF-κB Signaling Mediates Reovirus Virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A DNA-origami nuclear pore mimic reveals nuclear entry mechanisms of HIV-1 capsid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.10.245522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capsid of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) plays a pivotal role in viral nuclear import, but the mechanism by which the viral core passages the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is poorly understood. Here, we use DNA-origami mimics of the NPC, termed NuPODs (NucleoPorins Organized by DNA), to reveal the mechanistic underpinnings of HIV-1 capsid nuclear entry. We found that trimeric interface formed via three capsid protein hexamers is targeted by a triple-arginine (RRR) motif but not the canonical phenylalanine-glycine (FG) motif of NUP153. As NUP153 is located on the nuclear face of the NPC, this result implies that the assembled capsid must cross the NPC in vivo. This hypothesis is corroborated by our observations of tubular capsid assemblies penetrating through NUP153 NuPODs. NUP153 prefers to bind highly curved capsid assemblies including those found at the tips of viral cores, thereby facilitating capsid insertion into the NPC. Furthermore, a balance of capsid stabilization by NUP153 and deformation by CPSF6, along with other cellular factors, may allow for the intact capsid to pass NPCs of various sizes. The NuPOD system serves as a unique tool for unraveling the previously elusive mechanisms of nuclear import of HIV-1 and other viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedwell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripler, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temple, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perilla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lusk, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.245522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A DNA-origami nuclear pore mimic reveals nuclear entry mechanisms of HIV-1 capsid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The risks of using the chi-square periodogram to estimate the period of biological rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.14.251512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chi-square periodogram (CSP), developed over 40 years ago, continues to be one of the most popular methods to estimate the period of circadian (circa 24-h) rhythms. Previous work has indicated the CSP is sometimes less accurate than other methods, but understanding of why and under what conditions remains incomplete. Using simulated rhythmic time-courses, we found that the CSP is prone to underestimating the period in a manner that depends on the true period and the length of the time-course. This underestimation bias is most severe in short time-courses (e.g., 3 days), but is also visible in longer simulated time-courses (e.g., 12 days) and in experimental time-courses of mouse wheel-running and ex vivo bioluminescence. We traced the source of the bias to discontinuities in the periodogram that are related to the number of time-points the CSP uses to calculate the observed variance for a given test period. By revising the calculation to avoid discontinuities, we developed a new version, the greedy CSP, that shows reduced bias and improved accuracy. Nonetheless, even the greedy CSP tended to be less accurate on our simulated time-courses than an alternative method, namely the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Thus, although our study describes a major improvement to a classic method, it also suggests that users should generally avoid the CSP when estimating the period of biological rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.14.251512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The risks of using the chi-square periodogram to estimate the period of biological rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Role of Temperature on the Development of Circadian Rhythms in Honey Bee Workers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circadian rhythms in honey bees are involved in various processes that impact colony survival. For example, young nurses take care of the brood constantly throughout the day and lack circadian rhythms, while foragers use the circadian clock to remember and predict food availability in subsequent days. Previous studies suggested that development of circadian rhythms both in the field and the laboratory began around 7-9 days of age. However, not much is understood about the postembryonic development of circadian rhythms in honey bees. In the current study, we examine the effects of socially regulated colony temperature on the ontogeny of circadian rhythms of young workers under controlled laboratory conditions. We hypothesized that temperature plays a key role in the development of circadian rhythmicity in young workers. Our results show that young workers kept at 35{degrees}C develop circadian rhythmicity faster and in greater proportion than bees kept at 25{degrees}C. In addition, we examine if the effect of colony temperature during the first 48 hours after emergence is enough to observe effects on the rate and proportion of development of circadian rhythmicity. We observed that twice as many individuals that were exposed to 35{degrees}C during the first 48 hours develop circadian rhythms compared to individuals kept at 25{degrees}C. In addition, we observed differences in the average endogenous period length consistent with temperature compensation of the circadian rhythms between the 25{degrees}C and 35{degrees}C cohorts. We also observed differences in the degree of period length variation between the 25{degrees}C and 35{degrees}C cohorts, which combined with the proportion of arrhythmic individuals and survival data suggest that development of circadian rhythms is incomplete in individuals exposed to 25{degrees}C adult emergence. This study shows that temperature, which is socially regulated inside the hive, is a key factor that influences the ontogeny of circadian rhythmicity of workers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giannoni-Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman-Rios, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melendez Moreno, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Hernandez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Torres, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubriel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto Rivera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Role of Temperature on the Development of Circadian Rhythms in Honey Bee Workers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shift work dynamics and division of labor: honeybee foraging and fanning tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.17.254755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In complex societies common social needs such as vigilance, care giving, resource gathering, and production are attended around the clock. In humans, these services are constantly provided using a shift work strategy where different individuals, or groups of individuals perform their tasks at different times of the day. However, shift work strategy in job organization in other social organisms remains unclear. Previous studies in honeybees for two jobs support shift work for only pollen foragers and not for nursing behavior. Here we examined shift work dynamics for three types of jobs performed by honeybee foragers. Specifically, we studied pollen foragers, non-pollen foragers and bees fanning at the entrance of the colony, a job important for orientation and temperature control. Major features of the observed shift work were: 1) individuals can be divided into early and late shifts; 2) there are constant workers; 3) based on job, shift work is performed by fewer or greater number of individuals; 4) shift work of an individual is plastic and may change with age; 5) foraging and fanning shifts are coupled yet dissociable. This study adds to the findings that shift work is not exclusive to modern human societies and that a natural form of shift work exists in honeybees. These results suggest that shift work in honeybees is a feature of worker division of labor. Future studies aiming to further understand the structure, function and mechanism of this natural form of shift work in honey bees not only could have an impact on agriculture but also may provide insight into alternative forms of shift work strategies that may reduce the various health problems associated with shift work in humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giannoni Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto Rivera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.254755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shift work dynamics and division of labor: honeybee foraging and fanning tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular metabolite assembly in C. elegans lysosome-related organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.22.262956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signaling molecules derived from attachment of diverse metabolic building blocks to ascarosides play a central role in the life history of C. elegans and other nematodes; however, many aspects of their biogenesis remain unclear. Using comparative metabolomics, we show that a pathway mediating formation of intestinal lysosome-related organelles (LROs) is required for biosynthesis of most modular ascarosides as well as previously undescribed modular glucosides. Similar to modular ascarosides, the modular glucosides are derived from highly selective assembly of moieties from nucleoside, amino acid, neurotransmitter, and lipid metabolism, suggesting that modular glucosides, like the ascarosides, may serve signaling functions. We further show that carboxylesterases that localize to intestinal organelles are required for the assembly of both modular ascarosides and glucosides via ester and amide linkages. Further exploration of LRO function and carboxylesterase homologs in C. elegans and other animals may reveal additional new compound families and signaling paradigms.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helf, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.22.262956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular metabolite assembly in C. elegans lysosome-related organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.273458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue specificity-aware TWAS (TSA-TWAS) framework identifies novel associations with metabolic, immunologic, and virologic traits in HIV-positive adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.273458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a type of relatively new methodology, the transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) has gained interest due to capacity for gene-level association testing. However, the development of TWAS has outpaced statistical evaluation of TWAS gene prioritization performance. Current TWAS methods vary in underlying biological assumptions about tissue specificity of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. In a previous study from our group, this may have affected whether TWAS methods better identified associations in single tissues versus multiple tissues. We therefore designed simulation analyses to examine how the interplay between particular TWAS methods and tissue specificity of gene expression affects power and type I error rates for gene prioritization. We found that cross-tissue identification of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) improved TWAS power. Single-tissue TWAS (i.e., PrediXcan) had robust power to identify genes expressed in single tissues, but, had high false positive rates for genes that are expressed in multiple tissues. Cross-tissue TWAS (i.e., UTMOST) had overall equal or greater power and controlled type I error rates for genes expressed in multiple tissues. Based on these simulation results, we applied a tissue specificity-aware TWAS (TSA-TWAS) analytic framework to look for gene-based associations with pre-treatment laboratory values from AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) studies. We replicated several proof-of-concept transcriptionally regulated gene-trait associations, including UGT1A1 (encoding bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase enzyme) and total bilirubin levels (p = 3.59x10-12), and CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 4.49x10-12). We also identified several novel genes associated with metabolic and virologic traits, as well as pleiotropic genes that linked plasma viral load, absolute basophil count, and/or triglyceride levels. By highlighting the advantages of different TWAS methods, our simulation study promotes a tissue specificity-aware TWAS analytic framework that revealed novel aspects of HIV-related traits.

publicly available.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veturi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daar, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gulick, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riddler, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennox, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.273458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue specificity-aware TWAS (TSA-TWAS) framework identifies novel associations with metabolic, immunologic, and virologic traits in HIV-positive adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.276535v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainPhys neuronal medium optimized for imaging and optogenetics in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.276535v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capabilities of imaging technologies, fluorescent sensors, and optogenetics tools for cell biology have improved exponentially in the last ten years. At the same time, advances in cellular reprogramming and organoid engineering have quickly expanded the use of human neuronal models in vitro. Altogether this creates an increasing need for tissue culture conditions better adapted to live-cell imaging. Here, we identified multiple caveats of traditional media when used for live imaging and functional assays on neuronal cultures (e.g., phototoxicity, suboptimal fluorescence signals, and unphysiological neuronal activity). To overcome these issues, we developed a new neuromedium, "BrainPhys Imaging", in which we adjusted fluorescent and phototoxic compounds. The new medium is based on the formulation of the original BrainPhys medium, which we designed to better support the neuronal activity of human neurons in vitro 1. We tested the new imaging-optimized formulation on human neurons cultured in monolayers or organoids, and rat primary neurons. BrainPhys Imaging enhanced fluorescence signals and reduced phototoxicity throughout the entire light spectrum. Importantly, consistent with standard BrainPhys, we showed that the new imaging medium optimally supports the electrical and synaptic activity of midbrain and human cortical neurons in culture. We also benchmarked the capacity of the new medium for functional calcium imaging and optogenetic control of human neurons. Altogether, our study shows that the new BrainPhys Imaging improves the quality of a wide range of fluorescence imaging applications with live neurons in vitro while supporting cell viability and neuronal functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zabolocki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Hurk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoubridge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan-Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reineck, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchinson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anonuevo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.276535</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainPhys neuronal medium optimized for imaging and optogenetics in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
pmparser and PMDB: resources for large-scale, open studies of the biomedical literature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.285924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PubMed is an invaluable resource for the biomedical community. Although PubMed is freely available, the existing API is not designed for large-scale analyses and the XML structure of the underlying data is inconvenient for complex queries. We developed an R package called pmparser to convert the data in PubMed to a relational database. Our implementation of the database, called PMDB, currently contains data on over 31 million PubMed Identifiers (PMIDs) and is updated regularly. Together, pmparser and PMDB can enable large-scale, reproducible, and transparent analyses of the biomedical literature. pmparser is licensed under GPL-2 and available at https://pmparser.hugheylab.org. PMDB is stored in PostgreSQL and compressed dumps are available on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4008109).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoenbachler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.285924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[pmparser and PMDB: resources for large-scale, open studies of the biomedical literature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.285049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple permutation-based test of intermodal correspondence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.285049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many key findings in neuroimaging studies involve similarities between brain maps, but statistical methods used to measure these findings have varied. Current state-of-the-art methods involve comparing observed group-level brain maps (after averaging intensities at each image location across multiple subjects) against spatial null models of these group-level maps. However, these methods typically make strong and potentially unrealistic statistical assumptions, such as covariance stationarity. To address these issues, in this paper we propose using subject-level data and a classical permutation testing framework to test and assess similarities between brain maps. Our method is comparable to traditional permutation tests in that it involves randomly permuting subjects to generate a null distribution of intermodal correspondence statistics, which we compare to an observed statistic to estimate a p-value. We apply and compare our method in simulated and real neuroimaging data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. We show that our method performs well for detecting relationships between modalities known to be strongly related (cortical thickness and sulcal depth), and it is conservative when an association would not be expected (cortical thickness and activation on the n-back working memory task). Notably, our method is the most flexible and reliable for localizing intermodal relationships within subregions of the brain and allows for generalizable statistical inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapera, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert-Fitzgerald, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.285049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple permutation-based test of intermodal correspondence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Complete mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape antibody recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.10.292078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) are being developed as therapeutics and make a major contribution to the neutralizing antibody response elicited by infection. Here, we describe a deep mutational scanning method to map how all amino-acid mutations in the RBD affect antibody binding, and apply this method to 10 human monoclonal antibodies. The escape mutations cluster on several surfaces of the RBD that broadly correspond to structurally defined antibody epitopes. However, even antibodies targeting the same RBD surface often have distinct escape mutations. The complete escape maps predict which mutations are selected during viral growth in the presence of single antibodies, and enable us to design escape-resistant antibody cocktails-including cocktails of antibodies that compete for binding to the same surface of the RBD but have different escape mutations. Therefore, complete escape-mutation maps enable rational design of antibody therapeutics and assessment of the antigenic consequences of viral evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greaney, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Starr, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loes, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilton, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huddleston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dingens, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothlauf, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.10.292078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Complete mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape antibody recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.260240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PreQual: An automated pipeline for integrated preprocessing and quality assurance of diffusion weighted MRI images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.14.260240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDiffusion weighted MRI imaging (DWI) is often subject to low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and artifacts. Recent work has produced software tools that can correct individual problems, but these tools have not been combined with each other and with quality assurance (QA). A single integrated pipeline is proposed to perform DWI preprocessing with a spectrum of tools and produce an intuitive QA document.

MethodsThe proposed pipeline, built around the FSL, MRTrix3, and ANTs software packages, performs DWI denoising; inter-scan intensity normalization; susceptibility-, eddy current-, and motion-induced artifact correction; and slice-wise signal drop-out imputation. To perform QA on the raw and preprocessed data and each preprocessing operation, the pipeline documents qualitative visualizations, quantitative plots, gradient verifications, and tensor goodness-of-fit and fractional anisotropy analyses.

ResultsRaw DWI data were preprocessed and quality checked with the proposed pipeline and demonstrated improved SNRs; physiologic intensity ratios; corrected susceptibility-, eddy current-, and motion-induced artifacts; imputed signal-lost slices; and improved tensor fits. The pipeline identified incorrect gradient configurations and file-type conversion errors and was shown to be effective on externally available datasets.

ConclusionThe proposed pipeline is a single integrated pipeline that combines established diffusion preprocessing tools from major MRI-focused software packages with intuitive QA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyd, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begnoche, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beason-Held, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shafer, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.14.260240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PreQual: An automated pipeline for integrated preprocessing and quality assurance of diffusion weighted MRI images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-dependent mechanics of collagen reflect its structural and functional organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.27.315929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix mechanics influence diverse cellular functions, yet surprisingly little is known about the mechanical properties of their constituent collagen proteins. In particular, network-forming collagen IV, an integral component of basement membranes, has been far less studied than fibril-forming collagens. A key feature of collagen IV is the presence of interruptions in the triple-helix-defining (Gly-X-Y) sequence along its collagenous domain. Here, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the impact of sequence heterogeneity on the local flexibility of collagen IV and of the fibril-forming collagen III. Our extracted flexibility profile of collagen IV reveals that it possesses highly heterogeneous mechanics, ranging from semi-flexible regions as found for fibril-forming collagens to a lengthy region of high flexibility towards its N terminus. A simple model in which flexibility is dictated only by the presence of interruptions fit the extracted profile reasonably well, providing insight into the alignment of chains and demonstrating that interruptions - particularly when coinciding in multiple chains - significantly enhance local flexibility. To a lesser extent, sequence variations within the triple helix lead to variable flexibility, as seen along the continuously triple-helical collagen III. We found this fibril-forming collagen to possess a high-flexibility region around its matrix-metalloprotease (MMP) binding site, suggesting a unique mechanical fingerprint of this region that is key for matrix remodeling. Surprisingly, proline content did not correlate with local flexibility in either collagen type. We also found that physiologically relevant changes in pH and chloride concentration did not alter the flexibility of collagen IV, indicating such environmental changes are unlikely to control its compaction during secretion. Although extracellular chloride ions play a role in triggering collagen IV network formation, they do not appear to modulate the structure of its collagenous domain.

Significance StatementCollagens are the predominant proteins in vertebrates, forming diverse hierarchical structures to support cells and form connective tissues. Despite their mechanical importance, surprisingly little is established about the molecular encoding of mechanics. Here, we image single collagen proteins and find that they exhibit variable flexibility along their backbones. By comparing collagens with continuous and discontinuous triple-helix-forming sequences, we find that the type of helix interruption correlates with local flexibility, providing the first steps towards a much-needed map between sequence, structure, and mechanics in these large proteins. Our results inform our understanding of collagens ability to adopt compact conformations during cellular secretion and suggest a physical mechanism by which higher-order structure may be regulated by the distinct molecular properties of different collagens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Shaer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.27.315929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-dependent mechanics of collagen reflect its structural and functional organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Helicobacter pylori accelerates KRAS-dependent gastric dysplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than 80% of gastric cancer is attributable to stomach infection with Helicobacter pylori (Hp), even though the bacterium is not always present at time of diagnosis. Infection is thought to lead to cancer by promoting the accumulation of oncogenic mutations downstream of inflammation; once oncogenic pathways become activated, infection may become dispensable for cancer development. Gastric preneoplastic progression involves sequential changes to the tissue, including loss of parietal cells, spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia. In mice, active KRAS expression recapitulates these tissue changes in the absence of Hp infection. This model provides an experimental system to investigate whether Hp infection has additional roles in preneoplastic progression, beyond initiating inflammation. Mice were assessed by evaluating tissue histology, gene expression changes, the immune cell repertoire, and expression of metaplasia and dysplasia markers. Compared to Hp-/KRAS+ mice, Hp+/KRAS+ mice had i) severe T cell infiltration and altered macrophage polarization; ii) altered expression of metaplasia markers, including increased expression of CD44v9 (SPEM) and decreased expression of TFF3 (IM); iii) more dysplastic (TROP2+) glands; and iv) greater proliferation of metaplastic and dysplastic glands. Hp was able to persistently colonize the stomach during the onset of these tissue changes, and eradication of Hp with antibiotics prevented metaplastic, dysplastic and proliferation marker changes. Collectively, these results suggest that gastric preneoplastic progression differs between Hp+ and Hp-cases, and that sustained Hp infection can promote the later stages of gastric preneoplastic progression, in addition to its established role in initiating chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubrulle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leverich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori accelerates KRAS-dependent gastric dysplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High contrast probe cleavage detection on porous silicon biosensors via quantum dot labeled DNA probes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.330589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Using porous silicon (PSi) interferometer sensors, we show the first experimental implementation of the high contrast probe cleavage detection (HCPCD) mechanism. HCPCD makes use of dramatic optical signal amplification caused by cleavage of high-contrast nanoparticle labels on probes instead of the capture of low-index biological molecules. An approximately 2 nm reflectance peak shift was detected after cleavage of DNA-quantum dot probes from the PSi surface via exposure to a 12.5 nM DNase enzyme solution for 2 hrs. This signal change is 20 times greater than the resolution of the spectrometer used for the interferometric measurements, and the interferometric measurements agree with the interferometric response predicted by simulations and fluorescence measurements. These proof of principle experiments show a clear path to real-time, highly sensitive and inexpensive point-of-care readout for a broad range of biological diagnostic assays that generate signal via nucleic acid cleavage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dubrovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layouni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boriskina, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeulen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.330589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High contrast probe cleavage detection on porous silicon biosensors via quantum dot labeled DNA probes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336230v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Racial and ethnic imbalance in neuroscience reference lists and intersections with gender 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336230v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Discrimination against racial and ethnic minority groups exists in the academy, and the associated biases impact hiring and promotion, publication rates, grant funding, and awards. Precisely how racial and ethnic bias impacts the manner in which the scientific community engages with the ideas of academics in minority groups has yet to be fully elucidated. Citations are a marker of such community engagement, as well as a currency used to attain career milestones. Here we assess the extent and drivers of racial and ethnic imbalance in the reference lists of papers published in five top neuroscience journals over the last 25 years. We find that reference lists tend to include more papers with a White person as first and last author than would be expected if race and ethnicity were unrelated to referencing. We show that this imbalance is driven largely by the citation practices of White authors, and is increasing over time even as the field diversifies. To further explain our findings, we examine co-authorship networks and find that while the network has become markedly more integrated in general, the current degree of segregation by race/ethnicity is greater now than it has been in the past. Citing further from oneself on the network is associated with greater balance, but White authors preferential citation of White authors remains even at high levels of network exploration. We also quantify the effects of intersecting identities, determining the relative costs of gender and race/ethnicity, and their combination in women of color. Our findings represent a call to scientists and journal editors of all disciplines to consider the ethics of citation practices, and actions to be taken in support of an equitable future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bertolero, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dworkin, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloreda, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stiso, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkurkin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marlin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shohamy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zurn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336230</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Racial and ethnic imbalance in neuroscience reference lists and intersections with gender]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Landscape of Gullah African Americans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesGullah African Americans are descendants of formerly enslaved Africans living in the Sea Islands along the coast of the southeastern U.S., from North Carolina to Florida. Their relatively high numbers and geographic isolation were conducive to the development and preservation of a unique culture that retains deep African features. Although historical evidence supports a West and Central African ancestry for the Gullah, linguistic and cultural evidence of a connection to Sierra Leone has led to the suggestion of this country/region as their ancestral home. This study sought to elucidate the genetic structure and ancestry of the Gullah.

Materials and MethodsWe leveraged whole-genome genotype data from Gullah, African Americans from Jackson, Mississippi, Sierra Leone Africans, and population reference panels from Africa and Europe, to infer population structure, ancestry proportions, and global estimates of admixture.

ResultsRelative to southeastern non-Gullah African Americans, the Gullah exhibit higher mean African ancestry, lower European admixture, a similarly small Native American contribution, and stronger male-biased European admixture. A slightly tighter bottleneck in the Gullah 13 generations ago suggests a largely shared demographic history with non-Gullah African Americans. Despite a slightly higher relatedness to Sierra Leone, our data demonstrate that the Gullah are genetically related to many West African populations.

DiscussionThis study confirms that subtle differences in African American population structure exist at finer regional levels. Such observations can help to inform medical genetics research in African Americans, and guide the interpretation of genetic data used by African Americans seeking to explore ancestral identities.

Research HighlightsO_LIUsing genomic data, we show that the Gullah have lower European and higher West African genomic background compared to non-Gullah African Americans, confirming their diverse African ancestry and rejecting a model that asserts a predominant Sierra Leone origin.
C_LIO_LIOur data reveal a largely shared demographic history with southeastern non-Gullah African Americans, but also subtle differences related to high African genetic ancestry due to isolation in the Sea Islands.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmerman, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurr, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mychaleckyj, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quet, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moultrie, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Divers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilkeson, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spruill, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvey, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langefeld, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sale, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Landscape of Gullah African Americans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346031v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus RNA recombination is sequence directed and generates internally deleted defective genome segments during passage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.19.346031v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For viruses with segmented genomes, genetic diversity is generated by genetic drift, reassortment, and recombination. Recombination produces RNA populations distinct from full-length gene segments and can influence viral population dynamics, persistence, and host immune responses. Viruses in the Reoviridae family, including rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus), have been reported to package segments containing rearrangements or internal deletions. Rotaviruses with RNA segments containing rearrangements have been isolated from immunocompromised and immunocompetent children and in vitro following serial passage at high multiplicity. Reoviruses that package small, defective RNA segments have established chronic infections in cells and in mice. However, the mechanism and extent of Reoviridae RNA recombination are undefined. Towards filling this gap in knowledge, we determined the titers and RNA segment profiles for reovirus and rotavirus following serial passage in cultured cells. The viruses exhibited occasional titer reductions characteristic of interference. Reovirus strains frequently accumulated segments that retained 5' and 3' terminal sequences and featured large internal deletions, while similar segments were rarely detected in rotavirus populations. Using next-generation RNA-sequencing to analyze RNA molecules packaged in purified reovirus particles, we identified distinct recombination sites within individual viral gene segments. Recombination junction sites were frequently associated with short regions of identical sequence. Taken together, these findings suggest that reovirus accumulates defective gene segments featuring internal deletions during passage and undergoes sequence-directed recombination at distinct sites.

IMPORTANCEViruses in the Reoviridae family include important pathogens of humans and other animals and have segmented RNA genomes. Recombination in RNA virus populations can facilitate novel host exploration and increased disease severity. The extent, patterns, and mechanisms of Reoviridae recombination and the functions and effects of recombined RNA products are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that mammalian orthoreovirus regularly synthesizes RNA recombination products that retain terminal sequences but contain internal deletions, while rotavirus rarely synthesizes such products. Recombination occurs more frequently at specific sites in the mammalian orthoreovirus genome, and short regions of identical sequence are often detected at junction sites. These findings suggest that mammalian orthoreovirus recombination events are directed in part by RNA sequences. An improved understanding of recombined viral RNA synthesis may enhance our capacity to engineer improved vaccines and virotherapies in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoner, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.19.346031</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus RNA recombination is sequence directed and generates internally deleted defective genome segments during passage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals dysregulation of molecular programs associated with SARS-CoV-2 severity and outcomes in patients with chronic lung disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.20.347187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with chronic lung disease (CLD) have an increased risk for severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and poor outcomes. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomes of 605,904 single cells isolated from healthy and CLD lungs to identify molecular characteristics of lung cells that may account for worse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with chronic lung diseases. We observed a similar cellular distribution and relative expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in control and CLD lungs. CLD epithelial cells expressed higher levels of genes linked directly to the efficiency of viral replication and innate immune response. Additionally, we identified basal differences in inflammatory gene expression programs that highlight how CLD alters the inflammatory microenvironment encountered upon viral exposure to the peripheral lung. Our study indicates that CLD is accompanied by changes in cell-type-specific gene expression programs that prime the lung epithelium for and influence the innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rassl, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Human Cell Atlas Lung Biological Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.20.347187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals dysregulation of molecular programs associated with SARS-CoV-2 severity and outcomes in patients with chronic lung disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.347914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated Single Cell Atlas of Endothelial Cells of the Human Lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.21.347914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDespite its importance in health and disease, the cellular diversity of the lung endothelium has not been systematically characterized in humans. Here we provide a reference atlas of human lung endothelial cells (ECs), to facilitate a better understanding of the phenotypic diversity and composition of cells comprising the lung endothelium, both in health and disease.

MethodsWe reprocessed control single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data from five datasets of whole lungs that were used for the analysis of pan-endothelial markers, we later included a sixth dataset of sorted control EC for the vascular subpopulation analysis. EC populations were characterized through iterative clustering with subsequent differential expression analysis. Marker genes were validated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Signaling network between different lung cell types was studied using connectomic analysis. For cross species analysis we applied the same methods to scRNAseq data obtained from mouse lungs.

ResultsThe six lung scRNAseq datasets were reanalyzed and annotated to identify over 15,000 vascular EC cells from 73 individuals. Differential expression analysis of EC revealed signatures corresponding to endothelial lineage, including pan-endothelial, pan-vascular and subpopulation-specific marker gene sets. Beyond the broad cellular categories of lymphatic, capillary, arterial and venous ECs we found previously indistinguishable subpopulations; among venous EC we identified two previously indistinguishable populations, pulmonary-venous ECs (COL15A1neg) localized to the lung parenchyma and systemic-venous ECs (COL15A1pos) localized to the airways and the visceral pleura; among capillary EC we confirmed their subclassification into recently discovered aerocytes characterized by EDNRB, SOSTDC1 and TBX2 and general capillary EC. We confirmed that all six endothelial cell types, including the systemic-venous EC and aerocytes are present in mice and identified endothelial marker genes conserved in humans and mice. Ligand-Receptor connectome analysis revealed important homeostatic crosstalk of EC with other lung resident cell types. Our manuscript is accompanied by an online data mining tool (www.LungEndothelialCellAtlas.com).

ConclusionOur integrated analysis provides the comprehensive and well-crafted reference atlas of lung endothelial cells in the normal lung and confirms and describes in detail previously unrecognized endothelial populations across a large number of humans and mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schupp, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cosme, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brickman Raredon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omote, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeIuliis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumark, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habermann, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niklason, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pe'er, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.347914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated Single Cell Atlas of Endothelial Cells of the Human Lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amplification of potential thermogenetic mechanisms in cetacean brains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.352138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To elucidate causality underlying the evolution of large brains in cetaceans, we examined the brains of 16 cetartiodactyl species for evidence of non-shivering thermogenesis. In comparison to the artiodactyl brain, the cetacean brain exhibits an expanded expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1, UCPs being mitochondrial inner membrane proteins that dissipate the proton gradient to generate heat) in cortical neurons, localization of UCP4 within a substantial proportion of glia throughout the brain, and an increased density of noradrenergic axonal boutons (noradrenaline functioning to control concentrations of and activate UCPs). Thus, cetacean brains possess multiple characteristics indicative of intensified thermogenetic functionality that can be related to their current and historical obligatory aquatic niche. These findings necessitate reassessment of our concepts regarding the reasons for large brain evolution and associated functional capacities in cetaceans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manger, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patzke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spocter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwandin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagaili, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammed, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hof, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuxe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.23.352138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amplification of potential thermogenetic mechanisms in cetacean brains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic BDNF simultaneously inhibits and unmasks superficial dorsal horn neuronal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critically involved in the pathophysiology of chronic pain. However, the mechanisms of BDNF action on specific neuronal populations in the spinal superficial dorsal horn (SDH) requires further study. We used chronic BDNF treatment (200 ng/ml, 5-6 days) of defined-medium, serum-free spinal organotypic cultures to study intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) fluctuations. A detailed quantitative analysis of these fluctuations using the Frequency-independent biological signal identification (FIBSI) program revealed that BDNF simultaneously depressed activity in some SDH neurons while it unmasked a particular subpopulation of  silent neurons causing them to become spontaneously active. Blockade of gap junctions disinhibited a subpopulation of SDH neurons and reduced BDNF-induced synchrony in BDNF-treated cultures. BDNF reduced neuronal excitability by measuring spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. This was similar to the depressive effect of BDNF on the [Ca2+]i fluctuations. This study reveals novel regulatory mechanisms of SDH neuronal excitability in response to BDNF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alles, S. R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Odem, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic BDNF simultaneously inhibits and unmasks superficial dorsal horn neuronal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.364315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 Infects Human Engineered Heart Tissues and Models COVID-19 Myocarditis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.04.364315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epidemiological studies of the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed evidence of cardiac involvement and documented that myocardial injury and myocarditis are predictors of poor outcomes. Nonetheless, little is understood regarding SARS-CoV-2 tropism within the heart and whether cardiac complications result directly from myocardial infection. Here, we develop a human engineered heart tissue model and demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 selectively infects cardiomyocytes. Viral infection is dependent on expression of angiotensin-I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and endosomal cysteine proteases, suggesting an endosomal mechanism of cell entry. After infection with SARS-CoV-2, engineered tissues display typical features of myocarditis, including cardiomyocyte cell death, impaired cardiac contractility, and innate immune cell activation. Consistent with these findings, autopsy tissue obtained from individuals with COVID-19 myocarditis demonstrated cardiomyocyte infection, cell death, and macrophage-predominate immune cell infiltrate. These findings establish human cardiomyocyte tropism for SARS-CoV-2 and provide an experimental platform for interrogating and mitigating cardiac complications of COVID-19.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dmytrenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredemeyer, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sviben, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rali, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saririan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobohm, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stump, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gi, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuschner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavine, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.364315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 Infects Human Engineered Heart Tissues and Models COVID-19 Myocarditis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combined assessment of MHC binding and antigen expression improves T cell epitope predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.09.375204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MHC class I antigen processing consists of multiple steps that result in the presentation of MHC bound peptides that can be recognized as T cell epitopes. Many of the pathway steps can be predicted using computational methods, but one is often neglected: mRNA expression of the epitope source proteins. In this study, we improve epitope prediction by taking into account both peptide-MHC binding affinities and expression levels of the peptides source protein. Specifically, we utilized biophysical principles and existing MHC binding prediction tools in concert with RNA expression to derive a function that estimates the likelihood of a peptide being presented on a given MHC class I molecule. Our combined model of Antigen eXpression based Epitope Likelihood-Function (AXEL-F) outperformed predictions based only on binding or based only on antigen expression for discriminating eluted ligands from random background peptides as well as in predicting neoantigens that are recognized by T cells. We also showed that in cases where cancer patient-specific RNA-Seq data is not available, cancer-type matched expression data from TCGA can be used to accurately estimate patient-specific gene expression. Using AXEL-F together with TGCA expression data we were able to more accurately predict neoantigens that are recognized by T cells. The method is available in the IEDB Analysis Resource and free to use for the academic community.

Significance statementEpitope prediction tools have been used to call epitopes in viruses and other pathogens for almost 30 years, and more recently, to call cancer neoantigens. Several such tools have been developed, however most of them ignore the mRNA expression of the epitope source proteins. In the present study, we have, to our knowledge for the first time, developed a biophysically motivated model to combine peptide-MHC binding and abundance of the peptides source protein to improve epitope predictions. Our novel tool AXEL-F is freely available on the IEDB and presents a clear opportunity for predicting and selecting epitopes more efficiently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kosaloglu-Yalcin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenberger, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.09.375204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combined assessment of MHC binding and antigen expression improves T cell epitope predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.373647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic transcriptome risk scores improve portability of polygenic risk scores across ancestries 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.12.373647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are on course to translate the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into clinical practice. To date, most GWAS have been based on individuals of European-ancestry, meaning that the utility of PRS for non-European populations is limited because SNP effects and LD patterns may not be conserved across populations. We hypothesized that cross population prediction at the level of genes rather than SNPs would be more effective, since the effect of genes on traits is likely to be more highly conserved. Therefore, we developed a framework to convert effect sizes at SNPs into effect sizes for genetically predicted transcript abundance, which we used for prediction in non-European populations. We compared this approach, which we call polygenic transcriptome risk scores (PTRS), to PRS, using data from 17 quantitative traits that were measured in multiple ancestries (European, African, East Asian, and South Asian) by UK Biobank. On average, PTRS using whole blood predicted transcriptome had lower absolute prediction accuracy than PRS, as we expected since not all regulatory processes were captured by a single tissue. However, as hypothesized, we found that in the African target set, the portability (prediction accuracy relative to the European reference set) was significantly higher for PTRS than PRS (p=0.03) with additional gain when transcriptomic prediction models ancestry matched the target population (p=0.021). Taken together, our results suggest that using PTRS can improve prediction in underrepresented populations and that increasing the diversity of transcriptomic data may be an effective way to improve portability of GWAS results between populations and help reduce health disparities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manichaikul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.12.373647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic transcriptome risk scores improve portability of polygenic risk scores across ancestries]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling genetic feature selection and aggregation in transcriptome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The success of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) has led to substantial research towards improving its core component of genetically regulated expression (GReX). GReX links expression information with phenotype by serving as both the outcome of genotype-based expression models and the predictor for downstream association testing. In this work, we demonstrate that current linear models of GReX inadvertently combine two separable steps of machine learning - feature selection and aggregation - which can be independently replaced to improve overall power. We show that the monolithic approach of GReX limits the adaptability of TWAS methodology and practice, especially given low expression heritability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling genetic feature selection and aggregation in transcriptome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404780v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Erythropoietin Receptor Stimulates Rapid Cycling and Formation of Larger Red Cells During Mouse and Human Erythropoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.404780v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Erythroid terminal differentiation entails cell divisions that are coupled to progressive decreases in cell size. EpoR signaling is essential for the survival of erythroid precursors, but it is unclear whether it has other functions in these cells. Here we endowed mouse precursors that lack the EpoR with survival signaling, finding that this was sufficient to support their differentiation into enucleated red cells, but that the process was abnormal. Precursors underwent fewer and slower cell cycles and yet differentiated into smaller red cells. Surprisingly, EpoR further accelerated cycling of early erythroblasts, the fastest cycling cells in the bone marrow, while simultaneously increasing their cell size. EpoR-mediated formation of larger red cells was independent of the established pathway regulating red cell size by iron through Heme-regulated eIF2 kinase (HRI). We confirmed the effect of Epo on red cell size in human volunteers, whose mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increased following Epo administration. This increase persisted after Epo declined and was not the result of increased reticulocytes. Our work reveals a unique effect of EpoR signaling on the interaction between the cell cycle and cell growth. Further, it suggests new diagnostic interpretations for increased red cell volume, as reflecting high Epo and erythropoietic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pop, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellatly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scalf, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuberger, J. A. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koury, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordsborg, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Socolovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.404780</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Erythropoietin Receptor Stimulates Rapid Cycling and Formation of Larger Red Cells During Mouse and Human Erythropoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phospholipid Metabolism Is Associated with HIV Rebound Upon Treatment Interruption 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids are biologically active molecules involved in a variety of cellular processes and immunological functions, including inflammation. It was recently shown that phospholipids and their derivatives, lysophospholipids, can reactivate latent (dormant) tumor cells, causing cancer recurrence. However, the potential link between lipids and HIV latency, persistence, and viral rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has never been investigated. We explored the links between plasma lipids and the burden of HIV during ART. We profiled the circulating lipidome from the plasma of 24 chronically HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART who subsequently underwent an analytic treatment interruption (ATI) without concurrent immunotherapies. The pre-ATI viral burden was estimated as time-to-viral-rebound and viral load setpoints post-ATI. We found that higher pre-ATI levels of lysophospholipids, including the pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine, were associated with faster time-to-viral-rebound and higher viral setpoints upon ART cessation. Furthermore, higher pre-ATI levels of the pro-inflammatory byproduct of intestinal lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), were also linked to faster viral rebound post-ART. Finally, pre-ATI levels of several phosphatidylcholine species (lysophosphatidylcholine precursors) correlated strongly with higher pre-ATI levels of HIV DNA in peripheral CD4+ T cells. Our proof-of-concept data point to phospholipids and lysophospholipids as plausible pro-inflammatory contributors to HIV persistence and rapid post-ART HIV rebound. The potential interplay between phospholipid metabolism and both the establishment and maintenance of HIV latent reservoirs during- and post-ART warrants further investigation.

IMPORTANCEThe likelihood of HIV rebound after stopping antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a function of the interplay between the size of HIV reservoirs that persist despite ART and the host immunological and inflammatory factors that modulate these reservoirs. There is a need to comprehensively understand these host factors to develop a strategy to cure HIV infection and prevent viral rebound post-ART. Lipids are important biologically active molecules that are known to mediate several cellular functions, including reactivating latent tumor cells; however, their role in HIV latency, persistence, and post-ART rebound has never been investigated. We observed significant links between higher levels of the pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine and its intestinal metabolic byproduct, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and both faster time-to-viral rebound and higher viral load setpoint post ART. These data highlight the need for further studies to understand the potential contribution of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism in shaping host immunological and inflammatory milieu during- and post-ART.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giron, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papasavvas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landay, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mounzer, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kostman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montaner, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Mohsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phospholipid Metabolism Is Associated with HIV Rebound Upon Treatment Interruption]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions and monocytes for optimal therapeutic protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.424554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. Although passively delivered neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 show promise in clinical trials, their mechanism of action in vivo is incompletely understood. Here, we define correlates of protection of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. Whereas Fc effector functions are dispensable when representative neutralizing mAbs are administered as prophylaxis, they are required for optimal protection as therapy. When given after infection, intact mAbs reduce SARS-CoV-2 burden and lung disease in mice and hamsters better than loss-of-function Fc variant mAbs. Fc engagement of neutralizing antibodies mitigates inflammation and improves respiratory mechanics, and transcriptional profiling suggests these phenotypes are associated with diminished innate immune signaling and preserved tissue repair. Immune cell depletions establish that neutralizing mAbs require monocytes for therapeutic efficacy. Thus, potently neutralizing mAbs require Fc effector functions for maximal therapeutic benefit during therapy to modulate protective immune responses and mitigate lung disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darling, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, A. C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mack, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.28.424554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions and monocytes for optimal therapeutic protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Statistical and machine learning models for classification of human wear and delivery days in accelerometry data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAccelerometers are increasingly utilized in healthcare research to assess human activity. Accelerometry data are often collected by mailing accelerometers to participants, who wear the accelerometers to collect data on their activity. The devices are then mailed back to the laboratory for analysis. We develop models to classify days in accelerometry data as activity from actual human wear or the delivery process. These models can be used to automate the cleaning of accelerometry datasets that are adulterated with activity from delivery.

MethodsFor the classification of delivery days in accelerometry data, we developed statistical and machine learning models in a supervised learning context using a large human activity and delivery labeled accelerometry dataset. We extracted several features, which were included to develop random forest, logistic regression, mixed effects regression, and multilayer perceptron models, while convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network, and hybrid convolutional recurrent neural network models were developed without feature extraction. Model performances were assessed using Monte Carlo cross-validation.

ResultsWe found that a hybrid convolutional recurrent neural network performed best in the classification task with an F1 score of 0.960 but simpler models such as logistic regression and random forest also had excellent performance with F1 scores of 0.951 and 0.957, respectively.

ConclusionThe models developed in this study can be used to classify days in accelerometry data as either human or delivery activity. An analyst can weigh the larger computational cost and greater performance of the convolutional recurrent neural network against the faster but slightly less powerful random forest or logistic regression. The best performing models for classification of delivery data are publicly available on the open source R package, PhysicalActivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Statistical and machine learning models for classification of human wear and delivery days in accelerometry data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Canonical features of human antibodies recognizing the influenza hemagglutinin trimer interface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.31.424868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly reactive antibodies targeting the influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) head domain are thought to be rare and to require extensive somatic mutations or unusual structural features to achieve breadth against divergent HA subtypes. Here we describe common genetic and structural features of diverse human antibodies from several individuals recognizing the trimer interface (TI) of the influenza HA head, a recently identified site of vulnerability1-3. We examined the sequence of TI-reactive antibodies, determined crystal structures for TI antibody-antigen complexes, and analyzed the contact residues of the antibodies on HA to discover common genetic and structural features of TI antibodies. Our data reveal that many TI antibodies are encoded by a light chain variable gene segment incorporating a shared somatic mutation. In addition, these antibodies have a shared acidic residue in the heavy chain despite originating from diverse heavy chain variable gene segments. These studies show that the TI region of influenza HA is a major antigenic site with conserved structural features that are recognized by a common human B cell public clonotype. The canonical nature of this antibody-antigen interaction suggests that the TI epitope might serve as an important new target for structure-based vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westover, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.31.424868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Canonical features of human antibodies recognizing the influenza hemagglutinin trimer interface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplatform Integrative Analyses of Immunosuppressive Signatures in Cortisol-secreting Adrenocortical Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.14.426712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but highly aggressive malignancy and nearly half of ACC tumors have been shown to overproduce and secrete adrenal steroids. Excess cortisol secretion, in particular, has been associated with poor prognosis among ACC patients. Furthermore, recent immunotherapy clinical trials demonstrated significant immunoresistance among cortisol-secreting ACC (CS-ACC) patients when compared to their non-Cortisol-secreting (nonCS-ACC) counterparts. The immunosuppressive role of excess glucocorticoid therapies and secretion is well established, however, the impact of the cortisol hypersecretion on ACC tumor microenvironment (TME), immune expression profiles, and immune cell responses remain largely undefined. In this study, we characterized the TME of ACC patients and compared the immunogenomic profiles of nonCS-ACC and CS-ACC tumors to assess the impact of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to immune processes on patient prognosis. Comprehensive multiplatform immunogenomic computational analyses of ACC tumors deciphered an immunosuppressive expression profile with a direct impact on patient survival. We identified several primary immunogenomic prognostic indicators and potential targets within the tumor immune landscape of CS-ACC that define a distinct TME and provide additional insight into the understanding of potential contributory mechanisms underlying failure of initial immunotherapeutic trials and poor prognosis of patients with CS-ACC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baechle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konjeti, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baregamian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.14.426712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplatform Integrative Analyses of Immunosuppressive Signatures in Cortisol-secreting Adrenocortical Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 uncoating occurs via a series of rapid biomechanical changes in the core related to individual stages of reverse transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.16.426924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV core consists of the viral genome and associated proteins encased by a cone-shaped protein shell termed the capsid. Successful infection requires reverse transcription of the viral genome and disassembly of the capsid shell within a cell in a process known as uncoating. The integrity of the viral capsid is critical for reverse transcription, yet the viral capsid must be breached to release the nascent viral DNA prior to integration. We employed atomic force microscopy to study the stiffness changes in HIV-1 cores during reverse transcription in vitro in reactions containing the capsid-stabilizing host metabolite IP6. Cores exhibited a series of stiffness spikes, with up to three spikes typically occurring between 10-30, 40-80, and 120-160 minutes after initiation of reverse transcription. Addition of the reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor efavirenz eliminated the appearance of these spikes and the subsequent disassembly of the capsid, thus establishing that both result from reverse transcription. Using timed addition of efavirenz, and analysis of an RNAseH-defective RT mutant, we established that the first stiffness spike requires minus-strand strong stop DNA synthesis, with subsequent spikes requiring later stages of reverse transcription. Additional rapid AFM imaging experiments revealed repeated morphological changes in cores that were temporally correlated with the observed stiffness spikes. Our study reveals discrete mechanical changes in the viral core that are likely related to specific stages of reverse transcription. Our results suggest that reverse-transcription-induced changes in the capsid progressively remodel the viral core to prime it for temporally accurate uncoating in target cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rankovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousso, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.16.426924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 uncoating occurs via a series of rapid biomechanical changes in the core related to individual stages of reverse transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MAESTRO affords 'breadth and depth' for mutation testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.22.427323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to assay large numbers of low-abundance mutations is crucial in biomedicine. Yet, the technical hurdles of sequencing multiple mutations at extremely high depth and accuracy remain daunting. For sequencing low-level mutations, its either  depth or breadth but not both. Here, we report a simple and powerful approach to accurately track thousands of distinct mutations with minimal reads. Our technique called MAESTRO (minor allele enriched sequencing through recognition oligonucleotides) employs massively-parallel mutation enrichment to empower duplex sequencing--one of the most accurate methods--to track up to 10,000 low-frequency mutations with up to 100-fold less sequencing. In example use cases, we show that MAESTRO could enable mutation validation from cancer genome sequencing studies. We also show that it could track thousands of mutations from a patients tumor in cell-free DNA, which may improve detection of minimal residual disease from liquid biopsies. In all, MAESTRO improves the breadth, depth, accuracy, and efficiency of mutation testing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gydush, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blewett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stover, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolaney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krop, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Love, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parsons, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makrigiorgos, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adalsteinsson, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.22.427323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MAESTRO affords 'breadth and depth' for mutation testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A systematic analysis of genetically regulated differences in gene expression and the role of co-expression networks across 16 psychiatric disorders and substance use phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.28.428688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of risk loci for many psychiatric and substance use phenotypes, however the biological consequences of these loci remain largely unknown. We performed a transcriptome-wide association study of 10 psychiatric disorders and 6 substance use phenotypes (collectively termed "mental health phenotypes") using expression quantitative trait loci data from 532 prefrontal cortex samples. We estimated the correlation due to predicted genetically regulated expression between pairs of mental health phenotypes, and compared the results with the genetic correlations. We identified 1,645 genes with at least one significant trait association, comprising 2,176 significant associations across the 16 mental health phenotypes of which 572 (26%) are novel. Overall, the transcriptomic correlations for phenotype pairs were significantly higher than the respective genetic correlations. For example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, both childhood developmental disorders, showed a much higher transcriptomic correlation (r=0.84) than genetic correlation (r=0.35). Finally, we tested the enrichment of phenotype-associated genes in gene co-expression networks built from prefrontal cortex. Phenotype-associated genes were enriched in multiple gene co-expression modules and the implicated modules contained genes involved in mRNA splicing and glutamatergic receptors, among others. Together, our results highlight the utility of gene expression data in the understanding of functional gene mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders and substance use phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerring, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorp, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.428688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A systematic analysis of genetically regulated differences in gene expression and the role of co-expression networks across 16 psychiatric disorders and substance use phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neptune: An environment for the delivery of genomic medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeGenomic medicine holds great promise for improving healthcare, but integrating searchable and actionable genetic data into electronic health records remains a challenge. Here, we describe Neptune, a system for managing the interaction between a clinical laboratory and an electronic health record system.

MethodsWe developed Neptune and applied it to two clinical sequencing projects that required report customization, variant reanalysis and EHR integration.

ResultsNeptune enabled the analysis of data for generation of and delivery to EHR systems of over 15,000 clinical genomic reports. These projects demanded customizable clinical reports that contained a variety of genetic data types including SNVs, CNVs, pharmacogenomics and polygenic risk scores. Two variant reanalysis activities were also supported, highlighting this important workflow.

ConclusionsMethods are needed for delivering structured genetic data to EHRs. This need extends beyond developing data formats to providing infrastructure that manages the reporting process itself. Neptune was successfully applied on two high-throughput clinical sequencing projects to build and deliver clinical reports to EHR systems. The software is open and available at https://gitlab.com/bcm-hgsc/neptune.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalla, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisner, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neptune: An environment for the delivery of genomic medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.31.429037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured representation of clinical genetic results is necessary for advancing precision medicine. The Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Networks Phase III program initially used a commercially developed XML message format for standardized and structured representation of genetic results for electronic health record (EHR) integration. In a desire to move towards a standard representation, the network created a new standardized format based upon Health Level Seven Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR), to represent clinical genomics results. These new standards improve the utility of HL7 FHIR as an international healthcare interoperability standard for management of genetic data from patients. This work advances the establishment of standards that are being designed for broad adoption in the current health information technology landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babb, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, L. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimuth, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granite, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedotov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangash, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestor, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caraballo, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.31.429037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Considerations for FHIR; eMERGE Implementation Lessons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.428178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of transmembrane spanning domain 1 in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator folding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.428178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein that disrupt its folding pathway. The most common mutation causing CF is a deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 ({Delta}F508). CFTR contains five domains that each form cotranslational structures that interact with other domains as they are produced and folded. CFTR is comprised of two transmembrane spanning domains (TMDs), two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) and a unique regulatory region (R). The first domain translated, TMD1, forms interdomain interactions with the other domains in CFTR. In TMD1, long intracellular loops extend into the cytoplasm and interact with both NBDs via coupling helices and with TMD2 via transmembrane spans (TMs). We examined mutations in TMD1 to determine the impact on individual domain and multidomain constructs. We found that mutations in a TM span or in the cytosolic ICLs interfere with specific steps in the hierarchical folding of CFTR. TM1 CF-causing mutants, G85E and G91R, directly affect TMD1, whereas most ICL1 and ICL2 mutant effects become apparent in the presence of TMD2. A single mutant in ICL2 worsened CFTR trafficking in the presence of NBD2, supporting its role in the ICL2-NBD2 interface. Mutation of hydrophobic residues in ICL coupling helices tended to increased levels of pre-TMD2 biogenic intermediates but caused ER accumulation in the presence of TMD2. This suggests a tradeoff between transient stability during translation and final structure. NBD2 increased the efficiency of mutant trafficking from the ER, consistent with stabilization of the full-length constructs. While the G85E and G91R mutants in TM1 have immediately detectable effects, most of the studied mutant effects and the {Delta}F508 mutant are apparent after production of TMD2, supporting this intermediate as a major point of recognition by protein quality control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.428178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of transmembrane spanning domain 1 in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator folding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429614v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidant-Resistant LRRC8A/C Anion Channels Support Superoxide Production by Nox1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.429614v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF) activates NADPH Oxidase 1 (Nox1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), producing superoxide (O2*-) required for subsequent signaling. LRRC8 family proteins A-E comprise volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). The required subunit LRRC8A physically associates with Nox1, and VRAC activity is required for Nox activity and the inflammatory response to TNF. LRRC8 channel currents are modulated by oxidants, suggesting that oxidant sensitivity and proximity to Nox1 may play a physiologically relevant role. In VSMCs, LRRC8C knockdown (siRNA) recapitulated the effects of siLRRC8A, inhibiting TNF-induced extracellular and endosomal O2*- production, receptor endocytosis, NF-{kappa}B activation, and proliferation. In contrast, siLRRC8D potentiated NF-{kappa}B activation. Nox1 co-immunoprecipitated with 8C and 8D, and co-localized with 8D at the plasma membrane and in vesicles. We compared VRAC currents mediated by homomeric and heteromeric 8C and 8D channels expressed in HEK293 cells. The oxidant chloramine T (ChlorT, 1 mM) weakly inhibited LRRC8C, but potently inhibited 8D currents. ChlorT exposure also greatly reduced subsequent current block by DCPIB, implicating external sites of oxidation. Substitution of the extracellular loop domains (EL1, EL2) of 8D onto 8C conferred significantly stronger ChlorT-dependent inhibition. 8A/C channel activity is thus more effectively maintained in the oxidized microenvironment expected to result from Nox1 activation at the plasma membrane. Increased ratios of 8D:8C expression may potentially depress inflammatory responses to TNF. LRRC8A/C channel downregulation represents a novel strategy to reduce TNF-induced inflammation.

Key PointsO_LILRRC8A-containing anion channels associate with Nox1 and regulate superoxide production and TNF signaling. Here we show that .LRRC8C and 8D also co-immunoprecipitate with Nox1 in vascular smooth muscle cells.
C_LIO_LILRRC8C knockdown inhibited TNF-induced O2*- production, receptor endocytosis, NF-{kappa}B activation, and proliferation while LRRC8D knockdown enhanced NF-{kappa}B activation. Significant changes in LRRC8 isoform expression in human atherosclerosis and psoriasis suggest compensation for increased inflammation.
C_LIO_LIThe oxidant chloramine-T (ChlorT, 1 mM) weakly ([~]25%) inhibited 8C currents but potently ([~]80%) inhibited 8D currents. Substitution of the two extracellular loop (EL) domains of 8D onto 8C conferred significantly stronger ChlorT-dependent inhibition.
C_LIO_LIChlorT also impaired current block by DCPIB, which occurs through interaction with EL1, further implicating external sites of oxidation.
C_LIO_LI8A/C channels most effectively maintain activity in an oxidized microenvironment, as is expected to result from Nox1 activity at the plasma membrane.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohrbough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikalova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.03.429614</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidant-Resistant LRRC8A/C Anion Channels Support Superoxide Production by Nox1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On the robustness of inference of association with the gut microbiota in stool, swab and mucosal tissue samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.04.429844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut microbiota plays an important role in human health and disease. Stool, swab and mucosal tissue samples have been used in individual studies to survey the microbial community but the consequences of using these different sample types are not completely understood. We previously reported differences in microbial community composition with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing between stool, swab and mucosal tissue samples. Here, we extended the previous study to a larger cohort and performed shotgun metagenome sequencing of 1,397 stool, swab and mucosal tissue samples from 240 participants. Consistent with previous results, taxonomic composition of stool and swab samples was distinct, but still more similar to each other than mucosal tissue samples, which had a substantially different community composition, characterized by a high relative abundance of the mucus metabolizers Bacteroides and Subdoligranulum, as well as bacteria with higher tolerance for oxidative stress such as Escherichia. As has been previously reported, functional profiles were more uniform across sample types than taxonomic profiles with differences between stool and swab samples smaller, but mucosal tissue samples remained distinct from the other two types. When the taxonomic and functional profiles of different sample types were used for inference in association with host phenotypes of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), antibiotics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use, hypothesis testing using either stool or swab gave broadly similar results, but inference performed on mucosal tissue samples gave results that were generally less consistent with either stool or swab. Our study represents an important resource for the experimental design of studies aimed to understand microbiota perturbations specific to defined micro niches within the human intestinal tract.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murff, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakley, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azcarate-Peril, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodor, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On the robustness of inference of association with the gut microbiota in stool, swab and mucosal tissue samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet-dependent Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C expression in adipose tissue is mediated by PPARγ via long-range distal enhancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to their established role to maintain blood pressure and fluid volume, the cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) can stimulate adipocyte lipolysis and control the brown fat gene program of nonshivering thermogenesis. The NP "clearance" receptor C (NPRC) functions to clear NPs from the circulation via peptide internalization and degradation and thus is an important regulator of NP signaling and adipocyte metabolism. It is well appreciated that the Nprc gene is highly expressed in adipose tissue and is dynamically regulated with nutrition and environmental changes. However, the molecular basis for how Nprc gene expression is regulated is still poorly understood. Here we identified Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPAR{gamma}) as a transcriptional regulator of Nprc expression in mouse adipocytes. During 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, levels of Nprc expression increase in parallel with PPAR{gamma} induction. Rosiglitazone, a classic PPAR{gamma} agonist, increases, while siRNA knockdown of PPAR{gamma} reduces, Nprc expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We demonstrate that PPAR{gamma} controls Nprc gene expression in adipocytes through its long-range distal enhancers. Furthermore, the induction of Nprc expression in adipose tissue during high-fat diet feeding is associated with increased PPAR{gamma} enhancer activity. Our findings define PPAR{gamma} as a mediator of adipocyte Nprc gene expression and establish a new connection between PPAR{gamma} and the control of adipocyte NP signaling in obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simandi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet-dependent Natriuretic Peptide Receptor C expression in adipose tissue is mediated by PPARγ via long-range distal enhancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiplatform Computational Analysis of Mast Cells in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Tumor Microenvironment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionImmunotherapeutic response failure of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) highlights a need for novel strategies targeting immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to overcome tumor resistance and enhance therapeutic response. A recent study explored a new link between tumor mast cell (MC) infiltration and improved outcomes in patients with ACC. We further dissect the role of MC in TME of ACC by examining the tumor MC expression signatures and MC activity within TME to provide additional insight into potential novel immunotherapeutic targets.

MethodsUsing CIBERSORTx computational immunogenomic deconvolution algorithm to analyze ACC tumor gene mRNA expression data (TCGA, N=79), we estimated the abundance of tumor immune infiltrating MC, and assessed prognostic potential of MC signaling genes as pro- or anti- tumor signatures, as well as the impact on overall (OS) and disease-free (DFS) survival.

ResultsWe stratified MC signaling genes with survival prognostic values (OS, DFS, p<0.05) into anti-tumor (ALOX5, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, HDC, IL16, TNF, TPSAB1, VEGFD) and pro-tumor (CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL8, IL4, IL13, PTGS3, TNSF4, VEGFD) groups. Anti-tumor MC signature, as the predominant phenotype, was associated with improved OS and DFS.

ConclusionThe deconvolution analysis of TCGA data identified MC infiltration in ACC microenvironment as predominantly associated with anti-tumor activity. Future studies stemming from our findings may help define the role of MC in TME and the impact on patient survival in patients with ACC. Modulation of tumor MC infiltration may serve as a potential target for novel synergistic immunotherapies for the treatment and improved survival of patients with ACC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baechle, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konjeti, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baregamian, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiplatform Computational Analysis of Mast Cells in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Tumor Microenvironment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hotspot ESR1 mutations are multimodal and contextual drivers of breast cancer metastasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Constitutively active estrogen receptor- (ER/ESR1) mutations have been identified in approximately one third of ER+ metastatic breast cancer. Although these mutations are known mediators of endocrine resistance, their potential role in promoting metastatic disease has not yet been mechanistically addressed. In this study, we show the presence of ESR1 mutations exclusively in distant, but not local recurrences. In concordance with transcriptomic profiling of ESR1 mutant tumors, genome-edited Y537S and D538G cell models have a reprogrammed cell adhesive gene network via alterations in desmosome/gap junction genes and the TIMP3/MMP axis, which functionally confers enhanced cell-cell contacts while decreased cell-ECM adhesion. Context-dependent migratory phenotypes revealed co-targeting of Wnt and ER as vulnerability. Mutant ESR1 exhibits non-canonical regulation of several metastatic pathways including secondary transactivation and de novo FOXA1-driven chromatin remodeling. Collectively, our data supports evidence for ESR1 mutation-driven metastases and provides insight for future preclinical therapeutic strategies.

SignificanceContext and allele-dependent transcriptome and cistrome reprogramming in genome-edited ESR1 mutation cell models elicit diverse metastatic phenotypes, including but not limited to alterations in cell adhesion and migration. The gain-of-function mutations can be pharmacologically targeted, and thus may be key components of novel therapeutic treatment strategies for ER-mutant metastatic breast cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasdemir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahreini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priedigkeit, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buluwela, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gertz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richer, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troness, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Ashry, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerratana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristofanilli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montanez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundd, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tseng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jank, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denkert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karsten, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blohmer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oesterreich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hotspot ESR1 mutations are multimodal and contextual drivers of breast cancer metastasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.16.431528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current theories propose that the short-term retention of information in working memory (WM) and the recall of information from long-term memory (LTM) are supported by overlapping neural mechanisms in occipital and parietal cortex. Both are thought to rely on reinstating patterns of sensory activity evoked by the perception of the remembered item. However, the extent of the shared representations between WM and LTM are unclear, and it is unknown how WM and LTM representations may differ across cortical regions. We designed a spatial memory task that allowed us to directly compare the representations of remembered spatial information in WM and LTM. Critically, we carefully matched the precision of behavioral responses in these tasks. We used fMRI and multivariate pattern analyses to examine representations in (1) retinotopic cortex and (2) lateral parietal cortex (LPC) regions previously implicated in LTM. We show that visual memories were represented in a sensory-like code in both tasks across retinotopic regions in occipital and parietal cortex. LPC regions also encoded remembered locations in both WM and LTM, but in a format that differed from the sensory-evoked activity. These results suggest a striking correspondence in the format of WM and LTM representations across occipital and parietal cortex. On the other hand, we show that activity patterns in nearly all parietal regions, but not occipital regions, contained information that could discriminate between WM trials and LTM trials. Our data provide new evidence for theories of memory systems and the representation of mnemonic content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutterer, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional cooperativity mediated by rationally selected combinations of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the henipavirus receptor binding protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.17.431743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), the prototypic members of the Henipavirus (HNV) genus, are emerging, zoonotic paramyxoviruses known to cause severe disease across six mammalian orders, including humans (Eaton et al., 2006). While several research groups have made strides in developing candidate vaccines and therapeutics against henipaviruses, such countermeasures have not been licensed for human use, and significant gaps in knowledge about the human immune response to these viruses exist. To address these gaps, we isolated a large panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the B cells of an individual with prior occupation-related exposure to the equine HeV vaccine (Equivac(R) HeV). Competition-binding and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) studies identified at least six distinct antigenic sites on the HeV/NiV receptor binding protein (RBP) that are recognized by human mAbs. Antibodies recognizing multiple antigenic sites potently neutralized NiV and/or HeV isolates in vitro. The most potent class of cross-reactive antibodies achieved neutralization by blocking viral attachment to the host cell receptors ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3. Antibodies from this class mimic receptor binding by inducing a receptor-bound conformation to the HeV-RBP protein tetramer, exposing an epitope that appears to lie hidden in the interface between protomers within the HeV-RBP tetramer. Antibodies that recognize this cryptic epitope potently neutralized HeV and NiV. Flow cytometric studies using cell-surface-displayed HeV-RBP protein showed that cross-reactive, neutralizing mAbs from each of these classes cooperate for binding. In a highly stringent hamster model of NiVB infection, antibodies from both classes reduced morbidity and mortality and achieved synergistic protection in combination and provided therapeutic benefit when combined into two bispecific platforms. These studies identified multiple candidate mAbs that might be suitable for use in a cocktail therapeutic approach to achieve synergistic antiviral potency and reduce the risk of virus escape during treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisevich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annand, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broder, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeitlin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bornholdt, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisbert, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.17.431743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional cooperativity mediated by rationally selected combinations of human monoclonal antibodies targeting the henipavirus receptor binding protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered Sub-Genomic RNA Expression in SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 viruses are more transmissible, may lead to greater clinical severity, and result in modest reductions in antibody neutralization. subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) is produced by discontinuous transcription of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and is a crucial step in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Applying our tool (periscope) to ARTIC Network Oxford Nanopore genomic sequencing data from 4400 SARS-CoV-2 positive clinical samples, we show that normalised sgRNA expression profiles are significantly increased in B.1.1.7 infections (n=879). This increase is seen over the previous dominant circulating lineage in the UK, B.1.177 (n=943), which is independent of genomic reads, E gene cycle threshold and days since symptom onset at sampling. A noncanonical sgRNA which could represent ORF9b is found in 98.4% of B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 infections compared with only 13.8% of other lineages, with a 16-fold increase in median expression. We hypothesise that this is a direct consequence of a triple nucleotide mutation in nucleocapsid (28280:GAT>CAT, D3L) creating a transcription regulatory-like sequence complementary to a region 3 of the genomic leader. These findings provide a unique insight into the biology of B.1.1.7 and support monitoring of sgRNA profiles in sequence data to evaluate emerging potential variants of concern.

One Sentence SummaryThe recently emerged and more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 shows greater subgenomic RNA expression in clinical infections and enhanced expression of a noncanonical subgenomic RNA near ORF9b.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsey, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeley, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partridge, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leary, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louka, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulkes, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolverson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pohare, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansford, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.02.433156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered Sub-Genomic RNA Expression in SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic insights into the success of xenobiotic degraders resolved from metagenomes of microbial enrichment cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Even though microbial communities can be more effective at degrading xenobiotics than cultured micro-organisms, yet little is known about the microbial strategies that underpin xenobiotic biodegradation by microbial communities. Here, we employ metagenomic community sequencing to explore the mechanisms that drive the development of 49 xenobiotic-degrading microbial communities, which were enriched from 7 contaminated soils or sediments with a range of xenobiotic compounds. We show that multiple microbial strategies likely drive the development of xenobiotic degrading communities, notably (i) presence of genes encoding catabolic enzymes to degrade xenobiotics; (ii) presence of genes encoding efflux pumps; (iii) auxiliary catabolic genes on plasmids; and (iv) positive interactions dominate microbial communities with efficient degradation. Overall, the integrated analyses of microbial ecological strategies advance our understanding of microbial processes driving the biodegradation of xenobiotics and promote the design of bioremediation systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hungate, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic insights into the success of xenobiotic degraders resolved from metagenomes of microbial enrichment cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434334v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mTOR-activating mutations in RRAGD cause kidney tubulopathy and cardiomyopathy (KICA) syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.11.434334v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOver the last decaces, advances in genetic techniques have resulted in the identification of rare hereditary disorders of renal magnesium and salt handling. Nevertheless, {+/-}20% of all tubulopathy patients remain without genetic diagnosis. Here, we explore a large multicentric patient cohort with a novel inherited salt-losing tubulopathy, hypomagnesemia and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

MethodsWhole exome and genome sequencings were performed with various subsequent functional analyses of identified RRAGD variants in vitro.

ResultsIn 8 children from unrelated families with a tubulopathy characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, salt-wasting, and nephrocalcinosis, we identified heterozygous missense variants in RRAGD that mostly occurred de novo. Six of these patients additionally suffered from DCM requiring heart transplantation in 3 of them. An additional dominant variant in RRAGD was simultaneously identified in eight members of a large family with a similar renal phenotype. RRAGD encodes GTPase RagD mediating amino acid signaling to the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). RagD expression along the mammalian nephron include the thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule. The identified RRAGD variants were shown to induce a constitutive activation of mTOR signaling in vitro,

ConclusionsOur findings establish a novel disease phenotype combining kidney tubulopathy and cardiomyopathy (KICA) caused by an activation of mTOR signaling suggesting a critical role of Rag GTPase D for renal electrolyte handling and cardiac function.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere, we report on heterozygous variants in RRAGD in patients with profound hypomagnesemia, renal salt wasting, nephrocalcinosis, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The identified RagD variants induce a constitutive activation of mTOR signaling in vitro. These findings not only establish a novel monogenic disorder of the kidney tubule, but demonstrate the essential role of mTOR signaling for distal tubular electrolyte handling and cardiac function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schlingmann, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouret, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arjona, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dafinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houillier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinerueschkamp, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godefroid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eltan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burtey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parotte, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibars Serra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehmann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwartkruis, F. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renkema, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klingel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Bahr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schermer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmueller, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabatini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libau, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas-Poussou, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knoers, N. V. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Baaij, J. H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.434334</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mTOR-activating mutations in RRAGD cause kidney tubulopathy and cardiomyopathy (KICA) syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435791v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anxiety-related frontocortical activity is associated with dampened stressor reactivity in the real world 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.17.435791v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Negative affect is a fundamental dimension of human emotion. When extreme, it contributes to a variety of adverse outcomes--from physical and mental illness to divorce and premature death. Mechanistic work in animals and neuroimaging research in humans and monkeys has begun to reveal the broad contours of the neural circuits governing negative affect, but the relevance of these discoveries to everyday distress remains incompletely understood. Here we used a combination of approaches-- including neuroimaging assays of threat anticipation and emotional face perception and >10,000 momentary assessments of emotional experience--to demonstrate that individuals showing greater activation in a cingulo-opercular circuit during an anxiety-eliciting laboratory paradigm experience lower levels of stressor-dependent distress in their daily lives (n=202-208). Extended amygdala activation was not significantly related to momentary negative affect. These observations provide a framework for understanding the neurobiology of negative affect in the laboratory and in the real world.

STATEMENT OF RELEVANCEAnxiety, sadness, and other negative emotions are hallmarks of the human condition. When extreme, they contribute to a variety of adverse outcomes--from physical and mental illness to divorce and premature death--pointing to the need to develop a better understanding of the underlying brain circuitry. Recent work has begun to reveal the neural systems governing negative affect, but the relevance of these tantalizing laboratory discoveries to the real world has remained unclear. Here we used a combination of brain imaging and smartphone-based survey techniques to show that individuals marked by greater activation in a cingulo-opercular circuit during an anxiety-promoting laboratory paradigm tend to experience diminished distress in response to everyday stressors. These observations provide new insights into the brain systems most relevant to moment-by-moment fluctuations in negative mood, underscoring the importance of more recently evolved cortical association areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grogans, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shackman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.435791</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anxiety-related frontocortical activity is associated with dampened stressor reactivity in the real world]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435917v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomics-informed insights into microbial degradation of N,N-dimethylformamide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.18.435917v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Effective degradation of N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), an important industrial waste product, is challenging as only few bacterial isolates are known to be capable of degrading DMF. Aerobic remediation of DMF has typically been used, whereas anoxic remediation attempts are recently made, using nitrate as one electron acceptor, and ideally include methane as a byproduct. Here, we analyzed 20,762 complete genomes and 28 constructed draft genomes for the genes associated with DMF degradation. We identified 952 genomes that harbor genes involved in DMF degradation, expanding the known diversity of prokaryotes with these metabolic capabilities. Our findings suggest acquisition of DMF-degrading gene via plasmids are important in the order Rhizobiales and genus Paracoccus, but not in most other lineages. Degradation pathway analysis reveals that most putative DMF degraders using aerobic Pathway I will accumulate methylamine intermediate, while members of Paracoccus, Rhodococcus, Achromobacter, and Pseudomonas could potentially mineralize DMF completely under aerobic conditions. The aerobic DMF degradation via Pathway II is more common than thought and is primarily present in -and {beta}-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Most putative DMF degraders could grow with nitrate anaerobically (Pathway III), however, genes for the use of methyl-CoM to produce methane were not found. These analyses suggest that microbial consortia could be more advantageous in DMF degradation than pure culture, particularly for methane production under the anaerobic condition. The identified genomes and plasmids form an important foundation for optimizing bioremediation of DMF-containing wastewaters.

ImportanceDMF is extensively used as a solvent in industries, and is classified as a probable carcinogen. DMF is a refractory compound resistant to degradation, and until now, only few bacterial isolates have been reported to degrade DMF. To achieve effective microbial degradation of DMF from wastewater, it is necessary to identify genomic diversity with the potential to degrade DMF and characterize the genes involved in two aerobic degradation pathways and potential anaerobic degradation for methane production. A wide diversity of organisms has the potential to degrade DMF. Plasmid-mediated degradation of DMF is important for Rhizobiales and Paracoccus. Most DMF degraders could grow anaerobically with nitrate as electron acceptor, while co-cultures are required to complete intermediate methanogenesis for methane production. This is the first genomics-based global investigation into DMF degradation pathways. The genomic database generated by this study provides an important foundation for the bioremediation of DMF in industrial waste waters.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=123 SRC="FIGDIR/small/435917v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dijkstra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.435917</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomics-informed insights into microbial degradation of N,N-dimethylformamide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ensuring scientific reproducibility in bio-macromolecular modeling via extensive, automated benchmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.04.438423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Each year vast international resources are wasted on irreproducible research. The scientific community has been slow to adopt standard software engineering practices, despite the increases in high-dimensional data, complexities of workflows, and computational environments. Here we show how scientific software applications can be created in a reproducible manner when simple design goals for reproducibility are met. We describe the implementation of a test server framework and 40 scientific benchmarks, covering numerous applications in Rosetta bio-macromolecular modeling. High performance computing cluster integration allows these benchmarks to run continuously and automatically. Detailed protocol captures are useful for developers and users of Rosetta and other macromolecular modeling tools. The framework and design concepts presented here are valuable for developers and users of any type of scientific software and for the scientific community to create reproducible methods. Specific examples highlight the utility of this framework and the comprehensive documentation illustrates the ease of adding new tests in a matter of hours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyskov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolf-Bryfogle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ben-Aharon, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmalkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeliazkov, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krys, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ljubetic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loshbaugh, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>OConchuir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy Burman, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teets, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiemann, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yachnin, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahl, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey-Kellogg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiMaio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kortemme, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labonte, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindorff-Larsen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schief, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schueler-Furman, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.438423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ensuring scientific reproducibility in bio-macromolecular modeling via extensive, automated benchmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.435504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogenous impairment of α-cell function in type 2 diabetes is linked to cell maturation state 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.08.435504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In diabetes, glucagon secretion from pancreatic -cells is dysregulated. We examined -cells from human donors and mice using combined electrophysiological, transcriptomic, and computational approaches. Rising glucose suppresses -cell exocytosis by reducing P/Q-type Ca2+ channel activity, and this is disrupted in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Upon high-fat-feeding of mice, -cells shift towards a  {beta}-cell-like electrophysiologic profile in concert with an up-regulation of the {beta}-cell Na+ channel isoform Scn9a and indications of impaired -cell identity. In human -cells we identify links between cell membrane properties and cell surface signalling receptors, mitochondrial respiratory complex assembly, and cell maturation. Cell type classification using machine learning of electrophysiology data demonstrates a heterogenous loss of  electrophysiologic identity in -cells from donors with T2D. Indeed, a sub-set of -cells with impaired exocytosis is defined by an enrichment in progenitor markers suggesting important links between -cell maturation state and dysfunction in T2D.

Key findingsO_LI-cell exocytosis is suppressed by glucose-dependent inhibition of P/Q-type Ca2+ currents
C_LIO_LIDysfunction of -cells in type 2 diabetes is associated with a  {beta}-cell-like electrophysiologic signature
C_LIO_LIPatch-seq links maturation state, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and cell surface receptor expression to -cell function
C_LIO_LI-cell dysfunction occurs preferentially in cells enriched in endocrine lineage markers
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, X.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briant, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spigelman, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning Fox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rorsman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.08.435504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogenous impairment of α-cell function in type 2 diabetes is linked to cell maturation state]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.22.436044v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional model of genomic data analysis - downloading data from centralized warehouses for analysis with local computing resources - is increasingly unsustainable. Not only are transfers slow and cost prohibitive, but this approach also leads to redundant and siloed compute infrastructure that makes it difficult to ensure security and compliance of protected data. The NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL; https://anvilproject.org) inverts this model, providing a unified cloud computing environment for data storage, management, and analysis. AnVIL eliminates the need for data movement, allows for active threat detection and monitoring, and provides scalable, shared computing resources that can be acquired by researchers as needed. This presents many new opportunities for collaboration and data sharing that will ultimately lead to scientific discoveries at scales not previously possible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afgan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culotti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell Luria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrutenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborn, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overby Taylor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vessio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waldron, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuichet, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AnVIL Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.22.436044</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inverting the model of genomics data sharing with the NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.24.441277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An important question in organogenesis is how tissue-specific transcription factors interact with signaling pathways. In some cases, transcription factors define the context for how signaling pathways elicit tissue- or cell-specific responses, and in others, they influence signaling through transcriptional regulation of signaling components or accessory factors. We previously showed that during optic vesicle patterning, the Lim-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway to downstream targets without regulating the pathway itself. Here, we show that during early retinal neurogenesis, Lhx2 is a multilevel regulator of Shh signaling. Specifically, Lhx2 acts cell autonomously to control the expression of pathway genes required for efficient activation and maintenance of signaling in retinal progenitor cells. The Shh co-receptors Cdon and Gas1 are candidate direct targets of Lhx2 that mediate pathway activation, whereas Lhx2 directly or indirectly promotes the expression of other pathway components important for activation and sustained signaling. We also provide genetic evidence suggesting that Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Shh pathway to downstream targets. Through these interactions, Lhx2 establishes the competence for Shh signaling in retinal progenitors and the context for the pathway to promote early retinal neurogenesis. The temporally distinct interactions between Lhx2 and the Shh pathway in retinal development illustrate how transcription factors and signaling pathways adapt to meet stage-dependent requirements of tissue formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaynes, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringuette, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackshaw, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEVINE, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.24.441277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441501v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potently neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody inhibits variants of concern by binding a highly conserved epitope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.26.441501v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility and potential resistance, antibodies and vaccines with broadly inhibitory activity are needed. Here we developed a panel of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs that bind the receptor binding domain of the spike protein at distinct epitopes and block virus attachment to cells and its receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE2). While several potently neutralizing mAbs protected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice against infection caused by historical SARS-CoV-2 strains, others induced escape variants in vivo and lost activity against emerging strains. We identified one mAb, SARS2-38, that potently neutralizes all SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern tested and protects mice against challenge by multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains. Structural analysis showed that SARS2-38 engages a conserved epitope proximal to the receptor binding motif. Thus, treatment with or induction of inhibitory antibodies that bind conserved spike epitopes may limit the loss of potency of therapies or vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanBlargan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziati, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, P.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanga, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pegu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, S. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.26.441501</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potently neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody inhibits variants of concern by binding a highly conserved epitope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective pan-ebolavirus combination therapy by two multifunctional human antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.02.442324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal illness with the potential for global spread. Monoclonal antibody-based treatments that have become available recently have a narrow therapeutic spectrum and are ineffective against ebolaviruses other than Ebola virus (EBOV), including medically important Bundibugyo (BDBV) and Sudan (SUDV) viruses. Here we report the development of a therapeutic cocktail comprising two broadly neutralizing human antibodies rEBOV-515 and rEBOV-442 that recognize non-overlapping sites on the ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP). Antibodies in the cocktail exhibited synergistic neutralizing activity and resisted viral escape, and they were optimized for their Fc-mediated effector function activities. The cocktail protected non-human primates from ebolavirus disease caused by EBOV, BDBV, or SUDV with high therapeutic effectiveness. High-resolution structures of the cocktail antibodies in complex with GP revealed the molecular determinants for neutralization breadth and potency. This study provides advanced preclinical data to support clinical development of this cocktail for pan-ebolavirus therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murin, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilinykh, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzmina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borisevich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agans, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisbert, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nargi, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bukreyev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisbert, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.02.442324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective pan-ebolavirus combination therapy by two multifunctional human antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare copy number variants (CNVs) and breast cancer risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.20.444828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCopy number variants (CNVs) are pervasive in the human genome but potential disease associations with rare CNVs have not been comprehensively assessed in large datasets. We analysed rare CNVs in genes and non-coding regions for 86,788 breast cancer cases and 76,122 controls of European ancestry with genome-wide array data.

ResultsGene burden tests detected the strongest association for deletions in BRCA1 (P= 3.7E-18). Nine other genes were associated with a p-value < 0.01 including known susceptibility genes CHEK2 (P= 0.0008), ATM (P= 0.002) and BRCA2 (P= 0.008). Outside the known genes we detected associations with p-values < 0.001 for either overall or subtype-specific breast cancer at nine deletion regions and four duplication regions. Three of the deletion regions were in established common susceptibility loci.

ConclusionsThis is the first genome-wide analysis of rare CNVs in a large breast cancer case-control dataset. We detected associations with exonic deletions in established breast cancer susceptibility genes. We also detected suggestive associations with non-coding CNVs in known and novel loci with large effects sizes. Larger sample sizes will be required to reach robust levels of statistical significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenkova, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beane Freeman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelao, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenevix-Trench, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collaborators, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collee, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consortium, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czene, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devilee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dork, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dossus, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliassen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eriksson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figueroa, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.444828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare copy number variants (CNVs) and breast cancer risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging a founder population to identify novel rare-population genetic determinants of lipidome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.21.445208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the genetic determinants of inter-individual variation in lipid species (lipidome) may provide deeper understanding and new insight into the mechanistic effect of complex lipidomic pathways in CVD risk and progression beyond simple traditional lipids. Previous studies have been largely population based and thus only powered to discover associations with common genetic variants. Founder populations represent a powerful resource to accelerate discovery of novel biology associated with rare population alleles that have risen to higher frequency due to genetic drift. We performed a GWAS of 355 lipid species in 650 individuals from the Old Order Amish founder population including 127 lipid species not previously tested. We report for the first time the lipid species associated with two rare-population but Amish-enriched lipid variants: APOB_rs5742904 and APOC3_rs76353203. We also identified novel associations for 3 rare-population Amish-enriched loci with several sphingolipids and with proposed potential functional/causal variant in each locus including GLPTD2_rs536055318, CERS5_rs771033566, and AKNA_rs531892793. We replicated 7 previously known common loci including novel associations with two sterols: androstenediol with UGT locus on chromosome 2 and estriol with SLC22A8/A24 locus on chromosome 11. Our results show the power of founder populations to discover novel biology due to genetic drift that can increase the frequency of an allele from only few copies in large sample cohorts such as the UK Biobank to dozens of copies in sample size as small as 650.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasasainagendra, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagheri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beitelshees, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.21.445208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging a founder population to identify novel rare-population genetic determinants of lipidome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446836v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anal skin-like epithelium mediates colonic wound healing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.446836v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelial wound healing, which is essential for health, is compromised and represents a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While studies have elucidated important subpopulations of intestinal epithelial cells in repair, these have yet to translate to therapies. Here, in mouse models of acute colitis, we demonstrate a distinct and essential source of wound-healing cells that re-epithelialize the distal colon. Using 3-d imaging, lineage tracing, and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that neighboring skin-like (squamous) cells of the anus rapidly migrate into the injured colon and establish a permanent epithelium of crypt-like morphology. These squamous cells derive from a small unique transition zone, at the boundary of colonic and anal epithelium, that resists colitis. The cells of this zone have a pre-loaded program of colonic differentiation and further upregulate key aspects of colonic epithelium during repair. Thus, heterologous cell-types at tissue junctions represent unique reserve cells capable of repair and plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girish, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dube, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polk, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.446836</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anal skin-like epithelium mediates colonic wound healing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.447208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective pharmaceutical inhibition of PARP14 mitigates allergen-induced IgE and mucus overproduction in a mouse model of pulmonary allergic response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.05.447208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which share use of an IL-4 receptor alpha chain and its nuclear induction of the transcription factor STAT6, are crucial in elicitation and maintenance of allergic conditions that include asthma. Prior work has shown a physical and functional association of STAT6 with PARP14, an ADP-ribosyl monotransferase. Moreover, elimination of all PARP14 expression by gene targeting led to altered recall antibody responses and attenuation of ovalbumin-specific allergic lung inflammation with no apparent health issues for mice lacking this protein. However, an unanswered question is whether or not inhibition of the catalytic function has any biological consequence since PARP14 has multiple functional domains apart from the portion that catalyzes ADP-ribosylation. As reported separately, iterative structural analyses and medicinal chemistry fostered the generation of a compound, RBN2759, that is highly selective in its inhibition of PARP14 with negligible impact on other members of the PARP gene family. We show here that administration of this compound to mice previously sensitized to the allergen Alternaria alternata achieved biochemically active levels and altered physiological responses to the antigen. These results show for the first time that in vivo administration of a specific inhibitor of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity encoded by PARP14 is sufficient to alter biological responses. Specifically, the orally absorbable pharmaceutical compound decreased allergen-induced mucus, blunted the induced increases in circulating IgE, and prevented suppression of IgG2a. We conclude that the catalytic activity can contribute to pathogenesis in allergic processes and propose that other biological endpoints that depend on ADP-ribosylation by PARP14 can be targeted using selective inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eddie, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenkel, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swinger, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molina, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunii, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raybuck, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilhack, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niepel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peebles, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.05.447208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective pharmaceutical inhibition of PARP14 mitigates allergen-induced IgE and mucus overproduction in a mouse model of pulmonary allergic response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain charts for the human lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here, we built an interactive resource to benchmark brain morphology, www.brainchart.io, derived from any current or future sample of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans from 101,457 participants aged from 115 days post-conception through 100 postnatal years, across more than 100 primary research studies. Cerebrum tissue volumes and other global or regional MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3; showed high stability of individual centile scores over longitudinal assessments; and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared to non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardised measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In sum, brain charts are an essential first step towards robust quantification of individual deviations from normative trajectories in multiple, commonly-used neuroimaging phenotypes. Our collaborative study proves the principle that brain charts are achievable on a global scale over the entire lifespan, and applicable to analysis of diverse developmental and clinical effects on human brain structure. Furthermore, we provide open resources to support future advances towards adoption of brain charts as standards for quantitative benchmarking of typical or atypical brain MRI scans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogel, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anagnostou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Areces-Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auyeung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron-Cohen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beare, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benegal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bin Bae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blesa Cabez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boardman, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borzage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosch-Bayard, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chertavian, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courchesne, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cropley, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain charts for the human lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid simultaneous acquisition of macromolecular tissue volume, susceptibility, and relaxometry maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeA major obstacle to the clinical implementation of quantitative MR is the lengthy acquisition time required to derive multi-contrast parametric maps. We sought to reduce the acquisition time for quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and macromolecular tissue volume (MTV) by acquiring both contrasts simultaneously by leveraging their redundancies. The Joint Virtual Coil concept with generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (JVC-GRAPPA) was applied to reduce acquisition time further.

MethodsThree adult volunteers were imaged on a 3T scanner using a multi-echo 3D GRE sequence acquired at three head orientations. MTV, QSM, R2*, T1, and proton density maps were reconstructed. The same sequence (GRAPPA R=4) was performed in subject #1 with a single head orientation for comparison. Fully sampled data was acquired in subject #2, from which retrospective undersampling was performed (R=6 GRAPPA and R=9 JVC-GRAPPA). Prospective undersampling was performed in subject #3 (R=6 GRAPPA and R=9 JVC-GRAPPA) using gradient blips to shift k-space sampling in later echoes.

ResultsSubject #1s multi-orientation and single-orientation MTV maps were not significantly different based on RMSE. For subject #2, the retrospectively undersampled JVC-GRAPPA and GRAPPA generated similar results as fully sampled data. This approach was validated with the prospectively undersampled images in subject #3. Using QSM, R2*, and MTV, the contributions of myelin and iron content to susceptibility was estimated.

ConclusionWe have developed a novel strategy to simultaneously acquire data for the reconstruction of five intrinsically co-registered 1-mm isotropic resolution multi-parametric maps, with a scan time of 6 minutes using JVC-GRAPPA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witzel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duval, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Adad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilgic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.08.447552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid simultaneous acquisition of macromolecular tissue volume, susceptibility, and relaxometry maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stratum Lacunosum-moleculare Interneurons of the Hippocampus Coordinate Memory Encoding and Retrieval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.11.448103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encoding and retrieval of memory are two processes serving distinct biological purposes but operating in highly overlapping brain circuits. It is unclear how the two processes are coordinated in the same brain regions, especially in the hippocampal CA1 region where the two processes converge at the cellular level. Here we find that the neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF)-positive interneurons at stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) in CA1 play opposite roles in memory encoding and retrieval. These interneurons show high activities in learning and low activities in recall. Increasing their activity facilitates learning but impairs recall. They inhibit the entorhinal- but dis-inhibit the CA3- inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells and thereby either suppress or elevate CA1 pyramidal cells activity depending on animals behavioral states. Thus, by coordinating entorhinal- and CA3- dual inputs to CA1, these SLM interneurons are key to switching the hippocampus between encoding and retrieval modes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveros, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.11.448103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stratum Lacunosum-moleculare Interneurons of the Hippocampus Coordinate Memory Encoding and Retrieval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448495v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations in the United States (2020/01 - 2021/03) Using a Statistical Learning Strategy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.15.448495v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The emergence and establishment of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest (VOI) and variants of concern (VOC) highlight the importance of genomic surveillance. We propose a statistical learning strategy (SLS) for identifying and spatiotemporally tracking potentially relevant Spike protein mutations. We analyzed 167,893 Spike protein sequences from US COVID-19 cases (excluding 21,391 sequences from VOI/VOC strains) deposited at GISAID from January 19, 2020 to March 15, 2021. Alignment against the reference Spike protein sequence led to the identification of viral residue variants (VRVs), i.e., residues harboring a substitution compared to the reference strain. Next, generalized additive models were applied to model VRV temporal dynamics, to identify VRVs with significant and substantial dynamics (false discovery rate q-value <0.01; maximum VRV proportion > 10% on at least one day).

Unsupervised learning was then applied to hierarchically organize VRVs by spatiotemporal patterns and identify VRV-haplotypes. Finally, homology modelling was performed to gain insight into potential impact of VRVs on Spike protein structure. We identified 90 VRVs, 71 of which have not previously been observed in a VOI/VOC, and 35 of which have emerged recently and are durably present. Our analysis identifies 17 VRVs [~]91 days earlier than their first corresponding VOI/VOC publication. Unsupervised learning revealed eight VRV-haplotypes of 4 VRVs or more, suggesting two emerging strains (B1.1.222 and B.1.234). Structural modeling supported potential functional impact of the D1118H and L452R mutations. The SLS approach equally monitors all Spike residues over time, independently of existing phylogenic classifications, and is complementary to existing genomic surveillance methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lybrand, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawn, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiffer, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stamatatos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jerome, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.15.448495</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations in the United States (2020/01 - 2021/03) Using a Statistical Learning Strategy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human NAIP/NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes detect Salmonella type III secretion system activities to restrict intracellular bacterial replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.448811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative pathogen that uses two distinct type III secretion systems (T3SSs), termed Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2, to deliver virulence factors into the host cell. The SPI-1 T3SS enables Salmonella to invade host cells, while the SPI-2 T3SS facilitates Salmonellas intracellular survival. In mice, a family of cytosolic immune sensors, including NAIP1, NAIP2, and NAIP5/6, recognizes the SPI-1 T3SS needle, inner rod, and flagellin proteins, respectively. Ligand recognition triggers assembly of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome, which mediates caspase-1 activation, IL-1 family cytokine secretion, and pyroptosis of infected cells. In contrast to mice, humans encode a single NAIP that broadly recognizes all three ligands. The role of NAIP/NLRC4 or other inflammasomes during Salmonella infection of human macrophages is unclear. We find that although the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is essential for detecting SPI-1 T3SS ligands in human macrophages, it is partially required for responses to infection, as Salmonella also activated the NLRP3 and CASP4/5 inflammasomes. Importantly, we demonstrate that combinatorial NAIP/NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation restricts Salmonella replication in human macrophages. In contrast to SPI-1, the SPI-2 T3SS inner rod is not sensed by human or murine NAIPs, which is thought to allow Salmonella to evade host recognition and replicate intracellularly. Intriguingly, we find that human NAIP detects the SPI-2 T3SS needle protein. Critically, in the absence of both flagellin and the SPI-1 T3SS, the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome still restricted intracellular Salmonella replication. These findings reveal that recognition of Salmonella SPI-1 and SPI-2 T3SSs and engagement of both the NAIP/NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes control Salmonella infection in human macrophages.

Author summarySalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a gastrointestinal bacterial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Salmonella uses molecular syringe-like machines called type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject virulence factors into host cells. These T3SSs enable Salmonella to infect and survive within host cells such as macrophages. However, host cells contain a family of cytosolic immune receptors, termed NAIPs, that recognize T3SS and flagellin components. Upon detecting these components, NAIPs recruit the adaptor protein NLRC4 to form signaling complexes called inflammasomes. Inflammasomes activate host proteases called caspases that mount robust immune responses against the invading pathogen. While mice encode multiple NAIPs that have been extensively studied, much remains unknown about how the single human NAIP mediates inflammasome responses to Salmonella in macrophages. Our study reveals that while NAIP is necessary to detect individual T3SS ligands in human macrophages, it is only partially required for inflammasome responses to Salmonella infection. We found that the NLRP3 and CASP4/5 inflammasomes are also activated, and the combination of NAIP- and NLRP3-mediated recognition limits intracellular Salmonella replication in human macrophages. Our results demonstrate that human macrophages employ multiple inflammasomes to mount robust host defense against Salmonella infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Naseer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Ruiz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodsky, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.17.448811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human NAIP/NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes detect Salmonella type III secretion system activities to restrict intracellular bacterial replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450067v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney organoids: A system to study human basement membrane assembly in health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.27.450067v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basement membranes (BMs) are complex macromolecular networks underlying all continuous layers of cells. Essential components include type IV collagen and laminins, which are affected by human genetic defects leading to a range of debilitating conditions including kidney, muscle, and cerebrovascular phenotypes. We investigated the dynamics of BM assembly in human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids. We resolved their global BM composition and discovered a conserved temporal sequence in BM assembly that paralleled mammalian fetal kidneys. We identified the emergence of key BM isoforms, which were altered by a pathogenic variant in COL4A5. Integrating organoid, fetal and adult kidney proteomes we found dynamic regulation of BM composition through development to adulthood, and with single-cell transcriptomic analysis we mapped the cellular origins of BM components. Overall, we define the complex and dynamic nature of vertebrate BM assembly and provide a platform for understanding its wider relevance in human development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morais, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawless, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murtuza-Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkinson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mironov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.27.450067</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney organoids: A system to study human basement membrane assembly in health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Projecting genetic associations through gene expression patterns highlights disease etiology and drug mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genes act in concert with each other in specific contexts to perform their functions. Determining how these genes influence complex traits requires a mechanistic understanding of expression regulation across different conditions. It has been shown that this insight is critical for developing new therapies. In this regard, the role of individual genes in disease-relevant mechanisms can be hypothesized with transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS), which have represented a significant step forward in testing the mediating role of gene expression in GWAS associations. However, modern models of the architecture of complex traits predict that gene-gene interactions play a crucial role in disease origin and progression. Here we introduce PhenoPLIER, a computational approach that maps gene-trait associations and pharmacological perturbation data into a common latent representation for a joint analysis. This representation is based on modules of genes with similar expression patterns across the same conditions. We observed that diseases were significantly associated with gene modules expressed in relevant cell types, and our approach was accurate in predicting known drug-disease pairs and inferring mechanisms of action. Furthermore, using a CRISPR screen to analyze lipid regulation, we found that functionally important players lacked TWAS associations but were prioritized in trait-associated modules by PhenoPLIER. By incorporating groups of co-expressed genes, PhenoPLIER can contextualize genetic associations and reveal potential targets missed by single-gene strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namjou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiryluk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skarke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, S. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greene, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.450786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Projecting genetic associations through gene expression patterns highlights disease etiology and drug mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversal of the renal hyperglycemic memory by targeting sustained tubular p21 expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.450846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major therapeutic obstacle in diabetes mellitus is the metabolic or hyperglycemic memory: the persistence of impaired organ function despite improvement of blood glucose. Therapies reversing the hyperglycemic memory and thus improving already established organ-dysfunction are lacking, but urgently needed considering the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide. Here we show that glucose-mediated changes in gene expression largely persist in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) despite reversing hyperglycemia. The senescence-associated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (Cdkn1a) was the top hit among genes persistently induced by hyperglycemia and was associated with sustained induction of the p53-p21 pathway. Persistent p21 induction was confirmed in various animal models, in several independent human samples and in in vitro models. Tubular p21 expression and urinary p21-levels were associated with DKD severity and remained elevated despite improved blood glucose levels in humans, suggesting that p21 may be a biomarker indicating persistent ("memorized") kidney damage. Glucose-mediated p21 induction and tubular senescence were enhanced in mice with reduced levels of the disease resolving protease activated protein C (aPC). Mechanistically, glucose-induced and sustained tubular p21 expression is linked with demethylation of its promoter and reduced DNMT1 expression. aPC reverses already established p21 expression independent of its anticoagulant function through receptor signaling. Accordingly, new pharmacological approaches specifically mimicking aPC signaling (3K3A-aPC, parmodulin-2) enabled the reversal of glucose-mediated sustained tubular p21 expression, tubular senescence, and DKD. Thus, p21-dependent tubular senescence contributes to the hyperglycemic memory but can be therapeutically targeted.

Single sentence summaryaPC signaling targets persistent p21 expression and tubular senescence and reverses the hyperglycemic memory in diabetic kidney disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Dabet, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahzad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elwakiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bock, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazir, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geffers, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mertens, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawroth, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dockendorff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.450846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversal of the renal hyperglycemic memory by targeting sustained tubular p21 expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracing the evolution of human gene regulation and its association with shifts in environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.05.451164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As humans spread throughout the world, they adapted to variation in many environmental factors, including climate, diet, and pathogens. Because many of these adaptations were likely mediated by multiple non-coding variants with small effects on gene regulation, it has been difficult to link genomic signals of selection to specific genes, and to describe the regulatory response to selection. To overcome this challenge, we adapted PrediXcan, a machine learning method for imputing gene regulation from genotype data, to analyze low-coverage ancient human DNA (aDNA). First, we used simulated genomes to benchmark strategies for adapting gene regulatory prediction to increase robustness to incomplete aDNA data. Applying the resulting models to 490 ancient Eurasians, we found that genes with the strongest divergent regulation among ancient populations with hunter-gatherer, pastoralist, and agricultural lifestyles are enriched for metabolic and immune functions. Next, we explored the contribution of divergent gene regulation to two traits with strong evidence of recent adaptation: dietary metabolism and skin pigmentation. We found enrichment for divergent regulation among genes previously proposed to be involved in diet-related local adaptation, and in many cases, the predicted effects on regulation provide explanations for previously observed signals of selection, e.g., at FADS1, GPX1, and LEPR. For skin pigmentation, we applied new models trained in melanocytes to a time series of 2999 ancient Europeans spanning ~38,000 years BP. In contrast to diet, skin pigmentation genes show little regulatory change over time, suggesting that adaptation mainly involved large-effect coding variants. This work demonstrates how aDNA can be combined with present-day genomes to shed light on the biological differences among ancient populations, the role of gene regulation in adaptation, and the relationship between ancient genetic diversity and the present-day distribution of complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Colbran, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathieson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.451164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracing the evolution of human gene regulation and its association with shifts in environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Massively Parallel Trafficking Assay Accurately Predicts Loss of Channel Function in KCNH2 Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High throughput genomics has greatly facilitated identification of genetic variants. However, determining which variants contribute to disease causation is challenging with more than half of all missense variants now classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). A VUS leaves patients and their clinicians unable to utilize the variant information in clinical decision-making. In long QT syndrome type 2, KCNH2 channel function is directly associated with disease presentation. Therefore, functional phenotyping of KCNH2 variants can provide direct evidence to aid variant classification. Here, we investigated the expression of all codon variants in exon 2 of KCNH2 using a massively parallel trafficking assay and for a subset of 458 single nucleotide variants compared the results with peak tail current density and gating using automated patch clamp electrophysiology. Trafficking could correctly classify loss of peak tail current density variants with an AUC reaching 0.94 compared to AUCs of 0.75 to 0.8 for in silico variant classifiers. We suggest massively parallel trafficking assays can provide prospective and accurate functional assessment for all missense variants in KCNH2 and most likely many other ion channels and membrane proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozek, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanags, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Massively Parallel Trafficking Assay Accurately Predicts Loss of Channel Function in KCNH2 Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Murine Neuronal Receptor NgR1 Is Dispensable for Reovirus Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.22.453368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Engagement of host receptors is essential for viruses to enter target cells and initiate infection. Expression patterns of receptors in turn dictate host and tissue tropism and disease pathogenesis during infection. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) displays serotype-dependent patterns of tropism in the murine central nervous system (CNS) that are dictated by viral attachment protein {sigma}1. However, the receptor that mediates reovirus CNS tropism is unknown. Two proteinaceous receptors have been identified for reovirus, junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) and Nogo 66 receptor 1 (NgR1). Engagement of JAM-A is required for reovirus hematogenous dissemination but is dispensable for neural spread. To determine whether NgR1 functions in reovirus neuropathogenesis, we compared virus replication and disease following inoculation of wild-type (WT) and NgR1-/- mice. Genetic ablation of NgR1 did not alter replication of neurotropic reovirus strain T3SA- in the intestine and transmission to the brain following peroral inoculation. Viral titers in neural tissues following intramuscular inoculation, which provides access to neural dissemination routes, also were comparable in WT and NgR1-/- mice, suggesting that NgR1 is dispensable for reovirus neural spread to the CNS. The absence of both NgR1 and JAM-A also did not alter replication, neural tropism, and virulence of T3SA- following direct intracranial inoculation. In agreement with these findings, we found that the human but not the murine homolog of NgR1 functions as a receptor and confers efficient reovirus binding and infection of nonsusceptible cells in vitro. These results eliminate functions for JAM-A and NgR1 in shaping CNS tropism in mice and suggest that other receptors, yet to be identified, support this function.

IMPORTANCEThe CNS presents a range of barriers to pathogen invasion. Yet neurotropic viruses have evolved strategies to breach these barriers and establish infection by engagement of host factors that allow navigation to the CNS and neural cell entry. Human NgR1 was identified as a reovirus receptor in an RNA interference screen and is expressed in CNS neurons in a pattern overlapping with reovirus tropism. Using mice genetically lacking NgR1 expression, and following different routes of inoculation, we discovered that murine NgR1 is dispensable for reovirus dissemination to the CNS, tropism and replication in the brain, and resultant disease. Concordant with these results, expression of human but not murine NgR1 confers reovirus binding and infection of nonsusceptible cells in vitro. These results point to species-specific use of alternate receptors by reovirus. A detailed understanding of species- and tissue-specific factors that dictate viral tropism will inform development of interventions and targeted gene delivery and therapeutic viral vectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aravamudhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Cardozo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konopka-Anstadt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.22.453368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Murine Neuronal Receptor NgR1 Is Dispensable for Reovirus Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453469v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The human neuronal receptor NgR1 bridges reovirus capsid proteins to initiate infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453469v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) is a receptor for mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses), but the mechanism of virus-receptor engagement is unknown. NgR1 binds a variety of structurally dissimilar ligands in the adult central nervous system (CNS) to inhibit axon outgrowth. Disruption of ligand binding to NgR1 and subsequent signaling can improve neuron regrowth, making NgR1 an important therapeutic target for diverse conditions such as spinal crush injuries and Alzheimer disease. To elucidate how NgR1 mediates cell binding and entry of reovirus, we defined the affinity of interaction between virus and receptor, determined the structure of the virus-receptor complex, and identified residues in the receptor required for virus binding and infection. These studies revealed that NgR1 sequences in a central concave region of the molecule establish a bridge between two copies of the viral capsid protein, {sigma}3. This unusual binding interface produces high-avidity interactions between virus and receptor and likely primes early entry steps. NgR1 sequences engaged by reovirus also are required for NgR1 binding to ligands expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes. These studies redefine models of reovirus cell-attachment and highlight the evolution of viruses to engage multiple receptors using distinct capsid components.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutherland, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strebl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welsh, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos Natividade, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowlton, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woerz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonergan, Z. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aravamudhan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman-Cardozo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsteens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stehle, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453469</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The human neuronal receptor NgR1 bridges reovirus capsid proteins to initiate infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutated in Colorectal Cancer (MCC): a centrosomal protein that relocalizes to the ncMTOC during intestinal cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.27.453941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutated in Colorectal Cancer (MCC) encodes a coiled-coil protein implicated, as its name suggests, in the pathogenesis of hereditary human colon cancer. To date, however, the contributions of MCC to intestinal homeostasis remain unclear. Here, we examine the subcellular localization of MCC, both at the mRNA and protein levels, in the adult intestinal epithelium. Our findings reveal that Mcc transcripts are restricted to proliferating crypt cells, including Lgr5+ stem cells, and that Mcc protein is distinctly associated with the centrosome in these cells. Upon intestinal cellular differentiation, Mcc is redeployed to the non-centrosomal microtubule organizing center (ncMTOC) at the apical domain of villus cells. Using intestinal organoids, we show that the shuttling of the Mcc protein depends on phosphorylation by Casein Kinases 1{delta}/{varepsilon}, which are critical modulators of WNT signaling. Together, our findings support a putative role for MCC in establishing and maintaining the cellular architecture of the intestinal epithelium as a component of both the centrosome and ncMTOC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomaz, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, S. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolwinski, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gingras, A.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leushacke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.27.453941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutated in Colorectal Cancer (MCC): a centrosomal protein that relocalizes to the ncMTOC during intestinal cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arap1 Loss Causes RPE Phagocytic Dysfunction and Subsequent Photoreceptor Death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeArap1 is an Arf-directed GTPase-activating protein (GAP) shown to modulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics by regulating Arf and Rho family members. We have previously shown that Arap1-/- mice develop photoreceptor degeneration similar to the human condition retinitis pigmentosa (RP), corroborated by fundus examination, histopathology, and ERG analysis. However, Arap1 expression was not detected in photoreceptors, but in Muller Glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), suggesting a non-cell-autonomous mechanism for degeneration. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of retinal Arap1 in photoreceptor maintenance.

MethodsAlbino Arap1-/- mice were generated via breeding pigmented Arap1-/- mice onto a Tyr-/- C57BL/6J background. Conditional knockout (cKO) mice were generated for Muller Glia/RPE, Muller Glia, and RPE via targeting Cralbp, Glast, and Vmd2 promoters, respectively, to drive Cre recombinase expression to knock out Arap1. Mice were analyzed by fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), histology, and immunohistochemistry. Arap1 binding partners were assayed by affinity purification mass spectrometry.

ResultsVmd2-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c and Cralbp-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c mice, but not Glast-Cre Arap1tm1c/tm1c mice, recapitulated the photoreceptor degeneration phenotype originally observed in germline Arap1-/- mice. These findings were corroborated by fundus exam, OCT, and histological analysis. Mass spectrometry analysis of ARAP1 co-immunoprecipitation identified putative binding partners of ARAP1, revealing numerous interactants involved in phagocytosis, cytoskeletal composition, intracellular trafficking, and endocytosis. Quantification of rod outer segment (OS) phagocytosis in vivo demonstrated a clear phagocytic defect in Arap1-/- mice compared to Arap1+/+ littermate controls while cone phagocytosis was preserved.

ConclusionsArap1 expression, specifically in RPE, is necessary for photoreceptor survival due to its indispensable function in RPE phagocytosis. We propose a model in which Arap1 regulates G-protein function for nonmuscle myosin II targeting during phagocytosis. This novel role of Arap1 is important for further understanding of both the diversity of its functions and the complex molecular regulation of RPE phagocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobo Lopez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, K. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moshiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arap1 Loss Causes RPE Phagocytic Dysfunction and Subsequent Photoreceptor Death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.454953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
microRNA Expression Levels Change in Neonatal Patients During and After Exposure to Cardiopulmonary Bypass 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.13.454953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesThe systemic inflammation that occurs after exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which is especially severe in neonatal patients, is associated with poorer outcomes and is not well understood. In order to gain deeper insight into how exposure to bypass activates inflammatory responses in circulating leukocytes, we studied changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression during and after exposure to bypass. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that have important roles in modulating protein levels and function of cells.

MethodsWe performed miRNA-Sequencing on leukocytes isolated from neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass patients (N=5) at 7 timepoints during the process of CPB, including prior to the initiation of bypass, during bypass, and at three time points during the first 24 hours after weaning from bypass. We identified significant differentially expressed miRNAs using generalized linear regression models, and miRNAs were defined as statistically significant using an FDR adjusted p <0.05. We identified gene targets of these miRNAs using the Targetscan database, and identified significantly enriched biological pathways for these gene targets.

ResultsWe identified 54 miRNAs with differential expression during and after CPB. These miRNAs clustered into 3 groups, including miRNAs that were increased during and after CPB (3 miRNAs), miRNAs that decreased during and after CPB (10 miRNAs), and miRNAs that decreased during CPB but then increased 8-24 hours after CPB. 38.9% of the target genes of these miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in our previous study. miRNAs with altered expression levels are predicted to significantly modulate pathways related to inflammation and signal transduction.

ConclusionsThe unbiased profiling of the miRNA changes that occur in the circulating leukocytes of bypass patients provides deeper insight into the mechanisms that underpin the systemic inflammatory response that occurs in patients after exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass. These data will help the development of novel treatments and biomarkers for bypass associated inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paquette, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kibiryeva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pastuszko, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.454953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[microRNA Expression Levels Change in Neonatal Patients During and After Exposure to Cardiopulmonary Bypass]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic assessment of cellular phenotype stability in human precision-cut lung slices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) are increasingly utilized for ex vivo disease modeling, but a high-resolution characterization of cellular phenotype stability in PCLS has not been reported. Comparing the single-cell transcriptomic profile of human PCLS after five days of culture to freshly isolated human lung tissue, we found striking changes in endothelial cell and alveolar epithelial cell programs, reflecting both injury and pathways activated in static culture, while immune cell frequencies and programs remained largely intact and similar to the native lung. These cellular dynamics should be considered when utilizing PCLS as a model of the human lung.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winters, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarata, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.457016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic assessment of cellular phenotype stability in human precision-cut lung slices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPRi screens in human astrocytes elucidate regulators of distinct inflammatory reactive states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to central nervous system injury or disease, astrocytes become reactive, adopting context-dependent states and functional outputs. Certain inflammatory insults induce reactive astrocytes that lose homeostatic functions and gain harmful outputs through cellular pathways that are not fully understood. Here, we combined single-cell transcriptomics with CRISPRi screening in human iPSC-derived astrocytes to systematically interrogate inflammatory astrocyte reactivity. We found that autocrine-paracrine IL-6 and interferon signaling downstream of canonical NF-{kappa}B activation drove two distinct inflammatory reactive signatures - one promoted by and the other inhibited by STAT3. These signatures overlapped with those observed in other experimental contexts, including mouse models, and their markers were upregulated in the human brain in Alzheimers disease and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Furthermore, we validated that these signatures were regulated by Stat3 in vivo. These results and the platform we established have the potential to guide the development of therapeutics to selectively modulate different aspects of inflammatory astrocyte reactivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooney, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koontz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krawczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullian, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fancy, S. P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kampmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPRi screens in human astrocytes elucidate regulators of distinct inflammatory reactive states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 Mutants that Escape the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes are Defective in Viral DNA Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.29.458043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACT

HIV-1 replication is durably controlled in certain untreated HIV-1-infected individuals expressing particular human leukocyte antigens (HLA). These HLAs tag infected cells for elimination by presenting specific viral epitopes to CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). In individuals expressing HLA-B27, CTLs primarily target the capsid protein (CA)-derived KK10 epitope. Selection of CA mutation R264K helps HIV-1 escape the CTL response but severely diminishes virus infectivity. Here we report that the R264K mutation-associated infectivity defect arises primarily from impaired viral DNA integration. Strikingly, selection of the compensatory CA mutation S173A or depletion of host cyclophilin A largely rescues the R264K-associated integration and infectivity defects. Collectively, our study reveals novel mechanistic insights into the fitness defect incurred by an HIV-1 variant escaping a CA-directed CTL response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balasubramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davids, B.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandhare, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perilla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.29.458043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 Mutants that Escape the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes are Defective in Viral DNA Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting metabolic adaptations in the breast cancer liver metastatic niche using dietary approaches to improve endocrine therapy efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic tumors contribute to nearly 70% of breast cancer-related deaths. Most patients with ER+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) undergo treatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant (Fulv) as standard-of-care. Yet, among such patients, metastasis in liver is associated with reduced overall survival compared to other metastasis sites. The factors underlying the reduced responsiveness of liver metastases to ER-targeting agents remain unknown, impeding the development of more effective treatment approaches to improve outcomes for patients with ER+ liver metastases. We therefore evaluated site-specific changes in MBC cells and determined the mechanisms through which the liver metastatic niche specifically influences ER+ tumor metabolism and drug resistance. We characterized ER activity of MBC cells both in vitro, using a novel system of tissue-specific extracellular matrix hydrogels representing the stroma of ER+ tumor metastatic sites (liver, lung and bone), and in vivo, in liver and lung metastasis mouse models. ER+ metastatic liver tumors and MBC cells grown in liver hydrogels displayed upregulated expression of glucose metabolism enzymes in response to Fulv. Furthermore, differential ER activity, but not expression, was detected in liver hydrogels. In vivo, increased glucose metabolism led to increased glycogen deposition in liver metastatic tumors, while a fasting-mimicking diet increased efficacy of Fulv treatment to reduce the metastatic burden.

ImplicationsOur findings identify a novel mechanism of endocrine resistance driven by the liver tumor microenvironment. These results may guide the development of dietary strategies to circumvent drug resistance in liver metastasis, with potential applicability in other metastatic diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogol, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casiano, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chien, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drnevich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imir, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katzenellenbogen, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghavendra, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madak-Erdogan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.458711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting metabolic adaptations in the breast cancer liver metastatic niche using dietary approaches to improve endocrine therapy efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Symbiotic bacterial community of Drosophila melanogaster changes with nutritional modifications of the diet but can alleviate negative effects on larval phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.07.458894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is an increasing pandemic and is caused by multiple factors including genotype, psychological stress, and gut microbiota. Our project investigated the effects produced by high fat and high sugar dietary modifications on microbiota and metabolic phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster. Larvae raised on the high fat and high sugar diets exhibited bacterial communities that were compositionally and phylogenetically different from bacterial communities of the larvae raised on normal diets, especially if parental microbiota were removed. Several of the dominant bacteria taxa that are commonly associated with high fat and high sugar diets across model organisms and even human populations showed similar pattern in our results. Corynebacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae were connected with high fat food, while Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae were associated with high sugar diets. In addition, we observed that presence of symbiotic microbiota often mitigated the effect that harmful dietary modifications produced on larvae, including elevated triglyceride concentrations and was crucial for Drosophila survival, especially on high sugar peach diets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bombin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunneely, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eickman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruesy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.07.458894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Symbiotic bacterial community of Drosophila melanogaster changes with nutritional modifications of the diet but can alleviate negative effects on larval phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC25A39 is necessary for mitochondrial glutathione import in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutathione (GSH) is a small molecule thiol abundantly present in all eukaryotes with key roles in oxidative metabolism1. Mitochondria, as the major site of oxidative reactions, must maintain sufficient levels of GSH to perform protective and biosynthetic functions2. GSH is exclusively synthesized in the cytosol, yet the molecular machinery involved in mitochondrial GSH import remain elusive. Here, using organellar proteomics and metabolomics approaches, we identify SLC25A39, a mitochondrial membrane carrier of unknown function, to regulate GSH transport into mitochondria. SLC25A39 loss reduces mitochondrial GSH import and abundance without impacting whole cell GSH levels. Cells lacking both SLC25A39 and its paralog SLC25A40 exhibit defects in the activity and stability of ironsulfur cluster containing proteins. Moreover, mitochondrial GSH import is necessary for cell proliferation in vitro and red blood cell development in mice. Remarkably, the heterologous expression of an engineered bifunctional bacterial GSH biosynthetic enzyme (GshF) in mitochondria enabled mitochondrial GSH production and ameliorated the metabolic and proliferative defects caused by its depletion. Finally, GSH availability negatively regulates SLC25A39 protein abundance, coupling redox homeostasis to mitochondrial GSH import in mammalian cells. Our work identifies SLC25A39 as an essential and regulated component of the mitochondrial GSH import machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weber, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allwein, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heissel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unlu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharas, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hite, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birsoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC25A39 is necessary for mitochondrial glutathione import in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal epithelial IPMK protects mice from experimental colitis via governing colonic tuft cell development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As a pleiotropic signaling factor, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is involved in key biological events such as growth and innate immunity, acting either enzymatically to mediate the biosynthesis of inositol polyphosphates and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphates, or noncatalytically to control key signaling target molecules. However, the functional significance of IPMK in regulating gut epithelial homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here we show that intestinal epithelial-specific deletion of IPMK aggravates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis with higher clinical colitis scores and elevated epithelial barrier permeability. No apparent defects in PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were found in IPMK-deficient colons challenged by DSS treatment. RNA-sequencing and FACS analyses further revealed significantly decreased tuft cells in IPMK-deficient colons. Importantly, IPMK deletion in the gut epithelium was found to decrease choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) but not IL-25, suggesting selective loss of cholinergic signaling. Thus, these findings identify IPMK as a physiological determinant of tuft cell differentiation and highlight the critical function of IPMK in the control of gut homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal epithelial IPMK protects mice from experimental colitis via governing colonic tuft cell development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetic Remodeling by Vitamin C Potentiates the Differentiation of Mouse and Human Plasma Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.15.460473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential micronutrient in humans. The chronic severe deficiency of ascorbate, termed scurvy, has long been associated with increased susceptibility to infections. How ascorbate affects the immune system at the cellular and molecular levels remained unclear. Here, from a micronutrient screen, we identified ascorbate as a potent enhancer for antibody response by facilitating the IL-21/STAT3-dependent plasma cell differentiation in mouse and human B cells. The effect of ascorbate is unique, as other antioxidants failed to promote plasma cell differentiation. Ascorbate is critical during early B cell activation by poising the cells to plasma cell lineage without affecting the proximal IL-21/STAT3 signaling and the overall transcriptome. Consistent with its role as a cofactor for epigenetic enzymes, ascorbate potentiates plasma cell differentiation by remodeling the epigenome via TET (Ten Eleven Translocation), the enzymes responsible for DNA demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosines into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Genome-wide 5hmC profiling identified ascorbate responsive elements (EAR) at the Prdm1 locus, including a distal element with a STAT3 motif overlapped with a CpG that was methylated and modified by TET in the presence of ascorbate. The results suggest that an adequate level of VC is required for antibody response and highlight how micronutrients regulate the activity of epigenetic enzymes to regulate gene expression. Our findings imply that epigenetic enzymes can function as sensors to gauge the availability of metabolites and influence cell fate decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almonte-Loya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Avalos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wozniak, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lio, C.-W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.15.460473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetic Remodeling by Vitamin C Potentiates the Differentiation of Mouse and Human Plasma Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Emotion Down- and Up-Regulation Act on Spatially Distinct Brain Areas:Interoceptive Regions to Calm Down and Other Affective Regions to Amp Up 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prior studies on emotion regulation identified a set of brain regions specialized for generating and controlling affect. Researchers generally agree that when up- and down-regulating emotion, control regions in the prefrontal cortex turn up or down activity in affect-generating areas. However, the assumption that turning up and down emotions produces opposite effects in the same affect-generating regions is untested. We call this assumption the  affective dial hypothesis. Our study tested this hypothesis by examining the overlap between the sets of regions activated during up-regulation and those deactivated during down-regulation in a large number of participants (N=105). We found that up- and down-regulation both recruit regulatory regions such as the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus but act on distinct affect-generating regions. While up-regulation increases BOLD signal in regions associated with emotion such as the amygdala, anterior insula, striatum and anterior cingulate gyrus as well as in regions associated with sympathetic vascular activity such as periventricular white matter, down-regulation decreases signal in regions receiving interoceptive input such as the posterior insula and postcentral gyrus. These findings indicate that up- and down-regulation do not generally exert opposing effects on the same affect-generating regions. Instead, they target different brain circuits.

Significance StatementMany contexts require modulating ones own emotions. Identifying the brain areas implementing these regulatory processes should advance understanding emotional disorders and designing potential interventions. The emotion regulation field has an implicit assumption we call the affective dial hypothesis: that both emotion up- and down-regulation modulate the same emotion-generating brain areas. Countering the hypothesis, our findings indicate that up- and down-modulating emotions target different brain areas. Thus, the mechanisms underlying emotion regulation differ more than previously appreciated for up- versus down-regulation. In addition to their theoretical importance, these findings are critical for researchers attempting to target activity in particular brain regions during an emotion regulation intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nashiro, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasseri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thayer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Emotion Down- and Up-Regulation Act on Spatially Distinct Brain Areas:Interoceptive Regions to Calm Down and Other Affective Regions to Amp Up]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protective transfer: Maternal passive immunization with a rotavirus-neutralizing dimeric IgA protects against rotavirus disease in suckling neonates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.21.461116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast milk secretory IgA antibodies provide a first line of defense against enteric infections. Despite this and an effective vaccine, human rotaviruses (RVs) remain the leading cause of severe infectious diarrhea in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where vaccine efficacy is lower than that of developed nations. Therapeutic strategies that deliver potently neutralizing antibodies into milk could provide protection against enteric pathogens such as RVs. We developed a murine model of maternal protective-transfer using systemic administration of a dimeric IgA (dIgA) monoclonal antibody. We confirmed that systemically-administered dIgA passively transferred into milk and stomach of suckling pups in a dose-dependent manner. We then demonstrated that systemic administration of an engineered potent RV-neutralizing dIgA (mAb41) in lactating dams protected suckling pups from RV-induced diarrhea. This maternal protective-transfer immunization platform could be an effective strategy to improve infant mortality against enteric infections, particularly in LMIC with high rates of breastfeeding.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=98 SRC="FIGDIR/small/461116v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steppe, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travieso, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenberg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansouri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stalls, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blasi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.21.461116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protective transfer: Maternal passive immunization with a rotavirus-neutralizing dimeric IgA protects against rotavirus disease in suckling neonates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.460915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucosyltransferase-dependent and independent effects of Clostridioides difficile toxins during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.460915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in the USA. In addition to these symptoms, patients with CDI can develop severe inflammation and tissue damage, resulting in life-threatening toxic megacolon. CDI is mediated by two large homologous protein toxins, TcdA and TcdB, that bind and hijack receptors to enter host cells where they use glucosyltransferase (GT) enzymes to inactivate Rho family GTPases. GT-dependent intoxication elicits cytopathic changes, cytokine production, and apoptosis. At higher concentrations TcdB induces GT-independent necrosis in cells and tissue by stimulating production of reactive oxygen species via recruitment of the NADPH oxidase complex. Although GT-independent necrosis has been observed in vitro, the relevance of this mechanism during CDI has remained an outstanding question in the field. In this study we generated novel C. difficile toxin mutants in the hypervirulent BI/NAP1/PCR-ribotype 027 R20291 strain to test the hypothesis that GT-independent epithelial damage occurs during CDI. Using the mouse model of CDI, we observed that epithelial damage occurs through a GT-independent process that is does not involve immune cell influx. The GT-activity of either toxin was sufficient to cause severe edema and inflammation, yet GT activity of both toxins was necessary to produce severe watery diarrhea. These results indicate that both TcdA and TcdB contribute to infection when present. Further, while inactivating GT activity of C. difficile toxins may suppress diarrhea and deleterious GT-dependent immune responses, the potential of severe GT-independent epithelial damage merits consideration when developing toxin-based therapeutics against CDI.

SIGNIFICANCEClostridioides difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitals worldwide. This bacterium produces two virulence factors, TcdA and TcdB, which are large protein toxins that enter host colon cells to cause inflammation, fluid secretion, and cell death. The enzymatic domain of TcdB is a target for novel C. difficile infection (CDI) therapeutics since it is considered the major factor in causing severe CDI. However, necrotic cell death due to non-enzymatic TcdB-host interactions have been reported in cell culture and intoxicated tissue. Here, we generated C. difficile strains with enzyme-inactive toxins to evaluate the role of each toxin in an animal model of CDI. We observe an additive role for TcdA and TcdB in disease and both glucosyltransferase-dependent and independent phenotypes. These findings are expected to inform the development of toxin-based CDI therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peritore-Galve, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shupe, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cave, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehne, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.460915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucosyltransferase-dependent and independent effects of Clostridioides difficile toxins during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus infection is regulated by NPC1 and endosomal cholesterol homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholesterol homeostasis is required for the replication of many viruses, including Ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus-1. Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) is an endosomal-lysosomal membrane protein involved in cholesterol trafficking from late endosomes and lysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified NPC1 in CRISPR and RNA interference screens as a putative host factor for infection by mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus). Following internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the reovirus outer capsid is proteolytically removed, the endosomal membrane is disrupted, and the viral core is released into the cytoplasm where viral transcription, genome replication, and assembly take place. We found that reovirus infection is significantly impaired in cells lacking NPC1, but infection is restored by treatment of cells with hydroxypropyl-{beta}-cyclodextrin, which binds and solubilizes cholesterol. Absence of NPC1 did not dampen infection by infectious subvirion particles, which are reovirus disassembly intermediates that bypass the endocytic pathway for infection of target cells. NPC1 is not required for reovirus attachment to the plasma membrane, internalization into cells, or uncoating within endosomes. Instead, NPC1 is required for delivery of transcriptionally active reovirus core particles into the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that cholesterol homeostasis, ensured by NPC1 transport activity, is required for reovirus penetration into the cytoplasm, pointing to a new function for NPC1 and cholesterol homeostasis in viral infection.

Author summaryGenetic screens are useful strategies to identify host factors required for viral infection. NPC1 was identified in independent CRISPR and RNA interference screens as a putative host factor required for reovirus replication. We discovered that NPC1-mediated cholesterol transport is dispensable for reovirus attachment, internalization, and disassembly but required for penetration of the viral disassembly intermediate from late endosomes into the cytoplasm. These findings pinpoint an essential function for cholesterol in the entry of reovirus and raise the possibility that cholesterol homeostasis regulates the entry of other viruses that penetrate late endosomes to initiate replication.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ortega Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jangra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenorio Vela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez de Castro Martin, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mainou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orchard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brigleb, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sojati, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermody, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus infection is regulated by NPC1 and endosomal cholesterol homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462074v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A combination of two human neutralizing antibodies prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462074v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments are promising for COVID-19 prevention, post-exposure prophylaxis, or therapy. However, the titer of neutralizing antibodies required for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly characterized. We previously described two potently neutralizing mAbs COV2-2130 and COV2-2381 targeting non-overlapping epitopes on the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Here, we engineered the Fc-region of these mAbs with mutations to extend their persistence in humans and reduce interactions with Fc gamma receptors. Passive transfer of individual or combinations of the two antibodies (designated ADM03820) given prophylactically by intravenous or intramuscular route conferred virological protection in a non-human primate (NHP) model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and ADM03820 potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vitro. We defined 6,000 as a protective serum neutralizing antibody titer in NHPs against infection for passively transferred human mAbs that acted by direct viral neutralization, which corresponded to a concentration of 20 g/mL of circulating mAb.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobb, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nkolola, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchuk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrashekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>House, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earnhart, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorsey, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanBlargan, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hechenblaickner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoppe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomic, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonet, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barouch, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462074</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A combination of two human neutralizing antibodies prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462459v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural mapping of antibody landscapes to human betacoronavirus spike proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462459v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preexisting immunity against seasonal coronaviruses (CoV) represents an important variable in predicting antibody responses and disease severity to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-2) infections. We used electron microscopy based polyclonal epitope mapping (EMPEM) to characterize the antibody specificities against {beta}-CoV spike proteins in sera from healthy donors (HDs) or SARS-2 convalescent donors (CDs). We observed that most HDs possessed antibodies specific to seasonal human CoVs (HCoVs) OC43 and HKU1 spike proteins while the CDs showed reactivity across all human {beta}-CoVs. Detailed molecular mapping of spike-antibody complexes revealed epitopes that were differentially targeted by antibodies in preexisting and convalescent serum. Our studies provide an antigenic landscape to {beta}-HCoV spikes in the general population serving as a basis for cross-reactive epitope analyses in SARS-2 -infected individuals.

One-Sentence summaryWe present the epitope mapping of polyclonal antibodies against beta-coronavirus spike proteins in human sera.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antanasijevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewall, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents de la Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462459</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural mapping of antibody landscapes to human betacoronavirus spike proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: a multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4-22 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala and its connections with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play central roles in the development of emotional processes. While several studies have suggested that this circuitry exhibits functional changes across the first two decades of life, findings have been mixed - perhaps resulting from differences in analytic choices across studies. Here we used multiverse analyses to examine the robustness of task-based amygdala-mPFC function findings to analytic choices within the context of an accelerated longitudinal design (4-22 years- old; N=98; 183 scans; 1-3 scans/participant). Participants, recruited from the greater Los Angeles area, completed an event-related emotional face (fear, neutral) task. Parallel analyses varying in preprocessing and modeling choices found that age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were more robust than task-evoked amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity to varied analytical choices. Specification curves indicated evidence for age-related decreases in amygdala reactivity to faces, though within-participant changes in amygdala reactivity could not be differentiated from between-participant differences. In contrast, amygdala--mPFC functional connectivity results varied across methods much more, and evidence for age-related change in amygdala-mPFC connectivity was not consistent. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) measurements of connectivity were especially sensitive to whether a deconvolution step was applied. Our findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the robustness of findings to analysis choices, although the age-related changes in our current work cannot be overinterpreted given low test-retest reliability. Together, these findings highlight both the challenges in estimating developmental change in longitudinal cohorts and the value of multiverse approaches in developmental neuroimaging for assessing robustness of results. (Preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.08.463601v1).

Key PointsO_LIMultiverse analyses applied to fMRI data are valuable for determining the robustness of findings to varied analytical choices
C_LIO_LIIn the current study, age-related change estimates for amygdala reactivity were relatively robust to analytical decisions, though gPPI functional connectivity analyses were much more sensitive, leading some estimates to flip sign
C_LIO_LIBoth test-retest reliability and robustness to analytical choices are important considerations for developmental research
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloom, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanTieghem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabard-Durnam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flannery, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telzer, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fareri, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algharazi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tottenham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.08.463601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related change in task-evoked amygdala-prefrontal circuitry: a multiverse approach with an accelerated longitudinal cohort aged 4-22 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Obesity influences composition of salivary and fecal microbiota and impacts the interactions between bacterial taxa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is an increasing global health concern and is associated with a broad range of morbidities. The gut microbiota are increasingly recognized as important contributors to obesity and cardiometabolic health. This study aimed to characterize oral and gut microbial communities, and evaluate host:microbiota interactions between clinical obesity classifications. We performed 16S rDNA sequencing on fecal and salivary samples, global metabolomics profiling on plasma and stool samples, and dietary profiling in 135 healthy individuals. We grouped individuals by obesity status, based on body mass index (BMI), including lean (BMI 18-24.9), overweight (BMI 25-29.9), or obese (BMI [&ge;]30). We analyzed differences in microbiome composition, community inter-relationships, and predicted microbial function by obesity status. We found that salivary bacterial communities of lean and obese individuals were compositionally and phylogenetically distinct. An increase in obesity status was positively associated with strong correlations between bacterial taxa, particularly with bacterial groups implicated in metabolic disorders including Fretibacterium, and Tannerella. Consumption of sweeteners, especially xylitol, significantly influenced compositional and phylogenetic diversities of salivary and fecal bacterial communities. In addition, obesity groups exhibited differences in predicted bacterial metabolic activity, which was correlated with hosts metabolite concentrations. Overall, obesity was associated with distinct changes in bacterial community dynamics, particularly in saliva. Consideration of microbiome community structure, and inclusion of salivary samples may improve our ability to understand pathways linking microbiota to obesity and cardiometabolic disease.

IMPORTANCEObesity is a worldwide epidemic that is associated with a wide range of health issues. Microbiota were shown to influence metabolism and obesity development. Our study aimed to evaluate the interactions between obesity, salivary and fecal microbiota, and metabolite concentrations in healthy individuals. The oral bacterial community was more impacted by the obesity status of the host than fecal microbiota. Consistently for oral and fecal microbiota, the number of strong interactions between bacteria increased with the increase in the obesity status. Several predicted microbial metabolic pathways that were shown to be associated with metabolic health were uniquely enriched between obesity groups. In addition, these metabolic pathways were correlated with plasma and stool metabolites. Our results suggest that oral microbiota might better reflect the obesity status of the host than fecal microbiota, and that correlations between microbial taxa are altered during obesity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bombin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.12.464168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Obesity influences composition of salivary and fecal microbiota and impacts the interactions between bacterial taxa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A kinesin-1 variant reveals motor-induced microtubule damage in cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Kinesins drive the transport of cellular cargoes as they walk along microtubule tracks, however, recent work has suggested that the physical act of kinesins walking along microtubules can stress the microtubule lattice. Here, we describe a kinesin-1 KIF5C mutant with an increased ability to generate defects in the microtubule lattice as compared to the wild-type motor. Expression of the mutant motor in cultured cells resulted in microtubule breakage and fragmentation, suggesting that kinesin-1 variants with increased damage activity would have been selected against during evolution. The increased ability to damage microtubules is not due to the altered motility properties of the mutant motor as expression of the kinesin-3 motor KIF1A, which has similar single-motor motility properties, also caused increased microtubule pausing, bending, and buckling but not breakage. In cells, motor-induced microtubule breakage could not be prevented by increased a-tubulin K40 acetylation, a post-translational modification known to increase microtubule flexibility. In vitro, lattice damage induced by wild-type KIF5C was repaired by soluble tubulin and resulted in increased rescues and microtubule growth whereas lattice damage induced by the KIF5C mutant resulted in larger repair sites that made the microtubule vulnerable to breakage and fragmentation when under mechanical stress. These results demonstrate that kinesin-1 motility causes defects in and damage to the microtubule lattice in cells. While cells have the capacity to repair lattice damage, conditions that exceed this capacity result in microtubule breakage and fragmentation and may contribute to human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budaitis, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badieyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blasius, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinemann, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A kinesin-1 variant reveals motor-induced microtubule damage in cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translating outcomes from the clinical setting to preclinical models: chronic pain and functionality in chronic musculoskeletal pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP), tenderness, and fatigue, which interferes with daily functioning and quality of life. In clinical studies, this symptomology is assessed, while preclinical models of CWP are limited to nociceptive assays. The aim of the study was to investigate the human-to-model translatability of clinical behavioral assessments for pain and muscle function in a preclinical model of CWP. We assessed correlations between pain behaviors and muscle function in a preclinical model of CWP and in women with fibromyalgia to examine whether similar relationships between outcomes existed in both settings, for usability of clinical assays in model systems. For preclinical measures, the acidic saline model of FM which induces widespread muscle pain, was used in adult female mice. Two gastrocnemius injections of acidic or physiological pH saline were given following baseline measures, five days apart. An array of adapted pain measures and functional assays were assessed for three weeks. For clinical measures, pain and functional assays were assessed in adult women with FM. For both preclinical and clinical outcomes, movement-evoked pain (MEP) was associated with mechanical pain sensitivity. Mechanical sensitivity was correlated to shifts in weight-bearing preclinically and was predictive of functionality in patients. Preclinically, it is imperative to expand how the field assesses pain behaviors when studying multi- symptom disorders like FM. Targeted pain assessments to match those performed clinically is an important aspect of improving preclinical to clinical translatability of animal models.

SummaryPreclinical assessments of chronic musculoskeletal pain recapitulate several outcome measures for clinical assessment of patients with FM, particularly prolonged resting pain, and MEP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lenert, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vance, C. G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakel, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluka, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merriwether, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translating outcomes from the clinical setting to preclinical models: chronic pain and functionality in chronic musculoskeletal pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WY14643 Increases Herpesvirus Replication Independent of PPARα Expression and Inhibits IFNβ Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are commonly used to treat metabolic disorders in humans because they regulate fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol metabolism. In addition to their roles in controlling metabolism, PPAR agonists also regulate inflammation and are immunosuppressive in models of autoimmunity. We aimed to test whether activation of PPAR with clinically relevant ligands could impact herpesvirus infection using the model strain murine gammaherpesvirus-68. We found that PPAR agonists WY14643 and fenofibrate increased herpesvirus replication in vitro. In vivo, WY14643 increased viral replication and caused lethality in mice. Unexpectedly, these effects proved independent of PPAR. Investigating the mechanism of action for WY14643, we found that it suppresses production of type I interferon by inhibiting stimulator of interferon (STING), which lies downstream of the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cGAS. Thus, WY14643 regulates interferon downstream of cytoplasmic DNA recognition and increases herpesvirus replication in a PPAR-independent manner. Taken together, our data indicate that caution should be employed when using PPAR agonists in immuno-metabolic studies, as they can have off-target effects on viral replication.

ImportancePPAR agonists are used clinically to treat both metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Because viruses are known to rewire host metabolism to their own benefit, the intersection of immunity, metabolism, and virology is an important research area. Our article is an important contribution to this field because for two reasons. First, it shows a role for PPAR agonists in altering virus detection by cells. Second, it shows that PPAR agonists can affect virus replication in a manner unrelated to their expected genetic function. This knowledge is valuable for anyone seeking to use PPAR agonists as a research tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dryden, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dozmorov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reese, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.29.466551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WY14643 Increases Herpesvirus Replication Independent of PPARα Expression and Inhibits IFNβ Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysconnectivity between auditory-cognitive network associated with auditory GABA and glutamate levels in presbycusis patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.31.466279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accumulating studies suggest an interaction between presbycusis (PC) and cognitive impairment, which may be explained by the cognitive-ear link to a large extent. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this link are largely unknown. Here, 51 PC patients and 51 well-matched healthy controls were recruited. We combined resting-state functional MRI and edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate changes of intra- and inter-network functional connectivity and their relationships with auditory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels and cognitive impairment in PC. Our study confirmed the plastic model of cognitive-ear link at the level of the large-scale brain network, including the dysconnectivity within high-order cognitive networks and between the auditory-cognitive network and overactivation between cognitive networks dependent on hearing loss, which was closely related to the cognitive impairment of PC patients. Moreover, GABA and Glu levels in the central auditory processing were abnormal in patients with PC. Importantly, reduction of GABA-mediated inhibition plays a crucial role in a dysconnectivity between the auditory-cognitive network, which may be neurochemical underpinnings of functional remodeling of cognitive-ear link in PC. Modulation of GABA neurotransmission may enable the development of new therapeutic strategies for the cognitive impairment of PC patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, S. C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edden, R. A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.31.466279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysconnectivity between auditory-cognitive network associated with auditory GABA and glutamate levels in presbycusis patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRH-1/NR5A2 regulates the PTGS2-PGE2-PTGER1 signalling axis contributing to islet survival and antidiabetic actions of the agonist BL001 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.02.466895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have previously described a role of LRH-1/NR5A2 in islet morphogenesis during postnatal development and reported that the treatment with BL001, an agonist of LRH-1/NR5A2, protects islets against-stress induced apoptosis and reverts hyperglycemia in 3 mouse models of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Islet transcriptome profiling revealed that most differentially expressed genes after BL001 treatment are involved in immunomodulation, among them, the increase in PTGS2/COX2 expression. Herein, we dissected the cellular and molecular branches of the BL001/LRH-1/NR5A2 signalling axis in order to chart the mode of action confering beta cell protection and hyperglycaemia reversion. We found that constitutive LRH-1/NR5A2 ablation within the insulin expression domain (RIP-Cre mouse model) caused a significant beta cell mass reduction characterized by blunted proliferation correlating with animal growth retardation, weight loss and hypoglycemia, leading to lethality before weaning. Using an inducible approach (pdx1PBCreER mouse model), specific deletion of LRH-1/NR5A2 in adult beta cells abolished the anti diabetic effect of BL001 in streptozotocin treated mice, correlating with complete beta-cell mass destruction. Additionally, BL001 induced Ptgs2 expression, was blunted in islets lacking LRH-1/NR5A2. The combined BL001/cytokine treatment did not further stimulate Ptgs2 expression above levels detected with cytokine alone yet secreted PGE2 levels were increased 5-fold. Inactivation of PTGS2 blunted induction of the target and its product PGE2 in islets treated with cytokines alone or with BL001. Importantly, PTGS2 inactivated islets were refractory to the BL001 protective effect under cytokine attack as evidenced by increased Bax expression levels, cytochrome C release and cleaved PARP. The PTGER1 antagonist ONO-8130, but not the PTGER4 antagonist L-161,982, negated BL001-mediated islet survival. Our results establish that the beneficial properties of BL001 against stress-induced cell death are specifically conveyed by LRH-1/NR5A2 activation in beta cells and downstream stimulation of the PTGS2-PGE2/PTGER1 signalling axis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin Vazquez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobo_Vuilleumier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo Legido, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez Bermudo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Zerbo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Montalvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comaills, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermudez-Silva, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzo, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.02.466895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRH-1/NR5A2 regulates the PTGS2-PGE2-PTGER1 signalling axis contributing to islet survival and antidiabetic actions of the agonist BL001]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse environmental perturbations reveal the evolution and context-dependency of genetic effects on gene expression levels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.04.467311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing appreciation that human complex traits are determined by poorly understood interactions between our genomes and daily environments. These "genotype x environment" (GxE) interactions remain difficult to map at the organismal level, but can be uncovered using molecular phenotypes. To do so at large-scale, we profiled transcriptomes across 12 cellular environments using 544 immortalized B cell lines from the 1000 Genomes Project. We mapped the genetic basis of gene expression across environments and revealed a context-dependent genetic architecture: the average heritability of gene expression levels increased in treatment relative to control conditions and, on average, each treatment revealed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) at 11% of genes. In total, 22% of all eQTL were context-dependent, and this group was enriched for trait- and disease-associated loci. Further, evolutionary analyses revealed that positive selection has shaped GxE loci involved in responding to immune challenges and hormones, but not man-made chemicals, suggesting there is reduced opportunity for selection to act on responses to molecules recently introduced into human environments. Together, our work highlights the importance of considering an exposures evolutionary history when studying and interpreting GxE interactions, and provides new insight into the evolutionary mechanisms that maintain GxE loci in human populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.04.467311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse environmental perturbations reveal the evolution and context-dependency of genetic effects on gene expression levels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular signature of postmortem lung tissue from COVID-19 patients suggests distinct trajectories driving mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise molecular mechanisms behind life-threatening lung abnormalities during severe SARS-CoV-2 infections are still unclear. To address this challenge, we performed whole transcriptome sequencing of lung autopsies from 31 patients suffering from severe COVID-19 related complications and 10 uninfected controls. Using a metatranscriptome analysis of lung tissue samples we identified the existence of two distinct molecular signatures of lethal COVID-19. The dominant "classical" signature (n=23) showed upregulation of unfolded protein response, steroid biosynthesis and complement activation supported by massive metabolic reprogramming leading to characteristic lung damage. The rarer signature (n=8) potentially representing "Cytokine Release Syndrome" (CRS) showed upregulation of cytokines such IL1 and CCL19 but absence of complement activation and muted inflammation. Further, dissecting expression of individual genes within enriched pathways for patient signature suggests heterogeneity in host response to the primary infection. We found that the majority of patients cleared the SARS-CoV-2 infection, but all suffered from acute dysbiosis with characteristic enrichment of opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus cohnii in "classical" patients and Pasteurella multocida in CRS patients. Our results suggest two distinct models of lung pathology in severe COVID-19 patients that can be identified through the status of the complement activation, presence of specific cytokines and characteristic microbiome. This information can be used to design personalized therapy to treat COVID-19 related complications corresponding to patient signature such as using the identified drug molecules or mitigating specific secondary infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budhraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gheware, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abhilash, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumit, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arulselvi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nambirajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wig, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trikha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guleria, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular signature of postmortem lung tissue from COVID-19 patients suggests distinct trajectories driving mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.467794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Club cells are the primary source of pIgR in small airways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.10.467794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLoss of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is common in COPD small airways and likely contributes to disease progression. We hypothesized loss of SIgA results from reduced expression of pIgR, a chaperone protein needed for SIgA transcytosis, in the COPD small airway epithelium.

MethodspIgR-expressing cells were defined and quantified at single-cell resolution in human airways using RNA in-situ hybridization, immunostaining, and single-cell RNA sequencing. Complementary studies in mice utilized immunostaining, primary murine tracheal epithelial cell (MTEC) culture, and transgenic mice with secretory or ciliated cell-specific knockout of pIgR. SIgA degradation by human neutrophil elastase or secreted bacterial proteases from non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) was evaluated in vitro.

ResultsWe found that secretory cells are the predominant cell type responsible for pIgR expression in human and murine airways. Loss of SIgA in small airways was not associated with a reduction in secretory cells but rather a reduction in pIgR protein expression despite intact PIGR mRNA expression. Neutrophil elastase and NTHi-secreted proteases are both capable of degrading SIgA in vitro and may also contribute to a deficient SIgA immunobarrier in COPD.

InterpretationLoss of the SIgA immunobarrier in small airways of patients severe COPD is complex and likely results from both pIgR-dependent defects in IgA transcytosis and SIgA degradation.

Key MessagesWhat is the key question? Localized SIgA deficiency in small airways is an established driver of COPD pathogenesis, but the mechanism of loss remains unclear. We hypothesized loss of SIgA is due to reduced numbers of pIgR-expressing cells in SIgA-deficient small airways.

What is the bottom line? pIgR is primarily expressed by secretory cells in human and murine airways. Although numbers of secretory cells are similar between SIgA-deficient and SIgA-replete airways in COPD, there is reduced expression of pIgR protein, but not mRNA, in SIgA-deficient airways. Additionally, host and bacterial proteases degrade SIgA in vitro, suggesting loss of SIgA may relate to both impaired transcytosis and increased degradation.

Why read on? This study highlights the complexity of SIgA immunobarrier maintenance and suggests that strategies aimed at restoring the SIgA immunobarrier will need to account for both impaired transcytosis and degradation by host and/or bacterial proteases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaff, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, R.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xin, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickersham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtzman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.10.467794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Club cells are the primary source of pIgR in small airways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.460500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WebSeq: A Genomic Data Analytics Platform for Monogenic Disease Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.16.460500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole exome sequencing (WES) is commonly used to study monogenic diseases. The application of this sequencing technology has gained in popularity amongst clinicians and researchers as WES pricing has declined. The accumulation of WES data creates a need for a robust, flexible, scalable and easy-to-use analytics platform to allow researchers to gain biological insight from this genomic data. We present WebSeq, a self-contained server and web interface to facilitate intuitive analysis of WES data. WebSeq provides access to sophisticated tools and pipelines through a user-friendly and modern web interface. WebSeq has modules that support i) FASTQ to VCF conversion, ii) VCF to ANNOVAR1 CSV conversion, iii) family-based analyses for Mendelian disease gene discovery, iv) cohort-wide gene enrichment analyses, (v) an automated IGV2 browser, and (vi) a  virtual gene panel analysis module. WebSeq Pro, our expanded pipeline, also supports SNP genotype analyses such as ancestry inference and kinship testing. WebSeq Lite, our minimal pipeline, supports family-based analyses, cohort-wide gene enrichment analyses, and a virtual gene panel along with the IGV2 browser module. We anticipate that the rigorous use of our web application will allow researchers to expedite discoveries from human genomic data3. WebSeq Lite, WebSeq, and WebSeq Pro are fully containerized using Docker4, run on all major operating systems, and are freely available for personal, academic, and non-profit use at http://bitly.ws/g6cn
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogan, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undiagnosed Disease Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.16.460500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WebSeq: A Genomic Data Analytics Platform for Monogenic Disease Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductoryThe evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in the emergence of many new variant lineages that have exacerbated the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of those variants were designated as variants of concern/interest (VOC/VOI) by national or international authorities based on many factors including their potential impact on vaccines. To ascertain and rank the risk of VOCs and VOIs, we analyzed their ability to escape from vaccine-induced antibodies. The variants showed differential reductions in neutralization and replication titers by post-vaccination sera. Although the Omicron variant showed the most escape from neutralization, sera collected after a third dose of vaccine (booster sera) retained moderate neutralizing activity against that variant. Therefore, vaccination remains the most effective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kainulainen, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonenfant, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava-Ranjan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calderon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lester, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pusch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenks, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morantz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harcourt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burroughs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tenforde, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Self, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shapiro, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exline, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Files, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufer Halpin, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMullan, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiropoulou, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornburg, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Similarities Between Bacterial GAD and Human GAD65:Implications in Gut Mediated Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.29.470330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A variety of islet autoantibodies (AAbs) can predict and possibly dictate eventual type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis. Upwards of 75% of those with T1D are positive for AAbs against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), a producer of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human pancreatic beta cells. Interestingly, bacterial populations within the human gut also express GAD65 and produce GABA. Evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the microbiome may correlate with T1D pathogenesis and physiology. Therefore, autoimmune linkages between the gut microbiome and islets susceptible to autoimmune attack need to be further elucidated. Utilizing silico analyses, we show here that 25 GAD sequences from different human gut bacterial sources show sequence and motif similarities to human beta cell GAD65. Our motif analyses determined that a majority of gut GAD sequences contain the pyroxical dependent decarboxylase domain of human GAD65 which is important for its enzymatic activity. Additionally, we showed overlap with known human GAD65 T-cell receptor epitopes which may implicate the immune destruction of beta cells. Thus, we propose a physiological hypothesis in which changes in the gut microbiome in those with T1D result in a release of bacterial GAD, thus causing miseducation of the host immune system. Due to the notable similarities, we found between humans and bacterial GAD, these deputized immune cells may then go on to target human beta cells leading to the development of T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkman, F. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.29.470330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Similarities Between Bacterial GAD and Human GAD65:Implications in Gut Mediated Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.467518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neutralization Fingerprinting Technology for Characterizing Polyclonal Antibody Responses to Dengue Vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.467518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue is a major public health threat. There are four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), therefore efforts are focused on development of safe and effective tetravalent DENV vaccines. While neutralizing antibodies contribute to protective immunity, there are still important gaps in understanding of immune responses elicited by dengue infection and vaccination, including defining immune correlates of protection. To that end, here we present a computational modeling framework for evaluating the specificities of neutralizing antibodies elicited to tetravalent DENV vaccines, based on the concept of antibody-virus neutralization fingerprints. We developed and applied this framework to samples from clinical studies of TAK-003, a tetravalent vaccine candidate currently in phase 3 trials, to characterize the effect of prior dengue infection (baseline) on the specificities of vaccine-elicited antibody responses. Our results suggested a similarity of neutralizing antibody specificities in baseline-seronegative individuals. In contrast, amplification of pre-existing neutralizing antibody specificities was predicted for baseline-seropositive individuals, thus quantifying the role of immunologic imprinting in driving antibody responses to DENV vaccines. The analysis framework proposed here can apply to studies of sequential dengue infections and other tetravalent DENV vaccines and can contribute to understanding dengue immune correlates of protection to help guide further vaccine development and optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karwal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.02.467518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neutralization Fingerprinting Technology for Characterizing Polyclonal Antibody Responses to Dengue Vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.470215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multi-layer functional genomic analysis to understand noncoding genetic variation in lipids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.07.470215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major challenge of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is to translate phenotypic associations into biological insights. Here, we integrate a large GWAS on blood lipids involving 1.6 million individuals from five ancestries with a wide array of functional genomic datasets to discover regulatory mechanisms underlying lipid associations. We first prioritize lipid-associated genes with expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) colocalizations, and then add chromatin interaction data to narrow the search for functional genes. Polygenic enrichment analysis across 697 annotations from a host of tissues and cell types confirms the central role of the liver in lipid levels, and highlights the selective enrichment of adipose-specific chromatin marks in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Overlapping transcription factor (TF) binding sites with lipid-associated loci identifies TFs relevant in lipid biology. In addition, we present an integrative framework to prioritize causal variants at GWAS loci, producing a comprehensive list of candidate causal genes and variants with multiple layers of functional evidence. Two prioritized genes, CREBRF and RRBP1, show convergent evidence across functional datasets supporting their roles in lipid biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ramdas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judd, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanoni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surakka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chesi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatti, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedantam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajac, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.-H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klarin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilliard, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorleifsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgadottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudbjartsson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holm, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olafsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akiyama, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumpton, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasheed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veturi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingren, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kullo, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narita, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takayama,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.470215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multi-layer functional genomic analysis to understand noncoding genetic variation in lipids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.470986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Sex Validation for Sample Tracking in Clinical Testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.470986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNext generation DNA sequencing (NGS) has been rapidly adopted by clinical testing laboratories for detection of germline and somatic genetic variants. The complexity of sample processing in a clinical DNA sequencing laboratory creates multiple opportunities for sample identification errors, demanding stringent quality control procedures.

MethodsWe utilized DNA genotyping via a 96-SNP PCR panel applied at sample acquisition in comparison to the final sequence, for tracking of sample identity throughout the sequencing pipeline. The 96-SNP PCR panels inclusion of sex SNPs also provides a mechanism for a genotype-based comparison to recorded sex at sample collection for identification. This approach was implemented in the clinical genomic testing pathways, in the multi-center Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Phase III program

ResultsWe identified 110 inconsistencies from 25,015 (0.44%) clinical samples, when comparing the 96-SNP PCR panel data to the test requisition-provided sex. The 96-SNP PCR panel genetic sex predictions were confirmed using additional SNP sites in the sequencing data or high-density hybridization-based genotyping arrays. Results identified clerical errors, samples from transgender participants and stem cell or bone marrow transplant patients and undetermined sample mix-ups.

ConclusionThe 96-SNP PCR panel provides a cost-effective, robust tool for tracking samples within DNA sequencing laboratories, while the ability to predict sex from genotyping data provides an additional quality control measure for all procedures, beginning with sample collections. While not sufficient to detect all sample mix-ups, the inclusion of genetic versus reported sex matching can give estimates of the rate of errors in sample collection systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korchina, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zouk, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyssa Macbeth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramanian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandanavelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sleiman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bland, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the eMERGE III consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prows, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahanta, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehm, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muzny, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.470986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Sex Validation for Sample Tracking in Clinical Testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A calibrated functional patch clamp assay to enhance clinical variant interpretation in KCNH2-related long QT syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.13.472492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeModern sequencing technologies have revolutionised our detection of gene variants. In most genes, including KCNH2, the majority of missense variants are currently classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The aim of this study is to investigate the utility of an automated patch-clamp assay for aiding clinical variant classification in the KCNH2 gene.

MethodsThe assay was designed according to recommendations of the ClinGen sequence variant interpretation framework. Thirty-one control variants of known clinical significance (17 pathogenic/likely pathogenic, 14 benign/likely benign) were heterozygously expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells. Variants were analysed for effects on current density and channel gating. A panel of 44 VUS was then assessed for reclassification.

ResultsAll 17 pathogenic variant controls had reduced current density and 13/14 benign variant controls had normal current density, which enabled determination of normal and abnormal ranges for applying moderate or supporting evidence strength for variant classification. Inclusion of KCNH2 functional assay evidence enabled us to reclassify 6 out of 44 VUS as likely pathogenic.

ConclusionThe high-throughput patch clamp assay can provide moderate strength evidence for clinical interpretation of clinical KCNH2 variants and demonstrates the value proposition for developing automated patch clamp assays for other ion channel genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenberg, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.13.472492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A calibrated functional patch clamp assay to enhance clinical variant interpretation in KCNH2-related long QT syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472828v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.15.472828v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic resulting in millions of deaths worldwide. Despite the development and deployment of highly effective antibody and vaccine countermeasures, rapidly-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations at key antigenic sites in the spike protein jeopardize their efficacy. Indeed, the recent emergence of the highly-transmissible B.1.1.529 Omicron variant is especially concerning because of the number of mutations, deletions, and insertions in the spike protein. Here, using a panel of anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) corresponding to those with emergency use authorization (EUA) or in advanced clinical development by Vir Biotechnology (S309, the parent mAbs of VIR-7381), AstraZeneca (COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, the parent mAbs of AZD8895 and AZD1061), Regeneron (REGN10933 and REGN10987), Lilly (LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016), and Celltrion (CT-P59), we report the impact on neutralization of a prevailing, infectious B.1.1.529 Omicron isolate compared to a historical WA1/2020 D614G strain. Several highly neutralizing mAbs (LY-CoV555, LY-CoV016, REGN10933, REGN10987, and CT-P59) completely lost inhibitory activity against B.1.1.529 virus in both Vero-TMPRSS2 and Vero-hACE2-TMPRSS2 cells, whereas others were reduced ([~]12-fold decrease, COV2-2196 and COV2-2130 combination) or minimally affected (S309). Our results suggest that several, but not all, of the antibody products in clinical use will lose efficacy against the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant and related strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>VanBlargan, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errico, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.15.472828</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimized phylogenetic clustering of HIV-1 sequence data for public health applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.14.476062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clusters of genetically similar infections suggest rapid transmission and may indicate priorities for public health action or reveal underlying epidemiological processes. However, clusters often require user-defined thresholds and are sensitive to non-epidemiological factors, such as non-random sampling. Consequently the ideal threshold for public health applications varies substantially across settings. Here, we show a method which selects optimal thresholds for phylogenetic (subset tree) clustering based on population. We evaluated this method on HIV-1 pol datasets (n = 14,221 sequences) from four sites in USA (Tennessee, Seattle), Canada (Northern Alberta) and China (Beijing). Clusters were defined by tips descending from an ancestral node (with a minimum bootstrap support of 95%) through a series of branches, each with a length below a given threshold. Next, we used pplacer to graft new cases to the fixed tree by maximum likelihood. We evaluated the effect of varying branch-length thresholds on cluster growth as a count outcome by fitting two Poisson regression models: a null model that predicts growth from cluster size, and an alternative model that includes mean collection date as an additional covariate. The alternative model was favoured by AIC across most thresholds, with optimal (greatest difference in AIC) thresholds ranging 0.007-0.013 across sites. The range of optimal thresholds was more variable when re-sampling 80% of the data by location (IQR 0.008 - 0.016, n = 100 replicates). Our results use prospective phylogenetic cluster growth and suggest that there is more variation in effective thresholds for public health than those typically used in clustering studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herbeck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.14.476062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimized phylogenetic clustering of HIV-1 sequence data for public health applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct genetic determinants and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 resistance to remdesivir 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.25.477724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleoside analog remdesivir (RDV) is an FDA-approved antiviral for the treatment of SARS- CoV-2 infections, and as such it is critical to understand potential genetic determinants and barriers to RDV resistance. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 was subjected to 13 passages in cell culture with increasing concentrations of GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of RDV. At passage 13 the RDV resistance of the lineages ranged from 2.7-to 10.4-fold increase in EC50. Sequence analysis of the three lineage populations identified non-synonymous mutations in the nonstructural protein 12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12-RdRp): V166A, N198S, S759A, V792I and C799F/R. Two of the three lineages encoded the S759A substitution at the RdRp Ser759-Asp-Asp active motif. In one lineage, the V792I substitution emerged first then combined with S759A. Introduction of the S759A and V792I substitutions at homologous nsp12 positions in viable isogenic clones of the betacoronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV) demonstrated their transferability across CoVs, up to 38-fold RDV resistance in combination, and a significant replication defect associated with their introduction. Biochemical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp encoding S759A demonstrated a [~]10- fold decreased preference for RDV-triphosphate (RDV-TP) as a substrate, while nsp12-V792I diminished the UTP concentration needed to overcome the template-dependent inhibition associated with RDV. The in vitro selected substitutions here identified were rare or not detected in the >6 million publicly available nsp12-RdRp consensus sequences in the absence of RDV selection. The results define genetic and biochemical pathways to RDV resistance and emphasize the need for additional studies to define the potential for emergence of these or other RDV resistance mutations in various clinical settings.

One Sentence SummarySARS-CoV-2 develops in vitro resistance to remdesivir by distinct and complementary mutations and mechanisms in the viral polymerase
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevens, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pruijssers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tchesnokov, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gribble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porter, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cihlar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denison, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.25.477724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct genetic determinants and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 resistance to remdesivir]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Feedback in the β-catenin destruction complex imparts bistability and cellular memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.28.478206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wnt ligands are considered classical morphogens, for which the strength of the cellular response is proportional to the concentration of the ligand. Herein, we show an emergent property of bistability arising from feedback among the Wnt destruction complex proteins that target the key transcriptional co-activator {beta}-catenin for degradation. Using biochemical reconstitution, we identified positive feedback between the scaffold protein Axin and the kinase GSK3. Theoretical modeling of this feedback between Axin and GSK3 predicted that the activity of the destruction complex exhibits bistable behavior. We experimentally confirmed these predictions by demonstrating that cellular cytoplasmic {beta}-catenin concentrations exhibit an "all-or-none" response with sustained memory (hysteresis) of the signaling input. This bistable behavior was transformed into a graded response and memory was lost through inhibition of GSK3. These findings provide a mechanism for establishing decisive, switch-like cellular response and memory upon Wnt pathway stimulation.

One Sentence SummaryPositive feedback within the {beta}-catenin destruction complex gives rise to bistability and memory in response to Wnt stimulation, imparting signal transduction accuracy and insulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cantoria, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alizadeh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunnag, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kettenbach, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paek, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doubrovinski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.28.478206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Feedback in the β-catenin destruction complex imparts bistability and cellular memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.477568v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Three Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of Monocytes Correlate with Disease Activity in SSc Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.477568v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background/PurposePatients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) display a complex clinical phenotype. There are numerous studies that relate transcriptional signatures from PBMC or whole skin of SSc patients to disease activity. However, analyses of whole tissue RNA-sequencing studies are subjected to changes in cellular composition that can drive gene expression signatures and a loss of the ability to detect biologically important transcriptional changes within minority cell populations. Here, we focused on circulating monocytes, which have been shown to exist as two central populations classical (CM) and non-classical (NCM).

MethodsSSc patients were recruited from four different sites that form PRESS: Northwestern University, University of Texas, University of Michigan and University of Utah. Comprehensive clinical data was collected for all patients. We isolated CM and NCM from these patients and age, sex, and race-matched healthy volunteers were used as controls. RNA-seq was performed on CM and NCM populations as well as on isolated bulk macrophages from skin.

ResultsWe first performed RNA-seq on CM, which are the predominant population in circulation. In order to capture the variability across the SSc cohort, we defined 1790 differentially expressed genes in each patient. We then used these genes to cluster patients into 3 subgroups: Groups A-C. Group A exhibited the strongest interferon signature and innate immune pathways. Group B patients expressed genes in the same pathways but was also enriched for response to cAMP and corticosteroids. Both Group B and Group C exhibited upregulation of genes associated with vasculature development and blood vessel formation. Group C uniquely upregulated TGFB pathways. Next, we performed RNA-seq on NCM isolated from the same patients. When NCM were clustered based on the same 1790 genes as CM, we found that Groups A and C were recapitulated, while Group B was less cohesive. Our analysis stratified SSc patients based on their transcriptional profiles in monocytes but was agnostic to their clinical presentation. We found that Group B and C patients exhibited significantly worsened lung function at the time of monocyte isolation than Group A patients. However, there were no significant differences in skin disease. We then isolated macrophages from skin biopsies of SSc patients and showed that the transcriptional profile of Group A and C in SSc patients was conserved. We also used gene expression data from another study on monocytes which stratified patients based on disease presentation. We found that Group A accurately distinguished dcSSc and ncSSc patients from controls, but not lcSSc.

ConclusionWe are the first to show that transcriptomic analysis of classical and non-classical circulating monocytes can unbiasedly stratify SSc patients and correlate with disease activity outcome measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makinde, H.-K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, J. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadhvi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carns, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuda, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominguez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandolfino, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dematte D'Amico, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budinger, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assassi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frech, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaeffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinchcliff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.477568</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Three Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of Monocytes Correlate with Disease Activity in SSc Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A heterogeneous drug tolerant persister state in BRAF-mutant melanoma is characterized by ion channel dysregulation and susceptibility to ferroptosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.03.479045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is increasing interest in cancer cell subpopulations that can withstanding treatment via non-genetic mechanisms, such as tumor cell plasticity and adaptation. These cell populations may be comprised of cells with diverse phenotypes, e.g., quiescent or slow cycling. Such populations have been broadly termed "drug-tolerant persisters" (DTPs) and may be responsible for minimal residual disease following anticancer treatment and acquired resistance. Understanding molecular mechanisms that drive emergence of DTPs could lead to new strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. Recently, we reported that BRAF-mutant melanoma cells under prolonged BRAF inhibition enter a DTP state with balanced cell death and division, which we termed "idling." Here, we apply single cell barcoding to show that idling DTP populations emerge via cell state transitions, rather than selection of a few pre-existing drug-tolerant clones. Within the time frame of our experiments, DTPs exhibit varying proportions of fast- and slow-cycling cells within each lineage, suggesting that entry into the DTP state is a stochastic process. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics and bulk epigenomics reveal common gene expression and ontology signatures in DTP lineages that are consistent with rebalancing of ion channels. Calcium flux experiments uncover a reduction of divalent cation reserves in intracellular organelles, likely leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Accordingly, idling DTPs are more prone to ferroptotic cell death, as indicated by increased sensitivity to inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which prevents removal of toxic lipid peroxides. In summary, we propose that ion channel homeostasis is a central process underlying idling DTP emergence in BRAF-mutated melanoma. Future studies will investigate translational aspects of this insight.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baleami, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al'Khafaji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brock, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.479045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A heterogeneous drug tolerant persister state in BRAF-mutant melanoma is characterized by ion channel dysregulation and susceptibility to ferroptosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactions between evolved pesticide resistance and pesticide exposure on immunity against pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.04.479151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pesticide resistance readily evolves in natural insect populations and often coopts the same stress, detoxification, and immune pathways involved in physiological responses against primary pathogen and pesticide exposure. As a result, resistance evolution can alter antagonism or facilitation among chemical and biological pest control strategies in directions that remain difficult to predict. To investigate the interactive effects of chemical pesticide resistance, exposure, and bacterial infection on insect phenotypes, we experimentally evolved resistance to two different classes of pesticides (organophosphates and pyrethroids) in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. We exposed pesticide susceptible and resistant lines to pesticides, the entomopathogen and biocontrol agent Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), or both. Pesticide resistance and Bt exposure were individually associated with slower development, indicating sub-lethal fitness costs of resistance and infection, respectively. After organophosphate exposure, however, beetles developed more quickly and were more likely to survive if also exposed to Bt. We used RNAseq to examine the interactive effects of pesticide resistance, pesticide exposure, and Bt exposure on gene expression. Pyrethroid-resistant insects exhibited dampened immune responses to Bt infection relative to susceptible ones. In a similar vein, simultaneous exposure to organophosphates and Bt resulted in muted stress-associated transcriptional responses compared to exposure with only one factor. Our results suggest that direct and host-mediated indirect interactions among pathogens and pesticides may buffer the cost of exposure to host fitness-associated traits within generations but exacerbate trade-offs over evolutionary time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, S. S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.04.479151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactions between evolved pesticide resistance and pesticide exposure on immunity against pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased H3K27 trimethylation contributes to cone survival in a mouse model of cone dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.479069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a heterogeneous group of blinding disorders, which result in dysfunction or death of the light-sensing cone and rod photoreceptors. Despite individual IRDs being rare, collectively, they affect up to 1:2000 people worldwide, causing a significant socioeconomic burden, especially when cone-mediated central vision is affected. This study uses the Pde6ccpfl1 mouse model of achromatopsia, a cone-specific vision loss IRD, to investigate the potential gene-independent therapeutic benefits of a histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 on cone cell survival. We investigated the effects of GSK-J4 treatment on cone cell survival in vivo and ex vivo and changes in cone-specific gene expression via single-cell RNA sequencing. A single intravitreal GSK-J4 injection led to transcriptional changes in pathways involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, among other key epigenetic pathways, highlighting the complex interplay between methylation and acetylation in healthy and diseased cones. Furthermore, continuous administration of GSK-J4 in retinal explants increased cone survival. Our results suggest that IRD-affected cones respond positively to epigenetic modulation of histones, indicating the potential of this approach in the development of a broad class of novel therapies to slow cone degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuller-Carter, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masarini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samardzija, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashwan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueffing, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trifunovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.07.479069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased H3K27 trimethylation contributes to cone survival in a mouse model of cone dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Genetic and Evolutionary Basis of Gene Expression Variation in East Africans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.16.480765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with molecular phenotypes is a powerful approach for identifying the genes and molecular mechanisms underlying human traits and diseases. How the genetic architecture of molecular traits varies across human populations, however, has been less explored. To better understand the genetics of gene regulation in East Africans, we perform expression and splicing QTL mapping in whole blood from a cohort of 162 diverse Africans from Ethiopia and Tanzania. We assess replication of these QTLs in cohorts of predominantly European ancestry and identify candidate genes under selection in human populations.

ResultsWe find the gene regulatory architecture of African and non-African populations is broadly shared, though there is a considerable amount of variation at individual loci across populations. Comparing our analyses to an equivalently sized cohort of European Americans, we find that QTL mapping in Africans improves the detection of expression QTLs and fine mapping of causal variation. Integrating our QTL scans with signatures of selection, we find several genes related to immunity and metabolism that are highly differentiated between Africans and non-Africans, as well as a gene associated with pigmentation, TMEM216, with evidence of population-specific selection in Nilo-Saharan speaking pastoralists.

ConclusionExtending QTL-mapping studies beyond groups of European ancestry, particularly to diverse indigenous populations, is vital for a complete understanding of the genetic architecture of human traits and can reveal novel functional variation underlying human traits and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramdas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlings-Goss, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranciaro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbo, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beggs, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeager, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyambo, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omar, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meskel, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belay, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tishkoff, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.16.480765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Genetic and Evolutionary Basis of Gene Expression Variation in East Africans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481070v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Voxel-wise Intermodal Coupling Analysis of Two or More Modalities using Local Covariance Decomposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.19.481070v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When individual subjects are imaged with multiple modalities, biological information is present not only within each modality, but also between modalities - that is, in how modalities covary at the voxel level. Previous studies have shown that local covariance structures between modalities, or intermodal coupling (IMCo), can be summarized for two modalities, and that two-modality IMCo reveals otherwise undiscovered patterns in neurodevelopment and certain diseases. However, previous IMCo methods are based on the slopes of local weighted linear regression lines, which are inherently asymmetric and limited to the two-modality setting. Here, we present a generalization of IMCo estimation which uses local covariance decompositions to define a symmetric, voxel-wise coupling coefficient that is valid for two or more modalities. We use this method to study coupling between cerebral blood flow, amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, and local connectivity in 803 subjects ages 8 through 22. We demonstrate that coupling is spatially heterogeneous, varies with respect to age and sex in neurodevelopment, and reveals patterns that are not present in individual modalities. As availability of multi-modal data continues to increase, principal-component-based IMCo (pIMCo) offers a powerful approach for summarizing relationships between multiple aspects of brain structure and function. An R package for estimating pIMCo is available at: https://github.com/hufengling/pIMCo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcarcel, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robert-Fitzgerald, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzenbach, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detre, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.19.481070</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Voxel-wise Intermodal Coupling Analysis of Two or More Modalities using Local Covariance Decomposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation of a potently neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibody targeting yellow fever virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Yellow fever virus (YFV) causes sporadic outbreaks of infection in South America and sub-Saharan Africa. While live-attenuated yellow fever virus vaccines based on three substrains of 17D are considered some of the most effective vaccines in use, problems with production and distribution have created large populations of unvaccinated, vulnerable individuals in endemic areas. To date, specific antiviral therapeutics have not been licensed for human use against YFV or any other related flavivirus. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology have allowed for identification of numerous candidate therapeutics targeting highly pathogenic viruses, including many flaviviruses. Here, we sought to identify a highly neutralizing antibody targeting YFV envelope (E) protein as a therapeutic candidate. We used human B cell hybridoma technology to isolate mAbs from the circulating memory B cells from human YFV vaccine recipients. These antibodies bound to recombinant YFV E protein and recognized at least five major antigenic sites on E. Two mAbs (designated YFV-136 and YFV-121) recognized a shared antigenic site and neutralized the YFV 17D vaccine strain in vitro. YFV-136 also potently inhibited infection by multiple wild-type YFV strains, in part, at a post-attachment step in the virus replication cycle. YFV-136 showed therapeutic protection in two animal models of YFV challenge including hamsters and immunocompromised mice engrafted with human hepatocytes. These studies define features of the antigenic landscape on YFV E protein recognized by the human B cell response and identify a therapeutic antibody candidate that inhibits infection and disease caused by highly virulent strains of YFV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genualdi, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gainza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeder, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jethva, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombardi, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julander, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation of a potently neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibody targeting yellow fever virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Periventricular nodular heterotopia is functionally coupled with the neocortex during resting and task states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.03.482573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) is a well-defined developmental disorder characterized by failed neuronal migration, which forms ectopic neuronal nodules along the ventricular walls. Previous studies mainly focus on clinical symptoms caused by the PVNH tissue, such as seizures. However, little is known about whether and how neurons in the PVNH tissue functionally communicate with neurons in the neocortex. To probe this, we applied magnetoencephalography (MEG) and stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG) recordings to patients with PVNH during resting and task states. By estimating frequency-resolved phase coupling strength of the source-reconstructed neural activities, we found that the PVNH tissue was spontaneously coupled with the neocortex in the  to {beta} frequency range, which was consistent with the synchronization pattern within the neocortical network. Furthermore, the coupling strength between PVNH and sensory areas effectively modulated the local neural activity in sensory areas. In both MEG and sEEG visual experiments, the PVNH tissue exhibited visual evoked responses, with a similar pattern and latency as the ipsilateral visual cortex. These findings demonstrate that PVNH is functionally integrated into cognition-related cortical circuits, suggesting a co-development perspective of ectopic neurons after their migration failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.03.482573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Periventricular nodular heterotopia is functionally coupled with the neocortex during resting and task states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lrig3 restricts the size of the colon stem cell compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.08.483523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cellular census of the colonic crypt is tightly regulated, yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate this census are not fully understood. Lrig3, a transmembrane protein, is expressed in colonic crypt epithelial cells, including the stem, progenitor, and differentiated cell types. Mice missing Lrig3 have a disruption in their cellular census: using a novel Lrig3-/- mouse we demonstrate that Lrig3-/- mice have more cells per crypt, a greater mucosal area, and longer colons compared to wildtype mice, suggesting the expression of Lrig3 is required for both the total number of epithelial cells in the mouse colon, as well as colon length. In addition, we show Lrig3-/- mice have significantly more stem, progenitor, and deep crypt secretory cells, yet harbor a normal complement of enteroendocrine, Tuft, and absorptive cells. Lrig3-/- mice also have a concomitant decrease in phosphorylated Extracellular signal-related kinases, indicating the loss of Lrig3 leads to an expansion of the colonic stem cell compartment, in an Erk-dependent manner. Our study describes the expression of Lrig3 within the colon, defines perturbations in mice lacking Lrig3, and supports a role for Lrig3 in the establishment of both colonic crypt structure and cellular census, defined as the epithelial cell type and number in colon crypts.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=166 SRC="FIGDIR/small/483523v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stevenson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayegh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedicino, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellitier, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemper, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.483523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lrig3 restricts the size of the colon stem cell compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recombinant annexin A6 promotes membrane repair in a stem cell derived-cardiomyocyte model of dystrophic cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.09.483528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart failure is a major source of mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD arises from mutations that ablate expression of the protein dystrophin, which render the plasma membrane unusually fragile and prone to disruption. In DMD patients, repeated mechanical stress leads to membrane damage and cardiomyocyte loss. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) offer the opportunity to study specific mutations in the context of a human cell, but these models can be improved by adding physiologic stressors. We modeled the primary defect underlying DMD by applying equibiaxial mechanical strain to DMD iPSC-CMs. DMD iPSC-CMs demonstrated an increased susceptibility to equibiaxial strain after 2 hours at 10% strain relative to healthy control cells, measured as increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. After 24 hours, both DMD and healthy control iPSC-CMs showed evidence of injury with release of LDH and cardiac troponin T. We exposed iPSC-CMs to recombinant annexin A6, a protein resealing agent, and found reduced LDH and troponin release in DMD and control iPSC-CMs that had been subjected to 24 hour strain at 10%. We used aptamer protein profiling of media collected from DMD and control iPSC-CMs and compared these results to serum protein profiling from DMD patients. We found a strong correlation between the proteins in DMD patient serum and media from DMD iPSC-CMs subjected to mechanical stress. By developing an injury assay that specifically targets an underlying mechanism of injury seen in DMD-related cardiomyopathy, we demonstrated the potential therapeutic efficacy of the protein membrane resealer, recombinant annexin A6, for the treatment of DMD-related cardiomyopathy and general cardiac injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fullenkamp, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burridge, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demonbreun, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.09.483528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recombinant annexin A6 promotes membrane repair in a stem cell derived-cardiomyocyte model of dystrophic cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated cell atlas of the human lung in health and disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.10.483747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ- and body-scale cell atlases have the potential to transform our understanding of human biology. To capture the variability present in the population, these atlases must include diverse demographics such as age and ethnicity from both healthy and diseased individuals. The growth in both size and number of single-cell datasets, combined with recent advances in computational techniques, for the first time makes it possible to generate such comprehensive large-scale atlases through integration of multiple datasets. Here, we present the integrated Human Lung Cell Atlas (HLCA) combining 46 datasets of the human respiratory system into a single atlas spanning over 2.2 million cells from 444 individuals across health and disease. The HLCA contains a consensus re-annotation of published and newly generated datasets, resolving under- or misannotation of 59% of cells in the original datasets. The HLCA enables recovery of rare cell types, provides consensus marker genes for each cell type, and uncovers gene modules associated with demographic covariates and anatomical location within the respiratory system. To facilitate the use of the HLCA as a reference for single-cell lung research and allow rapid analysis of new data, we provide an interactive web portal to project datasets onto the HLCA. Finally, we demonstrate the value of the HLCA reference for interpreting disease-associated changes. Thus, the HLCA outlines a roadmap for the development and use of organ-scale cell atlases within the Human Cell Atlas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sikkema, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strobl, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zappia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madissoon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markov, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaragosi, L.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arguel, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apperloo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becavin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chichelnitskiy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooshiar Kashani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapellos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kole, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayr, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papen, von, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Suastegui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schniering, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walzthoeni, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donno, de, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dony, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heumos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibarra, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotfollahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabib, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talavera-Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.10.483747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated cell atlas of the human lung in health and disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Assays Reclassify Suspected Splice-Altering Variants of Uncertain Significance in Mendelian Channelopathies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.14.484344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRare protein-altering variants in SCN5A, KCNQ1, and KCNH2 are major causes of Brugada Syndrome (BrS) and the congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS). While splice-altering variants lying outside 2-bp canonical splice sites can cause these diseases, their role remains poorly described.

ObjectiveWe implemented two functional assays to assess 12 recently reported putative splice-altering variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and 1 likely pathogenic (LP) variant without functional data observed in BrS and LQTS probands.

MethodsWe deployed minigene assays to assess the splicing consequences of 10 variants. Three variants incompatible with the minigene approach were introduced into control induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by CRISPR genome editing. We differentiated cells into iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) and studied splicing outcomes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We used the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics functional assay criteria (PS3/BS3) to reclassify variants.

ResultsWe identified aberrant splicing, with presumed disruption of protein sequence, in 8/10 variants studied using the minigene assay and 1/3 studied in iPSC-CMs. We reclassified 9 VUS to LP, 1 VUS to Likely Benign, and 1 LP variant to pathogenic.

ConclusionsFunctional assays reclassified splice-altering variants outside canonical splice sites in BrS- and LQTS-associated genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Assays Reclassify Suspected Splice-Altering Variants of Uncertain Significance in Mendelian Channelopathies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Unique Cellular Organization of Human Distal Airways and Its Disarray in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the human lung, terminal bronchioles (TBs), the most distal conducting airways, open to respiratory bronchioles (RBs) that lead to the alveolar region where gas exchange takes place. This transition occurs in pulmonary lobules, lung tissue units supplied by pre-TBs, which give rise to TBs. Accumulating evidence suggests that remodeling and loss of pre-TBs and TBs underlies progressive airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death worldwide. Understanding the nature of these changes at the single-cell level has so far been limited by poor accessibility of pre-TBs and TBs. Here, we introduce a novel method of region-precise airway dissection, which enables capture of the entire anatomical continuum of peripheral airways, from pre-TBs to RBs, and the associated alveolar region within the lobule. This approach allowed us to identify terminal airway-enriched secretory cells (TASCs), a unique epithelial cell population of distal airways expressing secretoglobin 3A2 (SCGB3A2) and/or surfactant protein B (SFTPB). TASCs were enriched in TBs, particularly, in areas of TB-RB transition and exhibited an intermediate, broncho-alveolar molecular pattern. TASC frequency was markedly decreased in pre-TBs and TBs of COPD patients compared to those in non-diseased lungs, accompanied by changes in cellular composition of vascular and immune microenvironments. In vitro regeneration assays identified basal cells (BCs) of pre-TBs and TBs as a cellular origin of TASCs in the human lung. Generation of TASCs by these region-specific progenitors was suppressed by IFN-{gamma} signaling that was augmented in distal airways of COPD patients. Thus, altered maintenance of region-specific cellular organization of pre-TBs and TBs represents a key component of distal airway pathology in COPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rustam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahjour, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravichandran, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randell, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>d'Ovidio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaykhiev, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Unique Cellular Organization of Human Distal Airways and Its Disarray in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484787v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.17.484787v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Omicron variant strains encode large numbers of changes in the spike protein compared to historical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Although in vitro studies have suggested that several monoclonal antibody therapies lose neutralizing activity against Omicron variants1-4, the effects in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the protective efficacy against three SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains (BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2) of two monoclonal antibody therapeutics (S309 [Vir Biotechnology] monotherapy and AZD7442 [AstraZeneca] combination), which correspond to ones used to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Despite losses in neutralization potency in cell culture, S309 or AZD7442 treatments reduced BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 lung infection in susceptible mice that express human ACE2 (K18-hACE2). Correlation analyses between in vitro neutralizing activity and reductions in viral burden in K18-hACE2 or human Fc{gamma} R transgenic mice suggest that S309 and AZD7442 have different mechanisms of protection against Omicron variants, with S309 utilizing Fc effector function interactions and AZD7442 acting principally by direct neutralization. Our data in mice demonstrate the resilience of S309 and AZD7442 mAbs against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains and provide insight into the relationship between loss of antibody neutralization potency and retained protection in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Case, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errico, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarino, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Droit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handley, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halfmann, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawaoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fremont, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virgin, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diamond, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.17.484787</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Single-Cell Molecular Atlas of White Adipose Tissue Shows Differences in Myeloid and Lymphoid Cell Polarization in Type 2 Diabetes and HIV Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is a critical regulator of systemic metabolic homeostasis. Persons with HIV (PWH) have an increased risk of metabolic diseases and significant alterations in the SAT immune environment compared with the general population. We generated a comprehensive SAT atlas to characterize cellular compositional and transcriptional changes in 59 PWH with a spectrum of metabolic health. Glucose intolerance was associated with increased lipid-associated macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T effector memory cells, and decreased perivascular macrophages. We observed a coordinated intercellular regulatory program which enriched for genes related to inflammation and lipid-processing across multiple cell types as glucose intolerance increased. Increased CD4+ effector memory tissue resident cells most strongly associated with altered expression of adipocyte genes critical for lipid metabolism and cellular regulation. Many of these findings were present in a separate group of 32 diabetic HIV-negative persons, suggesting these changes are not specific to HIV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangula, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramesh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.484794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Single-Cell Molecular Atlas of White Adipose Tissue Shows Differences in Myeloid and Lymphoid Cell Polarization in Type 2 Diabetes and HIV Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macroevolutionary diversity of traits and genomes in the model yeast genus Saccharomyces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.30.486421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Species is the fundamental unit to quantify biodiversity. In recent years, the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has seen an increased number of studies related to its geographical distribution, population structure, and phenotypic diversity. However, seven additional species from the same genus have been less thoroughly studied, which has limited our understanding of the macroevolutionary leading to the diversification of this genus over the last 20 million years. Here, we report the geographies, hosts, substrates, and phylogenetic relationships for approximately 1,800 Saccharomyces strains, covering the complete genus with unprecedented breadth and depth. We generated and analyzed complete genome sequences of 163 strains and phenotyped 128 phylogenetically diverse strains. This dataset provides insights about genetic and phenotypic diversity within and between species and populations, quantifies reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting, and demonstrates how gene flow and selection have affected traits, such as galactose metabolism. These findings elevate the genus Saccharomyces as a model to understand biodiversity and evolution in microbial eukaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubbelohde, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kominek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koshalek, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulfachor, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fay, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leducq, J.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charron, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landry, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libkind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, F.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.30.486421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macroevolutionary diversity of traits and genomes in the model yeast genus Saccharomyces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct regions of H. pylori's bactofilin regulate protein interactions to control cell shape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.05.487110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The helical shape of H. pylori cells promotes robust stomach colonization, however, how the helical shape of H. pylori cells is determined is unresolved. Previous work identified helical-cell-shape-promoting protein complexes containing a peptidoglycan-hydrolase (Csd1), a peptidoglycan precursor synthesis enzyme (MurF), a non-enzymatic homologue of Csd1 (Csd2), non-enzymatic transmembrane proteins (Csd5 and Csd7), and a bactofilin (CcmA). Bactofilins are highly conserved, spontaneously polymerizing cytoskeletal bacterial proteins. We sought to understand CcmAs function in generating the helical shape of H. pylori cells. Using CcmA deletion analysis, in vitro polymerization, and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation experiments we identified that the bactofilin domain and N-terminal region of CcmA are required for helical cell shape and the bactofilin domain of CcmA is sufficient for polymerization and interactions with Csd5 and Csd7. We also found that CcmAs N-terminal region inhibits interaction with Csd7. Deleting the N-terminal region of CcmA increases CcmA-Csd7 interactions and destabilizes the peptidoglycan-hydrolase Csd1. Using super-resolution microscopy, we found that Csd5 recruits CcmA to the cell envelope and promotes CcmA enrichment at the major helical axis. Thus, CcmA helps organize cell-shape-determining proteins and peptidoglycan synthesis machinery to coordinate cell wall modification and synthesis, promoting the curvature required to build a helical cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sichel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salama, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.05.487110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct regions of H. pylori's bactofilin regulate protein interactions to control cell shape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrophysiological normative responses to emotional, neutral, and cigarette-related images. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.11.487896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To create reproducible emotional probes, affective scientists rely on sets of standardized pictures that are normed using subjective ratings of valence and emotional arousal. Yet, to investigate psychophysiological emotional responses, it might be more appropriate to select pictures using normative neurophysiological responses rather than normative subjective ratings. Here, we provide electrophysiological normative responses for 323 emotional pictures (215 from the IAPS) covering a wide range of categories (erotica, romantic, appetizing foods, landscapes, people engaged in mundane activities, household objects, disgusting objects, accidents, sad people, violence, mutilations, and cigarette-related contents). Event-related potentials (ERPs) and subjective ratings of pleasure and emotional arousal were collected from 763 individuals (52% females, 41% white) aged between 18 and 65 (mean = 43). For each image, the mean amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP, an electrophysiological index of motivational relevance) and the mean subjective ratings of valence and arousal were calculated. We validated our procedure by showing that the subjective ratings of valence and arousal from this sample were highly correlated to the IAPS published norms (Pearson r=.97 for pleasure and r=.82 for emotional arousal). LPP responses and subjective ratings of emotional arousal also were correlated (Pearson r = .61), but some categories that participants reported being significantly more arousing than neutral (i.e., food, landscapes, and unpleasant objects) did not evoke LPPs significantly different from those evoked by neutral pictures. Researchers interested in probing the brains affective systems can use these electrophysiological normative responses to create emotional probes that evoke reliable neuroaffective responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Versace, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambuco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deweese, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinciripini, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrophysiological normative responses to emotional, neutral, and cigarette-related images.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-17A controls CNS autoimmunity by regulating gut microbiota and inducing regulatory T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A disrupted equilibrium among gut microbiota, IL-17A-producing CD4 T-cells (Th17), and regulatory CD4 T-cells (Treg) have been linked with the pathobiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). While gut microbiota can regulate both Treg and Th17 cells, the impact of IL-17A on this gut-immune connection remains unclear. Utilizing HLA-DR3 transgenic mouse model of MS, we show that IL-17A deficiency (HLA-DR3.IL17A-/-) resulted in milder disease characterized by increased Tregs and expansion of Treg-promoting gut microbes, including Prevotella. Cohousing HLA-DR3 mice with HLA-DR3.IL17A-/- transferred the milder disease phenotype and associated microbiota changes to DR3 mice, highlighting the dominant role of gut microbiota in Treg induction and disease amelioration. DR3.IL17A-/- mice also showed a higher abundance of functional pathways linked with short-chain fatty acid synthesis and elevated IL-10 in dendritic cells. Enrichment of the Treg-promoting PPAR signaling pathway expression in the colon of HLA-DR3.IL17A-/- mice and following Prevotella administration in HLA-DR3 mice underscores the importance of gut microbiota in IL-17A-mediated immune regulation. Thus, our study uncovers a previously unappreciated role for IL-17A in shaping gut microbiota and immune regulation, with far-reaching implications for MS treatment.

One-Sentence SummaryIL-17A modulates Treg and gut microbiota to control EAE
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shahi, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandikar, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangalam, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-17A controls CNS autoimmunity by regulating gut microbiota and inducing regulatory T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatially-enhanced clusterwise inference for testing and localizing intermodal correspondence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the increasing availability of neuroimaging data from multiple modalities--each providing a different lens through which to study brain structure or function--new techniques for comparing, integrating, and interpreting information within and across modalities have emerged. Recent developments include hypothesis tests of associations between neuroimaging modalities, which can be used to determine the statistical significance of intermodal associations either throughout the entire brain or within anatomical subregions or functional networks. While these methods provide a crucial foundation for inference on intermodal relationships, they cannot be used to answer questions about where in the brain these associations are most pronounced. In this paper, we introduce a new method, called CLEAN-R, that can be used both to test intermodal correspondence throughout the brain and also to localize this correspondence. Our method involves first adjusting for the underlying spatial autocorrelation structure within each modality before aggregating information within small clusters to construct a map of enhanced test statistics. Using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a subsample of children and adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we conduct simulations and data analyses where we illustrate the high statistical power and nominal type I error levels of our method. By constructing an interpretable map of group-level correspondence using spatially-enhanced test statistics, our method offers insights beyond those provided by earlier methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapera, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detre, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.25.489462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatially-enhanced clusterwise inference for testing and localizing intermodal correspondence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.490096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CXCL12 morphogen gradient uncovers lung endothelial heterogeneity and promotes distal vascular growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.30.490096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In adults, there is a growing amount of data uncovering the cellular diversity of the pulmonary circulation and mechanisms governing vascular repair after injury, however, molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to the morphogenesis and growth of the pulmonary vasculature during embryonic development are less clear. Importantly, deficits in vascular development lead to a large number of lung diseases in children, indicating a need to uncover fetal programs that promote pulmonary vascular growth. To address this, we used a transgenic mouse reporter for expression of Cxcl12, an arterial hallmark gene, and performed single-cell RNA sequencing on isolated Cxcl12-DsRed+ endothelium to assess cellular heterogeneity within pulmonary endothelium. Combining cell annotation, gene ontology analysis, and spatial transcriptomics allowed us to segregate the developing artery into spatially and functionally distinct novel subpopulations. In addition, expression of Cxcl12 suggests a morphogen gradient from arteries to capillaries, suggesting directed cell migration for pulmonary vascular development. Disruption of this gradient led to abnormal branching and pulmonary vascular hypoplasia. These data provide evidence for arterial endothelial functional heterogeneity and reveal conserved signaling mechanisms essential for pulmonary vascular development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peers de Nieuburgh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michki, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, F. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepp, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.30.490096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CXCL12 morphogen gradient uncovers lung endothelial heterogeneity and promotes distal vascular growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cooperative RNA degradation stabilizes intermediate epithelial-mesenchymal states and supports phenotypic continuum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a change in cell shape and mobility that occurs during normal development or cancer metastasis. Multiple intermediate EMT states reflecting hybrid epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes were observed in various physiological and pathological conditions. Previous theoretical models explaining the intermediate EMT states rely on multiple regulatory loops involving transcriptional feedback. These models produce three or four attractors with a given set of rate constants, which is incompatible with experimentally observed non-genetic heterogeneity reflecting a continuum-like EMT spectrum. EMT is regulated by many microRNAs that typically bind transcripts of EMT-related genes via multiple binding sites. It was unclear whether post-transcriptional regulations associated with the microRNA binding sites alone can stabilize intermediate EMT states. Here, we used models describing the post-transcriptional regulations with elementary reaction networks, finding that cooperative RNA degradation via multiple microRNA binding sites can generate four-attractor systems without transcriptional feedback. We identified many specific, experimentally supported instances of network structures predicted to permit intermediate EMT states. Furthermore, transcriptional feedback and the newly identified intermediates-enabling circuits can be combined to produce even more intermediate EMT states in both modular and emergent manners. Finally, multisite-mediated cooperative RNA degradation can increase the distribution of gene expression in the EMT spectrum and support the phenotypic continuum without the need of higher noise. Our work reveals a previously unknown role of cooperative RNA degradation and microRNA in EMT, providing a theoretical framework that can help to bridge the gap between mechanistic models and single-cell experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nordick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cooperative RNA degradation stabilizes intermediate epithelial-mesenchymal states and supports phenotypic continuum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome assembly and analysis of the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways in Fingerroot ginger (Boesenbergia rotunda) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.11.491478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae), is a high-value culinary and ethno-medicinal plant of Southeast Asia. The rhizomes of this herb have high flavanone and chalcone content. Here we report genome analysis of B. rotunda together with a complete genome sequence as a hybrid assembly. B. rotunda has an estimated genome size of 2.4 Gb which was assembled as 27,491 contigs with N50 size of 12.386 Mb. The highly heterozygous genome encodes 71,072 protein-coding genes and has 72% repeat content, with class I TEs occupying [~]67% of the assembled genome. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of the 18 chromosome pairs at metaphase showed six sites of 45S rDNA and two sites of 5S rDNA. SSR analysis identified 238,441 gSSRs and 4,604 EST-SSRs with 49 SSR markers common among related species. Genome-wide methylation percentages ranged from 73% CpG, 36% CHG and 34% CHH in leaf to 53% CpG, 18% CHG and 25% CHH in embryogenic callus. Panduratin A biosynthetic unigenes were most highly expressed in watery callus. B rotunda has a relatively large genome with high heterozygosity and TE content. This assembly and data (PRJNA71294) comprise a source for further research on the functional genomics of B. rotunda, the evolution of the ginger plant family and the potential genetic selection or improvement of gingers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taheri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heslop-Harrison, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarzacher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wee, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biswas, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutha, N. V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohd-Yusof, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harikrishna, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.11.491478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome assembly and analysis of the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways in Fingerroot ginger (Boesenbergia rotunda)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492262v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain computation of cognitive versus acoustic errors in music 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.17.492262v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have evidenced how the local prediction of physical stimulus features may affect the neural processing of incoming stimuli. Less known are the effects of cognitive priors on predictive processes, and how the brain computes local versus cognitive predictions and their errors. Here, we determined the differential brain mechanisms underlying prediction errors related to high-level, cognitive priors for melody (rhythm, contour) versus low-level, local acoustic priors (tuning, timbre). We measured with magnetoencephalography the mismatch negativity (MMN) prediction error signal in 104 adults having varying levels of musical expertise. We discovered that the brain regions involved in predictive processes for local priors were primary and secondary auditory cortex and insula, whereas cognitive brain regions such as cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices were recruited for melodic errors in cognitive priors. The involvement of higher-level brain regions for computing cognitive errors was enhanced in musicians, especially in cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyri, and supplementary motor area. Overall, the findings expand knowledge on whole-brain mechanisms of predictive processing and the related MMN generators, previously mainly confined to the auditory cortex, to a frontal network that strictly depends on the type of priors that are to be computed by the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlomagno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kliuchko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haumann, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tervaniemi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huotilainen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuust, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brattico, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.17.492262</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain computation of cognitive versus acoustic errors in music]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myriocin remodels sphingolipids and modulates proteostasis networks to enhance longevity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.20.492522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the elderly population increases, chronic, age-associated diseases are challenging healthcare systems around the world. Nutrient limitation is well known to slow the aging process and improve health. Regrettably, practicing nutrient restriction to improve health is unachievable for most people. Alternatively, pharmacological strategies are being pursued including myriocin which increases lifespan in budding yeast. Myriocin impairs sphingolipid synthesis, resulting in lowered amino acid pools which promote entry into a quiescent, long-lived state. Here we present transcriptomic data during the first 6 hours of drug treatment that improves our mechanistic understanding of the cellular response to myriocin and reveals a new role for ubiquitin in longevity. Previously we found that the methionine transporter Mup1 traffics to the plasma membrane normally in myriocin-treated cells but is not active and undergoes endocytic clearance. We now show that UBI4, a gene encoding stressed-induced ubiquitin, is vital for myriocin-enhanced lifespan. Furthermore, we show that Mup1 fused to a deubiquitinase domain impairs myriocin-enhanced longevity. Broader effects of myriocin treatment on ubiquitination are indicated by our finding of a significant increase in K63-linked ubiquitin polymers following myriocin treatment. Although proteostasis is broadly accepted as a pillar of aging, our finding that ubiquitination of an amino acid transporter promotes longevity in myriocin-treated cells is novel. Addressing the role of ubiquitination/deubiquitination in longevity has the potential to reveal new strategies and targets for promoting healthy aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blalock, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.20.492522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myriocin remodels sphingolipids and modulates proteostasis networks to enhance longevity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational epitope mapping of class I fusion proteins using Bayes classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.23.493016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody epitope mapping of viral proteins plays a vital role in understanding immune system mechanisms of protection. In the case of class I viral fusion proteins, recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy and protein stabilization techniques have highlighted the importance of cryptic or  alternative conformations that expose epitopes targeted by potent neutralizing antibodies. Thorough epitope mapping of such metastable conformations is difficult, but is critical for understanding sites of vulnerability in class I fusion proteins that occur as transient conformational states during viral attachment and fusion. We introduce a novel method Accelerated class I fusion protein Epitope Mapping (AxIEM) that accounts for fusion protein flexibility to significantly improve out-of-sample prediction of discontinuous antibody epitopes. Harnessing data from previous experimental epitope mapping efforts of several class I fusion proteins, we demonstrate that accuracy of epitope prediction depends on residue environment and allows for the precise prediction of conformation-dependent antibody target residues. We also show that AxIEM can to identify common epitopes and provide structural insights for the development and rational design of vaccines.

Author SummaryEfficient determination of neutralizing epitopes of viral fusion proteins is paramount in the development of antibody-based therapeutics against rapidly evolving or undercharacterized viral pathogens. Advances in the determination of viral fusion proteins in multiple conformations with  cryptic epitopes during attachment and fusion has highlighted the importance of epitope accessibility due to viral fusion protein flexibility, a physical trait not accounted for in previous B-cell epitope prediction methods. Given the relatively limited number of viral fusion proteins that have been determined in multiple conformations that also have been extensively subjected to epitope mapping techniques,, which are predominantly class I fusion proteins, we chose a limited feature set in combination with a low-complexity Bayesian classifier model to avoid overfitting. We show that this model demonstrates higher accuracy in out-of-sample performance than publicly available epitope prediction methods. Additionally, due to limited structural annotation of neutralizing epitope residues, we provide examples of how our model better discerns conformation-specific epitopes, which is critical for subunit vaccine design, and how this may provide a novel approach to assess the structural changes of antigenicity of viral fusion protein homologues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, M. F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.23.493016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational epitope mapping of class I fusion proteins using Bayes classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.492945v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMAD4 suppresses colitis-associated carcinoma through inhibition of CCL20/CCR6-mediated inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.492945v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsChronic inflammation in the colon is a predisposing factor for colon cancer. We previously reported that colon epithelial cell silencing of Smad4, the central downstream mediator of TGF{beta} family signaling, increased epithelial expression of inflammatory genes, including the chemokine CCL20, and increased susceptibility to colitis-associated cancer. Here, we examine the role of the chemokine/receptor pair CCL20/CCR6 in mediating colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by SMAD4 loss.

MethodsMice with conditional, epithelial-specific Smad4 loss with and without germline deletion of the Ccr6 gene were subjected to three rounds of dextran sodium sulfate and followed for up to 3 months. Tumors were quantified histologically, and immune cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunostaining.

ResultsIn humans, SMAD4 expression inversely correlated with CCL20 expression. Smad4 loss in mouse colon epithelium led to enlarged gut-associated lymphoid tissues and recruitment of specific immune cell subsets to the mouse colon epithelium and underlying stroma, particularly Treg, Th17, and dendritic cells. Loss of CCR6 abrogated these immune responses and significantly reduced the incidence of colitis-associated tumors observed with loss of SMAD4 alone.

ConclusionsRegulation of mucosal inflammation is a critical role of SMAD4 signaling within the colon epithelium and central to its tumor suppressor function in the colon. A key downstream node in this regulation is suppression of CCL20 signaling by the epithelium to CCR6 in immune cells. Loss of SMAD4 in the colon epithelium increases CCL20 expression and chemoattraction of CCR6+ immune cells, contributing to greater susceptibility to colon cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marincola-Smith, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novitskiy, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamaamen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Means, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.492945</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMAD4 suppresses colitis-associated carcinoma through inhibition of CCL20/CCR6-mediated inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Transcriptome Risk Scores Can Translate Genetic Results Between Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.03.494719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated specific alleles and genes as risk factors for numerous complex traits. However, translating GWAS results into biologically and therapeutically meaningful discoveries remains extremely challenging. Most GWAS results identify noncoding regions of the genome, suggesting that differences in gene regulation are the major driver of trait variability. To better integrate GWAS results with gene regulatory polymorphisms, we previously developed PrediXcan (also known as "transcriptome-wide association studies" or TWAS), which maps SNPs to predicted gene expression using GWAS data. In this study, we developed RatXcan, a framework that extends this methodology to outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. RatXcan accounts for the close familial relationships among HS rats by modeling the relatedness with a random effect that encodes the genetic relatedness. RatXcan also corrects for polygenic-driven inflation because of the equivalence between a relatedness random effect and the infinitesimal polygenic model. To develop RatXcan, we trained transcript predictors for 8,934 genes using reference genotype and expression data from five rat brain regions. We found that the cis genetic architecture of gene expression in both rats and humans was sparse and similar across brain tissues. We tested the association between predicted expression in rats and two example traits (body length and BMI) using phenotype and genotype data from 5,401 densely genotyped HS rats and identified a significant enrichment between the genes associated with rat and human body length and BMI. Thus, RatXcan represents a valuable tool for identifying the relationship between gene expression and phenotypes across species and paves the way to explore shared biological mechanisms of complex traits.

Author SummaryUnderstanding how genetic variation affects phenotypic variation is critical to leveraging the wealth of genetic studies to make biologically and therapeutically useful discoveries. Since most of the genetic loci associated with complex diseases are regulatory in nature--meaning that they do not alter protein coding but rather subtly affect gene expression--transcriptome-wide association studies have been developed. However, these apply only to human data where large samples of unrelated individuals are available. For animal models, relatedness is much higher, causing higher false-positive rates. We propose a computationally efficient method to address this problem and find shared biology between humans and rats. Taken together, our development paves the way to further explore shared biological mechanisms of complex traits across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santhanam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gileta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamparelli, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. Pierre, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flagel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiwari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polesskaya, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.494719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Transcriptome Risk Scores Can Translate Genetic Results Between Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The phers R package: using phenotype risk scores based on electronic health records to study Mendelian disease and rare genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.07.495133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electronic health record (EHR) data linked to DNA biobanks are a valuable resource for understanding the phenotypic effects of human genetic variation. We previously developed the phenotype risk score (PheRS) as an approach to quantify the extent to which a patients clinical features resemble a given Mendelian disease. Using PheRS, we have uncovered novel associations between Mendelian diseaselike phenotypes and rare genetic variants, and identified patients who may have undiagnosed Mendelian disease. Although the PheRS approach is conceptually simple, it involves multiple mapping steps and was previously only available as custom scripts, limiting the approachs usability. Thus, we developed the phers R package, a complete and user-friendly set of functions and maps for performing a PheRS-based analysis on linked clinical and genetic data. The package includes up-to-date maps between EHR-based phenotypes (i.e., ICD codes and phecodes), human phenotype ontology (HPO) terms, and Mendelian diseases. Starting with occurrences of ICD codes, the package enables the user to calculate phenotype risk scores, validate the scores using case-control analyses, and perform genetic association analyses. By increasing PheRSs transparency and usability, the phers R package will help improve our understanding of the relationships between rare genetic variants and clinically meaningful human phenotypes.

AvailabilityThe phers R package is free and open-source, and available on CRAN and at https://phers.hugheylab.org.

Contactjakejhughey@gmail.com

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aref, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.495133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The phers R package: using phenotype risk scores based on electronic health records to study Mendelian disease and rare genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495337v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated extracellular matrix trafficking shapes cell growth during cartilage morphogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.08.495337v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Craniofacial malformations are present in more than one third of all congenital syndromes, but the pathogenesis of skeletal dysmorphology is poorly understood. Here, using an unbiased forward genetics approach in zebrafish, we identified a mutation in erc1b that leads to craniofacial defects, including micrognathia and hypertelorism caused by impaired cartilage and bone growth. To date, ERC1 has not been considered a candidate gene for craniofacial syndromes. Using live in vivo imaging, genetic depletion and replacement experiments, and transgenic approaches, we interrogated erc1b function. We found that Erc1b regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) trafficking required for the highly conserved "stack of coins" organization of chondrocytes in cartilage that is essential for skeletal growth and integrity. Erc1b functions cellautonomously at the chondrocyte cell cortex to regulate traffic of ECM and plasma membrane expansion in a microtubule dependent manner during isometric cell growth. Disruption of Erc1-Rab8-Kinesin-1 axis leads to failure of cartilage maturation, endochondral bone formation and ultimately chondrocyte cell death. Our study identifies Erc1b as a candidate genetic factor for craniofacial syndromes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Levic, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unlu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melville, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapik, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.08.495337</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated extracellular matrix trafficking shapes cell growth during cartilage morphogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Codon optimization, not gene content, predicts XYLose metabolism in budding yeasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.10.495693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xylose is the second most abundant monomeric sugar in plant biomass. Consequently, xylose catabolism is an ecologically important trait for saprotrophic organisms, as well as a fundamentally important trait for industries that hope to convert plant mass to renewable fuels and other bioproducts using microbial metabolism. Although common across fungi, xylose catabolism is rare within Saccharomycotina, the subphylum that contains most industrially relevant fermentative yeast species. Several yeasts unable to consume xylose have been previously reported to possess complete predicted xylolytic metabolic pathways, suggesting the absence of a gene-trait correlation for xylose metabolism. Here, we measured growth on xylose and systematically identify XYL pathway orthologs across the genomes of 332 budding yeast species. We found that most yeast species possess complete predicted xylolytic pathways, but pathway presence did not correlate with xylose catabolism. We then quantified codon usage bias of XYL genes and found that codon optimization was higher in species able to consume xylose. Finally, we showed that codon optimization of XYL2, which encodes xylitol dehydrogenase, positively correlated with growth rates in xylose medium. We conclude that gene content cannot predict xylose metabolism; instead, codon optimization is now the best predictor of xylose metabolism from yeast genome sequence data.

Significance StatementIn the genomic era, strategies are needed for the prediction of metabolic traits from genomic data. Xylose metabolism is an industrially important trait, but it is not found in most yeast species heavily used in industry. Because xylose metabolism appears rare across budding yeasts, we sought to identify a computational means of predicting which species are capable of xylose catabolism. We did not find a relationship between gene content and xylose metabolism traits. Rather, we found that codon optimization of xylolytic genes was higher in species that can metabolize xylose, and that optimization of one specific gene correlated with xylose-specific growth rates. Thus, codon optimization is currently the only means of accurately predicting xylose metabolism from genome sequence data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nalabothu, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.10.495693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Codon optimization, not gene content, predicts XYLose metabolism in budding yeasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495984v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional Cartography Integrates Multiscale Biology of the Human Cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.13.495984v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex underlies many of our unique strengths and vulnerabilities - but efforts to understand human cortical organization are challenged by reliance on incompatible measurement methods at different spatial scales. Macroscale features such as cortical folding and functional activation are accessed through spatially dense neuroimaging maps, whereas microscale cellular and molecular features are typically measured with sparse postmortem sampling. Here, we integrate these distinct windows on brain organization by building upon existing postmortem data to impute, validate and analyze a library of spatially dense neuroimaging-like maps of human cortical gene expression. These maps allow spatially unbiased discovery of cortical zones with extreme transcriptional profiles or unusually rapid transcriptional change which index distinct microstructure and predict neuroimaging measures of cortical folding and functional activation. Modules of spatially coexpressed genes define a family of canonical expression maps that integrate diverse spatial scales and temporal epochs of human brain organization - ranging from protein-protein interactions to large-scale systems for cognitive processing. These module maps also parse neuropsychiatric risk genes into subsets which tag distinct cyto-laminar features and differentially predict the location of altered cortical anatomy and gene expression in patients. Taken together, the methods, resources and findings described here advance our understanding of human cortical organization and offer flexible bridges to connect scientific fields operating at different spatial scales of human brain research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagstyl, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dear, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCasien, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.13.495984</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional Cartography Integrates Multiscale Biology of the Human Cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The unfolded protein response transcription factor XBP1s ameliorates Alzheimer`s disease by improving synaptic function and proteostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.21.496869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alteration in the buffering capacity of the proteostasis network is an emerging feature of Alzheimers disease (AD), highlighting the occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main adaptive pathway to cope with protein folding stress at the ER. Inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1) is an ER-located kinase and endoribonuclease that operates as a central ER stress sensor, enabling the establishment of adaptive and repair programs through the control of the expression of the transcription factor X-Box binding protein 1 (XBP1). A polymorphism in the XBP1 promoter has been suggested as a risk factor for AD. To artificially enforce the adaptive capacity of the UPR in the AD brain, we developed strategies to express the active form of XBP1 in neurons using preclinical models. Overexpression of an active form of XBP1 in the nervous system using transgenic mice significantly reduced the load of amyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and preserved synaptic and cognitive function. Moreover, local delivery of XBP1 into the hippocampus of an AD mice using adeno-associated vectors improved long-term potentiation, memory performance, and dendritic spine density. Quantitative proteomics of the hippocampus revealed that XBP1 expression corrects a large proportion of the alterations observed in the 5xFAD model, restoring the levels of several synaptic proteins and factors involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation and axonal growth. Our results illustrate the therapeutic potential of targeting UPR-dependent gene expression programs as a strategy to ameliorate AD features and sustain synaptic function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duran Aniotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Krstulovic, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poblete, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardiles, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz Hung, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabusap, C. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerakis, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral Miranda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentealba, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matinez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamburini, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medinas, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lourenco, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Billault, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.21.496869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The unfolded protein response transcription factor XBP1s ameliorates Alzheimer`s disease by improving synaptic function and proteostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.496861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RyR2 inhibition with dantrolene is antiarrhythmic, antifibrotic, and improves cardiac function in chronic ischemic heart disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.496861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundVentricular tachycardia (VT) is responsible for sudden death in chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) patients. The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) releases Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and links electrical excitation to contraction. RyR2 hyperactivity has been widely documented in CIHD and may contribute to VT risk and progressive LV remodeling.

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that targeting RyR2 hyperactivity plays a mechanistic role in VT inducibility and progressive heart failure in CIHD that can be prevented by the RyR2 inhibitor dantrolene.

MethodsCIHD was induced in C57BL/6J mice by left coronary artery ligation. Four weeks later, mice were randomized to either acute or chronic (6 weeks via osmotic mini-pump) treatment with dantrolene or vehicle. VT inducibility was assessed by programmed stimulation in vivo and in isolated hearts. Electrical substrate remodeling was assessed by optical mapping. Ca2+ sparks and spontaneous Ca2+ releases were measured in isolated cardiomyocytes. Cardiac remodeling was assessed by histology and qRT-PCR. Cardiac function and contractility were assessed by echocardiography.

ResultsCompared to vehicle, acute dantrolene treatment reduced VT inducibility and improved LV contractility in vivo. Optical mapping in isolated hearts demonstrated reentrant VT prevention by dantrolene, which normalized the shortened refractory period (VERP) and prolonged action potential duration (APD), preventing APD alternans. In single CIHD cardiomyocytes, dantrolene normalized RyR2 hyperactivity and prevented spontaneous SR Ca2+ release. Chronic dantrolene treatment reduced peripheral muscle strength but had no adverse effects on body weight or mortality. Chronic dantrolene not only reduced VT inducibility but also reduced peri-infarct fibrosis and prevented the progression of LV dysfunction in CIHD mice.

ConclusionRyR2 hyperactivity plays a mechanistic role for VT risk, infarct remodeling, and contractile dysfunction in CIHD mice. Our data provide proof of concept for the anti-arrhythmic and anti-fibrotic efficacy of dantrolene in CIHD.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIThe mouse CIHD model is a more clinically relevant model in which treatment is started late after infarction, when heart failure is already established.
C_LIO_LIAcute and chronic dantrolene treatment suppresses VT inducibility by restoring myocyte APD, terminating APD alternans and normalizing VERP.
C_LIO_LIChronic dantrolene treatment prevents pathological remodeling and peri-infarct fibrosis, the substrate for reentry VT. Cardiac function is improved with chronic dantrolene therapy.
C_LI

Clinical ImplicationsO_LITreatment with dantrolene, which is already approved for clinical use, is a promising therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease, in whom other antiarrhythmic drugs are contraindicated.
C_LIO_LIDantrolene inhibition of RyR2 not only suppresses VT but also improves cardiac function in chronic ischemic heart disease.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmeckpeper, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennan, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efimov, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.496861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RyR2 inhibition with dantrolene is antiarrhythmic, antifibrotic, and improves cardiac function in chronic ischemic heart disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.25.497570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ageing leads to nonspecific antimicrobial peptide responses in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.25.497570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary theory predicts a late-life decline in the force of natural selection, possibly leading to late-life deregulations of the immune system. A potential outcome of such immune-deregulation is the inability to produce specific immunity against target pathogens. We tested this possibility by infecting multiple Drosophila melanogaster lines (with bacterial pathogens) across age-groups, where either individual or different combinations of Imd- and Toll-inducible antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were deleted using CRISPR gene editing. We show a high degree of non-redundancy and pathogen-specificity of AMPs in young flies: in some cases, even a single AMP could confer complete resistance. In contrast, ageing led to a complete loss of such specificity, warranting the action of multiple AMPs across Imd- and Toll-pathways during infections. Moreover, use of diverse AMPs either had no survival benefits, or even accompanied survival costs post-infection. These features were also sexually dimorphic: females expressed a larger repertoire of AMPs than males, but extracted equivalent survival benefits. Finally, age-specific expansion of the AMP-pool was associated with downregulation of negative-regulators of the Imd-pathway and a potential damage to renal function, as features of poorly-regulated immunity, Overall, we could establish ageing as an important driver of nonspecific AMP responses, across sexes and bacterial infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.25.497570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ageing leads to nonspecific antimicrobial peptide responses in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.497369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Battle for the histones: a secreted bacterial sirtuin from Campylobacter jejuni activates neutrophils and induces inflammation during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.497369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone modifications alter numerous cornerstone processes in eukaryotes, including metabolism, physiology, and immunity. Numerous bacterial pathogens can alter expression of host-derived sirtuins to deacetylate histones in order to promote infection, yet, a bacterial-derived sirtuin has yet to be investigated to deacetylate host histones. Using Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of bacterial-derived gastroenteritis, we found a secreted sirtuin, SliP, which binds to and deacetylates neutrophil histones. We found neutrophil activation and extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps was SliP dependent, whereby sliP mutants are unable to activate neutrophils or promote NETosis. Leveraging the mouse model of campylobacteriosis, we further demonstrate the sliP mutant can efficiently infect IL-10-/- mice, but induction of proinflammatory cytokine production and gastrointestinal pathology is SliP-dependent. In conclusion, we investigate a unique bacterial effector which targets host histones and is responsible for the inflammatory response and tissue pathology observed during campylobacteriosis.

HighlightsO_LIC. jejuni encodes a secreted effector, SliP, which functions as a canonical sirtuin
C_LIO_LISliP binds to and deacetylates neutrophil histone H3 during bacterial infection
C_LIO_LIC. jejuni-induced neutrophil activation and NETosis are SliP-dependent
C_LIO_LIInflammation and tissue pathology during C. jejuni infection is SliP-dependent
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Callahan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doster, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.497369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Battle for the histones: a secreted bacterial sirtuin from Campylobacter jejuni activates neutrophils and induces inflammation during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells are regulated by WASP in a microbiota-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is a cytoskeletal regulator that is largely restricted to hematopoietic cells. While WASP expression in both lymphocytes and macrophages play a critical role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, the function of WASP in innate lymphoid cells is unknown. Here we analyzed the role of WASP in the differentiation and function of group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). WASP-deficient mice (Was-/-) have a marked reduction in ILC3s. Moreover, antimicrobial peptide expression in response to ILC3-derived IL-22 was also reduced in the absence of WASP. In Was-/- mice, we observed a reduction in CCR6+ ILC3s, cells known to restrict immune responses to commensal bacteria. WASP-deficient mice were more susceptible to Citrobacter rodentium, an enteric infection controlled by ILC3s. Interestingly, there was no reduction in ILC3s in Was-/- germ-free mice when compared to WT germ-free mice. ILC3s lacking WASP expression also demonstrated microbially-dependent alterations in gene expression associated with cell migration. Finally, ILC3-like (Rorgt+CD3-) cells were reduced in the GI tract of WASP-deficient patients. In conclusion, ILC3-specific expression of WASP is critical for the generation and function of ILC3s in the presence of commensal microflora. Aberrant ILC3 function in the setting of WASP-deficiency may contribute to underlying disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biswas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redhu, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konnikova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horwitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snapper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells are regulated by WASP in a microbiota-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epinephrine inhibits PI3K alpha via the Hippo kinases. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.19.500601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p110, is an essential mediator of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. We systematically interrogated the human serine, threonine, and tyrosine kinome to search for novel regulators of p110 and found that the Hippo kinases phosphorylate and completely inhibit its activity. This inhibitory state corresponds to a conformational change of a membrane binding domain on p110, which impairs its ability to engage membranes. In human primary hepatocytes, cancer cell lines, and rodent tissues, activation of the Hippo kinases, MST1/2, using forskolin or epinephrine is associated with phosphorylation and inhibition of p110, impairment of downstream insulin signaling, and suppression of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. These changes are abrogated when MST1/2 are genetically deleted or inhibited with small molecules. Our study reveals a novel inhibitory pathway of PI3K signaling and a previously unappreciated link between epinephrine and insulin signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsamooj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberatore, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karukurichi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesicki, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastenhuber, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiederhold, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paddock, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantley, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.19.500601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epinephrine inhibits PI3K alpha via the Hippo kinases.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500802v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry GWAS of major depression aids locus discovery, fine-mapping, gene prioritisation, and causal inference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500802v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depression (MD) have been conducted in samples of European ancestry. Here we report a multi-ancestry GWAS of MD, adding data from 21 studies with 88,316 MD cases and 902,757 controls to previously reported data from individuals of European ancestry. This includes samples of African (36% of effective sample size), East Asian (26%) and South Asian (6%) ancestry and Hispanic/Latinx participants (32%). The multi-ancestry GWAS identified 190 significantly associated loci, 53 of them novel. For previously reported loci from GWAS in European ancestry the power-adjusted transferability ratio was 0.6 in the Hispanic/Latinx group and 0.3 in each of the other groups. Fine-mapping benefited from additional sample diversity: the number of credible sets with [&le;]5 variants increased from 3 to 12. A transcriptome-wide association study identified 354 significantly associated genes, 205 of them novel. Mendelian Randomisation showed a bidirectional relationship with BMI exclusively in samples of European ancestry. This first multi-ancestry GWAS of MD demonstrates the importance of large diverse samples for the identification of target genes and putative mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navoly, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannakopoulou, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DL, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaziano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Heel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trivedi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chundru, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Q. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valkovskaya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuo, P.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burmeister, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preuss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Actkins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wildman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ursano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakaue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabinowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eato</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500802</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry GWAS of major depression aids locus discovery, fine-mapping, gene prioritisation, and causal inference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of a large real-world cohort of small cell lung cancer identifies distinct genetic subtypes and insights into histological transformation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.27.501738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant neuroendocrine carcinoma with dismal survival outcomes. A major barrier in the field has been the relative paucity of human tumors studied. Here we provide an integrated analysis of 3,600 "real-world" SCLC cases. This large cohort allowed us to identify new recurrent alterations and new genetic subtypes, including STK11-mutant tumors (1.7%) and TP53/RB1 wild-type tumors (5.5%), of which 12.7% were human papillomavirus-positive. In our cohort, gene amplifications on 4q12 are associated with increased overall survival while CCNE1 amplification is associated with decreased overall survival. We also identify more frequent alterations in the PTEN pathway in brain metastases. Finally, profiling cases of SCLC containing oncogenic drivers typically associated with NSCLC demonstrates that SCLC transformation may occur across multiple distinct molecular cohorts of NSCLC. These novel and unsuspected genetic features of SCLC may help personalize treatment approaches for this fatal form of cancer.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCEMinimal changes in therapy and survival outcomes have occurred in SCLC for the past four decades. The identification of new genetic subtypes, novel recurrent mutations, and an improved understanding of the mechanisms of transformation to SCLC from NSCLC may guide the development of personalized therapies for subsets of patients with SCLC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montesion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharaf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleischmann, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebot, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedge, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frampton, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovly, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.27.501738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of a large real-world cohort of small cell lung cancer identifies distinct genetic subtypes and insights into histological transformation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global Protein-Turnover Quantification in Escherichia coli Reveals Cytoplasmic Recycling under Nitrogen-Limitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein turnover is critical for proteostasis, but turnover quantification is challenging, and even in well-studied E. coli, proteome-wide measurements remain scarce. Here, we quantify the degradation rates of [~]3.2k E. coli proteins under 12 conditions by combining heavy isotope labeling with complement reporter ion quantification and find that cytoplasmic proteins are recycled when nitrogen is limited. We use knockout experiments to assign substrates to the known cytoplasmic ATP-dependent proteases. Surprisingly, none of these proteases are responsible for the observed cytoplasmic protein degradation in nitrogen limitation, suggesting that a major proteolysis pathway in E. coli remains to be discovered. Lastly, we show that protein degradation rates are generally independent of cell division rates. Thus, we introduce broadly applicable technology for protein turnover measurements and provide a rich resource for protein half-lives and protease substrates in E. coli, complementary to genomics data, that will allow researchers to decipher the control of proteostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S. H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadlmeier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silhavy, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wingreen, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuhr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global Protein-Turnover Quantification in Escherichia coli Reveals Cytoplasmic Recycling under Nitrogen-Limitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502391v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics uncovers a non-autonomous Tbx1-dependent genetic program controlling cardiac neural crest cell deployment and progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.01.502391v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption of cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) results in congenital heart disease, yet we do not understand the cell fate dynamics as these cells differentiate to vascular smooth muscle cells. Here we utilized single-cell RNA-sequencing of NCCs from the pharyngeal apparatus with heart in control mouse embryos and when Tbx1, the gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is inactivated. We uncovered three dynamic transitions of pharyngeal NCCs expressing Tbx2 and Tbx3 through differentiated CNCCs expressing cardiac transcription factors with smooth muscle genes, and that these transitions are altered non-autonomously by loss of Tbx1. Further, inactivation of Tbx2 and Tbx3 in early CNCCs resulted in aortic arch branching defects due to failed smooth muscle differentiation. Loss of Tbx1 interrupted mesoderm to CNCC cell-cell communication with upregulation of BMP signaling with reduced MAPK signaling and failed dynamic transitions of CNCCs leading to disruption of aortic arch artery formation and cardiac outflow tract septation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Bono, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valentine, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.01.502391</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell transcriptomics uncovers a non-autonomous Tbx1-dependent genetic program controlling cardiac neural crest cell deployment and progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The asthma gut microbiota influences lung inflammation in gnotobiotic mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.09.502549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The composition of the gut microbiota in early childhood is linked to asthma risk but the role of the gut microbiota in older patients with established asthma is less clear. Here, we used a cohort of 38 school-aged children (19 with asthma) and 57 adults (17 with asthma) to develop a model that aids in the design of mechanistic experiments in gnotobiotic mice. These experiments show that enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) is associated with increased gut permeability, oxidative stress, and markers of Th17-mediated inflammation in the lungs of mice following ovalbumin sensitization and challenge (OSC). Further, ETBF is enriched in a human population with asthma compared to healthy controls. Our results provide evidence that ETBF has the potential to alter the phenotype of airway inflammation in a subset of patients with asthma outside of early childhood which suggests that therapies targeting the gut microbiota may be helpful tools for asthma control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Leyva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonough, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Borges, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lint, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomera, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharier, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamidass, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kau, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.09.502549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The asthma gut microbiota influences lung inflammation in gnotobiotic mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503555v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group B streptococcal membrane vesicles induce proinflammatory cytokine production and are sensed in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism in human macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.10.503555v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of fetal and neonatal mortality worldwide. Many of the adverse effects associated with invasive GBS are associated with inflammation that leads to chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, sepsis, and meningitis; therefore, understanding bacterial factors that promote inflammation is of critical importance. Membrane vesicles (MVs), which are produced by many pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, may modulate host inflammatory responses. In mice, GBS MVs injected intra-amniotically can induce preterm birth and fetal death. Although it is known that GBS MVs induce large-scale leukocyte recruitment into infected tissues, the immune effectors driving these responses are unclear. Here, we hypothesized that macrophages respond to GBS-derived MVs by producing proinflammatory cytokines and are recognized through one or more pattern recognition receptors. We show that THP-1 macrophage-like cells produce high levels of neutrophil- and monocyte-specific chemokines in response to MVs derived from different clinical isolates of GBS. Interleukin (IL)-1{beta} was significantly upregulated in response to MVs, which was independent of NF-kB signaling but dependent on both caspase-1 and NLRP3. These data indicate that MVs contain one or more pathogen-associated molecular patterns that can be sensed by the immune system. Furthermore, this study identifies the NLRP3 inflammasome as a novel sensor of GBS MVs. Our data additionally indicate that MVs may serve as immune effectors that can be targeted for immunotherapeutics, particularly given that similar responses were observed across this subset of GBS isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCutcheon, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petroff, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.10.503555</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group B streptococcal membrane vesicles induce proinflammatory cytokine production and are sensed in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism in human macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex inclusion in transcriptome studies of daily rhythms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.18.504312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical research on mammals has traditionally neglected females, raising the concern that some scientific findings may generalize poorly to half the population. Although this lack of sex inclusion has been broadly documented, its extent within circadian genomics remains undescribed. To address this gap, we examined sex inclusion practices in a comprehensive collection of publicly available transcriptome studies on daily rhythms. Among 148 studies having samples from mammals in vivo, we found strong underrepresentation of females across organisms and tissues. Overall, only 23 of 123 studies in mice, 0 of 10 studies in rats, and 9 of 15 studies in humans included samples from females. In addition, studies having samples from both sexes tended to have more samples from males than from females. These trends appear to have changed little over time, including since 2016, when the US NIH began requiring investigators to consider sex as a biological variable. Our findings highlight an opportunity to dramatically improve representation of females in circadian research and to explore sex differences in daily rhythms at the genome level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obodo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outland, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex inclusion in transcriptome studies of daily rhythms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.504346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-nuclear RNA sequencing of endomyocardial biopsies identifies persistence of donor-recipient chimerism with distinct signatures in severe cardiac allograft vasculopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.24.504346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the leading cause of late allograft failure and mortality after heart transplantation. As current standards of diagnosis and treatment of CAV have significant limitations, understanding cell-specific responses may prove critical for developing improved detection strategies and novel therapeutics. This study is the first to successfully utilize human endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) samples to isolate large numbers of intact nuclei for single-nuclear transcriptomics. These data also lay the groundwork for ongoing experiments to study serial, routinely-collected EMB specimens after heart transplantation to identify novel biomarkers and pathways through which early CAV pathogenesis can be interrupted, thereby prolonging allograft survival.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amancherla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulke, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfeiffer, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlendorf, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindenfeld, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moslehi, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.504346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-nuclear RNA sequencing of endomyocardial biopsies identifies persistence of donor-recipient chimerism with distinct signatures in severe cardiac allograft vasculopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The seeker R package: simplified fetching and processing of transcriptome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome data have become invaluable for interrogating biological systems. Preparing a transcriptome dataset for analysis, particularly an RNA-seq dataset, entails multiple steps and software programs, each with its own command-line interface (CLI). Although these CLIs are powerful, they often require shell scripting for automation and parallelization, which can have a high learning curve, especially when the details of the CLIs vary from one tool to another. However, many individuals working with transcriptome data are already familiar with R due to the plethora and popularity of R-based tools for analyzing biological data. Thus, we developed an R package called seeker for simplified fetching and processing of RNA-seq and microarray data. Seeker is a wrapper around various existing tools, and provides a standard interface, simple parallelization, and detailed logging. Seekers primary output--sample metadata and gene expression values based on Entrez or Ensembl Gene IDs--can be directly plugged into a differential expression analysis. To maximize reproducibility, seeker is available as a standalone R package and in a Docker image that includes all dependencies, both of which are accessible at https://seeker.hugheylab.org.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schoenbachler, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The seeker R package: simplified fetching and processing of transcriptome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Taxonomic and metagenomic analyses define the development of the microbiota in the chick 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chicks are ideal to follow the development of the intestinal microbiota and to understand how a pathogen perturbs this developing population. Taxonomic/metagenomic analyses captured the development of the chick microbiota in unperturbed chicks and in chicks infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (STm) during development. Taxonomic analysis suggests that colonization by the chicken microbiota takes place in several waves. The cecal microbiota stabilizes at day 12 post-hatch with prominent Gammaproteobacteria and Clostridiales. Introduction of S. Typhimurium at day 4 post-hatch disrupted the expected waves of intestinal colonization. Taxonomic and metagenomic shotgun sequencing analyses allowed us to identify species present in uninfected chicks. Untargeted metabolomics suggested different metabolic activities in infected chick microbiota. This analysis, and GS-MS on ingesta confirmed that lactic acid in cecal content coincides with the stable presence of Enterococci in STm infected chicks. Unique metabolites including 2-isopropylmalic acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of leucine, was present only in the cecal content of STm infected chicks. Metagenomic data suggested that the microbiota in STm infected chicks contained a higher abundance of genes, from STm itself, involved in branched chain amino acid synthesis. We generated a deletion mutant in ilvC (STM3909) encoding ketol-acid-reductoisomerase, a gene required for the production of L-isoleucine and L-valine. {Delta}ilvC mutants are disadvantaged for growth during competitive infection with the wild type. Providing the ilvC gene in trans restored growth of the {Delta}ilvC mutant. Our integrative approach identified biochemical pathways used by STm to establish a colonization niche in the chick intestine during development.

IMPORTANCEChicks are an ideal model to follow the development of the intestinal microbiota and to understand how a pathogen perturbs this developing population. Using taxonomic and metagenomic analyses we captured the development of the chick microbiota to 19 days post-hatch in unperturbed chicks and in chicks infected with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (STm). We show that normal development of the microbiota takes place in waves, and is altered in the presence of a pathogen. Metagenomics and metabolomics suggested that branched chain amino acid biosynthesis is especially important for Salmonella growth in the infected chick intestine. Salmonella mutants unable to make L-isoleucine and L-valine colonize the chick intestine poorly. Restoration of the pathway for biosynthesis of these amino acids restored the colonizing ability of Salmonella. Integration of multiple analyses allowed us to correctly identify biochemical pathways used by Salmonella to establish a niche for colonization in the chick intestine during development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bogomolnaya, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talamantes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konganti, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews-Polymenis, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Taxonomic and metagenomic analyses define the development of the microbiota in the chick]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506932v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Phenotype-Genotype Reference Map: Improving biobank data science through replication. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.07.506932v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population-scale biobanks linked to electronic health record data provide vast opportunity to extend our knowledge of human genetics. While biobanks have already proven their value to research, data quality remains an important concern. Here we introduce the phenotype-genotype reference map (PGRM), a set of 5,879 genetic associations from 523 GWAS publications that can be used for high-throughput replication experiments in biobank data. We tested the PGRM on five ancestry-specific cohorts drawn from four established, independent biobanks and found evidence of robust replications across a wide array of phenotypes. We defined simple replication measures and show how these can be applied to any EHR-linked biobank to detect data corruption and to empirically assess parameters for phenome-wide studies. Finally, we used the PGRM to determine factors associated with reproducibility of GWAS results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delozier, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annis, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zawistowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506932</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Phenotype-Genotype Reference Map: Improving biobank data science through replication.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic signals prime cancer cells for toxic cell growth during a G1 cell cycle arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.08.506962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A long-term goal in cancer research has been to inhibit the cell cycle in tumour cells without causing toxicity in proliferative healthy tissues. The best evidence that this is achievable is provided by CDK4/6 inhibitors, which arrest the cell cycle in G1, are well-tolerated in patients, and are effective in treating ER+/HER2-breast cancer. CDK4/6 inhibitors are effective because they arrest tumour cells more efficiently than some healthy cell types and, in addition, they affect the tumour microenvironment to enhance anti-tumour immunity. We demonstrate here another reason to explain their efficacy. Tumour cells are specifically vulnerable to CDK4/6 inhibition because during the G1 arrest, oncogenic signals drive toxic cell overgrowth. This overgrowth causes permanent cell cycle withdrawal by either preventing exit from G1 or by inducing replication stress and genotoxic damage during the subsequent S-phase and mitosis. Inhibiting or reverting oncogenic signals that converge onto mTOR can rescue this excessive growth, DNA damage and cell cycle exit in cancer cells. Conversely, inducing oncogenic signals in non-transformed cells can drive these toxic phenotypes and sensitize cells to CDK4/6 inhibition. Together, this demonstrates how oncogenic signals that have evolved to stimulate constitutive tumour growth and proliferation can be driven to cause toxic cell growth and irreversible cell cycle exit when proliferation is halted in G1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crozier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pareri, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saurin, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.506962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic signals prime cancer cells for toxic cell growth during a G1 cell cycle arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulatory mechanisms of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor therapeutics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission throughout the brain. Their signalling is uniquely diversified by brain region-specific auxiliary subunits, providing an opportunity for the development of selective therapeutics. AMPARs associated with TARP {gamma}8 are enriched in the hippocampus, and are targets of emerging anti-epileptic drugs. To understand their therapeutic activity, we determined cryo-EM structures of the GluA1/2-{gamma}8 receptor associated with three potent, chemically diverse drugs. We find that despite sharing a lipid-exposed and water-accessible binding pocket, drug action is differentially affected by binding-site mutants. Together with patch-clamp recordings and MD simulations we demonstrate that ligand-triggered reorganisation of the AMPAR-TARP interface contributes to modulation. Unexpectedly, one ligand (JNJ-61432059) acts bifunctionally, negatively affecting GluA1 but exerting positive modulatory action on GluA2-containing AMPARs, in a TARP stoichiometry-dependent manner. These results further illuminate the action of TARPs, demonstrate the sensitive balance between positive and negative modulatory action, and provide a mechanistic platform for development of both positive and negative selective AMPAR modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lape, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohegyi, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cais, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greger, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulatory mechanisms of TARP γ8-selective AMPA receptor therapeutics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving stem cell-derived pancreatic islets using single-cell multiome-inferred regulomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.25.509355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for modeling and treating diabetes. Differences between stem cell-derived and primary islets remain, but molecular insights to inform improvements are limited. Here, we acquire single-cell transcriptomes and accessible chromatin profiles during in vitro islet differentiation and pancreas from childhood and adult donors for comparison. We delineate major cell types, define their regulomes, and describe spatiotemporal gene regulatory relationships between transcription factors. CDX2 emerged as a regulator of enterochromaffin-like cells, which we show resemble a transient, previously unrecognized, CDX2+ pre-{beta}-cell population in fetal pancreas, arguing against a proposed non-pancreatic origin. Furthermore, we observe insufficient activation of signal-dependent transcriptional programs during in vitro {beta}-cell maturation and identify sex hormones as drivers of {beta}-cell proliferation in childhood. Altogether, our analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of cell fate acquisition in stem cell-derived islets and a framework for manipulating cell identities and maturity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen-Ngoc, K.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goss, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spagnoli, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.25.509355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving stem cell-derived pancreatic islets using single-cell multiome-inferred regulomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transposase N-terminal phosphorylation and asymmetric transposon ends inhibit piggyBac transposition in mammalian cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic regulation of DNA transposon systems in mammalian cells remains poorly understood. Using modeling, biochemical, and cell-based assays, we sought to extend the recent cryoEM structural insight into the piggyBac transpososome to evaluate the previously unexplained role of the transposase N-terminus, the need for asymmetric transposon ends, and the complexity of transposase tetramer formation for transposition in mammalian cells. We found that N-terminal phosphorylation by casein kinase II inhibits transposase-DNA interaction and designed deletion of this phosphorylated domain releases inhibition thereby enhancing activity. We also found that the N-terminal domain promotes transposase dimerization in the absence of transposon DNA. N-terminal deletion enables transposition of symmetric transposon ends that was previously not achievable with piggyBac. The complex transposase tetramer needed for transposition of asymmetric transposon ends can be overcome via appending a second transposase C-terminal domain in combination with symmetric transposon ends overcoming the negative regulation by asymmetric ends. Our results demonstrate that N-terminal transposase phosphorylation and the requirement for asymmetric transposon ends both negatively regulate piggyBac transposons in mammalian cells. These novel insights into mechanism and structure of the piggyBac transposase expand its potential use for genomic applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genzor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghirlando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menshikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyda, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transposase N-terminal phosphorylation and asymmetric transposon ends inhibit piggyBac transposition in mammalian cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prostaglandin E2 production is required for phagocyte CXCR2-mediated skin host defense in obese hyperglycemic mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.02.510554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Poorly controlled glucose observed in obese individuals with diabetes is associated with a significantly increased risk of infection, particularly in the skin and soft tissues. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in obese and hyperglycemic individuals with growing antibiotic resistance making these infections difficult to treat. However, the events that drive dysregulated skin host defense during hyperglycemia remain to be fully elucidated. Here we examined how the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) threshold impacts tissue injury and host defense during methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) skin infection in obese and hyperglycemic mice. Our data show that obesity and hyperglycemia are accompanied by impaired expression of prostaglandin E synthase 1 and PGE2 production in infected skin. Restoration of PGE2 levels with the PGE analog misoprostol improved infection outcomes in obese and hyperglycemic mice in a manner dependent on E prostanoid 3-mediated cAMP inhibition. Topical misoprostol restored the levels of CXC chemokines and CXCR2+ monocyte and neutrophil recruitment. Here, we are unveiling a defective signaling program that culminates in inadequate CXCR2 phagocyte migration to the infected skin of obese and hyperglycemic mice. Furthermore, these data also lead to a novel drug repurposing opportunity to treat antibiotic-resistant pathogens in hyperglycemic conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Klopsfenstein, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibbs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.02.510554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prostaglandin E2 production is required for phagocyte CXCR2-mediated skin host defense in obese hyperglycemic mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenetics of post-operative delirium: A genome-wide DNA methylation study of neurosurgery patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.04.510706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsThere is no previous study demonstrating the differences of genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles between patients with and without postoperative delirium (POD). We aimed to discover epigenetic (DNAm) markers that are associated with POD in blood obtained from patients before and after neurosurgery.

MethodsPre- and post-surgical blood DNA samples from 37 patients, including 10 POD cases, were analyzed using the Illumina EPIC array genome-wide platform. We examined DNAm differences in blood from patients with and without POD. Enrichment analysis with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes terms were also conducted.

ResultsWhen POD cases were tested for DNAm change before and after surgery, enrichment analyses showed many relevant signals with statistical significance in immune response related-pathways and inflammatory cytokine related-pathways such as "cellular response to cytokine stimulus", "regulation of immune system process", "regulation of cell activation", and "regulation of cytokine production". Furthermore, after excluding the potential effect of common factors related to surgery and anesthesia between POD cases and non-POD controls, the enrichment analyses showed significant signals such as "immune response" and "T cell activation", which are same pathways previously identified from an independent non-surgical inpatient cohort. Conclusions: Our first genome-wide DNAm investigation of POD showed promising signals related to immune response, inflammatory response and other relevant signals considered to be associated with delirium pathophysiology. Our data supports the hypothesis that epigenetics are playing an important role in pathophysiological mechanism of delirium and suggest the potential usefulness of epigenetics based biomarker of POD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamanashi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crutchley, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahba, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marra, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akers, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawasaki, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandharipande, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hefti, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinozaki, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.510706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenetics of post-operative delirium: A genome-wide DNA methylation study of neurosurgery patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.509986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative genetic analysis identifies FLVCR1 as an essential component of choline transport in mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.05.509986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of serum metabolites have the potential to uncover genes that influence human metabolism. Here, we combined an integrative genetic analysis associating serum metabolites to membrane transporters with a coessentiality map of metabolic genes. This analysis revealed a connection between feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 1 (FLVCR1) - a plasma membrane protein - and phosphocholine, a downstream metabolite of choline metabolism. Loss of FLVCR1 in human cells and in mice strongly impairs choline metabolism due to a block in choline import. Consistently, CRISPR-based genetic screens identified several components of the membrane phospholipid machinery as synthetic lethal with FLVCR1 loss. Finally, cells lacking FLVCR1 exhibit mitochondrial defects and upregulate the integrated stress response (ISR) through heme regulated inhibitors kinase (HRI). Altogether, these findings identify FLVCR1 as a universal mediator of choline transport in mammals and provide a platform to discover substrates for unknown metabolite transporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kenny, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heissel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alwaseem, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hite, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birsoy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.05.509986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative genetic analysis identifies FLVCR1 as an essential component of choline transport in mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have shown successes in clinics, but most PRS methods have focused only on individuals with one primary continental ancestry, thus poorly accommodating recently-admixed individuals. Here, we develop GAUDI, a novel penalized-regression-based method specifically designed for admixed individuals by explicitly modeling ancestry-specific effects and jointly estimating ancestry-shared effects. We demonstrate marked advantages of GAUDI over other methods through comprehensive simulation and real data analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowland, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikhaylova, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matise, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving polygenic risk prediction in admixed populations by explicitly modeling ancestral-specific effects via GAUDI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511231v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Mouse Model that Recapitulates the Heterogeneity of Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.07.511231v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have a poor prognosis and few treatment options. Mouse models of TNBC are important for development of new targeted therapies, but few TNBC mouse models exist. Here, we developed a novel TNBC murine model by mimicking two common TNBC mutations with high co-occurrence: amplification of the oncogene MYC and deletion of the tumor suppressor PTEN. This Myc;Ptenfl murine model develops TN mammary tumors that display histological and molecular features commonly found in human TNBC. We performed deep omic analyses on Myc;Ptenfl tumors including machine learning for morphologic features, bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing, multiplex immunohistochemistry and single-cell phenotyping. Through comparison with human TNBC, we demonstrated that this new genetic mouse model develops mammary tumors with differential survival that closely resemble the inter- and intra-tumoral and microenvironmental heterogeneity of human TNBC; providing a unique pre-clinical tool for assessing the spectrum of patient TNBC biology and drug response.

Statement of significanceThe development of cancer models that mimic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) microenvironment complexities is critical to develop effective drugs and enhance disease understanding. This study addresses a critical need in the field by identifying a murine model that faithfully mimics human TNBC heterogeneity and establishing a foundation for translating preclinical findings into effective human clinical trials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doha, Z. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calistri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ternes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchberger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waugh, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietenpol, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sears, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.07.511231</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Mouse Model that Recapitulates the Heterogeneity of Human Triple Negative Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae npx is required for survival in human placental macrophages and full virulence in a model of ascending vaginal infection during pregnancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.20.513045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a Gram- positive encapsulated bacterium that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of 30-50% of humans. GBS causes invasive infection during pregnancy that can lead to chorioamnionitis, funisitis, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and maternal and fetal demise. Upon infecting the host, GBS encounters sentinel innate immune cells, such as macrophages, within reproductive tissues. Once phagocytosed by macrophages, GBS upregulates expression of the gene, npx, which encodes a NADH peroxidase. GBS mutants with a npx deletion ({Delta}npx) are exquisitely sensitive to reactive oxygen stress. Furthermore, we have shown that npx is required for GBS survival in both THP-1 and placental macrophages. In an in vivo murine model of ascending GBS vaginal infection during pregnancy, npx is required for invasion of reproductive tissues and is critical for inducing disease progression including PPROM and preterm birth. Reproductive tissue cytokine production was also significantly diminished in {Delta}npx infected animals compared to those infected with wild type (WT)-GBS. Complementation in trans reversed this phenotype, indicating npx is critical for GBS survival and initiation of proinflammatory signaling in the gravid host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.20.513045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Streptococcus agalactiae npx is required for survival in human placental macrophages and full virulence in a model of ascending vaginal infection during pregnancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Validation of the Vanderbilt PRS-KS, an Instrument to Quantify Polygenic Risk Score Knowledge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAs polygenic risk scores (PRS) enter clinical practice, healthcare providers and the publics comprehension of PRS results are of great importance, yet poorly understood. We present the Vanderbilt Polygenic Risk Scores Knowledge Score (Vanderbilt PRS-KS), a tool to quantify PRS knowledge.

MethodsThe Vanderbilt PRS-KS was developed by a team of genetic counselors and physicians to cover key conceptual facts pertaining to PRSs. We recruited (n=500) individuals with demographics representative of a U.S. sample and graduate-level healthcare students (n=74) at a large academic medical center to participate in this validation study. We evaluated the Vanderbilt PRS-KSs psychometric properties using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT).

ResultsThe 7-item Vanderbilt PRS-KS correlated to a single latent construct on CFA ({Lambda}=0.31-0.61). The scale showed promising reliability (Cronbachs =0.66) with IRT summed scores of [&ge;]2 to [&le;]5, demonstrating reliability > 0.70. The Vanderbilt PRS-KS significantly correlated with genetic knowledge and applied PRS knowledge (r=0.55, r=0.29), and graduate-level healthcare students had significantly higher scores compared to the representative sample (p<0.01).

ConclusionsThe Vanderbilt PRS-KS is a rigorously validated measure to quantify PRS knowledge.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stubbs, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Validation of the Vanderbilt PRS-KS, an Instrument to Quantify Polygenic Risk Score Knowledge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptomic atlas reveals increased regeneration in diseased human inner ears 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.29.514378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian inner ear hair cell loss leads to permanent hearing and balance dysfunction. In contrast to the cochlea, vestibular hair cells of the murine utricle have some regenerative capacity. Whether human utricular hair cells regenerate remains unknown. Here we procured live, mature utricles from organ donors and vestibular schwannoma patients, and present a validated single-cell transcriptomic atlas at unprecedented resolution. We describe previously unknown markers of 25 sensory and non-sensory cell types, with genes of hair cell and supporting cell subtypes displaying striking divergence between mice and humans. We further uncovered transcriptomes unique to hair cell precursors, which we validated to be 14-fold more robust in vestibular schwannoma utricles, representing ongoing regeneration in humans. Lastly, trajectory analysis of the supporting cell-hair cell axis revealed 5 distinct patterns of dynamic gene expression and associated pathways, including mTOR signaling and synaptogenesis. Our dataset constitutes a foundational resource, accessible via a web-based interface, serving to advance knowledge of the normal and diseased human inner ears and tools to stimulate human inner ear regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaisbuch, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayyid, Z. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aaron, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheibinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishiyama, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santa Maria, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blevins, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackler, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grillet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.29.514378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptomic atlas reveals increased regeneration in diseased human inner ears]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514643v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of the BMP pathway suppresses tumor growth via downregulation of EGFR in MEK/ERK-dependent colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514643v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway promotes differentiation and induces apoptosis in normal colorectal epithelial cells. However, the effect of the BMP pathway in colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial; it can either be tumor promoting or tumor suppressing, depending on the study. In this study, we found that CRC cells reside in a BMP-rich environment based on RNA-sequencing database analysis. Suppression of BMP using a specific BMP inhibitor, LDN193189, suppresses the growth of organoids in some CRC cases. CRC organoids treated with LDN193189 exhibited a decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor, which was, at least in part, mediated by protein degradation induced by leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1). Among CRC organoid panels from 18 different patients, suppression of organoid growth by BMP inhibition correlated with the induction of LRIG1 gene expression. Notably, knockdown of LRIG1 in organoids diminished the growth-suppressive effect of LDN193189. Furthermore, simultaneous treatment with LDN192189 and trametinib, an FDA-approved MEK inhibitor, resulted in a combination effect in both in vivo and in vitro xenograft tumor treatment in CRC organoids, which are susceptible to growth suppression by LDN193189. Taken together, the simultaneous inhibition of BMP and MEK can be a novel treatment option in CRC cases, and evaluating in vitro growth suppression and LRIG1 induction by BMP inhibition using patient-derived organoids could offer functional biomarkers for predicting potential responders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shimizu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onuma, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ota, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adachi Nakazawa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okuno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obama, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiwara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514643</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of the BMP pathway suppresses tumor growth via downregulation of EGFR in MEK/ERK-dependent colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514692v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine induces multiple individually distinct whole-brain functional connectivity signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514692v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundKetamine has emerged as one of the most promising therapies for treatment-resistant depression. However, inter-individual variability in response to ketamine is still not well understood and it is unclear how ketamines molecular mechanisms connect to its neural and behavioral effects.

MethodsWe conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled study in which 40 healthy participants received acute ketamine (initial bolus 0.23 mg/kg, continuous infusion 0.58 mg/kg/hour). We quantified resting-state functional connectivity via data-driven global brain connectivity, related it to individual ketamine-induced symptom variation, and compared it to cortical gene expression targets.

ResultsWe found that: i) both the neural and behavioral effects of acute ketamine are multi-dimensional, reflecting robust inter-individual variability; ii) ketamines data-driven principal neural gradient effect matched somatostatin (SST) and parvalbumin (PVALB) cortical gene expression patterns in humans, implicating the role of SST and PVALB interneurons in ketamines acute effects; and iii) behavioral data-driven individual symptom variation mapped onto distinct neural gradients of ketamine, which were resolvable at the single-subject level.

ConclusionsCollectively, these findings support the possibility for developing individually precise pharmacological biomarkers for treatment selection in psychiatry.

FundingThis study was supported by NIH grants DP5OD012109-01 (A.A.), 1U01MH121766 (A.A.), R01MH112746 (J.D.M.), 5R01MH112189 (A.A.), 5R01MH108590 (A.A.), NIAAA grant 2P50AA012870-11 (A.A.); NSF NeuroNex grant 2015276 (J.D.M.); Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator Award (A.A.); SFARI Pilot Award (J.D.M., A.A.); Heffter Research Institute (Grant No. 1-190420); Swiss Neuromatrix Foundation (Grant No. 2016-0111m Grant No. 2015 - 010); Swiss National Science Foundation under the frame-work of Neuron Cofund (Grant No. 01EW1908), Usona Institute (2015 - 2056).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moujaes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamauro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolobaric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieser, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifritz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollenweider, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514692</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine induces multiple individually distinct whole-brain functional connectivity signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CauloKO: an ordered transposon mutant library in Caulobacter crescentus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic screens are powerful approaches to unveiling new biological insight and ordered redundant transposon libraries have emerged as a primary tool for performing screens of known genetic saturation. Newer sequencing methods based on combinatorial pooling have lowered the cost and time required to generate these libraries. Caulobacter crescentus is a gramnegative bacterium that has served as a model for understanding bacterial physiology with a myriad of genetic tools. To add to this collection of tools, we created CauloKO - the first ordered, transposon library in C. crescentus. CauloKO includes insertion mutants in 86% of all non-essential genes and 77% of all open reading frames of strain CB15. CauloKO insertion mutants were validated using Sanger sequencing. We also present phenotypic analysis of the CauloKO library using a crystal violet screen for biofilm mutants, which both confirmed previous results and identified new mutants for future studies. This combined approach revealed that the CauloKO library shows promise for screening applications, particularly for phenotypes that require monoclonal populations of cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CauloKO: an ordered transposon mutant library in Caulobacter crescentus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new method for quantifying APT and NOE(-3.5) using chemical exchange saturation transfer with double saturation powers (DSP-CEST) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.13.516305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeQuantifications of amide proton transfer (APT) and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE(-3.5)) mediated transfer with high specificity are challenging since their signals measured in a Z-spectrum are overlapped with confounding signals from direct water saturation (DS), semi-solid magnetization transfer (MT) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) of fast-exchange pools. In this study, based on two canonical CEST acquisitions with double saturation powers (DSP), a new data-postprocessing method is proposed to specifically quantify the effects of APT and NOE.

MethodsFor CEST imaging with relatively low saturation powers [Formula], both the fast-exchange CEST effect and the semi-solid MT effect increase linearly with [Formula] whereas the slow-exchange APT/NOE(-3.5) effect has no such a dependence on [Formula], which is exploited to isolate the APT and NOE effects from the confounding signals in this study. After a mathematical derivation for the establishment of the proposed method, numerical simulations based on Bloch equations are then performed to demonstrate its specificity to detections of the APT and NOE effects. Finally, an in vivo validation of the proposed method is conducted using an animal tumor model at a 4.7-T MRI scanner.

ResultsThe simulations show that DSP-CEST can quantify the effects of APT and NOE and substantially eliminate the confounding signals. The in vivo experiments demonstrate that the prosed DSP-CEST method is feasible for the imaging of tumors.

ConclusionThe data-postprocessing method proposed in this study can quantify the APT and NOE effects with considerably increased specificities and a reduced cost of imaging time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.13.516305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new method for quantifying APT and NOE(-3.5) using chemical exchange saturation transfer with double saturation powers (DSP-CEST)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517379v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased Pyramidal and VIP Neuronal Excitability in Primary Auditory Cortex Directly Correlates with Tinnitus Behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.517379v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tinnitus affects roughly 15-20% of the population while severely impacting 10% of those afflicted. Tinnitus pathology is multifactorial, generally initiated by damage to the auditory periphery, resulting in a cascade of maladaptive plastic changes at multiple levels of the central auditory neuraxis as well as limbic and non-auditory cortical centers. Using a well-established condition-suppression model of tinnitus, we measured tinnitus-related changes in the microcircuits of excitatory/inhibitory neurons onto layer 5 pyramidal neurons (PNs), as well as changes in the excitability of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1). Patch-clamp recordings from PNs in A1 slices showed tinnitus-related increases in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and decreases in spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Both measures were directly correlated to the rats behavioral evidence of tinnitus. Tinnitus-related changes in PN excitability were independent of changes in A1 excitatory or inhibitory cell numbers. VIP neurons, part of an A1 local circuit that can disinhibit layer 5 PNs, showed significant tinnitus-related increases in excitability that directly correlated with the rats behavioral tinnitus score. That PN and VIP changes directly correlated to tinnitus behavior, suggests an essential role in A1 tinnitus pathology. Tinnitus-related A1 changes were similar to findings in studies of neuropathic pain in somatosensory cortex suggesting a common pathology of these troublesome perceptual impairments. Improved understanding between excitatory, inhibitory and disinhibitory sensory cortical circuits can serve as a model for testing therapeutic approaches to the treatment of tinnitus and chronic pain.

Key pointsO_LIIdentify tinnitus-related changes in synaptic function of specific neuronal subtypes in a reliable animal model of tinnitus.
C_LIO_LIFinding show direct and indirect tinnitus-related losses of normal inhibitory function at A1 layer 5 pyramidal cells, and increased VIP excitability.
C_LIO_LIFindings are similar to what has been shown for neuropathic pain suggesting that restoring normal inhibitory function at synaptic inputs onto A1 pyramidal neurons could conceptually reduce tinnitus discomfort.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghimire, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llano, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspary, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517379</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased Pyramidal and VIP Neuronal Excitability in Primary Auditory Cortex Directly Correlates with Tinnitus Behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cloud gazing: demonstrating paths for unlocking the value of cloud genomics through cross-cohort analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.29.518423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rapid growth of genomic data has led to a new research paradigm where data are stored centrally in Trusted Research Environments (TREs) such as the All of Us Researcher Workbench (AoU RW) and the UK Biobank Research Analysis Platform (RAP). To characterize the advantages and drawbacks of different TRE attributes in facilitating cross-cohort analysis, we conducted a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of standard lipid measures on the UKB RAP and AoU RW using two approaches: meta-analysis and pooled analysis. We curated lipid measurements for 37,754 All of Us participants with whole genome sequence (WGS) data and 190,982 UK Biobank participants with whole exome sequence (WES) data. For the meta-analysis, we performed a GWAS of each cohort in their respective platform and meta-analyzed the results. We separately performed a pooled GWAS on both datasets combined. We identified 490 and 464 significant variants in meta-analysis and pooled analysis, respectively. Comparison of full summary data from both meta-analysis and pooled analysis with an external study showed strong correlation of known loci with lipid levels (R2[~]83-97%). Importantly, 90 variants met the significance threshold only in the meta-analysis and 64 variants were significant only in pooled analysis. These method-specific differences may be explained by differences in cohort size, ancestry, and phenotype distributions in All of Us and UK Biobank. We noted approximately 20% of variants significant in only the pooled analysis or significant in only the meta-analysis were most prevalent in non-European, non-Asian ancestry individuals. Pooled analyses included more variants than meta-analyses. Pooled analysis required about half as many computational steps as meta-analysis. These findings have important implications for both platform implementations and researchers undertaking large-scale cross-cohort analyses, as technical and policy choices lead to cross-cohort analyses generating similar, but not identical results, particularly for non-European ancestral populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deflaux, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvaraj, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condon, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidermota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basford, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippakis, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Effingham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.29.518423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cloud gazing: demonstrating paths for unlocking the value of cloud genomics through cross-cohort analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.514849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation at the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene influences height in childhood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.30.514849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human height is strongly influenced by genetics but the contribution of modifiable epigenetic factors is under-explored, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). We investigated links between blood DNA methylation and child height in four LMIC cohorts (n=1927) and identified a robust association at three CpGs in the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) gene which replicated in a high-income country cohort (n=879). SOCS3 methylation (SOCS3m) - height associations were independent of genetic effects. Mendelian randomization analysis confirmed a causal effect of SOCS3m on height. In longitudinal analysis in a LMIC cohort, SOCS3m explained a maximum 9.5% of height variance in mid-childhood while the variance explained by height polygenic risk score increased from birth to 21 years (2% to 18%). Childrens SOCS3m was associated with prenatal maternal folate and socio-economic status. In-vitro characterization confirmed a regulatory effect of SOCS3m on gene expression. Our findings suggest that epigenetic modifications may play an important role in driving child height in LMIC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Issarapu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumalla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nongmaithem, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alagu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajjadi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayyana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansuri, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derakhshan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>V, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>K, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gravio, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahariah, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanderson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prentice, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillycrop, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, C. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandak, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.514849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation at the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene influences height in childhood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.11.519936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biasing AlphaFold2 to predict GPCRs and Kinases with user-defined functional or structural properties 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.11.519936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins in their native functional states has been a longstanding challenge in structural biology. While experimental methods combined with integrative structural biology has been the most effective way to get high accuracy structures and mechanistic insights for larger proteins, advances in deep machine-learning algorithms have paved the way to fully computational predictions. In this field, AlphaFold2 (AF2) pioneered ab initio high accuracy single chain modeling. Since then, different customizations expanded the number of conformational states accessible through AF2. Here, we further extended AF2 with the aim of enriching an ensemble of models with user-defined functional or structural features. We tackled two common protein families for drug discovery, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and Kinases. Our approach automatically identifies the best templates satisfying the specified features and combines those with genetic information. We also introduced the possibility of shuffling the selected templates to expand the space of solutions. In our benchmark, models showed the intended bias and great accuracy. Our protocol can thus be exploited for modeling user-defined conformational states in automatic fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sala, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.11.519936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biasing AlphaFold2 to predict GPCRs and Kinases with user-defined functional or structural properties]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.03.522677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asthma is a common allergic airway disease that develops in association with the human microbiome early in life. Both the composition and function of the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma risk, but functional alterations in the gut microbiota of older patients with established asthma remain an important knowledge gap. Here, we performed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 95 stool samples from 59 healthy and 36 subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma to characterize the metagenomes of gut microbiota in children and adults 6 years and older. Mapping of functional orthologs revealed that asthma contributes to 2.9% of the variation in metagenomic content even when accounting for other important clinical demographics. Differential abundance analysis showed an enrichment of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) metabolism pathways which have been previously implicated in airway smooth muscle and immune responses in asthma. We also observed increased richness of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in people with asthma. One differentially abundant ARG was a macrolide resistance marker, ermF, which significantly co-occurred with the Bacteroides fragilis toxin, suggesting a possible relationship between enterotoxigenic B. fragilis, antibiotic resistance, and asthma. Lastly, we found multiple virulence factor (VF) and ARG pairs that co-occurred in both cohorts suggesting that virulence and antibiotic resistance traits are co-selected and maintained in the fecal microbiota of people with asthma. Overall, our results show functional alterations via LCFA biosynthetic genes and increases in antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota of subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma and could have implications for asthma management and treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Leyva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacharier, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.03.522677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targets and cross-reactivity of human T cell recognition of Common Cold Coronaviruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Coronavirus (CoV) family includes a variety of viruses able to infect humans. Endemic CoVs that can cause common cold belong to the alphaCoV and betaCoV genera, with the betaCoV genus also containing subgenera with zoonotic and pandemic concern, including sarbecoCoV (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and merbecoCoV (MERS-CoV). It is therefore warranted to explore pan-CoV vaccine concepts, to provide adaptive immune protection against new potential CoV outbreaks, particularly in the context of betaCoV sub lineages. To explore the feasibility of eliciting CD4+ T cell responses widely cross-recognizing different CoVs, we utilized samples collected pre-pandemic to systematically analyze T cell reactivity against representative alpha (NL63) and beta (OC43) common cold CoVs (CCC). Similar to previous findings on SARS-CoV-2, the S, N, M, and nsp3 antigens were immunodominant for both viruses while nsp2 and nsp12 were immunodominant for NL63 and OC43, respectively. We next performed a comprehensive T cell epitope screen, identifying 78 OC43 and 87 NL63-specific epitopes. For a selected subset of 18 epitopes, we experimentally assessed the T cell capability to cross-recognize sequences from representative viruses belonging to alphaCoV, sarbecoCoV, and beta-non-sarbecoCoV groups. We found general conservation within the alpha and beta groups, with cross-reactivity experimentally detected in 89% of the instances associated with sequence conservation of >67%. However, despite sequence conservation, limited cross-reactivity was observed in the case of sarbecoCoV (50% of instances), indicating that previous CoV exposure to viruses phylogenetically closer to this subgenera is a contributing factor in determining cross-reactivity. Overall, these results provided critical insights in the development of future pan-CoV vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Methot, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narowski, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frazier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filaci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakshmanane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sette, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.04.522794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targets and cross-reactivity of human T cell recognition of Common Cold Coronaviruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AnnoSpat annotates cell types and quantifies cellular arrangements from spatial proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.15.524135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular composition and anatomical organization influence normal and aberrant organ functions. Emerging spatial single-cell proteomic assays such as Image Mass Cytometry (IMC) and Co-Detection by Indexing (CODEX) have facilitated the study of cellular composition and organization by enabling high-throughput measurement of cells and their localization directly in intact tissues. However, annotation of cell types and quantification of their relative localization in tissues remain challenging. To address these unmet needs, we developed AnnoSpat (Annotator and Spatial Pattern Finder) that uses neural network and point process algorithms to automatically identify cell types and quantify cell-cell proximity relationships. Our study of data from IMC and CODEX show the superior performance of AnnoSpat in rapid and accurate annotation of cell types compared to alternative approaches. Moreover, the application of AnnoSpat to type 1 diabetic, non-diabetic autoantibody-positive, and non-diabetic organ donor cohorts recapitulated known islet pathobiology and showed differential dynamics of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cell abundance and CD8+ T cells infiltration in islets during type 1 diabetes progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mongia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaestner, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahedi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naji, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faryabi, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.15.524135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AnnoSpat annotates cell types and quantifies cellular arrangements from spatial proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are at the interface of interactions between hosts and microbes and are therefore expected to be fast evolving in a coevolutionary arms race with pathogens. In contrast, previous work demonstrated that one AMP, Metchikowin (Mtk), has a single residue that segregates as either proline (P) or arginine (R) in populations of four different Drosophila species, some of which diverged more than 10 million years ago. The recurrent finding of this polymorphism regardless of geography or host species, coupled with evidence of balancing selection in Drosophila AMPs, suggest there is a distinct functional importance to each allele. The most likely hypotheses involve alleles having specificity to different pathogens or the more potent allele conferring a cost on the host. To assess their functional differences, we created D. melanogaster lines with the P allele, R allele, or Mtk null mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Here, we report results from experiments assessing the two hypotheses using these lines. In males, testing of systemic immune responses to a repertoire of bacteria and fungi demonstrated that the R allele performs as well or better than the P and null alleles with most infections. With some pathogens, however, females show results in contrast with males where Mtk alleles either do not contribute to survival or where the P allele outperforms the R allele. In addition, measurements of life history traits demonstrate that the R allele is more costly in the absence of infection for both sexes. These results provide strong in vivo evidence that differential fitness with or without infection and sex-based functional differences in alleles may be adaptive mechanisms of maintaining immune gene polymorphisms in contrast with expectations of rapid evolution. Therefore, a complex interplay of forces including pathogen species and host sex may lead to balancing selection for immune genotypes. Strikingly, this selection may act on even a single amino acid polymorphism in an AMP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perlmutter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevarez-Saenz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unckless, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.16.524277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ferroptosis Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.19.524721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by impaired lipid metabolism and heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, results in lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is an inflammatory mode of cell death that promotes complement activation and macrophage recruitment. In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC) exhibit cellular phenotypes that promote ferroptosis. Moreover, there is ectopic complement deposition and inflammatory macrophage accumulation in the pulmonary vasculature. However, the effects of ferroptosis inhibition on these pathogenic mechanisms and the cellular landscape of the pulmonary vasculature are incompletely defined.

MethodsMulti-omics and physiological analyses evaluated how ferroptosis inhibition modulated preclinical PAH. The impact of AAV1-mediated expression of the pro-ferroptotic protein ACSL4 on PAH was determined, and a genetic association study in humans further probed the relationship between ferroptosis and pulmonary hypertension (PH).

ResultsFerrostatin-1, a small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitor, mitigated PAH severity in monocrotaline rats. RNA-seq and proteomics analyses demonstrated ferroptosis was associated with PAH severity. RNA-seq, proteomics, and confocal microscopy revealed complement activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were suppressed by ferrostatin-1. Additionally, ferrostatin-1 combatted changes in endothelial, smooth muscle, and interstitial macrophage abundance and gene activation patterns as revealed by deconvolution RNA-seq. Ferroptotic PAEC damage associated molecular patterns restructured the transcriptomic signature, mitochondrial morphology, and promoted proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, and created a pro-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes in vitro. AAV1-Acsl4 induced an inflammatory PAH phenotype in rats. Finally, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in six ferroptosis genes identified a potential link between ferroptosis and PH severity in the Vanderbilt BioVU repository.

ConclusionsFerroptosis promotes PAH through metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms in the pulmonary vasculature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vogel, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazmirczak, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.19.524721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ferroptosis Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Androgen aggravates aortic aneurysms via suppressing PD-1 in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.22.525073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Androgen has long been recognized for its pivotal role in the sexual dimorphism of cardiovascular diseases, including aortic aneurysms, a devastating vascular disease with a higher prevalence and mortality rate in men than women. However, the molecular mechanism by which androgen mediates aortic aneurysms is largely unknown. Here, we report that male but not female mice develop aortic aneurysms in response to aldosterone and high salt (Aldo-salt). We demonstrate that both androgen and androgen receptors (AR) are crucial for the sexually dimorphic response to Aldo-salt. We identify T cells expressing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint molecule important in immunity and cancer immunotherapy, as a key link between androgen and aortic aneurysms. We show that intraperitoneal injection of anti-PD-1 antibody reinstates Aldo-salt-induced aortic aneurysms in orchiectomized mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that AR binds to the PD-1 promoter to suppress its expression in the spleen. Hence, our study reveals an important but unexplored mechanism by which androgen contributes to aortic aneurysms by suppressing PD-1 expression in T cells. Our study also suggests that cancer patients predisposed to the risk factors of aortic aneurysms may be advised to screen for aortic aneurysms during immune checkpoint therapy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=134 SRC="FIGDIR/small/525073v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@2e8406org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1dde495org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c9f42eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@be2799_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClintock, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stromberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villasante-Tezanos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curci, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.22.525073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Androgen aggravates aortic aneurysms via suppressing PD-1 in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age differences in spatial memory are mitigated during naturalistic navigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.23.525279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial navigation deficits in older adults are well documented. These findings are often based on experimental paradigms that require using a joystick or keyboard to navigate a virtual desktop environment. In the present study, we investigated whether age differences in spatial memory are attenuated when tested in a more naturalistic and ambulatory virtual environment. In Experiment 1, cognitively normal young and older adults navigated a virtual variant of the Morris Water Maze task in each of two virtual reality (VR) conditions: a desktop VR condition which required using a mouse and keyboard to navigate and an immersive and ambulatory VR condition which permitted unrestricted locomotion. In Experiment 2, we examined whether age- and VR-related differences in spatial performance were affected by the inclusion of additional spatial cues in an independent sample of young and older adults. In both experiments, older adults navigated to target locations less precisely than did younger individuals in the desktop condition, replicating numerous prior studies. These age differences were significantly attenuated, however, when tested in the fully immersive and ambulatory environment. These findings underscore the importance of developing naturalistic and ecologically valid measures of spatial memory and navigation, especially when performing cross-sectional studies of cognitive aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAvan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garren, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grilli, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekstrom, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.23.525279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age differences in spatial memory are mitigated during naturalistic navigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Therapy Development for Microvillus Inclusion Disease using Patient-derived Enteroids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.28.526036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID), caused by loss-of-function mutations in the motor protein Myosin Vb (MYO5B), is a severe infantile disease characterized by diarrhea, malabsorption, and acid-base instability, requiring intensive parenteral support for nutritional and fluid management. Human patient-derived enteroids represent a model for investigation of monogenic epithelial disorders but are a rare resource from MVID patients. We developed human enteroids with different loss-of function MYO5B variants and showed that they recapitulated the structural changes found in native MVID enterocytes. Multiplex Immunofluorescence imaging of patient duodenal tissues revealed patient-specific changes in localization of brush border transporters. Functional analysis of electrolyte transport revealed profound loss of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) activity in MVID patient enteroids with near-normal chloride secretion. The chloride channel-blocking anti-diarrheal drug, Crofelemer, dose-dependently inhibited agonist-mediated fluid secretion. MVID enteroids exhibited altered differentiation and maturation versus healthy enteroids. Inhibition of Notch signaling with the {gamma}-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, recovered apical brush border structure and functional Na+/H+ exchange activity in MVID enteroids. Transcriptomic analysis revealed potential pathways involved in the rescue of MVID cells including serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 2 (SGK2), and NHE regulatory factor 3 (NHERF3). These results demonstrate the utility of patient-derived enteroids for developing therapeutic approaches to MVID.

Conflict-of-interest statementThe authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalashyan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghunathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolobova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldsmith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shub, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaji, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiagarajah, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.28.526036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Therapy Development for Microvillus Inclusion Disease using Patient-derived Enteroids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cardiac sympathetic denervation prevents heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RATIONALESudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and heart failure (HF) are leading causes of death. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, limiting the design of new therapies. Whereas most autonomic modulation therapies have not shown clear benefit in HF patients, growing evidence indicates cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) exerts cardioprotective effects. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unexplored.

OBJECTIVEBased on the hypothesis that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) drive the pathogenesis of HF and SCA, we investigated whether CSD prevents SCA and HF by improving mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and redox balance, to correct impaired Ca2+ handling and repolarization reserve.

METHODS AND RESULTSWe interrogated CSD-specific responses in pressure-overload HF models with spontaneous SCA using in vivo echocardiographic and electrocardiographic studies and in vitro biochemical and functional studies including ratiometric measures of mROS, Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics in left ventricular myocytes. Pressure-overloaded HF reduced mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and increased mROS, which impaired {beta}-adrenergic signaling and caused SR Ca2+ leak, reducing SR Ca2+ and increasing diastolic Ca2+, impaired myofilament contraction and further increased the sympathetic stress response. CSD improved contractile function and mitigated mROS-mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload, dispersion of repolarization, triggered activity and SCA by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings support a fundamental role of sympathetic stress-induced downregulation of mROS scavenging enzymes and RyR-leak mediated diastolic Ca2+ overload in HF and SCA pathogenesis that are mitigated by CSD. This first report on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of CSD supports its evaluation in additional high-risk patient groups.

BRIEF SUMMARYCardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) confers cardioprotective effects via unclear mechanisms. In a guinea pig model that uniquely mimics human pressure-overload heart failure (HF) with spontaneous sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), we interrogated CSD-specific responses using echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and biochemical measures, and ratiometric measures of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS), Ca2+ and sarcomere dynamics. Consistent with our hypothesis, CSD rescued cardioprotection by upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant and NADPH-producing enzymes, which mitigate mROS-mediated Ca2+ derangements, repolarization lability, triggered activity, HF and SCA. Our findings provide the first molecular and cellular mechanistic basis for evaluating CSD therapy in a broader group of high-risk patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeMazumder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cardiac sympathetic denervation prevents heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ryanodine receptor inhibition improves cardiac repolarization reserve and contractile function and prevents sudden arrhythmic death in failing hearts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.29.526151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) are a leading cause of death, but current therapies are limited. Despite extensive research on drugs targeting sarcolemmal ion channels, none have proven sufficiently effective for preventing SCD. Sarcoplasmic ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) Ca2+ release channels, the downstream effectors of sarcolemmal ion channels, are underexplored in this context. Recent evidence implicates reactive oxygen species (ROS)- mediated oxidation and hyperactivity of RyR2s in the pathophysiology of SCD.

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that RyR2 inhibition of failing arrhythmogenic hearts reduces sarcoplasmic Ca2+ leak and repolarization lability, mitigates VT/VF/SCD and improves contractile function.

MethodsWe used a guinea pig model that replicates key clinical aspects of human nonischemic HF, such as a prolonged QT interval, a high prevalence of spontaneous arrhythmic SCD, and profound Ca2+ leak via a hyperactive RyR2. HF animals were randomized to receive dantrolene (DS) or placebo in early or chronic HF. We assessed the incidence of VT/VF and SCD (primary outcome), ECG heart rate and QT variability, echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) structure and function, immunohistochemical LV fibrosis, and sarcoplasmic RyR2 oxidation.

ResultsDS treatment prevented VT/VF and SCD by decreasing dispersion of repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias. Compared to placebo, DS lowered resting heart rate, preserved chronotropic competency during transient {beta}-adrenergic challenge, and improved heart rate variability and cardiac function.

ConclusionInhibition of RyR2 hyperactivity with dantrolene mitigates the vicious cycle of sarcoplasmic Ca2+ leak-induced increases in diastolic Ca2+ and ROS-mediated RyR2 oxidation, thereby increasing repolarization lability and protecting against VT/VF/SCD. Moreover, the consequent increase in sarcoplasmic Ca2+ load improves contractile function. These potentially life-saving effects of RyR2 inhibition warrant further investigation, such as clinical studies of repurposing dantrolene as a potential new therapy for heart failure and/or SCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMazumder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.29.526151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ryanodine receptor inhibition improves cardiac repolarization reserve and contractile function and prevents sudden arrhythmic death in failing hearts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic control of mRNA splicing as a potential mechanism for incomplete penetrance of rare coding variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exonic variants present some of the strongest links between genotype and phenotype. However, these variants can have significant inter-individual pathogenicity differences, known as variable penetrance. In this study, we propose a model where genetically controlled mRNA splicing modulates the pathogenicity of exonic variants. By first cataloging exonic inclusion from RNA-seq data in GTEx v8, we find that pathogenic alleles are depleted on highly included exons. Using a large-scale phased WGS data from the TOPMed consortium, we observe that this effect may be driven by common splice-regulatory genetic variants, and that natural selection acts on haplotype configurations that reduce the transcript inclusion of putatively pathogenic variants, especially when limiting to haploinsufficient genes. Finally, we test if this effect may be relevant for autism risk using families from the Simons Simplex Collection, but find that splicing of pathogenic alleles has a penetrance reducing effect here as well. Overall, our results indicate that common splice-regulatory variants may play a role in reducing the damaging effects of rare exonic variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Einson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glinos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaldi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hersh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rienstra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saferali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammadi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castel, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iossifov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lappalainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic control of mRNA splicing as a potential mechanism for incomplete penetrance of rare coding variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LimoRhyde2: genomic analysis of biological rhythms based on effect sizes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.02.526897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-scale data have revealed daily rhythms in various species and tissues. However, current methods to assess rhythmicity largely restrict their focus to quantifying statistical significance, which may not reflect biological relevance. To address this limitation, we developed a method called LimoRhyde2 (the successor to our method LimoRhyde), which focuses instead on rhythm-related effect sizes and their uncertainty. For each genomic feature, LimoRhyde2 fits a curve using a series of linear models based on periodic splines, moderates the fits using an Empirical Bayes approach called multivariate adaptive shrinkage (Mash), then uses the moderated fits to calculate rhythm statistics such as peak-to-trough amplitude. The periodic splines capture non-sinusoidal rhythmicity, while Mash uses patterns in the data to account for different fits having different levels of noise. To demonstrate LimoRhyde2s utility, we applied it to multiple circadian transcriptome datasets. Overall, LimoRhyde2 prioritized genes having high-amplitude rhythms in expression, whereas a prior method (BooteJTK) prioritized "statistically significant" genes whose amplitudes could be relatively small. Thus, quantifying effect sizes using approaches such as LimoRhyde2 has the potential to transform interpretation of genomic data related to biological rhythms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obodo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Outland, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LimoRhyde2: genomic analysis of biological rhythms based on effect sizes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assignment of molecular origins of NOE signal at -3.5 ppm in the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.526979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeNuclear Overhauser Enhancement mediated saturation transfer effect, termed NOE(-3.5 ppm), is a major source of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI contrasts at 3.5 ppm in the brain. Previous phantom experiments have demonstrated that both proteins and lipids, two major components in tissues, have substantial contributions to NOE(-3.5 ppm) signals. Their relative contributions in tissues are informative for the interpretation of NOE(-3.5 ppm) contrasts that could provide potential imaging biomarkers for relevant diseases, which remain incompletely understood.

MethodsExperiments on homogenates and supernatants of brain tissues collected from healthy rats, that could isolate proteins from lipids, were performed to evaluate the relative contribution of lipids to NOE(-3.5 ppm) signals. On the other hand, experiments on ghost membranes with varied pH, and reconstituted phospholipids with different chemical compositions were conducted to study the dependence of NOE(-3.5 ppm) on physiological conditions. Besides, CEST imaging on rat brains bearing 9L tumors and healthy rat brains was performed to analyze the causes of the NOE(-3.5 ppm) contrast variations between tumors and normal tissues, and between gray matter and white matter.

ResultsOur experiments reveal that lipids have dominant contributions to the NOE (-3.5 ppm) signals. Further analysis suggests that decreased NOE(-3.5 ppm) signals in tumors and higher NOE(-3.5 ppm) signals in white matter than in gray matter are mainly explained by changes in membrane lipids, rather than proteins.

ConclusionNOE(-3.5 ppm) could be exploited as a highly sensitive MRI contrast for imaging membrane lipids in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.526979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assignment of molecular origins of NOE signal at -3.5 ppm in the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527767v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroticism/negative emotionality is associated with increased reactivity to uncertain threat in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, not the amygdala 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.09.527767v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality (N/NE)--the tendency to experience anxiety, fear, and other negative emotions--is a fundamental dimension of temperament with profound consequences for health, wealth, and wellbeing. Elevated N/NE is associated with a panoply of adverse outcomes, from reduced socioeconomic attainment to psychiatric illness. Animal research suggests that N/NE reflects heightened reactivity to uncertain threat in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce), but the relevance of these discoveries to humans has remained unclear. Here we used a novel combination of psychometric, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging approaches to rigorously test this hypothesis in an ethnoracially diverse, sex-balanced sample of 220 emerging adults selectively recruited to encompass a broad spectrum of N/NE. Cross-validated robust-regression analyses demonstrated that N/NE is preferentially associated with heightened BST activation during the uncertain anticipation of a genuinely distressing threat (aversive multimodal stimulation), whereas N/NE was unrelated to BST activation during certain-threat anticipation, Ce activation during either type of threat anticipation, or BST/Ce reactivity to threat-related faces. It is often assumed that different threat paradigms are interchangeable assays of individual differences in brain function, yet this has rarely been tested. Our results revealed negligible associations between BST/Ce reactivity to the anticipation of threat and the presentation of threat-related faces, indicating that the two tasks are non-fungible. These observations provide a framework for conceptualizing emotional traits and disorders; for guiding the design and interpretation of biobank and other neuroimaging studies of psychiatric risk, disease, and treatment; and for informing mechanistic research.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuroticism/Negative Emotionality (N/NE) is a core dimension of mammalian temperament. Elevated levels of N/NE confer risk for a panoply of adversities--from reduced wealth and divorce to depression and death--yet the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. Here we show that N/NE is associated with heightened activation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) during the uncertain anticipation of a genuinely distressing threat. In contrast, N/NE was unrelated to BST reactivity during the certain anticipation of threat or the acute presentation of  threat-related faces, two popular probes of the emotional brain. These findings refine our understanding of what has been termed the single most important psychological risk factor in public health, with implications for on-going biobank and therapeutics research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grogans, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barstead, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shackman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.09.527767</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroticism/negative emotionality is associated with increased reactivity to uncertain threat in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, not the amygdala]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.16.528701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing {beta}-cells. Several observations have renewed interest in the innate immune system as an initiator of the disease process against {beta}-cells. Here, we show that N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is an adaptive {beta}-cell safeguard mechanism that accelerates mRNA decay of the 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) genes to control the antiviral innate immune response at T1D onset. m6A writer methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) levels increase drastically in human and mouse {beta}-cells at T1D onset but rapidly decline with disease progression. Treatment of human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells with pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 {beta} and interferon  mimicked the METTL3 upregulation seen at T1D onset. Furthermore, m6A-sequencing revealed the m6A hypermethylation of several key innate immune mediators including OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3 in human islets and EndoC-{beta}H1 cells challenged with cytokines. METTL3 silencing in human pseudoislets or EndoC-{beta}H1 cells enhanced OAS levels by increasing its mRNA stability upon cytokine challenge. Consistently, in vivo gene therapy, to prolong Mettl3 overexpression specifically in {beta}-cells, delayed diabetes progression in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D by limiting the upregulation of Oas pointing to potential therapeutic relevance. Mechanistically, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species blocked METTL3 upregulation in response to cytokines, while physiological levels of nitric oxide promoted its expression in human islets. Furthermore, for the first time to our knowledge, we show that the cysteines in position C276 and C326 in the zinc finger domain of the METTL3 protein are sensitive to S-nitrosylation (SNO) and are significant for the METTL3 mediated regulation of OAS mRNA stability in human {beta}-cells in response to cytokines. Collectively, we report that m6A regulates human and mouse {beta}-cells to control the innate immune response during the onset of T1D and propose targeting METTL3 to prevent {beta}-cell death in T1D.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>De Jesus, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaffrey, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahraman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eizirik, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhe-Paganon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parent, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.16.528701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Redox Regulation of m6A Methyltransferase METTL3 in Human β-cells Controls the Innate Immune Response in Type 1 Diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulmonary osteoclast-like cells in silica induced pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.17.528996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pathophysiology of silicosis is poorly understood, limiting development of therapies for those who have been exposed to the respirable particle. We explored the mechanisms of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model using multiple modalities including wholelung single-nucleus RNA sequencing. These analyses revealed that in addition to pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, intratracheal silica challenge induced osteoclast-like differentiation of alveolar macrophages and recruited monocytes, driven by induction of the osteoclastogenic cytokine, receptor activator of nuclear factor-{kappa}B ligand (RANKL) in pulmonary lymphocytes and alveolar type II cells. Furthermore, anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody treatment suppressed silica-induced osteoclast-like differentiation in the lung and attenuated silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We conclude that silica induces osteoclast-like differentiation of distinct recruited and tissue resident monocyte populations, leading to progressive lung injury, likely due to sustained elaboration of bone resorbing proteases and hydrochloric acid. Interrupting osteoclast-like differentiation may therefore constitute a promising avenue for moderating lung damage in silicosis.

One Sentence SummarySilica induces the alveolar epithelium to reprogram recruited and resident pulmonary myeloid cells to become osteoclasts that contribute to pulmonary fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franks, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uehara, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivatsan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitstick, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaidis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterburg, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopras, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teitelbaum, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikenheiser-Brokamp, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapnell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormack, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.17.528996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulmonary osteoclast-like cells in silica induced pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The immune regulation and epidemiological consequences of immune priming in Drosophila 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.22.529244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invertebrates lack the immune machinery underlying vertebrate-like acquired immunity. However, in many insects past infection by the same pathogen can  prime the immune response, resulting in improved survival upon reinfection. Here, we investigated the generality, specificity and mechanistic basis of innate immune priming in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster when infected with the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Providencia rettgeri. We find that priming in response to P. rettgeri infection is a long-lasting and pathogen-specific response. We further explore the epidemiological consequences of immune priming and find it has the potential to curtail pathogen transmission by reducing pathogen shedding and spread. The enhanced survival of individuals previously exposed to a non-lethal bacterial inoculum coincided with a transient decrease in bacterial loads, and we provide strong evidence that the effect of priming requires the IMD-responsive antimicrobial-peptide Diptericin-B in the fat body. Further, we show that while Diptericin B is the main effector of bacterial clearance, it is not sufficient for immune priming, which requires regulation of IMD by peptidoglycan recognition proteins. This work underscores the plasticity and complexity of invertebrate responses to infection, providing novel experimental evidence for the effects of innate immune priming on population-level epidemiological outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shit, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteith, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.22.529244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The immune regulation and epidemiological consequences of immune priming in Drosophila]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-Translational Modification Impact on MHC Peptide Binding and TCR Engagement 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in the presentation of peptidic fragments from proteins; these peptides can be derived from self-proteins or from non-human antigens, such as those produced by viruses or bacteria. To prevent cytotoxicity against healthy cells, thymocytes expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize self-peptides are removed from circulation in a process called negative selection. However, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are largely excluded from negative selection; this feature opens the door to the possibility that PTMs directly contribute to the development of autoreactive T cells and subsequent autoimmune diseases. Despite it being well-established that PTMs are prevalent in peptides presented on MHCs, the exact mechanisms by which PTMs influence the antigen presentation machinery remains poorly understood. In our work, we introduce chemical modifications mirroring PTMs onto peptides to systematically investigate their impact on MHC binding and TCR recognition. Our findings reveal the numerous ways PTMs alter antigen presentation, which could have implications for tumor neoantigen presentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-Translational Modification Impact on MHC Peptide Binding and TCR Engagement]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small volume blood-brain barrier opening in macaques with a 1 MHz ultrasound phased array 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.02.530815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening is a promising tool for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain. The volume of opening determines the extent of therapeutic administration and sets a lower bound on the size of targets which can be selectively treated. We tested a custom 1 MHz array transducer optimized for cortical regions in the macaque brain with the goal of achieving small volume openings. We integrated this device into a magnetic resonance image guided focused ultrasound system and demonstrated twelve instances of small volume BBB opening with average opening volumes of 59 {+/-} 37 mm3 and 184 {+/-} 2 mm3 in cortical and subcortical targets, respectively. We developed real-time cavitation monitoring using a passive cavitation detector embedded in the array and characterized its performance on a bench-top flow phantom mimicking transcranial BBB opening procedures. We monitored cavitation during in-vivo procedures and compared cavitation metrics against opening volumes and safety outcomes measured with FLAIR and susceptibility weighted MR imaging. Our findings show small BBB opening at cortical targets in macaques and characterize the safe pressure range for 1 MHz BBB opening. Additionally, we used subject-specific simulations to investigate variance in measured opening volumes and found high correlation (R2 = 0.8577) between simulation predictions and observed measurements. Simulations suggest the threshold for 1 MHz BBB opening was 0.53 MPa. This system enables BBB opening for drug delivery and gene therapy to be targeted to more specific brain regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manuel, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigona, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phipps, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusonose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grissom, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.02.530815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small volume blood-brain barrier opening in macaques with a 1 MHz ultrasound phased array]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatic stellate cells maintain liver homeostasis through paracrine neurotrophin-3 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.03.531042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ homeostasis is maintained by regulated proliferation of distinct cell populations. In mouse liver, cyclin D1-positive hepatocytes in the midlobular zone repopulate the parenchyma at a constant rate to preserve liver homeostasis. The mitogenic cues that underlie this process are unknown. Hepatic stellate cells, the livers pericytes, are in close proximity to hepatocytes and have been implicated in supporting hepatocyte proliferation, but their role in liver homeostasis is unknown. Here, we employ a T cell-mediated hepatic stellate cell ablation model to remove nearly all hepatic stellate cells in the murine liver, enabling the unbiased characterization of hepatic stellate cell functions. In the normal murine liver, complete loss of hepatic stellate cells persists for up to 6 weeks and reduces liver mass. Our results show that hepatic stellate cells induce cyclin D1 in midlobular hepatocytes by release of neurotrophin-3 to promote hepatocyte proliferation via tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling. These findings establish that hepatic stellate cells form the niche for midlobular hepatocytes and reveal a novel hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway.

One-Sentence SummaryHepatic stellate cells provide mitogenic cues for midlobular hepatocyte proliferation and metabolic zonation by secreting neurotrophin-3.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trinh, V. Q.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoinne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ybanez, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akat, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.03.531042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatic stellate cells maintain liver homeostasis through paracrine neurotrophin-3 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.530313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MYO1B and MYO5B motor proteins and the SNX27 sorting nexin regulate membrane mucin MUC17 trafficking in enterocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.06.530313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A dense glycocalyx, composed of the megaDalton-sized membrane mucin MUC17, coats the microvilli in the apical brush border of transporting intestinal epithelial cells, called enterocytes. The establishment of the MUC17-based glycocalyx in the mouse small intestine occurs at the critical suckling-weaning transition. The enterocytic glycocalyx extends 1 {micro}m into the intestinal lumen and prevents the gut bacteria from directly attaching to the enterocytes. To date, the mechanism behind apical targeting of MUC17 to the brush border remains unknown. Here, we show that the actin-based motor proteins MYO1B and MYO5B, and the sorting nexin SNX27 regulate the intracellular trafficking of MUC17 in enterocytes. We demonstrate that MUC17 turnover at the brush border is slow and controlled by MYO1B and SNX27. Furthermore, we report that MYO1B regulates MUC17 protein levels in enterocytes, whereas MYO5B specifically governs MUC17 levels at the brush border. Together, our results extend our understanding of the intracellular trafficking of membrane mucins and provide mechanistic insights into how defective trafficking pathways render enterocytes sensitive to bacterial invasion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jäverfelt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellsen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaji, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelaseyed, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.06.530313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MYO1B and MYO5B motor proteins and the SNX27 sorting nexin regulate membrane mucin MUC17 trafficking in enterocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531534v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TAD Evolutionary and functional characterization reveals diversity in mammalian TAD boundary properties and function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531534v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topological associating domains (TADs) are self-interacting genomic units crucial for shaping gene regulation patterns. Despite their importance, the extent of their evolutionary conservation and its functional implications remain largely unknown. In this study, we generate Hi-C and ChIP-seq data and compare TAD organization across four primate and four rodent species, and characterize the genetic and epigenetic properties of TAD boundaries in correspondence to their evolutionary conservation. We find that only 14% of all human TAD boundaries are shared among all eight species (ultraconserved), while 15% are human-specific. Ultraconserved TAD boundaries have stronger insulation strength, CTCF binding, and enrichment of older retrotransposons, compared to species-specific boundaries. CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts of two ultraconserved boundaries in mouse models leads to tissue-specific gene expression changes and morphological phenotypes. Deletion of a human-specific boundary near the autism-related AUTS2 gene results in upregulation of this gene in neurons. Overall, our study provides pertinent TAD boundary evolutionary conservation annotations, and showcase the functional importance of TAD evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okhovat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanCampen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nevonen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stendahl, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harshman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndjamen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigh-Conrad, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Easow, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichler, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rugonyi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahituv, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531534</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TAD Evolutionary and functional characterization reveals diversity in mammalian TAD boundary properties and function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extended regulation interface coupled to the allosteric network and disease mutations in the PP2A-B56 delta holoenzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.09.530109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasing number of mutations associated with devastating human diseases are diagnosed by whole-genome/exon sequencing. Recurrent de novo missense mutations have been discovered in B56{delta} (encoded by PPP2R5D), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), that cause intellectual disabilities (ID), macrocephaly, Parkinsonism, and a broad range of neurological symptoms. Single-particle cryo-EM structures show that the PP2A-B56{delta} holoenzyme possesses closed latent and open active forms. In the closed form, the long, disordered arms of B56{delta} termini fold against each other and the holoenzyme core, establishing dual autoinhibition of the phosphatase active site and the substrate-binding protein groove. The resulting interface spans over 190 [A] and harbors unfavorable contacts, activation phosphorylation sites, and nearly all residues with ID-associated mutations. Our studies suggest that this dynamic interface is close to an allosteric network responsive to activation phosphorylation and altered globally by mutations. Furthermore, we found that ID mutations perturb the activation phosphorylation rates, and the severe variants significantly increase the mitotic duration and error rates compared to the wild variant.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parihar, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konovolov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrill, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carragher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaresan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadzinski, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swingle, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musiyenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honkanen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strack, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.09.530109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extended regulation interface coupled to the allosteric network and disease mutations in the PP2A-B56 delta holoenzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning about neurodiversity from parents - auditory gestalt perception of prelinguistic vocalisations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundInfants with Rett syndrome (RTT) may have subtle anomalies in their prelinguistic vocalisations but the detection of these is difficult, since their conspicuous vocalisations are often interspersed with inconspicuous ones.

Aims and methodsExtending a previous study with predominantly non-parents, the present study sampled parents of children with RTT and aimed to examine their gestalt perception of prelinguistic vocalisations.

Methods and procedureParents (n = 76) of female children with RTT listened to vocalisation recordings from RTT and typically developing (TD) infants, including an inconspicuous vocalisation from a RTT girl. For each recording, parents indicated if the vocalisation was produced by a RTT or a TD child.

ResultsOverall correct to incorrect identification rate was 2:1, which was comparable to that of the previous study. Intriguingly, parents of RTT children seemed to be sensitive to features characterising the vocalisations of RTT infants, which has especially influenced their perception of the inconspicuous vocalisation from a RTT girl.

Conclusions and implicationsThese results invite further research on the potential characterising differences between vocalisations from TD infants and infants with divergent neurodevelopment.

What this paper adds?Previous studies suggested that parents observations of their childrens behaviour are insightful and could aid clinical diagnosis. There is evidence that non-parents also seem to be sensitive to typical versus atypical characteristics in infant development. As normal and divergent developmental behaviours are often overlapping with each other, detecting deviant development is often difficult. For example, atypical vocalisations of infants later diagnosed with Rett syndrome (RTT) are often interspersed with their more typical and inconspicuous vocalisations. Can we learn extras from parents about divergences in prelinguistic vocalisations? The current study extended previous research and focused on the auditory gestalt perception of parents. We found parents of children with RTT were sensitive to the characterising differences between vocalisations from RTT and typically developing (TD) infants. They differentiated RTT vocalisations from TD vocalisations, even the RTT vocalisation was benchmarked as inconspicuous by speech-language experts. The characterising features that point to RTT, which seem to be perceptible to parents, might be more than the conspicuousness that could be readily classified by experts. What we have learned from parents perceptions motivates further research on the potential characterising features in prelinguistic vocalisations from different infants, especially in vocalisations that sound inconspicuous to experts and professionals, which may help to refine our understandings of diverse vocalisation patterns on the one hand, and to identify infants with neurodevelopmental divergences on the other hand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einspieler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neul, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boelte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holzinger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freilinger, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poustka, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigafoos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marschik, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning about neurodiversity from parents - auditory gestalt perception of prelinguistic vocalisations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell type-specific and disease-associated eQTL in the human lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.17.533161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Common genetic variants confer substantial risk for chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Defining the genetic control of gene expression in a cell-type-specific and context-dependent manner is critical for understanding the mechanisms through which genetic variation influences complex traits and disease pathobiology. To this end, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of lung tissue from 67 PF and 49 unaffected donors. Employing a pseudo-bulk approach, we mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) across 38 cell types, observing both shared and cell type-specific regulatory effects. Further, we identified disease-interaction eQTL and demonstrated that this class of associations is more likely to be cell-type specific and linked to cellular dysregulation in PF. Finally, we connected PF risk variants to their regulatory targets in disease-relevant cell types. These results indicate that cellular context determines the impact of genetic variation on gene expression, and implicates context-specific eQTL as key regulators of lung homeostasis and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Natri, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Azodi, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chugh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M.-i.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matlock, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.17.533161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell type-specific and disease-associated eQTL in the human lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZCCHC17 modulates neuronal RNA splicing and supports cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.21.533654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ZCCHC17 is a putative master regulator of synaptic gene dysfunction in Alzheimers Disease (AD), and ZCCHC17 protein declines early in AD brain tissue, before significant gliosis or neuronal loss. Here, we investigate the function of ZCCHC17 and its role in AD pathogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation of ZCCHC17 followed by mass spectrometry analysis in human iPSC-derived neurons reveals that ZCCHC17s binding partners are enriched for RNA splicing proteins. ZCCHC17 knockdown results in widespread RNA splicing changes that significantly overlap with splicing changes found in AD brain tissue, with synaptic genes commonly affected. ZCCHC17 expression correlates with cognitive resilience in AD patients, and we uncover an APOE4 dependent negative correlation of ZCCHC17 expression with tangle burden. Furthermore, a majority of ZCCHC17 interactors also co-IP with known tau interactors, and we find significant overlap between alternatively spliced genes in ZCCHC17 knockdown and tau overexpression neurons. These results demonstrate ZCCHC17s role in neuronal RNA processing and its interaction with pathology and cognitive resilience in AD, and suggest that maintenance of ZCCHC17 function may be a therapeutic strategy for preserving cognitive function in the setting of AD pathology.

SignificanceAbnormal RNA processing is an important component of AD pathophysiology. We show here that ZCCHC17, a previously identified putative master regulator of synaptic dysfunction in AD, plays a role in neuronal RNA processing, and illustrate that ZCCHC17 dysfunction is sufficient to explain some of the splicing abnormalities seen in AD brain tissue, including synaptic gene splicing abnormalities. Using data from human patients, we demonstrate that ZCCHC17 mRNA levels correlate with cognitive resilience in the setting of AD pathology. These results suggest that maintenance of ZCCHC17 function may be a therapeutic strategy for supporting cognitive function in AD patients, and motivate future work examining a possible role of abnormal RNA processing in AD-related cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartosch, A. M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youth, E. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashok, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivakumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soni, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ropri, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, H.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardarajan, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young-Pearse, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sproul, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teich, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.21.533654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZCCHC17 modulates neuronal RNA splicing and supports cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536061v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple rotavirus species encode fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins with cell type-specific activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.07.536061v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are viral nonstructural proteins that mediate cell-cell fusion to form multinucleated syncytia. We previously reported that human species B rotavirus NSP1-1 is a FAST protein that induces syncytia in primate epithelial cells but not rodent fibroblasts. We hypothesized that the NSP1-1 proteins of other rotavirus species could also mediate cell-cell fusion and that fusion activity might be limited to cell types derived from homologous hosts. To test this hypothesis, we predicted the structure and domain organization of NSP1-1 proteins of species B rotavirus from a human, goat, and pig, species G rotavirus from a pigeon and turkey, and species I rotavirus from a dog and cat. We cloned these sequences into plasmids and transiently expressed the NSP1-1 proteins in avian, canine, hamster, human, porcine, and simian cells. Regardless of host origin of the virus, each NSP1-1 protein induced syncytia in primate cells, while few induced syncytia in other cell types. To identify the domains that determined cell-specific fusion activity for human species B rotavirus NSP1-1, we engineered chimeric proteins containing domain exchanges with the p10 FAST protein from Nelson Bay orthoreovirus. Using the chimeric proteins, we found that the N-terminal and transmembrane domains determined the cell type specificity of fusion activity. Although the species and cell type criteria for fusion activity remain unclear, these findings suggest that rotavirus species B, G, and I NSP1-1 are functional FAST proteins whose N termini play a role in specifying the cells in which they mediate syncytia formation.

IMPORTANCEMechanisms of membrane fusion and determinants of host range for pathogens remain poorly understood. Improved understanding of these concepts could open new areas for therapeutic development and shed light on virus epidemiology. Our analyses of NSP1-1 proteins from species B, G, and I rotaviruses provide insights into the diversity of domain features tolerated by functional FAST proteins. Further, the observation that all putative FAST proteins tested can induce syncytia formation in at least some cell types provides evidence that rotaviruses that encode NSP1-1 proteins are fusogenic viruses. Finally, although the criteria for their specificity remain unclear, our observations regarding fusion capacities of different NSP1-1 proteins and of chimeric FAST proteins suggest a potential role for rotavirus FAST proteins in determining the efficiency of viral replication within a given host or cell type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veletanlic, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sartalamacchia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diller, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.07.536061</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple rotavirus species encode fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins with cell type-specific activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immunoproteasomal Processing of Isolevuglandin Adducts in Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=192 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/536054v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (36K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fc2367org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@787fcforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10f09f2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@561978_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical AbstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG Isolevuglandins (isoLGs) are lipid aldehydes that form in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and drive immune activation. We found that isoLG-adducts are presented within the context of major histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I) by an immunoproteasome dependent mechanism.

Pharmacologic inhibition of LMP7, the chymotrypsin subunit of the immunoproteasome, attenuates hypertension and tissue inflammation in the angiotensin II (Ang II) model of hypertension. Genetic loss of function of all immunoproteasome subunits or conditional deletion of LMP7 in dendritic cell (DCs) or endothelial cells (ECs) attenuated hypertension, reduced aortic T cell infiltration, and reduced isoLG-adduct MHC-I interaction. Furthermore, isoLG adducts structurally resemble double-stranded DNA and contribute to the activation of STING in ECs. These studies define a critical role of the immunoproteasome in the processing and presentation of isoLG-adducts. Moreover they define a role of LMP7 as a regulator of T cell activation and tissue infiltration in hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de la Visitacion, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Beusecum, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarnath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennen, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immunoproteasomal Processing of Isolevuglandin Adducts in Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.10.536252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The heritability explained by local ancestry markers in an admixed population [Formula] provides crucial insight into the genetic architecture of a complex disease or trait. Estimation of [Formula] can be susceptible to biases due to population structure in ancestral populations. Here, we present a novel approach, Heritability estimation from Admixture Mapping Summary STAtistics (HAMSTA), which uses summary statistics from admixture mapping to infer heritability explained by local ancestry while adjusting for biases due to ancestral stratification. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that HAMSTA [Formula] estimates are approximately unbiased and are robust to ancestral stratification compared to existing approaches. In the presence of ancestral stratification, we show a HAMSTA-derived sampling scheme provides a calibrated family-wise error rate (FWER) of [~]5% for admixture mapping, unlike existing FWER estimation approaches. We apply HAMSTA to 20 quantitative phenotypes of up to 15,988 self-reported African American individuals in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. We observe [Formula] in the 20 phenotypes range from 0.0025 to 0.033 (mean [Formula]), which translates to [Formula] ranging from 0.062 to 0.85 (mean [Formula]). Across these phenotypes we find little evidence of inflation due to ancestral population stratification in current admixture mapping studies (mean inflation factor of 0.99 +/-0.001). Overall, HAMSTA provides a fast and powerful approach to estimate genome-wide heritability and evaluate biases in test statistics of admixture mapping studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Marchland, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojcik, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gignoux, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>PAGE Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancuso, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.536252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating heritability explained by local ancestry and evaluating stratification bias in admixture mapping from summary statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Complexity Disentangled: A Regulatory Elements Approach 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.17.537241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractTranscription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are fundamental regulators of gene expression, cell state, and biological processes. This study investigated whether a small subset of TFs and miRNAs could accurately predict genome-wide gene expression. We analyzed 8895 samples across 31 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas and identified 28 miRNA and 28 TF clusters using unsupervised learning. Medoids of these clusters could differentiate tissues of origin with 92.8% accuracy, demonstrating their biological relevance. We developed Tissue-Agnostic and Tissue-Aware models to predict 20,000 gene expressions using the 56 selected medoid miRNAs and TFs. The Tissue- Aware model attained an R2 of 0.70 by incorporating tissue-specific information. Despite measuring only 1/400th of the transcriptome, the prediction accuracy was comparable to that achieved by the 1000 landmark genes. This suggests the transcriptome has an intrinsically low-dimensional structure that can be captured by a few regulatory molecules. Our approach could enable cheaper transcriptome assays and analysis of low-quality samples. It also provides insights into genes that are heavily regulated by miRNAs/TFs versus alternative mechanisms. However, model transportability was impacted by dataset discrepancies, especially in miRNA distribution. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of a biology-guided approach for robust transcriptome representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abrams, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombes, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.17.537241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Complexity Disentangled: A Regulatory Elements Approach]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540867v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repetitive Sulfur Dioxide Exposure in Mice Models Post-Deployment Respiratory Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.15.540867v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan have a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms than non-deployed military personnel and some have been shown to have a constellation of findings on lung biopsy termed post-deployment respiratory syndrome (PDRS). Since many of the deployers in this cohort reported exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2), we developed a model of repetitive exposure to SO2 in mice that phenocopies many aspects of PDRS, including adaptive immune activation, airway wall remodeling, and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Although abnormalities in small airways were not sufficient to alter lung mechanics, PVD was associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension and reduced exercise tolerance in SO2 exposed mice. Further, we used pharmacologic and genetic approaches to demonstrate a critical role for oxidative stress and isolevuglandins in mediating PVD in this model. In summary, our results indicate that repetitive SO2 exposure recapitulates many aspects of PDRS and that oxidative stress may mediate PVD in this model, which may be helpful for future mechanistic studies examining the relationship between inhaled irritants, PVD, and PDRS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzano, J. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiukov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikalova, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richmond, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikalov, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540867</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repetitive Sulfur Dioxide Exposure in Mice Models Post-Deployment Respiratory Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation-environment interactions in the human genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.19.541437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously we showed that a massively parallel reporter assay, mSTARR-seq, could be used to simultaneously test for both enhancer-like activity and DNA methylation-dependent enhancer activity for millions of loci in a single experiment (Lea et al., 2018). Here we apply mSTARR-seq to query nearly the entire human genome, including almost all CpG sites profiled either on the commonly used Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array or via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We show that fragments containing these sites are enriched for regulatory capacity, and that methylation-dependent regulatory activity is in turn sensitive to the cellular environment. In particular, regulatory responses to interferon alpha (IFNA) stimulation are strongly attenuated by methyl marks, indicating widespread DNA methylation-environment interactions. In agreement, methylation-dependent responses to IFNA identified via mSTARR-seq predict methylation-dependent transcriptional responses to challenge with influenza virus in human macrophages. Our observations support the idea that pre-existing DNA methylation patterns can influence the response to subsequent environmental exposures--one of the tenets of biological embedding. However, we also find that, on average, sites previously associated with early life adversity are not more likely to functionally influence gene regulation than expected by chance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnston, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aracena, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barreiro, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.19.541437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation-environment interactions in the human genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique interactions and functions of the mitochondrial small Tims in Trypanosoma brucei 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.29.542777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trypanosoma brucei is an early divergent parasitic protozoan that causes a fatal disease, African trypanosomiasis. T. brucei possesses a unique and essential translocase of the mitochondrial inner membrane, the TbTIM17 complex. TbTim17 associates with 6 small TbTims, (TbTim9, TbTim10, TbTim11, TbTim12, TbTim13, and TbTim8/13). However, the interaction pattern of the small TbTims with each other and TbTim17 are not clear. Here, we demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis that all six small TbTims interact with each other, but stronger interactions were found among TbTim8/13, TbTim9, and TbTim10. Each of the small TbTims also interact directly with the C-terminal region of TbTim17. RNAi studies indicated that among all small TbTims, TbTim13 is most crucial to maintain the steady-state levels of the TbTIM17 complex. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses from T. brucei mitochondrial extracts also showed that TbTim10 has a stronger association with TbTim9 and TbTim8/13, but a weaker association with TbTim13, whereas TbTim13 has a stronger connection with TbTim17. Analysis of the small TbTim complexes by size exclusion chromatography revealed that each small TbTim, except TbTim13, is present in [~]70 kDa complexes, which could be heterohexameric forms of the small TbTims. However, TbTim13 is primarily present in the larger complex (>800 kDa) and co-fractionated with TbTim17. Altogether, our results demonstrated that TbTim13 is a part of the TbTIM complex and the smaller complexes of the small TbTims likely interact with the larger complex dynamically. Therefore, relative to other eukaryotes, the architecture and function of the small TbTim complexes are specific in T. brucei.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quinones Guillen, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paromov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.29.542777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique interactions and functions of the mitochondrial small Tims in Trypanosoma brucei]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-22 promotes acute kidney injury through activation of the DNA damage response and cell death in proximal tubule cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects over 13 million people world-wide annually and is associated with a fourfold increase in mortality. Our lab and others have shown that DNA damage response (DDR) governs the outcome of AKI in a bimodal manner. Activation of DDR sensor kinases protects against AKI, while hyperactivation of DDR effector proteins, such as p53, induces to cell death and worsens AKI. The factors that trigger the switch from pro-reparative to pro-cell death DDR remain to be resolved. Here we investigate the role of interleukin 22 (IL-22), an IL-10 family member whose receptor (IL-22RA1) is expressed on proximal tubule cells (PTCs), in DDR activation and AKI. Using cisplatin and aristolochic acid (AA) induced nephropathy as models of DNA damage, we identify PTCs as a novel source of urinary IL-22, making PTCs the only epithelial cells known to secret IL-22, to our knowledge. Functionally, IL-22 binding its receptor (IL-22RA1) on PTCs amplifies the DDR. Treating primary PTCs with IL-22 alone induces rapid activation of the DDR in vitro. The combination of IL-22 + cisplatin or AA treatment on primary PTCs induces cell death, while the same dose of cisplatin or AA alone does not. Global deletion of IL-22 protects against cisplatin or AA induced AKI. IL-22 deletion reduces expression of components of the DDR and inhibits PTC cell death. To confirm PTC IL-22 signaling contributes to AKI, we knocked out IL-22RA1 in renal epithelial cells by crossing IL-22RA1floxed mice with Six2-Cre mice. IL-22RA1 KO reduced DDR activation, cell death, and kidney injury. These data demonstrate that IL-22 promotes DDR activation in PTCs, switching pro-recovery DDR responses to a pro-cell death response and worsening AKI. Targeting IL-22 represents a novel therapeutic approach to prevent the negative consequences of the DDR activation while not interfering with the processes necessary for repair of damaged DNA.

Translational statementAcute kidney injury, which affects 10-20% of hospitalized patients, is associated with a fourfold increase in mortality and predisposes patients to chronic kidney disease. In the present study, we identify interleukin 22 as a cofactor which worsens acute kidney injury. Interleukin 22 activates the DNA damage response, which in combination with nephrotoxic drugs amplifies the injury response in kidney epithelial cells and increases cell death. Deletion of interleukin 22 from mice or its receptor from mouse kidneys ameliorates cisplatin induced nephropathy. These findings may help clarify the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage induced kidney injury and identify interventions that can help treat acute kidney injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugahara, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elias, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabla, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-22 promotes acute kidney injury through activation of the DNA damage response and cell death in proximal tubule cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Concerted epithelial and stromal changes during progression of Barrett's Esophagus to invasive adenocarcinoma exposed by multi-scale, multi-omics analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.08.544265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from Barretts esophagus, a precancerous metaplastic replacement of squamous by columnar epithelium in response to chronic inflammation. Multi-omics profiling, integrating single-cell transcriptomics, extracellular matrix proteomics, tissue-mechanics and spatial proteomics of 64 samples from 12 patients paths of progression from squamous epithelium through metaplasia, dysplasia to adenocarcinoma, revealed shared and patient-specific progression characteristics. The classic metaplastic replacement of epithelial cells was paralleled by metaplastic changes in stromal cells, ECM and tissue stiffness. Strikingly, this change in tissue state at metaplasia was already accompanied by appearance of fibroblasts with characteristics of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and of an NK cell-associated immunosuppressive microenvironment. Thus, Barretts esophagus progresses as a coordinated multi-component system, supporting treatment paradigms that go beyond targeting cancerous cells to incorporating stromal reprogramming.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=187 SRC="FIGDIR/small/544265v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (62K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@64c375org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15c6ef2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@177dee0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c945e7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical AbstractTo obtain a comprehensive picture of the coordinated changes in epithelial, stromal and immune compartments during development of Barretts-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma, patient-matched samples corresponding to various phases of disease progression were collected from 12 patients, each of which had at a given time point lesions at multiple stages progression (matched-normal, metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma). Matched "normal" gastric tissues were also collected. These sample were analyzed by single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) for single-cell resolution transcriptomics and Copy Number Variant (CNV), by proteomics for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM for tissue stiffness and by CODEX spatial proteomics imaging The integrative multi-omics analysis exposed drastic alterations in cell type composition and shifts in cell states in all three compartments. A large subpopulation of fibroblasts absent in the normal esophagus and characteristic of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma sample, that based on markers would indeed be considered cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), appeared already in the metaplastic phase. This fibroblast subpopulation had transcriptomes virtually indistinguishable with fibroblasts of the cancer free gastric epithelium in these patients

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gascard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickey, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schürch, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozkan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basisty, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangwan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camilleri-Broet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiset, P.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djambazian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oikonomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fels-Elliott, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernovsky, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shimshoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collyar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragoussis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingber, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tlsty, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferri, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.08.544265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Concerted epithelial and stromal changes during progression of Barrett's Esophagus to invasive adenocarcinoma exposed by multi-scale, multi-omics analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An atlas of genetic variation for linking pathogen-induced cellular traits to human disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/202325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of genetic variants associated with disease. To facilitate moving from associations to disease mechanisms, we leveraged the role of pathogens in shaping human evolution with the Hi-HOST Phenome Project (H2P2): a catalog of cellular GWAS comprised of 79 phenotypes in response to 8 pathogens in 528 lymphoblastoid cell lines. Seventeen loci surpass genome-wide significance (p<5x10-8) for phenotypes ranging from pathogen replication to cytokine production. Combining H2P2 with clinical association data from the eMERGE Network and experimental validation revealed evidence for mechanisms of action and connections with diseases. We identified a SNP near CXCL10 as a cis-cytokine-QTL and a new risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease. A SNP in ZBTB20 demonstrated pleiotropy, partially mediated through NF{kappa}B signaling, and was associated with viral hepatitis. Data are available in an H2P2 web portal to facilitate further interpreting human genome variation through the lens of cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittman, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salinas, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanaway, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonia, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The eMERGE Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvick, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delong, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdivia, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/202325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An atlas of genetic variation for linking pathogen-induced cellular traits to human disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clingen Cancer Somatic Working Group: standardizing and democratizing access to cancer molecular diagnostic data to drive translational research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of academic and community clinics are conducting genomic testing to inform treatment decisions for cancer patients (1). In the last 3-5 years, there has been a rapid increase in clinical use of next generation sequencing (NGS) based cancer molecular diagnostic (MolDx) testing (2). The increasing availability and decreasing cost of tumor genomic profiling means that physicians can now make treatment decisions armed with patient-specific genetic information. Accumulating research in the cancer biology field indicates that there is significant potential to improve cancer patient outcomes by effectively leveraging this rich source of genomic data in treatment planning (3). To achieve truly personalized medicine in oncology, it is critical to catalog cancer sequence variants from MolDx testing for their clinical relevance along with treatment information and patient outcomes, and to do so in a way that supports large-scale data aggregation and new hypothesis generation. One critical challenge to encoding variant data is adopting a standard of annotation of those variants that are clinically actionable. Through the NIH-funded Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) (4), in collaboration with NLMs ClinVar database and >50 academic and industry based cancer research organizations, we developed the Minimal Variant Level Data (MVLD) framework to standardize reporting and interpretation of drug associated alterations (5). We are currently involved in collaborative efforts to align the MVLD framework with parallel, complementary sequence variants interpretation clinical guidelines from the Association of Molecular Pathologists (AMP) for clinical labs (6). In order to truly democratize access to MolDx data for care and research needs, these standards must be harmonized to support sharing of clinical cancer variants. Here we describe the processes and methods developed within the ClinGens Somatic WG in collaboration with over 60 cancer care and research organizations as well as CLIA-certified, CAP-accredited clinical testing labs to develop standards for cancer variant interpretation and sharing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micheel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Clingen Somatic Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clingen Cancer Somatic Working Group: standardizing and democratizing access to cancer molecular diagnostic data to drive translational research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CalR: A Web-based Analysis Tool for Indirect Calorimetry Experiments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a web-based tool for analysis of indirect calorimetry experiments which measure physiological energy balance. CalR easily imports raw data files, generates plots, and determines the most appropriate statistical tests for interpretation. Analysis with the general linear model (which includes ANOVA and ANCOVA) allows for flexibility to interpret experiments of obesity and thermogenesis. Users may also produce standardized output files of an experiment which can be shared and subsequently re-evaluated using CalR. This framework will provide the transparency necessary to enhance consistency and reproducibility in experiments of energy expenditure. CalR analysis software will greatly increase the speed and efficiency with which metabolic experiments can be organized, analyzed according to accepted norms, and reproduced--and will likely become a standard tool for the field. CalR is accessible at https://CalR.bwh.harvard.edu.nnGraphical AbstractnnO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=138 SRC="FIGDIR/small/213967_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">nView larger version (34K):norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c27058org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15dbe84org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1870019org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17a17c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mina, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeClair, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeClair, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CalR: A Web-based Analysis Tool for Indirect Calorimetry Experiments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/219170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a highly heritable complex phenotype, demonstrates sexual dimorphism in age of onset and clinical presentation, suggesting a possible sex difference in underlying genetic architecture. We present the first genome-wide characterization of the sex-specific genetic architecture of OCD, utilizing the largest set of OCD cases and controls available from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. We assessed evidence for several mechanisms that may contribute to sexual-dimorphism including a sexually dimorphic liability threshold, the presence of individual sex-specific risk variants on the autosomes and the X chromosome, genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and sex-specific pleiotropic effects. We observed a strong genetic correlation between male and female OCD and no evidence for a sexually dimorphic liability threshold model. While we did not detect any sex-specific genome-wide associations, we observed that the SNPs with sexually dimorphic effects showed an enrichment of regulatory variants influencing expression of genes in immune tissues. Furthermore, top sex-specific genome-wide associations were enriched for regulatory variants in different tissues, suggesting evidence for potential sex difference in the biology underlying risk for OCD. These findings suggest that future studies with larger sample sizes hold great promise for the identification of sex-specific risk factors for OCD, significantly advancing our understanding of the differences in the genetic basis of sexually dimorphic neuropsychiatric traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khramtsova, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heldman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TS/OCD Psychiatric Genomics Disorders Workgroup,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stranger, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/219170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in the genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression imputation across multiple brain regions reveals schizophrenia risk throughout development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptomic imputation approaches offer an opportunity to test associations between disease and gene expression in otherwise inaccessible tissues, such as brain, by combining eQTL reference panels with large-scale genotype data. These genic associations could elucidate signals in complex GWAS loci and may disentangle the role of different tissues in disease development. Here, we use the largest eQTL reference panel for the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC), collected by the CommonMind Consortium, to create a set of gene expression predictors and demonstrate their utility. We applied these predictors to 40,299 schizophrenia cases and 65,264 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of schizophrenia to date. We also computed predicted gene expression levels for 12 additional brain regions, using publicly available predictor models from GTEx. We identified 413 genic associations across 13 brain regions. Stepwise conditioning across the genes and tissues identified 71 associated genes (67 outside the MHC), with the majority of associations found in the DLPFC, and of which 14/67 genes did not fall within previously genome-wide significant loci. We identified 36 significantly enriched pathways, including hexosaminidase-A deficiency, and multiple pathways associated with porphyric disorders. We investigated developmental expression patterns for all 67 non-MHC associated genes using BRAINSPAN, and identified groups of genes expressed specifically pre-natally or post-natally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardinas, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Als, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girdhar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boocock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CommonMind Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Gen,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSYCH-GEMS Schizophrenia Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression imputation across multiple brain regions reveals schizophrenia risk throughout development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/222786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with episodic mood disturbances. In this study we use a transcriptomic imputation approach to identify novel genes and pathways associated with bipolar disorder, as well as three diagnostically and genetically distinct subtypes. Transcriptomic imputation approaches leverage well-curated and publicly available eQTL reference panels to create gene-expression prediction models, which may then be applied to "impute" genetically regulated gene expression (GREX) in large GWAS datasets. By testing for association between phenotype and GREX, rather than genotype, we hope to identify more biologically interpretable associations, and thus elucidate more of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder.nnWe applied GREX prediction models for 13 brain regions (derived from CommonMind Consortium and GTEx eQTL reference panels) to 21,488 bipolar cases and 54,303 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of bipolar disorder (BPD) to date. Additionally, we analyzed three specific BPD subtypes, including 14,938 individuals with subtype 1 (BD-I), 3,543 individuals with subtype 2 (BD-II), and 1,500 individuals with schizoaffective subtype (SAB).nnWe identified 125 gene-tissue associations with BPD, of which 53 represent independent associations after FINEMAP analysis. 29/53 associations were novel; i.e., did not lie within 1Mb of a locus identified in the recent PGC-BD GWAS. We identified 37 independent BD-I gene-tissue associations (10 novel), 2 BD-II associations, and 2 SAB associations. Our BPD, BD-I and BD-II associations were significantly more likely to be differentially expressed in post-mortem brain tissue of BPD, BD-I and BD-II cases than we might expect by chance. Together with our pathway analysis, our results support long-standing hypotheses about bipolar disorder risk, including a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the post-synaptic density, and an enrichment of circadian rhythm and clock genes within our results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roussos, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenici, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>CommonMind Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>iPSYCH Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demontis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/222786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
quanTIseq: quantifying immune contexture of human tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/223180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune contexture has a prognostic value in several cancers and the study of its pharmacological modulation could identify drugs acting synergistically with immune checkpoint blockers. However, the quantification of the immune contexture is hampered by the lack of simple and efficient methods. We developed quanTIseq, a deconvolution method that quantifies the densities of ten immune cell types from bulk RNA sequencing data and tissue imaging data. We performed extensive validation using simulated data, flow cytometry data, and immunohistochemistry data from three cancer cohorts.nnAnalysis of 8,000 samples showed that the activation of the CXCR3/CXCL9 axis, rather than the mutational load is associated with cytotoxic T cell infiltration. We also show the prognostic value of deconvolution-based immunoscore and T cell/B cell score in several solid cancers. Finally, we used quanTIseq to show how kinase inhibitors modulate the immune contexture, and we suggest that it might have predictive value for immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finotello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plattner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laschober, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogsdam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posch, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilflingseder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sopper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jsselsteijn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsons, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estrada, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ericsson-Gonzalez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Miranda, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trajanoski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/223180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[quanTIseq: quantifying immune contexture of human tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systems genetics identifies modifiers of Alzheimer’s disease risk and resilience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying genes that modify symptoms of Alzheimers disease (AD) will provide novel therapeutic strategies to prevent, cure or delay AD. To discover genetic modifiers of AD, we combined a mouse model of AD with a genetically diverse reference panel to generate F1 mice harboring identical  high-risk human AD mutations but which differ across the remainder of their genome. We first show that genetic variation profoundly modifies the impact of causal human AD mutations and validate this panel as an AD model by demonstrating a high degree of phenotypic, transcriptomic, and genetic overlap with human AD. Genetic mapping was used to identify candidate modifiers of cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology, and viral-mediated knockdown was used to functionally validate Trpc3 as a modifier of AD. Overall, work here introduces a  humanized mouse population as an innovative and reproducible resource for the study of AD and identifies Trpc3 as a novel therapeutic target.nnHighlightsO_LINew transgenic mouse population enables mapping of AD risk and resilience factorsnC_LIO_LITranscriptomic and phenotypic profiles in diverse AD mice parallel those in humansnC_LIO_LIApoe genotype and expression correlate with cognitive symptoms in micenC_LIO_LITrpc3 is a novel target to reduce amyloid load and cognitive symptoms in ADnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Neuner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richholt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huentelman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, K. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systems genetics identifies modifiers of Alzheimer’s disease risk and resilience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examination of the Shared Genetic Basis of Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/231076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often comorbid and likely to share genetic risk factors. Hence, we examine their shared genetic background using a crossdisorder GWAS meta-analysis of 3,495 AN cases, 2,688 OCD cases and 18,013 controls. We confirmed a high genetic correlation between AN and OCD (rg = 0.49 {+/-} 0.13, p = 9.07x10-7) and a sizable SNP heritability (SNP h2 = 0.21 {+/-} 0.02) for the cross-disorder phenotype. Although no individual loci reached genome-wide significance, the cross-disorder phenotype showed strong positive genetic correlations with other psychiatric phenotypes (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, neuroticism) and negative correlations with metabolic phenotypes (e.g., BMI, triglycerides). Follow-up analyses revealed that although AN and OCD overlap heavily in their shared risk with other psychiatric phenotypes, the relationship with metabolic and anthropometric traits is markedly stronger for AN than for OCD. We further tested whether shared genetic risk for AN/OCD was associated with particular tissue or cell-type gene expression patterns and found that the basal ganglia and medium spiny neurons were most enriched for AN/OCD risk, consistent with neurobiological findings for both disorders. Our results confirm and extend genetic epidemiological findings of shared risk between AN and OCD and suggest that larger GWASs are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halvorsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eating Disorders Working Group of the PGC,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tourette Syndrome/OCD Working Group of the PGC,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zerwas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Micali, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moessner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kas, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nestadt, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/231076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examination of the Shared Genetic Basis of Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234294v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association analysis of lifetime cannabis use (N=184,765) identifies new risk loci, genetic overlap with mental health, and a causal influence of schizophrenia on cannabis use 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234294v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabis use is a heritable trait [1] that has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes. To identify risk variants and improve our knowledge of the genetic etiology of cannabis use, we performed the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis for lifetime cannabis use (N=184,765) to date. We identified 4 independent loci containing genome-wide significant SNP associations. Gene-based tests revealed 29 genome-wide significant genes located in these 4 loci and 8 additional regions. All SNPs combined explained 10% of the variance in lifetime cannabis use. The most significantly associated gene, CADM2, has previously been associated with substance use and risk-taking phenotypes [2-4]. We used S-PrediXcan to explore gene expression levels and found 11 unique eGenes. LD-score regression uncovered genetic correlations with smoking, alcohol use and mental health outcomes, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mendelian randomisation analysis provided evidence for a causal positive influence of schizophrenia risk on lifetime cannabis use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pasman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, K. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerring, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treur, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellaoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baselmans, B. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Zee, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wit, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKillop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Cannabis Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derringer, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Branje, S. J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Lier, P. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, P. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meeus, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldehinkel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos-Quiroga, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribases, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaprio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P. M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234294</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association analysis of lifetime cannabis use (N=184,765) identifies new risk loci, genetic overlap with mental health, and a causal influence of schizophrenia on cannabis use]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AP-4 vesicles unmasked by organellar proteomics to reveal their cargo and machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/235226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) is an ancient membrane trafficking complex, whose function has largely remained elusive. In humans, AP-4 deficiency causes a severe neurological disorder of unknown aetiology. We apply unbiased proteomic methods, including  Dynamic Organellar Maps, to find proteins whose subcellular localisation depends on AP-4. We identify three transmembrane cargo proteins, ATG9A, SERINC1 and SERINC3, and two AP-4 accessory proteins, RUSC1 and RUSC2. We demonstrate that AP-4 deficiency causes missorting of ATG9A in diverse cell types, including patient-derived cells, as well as dysregulation of autophagy. RUSC2 facilitates the transport of AP-4-derived, ATG9A-positive vesicles from the TGN to the cell periphery. These vesicles cluster in close association with autophagosomes, suggesting they are the "ATG9A reservoir" required for autophagosome biogenesis. Our study uncovers ATG9A trafficking as a ubiquitous function of the AP-4 pathway. Furthermore, it provides a potential molecular pathomechanism of AP-4 deficiency, through dysregulated spatial control of autophagy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itzhak, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgar, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archuleta, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borner, G. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/235226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AP-4 vesicles unmasked by organellar proteomics to reveal their cargo and machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241489v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association meta-analysis of PR interval identifies 47 novel loci associated with atrial and atrioventricular electrical activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/241489v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrocardiographic PR interval measures atrial and atrioventricular depolarization and conduction, and abnormal PR interval is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and heart block. We performed a genome-wide association study in over 92,000 individuals of European descent and identified 44 loci associated with PR interval (34 novel). Examination of the 44 loci revealed known and novel biological processes involved in cardiac atrial electrical activity, and genes in these loci were highly over-represented in several cardiac disease processes. Nearly half of the 61 independent index variants in the 44 loci were associated with atrial or blood transcript expression levels, or were in high linkage disequilibrium with one or more missense variants. Cardiac regulatory regions of the genome as measured by cardiac DNA hypersensitivity sites were enriched for variants associated with PR interval, compared to non-cardiac regulatory regions. Joint analyses combining PR interval with heart rate, QRS interval, and atrial fibrillation identified additional new pleiotropic loci. The majority of associations discovered in European-descent populations were also present in African-American populations. Meta-analysis examining over 105,000 individuals of African and European descent identified additional novel PR loci. These additional analyses identified another 13 novel loci. Together, these findings underscore the power of GWAS to extend knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of clinical processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Setten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamshidi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swenson, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Greco, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudbjartsson, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krijthe, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikainen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller-Nurasyid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolte, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padmanabhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulivi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnar, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asselbergs, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Hoed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dominiczak, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehret,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/241489</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association meta-analysis of PR interval identifies 47 novel loci associated with atrial and atrioventricular electrical activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Audio-tactile and peripersonal space processing around the trunk in human parietal and temporal cortex: an intracranial EEG study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interactions with the environment happen by the medium of the body within ones peripersonal space (PPS) - the space surrounding the body. Studies in monkey and humans have highlighted a multisensory distributed cortical network representing the PPS. However, electrophysiological evidence for a multisensory encoding of PPS in humans is lacking. Here, we recorded for the first time intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in humans while administering tactile stimulation (T) on the trunk, approaching auditory stimuli (A), and the combination of the two (AT). To map PPS, in AT trials, tactile stimulation was delivered when the sound was far, at an intermediate location, or close to the body. We first identified electrodes showing AT multisensory integration (i.e., AT vs. A+T): 19% of the recording electrodes. Among those electrodes, we identified those showing a PPS effect (30% of the AT electrodes), i.e., a modulation of the evoked response to AT stimulation as a function of the distance between the sound and body. For most sites, AT multisensory integration and PPS effects had similar spatiotemporal characteristics, with an early response (~50ms) in the insular cortex, and later responses (~200ms) in pre- and post-central gyri. Superior temporal cortex showed a different response pattern with AT multisensory integration at ~100ms without PPS effect. These results, representing the first iEEG delineation of PPS processing in humans, show that PPS processing happens at neural sites where also multisensory integration occurs and at similar time periods, suggesting that PPS representation (around the trunk) is based on a spatial modulation of multisensory integration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bernasconi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faivre, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seeck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinelli, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanke, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/249078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Audio-tactile and peripersonal space processing around the trunk in human parietal and temporal cortex: an intracranial EEG study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic meta-analysis identifies 10 novel loci and functional pathways for Alzheimer’s disease risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/258533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Late onset Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia with more than 35 million people affected worldwide, and no curative treatment available. AD is highly heritable and recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified over 20 genomic loci associated with AD, yet only explaining a small proportion of the genetic variance indicating that undiscovered loci exist. Here, we performed the largest genome-wide association study of clinically diagnosed AD and AD-by-proxy (71,880 AD cases, 383,378 controls). AD-by-proxy status is based on parental AD diagnosis, and showed strong genetic correlation with AD (rg=0.81). Genetic meta analysis identified 29 risk loci, of which 9 are novel, and implicating 215 potential causative genes. Independent replication further supports these novel loci in AD. Associated genes are strongly expressed in immune-related tissues and cell types (spleen, liver and microglia). Furthermore, gene-set analyses indicate the genetic contribution of biological mechanisms involved in lipid-related processes and degradation of amyloid precursor proteins. We show strong genetic correlations with multiple health-related outcomes, and Mendelian randomisation results suggest a protective effect of cognitive ability on AD risk. These results are a step forward in identifying more of the genetic factors that contribute to AD risk and add novel insights into the neurobiology of AD to guide new drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savage, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voyle, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proitsi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witoelar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aarsland, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almdahl, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettella, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braekhus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brathen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Leeuw, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desikan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fladby, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rongve, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saltvedt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selbak, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snaedal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stordal, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulstein, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjerling-Leffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Flier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefansson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/258533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic meta-analysis identifies 10 novel loci and functional pathways for Alzheimer’s disease risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying tissues implicated in Anorexia Nervosa using Transcriptomic Imputation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/265017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and serious eating disorder, occurring in ~1% of individuals. Despite having the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, little is known about the aetiology of AN, and few effective treatments exist.nnGlobal efforts to collect large sample sizes of individuals with AN have been highly successful, and a recent study consequently identified the first genome-wide significant locus involved in AN. This result, coupled with other recent studies and epidemiological evidence, suggest that previous characterizations of AN as a purely psychiatric disorder are over-simplified. Rather, both neurological and metabolic pathways may also be involved.nnIn order to elucidate more of the system-specific aetiology of AN, we applied transcriptomic imputation methods to 3,495 cases and 10,982 controls, collected by the Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-ED). Transcriptomic Imputation (TI) methods approaches use machine-learning methods to impute tissue-specific gene expression from large genotype data using curated eQTL reference panels. These offer an exciting opportunity to compare gene associations across neurological and metabolic tissues. Here, we applied CommonMind Consortium (CMC) and GTEx-derived gene expression prediction models for 13 brain tissues and 12 tissues with potential metabolic involvement (adipose, adrenal gland, 2 colon, 3 esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, stomach).nnWe identified 35 significant gene-tissue associations within the large chromosome 12 region described in the recent PGC-ED GWAS. We applied forward stepwise conditional analyses and FINEMAP to associations within this locus to identify putatively causal signals. We identified four independently associated genes; RPS26, C12orf49, SUOX, and RDH16. We also identified two further genome-wide significant gene-tissue associations, both in brain tissues; REEP5, in the dorso-lateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC; p=8.52x10-07), and CUL3, in the caudate basal ganglia (p=1.8x10-06). These genes are significantly enriched for associations with anthropometric phenotypes in the UK BioBank, as well as multiple psychiatric, addiction, and appetite/satiety pathways. Our results support a model of AN risk influenced by both metabolic and psychiatric factors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eating Disorders working group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-ED),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sieberts, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sklar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bulik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/265017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying tissues implicated in Anorexia Nervosa using Transcriptomic Imputation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LimoRhyde: a flexible approach for differential analysis of rhythmic transcriptome data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As experiments to interrogate circadian rhythms increase in scale and complexity, methods to analyze the resulting data must keep pace. Although methods to detect rhythmicity in genome-scale data are well established, methods to detect changes in rhythmicity or in average expression between experimental conditions are often ad hoc. Here we present LimoRhyde (linear models for rhythmicity, design), a flexible approach for analyzing transcriptome data from circadian systems. Borrowing from cosinor regression, LimoRhyde decomposes circadian or zeitgeber time into multiple components, in order to fit a linear model to the expression of each gene. The linear model can accommodate any number of additional experimental variables, whether discrete or continuous, making it straightforward to detect differential rhythmicity and differential expression using state-of-the-art methods for analyzing microarray and RNA-seq data. In this approach, differential rhythmicity corresponds to a statistical interaction between an experimental variable and circadian time, whereas differential expression corresponds to the main effect of an experimental variable while accounting for circadian time. To demonstrate LimoRhydes versatility, we applied it to murine and human circadian transcriptome datasets acquired under various experimental designs. Our results show how LimoRhyde systematizes the analysis of such data, and suggest that LimoRhyde could become a valuable approach for assessing how circadian systems respond to genetic and environmental perturbations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LimoRhyde: a flexible approach for differential analysis of rhythmic transcriptome data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis is a common, complex neurological disease, where almost 20% of risk heritability can be attributed to common genetic variants, including >230 identified by genome-wide association studies (Patsopoulos et al., 2017). Multiple strands of evidence suggest that the majority of the remaining heritability is also due to the additive effects of individual variants, rather than epistatic interactions between these variants, or mutations exclusive to individual families. Here, we show in 68,379 cases and controls that as much as 5% of this heritability is explained by low-frequency variation in gene coding sequence. We identify four novel genes driving MS risk independently of common variant signals, which highlight a key role for regulatory T cell homeostasis and regulation, IFN{gamma} biology and NF{kappa}B signaling in MS pathogenesis. As low-frequency variants do not show substantial linkage disequilibrium with other variants, and as coding variants are more interpretable and experimentally tractable than non-coding variation, our discoveries constitute a rich resource for dissecting the pathobiology of MS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitrovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patsopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beecham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhooghe, M.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Damme, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bach Sondergaard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellebjerg, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorensen, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullum, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner Thoerner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werge, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saarela, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cournu-Rebeix, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damotte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillot-Noel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukusik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gourraud, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andlauer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pongratz, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasperi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graetz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heesen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumpfel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stangel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tackenberg, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Then Bergh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warnke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiend</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/286617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low frequency and rare coding variation contributes to multiple sclerosis risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Large-Scale Genome-Wide Meta Analysis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Suggests Shared Genetic Architecture for Different Diagnosis Criteria. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/290502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology. Affected women frequently have metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. PCOS is diagnosed with two different sets of diagnostic criteria, resulting in a phenotypic spectrum of PCOS cases. The genetic similarities between cases diagnosed with different criteria have been largely unknown. Previous studies in Chinese and European subjects have identified 16 loci associated with risk of PCOS. We report a meta-analysis from 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls of European ancestry and characterisation of PCOS related traits. We identified 3 novel loci (near PLGRKT, ZBTB16 and MAPRE1), and provide replication of 11 previously reported loci. Identified variants were associated with hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin regulation and testosterone levels in affected women. Genetic correlations with obesity, fasting insulin, type 2 diabetes, lipid levels and coronary artery disease indicate shared genetic architecture between metabolic traits and PCOS. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested variants associated with body mass index, fasting insulin, menopause timing, depression and male-pattern balding play a causal role in PCOS. Only one locus differed in its association by diagnostic criteria, otherwise the genetic architecture was similar between PCOS diagnosed by self-report and PCOS diagnosed by NIH or Rotterdam criteria across common variants at 13 loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Day, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaderi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laisk-Podar, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorleifsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Tajes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullin, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuckey, B. G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spector, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obermeyer-Pietsch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uitterlinden, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anttila, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvelin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fauser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visser, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stener-Victorin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legro, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salumets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morin-Papunen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorsteinsdottir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefansso</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/290502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Large-Scale Genome-Wide Meta Analysis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Suggests Shared Genetic Architecture for Different Diagnosis Criteria.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UNC-6/Netrin and its Receptors UNC-5 and UNC-40/DCC Control Growth Cone Polarity, Microtubule Accumulation, and Protrusion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/294215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many axon guidance ligands and their receptors have been identified, but it is still unclear how these ligand-receptor interactions regulate events in the growth cone, such as protrusion and cytoskeletal arrangement, during directed outgrowth in vivo. In this work, we dissect the multiple and complex effects of UNC-6/Netrin on the growth cone. Previous studies showed that in C. elegans, the UNC-6/Netrin receptor UNC-5 regulates growth cone polarity, as evidenced by loss of asymmetric dorsal F-actin localization and protrusion in unc-5 mutants. UNC-5 and another UNC-6/Netrin receptor UNC-40/DCC also regulate the extent of protrusion, with UNC-40/DCC driving protrusion and UNC-5 inhibiting protrusion. In this work we analyze the roles of UNC-6/Netrin, UNC-40/DCC, and UNC-5 in coordinating growth cone F-actin localization, microtubule organization, and protrusion that results in directed outgrowth away from UNC-6/Netrin. We find that a previously-described pathway involving the UNC-73/Trio Rac GEF and UNC-33/CRMP that acts downstream of UNC-5, regulates growth cone dorsal asymmetric F-actin accumulation and protrusion. unc-5 and unc-33 mutants also display excess EBP-2::GFP puncta, suggesting that MT + end accumulation is important in growth cone polarity and/or protrusion. unc-73 Rac GEF mutants did not display excess EBP-2::GFP puncta despite larger and more protrusive growth cones, indicating a MT-independent mechanism to polarize the growth cone and to inhibit protrusion, possibly via actin. Finally, we show that UNC-6/Netrin and UNC-40/DCC are required for excess protrusion in unc-5 mutants, but not for loss of F-actin asymmetry or MT + end accumulation, indicating that UNC-6/Netrin and UNC-40/DCC are required for protrusion downstream of F-actin asymmetry and MT + end entry. Our data suggest a model in which UNC-6/Netrin polarizes the growth cone via UNC-5, and then regulates a balance of pro- and anti-protrusive forces driven by UNC-40 and UNC-5, respectively, that result in directed protrusion and outgrowth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gujar, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundquist, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/294215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UNC-6/Netrin and its Receptors UNC-5 and UNC-40/DCC Control Growth Cone Polarity, Microtubule Accumulation, and Protrusion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Timing Determines Tuning: a Rapid Spatiotemporal Transformation in Superior Colliculus Neurons During Reactive Gaze Shifts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gaze saccades -rapid shifts of the eyes and head toward a goal-- have provided fundamental insights into the neural control of movement. For example, it has been shown that the superior colliculus (SC) transforms a visual target (T) code to future gaze (G) location commands after a memory delay. However, this transformation has not been observed in  reactive saccades made directly to a stimulus, so its contribution to normal gaze behavior is unclear. Here, we tested this using a quantitative measure of the spatial continuum between T and G coding based on variable gaze errors. We demonstrate that a rapid T-G transformation occurs between SC visual and motor responses during reactive saccades, even within visuomotor cells, with a continuous spatiotemporal shift in coding occurring in cell types (visual, visuomotor, motor). We further show that the primary determinant of this spatial code was not the intrinsic visual-motor index of different cells or populations, but rather the timing of the response in all cells. These results suggest that the SC provides a rapid spatiotemporal transformation for normal gaze saccades, that its motor responses contribute to variable gaze errors, and that those errors arise from a noisy spatiotemporal transformation involving all SC neurons.nnSignificance StatementOculomotor studies have demonstrated visuomotor transformations in structures like the superior colliculus with the use of trained behavioral manipulations, like the memory delay and antisaccades tasks, but it is not known how this happens during normal saccades. Here, using a spatiotemporal model fitting method based on endogenous gaze errors in  reactive gaze saccades, we show that the superior colliculus provides a rapid spatiotemporal transformation from target to gaze coding that involves visual, visuomotor, and motor neurons. This technique demonstrates that SC spatial codes are not fixed, and may provide a quantitative biomarker for assessing the health of sensorimotor transformations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Timing Determines Tuning: a Rapid Spatiotemporal Transformation in Superior Colliculus Neurons During Reactive Gaze Shifts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/306282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central goal of HIV-1-vaccine research is the elicitation of antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse primary isolates of HIV-1. Here we show that focusing the immune response to exposed N-terminal residues of the fusion peptide, a critical component of the viral entry machinery and the epitope of antibodies elicited by HIV-1 infection, through immunization with fusion peptide-coupled carriers and prefusion-stabilized envelope trimers, induces cross-clade neutralizing responses. In mice, these immunogens elicited monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing up to 31% of a cross-clade panel of 208 HIV-1 strains. Crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures of these antibodies revealed fusion peptide-conformational diversity as a molecular explanation for the cross-clade neutralization. Immunization of guinea pigs and rhesus macaques induced similarly broad fusion peptide-directed neutralizing responses suggesting translatability. The N terminus of the HIV-1-fusion peptide is thus a promising target of vaccine efforts aimed at eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuang, G.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louder, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Dell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asokan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailer, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dandey, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doria-Rose, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farney, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foulds, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jafari, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemmin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohr, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowshan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todd, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsybovsky, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viox, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scorpio, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/306282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epitope-based vaccine design yields fusion peptide-directed antibodies that neutralize diverse strains of HIV-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Selective Attention to Context Memory: An Aging Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging evidence has suggested that the tendency for older adults to bind too much contextual information during encoding (i.e., hyper-binding) may contribute to poorer memory for relevant contextual information during retrieval. While these findings are consistent with theories of age-related declines in selective attention and inhibitory control, the degree to which older adults are able to selectively attend to relevant contextual information during encoding is unknown. To better understand the neural dynamics associated with selective attention during encoding, the current study applied multivariate pattern analyses (MVPA) to oscillatory EEG in order to track moment-to-moment shifts of attention between relevant and irrelevant contextual information during encoding. Young and older adults studied pictures of objects in the presence of two contextual features: a color and a scene, and their attention was directed to the objects relationship with one of those contexts (i.e., target context). Results showed that patterns of oscillatory power successfully predicted whether selective attention was directed to a scene or color, across age groups. Individual differences in overall classification performance were associated with individual differences in target context memory accuracy during retrieval. However, changes in classification performance within a trial, suggestive of fluctuations in selective attention, predicted individual differences in hyper-binding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use MPVA techniques to decode attention during episodic encoding and the impact of attentional shifts toward distracting information on age-related context memory impairments and hyper-binding. These results are consistent with the as-of-yet unsubstantiated theory that age-related declines in context memory may be attributable to poorer selective attention and/or greater inhibitory deficits in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powell, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strunk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Selective Attention to Context Memory: An Aging Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association analysis identifies 27 novel loci associated with uterine leiomyomata revealing common genetic origins with endometriosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Uterine leiomyomata (UL), also known as uterine fibroids, are the most common neoplasms of the reproductive tract and the primary cause for hysterectomy, leading to considerable impact on womens lives as well as high economic burden1,2. Genetic epidemiologic studies indicate that heritable risk factors contribute to UL pathogenesis3. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified five loci associated with UL at genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10-8)4-6. We conducted GWAS meta-analysis in 20,406 cases and 223,918 female controls of white European ancestry, identifying 24 genome-wide significant independent loci; 17 replicated in an unrelated cohort of 15,068 additional cases and 43,587 female controls. Aggregation of discovery and replication studies (35,474 cases and 267,505 female controls) revealed six additional significant loci. Interestingly, four of the 17 loci identified and replicated in these analyses have also been associated with risk for endometriosis - another common gynecologic disorder. These findings increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying UL development, and suggest overlapping genetic origins with endometriosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makinen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uimari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shigesi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahmioglu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez-Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruhioglu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karhunen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martikainen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvelin, M.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cantor, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridker, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buring, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyholt, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinds, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the 23andMe Research team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Missmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zondervan, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association analysis identifies 27 novel loci associated with uterine leiomyomata revealing common genetic origins with endometriosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualizing APP trafficking and processing reveals its association with neuronal membrane cholesterol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been extensively studied because of its association with Alzheimers disease (AD). However, APP distribution across different subcellular membrane compartments and its function in neurons remains unclear. We generated an APP fusion protein with a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein at its ectodomain and a pH-insensitive blue fluorescent protein at its cytosolic domain and used it to measure APPs distribution, subcellular trafficking and cleavage in live neurons. This reporter, closely resembling endogenous APP, revealed only a limited correlation between synaptic activities and APP trafficking. However, the synaptic surface distribution of APP was inversely correlated to membrane cholesterol levels, a phenomenon that involves APPs cholesterol-binding site. Mutations within this site not only altered surface APP and cholesterol levels in a dominant negative manner, but also increased synaptic vulnerability to moderate membrane cholesterol reduction. Our results reveal reciprocal modulation of APP and membrane cholesterol levels at synaptic boutons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DelBove, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strothman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualizing APP trafficking and processing reveals its association with neuronal membrane cholesterol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adiposity-Independent Effects of Aging on Insulin Sensitivity and Clearance in Humans and Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/333997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aims/hypothesisAging is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity and increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether aging-related insulin resistance is due to age per se, or increased adiposity associated with advanced age. In the present study, we investigate the impact of aging on insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition.nnMethodsCohorts of C57BL/6J male mice at 4-8 months of age ( young) and 18-27 mo ( aged) exhibiting similar body composition were characterized with static (plasma glucose and insulin levels) and dynamic (glucose and insulin tolerance tests) measures of glucose metabolism on chow and high-fat diets. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp analysis. The relationship between aging and insulin resistance in humans was investigated in 1,250 non-diabetic Mexican-American individuals who underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps.nnResultsIn mice with similar body composition, age had no detrimental effect on plasma glucose and insulin levels. However, aged mice demonstrated mildly, but reproducibly, improved glucose tolerance on both chow and high-fat diets due to increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Moreover, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps revealed impaired insulin sensitivity and reduced insulin clearance in aged mice on both diets. Consistent with results in the mouse, age remained an independent determinant of insulin resistance after adjustment for body composition in Mexican-Americn males. Advanced age was also associated with diminished insulin clearance, but this effect was dependent on increased BMI.nnConclusions/interpretationThis study demonstrates for the first time that aging per se impairs insulin sensitivity independent of adiposity in mice and humans. These results raise the possibility that the pathogenetic mechanisms of age-related and obesity-associated insulin resistance are distinct.nnAbbreviations
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dagdeviren, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saengnipanthkul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodridge, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodarzi, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterfy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/333997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adiposity-Independent Effects of Aging on Insulin Sensitivity and Clearance in Humans and Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Notch Controls Multiple Pancreatic Cell Fate Regulators Through Direct Hes1-mediated Repression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/336305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Notch signaling and its effector Hes1 regulate multiple cell fate choices in the developing pancreas, but few direct target genes are known. Here we use transcriptome analyses combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct target genes of Hes1. ChIP-seq analysis of endogenous Hes1 in 266-6 cells, a model of multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells, revealed high-confidence peaks associated with 354 genes. Among these were genes important for tip/trunk segregation such as Ptf1a and Nkx6-1, genes involved in endocrine differentiation such as Insm1 and Dll4, and genes encoding non-pancreatic basic-Helic-Loop-Helix (bHLH) factors such as Neurog2 and Ascl1. Surprisingly, we find that Hes1 binds a large number of loci previously reported to bind Ptf1a, including a site downstream of the Nkx6-1 gene. Notably, we find a number of Hes1 bound genes that are upregulated by {gamma}-secretase inhibition in pancreas explants independently of Neurog3 function, including the tip progenitor/acinar genes; Ptf1a, Gata4, Bhlha15, and Gfi1. Together, our data suggest that Notch signaling suppress the tip cell fate by Hes1-mediated repression of the tip-specific gene regulatory network module that includes transcriptional regulators such as Ptf1a, Gata4, Mist1, and Gfi1. Our data also uncover new molecular targets of Notch signaling that may be important for controlling cell fate choices in pancreas development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Lichtenberg, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seymour, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grapin-Botton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakic, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serup, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/336305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Notch Controls Multiple Pancreatic Cell Fate Regulators Through Direct Hes1-mediated Repression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/339705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the evolution of species-specific hemoglobin capture by pathogenic Staphylococcus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/339705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metals are a limiting resource for pathogenic bacteria and must be scavenged from host proteins. Hemoglobin provides the most abundant source of iron in the human body and is required by several pathogens to cause invasive disease. However, the consequences of hemoglobin evolution for bacterial nutrient acquisition remain unclear. Here we show that the - and {beta}-globin genes exhibit strikingly parallel signatures of adaptive evolution across simian primates. Rapidly evolving sites in hemoglobin correspond to binding interfaces of IsdB, a bacterial hemoglobin receptor encoded by pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Using an evolution-guided experimental approach, we demonstrate that divergence between primates and staphylococcal isolates governs hemoglobin recognition and bacterial growth. Reintroducing putative adaptive mutations in - or {beta}-globin proteins is sufficient to impair S. aureus binding, providing a mechanism for the evolution of disease resistance. These findings suggest that bacterial hemoprotein capture has driven repeated evolutionary conflicts with hemoglobin during primate descent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choby, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buechi, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrand, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/339705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the evolution of species-specific hemoglobin capture by pathogenic Staphylococcus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pulling the covers in electronic health records for an association study with self-reported sleep behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/341552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electronic health record (EHR) contains rich histories of clinical care, but has not traditionally been mined for information related to sleep habits. Here we performed a retrospective EHR study and derived a cohort of 3,652 individuals with self-reported sleep behaviors, documented from visits to the sleep clinic. These individuals were obese (mean body mass index 33.6 kg/m2) and had a high prevalence of sleep apnea (60.5%), however we found sleep behaviors largely concordant with prior prospective cohort studies. In our cohort, average wake time was one hour later and average sleep duration was 40 minutes longer on weekends than on weekdays (p<1{middle dot}10-12). Sleep duration also varied considerably as a function of age, and tended to be longer in females and in whites. Additionally, through phenome-wide association analyses, we found an association of long weekend sleep with depression, and an unexpectedly large number of associations of long weekday sleep with mental health and neurological disorders (q<0.05). We then sought to replicate previously published genetic associations with morning/evening preference on a subset of our cohort with extant genotyping data (n=555). While those findings did not replicate in our cohort, a polymorphism (rs3754214) in high linkage disequilibrium with a previously published polymorphism near TARS2 was associated with long sleep duration (p<0.01). Collectively, our results highlight the potential of the EHR for uncovering the correlates of human sleep in real-world populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/341552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pulling the covers in electronic health records for an association study with self-reported sleep behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kinesin Binding Protein (KBP) buffers the activity of Kif18A and Kif15 in mitosis to ensure accurate chromosome segregation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitotic kinesins must be regulated to ensure a precise balance of spindle forces and accurate segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. Here we demonstrate that Kinesin-Binding Protein (KBP) reduces the activity of KIF18A and KIF15 during metaphase. Overexpression of KBP disrupts the movement and alignment of mitotic chromosomes and decreases spindle length, a combination of phenotypes observed in cells deficient for KIF18A and KIF15, respectively. We show through gliding filament and microtubule co-pelleting assays that KBP directly inhibits KIF18A and KIF15 motor activity by preventing microtubule-binding. Consistent with these effects, the mitotic localizations of KIF18A and KIF15 are altered by overexpression of KBP. Cells depleted of KBP exhibit lagging chromosomes in anaphase, an effect that is recapitulated by KIF15 and KIF18A overexpression. Based on these data, we propose a model in which KBP acts as a protein buffer in mitosis, protecting cells from excessive KIF18A and KIF15 activity to promote accurate chromosome segregation.nnSUMMARYKinesin-Binding Protein (KBP) is identified as a regulator of the kinesins KIF18A and KIF15 during mitosis. KBP buffers the activity of these motors to control chromosome alignment and spindle integrity in metaphase and prevent lagging chromosomes in anaphase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malaby, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stumpff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kinesin Binding Protein (KBP) buffers the activity of Kif18A and Kif15 in mitosis to ensure accurate chromosome segregation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of Novel Common Breast Cancer Risk Variants in Latinas at the 6q25 Locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/343806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background: Breast cancer is a partially heritable trait and over 180 common genetic variants have been associated with breast cancer in genome wide association studies (GWAS). We have previously performed breast cancer GWAS in Latinas and identified a strongly protective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 6q25 with the protective minor allele originating from Indigenous American ancestry. Here we report on additional GWAS and replication in Latinas.nnMethods: We performed GWAS in 2385 cases and 7342 controls who were either U.S. Latinas or Mexican women. We replicated 2412 cases and 1620 controls of U.S Latina, Mexican, and Colombian women. In addition, we replicated the top novel variants in study of African American and African women and in one study of Chinese women. In each dataset we used logistic regression models to test the association between SNPs and breast cancer risk and corrected for genetic ancestry using either principal components or genetic ancestry inferred from ancestry informative markers using a model based approach.nnResults: We identified 3 SNPs (p=1.9x10-8 - 2.8x10-8) at 6q25 locus not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with variants previously reported at this locus. These SNPs were in high LD with each other, with the top SNP, rs3778609, associated with breast cancer with an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.75 (0.68-0.83). In a replication in women of Latin American origin, we also observed a consistent effect (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.99; p=0.037). Since the minor allele was common in East Asians and African American but not European ancestry populations, we replicated in a meta-analysis of those populations and also observed a consistent effect (OR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91 - 0.97; p=0.013).nnConclusion: The effect size of this variant is relatively large compared to other common variants associated with breast cancer and adds to evidence about the importance of the 6q25 locus for breast cancer susceptibility. Our finding also highlights the utility of performing additional searches for genetic variants for breast cancer in non-European populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fejerman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunstman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Mejia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weitzel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuhausen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>COLUMBUS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Carmona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olopade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziv, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/343806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of Novel Common Breast Cancer Risk Variants in Latinas at the 6q25 Locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352674v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PROTEIN-CODING VARIANTS IMPLICATE NOVEL GENES RELATED TO LIPID HOMEOSTASIS CONTRIBUTING TO BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/352674v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Body fat distribution is a heritable risk factor for a range of adverse health consequences, including hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes. To identify protein-coding variants associated with body fat distribution, assessed by waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, we analyzed 228,985 predicted coding and splice site variants available on exome arrays in up to 344,369 individuals from five major ancestries for discovery and 132,177 independent European-ancestry individuals for validation. We identified 15 common (minor allele frequency, MAF[&ge;]5%) and 9 low frequency or rare (MAF<5%) coding variants that have not been reported previously. Pathway/gene set enrichment analyses of all associated variants highlight lipid particle, adiponectin level, abnormal white adipose tissue physiology, and bone development and morphology as processes affecting fat distribution and body shape. Furthermore, the cross-trait associations and the analyses of variant and gene function highlight a strong connection to lipids, cardiovascular traits, and type 2 diabetes. In functional follow-up analyses, specifically in Drosophila RNAi-knockdown crosses, we observed a significant increase in the total body triglyceride levels for two genes (DNAH10 and PLXND1). By examining variants often poorly tagged or entirely missed by genome-wide association studies, we implicate novel genes in fat distribution, stressing the importance of interrogating low-frequency and protein-coding variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karaderi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fine, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lempradl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marouli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Gomez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedantam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfred, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudgal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heard-Costa, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willems, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivapalaratnam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abecasis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzumanyan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balkau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blüher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeing, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böger,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/352674</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PROTEIN-CODING VARIANTS IMPLICATE NOVEL GENES RELATED TO LIPID HOMEOSTASIS CONTRIBUTING TO BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358200v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential regional decline in dopamine receptor availability across adulthood: Linear and nonlinear effects of age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/358200v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theories of adult brain development, based on neuropsychological test results and structural neuroimaging, suggest differential rates of age-related change in function across cortical and subcortical sub-regions. However, it remains unclear if these trends also extend to the aging dopamine system. Here we examined cross-sectional adult age differences in estimates of D2-like receptor binding potential across several cortical and subcortical brain regions using PET imaging and the radiotracer [18F]fallypride in two samples of healthy human adults (combined N = 132). After accounting for regional differences in overall radioligand binding, estimated percent difference in receptor binding potential by decade (linear effects) were highest in most temporal and frontal cortical regions ([~]6-16% per decade), moderate in parahippocampal gyrus, pregenual frontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, caudate, putamen, thalamus, and amygdala ([~]3-5%), and weakest in subcallosal frontal cortex, ventral striatum, pallidum, and hippocampus ([~]0-2%). Some regions showed linear effects of age while many showed curvilinear effects such that binding potential declined from young adulthood to middle age and then was relatively stable until old age. Overall, these data indicate that the rate and pattern of decline in D2 receptor availability is regionally heterogeneous. However, the differences across regions were challenging to organize within existing theories of brain development and did not show the same pattern of regional change that has been observed in gray matter volume, white matter integrity, or cognitive performance. This variation suggests that existing theories of adult brain development may need to be modified to better account for the spatial dynamics of dopaminergic system aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seaman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Juan, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundzicz, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/358200</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential regional decline in dopamine receptor availability across adulthood: Linear and nonlinear effects of age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363457v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GWAS of QRS Duration Identifies New Loci Specific to Hispanic/Latino Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363457v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe electrocardiographically quantified QRS duration measures ventricular depolarization and conduction. QRS prolongation has been associated with poor heart failure prognosis and cardiovascular mortality, including sudden death. While previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 32 QRS SNPs across 26 loci among European, African, and Asian-descent populations, the genetics of QRS among Hispanics/Latinos has not been previously explored.nnMethodsWe performed a GWAS of QRS duration among Hispanic/Latino ancestry populations (n=15,124) from four studies using 1000 Genomes imputed genotype data (adjusted for age, sex, global ancestry, clinical and study-specific covariates). Study-specific results were combined using fixed-effects, inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis.nnResultsWe identified six loci associated with QRS (P<5x10-8), including two novel loci: MYOCD, a nuclear protein expressed in the heart, and SYT1, an integral membrane protein. The top association in the MYOCD locus, intronic SNP rs16946539, was found in Hispanics/Latinos with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of 0.04, but is monomorphic in European and African descent populations. The most significant QRS duration association was for intronic SNP rs3922344 (P= 8.56x10-26) in SCN5A/SCN10A. Three additional previously identified loci, CDKN1A, VTI1A, and HAND1, also exceeded the GWAS significance threshold among Hispanics/Latinos. A total of 27 of 32 previously identified QRS duration SNPs were shown to generalize in Hispanics/Latinos.nnConclusionsOur QRS duration GWAS, the first in Hispanic/Latino populations, identified two new loci, underscoring the utility of extending large scale genomic studies to currently under-examined populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Swenson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Gairldez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryckman, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyerle, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petty, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bello, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitsel, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanis, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalls, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sofer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotoodehnia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363457</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GWAS of QRS Duration Identifies New Loci Specific to Hispanic/Latino Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A harmonized meta-knowledgebase of clinical interpretations of cancer genomic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/366856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precision oncology relies on the accurate discovery and interpretation of genomic variants to enable individualized diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection. We found that knowledgebases containing clinical interpretations of somatic cancer variants are highly disparate in interpretation content, structure, and supporting primary literature, impeding consensus when evaluating variants and their relevance in a clinical setting. With the cooperation of experts of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) and six prominent cancer variant knowledgebases, we developed a framework for aggregating and harmonizing variant interpretations to produce a meta-knowledgebase of 12,856 aggregate interpretations covering 3,437 unique variants in 415 genes, 357 diseases, and 791 drugs. We demonstrated large gains in overlap between resources across variants, diseases, and drugs as a result of this harmonization. We subsequently demonstrated improved matching between a patient cohort and harmonized interpretations of potential clinical significance, observing an increase from an average of 33% per individual knowledgebase to 56% in aggregate. Our analyses illuminate the need for open, interoperable sharing of variant interpretation data. We also provide an open and freely available web interface (search.cancervariants.org) for exploring the harmonized interpretations from these six knowledgebases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayfield, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamborero, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysiak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deu Pons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMurry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Vecchio Fitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sezerman, O. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rieke, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittokallio, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cerami, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schriml, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haendel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raca, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madhavan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dienstmann, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mockus, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elemento, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Bigas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goecks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/366856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A harmonized meta-knowledgebase of clinical interpretations of cancer genomic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Growth Factor Independent 1 is a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, causing about 50,000 deaths each year. Growth Factor-Independent 1 (GFI1) is a critical zinc finger transcriptional repressor responsible for controlling secretory cell differentiation in the small intestine and colon. GFI1 plays a significant role in the development of human malignancies, including leukemia, lung cancer and prostate cancer. However, the role of GFI1 in CRC progression is largely unknown. Our results demonstrate that RNA and protein expression of GFI1 are reduced in advanced stages of non-mucinous CRC. Subcutaneous tumor models demonstrated that the re-expression of GFI1 in 4 different human CRC cell lines inhibits tumor growth by 25-60%. To further investigate the role of Gfi1 in de novo colorectal tumorigenesis, we developed transgenic mice harboring a deletion of Gfi1 in the distal intestine driven by the CDX2cre (Gfi1F/F; CDX2cre/+) and crossed them with ApcMin/+ mice (ApcMin/+; Gfi1F/F; CDX2cre/+). Loss of Gfi1 significantly increased the total number of colorectal adenomas compared to littermate controls with an APC mutation alone. Furthermore, we found that compound (ApcMin/+; Gfi1F/F; CDX2cre/+) mice develop both adenomas as well as carcinoid-like tumors expressing the neuroendocrine marker chromogranin A, a feature that has not been previously described in APC-mutant tumors in mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Gfi1 deficiency promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, and suggest that loss of Gfi1 may promote formation of carcinoid cancers of the large intestines.nnSignificanceThese findings reveal that GFI1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Criss, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butkus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shroyer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Growth Factor Independent 1 is a tumor suppressor gene in colorectal cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Applying Inter-rater Reliability to Improve Consistency in Classifying PhD Career Outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/370783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the past year, there has been an exciting groundswell of national efforts to integrate multiple taxonomies for the transparent dissemination and analysis of PhD career outcomes. In this study, we leveraged the unique resources of the Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training Consortium to examine the reliability of the three-tiered Unified Career Outcomes Taxonomy (UCOT v.2017) that was collaboratively developed at a meeting convened by Rescuing Biomedical Research in August 2017. Using an amended version of the UCOT v.2017 (UCOT v.2017-rev1) and a new Supplementary Guidance document, we categorized over 570 PhD alumni records from three different universities. Utilizing Krippendorffs alpha to measure the interrater reliability from nine different individuals, we determined moderate to robust reproducibility within the first two tiers of the taxonomy (Workforce Sector and Career Type); however, the reliability for the third tier (Job Function) did not meet established standards. The team identified significant sources of error, revised category definitions, improved coder training materials and processes, and tested for improved reliability through coding 219 PhD alumni records using the revised taxonomy, UCOT v.2017-rev2. Our results revealed that the changes introduced in UCOT v.2017-rev2 improved inter-rater reliability in all three tiers, and either met or exceeded the acceptable standards for reliability. A final set of clarifications were made to UCOT v.2017-rev2, resulting in UCOT v.2018 and a Finalized Guidance document. Our findings underscore the importance of carefully developing guidance documents to aid coders in the reliable and consistent categorization of alumni career outcomes. We propose periodic assessment of the UCOT v.2018 to address the natural evolution of PhD careers in the global workforce. Ultimately, we hope that UCOT v.2018 will aid in the classification and dissemination of alumni career outcomes that is essential to educating trainees, institutions, and agencies about the diversity of career options for PhDs, and therein empower all PhDs to pursue the careers of their choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stayart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutto, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Kim, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monsalve, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/370783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Applying Inter-rater Reliability to Improve Consistency in Classifying PhD Career Outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Interactome Proteomics Reveals a Molecular Basis for ATF6-Dependent Regulation of a Destabilized Amyloidogenic Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/381525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated transcription factor ATF6 has emerged as a promising strategy to selectively reduce the secretion and subsequent toxic aggregation of destabilized, amyloidogenic proteins implicated in diverse systemic amyloid diseases. However, the molecular mechanism by which ATF6 activation reduces the secretion of amyloidogenic proteins remains poorly defined. Here, we establish a quantitative interactomics platform with improved throughput and sensitivity to define how ATF6 activation selectively reduces secretion of a destabilized, amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain (LC) associated with Light Chain Amyloidosis (AL). We show that ATF6 activation increases the targeting of this destabilized LC to a select subset of pro-folding ER proteostasis factors that retains the amyloidogenic LC within the ER, preventing its secretion to downstream secretory environments. Our results define a molecular basis for the selective, ATF6-dependent reduction in destabilized LC secretion and highlight the advantage for targeting this endogenous UPR-associated transcription factor to reduce secretion of destabilized, amyloidogenic proteins implicated in AL and related systemic amyloid diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rius, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genereux, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/381525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Interactome Proteomics Reveals a Molecular Basis for ATF6-Dependent Regulation of a Destabilized Amyloidogenic Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/383810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Some people are more willing to make immediate, risky, or costly reward-focused choices than others, which has been hypothesized to be associated with individual differences in dopamine (DA) function. In two studies using PET imaging, one empirical (Study 1: N=144 males and females across 3 samples) and one meta-analytic (Study 2: N=307 across 12 samples), we sought to characterize associations between individual differences in DA and time, probability, and physical effort discounting in human adults. Study 1 demonstrated that individual differences in DA D2-like receptors were not associated with time or probability discounting of monetary rewards in healthy humans, and associations with physical effort discounting were inconsistent across adults of different ages. Meta-analytic results for temporal discounting corroborated our empirical finding for minimal effect of DA measures on discounting in healthy individuals, but suggested that associations between individual differences in DA and reward discounting depend on clinical features. Addictions were characterized by negative correlations between DA and discounting but other clinical conditions like Parkinsons Disease, obesity, and ADHD were characterized by positive correlations between DA and discounting. Together the results suggest that trait differences in discounting in healthy adults do not appear to be strongly associated with individual differences in D2-like receptors. The difference in meta-analytic correlation effects between healthy controls and individuals with psychopathology suggests that individual difference findings related to DA and reward discounting in clinical samples may not be reliably generalized to healthy controls, and vice-versa.nnSignificance StatementDecisions to forgo large rewards for smaller ones due to increasing time delays, uncertainty, or physical effort have been linked to differences in dopamine (DA) function, which is disrupted in some forms of psychopathology. It remains unclear whether alterations in DA function associated with psychopathology also extend to explaining associations between DA function and decision making in healthy individuals. We show that individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability are not consistently related to monetary discounting of time, probability, or physical effort in healthy individuals across a broad age range. By contrast, we suggest that psychopathology accounts for observed inconsistencies in the relationship between measures of dopamine function and reward discounting behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/383810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Individual differences in dopamine are associated with reward discounting in clinical groups but not in healthy adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconciling fMRI and EEG indices of attentional modulations in human visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/391193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are the two most popular non-invasive methods used to study the neural mechanisms underlying human cognition. These approaches are considered complementary: fMRI has higher spatial resolution but sluggish temporal resolution, whereas EEG has millisecond temporal resolution, but only at a broad spatial scale. Beyond the obvious fact that fMRI measures properties of blood and EEG measures changes in electric fields, many foundational studies assume that, aside from differences in spatial and temporal precision, these two methods index the same underlying neural modulations. We tested this assumption by using EEG and fMRI to measure attentional modulations of neural responses to stimuli of different visual contrasts. We found that equivalent experiments performed using fMRI and EEG on the same participants revealed remarkably different patterns of attentional modulations: event-related fMRI responses provided evidence for an additive increase in responses across all contrasts equally, whereas early stimulus-evoked event-related potentials (ERPs) showed larger modulations with increasing stimulus contrast and only a later negative-going ERP and low-frequency oscillatory EEG signals showed effects similar to fMRI. These results demonstrate that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the physiological mechanisms that give rise to modulations of fMRI responses and the most commonly used ERP markers, and that the typical approach of employing fMRI and EEG to gain complementary information about localization and temporal dynamics is over-simplified. Instead, fMRI and EEG index different physiological modulations and their joint application affords synergistic insights into the neural mechanisms supporting human cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/391193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconciling fMRI and EEG indices of attentional modulations in human visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Limits to anatomical accuracy of diffusion tractography using modern approaches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/392571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI fiber tractography is widely used to probe the structural connectivity of thebrain, with a range of applications in both clinical and basic neuroscience. Despite widespread use, tractography has well-known pitfalls that limits the anatomical accuracy of this technique. Numerous modern methods have been developed to address these shortcomings through advances in acquisition, modeling, and computation. To test whether these advances improve tractography accuracy, we organized the ISBI 2018 3D Validation of Tractography with Experimental MRI (3D-VoTEM) challenge. We made available three unique independent tractography validation datasets - a physical phantom and two ex vivo brain specimens - resulting in 176 distinct submissions from 9 research groups. By comparing results over a wide range of fiber complexities and algorithmic strategies, this challenge provides a more comprehensive assessment of tractographys inherent limitations than has been reported previously. The central results were consistent across all sub-challenges in that, despite advances in tractography methods, the anatomical accuracy of tractography has not dramatically improved in recent years. Taken together, our results independently confirm findings from decades of tractography validation studies, demonstrate inherent limitations in reconstructing white matter pathways using diffusion MRI data alone, and highlight the need for alternative or combinatorial strategies to accurately map the fiber pathways of the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parvathaneni, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neher, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aydogan, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ocampo-Pineda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiavi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daducci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barakovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafael-Patino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romascano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rensonnet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzolato, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiran, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabeen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theaud, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houde, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westin, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyrby, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfanoglu, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierpaoli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/392571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Limits to anatomical accuracy of diffusion tractography using modern approaches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394874v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-Ligand Docking with Protein-based and Ligand-based Structure Activity Relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/394874v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-small molecule docking programs predict the interaction interface and energy between a given protein target and a small molecule ligand. The accuracy of docking predictions generally improve with the guidance of experimentally derived restraints. One available source of such restraints is structure-activity relationships (SARs). SARs provide information on changes in binding affinity or biological response corresponding to a chemical change in the protein and/or ligand. These chemical changes frequently refer to amino acid mutations on the protein side and functional group modifications on the ligand side. Theoretically, predicted interaction energies should correlate with SARs though in practice, this is challenging due to the difficulties in scoring protein-ligand interactions. We have previously developed RosettaLigandEnsemble (RLE), a protein-ligand docking method that simultaneously docks a congeneric ligand series to a single protein target. RLE is capable of identifying native-like binding modes for a ligand series that match the available ligand SARs. This work in progress reports on the extension of RLE to factor in SARs derived from protein mutagenesis data. The new method, ProteinLigEnsemble (PLE), is also part of the Rosetta Biomolecular Modeling Suite available at https://www.rosettacommons.org/. We have also developed protein ensemble docking features that allow for docking or screening against multiple receptor variants at the same time. We have included a proof of concept study and a tutorial for interested users.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/394874</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-Ligand Docking with Protein-based and Ligand-based Structure Activity Relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Eukaryotic acquisition of a bacterial operon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Operons are a hallmark of bacterial genomes, where they allow concerted expression of multiple functionally related genes as single polycistronic transcripts. They are rare in eukaryotes, where each gene usually drives expression of its own independent messenger RNAs. Here we report the horizontal operon transfer of a catecholate-class siderophore biosynthesis pathway from Enterobacteriaceae into a group of closely related yeast taxa. We further show that the co-linearly arranged secondary metabolism genes are actively expressed, exhibit mainly eukaryotic transcriptional features, and enable the sequestration and uptake of iron. After transfer to the eukaryotic host, several genetic changes occurred, including the acquisition of polyadenylation sites, structural rearrangements, integration of eukaryotic genes, and secondary loss in some lineages. We conclude that the operon genes were likely captured in the shared insect gut habitat, modified for eukaryotic gene expression, and maintained by selection to adapt to the highly-competitive, iron-limited environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kominek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doering, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVirgilio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulfachor, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzman, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/399394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Eukaryotic acquisition of a bacterial operon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-cancer pleiotropic associations with lung cancer risk in African Americans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/405035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIdentifying genetic variants with pleiotropic associations across multiple cancers can reveal shared biologic pathways. Prior pleiotropic studies have primarily focused on European descent individuals. Yet population-specific genetic variation can occur and potential pleiotropic associations among diverse racial/ethnic populations could be missed. We examined cross-cancer pleiotropic associations with lung cancer risk in African Americans.nnMethodsWe conducted a pleiotropic analysis among 1,410 African American lung cancer cases and 2,843 controls. We examined 36,958 variants previously associated (or in linkage disequilibrium) with cancer in prior genome-wide association studies. Logistic regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for age, sex, global ancestry, study site, and smoking status.nnResultsWe identified three novel genomic regions significantly associated (FDR-corrected p-value < 0.10) with lung cancer risk (rs336958 on 5q14.3, rs7186207 on 16q22.2, and rs11658063 on 17q12). On chromosome16q22.2, rs7186207 was significantly associated with increased risk (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.12-1.38) and functional annotation using GTEx showed rs7186207 modifies DHODH gene expression. The risk allele at rs336958 on 5q14.3 was associated with reduced lung cancer risk (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.56-0.82), while the risk allele at rs11658063 on 17q12 was associated with increased risk (OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.11-1.39).nnConclusionWe identified novel associations on chromosomes 5q14.3, 16q22.2, and 17q12, which contain HNF1B, DHODH, and HAPLN1 genes, respectively. SNPs within these regions have been previously associated with multiple cancers. This is the first study to examine cross-cancer pleiotropic associations for lung cancer in African Americans.nnImpactOur findings demonstrate novel cross-cancer pleiotropic associations with lung cancer risk in African Americans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blot, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanock, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiencke, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrensch, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/405035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-cancer pleiotropic associations with lung cancer risk in African Americans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contribution of rare copy number variants to bipolar disorder risk is limited to schizoaffective cases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/406215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGenetic risk for bipolar disorder (BD) is conferred through many common alleles, while a role for rare copy number variants (CNVs) is less clear. BD subtypes schizoaffective disorder bipolar type (SAB), bipolar I disorder (BD I) and bipolar II disorder (BD II) differ according to the prominence and timing of psychosis, mania and depression. The factors contributing to the combination of symptoms within a given patient are poorly understood.nnMethodsRare, large CNVs were analyzed in 6353 BD cases (3833 BD I [2676 with psychosis, 850 without psychosis], 1436 BD II, 579 SAB) and 8656 controls. Measures of CNV burden were integrated with polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia (SCZ) to evaluate the relative contributions of rare and common variants to psychosis risk.nnResultsCNV burden did not differ in BD relative to controls when treated as a single diagnostic entity. Burden in SAB was increased compared to controls (p-value = 0.001), BD I (p-value = 0.0003) and BD II (p-value = 0.0007). Burden and SCZ PRS were higher in SAB compared to BD I with psychosis (CNV p-value = 0.0007, PRS p-value = 0.004) and BD I without psychosis (CNV p-value = 0.0004, PRS p-value = 3.9 x 10-5). Within BD I, psychosis was associated with higher SCZ PRS (p-value = 0.005) but not with CNV burden.nnConclusionsCNV burden in BD is limited to SAB. Rare and common genetic variants may contribute differently to risk for psychosis and perhaps other classes of psychiatric symptoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charney, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belliveau, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forty, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon-Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromet, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escamilla, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fanous, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fochtmann, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehrer, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malaspina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marder, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakofsky, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapaport, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medeiros, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backlund, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jureus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schalling, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarroll, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/406215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contribution of rare copy number variants to bipolar disorder risk is limited to schizoaffective cases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prioritizing risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders using pathway information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trio family and case-control studies of next-generation sequencing data have proven integral to understanding the contribution of rare inherited and de novo single-nucleotide variants to the genetic architecture of complex disease. Ideally, such studies should identify individual risk genes of moderate to large effect size to generate novel treatment hypotheses for further follow-up. However, due to insufficient power, gene set enrichment analyses have come to be relied upon for detecting differences between cases and controls, implicating sets of hundreds of genes rather than specific targets for further investigation. Here, we present a Bayesian statistical framework, termed gTADA, that integrates gene-set membership information with gene-level de novo and rare inherited case-control counts, to prioritize risk genes with excess rare variant burden within enriched gene sets. Applying gTADA to available whole-exome sequencing datasets for several neuropsychiatric conditions, we replicated previously reported gene set enrichments and identified novel risk genes. For epilepsy, gTADA prioritized 40 risk genes (posterior probabilities > 0.95), 6 of which replicate in an independent whole-genome sequencing study. In addition, 30/40 genes are novel genes. We found that epilepsy genes had high protein-protein interaction (PPI) network connectivity, and show specific expression during human brain development. Some of the top prioritized EPI genes were connected to a PPI subnetwork of immune genes and show specific expression in prenatal microglia. We also identified multiple enriched drug-target gene sets for EPI which included immunostimulants as well as known antiepileptics. Immune biology was supported specifically by case-control variants from familial epilepsies rather than do novo mutations in generalized encephalitic epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobbyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skene, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckins, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verhage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hjerling-Leffler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stahl, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prioritizing risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders using pathway information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbial compositions mirror caste-specific diets in a major lineage of eusocial insects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/418954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eusocial insects owe their ecological success to the division of labour and processes within colonies often rely on the presence of specific microbial symbionts, but associations between microbial community compositions and castes with different tasks and diets within colonies remain largely unexplored. Fungus-growing termites evolved to use fungi to externally degrade plant material, complemented by specific and complex gut microbiotas. Here we explore to which extent division of labour and dietary differences within fungus-growing termite castes are linked to gut bacterial community structure. Using amplicon sequencing, we characterise community compositions in sterile (worker and soldier) and reproductive (queen and king) termites and combine this with gut enzyme, microscopy, and in situ analyses to further elucidate sterile caste-specific microbiota compositions. Gut bacterial communities are structured primarily according to termite caste and genus. In contrast to the observed rich and diverse sterile caste microbiotas, royal pair microbiotas are extremely skewed and dominated by few bacterial taxa, reflecting the specialised dietary intake and unique, reproduction-centred lifestyle of the queen and king.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Otani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhukova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdoulaye Kone, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Costa, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikaelyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sapountzis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/418954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbial compositions mirror caste-specific diets in a major lineage of eusocial insects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The speed-accuracy tradeoff reveals flexible access to accumulating sensory evidence during human decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/420430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decisions made about identical perceptual stimuli can be radically different under changing task demands. For example, the need to make a fast decision undermines the accuracy of that decision, a well-documented effect termed the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). Models of the SAT are generally based on theories of decision making in which responses are triggered only after sensory evidence accumulation terminates at a set threshold. Within this accumulate-to-bound framework, speed pressure operates by lowering the response threshold, allowing for faster responses at the expense of accumulated sensory evidence. To empirically examine the mechanisms necessary for adaptively adjusting the speed and accuracy of decisions, we used an event-related potential that indexes sensory evidence accumulation in the human brain. Instead of lowering response thresholds, we found that speed pressure adaptively shifts responses to occur close to where the rate of evidence accumulation peaks. Moreover, responses are not triggered automatically by the termination of the accumulation process, as sensory evidence continues to build after speeded decisions. Together these results suggest that response processes adaptively access accumulating sensory evidence depending on task demands and support parallel over serial models of decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nelli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rungratsameetaweemana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/420430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The speed-accuracy tradeoff reveals flexible access to accumulating sensory evidence during human decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Penetrance and pleiotropy of polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia in 90,000 patients across three healthcare systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/421164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDIndividuals at high risk schizophrenia may benefit from early intervention but few validated risk predictors are available. Genetic profiling is one approach to risk stratification that has been extensively validated in research cohorts, but its utility in clinical settings remains largely unexplored. Moreover, the broad health consequences of a high genetic risk of schizophrenia are poorly understood, despite being highly relevant to treatment decisions.nnMETHODSWe used electronic health records of 91,980 patients from three large healthcare systems to evaluate the penetrance and pleiotropy of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia were calculated from meta-analysis summary statistics and tested for association with schizophrenia diagnostic codes and 1338 code-defined disease categories in a phenome-wide association study. Effect estimates were meta-analyzed across sites, and follow-up analyses evaluated the effect of a schizophrenia diagnosis.nnRESULTSPRSs were robustly associated with schizophrenia (odds ratio per standard deviation increase in PRS = 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-1.8], p = 1.25 x 10-16) and patients in the highest risk decile of the PRS distribution had a four-fold increased odds of schizophrenia compared to those in the bottom decile (95% CI, 2.4-6.5, p = 4.43 x 10-8). PRSs were also associated with other psychiatric phenotypes, including anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, substance use disorders, personality disorders, and suicidal behavior. Non-psychiatric associations included heart palpitations, urinary syndromes, obesity, and nonspecific somatic symptoms. Most associations remained significant when conditioning on a diagnosis of schizophrenia, indicating genetic pleiotropy.nnCONCLUSIONSWe demonstrate that an available measure of genetic risk for schizophrenia is robustly associated with schizophrenia in healthcare settings and has pleiotropic effects on related psychiatric disorders as well as other medical symptoms and syndromes. Our results provide an initial indication of the opportunities and limitations that may arise with the future application of PRS testing in healthcare systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheutlin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Restrepo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chabris, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/421164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Penetrance and pleiotropy of polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia in 90,000 patients across three healthcare systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fronto-temporal language network responds robustly and selectively to sentences. But the features of linguistic input that drive this response and the computations these language areas support remain debated. Two key features of sentences are typically confounded in natural linguistic input: words in sentences a) are semantically and syntactically combinable into phrase- and clause-level meanings, and b) occur in an order licensed by the languages grammar. Inspired by recent psycholinguistic work establishing that language processing is robust to word order violations, we hypothesized that the core linguistic computation is composition, and, thus, can take place even when the word order violates the grammatical constraints of the language. This hypothesis predicts that a linguistic string should elicit a sentence-level response in the language network as long as the words in that string can enter into dependency relationships as in typical sentences. We tested this prediction across two fMRI experiments (total N=47) by introducing a varying number of local word swaps into naturalistic sentences, leading to progressively less syntactically well-formed strings. Critically, local dependency relationships were preserved because combinable words remained close to each other. As predicted, word order degradation did not decrease the magnitude of the BOLD response in the language network, except when combinable words were so far apart that composition among nearby words was highly unlikely. This finding demonstrates that composition is robust to word order violations, and that the language regions respond as strongly as they do to naturalistic linguistic input as long as composition can take place.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mollica, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineroff, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Futrell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High local mutual information drives the response in the human language network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436642v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent anti-influenza H7 human monoclonal antibody induces separation of hemagglutinin receptor binding head domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/436642v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Seasonal influenza virus infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality, but the threat from emergence of a new pandemic influenza strain might have potentially even more devastating consequences. As such, there is intense interest in isolating and characterizing potent neutralizing antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) viral surface glycoprotein. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to decipher the mechanism of action of a potent HA head-directed monoclonal antibody bound to an influenza H7 HA. The epitope of the antibody is not solvent accessible in the compact, pre-fusion conformation that typifies all HA structures to date. Instead, the antibody binds between HA head protomers to an epitope that must be partly or transiently exposed in the pre-fusion conformation. The "breathing" of the HA protomers is implied by the exposure of this epitope, which is consistent with metastability of class I fusion proteins. This structure likely therefore represents an early structural intermediate in the viral fusion process. Understanding the extent of transient exposure of conserved neutralizing epitopes also may lead to new opportunities to combat influenza that have not been appreciated previously.nnAuthor SummaryA transiently exposed epitope on influenza H7 hemagglutinin represents a new target for neutralizing antibodies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pallesen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottrell, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/436642</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent anti-influenza H7 human monoclonal antibody induces separation of hemagglutinin receptor binding head domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Histologically derived fiber response functions for diffusion MRI vary across white matter fibers - an ex vivo validation study in the squirrel monkey brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/438978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the relationship between the diffusion-weighted MRI signal and the arrangement of white matter fibers is fundamental for accurate voxel-wise reconstruction of the fiber orientation distribution (FOD) and subsequent fiber tractography. Spherical deconvolution reconstruction techniques model the diffusion signal as the convolution of the FOD with a response function which represents the signal profile of a single fiber orientation. Thus, given the signal and a fiber response function, the FOD can be estimated in every imaging voxel by deconvolution. However, the selection of the appropriate response function remains relatively un-studied, and requires further validation. In this work, using 3D histologically-defined FODs and the corresponding diffusion signal from three ex vivo squirrel monkey brains, we derive the ground truth response functions. We find that the histologically-derived response functions differ from those conventionally used. Next, we find that response functions statistically vary across brain regions, which suggests that the practice of using the same kernel throughout the brain is not optimal. Additionally, response functions vary significantly across subjects. We show that different kernels lead to different FOD reconstructions, which in turn can lead to different tractography results depending on algorithmic parameters, with large variations in the accuracy of resulting reconstructions. Together, this suggests that there is room for improvement in estimating and understanding the relationship between the diffusion signal and the underlying FOD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepniewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janve, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/438978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Histologically derived fiber response functions for diffusion MRI vary across white matter fibers - an ex vivo validation study in the squirrel monkey brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal Visual Analytics for Unpacking the Cancer Journey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/444356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retrospective cancer research requires identification of patients matching both categorical and temporal inclusion criteria, often based on factors exclusively available in clinical notes. Although natural language processing approaches for inferring higher-level concepts have shown promise for bringing structure to clinical texts, interpreting results is often challenging, involving the need to move between abstracted representations and constituent text elements. We discuss qualitative inquiry into user tasks and goals, data elements and models resulting in an innovative natural language processing pipeline and a visual analytics tool designed to facilitate interpretation of patient summaries and identification of cohorts for retrospective research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hochheiser, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/444356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal Visual Analytics for Unpacking the Cancer Journey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calculating the Effects of Autism Risk Gene Variants on Dysfunction of Biological Processes Identifies Clinically-Useful Information 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/449819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that are influenced by genetic factors and encompass a wide-range and severity of symptoms. The details of how genetic variation contributes to variable symptomatology are unclear, creating a major challenge for translating vast amounts of data into clinically-useful information. To determine if variation in ASD risk genes correlates with symptomatology differences among individuals with ASD, thus informing treatment, we developed an approach to calculate the likelihood of genetic dysfunction in Gene Ontology-defined biological processes that have significant overrepresentation of known risk genes. Using whole-exome sequence data from 2,381 individuals with ASD included in the Simons Simplex Collection, we identified likely damaging variants and conducted a clustering analysis to define subgroups based on scores reflecting genetic dysfunction in each process of interest to ASD etiology. Dysfunction in cognition-related genes distinguished a distinct subset of individuals with increased social deficits, lower IQs, and reduced adaptive behaviors when compared to individuals with no evidence of cognition-related gene dysfunction. In particular, a stop-gain variant in the pharmacogene encoding cycloxygenase-2 was associated with having an IQ<70 (i.e. intellectual disability), a key comorbidity in ASD. We expect that screening genes involved in cognition for deleterious variants in ASD cases may be useful for identifying clinically-informative factors that should be prioritized for functional follow-up. This has implications in designing more comprehensive genetic testing panels and may help provide the basis for more informed treatment in ASD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veatch, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzotti, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutcliffe, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tunc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Assouline, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaelson, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickl-Jockschat, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malow, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/449819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calculating the Effects of Autism Risk Gene Variants on Dysfunction of Biological Processes Identifies Clinically-Useful Information]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/453480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (rg=0.57, p=4.6x10-8), breast and ovarian cancer (rg=0.24, p=7x10-5), breast and lung cancer (rg=0.18, p=1.5x10-6) and breast and colorectal cancer (rg=0.15, p=1.1x10-4). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finucane, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schumacher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmit, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesseur, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchenbaecker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaude, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huyghe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoniou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkardottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benlloch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berchuck, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berndt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickeboller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bien, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boccia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunet, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunnstrom</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/453480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sub-diffusive dynamics lead to depleted particle densities near cellular borders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has long been known that the complex cellular environment leads to anomalous motion of intracellular particles. At a gross level, this is characterized by mean squared displacements that deviate from the standard linear profile. Statistical analysis of particle trajectories has helped further elucidate how different characteristics of the cellular environment can introduce different types of anomalousness. A significant majority of this literature has however focused on characterizing the properties of trajectories that do not interact with cell borders (e.g. cell membrane or nucleus). Numerous biological processes ranging from protein activation to exocytosis however require particles to be near a membrane. This study investigates the consequences of a canonical type of sub-diffusive motion, Fractional Brownian Motion (FBM), and its physical analogue Generalized Langevin Equation (GLE) Dynamics, on the spatial localization of particles near reflecting boundaries. Results show that this type of sub-diffusive motion leads to the formation of significant zones of depleted particle density near boundaries, and that this effect is independent of the specific model details encoding those dynamics. Rather these depletion layers are a natural and robust consequence of the anti-correlated nature of motion increments that is at the core of FBM / GLE dynamics. If such depletion zones are present, it would be of profound importance given the wide array of signaling and transport processes that occur near membranes. If not, that would suggest our understanding of this type of anomalous motion may be flawed. Either way, this result points to the need to further investigate the consequences of anomalous particle motions near cell borders from both theoretical and experimental perspectives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holmes, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sub-diffusive dynamics lead to depleted particle densities near cellular borders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic intermittent ethanol and acute stress similarly modulate BNST CRF neuron activity via noradrenergic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Relapse is a critical barrier to effective long-term treatment of alcoholism, and stress is often cited as a key trigger to relapse. Numerous studies suggest that stress-induced reinstatement to drug seeking behaviors is mediated by norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling interactions in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a brain region critical to many behavioral and physiologic responses to stressors. Here we sought to directly examine the effects of NE on BNST CRF neuron activity and determine if these effects may be modulated by chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure or a single restraint stress. Utilizing whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiological techniques in CRF-tomato reporter mice, we found that NE depolarized BNST CRF neurons in naive mice in a {beta}-adrenergic receptor (AR) dependent mechanism. CRF neurons from CIE or stress-exposed mice had significantly elevated basal resting membrane potential compared to naive mice. Furthermore, CIE and stress individually disrupted the ability of NE to depolarize CRF neurons, suggesting that both stress and CIE utilize {beta}-AR signaling to modulate BNST CRF neurons. Neither stress nor CIE altered the ability of exogenous NE to inhibit evoked glutamatergic transmission onto BNST CRF neurons, a mechanism previously shown to be -AR dependent. Altogether these findings suggest that stress and CIE interact with {beta}-AR signaling to modulate BNST CRF neuron activity, potentially disrupting the /{beta}-AR balance of BNST CRF neuronal excitability. Restoration of /{beta}-AR balance may lead to novel therapies for the alleviation of many stress-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silberman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic intermittent ethanol and acute stress similarly modulate BNST CRF neuron activity via noradrenergic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460543v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variants related to antihypertensive targets inform drug efficacy and side effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460543v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDrug effects can be investigated through natural variation in the genes for their protein targets. We aimed to use this approach to explore the potential side effects and repurposing potential of antihypertensive drugs, which are amongst the most commonly used medications worldwide.nnMethodsWe identified genetic instruments for antihypertensive drug classes as variants in the gene for the corresponding target that associated with systolic blood pressure at genome-wide significance. To validate the instruments, we compared Mendelian randomisation (MR) estimates for drug effects on coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risk to randomised controlled trial (RCT) results. Phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) in the UK Biobank was performed to identify potential side effects and repurposing opportunities, with findings investigated in the Vanderbilt University Biobank (BioVU) and in observational analysis of the UK Biobank.nnFindingsWe identified suitable genetic instruments for beta-blockers (BBs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). MR estimates for their effect on CHD and stroke risk respectively were comparable to results from RCTs against placebo. PheWAS in the UK Biobank identified an association of the CCB genetic risk score (scaled to drug effect) with increased risk of diverticulosis (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 95%CI 1.10-1.38), with a consistent estimate found in BioVU (OR 1.16, 95%CI 0.94-1.44). Association with diverticulosis was further supported in observational analysis of CCB use in the UK Biobank (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.02-1.15).nnInterpretationWe identified valid genetic instruments for BBs and CCBs. Using genetic and observational approaches, we highlighted a previously unreported potential detrimental effect of CCBs on risk of diverticulosis. This work serves as a proof of concept that investigation of genetic variants can offer a complementary approach to exploring the efficacy and side effects of anti-hypertensive medications.nnFundingWellcome Trust.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gill, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgakis, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koskeridis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodoratou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dichgans, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzoulaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460543</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variants related to antihypertensive targets inform drug efficacy and side effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462077v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing and Evaluating Mappings of ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM codes to Phecodes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462077v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe PheCode system was built upon the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) for phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) in the electronic health record (EHR).nnObjectiveHere, we present our work on the development and evaluation of maps from ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM codes to PheCodes.nnMethodsWe mapped ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM codes to PheCodes using a number of methods and resources, such as concept relationships and explicit mappings from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), and National Library of Medicine (NLM). We assessed the coverage of the maps in two databases: Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) using ICD-10-CM and the UK Biobank (UKBB) using ICD-10. We assessed the fidelity of the ICD-10-CM map in comparison to the gold-standard ICD-9-CM[-&gt;]PheCode map by investigating phenotype reproducibility and conducting a PheWAS.nnResultsWe mapped >75% of ICD-10-CM and ICD-10 codes to PheCodes. Of the unique codes observed in the VUMC (ICD-10-CM) and UKBB (ICD-10) cohorts, >90% were mapped to PheCodes. We observed 70-75% reproducibility for chronic diseases and <10% for an acute disease. A PheWAS with a lipoprotein(a) (LPA) genetic variant, rs10455872, using the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM maps replicated two genotype-phenotype associations with similar effect sizes: coronary atherosclerosis (ICD-9-CM: P < .001, OR = 1.60 vs. ICD-10-CM: P < .001, OR = 1.60) and with chronic ischemic heart disease (ICD-9-CM: P < .001, OR = 1.5 vs. ICD-10-CM: P < .001, OR = 1.47).nnConclusionsThis study introduces the initial "beta" versions of ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM to PheCode maps that will enable researchers to leverage accumulated ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM data for high-throughput PheWAS in the EHR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodoratou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462077</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing and Evaluating Mappings of ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM codes to Phecodes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464115v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The association between weight at birth and breast cancer risk revisited using Mendelian randomisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464115v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Observational studies suggest that higher birth weight (BW) is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in adult life. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to assess whether this association is causal. Sixty independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated at P < 5 x 10-8 with BW were used to construct (1) a 41-SNP instrumental variable (IV) for univariable MR after removing SNPs with pleiotropic associations with other breast cancer risk factors and (2) a 49-SNP IV for multivariable MR after filtering SNPs for data availability. BW predicted by the 41-SNP IV was not associated with overall breast cancer risk in inverse-variance weighted (IVW) univariable MR analysis of genetic association data from 122,977 breast cancer cases and 105,974 controls (odds ratio = 0.86 per 500 g higher BW; 95% confidence interval: 0.73--1.01). Sensitivity analyses using four alternative methods and three alternative IVs, including an IV with 59 of the 60 BW-associated SNPs, yielded similar results. Multivariable MR adjusting for the effects of the 49-SNP IV on birth length, adult height, adult body mass index, age at menarche, and age at menopause using IVW and MR-Egger methods provided estimates consistent with univariable analyses. Results were also similar when all analyses were repeated after restricting to estrogen receptor-positive or -negative breast cancer cases. Point estimates of the odds ratios from most analyses performed indicated an inverse relationship between genetically-predicted BW and breast cancer. Thus, there is little evidence from MR to suggest that the previously observed association between higher BW and increased risk of breast cancer in adult life is causal.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago-Dominguez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaaks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lophatananon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Punie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamimi, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Nieuwenhuysen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wendt, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464115</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The association between weight at birth and breast cancer risk revisited using Mendelian randomisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicted by HMGCR genetic variants and breast cancer risk may be mediated by body mass index 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/464446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orho-Melander et al. recently reported that lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) as predicted by the T-allele of the variant rs12916 in HMGCR is associated with a decreased risk of developing breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82-0.96].1 This analysis was embedded in a wider Mendelian randomization (MR) study performed using genotype data from a prospective cohort of 26,589 individuals that included 16,022 women and 1176 incident breast cancer cases. HMGCR encodes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the enzyme inhibited by statins. The T-allele of rs12916 is associated with reduced HMGCR expression and therefore, in principle, its effects should be analogous to the effects of lifelong statin administration starting at birth.2 The MR study of Orho-Melander et al. also found that a genome-wide LDLC score based on 32 independent LDLC-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was not associated with breast cancer. In light of this finding, they suggest that the protective effect of the rs12916 T-allele on breast cancer may either be specific to LDLC lowering via genetic inhibition of HMGCR or be the result of a distinct mechanism that is regulated by rs12916 and HMGCR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pharoah, P. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/464446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicted by HMGCR genetic variants and breast cancer risk may be mediated by body mass index]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biobank-wide association scan identifies risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and endophenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/468306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rich data from large biobanks, coupled with increasingly accessible association statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), provide great opportunities to dissect the complex relationships among human traits and diseases. We introduce BADGERS, a powerful method to perform polygenic score-based biobank-wide association scans. Compared to traditional approaches, BADGERS uses GWAS summary statistics as input and does not require multiple traits to be measured in the same cohort. We applied BADGERS to two independent datasets for late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD; N=61,212). Among 1,738 traits in the UK biobank, we identified 48 significant associations for AD. Family history, high cholesterol, and numerous traits related to intelligence and education showed strong and independent associations with AD. Further, we identified 41 significant associations for a variety of AD endophenotypes. While family history and high cholesterol were strongly associated with AD subgroups and pathologies, only intelligence and education-related traits predicted pre-clinical cognitive phenotypes. These results provide novel insights into the distinct biological processes underlying various risk factors for AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darst, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deming, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruchaga, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/468306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biobank-wide association scan identifies risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and endophenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating causal associations between previously reported risk factors and epithelial ovarian cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/472696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPreviously reported observational associations between risk factors and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) could reflect residual confounding, reverse causation, or measurement error. Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variants as proxies for modifiable risk factors to strengthen causal inference in observational studies.nnMethodsWe used MR to evaluate the causal role of 13 previously reported risk factors in overall and histotype-specific EOC in up to 25,509 case subjects and 40,941 controls in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Inverse-variance weighted models were employed to generate effect estimates and MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode were performed to examine evidence of horizontal pleiotropy. A Bonferroni-corrected P-value threshold was used to establish "strong evidence" (P<0.0038) and "suggestive evidence" (0.0038<P<0.05) for associations.nnResultsThere was strong or suggestive evidence that 9 of 13 risk factors were causally associated with overall or histotype-specific EOC. Genetic liability to endometriosis was strongly associated with EOC (OR per log odds higher liability: 1.27,95%CI:1.16-1.40;P=6.94x10-7) and lifetime smoking exposure was suggestively associated with EOC (OR per unit increase in smoking score:1.36,95%CI:1.04-1.78;P=0.02). In histotype-stratified analyses, the strongest associations found were between: height and clear cell carcinoma (OR per SD increase:1.36,95%CI:1.15-1.61;P=0.0003); age at natural menopause and endometrioid carcinoma (OR per year later onset:1.09,95% CI:1.02-1.16;P=0.007); and genetic liability to polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrioid carcinoma (OR per log odds higher liability:0.74,95% CI:0.62-0.90;P=0.002). There was little evidence that genetic liability to type 2 diabetes, parity, or circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and sex hormone-binding globulin were associated with ovarian cancer or its subtypes.nnConclusionsOur comprehensive examination of possible etiological drivers of ovarian carcinogenesis supports a causal role for few of these factors in epithelial ovarian cancer and suggests distinct etiologies across histotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yarmolinsky, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Relton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lophatananon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muir, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry-Maharaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walther, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modugno, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, B.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/472696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating causal associations between previously reported risk factors and epithelial ovarian cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/483107v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
On Using Local Ancestry to Characterize the Genetic Architecture of Human Phenotypes: Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Multiethnic or Admixed Populations as a Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/483107v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnderstanding the nature of the genetic regulation of gene expression promises to advance our understanding of the genetic basis of disease. However, the methodological impact of use of local ancestry on high-dimensional omics analyses, including most prominently expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping and trait heritability estimation, in admixed populations remains critically underexplored.nnResultsHere we develop a statistical framework that characterizes the relationships among the determinants of the genetic architecture of an important class of molecular traits. We estimate the trait variance explained by ancestry using local admixture relatedness between individuals. Using National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) datasets, we show that use of local ancestry can substantially improve eQTL mapping and heritability estimation and characterize the sparse versus polygenic component of gene expression in admixed and multiethnic populations respectively. Using simulations of diverse genetic architectures to estimate trait heritability and the level of confounding, we show improved accuracy given individual-level data and evaluate a summary statistics based approach. Furthermore, we provide a computationally efficient approach to local ancestry analysis in eQTL mapping while increasing control of type I and type II error over traditional approaches.nnConclusionOur study has important methodological implications on genetic analysis of omics traits across a range of genomic contexts, from a single variant to a prioritized region to the entire genome. Our findings highlight the importance of using local ancestry to better characterize the heritability of complex traits and to more accurately map genetic associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/483107</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[On Using Local Ancestry to Characterize the Genetic Architecture of Human Phenotypes: Genetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Multiethnic or Admixed Populations as a Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of intracellular transport by relieving KIF1C autoinhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/488049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kinesin-3 KIF1C is a fast organelle transporter implicated in the transport of dense core vesicles in neurons and the delivery of integrins to cell adhesions. Here we report the mechanisms of autoinhibition and release that control the activity of KIF1C. We show that the microtubule binding surface of KIF1C motor domain interacts with its stalk and that these autoinhibitory interactions are released upon binding of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN21. The FERM domain of PTPN21 stimulates dense core vesicle transport in primary hippocampal neurons and rescues integrin trafficking in KIF1C-depleted cells. In vitro, human full-length KIF1C is a processive, plus-end directed motor. Its landing rate onto microtubules increases in the presence of either PTPN21 FERM domain or the cargo adapter Hook3 that binds the same region of KIF1C tail. This autoinhibition release mechanism allows cargo-activated transport and might enable motors to participate in bidirectional cargo transport without undertaking a tug-of-war.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwetsloot, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/488049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of intracellular transport by relieving KIF1C autoinhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal prediction of outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using automated CT analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/493544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AIMSTo evaluate computer-derived (CALIPER) CT variables against FVC change as potential drug trials endpoints in IPF.nnMETHODS71 Royal Brompton Hospital (discovery cohort) and 23 Mayo Clinic Rochester and 24 St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein IPF patients (validation cohort) were analysed. Patients had two CTs performed 5-30 months apart, concurrent FVC measurements and were not exposed to antifibrotics (to avoid confounding of mortality relationships from antifibrotic use). Cox regression analyses (adjusted for patient age and gender) evaluated outcome for annualized FVC and CALIPER vessel-related structures (VRS) change and examined the added prognostic value of thresholded VRS changes beyond standard FVC change thresholds.nnRESULTSChange in VRS was a stronger outcome predictor than FVC decline when examined as continuous variables, in discovery and validation cohorts. When FVC decline ([&ge;]10%) and VRS thresholds were examined together, the majority of VRS change thresholds independently predicted outcome, with no decrease in model fit. When analysed as co-endpoints, a VRS threshold of [&ge;]0{middle dot}40 identified 30% more patients reaching an endpoint than a [&ge;]10% FVC decline threshold alone.nnCONCLUSIONSChange in VRS is a strong predictor of outcome in IPF and can increase power in future drug trials when used as a co-endpoint alongside FVC change.nnEthics committee approvalApproval for this study of clinically indicated CT and pulmonary function data was obtained from Liverpool Research Ethics Committee (Reference: 14/NW/0028) and the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Royal Brompton Hospital, Mayo Clinic Rochester and St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein. Informed patient consent was not required.nnTake home messageChange in the vessel-related structures, a computer-derived CT variable, is a strong predictor of outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and can increase power in future drug trials when used as a co-endpoint alongside forced vital capacity change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholmai, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Moorsel, C. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopalan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devaraj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Es, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moua, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Beek, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltkamp, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokosi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lauretis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peikert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karwoski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renzoni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, A. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/493544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal prediction of outcome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using automated CT analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability of the correlative triad among aging, dopamine D2-like receptor availability, and cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/494765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evidence that dopamine function mediates the association between aging and cognition is one of the most cited findings in the cognitive neuroscience of aging. However, few and relatively small studies have directly examined these associations. Here we examined correlations among adult age, dopamine D2-like receptor (D2R) availability, and cognition in two cross-sectional studies of healthy human adults. Participants completed a short cognitive test battery and, on a separate day, a PET scan with either the high-affinity D2R tracer [18F]Fallypride (Study 1) or [11C]FLB457 (Study 2). Digit span, a measure of short-term memory maintenance and working memory, was the only cognitive test for which dopamine D2R availability partially mediated the age effect on cognition. In Study 1, age was negatively correlated with digit span. Striatal D2R availability was positively correlated with digit span controlling for age. The age effect on digit span was smaller when controlling for striatal D2R availability. Although other cognitive measures used here have individually been associated with age and D2R availability in prior studies, we found no consistent evidence for significant associations between low D2R availability and low cognitive performance on these measures. These results at best only partially supported the correlative triad of age, dopamine D2R availability, and cognition. While a wealth of other research in human and non-human animals demonstrates that dopamine makes critical contributions to cognition, the present studies suggest caution in interpreting PET findings as evidence that dopamine D2R loss is a primary cause of broad age-related declines in fluid cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Juarez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matuskey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/494765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability of the correlative triad among aging, dopamine D2-like receptor availability, and cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Simphony: simulating large-scale, rhythmic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Simulated data are invaluable for assessing a computational method's ability to distinguish signal from noise. Although many biological systems show rhythmicity, there is no general-purpose tool to simulate large-scale, rhythmic data. Here we present Simphony, an R package for simulating data from experiments in which the abundances of rhythmic and non-rhythmic features (e.g., genes) are measured at multiple time points in multiple conditions. Simphony has parameters for specifying experimental design and each feature's rhythmic properties (e.g., shape, amplitude, and phase). In addition, Simphony can sample measurements from Gaussian and negative binomial distributions, the latter of which approximates read counts from next-generation sequencing data. We show an example of using Simphony to benchmark a method for detecting rhythms. Our results suggest that Simphony can aid experimental design and computational method development. Simphony is thoroughly documented and freely available at https://github.com/hugheylab/simphony.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Simphony: simulating large-scale, rhythmic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of miR-22-3p reduces kidney disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/512848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular microRNAs (miRNA) have proven to be critical regulators of inflammatory gene expression across many pathways within autoimmunity. Circulating miRNAs serve as a new class of disease biomarkers. Nevertheless, the functional roles of miRNAs, particularly extracellular miRNAs, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to link changes in extracellular miRNAs to lymphocyte gene regulation and the pathophysiology of SLE. Here, we demonstrate that circulating miR-22-3p levels are associated with SLE, and miR-22-3p regulates T and B cell function and SLE-associated kidney disease. Based on high-throughput small RNA sequencing and real-time PCR, extracellular miR-22-3p levels were found to be significantly increased in whole plasma in human SLE subjects. To determine the functional impact of miR-22-3p in SLE, miR-22-3p loss-of-function studies were performed in a mouse model of SLE (B6.SLE1.2.3). We found that in vivo administration of locked-nucleic acid inhibitors of miR-22-3p (LNA-22) reduced lymphocyte accumulation in both the spleen and lymph nodes compared to LNA scramble (LNA-Scr) control-treated mice. Strikingly, LNA-22-3p treatments reduced kidney disease pathology and glomerular IgG deposition compared to LNA-Scr treatments in SLE mice. Moreover, miR-22-3p inhibition reduced the proportion of T effector memory IFN-{gamma} producing CD4+ T cells, suggesting that miR-22-3p regulates Th1 T cell differentiation. We also found that miR-22 inhibition in mice reduced STAT1 phosphorylation in the kidney which was correlated with loss of IFN-{gamma} production by splenic CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-22-3p is a critical regulator of SLE-associated CD4+ T cell immunity and kidney disease. These results provide therapeutic potential for limiting splenic Th1 signaling and preventing the progression of lupus nephritis.nnKey FindingsO_LIExtracellular miR-22-3p levels are significantly increased in plasma from human SLE subjects.nC_LIO_LIInhibition of miR-22-3p in vivo significantly reduced lymphocyte accumulation in both the spleen and lymph nodes in a mouse model of SLE, thus reducing splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy.nC_LIO_LImiR-22-3p inhibition significantly reduced IFN-{gamma} expression and secretion from splenic T cell subsets.nC_LIO_LIInhibition of miR-22-3p in vivo resulted in decreased IgG deposition in the kidney, decreased STAT1 phosphorylation, and decreased kidney disease in a mouse model of SLE.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appleton, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormseth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solus, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/512848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of miR-22-3p reduces kidney disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hip circumduction is not a compensation for reduced knee flexion angle during gait 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/520684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has long been held that hip abduction compensates for reduced swing-phase knee flexion angle, especially in those after stroke. However, there are other compensatory motions such as pelvic obliquity (hip hiking) that could also be used to facilitate foot clearance with greater energy efficiency. Our previous work suggested that hip abduction may not be a compensation for reduced knee flexion after stroke. Previous study applied robotic knee flexion assistance in people with post-stroke Stiff-Knee Gait (SKG) during pre-swing, finding increased abduction despite improved knee flexion and toe clearance. Thus, our hypothesis was that hip abduction is not a compensation for reduced knee flexion. We simulated the kinematics of post-stroke SKG on unimpaired individuals with three factors: a knee orthosis to reduce knee flexion, an ankle-foot orthosis commonly worn by those post-stroke, and matching gait speeds. We compared spatiotemporal measures and kinematics between experimental factors within healthy controls and with a previously recorded cohort of people with post-stroke SKG. We focused on frontal plane motions of hip and pelvis as possible compensatory mechanisms. We observed that regardless of gait speed, knee flexion restriction significantly increased pelvic obliquity (2.79{degrees}, p<0.01) compared to unrestricted walking (1.5{degrees}, p<0.01), but similar to post-stroke SKG (3.4{degrees}). However, those with post-stroke SKG had significantly greater hip abduction (8.2{degrees}) compared to unimpaired individuals with restricted knee flexion (4.2{degrees}, p<0.05). These results show that pelvic obliquity, not hip abduction, compensates for reduced knee flexion angle. Thus, other factors, possibly neural, facilitate exaggerated hip abduction observed in post-stroke SKG.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akbas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prajapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziemnicki, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamma, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulzer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/520684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hip circumduction is not a compensation for reduced knee flexion angle during gait]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 178 high confidence target genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genome-wide association studies have identified breast cancer risk variants in over 150 genomic regions, but the mechanisms underlying risk remain largely unknown. These regions were explored by combining association analysis with in silico genomic feature annotations. We defined 205 independent risk-associated signals with the set of credible causal variants (CCVs) in each one. In parallel, we used a Bayesian approach (PAINTOR) that combines genetic association, linkage disequilibrium, and enriched genomic features to determine variants with high posterior probabilities (HPPs) of being causal. Potentially causal variants were significantly over-represented in active gene regulatory regions and transcription factor binding sites. We applied our INQUSIT pipeline for prioritizing genes as targets of potentially causal variants, using gene expression (eQTL), chromatin interaction and functional annotations. Known cancer drivers, transcription factors and genes in the developmental, apoptosis, immune system and DNA integrity checkpoint gene ontology pathways, were over-represented among the 178 highest confidence target genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fachal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pooley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michailidou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soucy, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemacon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lush, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoussaini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moradi Marjaneh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agata, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenkova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arason, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balmana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barkardottir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly-Fadiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blot, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies 178 high confidence target genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scavenging dicarbonyls with 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine improves insulin sensitivity and reduces atherosclerosis through modulating inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytosis and macrophage polarization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/529339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveOxidative stress contributes to the development of insulin resistance (IR) and atherosclerosis. Peroxidation of lipids produces reactive dicarbonyls such as Isolevuglandins (IsoLG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) that covalently bind plasma/cellular proteins, phospholipids, and DNA leading to altered function and toxicity. We examined whether scavenging reactive dicarbonyls with 5-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine (PPM) protects against the development of IR and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice.

MethodsMale or female Ldlr-/- mice were fed a western diet (WD) for 16 weeks and treated with PPM versus vehicle alone. Plaque extent, dicarbonyl-lysyl adducts, efferocytosis, apoptosis, macrophage inflammation, and necrotic area were measured. Plasma MDA-LDL adducts and the in vivo and in vitro effects of PPM on the ability of HDL to reduce macrophage cholesterol were measured. Blood Ly6Chi monocytes and ex vivo 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation into bone marrow CD11b+ monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) were also examined. IR was examined by measuring fasting glucose/insulin levels and tolerance to insulin/glucose challenge.

ResultsPPM reduced the proximal aortic atherosclerosis by 48% and by 46% in female and male Ldlr-/- mice, respectively. PPM also decreased IR and hepatic fat and inflammation in male Ldlr-/- mice. Importantly, PPM decreased plasma MDA-LDL adducts and prevented the accumulation of plaque MDA- and IsoLG-lysyl adducts in Ldlr-/- mice. In addition, PPM increased the net cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL from Ldlr-/- mice and prevented both the in vitro impairment of HDL net cholesterol efflux capacity and apoAI crosslinking by MPO generated hypochlorous acid. Moreover, PPM decreased features of plaque instability including decreased proinflammatory M1-like macrophages, IL-1{beta} expression, myeloperoxidase, apoptosis, and necrotic core. In contrast, PPM increased M2-like macrophages, Tregs, fibrous cap thickness, and efferocytosis. Furthermore, PPM reduced inflammatory monocytosis as evidenced by decreased blood Ly6Chi monocytes and proliferation of bone marrow monocytes and HSPC from Ldlr-/- mice.

ConclusionsPPM has pleotropic atheroprotective effects in a murine model of familial hypercholesterolemia, supporting the therapeutic potential of reactive dicarbonyl scavenging in the treatment of IR and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yancey, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oates, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amarnath, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/529339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scavenging dicarbonyls with 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine improves insulin sensitivity and reduces atherosclerosis through modulating inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytosis and macrophage polarization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Requirement for TRanslocon-Associated Protein (TRAP) α in insulin biogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mechanistic basis for the biogenesis of peptide hormones and growth factors is poorly understood. Here we show that the conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane translocon-associated protein (TRAP) , also known as signal sequence receptor 1 (SSR1)1, plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of insulin. A genetic screen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealed trap-1, which encodes the C. elegans TRAP ortholog, as a modifier of DAF-2 insulin receptor (InsR) signaling. Genetic analysis indicates that TRAP-1 acts upstream of DAF-2/InsR to control C. elegans development. Endogenous C. elegans TRAP-1 and mammalian TRAP both localized to the ER. In pancreatic beta cells, TRAP deletion impaired preproinsulin translocation but did not affect the synthesis of 1-antitrypsin, indicating that TRAP selectively influences the translocation of a subset of secreted proteins. Surprisingly, loss of TRAP function also resulted in disruption of distal steps in insulin biogenesis including proinsulin processing and secretion. These results show that TRAP assists in the ER translocation of preproinsulin and unveil unanticipated additional consequences of TRAP loss-of-function on the intracellular trafficking and maturation of proinsulin. The association of common intronic single nucleotide variants in the human TRAP gene with susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction2 suggests that impairment of preproinsulin translocation and proinsulin trafficking may contribute to the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itani, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haataja, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumas, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flibotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shih, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Requirement for TRanslocon-Associated Protein (TRAP) α in insulin biogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Methods to Identify Genetic Correlates of Radiation-Associated Contralateral Breast Cancer in the WECARE Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/547422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The purpose of this study is to identify germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that optimally predict radiation-associated contralateral breast cancer (RCBC) and to provide new biological insights into the carcinogenic process. Fifty-two women with contralateral breast cancer and 153 women with unilateral breast cancer were identified within the Womens Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology (WECARE) Study who were at increased risk of RCBC because they were [&le;] 40 years of age at first diagnosis of breast cancer and received a scatter radiation dose > 1 Gy to the contralateral breast. A previously reported algorithm, preconditioned random forest regression, was applied to predict the risk of developing RCBC. The resulting model produced an area under the curve of 0.62 (p=0.04) on hold-out validation data. The biological analysis identified the cyclic AMP-mediated signaling and Ephrin-A as significant biological correlates, which were previously shown to influence cell survival after radiation in an ATM-dependent manner. The key connected genes and proteins that are identified in this analysis were previously identified as relevant to breast cancer, radiation response, or both. In summary, machine learning/bioinformatics methods applied to genome-wide genotyping data have great potential to reveal plausible biological correlates associated with the risk of RCBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concannon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boice, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deasy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/547422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Methods to Identify Genetic Correlates of Radiation-Associated Contralateral Breast Cancer in the WECARE Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The yeast Art1 arrestin domain contains disordered insertions that regulate its localization and activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/553677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The protein composition of the plasma membrane is rapidly remodeled in response to changes in nutrient availability or cellular stress. This occurs, in part, through the selective ubiquitylation and endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins which, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is mediated by the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 and arrestin-related trafficking (ART) adaptors. Here, we provide evidence that an ART family member, Art1, consists of an arrestin fold with extended N- and C-terminal tails, and interspersed with loop insertions. These loop and tail regions, while not strictly required for Art1 function, regulate its activity through two separate mechanisms. One loop mediates Art1 cargo specificity. Other loops are subjected to phosphorylation in a manner dependent on the Pho85 cyclins Clg1 and Pho80. Phosphorylation of the loops controls Art1s localization to the plasma membrane, which promotes cargo ubiquitylation and endocytosis, demonstrating a mechanism through which Art1 activity is regulated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baile, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiney, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanford, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolka, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emr, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/553677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The yeast Art1 arrestin domain contains disordered insertions that regulate its localization and activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556118v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sox6: A new modulator of renin expression during physiological conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/556118v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, major sources of renin, differentiate from metanephric mesenchymal cells which give rise to JG cells or a subset of smooth muscle cells of the renal afferent arteriole. During periods of dehydration and salt deprivation JG cells undergo expansion. Gene expression profiling comparing resident renal Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) with JG cells indicate that the transcription factor Sox6 is highly expressed in JG cells in the adult kidney. In vitro, loss of Sox6 expression reduces differentiation of renal MSCs to renin producing cells. In vivo, Sox6 expression is up-regulated during JG cell expansion. Importantly, knockout of Sox6 in Ren1d+ cells halts the increase in renin expressing cells normally seen during JG cell expansion as well as the typical increase in renin. These results support a previously undefined role for Sox6 in renin expression during normal and pathophysiological conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saleem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgkinson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez-Bastida, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foss, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirotsou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzau, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/556118</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sox6: A new modulator of renin expression during physiological conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry analysis of gene-sleep interactions in 126,926 individuals identifies multiple novel blood lipid loci that contribute to our understanding of sleep-associated adverse blood lipid profile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both short and long sleep are associated with an adverse lipid profile, likely through different biological pathways. To provide new insights in the biology of sleep-associated adverse lipid profile, we conducted multi-ancestry genome-wide sleep-SNP interaction analyses on three lipid traits (HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides). In the total study sample (discovery + replication) of 126,926 individuals from 5 different ancestry groups, when considering either long or short total sleep time interactions in joint analyses, we identified 49 novel lipid loci, and 10 additional novel lipid loci in a restricted sample of European-ancestry cohorts. In addition, we identified new gene-sleep interactions for known lipid loci such as LPL and PCSK9. The novel gene-sleep interactions had a modest explained variance in lipid levels: most notable, gene-short-sleep interactions explained 4.25% of the variance in triglyceride concentration. Collectively, these findings contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in sleep-associated adverse lipid profiles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noordam, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winkler, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentley, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilpeläinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwander, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabe, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aschard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franceschini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musani, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartz, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de las Fuentes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feitosa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horimoto, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilkov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mook-Kanamori, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rankinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajuddin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Spek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laville, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alver, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evangelou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühnel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyytikäinen, L.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marques-Vidal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>No</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry analysis of gene-sleep interactions in 126,926 individuals identifies multiple novel blood lipid loci that contribute to our understanding of sleep-associated adverse blood lipid profile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/563866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphThe Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program seeks to elucidate the genetic architecture and disease biology of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, with the ultimate goal of improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The initial phases of the program focus on whole genome sequencing of individuals with rich phenotypic data and diverse backgrounds. Here, we describe TOPMed goals and design as well as resources and early insights from the sequence data. The resources include a variant browser, a genotype imputation panel, and sharing of genomic and phenotypic data via dbGaP. In 53,581 TOPMed samples, >400 million single-nucleotide and insertion/deletion variants were detected by alignment with the reference genome. Additional novel variants are detectable through assembly of unmapped reads and customized analysis in highly variable loci. Among the >400 million variants detected, 97% have frequency <1% and 46% are singletons. These rare variants provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history. The nearly complete catalog of genetic variation in TOPMed studies provides unique opportunities for exploring the contributions of rare and non-coding sequence variants to phenotypic variation. Furthermore, combining TOPMed haplotypes with modern imputation methods improves the power and extends the reach of nearly all genome-wide association studies to include variants down to ~0.01% in frequency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taliun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpiech, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagliano Taliun, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvelo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitsillides, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeFaive, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-b.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emde, A.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loesch, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shetty, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguet, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardlie, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielak, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalazan, B. L</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/563866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of divergent antimalarial treatment responses in peripheral blood from infants and adults in Malawi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/564757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHeterogeneity in the immune response to parasite infection is mediated in part by differences in host genetics, sex, and age group. In neonates and infants, ongoing immunological maturation often results in increased susceptibility to infection and variable responses to drug treatment, increasing the risk of complications. Even though significant age-specific effects on host cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum infection have been identified, age effects on uncomplicated malaria infection and antimalarial treatment remain poorly understood.

MethodsIn samples of whole blood from a cohort of naturally infected malaria-positive individuals in Malawi (n=63 total; 34 infants <2 years old, 29 adults >18 years old), we assessed blood cytokine levels and characterized monocyte and dendritic cell frequencies at two timepoints: acute infection, and four weeks post antimalarial treatment. We modeled the effects of age group, sex, and timepoint, and evaluated the role of these factors on infection and treatment outcomes.

ResultsRegardless of treatment timepoint, in our population age was significantly associated with overall blood hemoglobin, which was higher in adults, and plasma nitric oxide, IL-10, and TNF- levels, which were higher in infants. We found a significant effect of age on the hemoglobin treatment response, whereby after treatment, levels increased in infants and decreased in adults. Furthermore, we observed significant age-specific effects on treatment response for overall parasite load, IFN-{gamma} and IL-12(p40), and these effects were sex-dependent. We uncovered significant age effects on the overall levels and treatment response of myeloid dendritic cell frequencies. In addition, within each age group, we found continuous age effects on gametocyte levels (Pfs16), TNF-, and nitric oxide.

ConclusionsIn a clinical study of infants and adults experiencing natural malaria infection and receiving antimalarial treatment, we identified age-specific signatures of infection and treatment responses in peripheral blood. We describe host markers that may indicate, and potentially mediate, differential post-treatment outcomes for malaria in infants versus adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maurizio, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuseini, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tegha, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseinipour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Paris, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/564757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of divergent antimalarial treatment responses in peripheral blood from infants and adults in Malawi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Value-driven attentional capture enhances distractor representations in early visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/567354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When a behaviorally relevant stimulus has been previously associated with reward, behavioral responses are faster and more accurate compared to equally relevant but less valuable stimuli. Conversely, task irrelevant stimuli that were previously associated with a high reward can capture attention and distract processing away from relevant stimuli (e.g. the chocolate bar in the pantry when you are looking for a nice healthy apple). While increasing the value of task-relevant stimuli systematically up-regulates neural responses in early visual cortex to facilitate information processing, it is not clear if the value of task-irrelevant distractors influences behavior via competition in early visual cortex or via competition at later stages of decision-making and response selection. Here, we measured fMRI in human visual cortex while subjects performed a value-based learning task, and applied a multivariate inverted encoding model to assess the fidelity of distractor representations in early visual cortex. We found that the fidelity of neural representations related to task-irrelevant distractors increased when the distractors were previously associated with a high reward. Moreover, this value-based modulation of distractor representations only occurred when the distractors were previously selected as targets on preceding trials. Together, these findings suggest that value-driven attentional capture begins with sensory modulations of distractor representations in early areas of visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Itthipuripat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serences, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/567354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Value-driven attentional capture enhances distractor representations in early visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Graphene nanoflakes for acute manipulation of membrane cholesterol and transmembrane signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/581942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cholesterol is one of the most essential lipids in eukaryotic cell membranes. However, acute and selective manipulation of membrane cholesterol remains challenging. Here, we report that graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) insert into the plasma membrane and directly interact with cholesterol, resulting in acute cholesterol enrichment - and thus structural and functional changes. Using two representative cell preparations, we explore the utility of GNFs in modifying cell communication pathways sensitive to membrane cholesterol. In fibroblasts, GNFs enhance ATP-induced intracellular Ca2+-release by allosteric facilitation of P2Y receptors, a subtype of G protein-coupled receptors, in a cholesterol-dependent manner. In neurons, which possess higher membrane cholesterol levels than most cell types, GNFs further increase cholesterol. Consequently, GNFs change membrane fluidity, especially at synaptic boutons, and potentiate neurotransmitter release by accelerating synaptic vesicle turnover. Together, our results provide a molecular explanation for graphenes cellular impacts and demonstrate its potential for membrane-oriented engineering of cell signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kitko, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarenko, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montenegro-Burke, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghunathan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skala, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/581942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Graphene nanoflakes for acute manipulation of membrane cholesterol and transmembrane signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct class of bursting neurons with strong gamma synchronization and stimulus selectivity in monkey V1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical computation depends on interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The contributions of distinct neuron-types to sensory processing and network synchronization in primate visual-cortex remain largely undetermined. We show that in awake monkey V1, there exists a distinct cell-type ({approx}30% of neurons) that has narrow-waveform action-potentials, high spontaneous discharge-rates, and fires in high-frequency bursts. These neurons are more stimulus-selective and phase-locked to gamma (30-80Hz) oscillations as compared to other neuron types. Unlike the other neuron-types, their gamma phase-locking is highly predictive of their orientation tuning. We find evidence for strong rhythmic inhibition in these neurons, suggesting that they interact with interneurons to act as excitatory pacemakers for the V1 gamma rhythm. These neurons have not been observed in other primate cortical areas and we find that they are not present in rodent V1. However, they resemble the excitatory "chattering" neurons previously identified by intracellular recordings in cat V1. Given its properties, this neuron type should be pivotal for the encoding and transmission of V1 stimulus information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Onorato, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuenschwander, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broggini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spyropoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fries, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct class of bursting neurons with strong gamma synchronization and stimulus selectivity in monkey V1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/588020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heritability, the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic factors, can be estimated from pedigree data 1, but such estimates are uninformative with respect to the underlying genetic architecture. Analyses of data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on unrelated individuals have shown that for human traits and disease, approximately one-third to two-thirds of heritability is captured by common SNPs 2-5. It is not known whether the remaining heritability is due to the imperfect tagging of causal variants by common SNPs, in particular if the causal variants are rare, or other reasons such as overestimation of heritability from pedigree data. Here we show that pedigree heritability for height and body mass index (BMI) appears to be largely recovered from whole-genome sequence (WGS) data on 25,465 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We assigned 33.7 million genetic variants to groups based upon their minor allele frequencies (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) with variants nearby, and estimated and partitioned genetic variance accordingly. The estimated heritability was 0.68 (SE 0.10) for height and 0.30 (SE 0.10) for BMI, with a range of ~0.60 - 0.71 for height and ~0.25 - 0.35 for BMI, depending on quality control and analysis strategies. Low-MAF variants in low LD with neighbouring variants were enriched for heritability, to a greater extent for protein-altering variants, consistent with negative selection thereon. Cumulatively variants with 0.0001 < MAF < 0.1 explained 0.47 (SE 0.07) and 0.30 (SE 0.10) of heritability for height and BMI, respectively. Our results imply that rare variants, in particular those in regions of low LD, is a major source of the still missing heritability of complex traits and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wainschtein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yengo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TOPMed Anthropometry Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadyab, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allison, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, M.-L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, M. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/588020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of trait heritability from whole genome sequence data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Gene Co-expression Network-based Analysis of Multiple Brain Tissues Reveals Novel Genes and Molecular Pathways Underlying Major Depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Major depression is a common and severe psychiatric disorder with a highly polygenic genetic architecture. Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified multiple independent genetic loci that harbour variants associated with major depression, but the exact causal genes and biological mechanisms are largely unknown. Tissue-specific network approaches may identify molecular mechanisms underlying major depression and provide a biological substrate for integrative analyses. We provide a framework for the identification of individual risk genes and gene co-expression networks using genome-wide association summary statistics and gene expression information across multiple human brain tissues and whole blood. We developed a novel gene-based method called eMAGMA that leverages multi-tissue eQTL information to identify 99 biologically plausible risk genes associated with major depression, of which 58 are novel. Among these novel associations is Complement Factor 4A (C4A), recently implicated in schizophrenia through its role in synaptic pruning during postnatal development. Major depression risk genes were enriched in gene co-expression modules in multiple brain tissues and the implicated gene modules contained genes involved in synaptic signalling, neuronal development, and cell transport pathways. Modules enriched with major depression signals were strongly preserved across brain tissues, but were weakly preserved in whole blood, highlighting the importance of using disease-relevant tissues in genetic studies of psychiatric traits. We identified tissue-specific genes and gene co-expression networks associated with major depression. Our novel analytical framework can be used to gain fundamental insights into the functioning of the nervous system in major depression and other brain-related traits.nnAuthor summaryAlthough genome-wide association studies have identified genetic risk variants associated with major depression, our understanding of the mechanisms through which they influence disease susceptibility remain largely unknown. Genetic risk variants are highly enriched in non-coding regions of the genome and affect gene expression. Genes are known to interact and regulate the activity of one another and form highly organized (co-expression) networks. Here, we generate tissue-specific gene co-expression networks, each containing groups of functionally related genes or "modules", to delineate interactions between genes and thereby facilitate the identification of gene processes in major depression. We developed and applied a novel research methodology (called "eMagma") which integrates genetic and transcriptomic information in a tissue-specific analysis and tests for their enrichment in gene co-expression modules. Using this novel approach, we identified gene modules in multiple tissues that are both enriched with major depression genetic association signals and biologically meaningful pathways. We also show gene modules are strongly preserved across brain regions, but not in whole blood, suggesting blood may not be a useful tissue surrogate for the genetic dissection of major depression. Our novel analytical framework provides fundamental insights into the functional genetics major depression and can be applied to other neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerring, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psy,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/591693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Gene Co-expression Network-based Analysis of Multiple Brain Tissues Reveals Novel Genes and Molecular Pathways Underlying Major Depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A missense variant in Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene and protection against liver disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/594523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyzing 5770 all-cause cirrhosis cases and 572,850 controls from seven cohorts, we identify a missense variant in the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene (MARC1 p.A165T) that associates with protection from all-cause cirrhosis (OR 0.88, p=2.1*10-8). This same variant also associates with lower levels of hepatic fat on computed tomographic imaging and lower odds of physician-diagnosed fatty liver as well as lower blood levels of alanine transaminase (-0.012 SD, 1.4*10-8), alkaline phosphatase (-0.019 SD, 6.6*10-9), total cholesterol (-0.037 SD, p=1*10-18) and LDL cholesterol (-0.035 SD, p=7.3*10-16). Carriers of rare protein-truncating variants in MARC1 had lower liver enzyme levels, cholesterol levels, and reduced odds of liver disease (OR 0.19, p= 0.04) suggesting that deficiency of the MARC1 enzyme protects against cirrhosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emdin, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khera, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karjalainen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havulinna, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiiskinen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardissino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schunkert, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPherson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elosua, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bown, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baber, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danesh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleheen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kathiresan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/594523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A missense variant in Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene and protection against liver disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein structure prediction using sparse NOE and RDC restraints with Rosetta in CASP13 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational methods that produce accurate protein structure models from limited experimental data, e.g. from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, hold great potential for biomedical research. The NMR-assisted modeling challenge in CASP13 provided a blind test to explore the capabilities and limitations of current modeling techniques in leveraging NMR data which had high sparsity, ambiguity and error rate for protein structure prediction. We describe our approach to predict the structure of these proteins leveraging the Rosetta software suite. Protein structure models were predicted de novo using a two-stage protocol. First, low-resolution models were generated with the Rosetta de novo method guided by non-ambiguous nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) contacts and residual dipolar coupling (RDC) restraints. Second, iterative model hybridization and fragment insertion with the Rosetta comparative modeling method was used to refine and regularize models guided by all ambiguous and non-ambiguous NOE contacts and RDCs. Nine out of 16 of the Rosetta de novo models had the correct fold (GDT-TS score >45) and in three cases high-resolution models were achieved (RMSD <3.5 [A]). We also show that a meta-approach applying iterative Rosetta+NMR refinement on server-predicted models which employed non-NMR-contacts and structural templates leads to substantial improvement in model quality. Integrating these data-assisted refinement strategies with innovative non-data-assisted approaches which became possible in CASP13 such as high precision contact prediction will in the near future enable structure determination for large proteins that are outside of the realm of conventional NMR.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein structure prediction using sparse NOE and RDC restraints with Rosetta in CASP13]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative protein modeling in RosettaNMR from sparse paramagnetic restraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/597872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational methods to predict protein structure from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) restraints that only require assignment of backbone signals hold great potential to study larger proteins and complexes. Additionally, computational methods designed to work with sparse data add atomic detail that is missing in the experimental restraints, allowing application to systems that are difficult to investigate. While specific frameworks in the Rosetta macromolecular modeling suite support the use of certain NMR restraint types, use of all commonly measured restraint types together is precluded. Here, we introduce a comprehensive framework into Rosetta that reconciles CS-Rosetta, PCS-Rosetta and RosettaNMR into a single framework, that, in addition to backbone chemical shifts and nuclear Overhauser effect distance restraints, leverages NMR restraints derived from paramagnetic labeling. Specifically, RosettaNMR incorporates pseudocontact shifts, residual dipolar couplings, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements, measured at multiple tagging sites. We further showcase the generality of RosettaNMR for various modeling challenges and benchmark it on 28 structure prediction cases, eight symmetric assemblies, two protein-protein and three protein-ligand docking examples. Paramagnetic restraints generated more accurate models for 85% of the benchmark proteins and, when combined with chemical shifts, sampled high-accuracy models ([&le;] 2[A]) in 50% of the cases.nnSignificance StatementComputational methods such as Rosetta can assist NMR structure determination by employing efficient conformational search algorithms alongside physically realistic energy functions to model protein structure from sparse experimental data. We have developed a framework in Rosetta that leverages paramagnetic NMR data in addition to chemical shift and nuclear Overhauser effect restraints and extends RosettaNMR calculations to the prediction of symmetric assemblies, protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes. RosettaNMR generated high-accuracy models ([&le;] 2[A]) in 50% of cases for a benchmark set of 28 monomeric and eight symmetric proteins and predicted protein-protein and protein-ligand interfaces with up to 1[A] accuracy. The method expands Rosettas rich toolbox for integrative data-driven modeling and promises to be broadly useful in structural biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonneau, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler Leman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/597872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative protein modeling in RosettaNMR from sparse paramagnetic restraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cox regression increases power to detect genotype-phenotype associations in genomic studies using the electronic health record 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/599910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe growth of DNA biobanks linked to data from electronic health records (EHRs) has enabled the discovery of numerous associations between genomic variants and clinical phenotypes. Nonetheless, although clinical data are generally longitudinal, standard approaches for detecting genotype-phenotype associations in such linked data, notably logistic regression, do not naturally account for the times at which events occur. Here we explored the advantages of quantifying associations using Cox proportional hazards regression, which can account for the age at which a patient first visited the healthcare system (left truncation) and the age at which a patient either last visited the healthcare system or acquired a particular phenotype (right censoring).nnResultsUsing simulated data, we found that, compared to logistic regression, Cox regression had greater power at equivalent Type I error. We then scanned for genotype-phenotype associations using logistic regression and Cox regression on 50 phenotypes derived from the electronic health records of 49 792 genotyped individuals. In terms of effect sizes, the hazard ratios estimated by Cox regression were nearly identical to the odds ratios estimated by logistic regression. Consistent with the findings from our simulations, Cox regression had approximately 10% greater relative sensitivity for detecting known associations from the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog.nnConclusionsAs longitudinal health-related data continue to grow, Cox regression may improve our ability to identify the genetic basis for a wide range of human phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/599910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cox regression increases power to detect genotype-phenotype associations in genomic studies using the electronic health record]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603134v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Not just one p: Multivariate GWAS of psychiatric disorders and their cardinal symptoms reveal two dimensions of cross-cutting genetic liabilities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603134v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding which biological pathways are specific versus general across diagnostic categories and levels of symptom severity is critical to improving nosology and treatment of psychopathology. Here, we combine transdiagnostic and dimensional approaches to genetic discovery for the first time, conducting a novel multivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) of eight psychiatric symptoms and disorders broadly related to mood disturbance and psychosis. We identify two transdiagnostic genetic liabilities that distinguish between common forms of mood disturbance (major depressive disorder, bipolar II, and self-reported symptoms of depression, mania, and psychosis) versus rarer forms of serious mental illness (bipolar I, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia). Biological annotation revealed divergent genetic architectures that differentially implicated prenatal neurodevelopment and neuronal function and regulation. These findings inform psychiatric nosology and biological models of psychopathology, as they suggest the severity of mood and psychotic symptoms present in serious mental illness may reflect a difference in kind, rather than merely in degree.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallard, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson Linner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okbay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotzinger, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vlaming, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddens, S. F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker-Drob, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koellinger, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harden, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/603134</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Not just one p: Multivariate GWAS of psychiatric disorders and their cardinal symptoms reveal two dimensions of cross-cutting genetic liabilities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coupling metastasis to pH sensing G Protein-coupled receptor-68 through first in class inhibitor identified in an in vivo chemical genetic screen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/612549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An acidic milieu is a hallmark of the glycolytic metabolism that occurs in cancerous cells. The acidic environment is known to promote cancer progression, but the underlying signaling and cell biological underpinnings of these phenomena are not well understood. Here, we describe ogremorphin, a first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of GPR68, an extracellular proton-sensing and mechanosensing G protein-coupled receptor. Ogremorphin was discovered in a chemical genetic zebrafish screen for its ability to perturb neural crest development, which shares basic cell behaviors of migration and invasion with cancer metastasis. Ogremorphin also inhibited migration and invasive behavior of neural crest-derived human melanoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, in phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS), we identified an aberrantly activated variant of GPR68, which is associated with cancer metastasis in vivo and promotes invasive phenotypes of cancer cells in vitro. Thus, extracellular proton-sensing GPR68 signaling promotes cell migration and invasion during embryonic development and may do likewise in cancer progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thayer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keyesr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/612549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coupling metastasis to pH sensing G Protein-coupled receptor-68 through first in class inhibitor identified in an in vivo chemical genetic screen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Phenome-wide Mendelian Randomisation study on genetically determined serum urate levels in UK Biobank cohort 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe role of serum urate level has been extensively investigated in observational studies. However, the extent of any causal effect remains unclear, making it difficult to evaluate its clinical relevance.nnObjectivesTo explore any causal or pleiotropic association between serum urate level and a broad spectrum of disease outcomes.nnMethodsPhenome-wide association study (PheWAS) together with a Bayesian analysis of tree-structured phenotypic models (TreeWAS) was performed to examine disease outcomes related to genetically determined serum urate levels in 339,256 UK Biobank participants. Mendelian Randomisation (MR) analyses were performed to replicate significant findings using various GWAS consortia data. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine possible pleiotropic effects on metabolic traits of the genetic variants used as instruments for serum urate.nnResultsPheWAS analysis, examining the association with 1,431 disease outcomes, identified a multitude of disease outcomes including gout, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and heart diseases (e.g., coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic heart disease) that were associated (p<3.35e-04) with genetically determined serum urate levels. TreeWAS analysis, examining 10,750 ICD-10 diagnostic terms, identified more sub-phenotypes of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., angina pectoris, heart failure, cerebral infarction). MR analysis successfully replicated the association with gout, hypertension, heart diseases and blood lipid levels, but indicated the existence of genetic pleiotropy. Sensitivity analyses support an inference that pleiotropic effects of genetic variants on urate and metabolic traits contribute to the observational associations with cardiovascular diseases.nnConclusionsHigh serum urate levels are associated with different types of cardiac events. The finding of genetic pleiotropy indicates the existence of common upstream pathological elements influencing both urate and metabolic traits, and this may suggest new opportunities and challenges for developing drugs targeting a more distal mediator that would be beneficial for both the treatment of gout and the prevention of cardiovascular comorbidities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiliopoulou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timofeeva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzoulaki, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckeigue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theodoratou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Phenome-wide Mendelian Randomisation study on genetically determined serum urate levels in UK Biobank cohort]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632026v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary restriction improves fitness of ageing parents but reduces fitness of their offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632026v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dietary restriction (DR) is a well-established intervention to extend lifespan across taxa. Recent studies suggest that DR-driven lifespan extension can be cost-free, calling into question a central tenant of the evolutionary theory of ageing. Nevertheless, boosting parental longevity can reduce offspring fitness. Such intergenerational trade-offs are often ignored but can account for the  missing costs of longevity. Here, we use the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei to test for effects of DR by fasting on fitness of females and their offspring. Females deprived of food for six days indeed had increased fecundity, survival and stress resistance after re-exposure to food compared to their counterparts with constant food access. However, offspring of DR mothers had reduced early and lifetime fecundity, slower growth rate, and smaller body size at sexual maturity. These findings support the direct trade-off between investment in soma and gametes challenging the hypothesis that increased somatic maintenance and impaired reproduction can be decoupled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mautz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maklakov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632026</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary restriction improves fitness of ageing parents but reduces fitness of their offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune-mediated genetic pathways resulting in pulmonary function impairment increase lung cancer susceptibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/635318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired lung function is often caused by cigarette smoking, making it challenging to disentangle its role in lung cancer susceptibility. Investigation of the shared genetic basis of these phenotypes in the UK Biobank and International Lung Cancer Consortium (29,266 cases, 56,450 controls) shows that lung cancer is genetically correlated with reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1: rg=0.098, p=2.3x10-8) and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC: rg=0.137, p=2.0x10-12). Mendelian randomization analyses demonstrate that reduced FEV1 increases squamous cell carcinoma risk (odds ratio (OR)=1.51, 95% confidence intervals: 1.21-1.88), while reduced FEV1/FVC increases the risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=1.17, 1.01-1.35) and lung cancer in never smokers (OR=1.56, 1.05-2.30). These findings support a causal role of pulmonary impairment in lung cancer etiology. Integrative analyses reveal that pulmonary function instruments, including 73 novel variants, influence lung tissue gene expression and implicate immune-related pathways in mediating the observed effects on lung carcinogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kachuri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashkin, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graff, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosse, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manem, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caporaso, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landi, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christiani, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vineis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scelo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaridze, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shete, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tardon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rennert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doherty, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickeboller, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teare, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haugen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zienolddiny, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Marchand, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabath, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duell, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manjer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emami, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warkentin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brhane, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obeidat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/635318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune-mediated genetic pathways resulting in pulmonary function impairment increase lung cancer susceptibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637041v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High throughput Characterization of KCNB1 variants Associated with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/637041v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathogenic variants in KCNB1, encoding the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv2.1, are associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE). Previous functional studies on a limited number of KCNB1 variants indicated a range of molecular mechanisms by which variants affect channel function, including loss of voltage sensitivity, loss of ion selectivity, and reduced cell-surface expression. We evaluated a series of 17 KCNB1 variants associated with DEE or neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) to rapidly ascertain channel dysfunction using high-throughput functional assays. Specifically, we investigated the biophysical properties and cell-surface expression of variant Kv2.1 channels expressed in heterologous cells using high-throughput automated electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry-flow cytometry. Pathogenic variants exhibited diverse functional defects, including altered current density and shifts in the voltage-dependence of activation and/or inactivation, as homotetramers or when co-expressed with wild-type Kv2.1. Quantification of protein expression also identified variants with reduced total Kv2.1 expression or deficient cell-surface expression.nnOur study establishes a platform for rapid screening of functional defects of KCNB1 variants associated with DEE and other NDDs, which will aid in establishing KCNB1 variant pathogenicity and may enable discovery of targeted strategies for therapeutic intervention based on molecular phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kang, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echevarria, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabre, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demmer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grote, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiffault, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torkamani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Smagt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gassen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacher, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannibal, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Litwin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poduri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldberg, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millichap, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kearney, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/637041</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High throughput Characterization of KCNB1 variants Associated with Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Public health in genetic spaces: a statistical framework to optimize cluster-based outbreak detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/639997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic clustering is a popular method for characterizing variation in transmission rates for rapidly-evolving viruses, and could potentially be used to detect outbreaks in  near real time. However, the statistical properties of clustering are poorly understood in this context, and there are no objective guidelines for setting clustering criteria. Here we develop a new statistical framework to optimize a genetic clustering method based on the ability to forecast new cases. We analyzed the pairwise Tamura-Nei (TN93) genetic distances for anonymized HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences from Seattle (n = 1, 653) and Middle Tennessee, USA (n = 2, 779), and northern Alberta, Canada (n = 809). Under varying TN93 thresholds, we fit two models to the distributions of new cases relative to clusters of known cases: (1) a null model that assumes cluster growth is strictly proportional to cluster size, i.e., no variation in transmission rates among individuals; and (2) a weighted model that incorporates individual-level covariates, such as recency of diagnosis. The optimal threshold maximizes the difference in information loss between models, where covariates are used most effectively. Optimal TN93 thresholds varied substantially between data sets, e.g., 0.0104 in Alberta and 0.016 in Seattle and Tennessee, such that the optimum for one population will potentially mis-direct prevention efforts in another. The range of thresholds where the weighted model conferred greater predictive accuracy tended to be narrow ({+/-}0.005 units), but the optimal threshold for a given population also tended to be stable over time. We also extended our method to demonstrate that variation in recency of HIV diagnosis among clusters was significantly more predictive of new cases than sample collection dates ({Delta}AIC> 50). These results demonstrate that one cannot rely on historical precedence or convention to configure genetic clustering methods for public health applications. Our framework not only provides an objective procedure to optimize a clustering method, but can also be used for variable selection in forecasting new cases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chato, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/639997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Public health in genetic spaces: a statistical framework to optimize cluster-based outbreak detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647172v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid phenotypic and metabolomic domestication of wild Penicillium molds on cheese 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/647172v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fermented foods provide novel ecological opportunities for natural populations of microbes to evolve through successive recolonization of resource-rich substrates. Comparative genomic data have reconstructed the evolutionary histories of microbes adapted to food environments, but experimental studies directly demonstrating the process of domestication are lacking for most fermented food microbes. Here we show that during the repeated colonization of cheese, phenotypic and metabolomic traits of wild Penicillium molds rapidly change to produce mutants with properties similar to industrial cultures used to make Camembert and other bloomy rind cheeses. Over a period of just a few weeks, populations of wild Penicillium strains serially passaged on cheese resulted in the reduction or complete loss of pigment, spore, and mycotoxin production. Mutants also had a striking change in volatile metabolite production, shifting from production of earthy or musty volatile compounds (e.g. geosmin) to fatty and cheesy volatiles (e.g. 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone). RNA-sequencing demonstrated a significant decrease in expression of 356 genes in domesticated mutants, with an enrichment of many secondary metabolite production pathways in these downregulated genes. By manipulating the presence of neighboring microbial species and overall resource availability, we demonstrate that the limited competition and high nutrient availability of the cheese environment promote rapid trait evolution of Penicillium molds.nnIMPORTANCEIndustrial cultures of filamentous fungi are used to add unique aesthetics and flavors to cheeses and other microbial foods. How these microbes adapted to live in food environments is generally unknown as most microbial domestication is unintentional. Our work demonstrates that wild molds closely related to the starter culture Penicillium camemberti can readily lose undesirable traits and quickly shift toward producing desirable aroma compounds. In addition to experimentally demonstrating a putative domestication pathway for P. camemberti, our work suggests that wild Penicillium isolates could be rapidly domesticated to produce new flavors and aesthetics in fermented foods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bodinaku, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connors, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/647172</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid phenotypic and metabolomic domestication of wild Penicillium molds on cheese]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Upgraded molecular models of the human KCNQ1 potassium channel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/648634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ1 (KV7.1) assembles with the KCNE1 accessory protein to generate the slow delayed rectifier current, IKS, which is critical for membrane repolarization as part of the cardiac action potential. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in KCNQ1 are the most common cause of congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), type 1 LQTS, an inherited genetic predisposition to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. A detailed structural understanding of KCNQ1 is needed to elucidate the molecular basis for KCNQ1 LOF in disease and to enable structure-guided design of new anti-arrhythmic drugs. In this work, advanced structural models of human KCNQ1 in the resting/closed and activated/open states were developed by Rosetta homology modeling guided by newly available experimentally-based templates: X. leavis KCNQ1 and resting voltage sensor structures. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the models capability to describe experimentally established channel properties including state-dependent voltage sensor gating charge interactions and pore conformations, PIP2 binding sites, and voltage sensor - pore domain interactions were validated. Rosetta energy calculations were applied to assess the models utility in interpreting mutation-evoked KCNQ1 dysfunction by predicting the change in protein thermodynamic stability for 50 characterized KCNQ1 variants with mutations located in the voltage-sensing domain. Energetic destabilization was successfully predicted for folding-defective KCNQ1 LOF mutants whereas wild type-like mutants had no significant energetic frustrations, which supports growing evidence that mutation-induced protein destabilization is an especially common cause of KCNQ1 dysfunction. The new KCNQ1 Rosetta models provide helpful tools in the study of the structural mechanisms of KCNQ1 function and can be used to generate structure-based hypotheses to explain KCNQ1 dysfunction.nnAuthor SummaryCardiac rhythm is maintained by synchronized electrical impulses conducted throughout the heart. The potassium ion channel KCNQ1 is important for the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential that underlies these electrical impulses. Heritable mutations in KCNQ1 can lead to channel loss-of-function (LOF) and predisposition to a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of KCNQ1 is important to understand how mutations lead to LOF and to support structurally-guided design of new anti-arrhythmic drugs. In this work, we present the development and validation of molecular models of human KCNQ1 inferred by homology from the structure of frog KCNQ1. Models were developed for the open channel state in which potassium ions can pass through the channel and the closed state in which the channel is not conductive. Using molecular dynamics simulations, interactions in the voltage-sensing and pore domain of KCNQ1 and with the membrane lipid PIP2 were analyzed. Energy calculations for KCNQ1 mutations in the voltage-sensing domain reveled that most of the mutations that lead to LOF cause energetic destabilization of the KCNQ1 protein. The results support both the utility of the new models and growing evidence that mutation-induced protein destabilization is a common cause of KCNQ1 dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuenze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/648634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Upgraded molecular models of the human KCNQ1 potassium channel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The methyl cycle is a conserved regulator of biological clocks. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/653667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The methyl cycle is a universally conserved metabolic pathway operating in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In this pathway, the amino acid methionine is used to synthesize S-adenosylmethionine, the methyl donor co-substrate in the methylation of nucleic acids, histone and non-histone proteins and many other molecules within the cell. The methylation of nucleic acids and proteins is the foundation of epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulations of gene expression, but whether the methyl cycle centrally regulates gene expression and function by controlling the availability of methyl moieties is poorly understood.nnFrom cyanobacteria to humans, a circadian clock that involves an exquisitely regulated transcription-translation-feedback loop driving oscillations in gene expression and orchestrating physiology and behavior has been described. We reported previously that inhibition of the methyl cycle in mammalian cells caused the lengthening of the period of these oscillations, suggesting the methyl cycle may indeed act as a central regulator of gene expression, at least in mammals. Here, we investigated whether the methyl cycle, given its universal presence among living beings, regulates the circadian clock in species across the phylogenetic tree of life.nnWe reveal a remarkable evolutionary conservation of the link between the methyl cycle and the circadian clock. Moreover, we show that the methyl cycle also regulates the somite segmentation clock, another transcription-translation negative feedback loop-based timing mechanism that orchestrate embryonic development in vertebrates, highlighting the methyl cycle as a master regulator of biological clocks.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere we reveal that the methyl cycle, a universal metabolic pathway leading to the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the methyl donor co-substrate in virtually all transmethylation reactions within the cell, is a conserved regulator of biological clocks. These discoveries highlight the methyl cycle as a metabolic hub that regulates gene expression via the availability of methyl moieties for the methylation of nucleic acids, proteins and many other molecules with the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fustin, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versteven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cargill, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamai, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbur, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojima, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamberti, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitmore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanewsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kageyama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsuo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoshioka-Kobayashi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golombek, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Ooijen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okamura, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/653667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The methyl cycle is a conserved regulator of biological clocks.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Entorhinal velocity signals reflect environmental geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/671222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The entorhinal cortex contains neural signals for representing self-location, including grid cells that fire in periodic locations and velocity signals that encode an animals speed and head direction. Recent work revealed that the size and shape of the environment influences grid patterns. Whether entorhinal velocity signals are equally influenced or provide a universal metric for self-motion across environments remains unknown. Here, we report that changes to the size and shape of the environment result in re-scaling in entorhinal speed codes. Moreover, head direction cells re-organize in an experience-dependent manner to align with the axis of environmental change. A knockout mouse model allows a dissociation of the coordination between cell types, with grid and speed, but not head direction, cells responding in concert to environmental change. These results align with predictions of grid cell attractor models and point to inherent flexibility in the coding features of multiple functionally-defined entorhinal cell types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munn, R. G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetkovich, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giocomo, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/671222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Entorhinal velocity signals reflect environmental geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study provides new insights into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of heart failure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/682013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide1. A small proportion of HF cases are attributable to monogenic cardiomyopathies and existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yielded only limited insights, leaving the observed heritability of HF largely unexplained2-4. We report the largest GWAS meta-analysis of HF to-date, comprising 47,309 cases and 930,014 controls. We identify 12 independent variant associations with HF at 11 genomic loci, all of which demonstrate one or more associations with coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation, or reduced left ventricular function suggesting shared genetic aetiology. Expression quantitative trait analysis of non-CAD-associated loci implicate genes involved in cardiac development (MYOZ1, SYNPO2L), protein homeostasis (BAG3), and cellular senescence (CDKN1A). Using Mendelian randomisation analysis we provide new evidence supporting previously equivocal causal roles for several HF risk factors identified in observational studies, and demonstrate CAD-independent effects for atrial fibrillation, body mass index, hypertension and triglycerides. These findings extend our knowledge of the genes and pathways underlying HF and may inform the development of new therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roselli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveinbjörnsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatemifar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilk, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgadottir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verweij, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dehghan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almgren, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aragam, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ärnlöv, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Backman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biggs, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandimarto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broad AF Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckbinder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regeneron Genetics Center,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chasman, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chutkow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denaxas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doney, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dörr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>EchoGen Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engström, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/682013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study provides new insights into the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of heart failure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684472v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear factor I/B increases in prostate cancer to support androgen receptor activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/684472v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMost prostate cancers express androgen receptor (AR), and our previous studies have focused on identifying transcription factors that modify AR function. We have shown that nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) regulates AR activity in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells in vitro. However, the status of NFIB in prostate cancer was unknown.

MethodsWe immunostained a tissue microarray including normal, hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, primary prostatic adenocarcinoma, and castration-resistant prostate cancer tissue samples for NFIB, AR, and synaptophysin, a marker of neuroendocrine differentiation. We interrogated publically available data sets in cBioPortal to correlate NFIB expression and AR and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPCa) activity scores. We analyzed prostate cancer cell lines for NFIB expression via Western blotting and used nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation to assess where NFIB is localized. We performed coimmunoprecipitation studies to determine if NFIB and AR interact.

ResultsNFIB increased in the nucleus and cytoplasm of prostate cancer samples versus matched normal controls, independent of Gleason score. Similarly, cytoplasmic AR and synaptophysin increased in primary prostate cancer. We observed strong NFIB staining in primary small cell prostate cancer. The ratio of cytoplasmic-to-nuclear NFIB staining was predictive of earlier biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer, once adjusted for tumor margin status. Cytoplasmic AR was an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence. There was no statistically significant difference between NFIB and synaptophysin expression in primary and castration-resistant prostate cancer, but cytoplasmic AR expression was increased in castrationresistant samples. In primary prostate cancer, nuclear NFIB expression correlated with cytoplasmic NFIB and nuclear AR, while cytoplasmic NFIB correlated with synaptophysin, and nuclear and cytoplasmic AR. In castration-resistant prostate cancer samples, NFIB expression correlated positively with an AR activity score, and negatively with the NEPCa score. In prostate cancer cell lines, NFIB exists in several isoforms. We observed NFIB predominantly in the nuclear fraction of prostate cancer cells with increased cytoplasmic expression seen in castration-resistant cell lines. We observed an interaction between AR and NFIB through coimmunoprecipitation experiments.

ConclusionWe have described the expression pattern of NFIB in primary and castrationresistant prostate cancer and its positive correlation with AR. We have also demonstrated AR interacts with NFIB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nanda, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awadallah, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohrt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovics, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cates, J. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirosevich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannico, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowska, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/684472</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear factor I/B increases in prostate cancer to support androgen receptor activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Releasing a preprint is associated with more attention and citations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preprints in biology are gaining popularity, but release of a preprint still precedes only a fraction of peer-reviewed publications. We examined whether having a preprint on bioRxiv was associated with metrics of the corresponding peer-reviewed article. We assembled a dataset of 74,239 articles, 5,405 of which had a preprint, published in 39 journals. Based on log-linear regression and random-effects meta-analysis, articles with a preprint had a 51% higher Altmetric Attention Score and 37% more citations compared to articles without one. These associations were independent of several other article- and author-level variables (e.g., scientific subfield and last author publication age) and unrelated to journal-level variables such as access model and Impact Factor. This observational study can help researchers and publishers make informed decisions about how to incorporate preprints into their work.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fu, D. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Releasing a preprint is associated with more attention and citations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gclc deletion in surface-ectoderm tissues induces microphthalmia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/700591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) is the catalytic subunit for the glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gcl) enzyme. Gcl catalyzes the rate limiting step in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Gclc is highly expressed in the developing eye. To define the regulatory role of Gclc in eye development, we developed a novel, Le-Cre transgene-driven, Gclc knockout mouse model. Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- mice present with deformation of the retina, cornea, iris, and lens, consistent with a microphthalmia phenotype. Controlling for the microphthalmia phenotype of Gclcwt/wt/Le-CreTg/- mice revealed that Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- mice have a more severe microphthalmia phenotype. Thus, the loss of Gclc expression exacerbates the microphthalmia phenotype in Le-Cre mice. Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- eyes present with reduced retinal and lens epithelium proliferation and increased lens cell death. Imaging mass spectrometry of ocular tissues revealed changes in the intensity and distribution of several lipid species and proteins in the retina and corneas of Gclcf/f/Le-CreTg/- eyes. Lastly, using splice-blocking morpholinos and CRISPR/Cas9, we created two gclc knockdown zebrafish models, both of which display a microphthalmia phenotype. Combined, the mouse and zebrafish results indicate that, in chordates, Gclc has a conserved role in regulating eye development. In summary, these novel animal models are useful tools for elucidating the mechanisms involved in microphthalmia development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thompson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philippe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolopoulos, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katsanis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlicky, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasiliou, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/700591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gclc deletion in surface-ectoderm tissues induces microphthalmia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712398v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 210 loci underlying cardiac conduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712398v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The electrocardiographic PR interval reflects atrioventricular conduction, and is associated with conduction abnormalities, pacemaker implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF), and cardiovascular mortality1,2. We performed multi-ancestry (N=293,051) and European only (N=271,570) genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analyses for the PR interval, discovering 210 loci of which 149 are novel. Variants at all loci nearly doubled the percentage of heritability explained, from 33.5% to 62.6%. We observed enrichment for genes involved in cardiac muscle development/contraction and the cytoskeleton highlighting key regulation processes for atrioventricular conduction. Additionally, 19 novel loci harbour genes underlying inherited monogenic heart diseases suggesting the role of these genes in cardiovascular pathology in the general population. We showed that polygenic predisposition to PR interval duration is an endophenotype for cardiovascular disease risk, including distal conduction disease, AF, atrioventricular pre-excitation, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, and coronary heart disease. These findings advance our understanding of the polygenic basis of cardiac conduction, and the genetic relationship between PR interval duration and cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ntalla, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartwright, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sveinbjornsson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seung Young, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffin, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roselli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gasparini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolcic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polasek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Araujo, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima-Costa, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, A. L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Souza, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarazona-Santos, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedraitis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingelsson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Greco M., F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foco, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundstrom, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samani, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinag</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712398</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry GWAS of the electrocardiographic PR interval identifies 210 loci underlying cardiac conduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A small membrane protein critical to both the offensive and defensive capabilities of Staphylococcus aureus. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, where the widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance is making infections more challenging to treat. Toxin induced tissue damage and resistance to the hosts immune system are well established as critical to its ability to cause disease. However, recent attempts to study S. aureus pathogenicity at a population level have revealed significant complexity and hierarchical levels of regulation. In an effort to better understand this we have identified and characterized a principle effector protein, MasA. The inactivation of this small highly-conserved membrane protein simultaneously disrupts toxin production and impairs S. aureus ability to resist several aspects of the innate immune system. These pleiotropic effects are mediated by both a change in the stability of the bacterial membrane and the dysregulation of iron homeostasis, which results in a significant impairment in the ability of S. aureus to cause infection in both a subcutaneous and a sepsis model of infection. That proteins with such major effects on pathogenicity remain unidentified in a bacterium as well studied as S. aureus demonstrates how incomplete our understanding of their ability to cause disease is, an issue that needs to be addressed if effective control and treatment strategies are to be developed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Massey, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laabei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnahari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacon, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heesom, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLoughlin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A small membrane protein critical to both the offensive and defensive capabilities of Staphylococcus aureus.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712919v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanocatalytic activity of clean-surfaced, faceted nanocrystalline gold enhances remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/712919v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of pharmacotherapies that promote remyelination are a high priority for multiple sclerosis (MS) due to their potential for neuroprotection and restoration of function through repair of demyelinated lesions. A novel preparation of clean-surfaced, faceted gold nanocrystals demonstrated robust remyelinating activity in response to demyelinating agents in both chronic cuprizone and acute lysolecithin rodent animal models. Furthermore, oral delivery of gold nanocrystals improved motor functions of cuprizone-treated mice in both open field and kinematic gait studies. Gold nanocrystal treatment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in culture resulted in oligodendrocyte maturation and expression of key myelin differentiation markers. Additional in vitro data demonstrated that these gold nanocrystals act via a novel energy metabolism pathway involving the enhancement of key indicators of aerobic glycolysis. In response to gold nanocrystals, co-cultured central nervous system cells exhibited elevated levels of the redox coenzyme nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), elevated total ATP levels, elevated extracellular lactate levels, and upregulation of myelin-synthesis related genes, collectively resulting in functional myelin generation. Based on these preclinical studies, clean-surfaced, faceted gold nanocrystals represent a novel remyelinating therapeutic for multiple sclerosis.nnOne Sentence SummaryNanocatalytic activity of clean-surfaced, faceted gold nanocrystals results in robust remyelinating activity in demyelination animal models of multiple sclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Titus, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merzliakov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfman, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watt, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facer, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christian, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hotchkin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortenson, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/712919</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanocatalytic activity of clean-surfaced, faceted nanocrystalline gold enhances remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A polygenic and phenotypic risk prediction for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome evaluated by Phenome-wide association studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/714113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeAs many as 75% of patients with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are estimated to be unidentified in clinical practice. Utilizing polygenic risk prediction, we aim to identify the phenome-wide comorbidity patterns characteristic of PCOS to improve accurate diagnosis and preventive treatment.nnMethods and FindingsLeveraging the electronic health records (EHRs) of 124,852 individuals, we developed a PCOS risk prediction algorithm by combining polygenic risk scores (PRS) with PCOS component phenotypes into a polygenic and phenotypic risk score (PPRS). We evaluated its predictive capability across different ancestries and perform a PRS-based phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to assess the phenomic expression of the heightened risk of PCOS. The integrated polygenic prediction improved the average performance (pseudo-R2) for PCOS detection by 0.228 (61.5-fold), 0.224 (58.8-fold), 0.211 (57.0-fold) over the null model across European, African, and multi-ancestry participants respectively. The subsequent PRS-powered PheWAS identified a high level of shared biology between PCOS and a range of metabolic and endocrine outcomes, especially with obesity and diabetes:  morbid obesity,  type 2 diabetes,  hypercholesterolemia,  disorders of lipid metabolism,  hypertension and  sleep apnea reaching phenome-wide significance.nnConclusionsOur study has expanded the methodological utility of PRS in patient stratification and risk prediction, especially in a multifactorial condition like PCOS, across different genetic origins. By utilizing the individual genome-phenome data available from the EHR, our approach also demonstrates that polygenic prediction by PRS can provide valuable opportunities to discover the pleiotropic phenomic network associated with PCOS pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Joo, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Actkins, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basile, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosslin, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velez Edwards, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakonarson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hebbring, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvik, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karderi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mentch, F. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namjou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendergrass, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanaway, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbanek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walunas, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chisholm, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International PCOS Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kho, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/714113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A polygenic and phenotypic risk prediction for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome evaluated by Phenome-wide association studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 modulates Akt and GSK3β signaling in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPositive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) have behavioral effects predictive of antipsychotic activity in experimental models such as amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AHL). However, the signaling mechanisms that contribute to the antipsychotic-like properties of mGlu5 PAMs are not well understood.nnMethodsBecause the Akt/GSK3{beta} pathway has been implicated in schizophrenia and is modulated by known antipsychotic drugs, we evaluated the effects of systemic administration of two mGlu5 PAMs on Akt and GSK3{beta} signaling using western blot analysis in both naive and amphetamine-treated adult male rats.nnResultsIn the dorsal striatum, the mGlu5-selective PAM VU0092273 (30 mg/kg) significantly increased Akt phosphorylation at residues associated with enhanced kinase activity, Thr308 and Ser473. Inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3{beta} at Ser9 was also increased. Similar effects were observed with a second mGlu5 PAM, VU0360172 (56.6 mg/kg). VU0092273 increased Akt phosphorylation levels in amphetamine-treated rats. Effects on Akt/GSK3{beta} signaling were not limited to the striatum, as VU0092273 also increased Akt/GSK3{beta} phosphorylation in the medial prefrontal cortex.nnConclusionsThese findings suggest that mGlu5 PAMs that have antipsychotic-like efficacy in rats affect signaling pathways that are modulated by known antipsychotics, and raise the possibility that inhibition of GSK3{beta} might contribute to the antipsychotic-like effects of mGlu5 PAMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/718700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 modulates Akt and GSK3β signaling in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesolimbic dopamine D2 receptors and neural representations of subjective value 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/718858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The process by which the value of delayed rewards is discounted varies from person to person. It has been suggested that these individual differences in subjective valuation of delayed rewards are supported by mesolimbic dopamine D2-like receptors (D2Rs) in the ventral striatum. However, no study to date has documented an association between direct measures of dopamine receptors and neural representations of subjective value in humans. Here, we examined whether individual differences in D2R availability were related to neural subjective value signals during decision making. Human participants completed a monetary delay discounting task during an fMRI scan and on a separate visit completed a PET scan with the high affinity D2R tracer [18F]fallypride. Region-of-interest analyses revealed that D2R availability in the ventral striatum was positively correlated with subjective value-related activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and midbrain but not with choice behavior. Whole-brain analyses revealed a positive correlation between ventral striatum D2R availability and subjective value-related activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus. These findings are the first to identify a link between directly-measured mesolimbic dopamine function and subjective value representation in humans and suggest a mechanism by which individuals vary in neural representation of discounted subjective value.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Castrellon, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zald, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samanez-Larkin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/718858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesolimbic dopamine D2 receptors and neural representations of subjective value]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of the copper IUD on composition of the vaginal microbiota in the olive baboon 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/720185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesAssess the impact of transcervical insertion, use, and removal of copper intrauterine devices (Cu-IUD) on baboon physiology (e.g. weight, menstruation) and vaginal microbiota.nnStudy designVaginal swabs were taken before insertion (pre-IUD), during IUD use (IUD), and after removal (post-IUD) and microbiota assessed by 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequence analysis.nnResultsNo animals showed physical changes or discomfort during pre-IUD, IUD, or post-IUD phases. There were no changes to the microbiome associated with insertion or use of Cu-IUD over 16 weeks, although removal resulted in perturbation to community structure.nnConclusionsBaboons tolerate Cu-IUD insertion with minimal device-associated changes to their vaginal microbiome throughout use and have no significant changes to their physiology or menstrual cycle during any phase.nnImplicationsA baboon model of Cu-IUD may allow investigations into the intersection of Cu-IUDs, reproductive tract disorders and pathogens that would not be possible in human studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eastman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sack, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergin, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/720185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of the copper IUD on composition of the vaginal microbiota in the olive baboon]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Genetic and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Electronic Health Records 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined by frequent episodes of reduced or complete cessation of airflow during sleep and is linked to negative health outcomes. Understanding the genetic factors influencing expression of OSA may lead to new treatment strategies. Electronic health records can be leveraged to both validate previously reported OSA-associated genomic variation and detect novel relationships between these variants and comorbidities. We identified candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via systematic literature review of existing research. Using datasets available at Geisinger (n=39,407) and Vanderbilt University Medical Center (n=24,084), we evaluated associations between 48 SNPs and OSA diagnosis, defined using clinical codes. We also evaluated associations between these SNPs and OSA severity measures obtained from sleep reports at Geisinger (n=6,571). Finally, we used a phenome-wide approach to perform discovery and replication analyses testing associations between OSA candidate SNPs and other clinical codes and laboratory values. Ten SNPs were associated with OSA diagnosis in at least one dataset, and one additional SNP was associated following meta-analysis across all datasets. Three other SNPs were solely associated in subgroups defined by established risk factors (i.e., age, sex, and BMI). Five OSA diagnosis-associated SNPs, and 16 additional SNPs, were associated with OSA severity measures. SNPs associated with OSA diagnosis were also associated with codes reflecting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, celiac disease, peripheral nerve disorders and genitourinary symptoms. Results highlight robust OSA-associated SNPs, and provide evidence of convergent mechanisms influencing risk for co-occurring conditions. This knowledge can lead to more personalized treatments for OSA and related comorbidities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Veatch, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josyula, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzotti, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keenan, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malow, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robishaw, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pack, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendergrass, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Genetic and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Electronic Health Records]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
WikiMedMap: Expanding the Phenotyping Mapping Toolbox Using Wikipedia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/727792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Researchers utilizing phenotypic data from diverse sources require matching of phenotypes to standard clinical vocabularies. Mapping phenotypes to vocabulary can be difficult, as existing tools are often incomplete, can be difficult to access, and can be cumbersome to use, especially for non-experts. We created WikiMedMap as a simple tool that leverages Wikipedia and maps phenotype strings to standard clinical vocabularies. We assessed WikiMedMap by mapping phenotype strings from questionnaires in the UK Biobank and from Mendelian diseases in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database to eight vocabularies: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), ICD-10, ICD-O, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), OMIM, Disease Database, and MedlinePlus. WikiMedMap outperformed conventional mapping tools in finding potential matches for phenotype strings. We envision WikiMedMap as a technique that complements existing and established tools to map strings to clinical vocabularies that usually do not coexist in one source.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sulieman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/727792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[WikiMedMap: Expanding the Phenotyping Mapping Toolbox Using Wikipedia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738088v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis of problematic alcohol use in 435,563 individuals identifies 29 risk variants and yields insights into biology, pleiotropy and causality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/738088v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Problematic alcohol use (PAU) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified PAU risk genes, the genetic architecture of this trait is not fully understood. We conducted a proxy-phenotype meta-analysis of PAU combining alcohol use disorder and problematic drinking in 435,563 European-ancestry individuals. We identified 29 independent risk variants, 19 of them novel. PAU was genetically correlated with 138 phenotypes, including substance use and psychiatric traits. Phenome-wide polygenic risk score analysis in an independent biobank sample (BioVU, n=67,589) confirmed the genetic correlations between PAU and substance use and psychiatric disorders. Genetic heritability of PAU was enriched in brain and in genomic conserved and regulatory regions. Mendelian randomization suggested causal effects on liability to PAU of substance use, psychiatric status, risk-taking behavior, and cognitive performance. In summary, this large PAU meta-analysis identified novel risk loci and revealed genetic relationships with numerous other outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealock, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Roige, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimanti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kember, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thygesen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thursz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyegaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the VA Million Veteran Program,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justice, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQuillin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edenberg, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/738088</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis of problematic alcohol use in 435,563 individuals identifies 29 risk variants and yields insights into biology, pleiotropy and causality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The domain-general multiple demand (MD) network does not support core aspects of language comprehension: a large-scale fMRI investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/744094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aside from the language-selective left-lateralized fronto-temporal network, language comprehension sometimes additionally recruits a domain-general bilateral fronto-parietal network implicated in executive functions: the multiple demand (MD) network. However, the nature of the MD networks contributions to language comprehension remains debated. To illuminate the role of this network in language processing, we conducted a large-scale fMRI investigation using data from 30 diverse word and sentence comprehension experiments (481 unique participants, 678 scanning sessions). In line with prior findings, the MD network was active during many language tasks. Moreover, similar to the language-selective network, which is robustly lateralized to the left hemisphere, these responses were stronger in the left-hemisphere MD regions. However, in stark contrast with the language-selective network, the MD network responded more strongly (i) to lists of unconnected words than to sentences, and critically, (ii) in paradigms with an explicit task compared to passive comprehension paradigms. In fact, many passive comprehension tasks failed to elicit a response above the fixation baseline in the MD network, in contrast to strong responses in the language-selective network. In tandem, these results argue against a role for the MD network in core aspects of sentence comprehension like inhibiting irrelevant meanings or parses, keeping intermediate representations active in working memory, or predicting upcoming words or structures. These results align with recent evidence of relatively poor tracking of the linguistic signal by the MD regions during naturalistic comprehension, and instead suggest that the MD networks engagement during language processing likely reflects effort associated with extraneous task demands.

Significance StatementDomain-general executive processes, like working memory and cognitive control, have long been implicated in language comprehension, including in neuroimaging studies that have reported activation in domain-general multiple demand (MD) regions for linguistic manipulations. However, much prior evidence has come from paradigms where language interpretation is accompanied by extraneous tasks. Using a large fMRI dataset (30 experiments/481 participants/678 sessions), we demonstrate that MD regions are engaged during language comprehension in the presence of task demands, but not during passive reading/listening--conditions that strongly activate the fronto-temporal language network. These results present a fundamental challenge to proposals whereby linguistic computations, like inhibiting irrelevant meanings, keeping representations active in working memory, or predicting upcoming elements, draw on domain-general executive resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Diachek, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blank, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegelman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fedorenko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/744094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The domain-general multiple demand (MD) network does not support core aspects of language comprehension: a large-scale fMRI investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genetic determinants of telomere length from a multi-ethnic analysis of 75,000 whole genome sequences in TOPMed 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomeres shorten in replicating somatic cells, and telomere length (TL) is associated with age-related diseases 1,2. To date, 17 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 25 loci for leukocyte TL 3-19, but were limited to European and Asian ancestry individuals and relied on laboratory assays of TL. In this study from the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) of whole blood for variant genotype calling and the bioinformatic estimation of TL in n=109,122 trans-ethnic (European, African, Asian and Hispanic/Latino) individuals. We identified 59 sentinel variants (p-value <5x10-9) from 36 loci (20 novel, 13 replicated in external datasets). There was little evidence of effect heterogeneity across populations, and 10 loci had >1 independent signal. Fine-mapping at OBFC1 indicated the independent signals colocalized with cell-type specific eQTLs for OBFC1 (STN1). We further identified two novel genes, DCLRE1B (SNM1B) and PARN, using a multi-variant gene-based approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genetic determinants of telomere length from a multi-ethnic analysis of 75,000 whole genome sequences in TOPMed]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755819v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Membrane composition influences the conformation and function of the dopamine transporter in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/755819v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biophysical and biochemical properties of membrane lipids can alter the conformation and function of membrane-spanning proteins, yet the specific, physiological consequence in vivo of changing the membrane milieu for a specific protein has been rarely investigated. Using various genetic approaches to eliminate expression of the membrane-associated protein Flotillin-1, we have found that the lipid environment of the dopamine transporter (DAT) is necessary for mice to respond to amphetamine but not cocaine, because the localization of DAT to cholesterol-rich membranes is required for a DAT conformation that is essential for reverse transport of dopamine. Furthermore, a conditional rather than constitutive loss-of-function approach was necessary to reveal this phenotype, indicating a broader role for membrane-protein interactions that are modulated by Flotillin-1. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how interaction of a transmembrane protein with its membrane environment can regulate distinct events in the vertebrate brain that give rise to specific behavioral outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fong, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erreger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosharov, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitch, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/755819</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Membrane composition influences the conformation and function of the dopamine transporter in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-disorder GWAS meta-analysis for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Tourette Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Tourette Syndrome (TS) are among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. High comorbidity rates across these four disorders point toward a common etiological thread that could be connecting them across the repetitive behaviors-impulsivity-compulsivity continuum. Aiming to uncover the shared genetic basis across ADHD, ASD, OCD, and TS, we undertake a systematic cross-disorder meta-analysis, integrating summary statistics from all currently available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for these disorders, as made available by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH). We present analysis of a combined dataset of 93,294 individuals, across 6,788,510 markers and investigate associations on the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene and pathway levels across all four disorders but also pairwise. In the ADHD-ASD-OCD-TS cross disorder GWAS meta-analysis, we uncover in total 297 genomewide significant variants from six LD (linkage disequilibrium) -independent genomic risk regions. Out of these genomewide significant association results, 199 SNPs, that map onto four genomic regions, show high posterior probability for association with at least three of the studied disorders (m-value>0.9). Gene-based GWAS meta-analysis across ADHD, ASD, OCD, and TS identified 21 genes significantly associated under Bonferroni correction. Out of those, 15 could not be identified as significantly associated based on the individual disorder GWAS dataset, indicating increased power in the cross-disorder comparisons. Cross-disorder tissue-specificity analysis implicates the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (stress response) as possibly underlying shared pathophysiology across ADHD, ASD, OCD, and TS. Our work highlights genetic variants and genes that may contribute to overlapping neurobiology across the four studied disorders and highlights the value of re-defining the framework for the study across this spectrum of highly comorbid disorders, by using transdiagnostic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsetsos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalsgaard, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haavik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zayats, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eapen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-disorder GWAS meta-analysis for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Tourette Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole does not promote Clostridium difficile colonization in a murine model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/775411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use has been associated with microbiota alterations and susceptibility to Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) in humans. We assessed how PPI treatment alters the fecal microbiota and whether treatment promotes CDIs in a mouse model. Mice receiving a PPI treatment were gavaged with 40 mg/kg of omeprazole during a 7-day pretreatment phase, the day of C. difficile challenge, and the following 9 days. We found that mice treated with omeprazole were not colonized by C. difficile. When omeprazole treatment was combined with a single clindamycin treatment, one cage of mice remained resistant to C. difficile colonization, while the other cage was colonized. Treating mice with only clindamycin followed by challenge resulted in C. difficile colonization. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that omeprazole had minimal impact on the structure of the murine microbiota throughout the 16 days of omeprazole exposure. These results suggest omeprazole treatment alone is not sufficient to disrupt microbiota resistance to C. difficile infection in mice that are normally resistant in the absence of antibiotic treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tomkovich, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesniak, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schloss, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/775411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The proton pump inhibitor omeprazole does not promote Clostridium difficile colonization in a murine model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Inter-Species Translation Model Implicates Integrin Signaling in Infliximab-Resistant Colonic Crohn’s Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/776666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-TNF therapy resistance is a major clinical challenge in Crohns Disease (CD), partly due to insufficient understanding of disease-site, protein-level mechanisms of CD and anti-TNF treatment resistance. Although some proteomics data from CD mouse models exists, data type and phenotype discrepancies contribute to confounding attempts to translate between preclinical animal models of disease and human clinical cohorts. To meet this important challenge, we develop and demonstrate here an approach called Translatable Components Regression (TransComp-R) to overcome inter-species and trans-omic discrepancies between CD mouse models and human subjects. TransComp-R combines CD mouse model proteomic data with patient pre-treatment transcriptomic data to identify molecular features discernable in the mouse data predictive of patient response to anti-TNF therapy. Interrogating the TransComp-R models predominantly revealed upregulated integrin pathway signaling via collagen-binding integrin ITGA1 in anti-TNF resistant colonic CD (cCD) patients. Toward validation, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on biopsies from a cCD patient and analyzed publicly available immune cell proteomics data to characterize the immune and intestinal cell types contributing to anti-TNF resistance. We found that ITGA1 is indeed expressed in colonic T-cell populations and that interactions between collagen-binding integrins on T-cells and colonic cell types expressing secreted collagens are associated with anti-TNF therapy resistance. Biologically, TransComp-R linked previously disparate observations about collagen and ITGA1 signaling to a potential therapeutic avenue for overcoming anti-TNF therapy resistance in cCD. Methodologically, TransComp-R provides a flexible, generalizable framework for addressing inter-species, inter-omic, and inter-phenotypic discrepancies between animal models and patients to deliver translationally relevant biological insights.nnOne Sentence SummaryBrubaker et al. implicate dysregulated collagen-binding integrin signaling in resistance to anti-TNF therapy in Crohns Disease by developing a mouse-proteomic to human-transcriptomic translation model and confirm the associated inter-cellular signaling network using single-cell RNA sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brubaker, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoville, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coburn, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauffenburger, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/776666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Inter-Species Translation Model Implicates Integrin Signaling in Infliximab-Resistant Colonic Crohn’s Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778605v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Breast cancer susceptibility variants frequently show heterogeneity in associations by tumor subtype. To identify novel loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 133,384 breast cancer cases and 113,789 controls, plus 18,908 BRCA1 mutation carriers (9,414 with breast cancer) of European ancestry, using both standard and novel methodologies that account for underlying tumor heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and tumor grade. We identified 32 novel susceptibility loci (P<5.0x10-8), 15 of which showed evidence for associations with at least one tumor feature (false discovery rate <0.05). Five loci showed associations (P<0.05) in opposite directions between luminal- and non-luminal subtypes. In-silico analyses showed these five loci contained cell-specific enhancers that differed between normal luminal and basal mammary cells. The genetic correlations between five intrinsic-like subtypes ranged from 0.35 to 0.80. The proportion of genome-wide chip heritability explained by all known susceptibility loci was 37.6% for triple-negative and 54.2% for luminal A-like disease. These findings provide an improved understanding of genetic predisposition to breast cancer subtypes and will inform the development of subtype-specific polygenic risk scores.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahearn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecarpentier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beesley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolla, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu Ful, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aittomaki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrulis, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton-Culver, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arndt, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arun, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azzollini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrowdale, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becher, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bermisheva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bialkowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blomqvist, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanova, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bojesen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonanni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondavalli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briceno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broeks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brucker, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruning, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burwinkel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buys, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778605</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study identifies 32 novel breast cancer susceptibility loci from overall and subtype-specific analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurocognitive and Functional Heterogeneity in Depressed Youth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/778878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVEDepression is a common psychiatric illness that often begins in youth, and is associated with cognitive symptoms. However, there is significant variability in the cognitive burden, likely reflecting biological heterogeneity. This study sought to identify neurocognitive subtypes in a large sample of depressed youth, and evaluated the neural signatures of these subtypes.nnMETHODSParticipants were drawn from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, including 712 youth with a lifetime history of a major depressive episode and 712 typically developing (TD) youth matched on age and sex. A subset (n=368, TD=200) also completed neuroimaging. Cognition was assessed with the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery. A semi-supervised machine-learning algorithm, HYDRA (Heterogeneity through Discriminative Analysis), was used to delineate neurocognitive subtypes. Subtypes were evaluated for differences in both clinical psychopathology and brain activation during an n-back working memory fMRI task.nnRESULTSHYDRA identified three neurocognitive subtypes in the depressed group. Overall, Subtype 1 had better performance than TD comparators across many cognitive tasks (high accuracy, moderate speed), Subtype 2 was cognitively impaired (low accuracy, slow speed), whereas Subtype 3 was impulsive (low accuracy, fast speed). While subtypes did not differ in clinical psychopathology, they diverged in their activation profiles in regions critical for executive function, which mirrored differences in cognition.nnCONCLUSIONSUsing a data-driven approach, three neurocognitive subtypes of depression were identified that differed in neural signatures despite similar clinical psychopathology. These data suggest disparate mechanisms of cognitive vulnerability and resilience in depression, which may inform the identification of biomarkers for prognosis and treatment response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczkurkin, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sotiras, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adebimpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bassett, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/778878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurocognitive and Functional Heterogeneity in Depressed Youth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherited Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in TOPMed Whole Genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age is the dominant risk factor for most chronic human diseases; yet the mechanisms by which aging confers this risk are largely unknown.1 Recently, the age-related acquisition of somatic mutations in regenerating hematopoietic stem cell populations was associated with both hematologic cancer incidence2-4 and coronary heart disease prevalence.5 Somatic mutations with leukemogenic potential may confer selective cellular advantages leading to clonal expansion, a phenomenon termed  Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP).6 Simultaneous germline and somatic whole genome sequence analysis now provides the opportunity to identify root causes of CHIP. Here, we analyze high-coverage whole genome sequences from 97,691 participants of diverse ancestries in the NHLBI TOPMed program and identify 4,229 individuals with CHIP. We identify associations with blood cell, lipid, and inflammatory traits specific to different CHIP genes. Association of a genome-wide set of germline genetic variants identified three genetic loci associated with CHIP status, including one locus at TET2 that was African ancestry specific. In silico-informed in vitro evaluation of the TET2 germline locus identified a causal variant that disrupts a TET2 distal enhancer. Aggregates of rare germline loss-of-function variants in CHEK2, a DNA damage repair gene, predisposed to CHIP acquisition. Overall, we observe that germline genetic variation altering hematopoietic stem cell function and the fidelity of DNA-damage repair increase the likelihood of somatic mutations leading to CHIP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandakumar, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulco, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leventhal, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nasser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zekavat, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szeto, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moscati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Andrade, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konkle, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peralta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGarvey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Da</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherited Causes of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential in TOPMed Whole Genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell time-series mapping of cell fate trajectories reveals an expanded developmental potential for human PSC-derived distal lung progenitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/782896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) are the facultative progenitors responsible for maintaining lung alveoli throughout life, yet are difficult to access from patients for biomedical research or lung regeneration applications. Here we engineer AEC2s from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in vitro and use single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the detailed kinetics of their differentiation over time. We focus on both the desired target cells as well as those that appear to diverge to alternative endodermal fates. By combining scRNA-seq with lentiviral barcoding to trace differentiating clones, we reveal the bifurcating cell fate trajectories followed as primordial lung progenitors differentiate into mature AEC2s. We define the global transcriptomic signatures of primary developing human AEC2s from fetal through adult stages in order to identify the subset of in vitro differentiating cells that appear to recapitulate the path of in vivo development. In addition, we develop computational methods based on Continuous State Hidden Markov Models (CSHMM) to identify the precise timing and type of signals, such as over-exuberant Wnt responses, that induce some early multipotent NKX2-1+ progenitors to lose lung fate as they clonally diverge into a variety of non-lung endodermal lineages. Finally, we find that this initial developmental plasticity is regulatable via Wnt modulation, and subsides over time, ultimately resulting in iPSC-derived AEC2s that exhibit a stable phenotype and nearly limitless self-renewal capacity in vitro. Our methods and computational approaches can be widely applied to study and control directed differentiation, producing an inexhaustible supply of mature lineages, exemplified here by the generation of AEC2s.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hurley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villacorta-Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herriges, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vedaie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alysandratos, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werder, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mithal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostoslavsky, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guttentag, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahangari, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaminski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez- Fraticelli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camargo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar-Joseph, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kotton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/782896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell time-series mapping of cell fate trajectories reveals an expanded developmental potential for human PSC-derived distal lung progenitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive palmitoyl-proteomic analysis identifies distinct protein signatures for large and small cancer-derived extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/787499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles that play an important role in cancer progression and have emerged as a promising source of circulating biomarkers. Protein S-acylation, also known as palmitoylation, has been proposed as a post-translational mechanism that modulates the dynamics of EV biogenesis and protein cargo sorting. However, technical challenges have limited large-scale profiling of the whole palmitoyl-proteins of EVs. We successfully employed a novel approach that combines low-background acyl-biotinyl exchange (LB-ABE) with label-free proteomics to analyze the palmitoyl proteome of large EVs (L-EVs) and small EVs (S-EVs) from prostate cancer cells. Here we report the first palmitoyl-protein signature of EVs, and demonstrate that L- and S-EVs harbor proteins associated with distinct biological processes and subcellular origin. We identified STEAP1, STEAP2, and ABBC4 as prostate cancer-specific palmitoyl proteins enriched in both EV populations in comparison with the originating cell lines. Importantly, the presence of the above proteins in EVs was significantly reduced upon inhibition of palmitoylation in the producing cells. These results suggest that palmitoylation may be involved in the differential sorting of proteins to distinct EV populations and allow for better detection of disease biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariscal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vagner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zijlstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Vizio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/787499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive palmitoyl-proteomic analysis identifies distinct protein signatures for large and small cancer-derived extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches to epidemiological hypothesis testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/788059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational analyses of pathogen genomes are increasingly used to unravel the dispersal history and transmission dynamics of epidemics. Here, we show how to go beyond historical reconstructions and use spatially-explicit phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches to formally test epidemiological hypotheses. We illustrate our approach by focusing on the West Nile virus (WNV) spread in North America that has been responsible for substantial impacts on public, veterinary, and wildlife health. WNV isolates have been sampled at various times and locations across North America since its introduction to New York twenty years ago. We exploit this genetic data repository to demonstrate that factors hypothesised to affect viral dispersal and demography can be formally tested. Specifically, we detail and apply an analytical workflow consisting of state-of-the art methods that we further improve to test the impact of environmental factors on the dispersal locations, velocity, and frequency of viral lineages, as well as on the genetic diversity of the viral population through time. We find that WNV lineages tend to disperse faster in areas with higher temperatures and we identify temporal variation in temperature as a main predictor of viral genetic diversity through time. Using a simulation procedure, we find no evidence that viral lineages preferentially circulate within the same migratory bird flyway, suggesting a substantial role for non-migratory birds or mosquito dispersal along the longitudinal gradient. Finally, we also separately apply our testing approaches on the three WNV genotypes that circulated in North America in order to understand and compare their dispersal ability. Our study demonstrates that the development and application of statistical approaches, coupled with comprehensive pathogen genomic data, can address epidemiological questions that might otherwise be difficult or impractically expensive to answer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dellicour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lequime, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vrancken, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastide, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangavarapu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchard, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pybus, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/788059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches to epidemiological hypothesis testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fine-tuning Polygenic Risk Scores with GWAS Summary Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/810713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have wide applications in human genetics research. Notably, most PRS models include tuning parameters which improve predictive performance when properly selected. However, existing model-tuning methods require individual-level genetic data as the training dataset or as a validation dataset independent from both training and testing samples. These data rarely exist in practice, creating a significant gap between PRS methodology and applications. Here, we introduce PUMAS (Parameter-tuning Using Marginal Association Statistics), a novel method to fine-tune PRS models using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Through extensive simulations, external validations, and analysis of 65 traits, we demonstrate that PUMAS can perform a variety of model-tuning procedures (e.g. cross-validation) using GWAS summary statistics and can effectively benchmark and optimize PRS models under diverse genetic architecture. On average, PUMAS improves the predictive R2 by 205.6% and 62.5% compared to PRSs with arbitrary p-value cutoffs of 0.01 and 1, respectively. Applied to 211 neuroimaging traits and Alzheimers disease, we show that fine-tuned PRSs will significantly improve statistical power in downstream association analysis. We believe our method resolves a fundamental problem without a current solution and will greatly benefit genetic prediction applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/810713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fine-tuning Polygenic Risk Scores with GWAS Summary Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Failure to engage the TPJ-pSTS during naturalistic scene processing in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/828988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to search for and detect social cues, such as facial expressions of emotion, is critical to the understanding of complex dynamic social situations. This ability involves the coordinated actions of multiple cognitive domains, including face-emotion processing, mentalization, and visual attention. Individuals with schizophrenia are generally impaired in social cognition, and have been shown to have deficits in all of these domains. However, the whether the neural substrates of these impairments are shared or separate remains unclear. One candidate region for a shared substrate is the right temporoparietal junction/posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ-pSTS), which contains areas belonging to all of the cortical networks underlying these domains. Here we use functional MRI to examine differences in cortical activity evoked by a naturalistic movie, and link these results to impaired visual scanning and social cognition. 27 schizophrenia participants and 21 healthy controls watched a 15-minute clip of the movie "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" while high resolution multiband BOLD-fMRI activity was recorded. Inter-subject correlation was used to measure the evoked activity. BOLD-fMRI activity was also correlated with motion content in the movie, with the average activity in other cortical areas, and with frequency of saccades made during the movie. Visual scanning performance was measured in a separate behavioral experiment, and social cognition measured by The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT). Contrasting the groups revealed that the TPJ-pSTS has the largest engagement deficit in both cortical hemispheres in schizophrenia patients versus healthy controls. Follow-up analyses find that brain activity in this region is less correlated with the motion content of the movie, that this region is abnormally synchronized to the other cortical areas involved in the cognitive domains underlying visual scanning of social scenes, and that activity this region is less correlated with the saccades made during the movie. Lastly, schizophrenia participant visual scanning performance of this clip was impaired compared to healthy controls, and correlated across the two groups with social cognition. These results indicate that the TPJ-pSTS plays less of an integral role in the coordination of face-emotion processing, mentalization, and visual attention in schizophrenia participants versus healthy controls. This functional deficit then impacts the visual scanning of a complex dynamic visual scenes, which in turn affects the comprehension of that scene. These findings indicating that the TPJ-pSTS is potentially the shared substrate for all of these deficits will lead to new treatments targeting this region to improve social cognition in individuals with schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arkin, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Betancourt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaza, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirza, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauss, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klim, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Pena, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartel, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinband, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berman, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochsner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javitt, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/828988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Failure to engage the TPJ-pSTS during naturalistic scene processing in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PhenomeXcan: Mapping the genome to the phenome through the transcriptome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/833210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale genomic and transcriptomic initiatives offer unprecedented ability to study the biology of complex traits and identify target genes for precision prevention or therapy. Translation to clinical contexts, however, has been slow and challenging due to lack of biological context for identified variant-level associations. Moreover, many translational researchers lack the computational or analytic infrastructures required to fully use these resources. We integrate genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from multiple publicly available sources and data from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) v8 using PrediXcan and provide a user-friendly platform for translational researchers based on state-of-the-art algorithms. We develop a novel Bayesian colocalization method, fastENLOC, to prioritize the most likely causal gene-trait associations. Our resource, PhenomeXcan, synthesizes 8.87 million variants from GWAS on 4,091 traits with transcriptome regulation data from 49 tissues in GTEx v8 into an innovative, gene-based resource including 22,255 genes. Across the entire genome/phenome space, we find 65,603 significant associations (Bonferroni-corrected p-value of 5.5 x 10-10), where 19,579 (29.8 percent) were colocalized (locus regional colocalization probability > 0.1). We successfully replicate associations from PheWAS Catalog (AUC=0.61) and OMIM (AUC=0.64). We provide examples of (a) finding novel and underreported genome-to-phenome associations, (b) exploring complex gene-trait clusters within PhenomeXcan, (c) studying phenome-to-phenome relationships between common and rare diseases via further integration of PhenomeXcan with ClinVar, and (d) evaluating potential therapeutic targets. PhenomeXcan (phenomexcan.org) broadens access to complex genomic and transcriptomic data and empowers translational researchers.

One-Sentence SummaryPhenomeXcan is a gene-based resource of gene-trait associations with biological context that supports translational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pividori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melia, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The GTEx Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/833210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PhenomeXcan: Mapping the genome to the phenome through the transcriptome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A big-data approach to understanding metabolic rate and response to obesity in laboratory mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/839076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Maintaining a healthy body weight requires an exquisite balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. In humans and in laboratory mice these factors are experimentally measured by powerful and sensitive indirect calorimetry devices. To understand the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the regulation of body weight, an important first step is to establish the normal range of metabolic values and primary sources contributing to variability in results. Here we examine indirect calorimetry results from two experimental mouse projects, the Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Centers and International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium to develop insights into large-scale trends in mammalian metabolism. Analysis of nearly 10,000 wildtype mice revealed that the largest experimental variances are consequences of institutional site. This institutional effect on variation eclipsed those of housing temperature, body mass, locomotor activity, sex, or season. We do not find support for the claim that female mice have greater metabolic variation than male mice. An analysis of these factors shows a normal distribution for energy expenditure in the phenotypic analysis of 2,246 knockout strains and establishes a reference for the magnitude of metabolic changes. Using this framework, we examine knockout strains with known metabolic phenotypes. We compare these effects with common environmental challenges including age, and exercise. We further examine the distribution of metabolic phenotypes exhibited by knockout strains of genes corresponding to GWAS obesity susceptibility loci. Based on these findings, we provide suggestions for how best to design and conduct energy balance experiments in rodents, as well as how to analyze and report data from these studies. These recommendations will move us closer to the goal of a centralized physiological repository to foster transparency, rigor and reproducibility in metabolic physiology experimentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurczak, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedline, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banks, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center Energy Balance Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/839076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A big-data approach to understanding metabolic rate and response to obesity in laboratory mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Degree Distribution of Human Brain Functional Connectivity is Generalized Pareto: A Multi-Scale Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Are degree distributions of human brain functional connectivity networks heavy-tailed? Initial claims based on least-square fitting suggested that brain functional connectivity networks obey power law scaling in their degree distributions. This interpretation has been challenged on methodological grounds. Subsequently, estimators based on maximum-likelihood and non-parametric tests involving surrogate data have been proposed. No clear consensus has emerged as results especially depended on data resolution. To identify the underlying topological distribution of brain functional connectivity calls for a closer examination of the relationship between resolution and statistics of model fitting. In this study, we analyze high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the Human Connectome Project to assess its degree distribution across resolutions. We consider resolutions from one thousand to eighty thousand regions of interest (ROIs) and test whether they follow a heavy or short-tailed distribution. We analyze power law, exponential, truncated power law, log-normal, Weibull and generalized Pareto probability distributions. Notably, the Generalized Pareto distribution is of particular interest since it interpolates between heavy-tailed and short-tailed distributions, and it provides a handle on estimating the tails heaviness or shortness directly from the data. Our results show that the statistics support the short-tailed limit of the generalized Pareto distribution, rather than a power law or any other heavy-tailed distribution. Working across resolutions of the data and performing cross-model comparisons, we further establish the overall robustness of the generalized Pareto model in explaining the data. Moreover, we account for earlier ambiguities by showing that down-sampling the data systematically affects statistical results. At lower resolutions models cannot easily be differentiated on statistical grounds while their plausibility consistently increases up to an upper bound. Indeed, more power law distributions are reported at low resolutions (5K) than at higher ones (50K or 80K). However, we show that these positive identifications at low resolutions fail cross-model comparisons and that down-sampling data introduces the risk of detecting spurious heavy-tailed distributions. This dependence of the statistics of degree distributions on sampling resolution has broader implications for neuroinformatic methodology, especially, when several analyses rely on down-sampled data, for instance, due to a choice of anatomical parcellations or measurement technique. Our findings that node degrees of human brain functional networks follow a short-tailed distribution have important implications for claims of brain organization and function. Our findings do not support common simplistic representations of the brain as a generic complex system with optimally efficient architecture and function, modeled with simple growth mechanisms. Instead these findings reflect a more nuanced picture of a biological system that has been shaped by longstanding and pervasive developmental and architectural constraints, including wiring-cost constraints on the centrality architecture of individual nodes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zucca, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arsiwalla, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurgui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verschure, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Degree Distribution of Human Brain Functional Connectivity is Generalized Pareto: A Multi-Scale Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrative Network-based Analysis Reveals Gene Networks, Biological Mechanisms, and Novel Drug Targets in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/853580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease is a highly heritable and severe neuropsychiatric condition. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic risk factors underlying susceptibility to Alzheimers disease, however their functional impact remains poorly understood. To overcome this shortcoming, we integrated genome-wide association summary statistics (71,880 cases, 338,378 controls) with tissue-specific gene co-expression networks derived from GTEx to identify functional gene co-expression networks underlying the disease. We found genetic variants associated with Alzheimers disease are enriched in gene co-expression networks involved in immune response-related biological processes. The implicated gene co-expression networks are preserved across multiple brain and peripheral tissues, highlighting the potential utility of peripheral tissues in genetic studies of Alzheimers disease. We also performed a computational drug repositioning analysis by integrating gene expression changes within Alzheimers disease modules with drug-gene signatures from the Connectivity Map, and show disease implicated networks retrieve known Alzheimers disease drugs and novel drug repurposing candidates for follow-up functional studies. Our results improve the biological interpretation of recent genetic data for Alzheimers disease and provide a list of potential anti-dementia drug repositioning candidates of which the efficacy should be investigated in functional validation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerring, Z. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derks, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/853580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrative Network-based Analysis Reveals Gene Networks, Biological Mechanisms, and Novel Drug Targets in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomics of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Attenuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/862185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human orthopneumovirus (HRSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide. Despite decades of efforts, no vaccine is available. In this work, we report mutations that are frequent in vaccine candidates and rare in wild-type genomes, taking into account all the publicly available HRSV sequence data. These mutations are different from the ones already known to attenuate the virus, and thus may contribute to the effort towards producing a live attenuated vaccine against HRSV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Junier, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaturvedi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/862185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomics of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Attenuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal Obesity and Western-style Diet Impair Fetal and Juvenile Offspring Skeletal Muscle Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport in Nonhuman Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/864082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infants born to mothers with obesity have a greater risk for childhood obesity and metabolic diseases; however, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. We used a nonhuman primate model to investigate whether maternal obesity combined with a western-style diet (WSD) impairs offspring muscle insulin action. Briefly, adult females were fed a control (CON) or WSD prior to and during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were weaned to a CON or WSD. Muscle glucose uptake and insulin signaling were measured ex vivo in fetal and juvenile offspring. In vivo signaling was evaluated before and after an intravenous insulin bolus just prior to weaning. We find that fetal muscle exposed to maternal WSD had reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and impaired insulin signaling. In juvenile offspring, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was similarly reduced by both maternal and post-weaning WSD. Analysis of insulin signaling activation revealed distinct changes between fetal and post-weaning WSD exposure. We conclude that maternal WSD leads to a persistent decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in juvenile offspring even in the absence of increased offspring adiposity or markers of systemic insulin resistance. Switching offspring to a healthy diet did not ameliorate the effects of maternal WSD suggesting earlier interventions may be necessary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campodonico-Burnett, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetrick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schenk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takahashi, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kievit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aagaard-Tillery, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/864082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal Obesity and Western-style Diet Impair Fetal and Juvenile Offspring Skeletal Muscle Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Transport in Nonhuman Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Proximal Tubular Epithelial cells Protects against Acute Kidney Injury by Enhancing Kim-1-dependent Efferocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.15.545113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) signaling is essential for mammalian kidney development, but in the adult kidney is restricted to occasional collecting duct epithelial cells. We now show there is widespread reactivation of RAR signaling in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) in human sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), and in mouse models of AKI. Genetic inhibition of RAR signaling in PTECs protects against experimental AKI but is associated with increased expression of the PTEC injury marker, Kim-1. However, Kim-1 is also expressed by de-differentiated, proliferating PTECs, and protects against injury by increasing apoptotic cell clearance, or efferocytosis. We show that the protective effect of inhibiting PTEC RAR signaling is mediated by increased Kim-1 dependent efferocytosis, and that this is associated with de-differentiation, proliferation, and metabolic reprogramming of PTECs. These data demonstrate a novel functional role that reactivation of RAR signaling plays in regulating PTEC differentiation and function in human and experimental AKI.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=97 SRC="FIGDIR/small/545113v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menshikh, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clouthier, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanichapol, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.15.545113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of Retinoic Acid Signaling in Proximal Tubular Epithelial cells Protects against Acute Kidney Injury by Enhancing Kim-1-dependent Efferocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 resistance to islatravir/tenofovir combination therapy in wild-type or NRTI resistant strains of diverse HIV-1 subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and islatravir (ISL, 4-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2-deoxyadensine, or MK-8591) are highly potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Resistance to TDF and ISL is conferred by K65R and M184V, respectively. Furthermore, K65R and M184V increase sensitivity to ISL and TDF, respectively. Therefore, these two nucleoside analogs have opposing resistance profiles and could present a high genetic barrier to resistance. To explore resistance to TDF and ISL in combination, we performed passaging experiments with HIV-1 WT, K65R, or M184V in the presence of ISL and TDF. We identified K65R, M184V, and S68G/N mutations. The mutant most resistant to ISL was S68N/M184V, yet it remained susceptible to TDF. To further confirm our cellular findings, we implemented an endogenous reverse transcriptase assay to verify in vitro potency. To better understand the impact of these resistance mutations in the context of global infection, we determined potency of ISL and TDF against HIV subtypes A, B, C, D, and circulating recombinant forms (CRF) 01_AE and 02_AG with and without resistance mutations. In all isolates studied, we found K65R imparted hypersensitivity to ISL whereas M184V conferred resistance. We demonstrated that the S68G polymorphism can enhance fitness of drug-resistant mutants in some genetic backgrounds. Collectively, the data suggest that the opposing resistance profiles of ISL and TDF suggest that a combination of the two drugs could be a promising drug regimen for the treatment of patients infected with any HIV-1 subtype, including those who have failed 3TC/FTC-based therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cilento, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeve, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ukah, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahoski, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitzler, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kodama, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitsuya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parniak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedbury, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarafianos, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 resistance to islatravir/tenofovir combination therapy in wild-type or NRTI resistant strains of diverse HIV-1 subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-neuron and population measures of neuronal activity in working memory tasks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.18.545508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Information represented in working memory is reflected in the firing rate of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and brain areas connected to it. In recent years, there has been an increased realization that population measures capture more accurately neural correlates of cognitive functions. We examined how single neuron firing in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex of two male monkeys compared with population measures in spatial working memory tasks. Persistent activity was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex and firing rate predicted working memory behavior, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. These findings had equivalents in population measures, including trajectories in state space that became less separated in error trials. We additionally observed rotations of the stimulus space for different task conditions, which was not obvious in firing rate measures. These results suggest that population measures provide a richer view of how neuronal activity is associated with behavior, however, largely confirm that persistent activity is the core phenomenon that maintains visual-spatial information in working memory.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYRecordings from large numbers of neurons led to a re-evaluation of neural correlates of cognitive functions, which traditionally were defined based on responses of single neurons, or averages of firing rates. Analysis of neuronal recordings from the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex revealed that properties of neuronal firing captured in classical studies of persistent activity can account for population representations, though some population characteristics did not have clear correlates in single neuron activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozumder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.18.545508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-neuron and population measures of neuronal activity in working memory tasks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug Resistance without a cost? Common and uncommon routes to fosfomycin resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fosfomycin kills bacteria by blocking the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to the bacterial enzyme MurA and halting peptidoglycan synthesis. While its use has increased with the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the mechanisms leading to fosfomycin resistance remain relatively unexplored. In uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) that accounts for >75% of urinary tract infections (UTIs), fosfomycin enters the cell primarily through UhpT, which transports glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) glycolysis intermediate into the cell. Mutations in uhpT lead to fosfomycin resistance and have been identified during antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in non-susceptible inner colonies that form within the zone of inhibition. However, EUCAST and CLSI guidelines differ in how to read fosfomycin AST when such resistant colonies arise. Work from our lab and others demonstrated that glycolysis is dispensable during acute UTI. Moreover, G6P is scarce in urine, prompting us to test the hypothesis that uhp mutations may not impart a fitness cost to the pathogen. We report that loss of uhp indeed does not impair UPEC pathogenesis and that clinical isolates exist that lack the uhp locus altogether. Analysis of non-susceptible inner colonies revealed a suite of novel genes involved in fosfomycin resistance. One of them is PykF that converts PEP to pyruvate during glycolysis. Single deletions of pykF or its anaerobic homolog pykA do not attenuate UPEC. Based on our data, we raise the alarm that multiple routes lead to fosfomycin resistance and do not affect pathogenesis and propose that the current EUCAST and CLSI guidelines unify into how they evaluate fosfomycin AST.

IMPORTANCEWhile fosfomycin resistance is rare, the observation of non-susceptible subpopulations among clinical Escherichia coli isolates is a common phenomenon during antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in American and European clinical labs. Previous evidence suggests that mutations eliciting this phenotype are of high biological cost to the pathogen during infection, leading to current recommendations of neglecting non-susceptible colonies during AST. Here we report that the most common route to fosfomycin resistance, as well as novel routes described in this work do not impair virulence in uropathogenic E. coli, the major cause of urinary tract infections, suggesting a re-evaluation of current susceptibility guidelines is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bermudez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brannon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudipala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiebe, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecala, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beebout, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amir, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug Resistance without a cost? Common and uncommon routes to fosfomycin resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The MODY-associated TALK-1 L114P mutation causes islet α-cell overactivity and β-cell inactivity resulting in transient neonatal diabetes and glucose dyshomeostasis in adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.20.545631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gain-of-function mutation in the TALK-1 K+ channel (p.L114P) is associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). TALK-1 is a key regulator of {beta}-cell electrical activity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The KCNK16 gene encoding TALK-1 is the most abundant and {beta}-cell-restricted K+ channel transcript. To investigate the impact of KCNK16 L114P on glucose homeostasis and confirm its association with MODY, a mouse model containing the Kcnk16 L114P mutation was generated. Heterozygous and homozygous Kcnk16 L114P mice exhibit increased neonatal lethality in the C57BL/6J and the CD-1(ICR) genetic background, respectively. Lethality is likely a result of severe hyperglycemia observed in the homozygous Kcnk16 L114P neonates due to lack of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and can be reduced with insulin treatment. Kcnk16 L114P increased whole-cell {beta}-cell K+ currents resulting in blunted glucose-stimulated Ca2+ entry and loss of glucose-induced Ca2+ oscillations. Thus, adult Kcnk16 L114P mice have reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and plasma insulin levels, which significantly impairs glucose homeostasis. Taken together, this study shows that the MODY-associated Kcnk16 L114P mutation disrupts glucose homeostasis in adult mice resembling a MODY phenotype and causes neonatal lethality by inhibiting islet insulin secretion during development. These data suggest that TALK-1 is an islet-restricted target for the treatment for diabetes.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakhe, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dadi, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.20.545631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The MODY-associated TALK-1 L114P mutation causes islet α-cell overactivity and β-cell inactivity resulting in transient neonatal diabetes and glucose dyshomeostasis in adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic and ecological factors shaping specialism and generalism across an entire subphylum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organisms exhibit extensive variation in ecological niche breadth, from very narrow (specialists) to very broad (generalists). Paradigms proposed to explain this variation either invoke trade-offs between performance efficiency and breadth or underlying intrinsic or extrinsic factors. We assembled genomic (1,154 yeast strains from 1,049 species), metabolic (quantitative measures of growth of 843 species in 24 conditions), and ecological (environmental ontology of 1,088 species) data from nearly all known species of the ancient fungal subphylum Saccharomycotina to examine niche breadth evolution. We found large interspecific differences in carbon breadth stem from intrinsic differences in genes encoding specific metabolic pathways but no evidence of trade-offs and a limited role of extrinsic ecological factors. These comprehensive data argue that intrinsic factors driving microbial niche breadth variation.

One-Sentence SummaryA nearly complete genomic catalog of the yeast subphylum illuminates the evolution of their diverse ecologies and metabolisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kominek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoneman, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VanDenAvond, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langdon, Q. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubbelohde, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buh, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarzyna, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libkind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVirgilio, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulfachor, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurtzman, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sampaio, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic and ecological factors shaping specialism and generalism across an entire subphylum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polysulfide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury in Renal Transplantation and Improve Kidney Function Post-Transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.21.545864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a significant complication in kidney transplantation, often affecting the viability and function of organs. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) is a technique used to improve the condition of organs prior to transplantation. In this study, we show that incorporating antioxidant poly(propylene sulfide) nanoparticles (PPS-NPs) during cold-storage and NMP significantly enhances its efficacy in reducing IRI upon porcine kidney transplantation. We found that by scavenging reactive oxygen species, PPS-NPs reduced oxidative stress and inflammation that occurs during ischemia-reperfusion with oxidized DNA reduced 5.3x and both TNF- and complement activation approximately halved. Our studies show that this approach led to significantly improved hemodynamics, better renal function, and tissue health compared to NMP alone. The results suggest that incorporating PPS-NPs into transplantation protocols may expand the pool of kidneys suitable for transplantation and enhance overall transplantation success rates. The broader impact of this work could extend to other organ transplants, suggesting a wider application for nanoantioxidant technologies in organ preservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arcy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geraghty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montero-Fernandez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabare, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghibaudi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coradello, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramhall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galwey, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruseva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fildes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.21.545864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polysulfide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury in Renal Transplantation and Improve Kidney Function Post-Transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RyR2 Binding of an Antiarrhythmic Cyclic Depsipeptide Mapped Using Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Detection of FRET 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperactivity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca2+-release channels contributes to heart failure and arrhythmias. Reducing RyR2 activity, particularly during cardiac relaxation (diastole), is a desirable therapeutic goal. We previously reported that the unnatural enantiomer (ent) of an insect-RyR activator, verticilide, inhibits porcine and mouse RyR2 at diastolic (nanomolar) Ca2+ and has in vivo efficacy against atrial and ventricular arrhythmia. To determine the ent-verticilide structural mode of action on RyR2 and guide its further development via medicinal chemistry structure-activity relationship studies, here we used fluorescence lifetime (FLT)-measurements of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in HEK293 cells expressing human RyR2. For these studies, we used an RyR-specific FRET molecular-toolkit and computational methods for trilateration (i.e., using distances to locate a point of interest). Multi-exponential analysis of FLT-FRET measurements between four donor-labeled FKBP12.6 variants and acceptor-labeled ent-verticilide, yielded distance relationships placing the acceptor probe at two candidate loci within the RyR2 cryo-EM map. One locus is within the Ry12 domain (at the corner periphery of the RyR2 tetrameric complex). The other locus is sandwiched at the interface between helical domain 1 and the SPRY3 domain. These findings document RyR2-target engagement by ent-verticilide, reveal new insight into the mechanism of action of this new class of RyR2-targeting drug candidate, and can serve as input in future computational determinations of the ent-verticilide binding site on RyR2 that will inform structure-activity studies for lead optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seflova, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaienko, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebbeck, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zima, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Petegem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robia, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornea, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RyR2 Binding of an Antiarrhythmic Cyclic Depsipeptide Mapped Using Confocal Fluorescence Lifetime Detection of FRET]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial Yap/Taz are required for functional alveolar regeneration following acute lung injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.545997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other interstitial lung diseases is dysregulated repair of the alveolar epithelium. The Hippo pathway effector transcription factors YAP and TAZ have been implicated as essential for type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cell (AT1 and AT2) differentiation in the developing lung, yet aberrant activation of YAP/TAZ is a prominent feature of the dysregulated alveolar epithelium in IPF. In these studies, we sought to define the functional role of YAP/TAZ activity during alveolar regeneration. We demonstrate that Yap and Taz are normally activated in AT2 cells shortly after injury, and deletion of Yap/Taz in AT2 cells led to pathologic alveolar remodeling, failure of AT2 to AT1 cell differentiation, increased collagen deposition, exaggerated neutrophilic inflammation, and increased mortality following injury induced by a single dose of bleomycin. Loss of Yap/Taz activity prior to a LPS injury prevented AT1 cell regeneration, led to intra-alveolar collagen deposition, and resulted in persistent innate inflammation. Together these findings establish that AT2 cell Yap/Taz activity is essential for functional alveolar epithelial repair and prevention of fibrotic remodeling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiGiovanni, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singha, U. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.545997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial Yap/Taz are required for functional alveolar regeneration following acute lung injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alterations in Cardiovascular and Cerebral Pulse Wave Velocity in 5XFAD Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a global health issue, affecting over 6 million in the United States, with that number expected to increase as the aging population grows. As a neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive functions, it is well established that AD is associated with cardiovascular risk factors beyond only cerebral decline. However, the study of cerebrovascular techniques for AD is still evolving. Here, we provide reproducible methods to measure impedance-based pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, in the systemic vascular (aortic PWV) and in the cerebral vascular (cerebral PWV) systems. Using aortic impedance and this relatively novel technique of cerebral impedance to comprehensively describe the systemic vascular and the cerebral vascular systems, we examined the sex-dependent differences in 5x transgenic mice (5XFAD) with AD under normal and high-fat diet, and in wild-type mice under a normal diet. Additionally, we validated our method for measuring cerebrovascular impedance in a model of induced stress in 5XFAD. Together, our results show that sex and diet differences in wildtype and 5XFAD mice account for very minimal differences in cerebral impedance. Interestingly, 5XFAD, and not wildtype, male mice on a chow diet show higher cerebral impedance, suggesting pathological differences. Opposingly, when we subjected 5XFAD mice to stress, we found that females showed elevated cerebral impedance. Using this validated method of measuring impedance-based aortic and cerebral PWV, future research may explore the effects of modifying factors including age, chronic diet, and acute stress, which may mediate cardiovascular risk in AD.

New and NoteworthyHere, we presented a new technique which is an application of the concept of aortic impedance to determining cerebral impedance. While aortic PWV is typically utilized to study aortic stiffness, we also developed a technique of cerebral PWV to study cerebral vascular stiffness. This method may be useful in improving the rigor of studies that seek to have a dual focus on cardiovascular and cerebral function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barongan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taffet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alterations in Cardiovascular and Cerebral Pulse Wave Velocity in 5XFAD Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wound-Induced Syncytia Outpace Mononucleate Neighbors during Drosophila Wound Repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All organisms have evolved to respond to injury. Cell behaviors like proliferation, migration, and invasion replace missing cells and close wounds. However, the role of other wound-induced cell behaviors is not understood, including the formation of syncytia (multinucleated cells). Wound-induced epithelial syncytia were first reported around puncture wounds in post-mitotic Drosophila epidermal tissues, but have more recently been reported in mitotically competent tissues such as the Drosophila pupal epidermis and zebrafish epicardium. The presence of wound-induced syncytia in mitotically active tissues suggests that syncytia offer adaptive benefits, but it is unknown what those benefits are. Here, we use in vivo live imaging to analyze wound-induced syncytia in mitotically competent Drosophila pupae. We find that almost half the epithelial cells near a wound fuse to form large syncytia. These syncytia use several routes to speed wound repair: they outpace diploid cells to complete wound closure; they reduce cell intercalation during wound closure; and they pool the resources of their component cells to concentrate them toward the wound. In addition to wound healing, these properties of syncytia are likely to contribute to their roles in development and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>White, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruark, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.25.546442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wound-Induced Syncytia Outpace Mononucleate Neighbors during Drosophila Wound Repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glucose-stimulated KIF5B-driven microtubule sliding organizes microtubule networks in pancreatic beta cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In pancreatic islet {beta} cells, molecular motors use cytoskeletal polymers microtubules as tracks for intracellular transport of insulin secretory granules. The {beta}-cell microtubule network has a complex architecture and is non-directional, which provides insulin granules at the cell periphery for rapid secretion response, yet to avoid over-secretion and subsequent hypoglycemia. We have previously characterized a peripheral sub-membrane microtubule array, which is critical for the withdrawal of excessive insulin granules from the secretion sites. Microtubules in {beta} cells originate at the Golgi in the cell interior, and how the peripheral array is formed is unknown. Using real-time imaging and photo-kinetics approaches in clonal mouse pancreatic {beta} cells MIN6, we now demonstrate that kinesin KIF5B, a motor protein with a capacity to transport microtubules as cargos, slides existing microtubules to the cell periphery and aligns them to each other along the plasma membrane. Moreover, like many physiological {beta}-cell features, microtubule sliding is facilitated by a high glucose stimulus. These new data, together with our previous report that in high glucose sub-membrane MT array is destabilized to allow for robust secretion, indicate that MT sliding is another integral part of glucose-triggered microtubule remodeling, likely replacing destabilized peripheral microtubules to prevent their loss over time and {beta}-cell malfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bracey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noguchi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cario, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.25.546468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glucose-stimulated KIF5B-driven microtubule sliding organizes microtubule networks in pancreatic beta cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Iron acquisition by a commensal bacterium modifies host nutritional immunity during Salmonella infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.25.546471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During intestinal inflammation, host nutritional immunity starves microbes of essential micronutrients such as iron. Pathogens scavenge iron using siderophores, which is counteracted by the host using lipocalin-2, a protein that sequesters iron-laden siderophores, including enterobactin. Although the host and pathogens compete for iron in the presence of gut commensal bacteria, the roles of commensals in nutritional immunity involving iron remain unexplored. Here, we report that the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron acquires iron in the inflamed gut by utilizing siderophores produced by other bacteria including Salmonella, via a secreted siderophore-binding lipoprotein termed XusB. Notably, XusB-bound siderophores are less accessible to host sequestration by lipocalin-2 but can be "re-acquired" by Salmonella, allowing the pathogen to evade nutritional immunity. As the host and pathogen have been the focus of studies of nutritional immunity, this work adds commensal iron metabolism as a previously unrecognized mechanism modulating the interactions between pathogen and host nutritional immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fansler, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, Y. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munneke, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ran, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pudlo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.25.546471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Iron acquisition by a commensal bacterium modifies host nutritional immunity during Salmonella infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Origin of Theta Error Signals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.27.546752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A multi-scale approach elucidated the origin of the error-related-negativity (ERN), with its associated theta-rhythm, and the post-error-positivity (Pe) in macaque supplementary eye field (SEF). Using biophysical modeling, synaptic inputs to layer-3 (L3) and layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs) were optimized to account for error-related modulation and inter-spike intervals. The intrinsic dynamics of dendrites in L5 but not L3 PCs generate theta rhythmicity with random phase. Saccades synchronized the phase of this theta-rhythm, which was magnified on errors. Contributions from L5 PCs to the laminar current source density (CSD) observed in SEF were negligible. The CSD derived from L3 PCs could not explain the observed association between their error-related spiking modulation and scalp-EEG. Laminar CSD comprises multipolar components, with dipoles explaining ERN features, and quadrupoles reproducing those for Pe. The presence of monopoles indicates diffuse activation. These results provide the most advanced explanation of the cellular mechanisms generating the ERN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Herrera, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errington, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.27.546752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Origin of Theta Error Signals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XPA tumor variants lead to defects in NER that sensitize cells to cisplatin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.547124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) neutralizes treatment with platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapy by removing Pt lesions from DNA. Previous study has identified that missense mutation or loss of either of the NER genes Excision Repair Cross Complementation Group 1 and 2 (ERCC1 and ERCC2) leads to improved patient outcomes after treatment with Pt-based chemotherapies. Although most NER gene alterations found in patient tumors are missense mutations, the impact of such mutations in the remaining nearly 20 NER genes is unknown. Towards this goal, we previously developed a machine learning strategy to predict genetic variants in an essential NER scaffold protein, Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA), that disrupt repair activity on a UV-damaged substrate. In this study, we report in-depth analyses of a subset of the predicted NER-deficient XPA variants, including in vitro analyses of purified recombinant protein and cell-based assays to test Pt agent sensitivity in cells and determine mechanisms of NER dysfunction. The most NER deficient variant Y148D had reduced protein stability, weaker DNA binding, disrupted recruitment to damage, and degradation resulting from tumor missense mutation. Our findings demonstrate that tumor mutations in XPA impact cell survival after cisplatin treatment and provide valuable mechanistic insights to further improve variant effect prediction efforts. More broadly, these findings suggest XPA tumor variants should be considered when predicting patient response to Pt-based chemotherapy.

SignificanceA destabilized, readily degraded tumor variant identified in the NER scaffold protein XPA sensitizes cells to cisplatin, suggesting that XPA variants can be used to predict response to chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blee, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troll, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Souza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufer, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schärer, O. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.547124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XPA tumor variants lead to defects in NER that sensitize cells to cisplatin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Larvicidal activity of the photosensitive insecticides, methylene blue and rose bengal, in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDInsecticides are critical for controlling mosquito populations and mitigating the spread of vector-borne disease, but their overuse has selected for resistant populations. A promising alternative to classical chemical insecticides is photosensitive molecules--here called photosensitive insecticides or PSIs--that when ingested and activated by light, generate broadly toxic reactive oxygen species. This mechanism of indiscriminate oxidative damage decreases the likelihood that target site modification-based resistance evolves. Here, we tested whether the PSIs, methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB), are viable insecticides across the mosquito lineage.

RESULTSMB and RB are phototoxic to both Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae at micromolar concentrations, with greatest toxicity when larvae are incubated in the dark with the PSIs for 2 hr prior to photoactivation. MB is ten times more toxic than RB, and microscopy-based imaging suggests that this is because ingested MB escapes the larval gut and disperses throughout the hemocoel whereas RB remains confined to the gut. Adding food to the PSI-containing water has a bidirectional, concentration-dependent effect on PSI toxicity; toxicity increases at high concentrations but decreases at low concentrations. Finally, adding sand to the water increases the phototoxicity of RB to Aedes aegypti.

CONCLUSIONMB and RB are larvicidal via a light activated mechanism, and therefore, should be further investigated as an option for mosquito control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meier, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillyer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Larvicidal activity of the photosensitive insecticides, methylene blue and rose bengal, in Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547285v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate displacement of CK1 C-termini regulates kinase specificity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.30.547285v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CK1 kinases participate in many signaling pathways; how these enzymes are regulated is therefore of significant biological consequence. CK1s autophosphorylate their C-terminal non-catalytic tails, and eliminating these modifications increases substrate phosphorylation in vitro, suggesting that the autophosphorylated C-termini act as inhibitory pseudosubstrates. To test this prediction, we comprehensively identified the autophosphorylation sites on Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hhp1 and human CK1{varepsilon}. Peptides corresponding to the C-termini interacted with the kinase domains only when phosphorylated, and phosphoablating mutations increased Hhp1 and CK1{varepsilon} activity towards substrates. Interestingly, substrates competitively inhibited binding of the autophosphorylated tails to the substrate binding grooves. The presence or absence of tail autophosphorylation influenced the catalytic efficiency with which CK1s targeted different substrates, indicating that tails contribute to substrate specificity. Combining this mechanism with autophosphorylation of the T220 site in the catalytic domain, we propose a displacement specificity model to describe how autophosphorylation regulates substrate specificity for the CK1 family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cullati, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akizuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.30.547285</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate displacement of CK1 C-termini regulates kinase specificity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A machine learning toolbox for the analysis of sharp-wave ripples reveal common features across species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) has advanced our understanding of memory function, and their alteration in neurological conditions such as epilepsy and Alzheimers disease is considered a biomarker of dysfunction. SWRs exhibit diverse waveforms and properties that cannot be fully characterized by spectral methods alone. Here, we describe a toolbox of machine learning (ML) models for automatic detection and analysis of SWRs. The ML architectures, which resulted from a crowdsourced hackathon, are able to capture a wealth of SWR features recorded in the dorsal hippocampus of mice. When applied to data from the macaque hippocampus, these models were able to generalize detection and revealed shared SWR properties across species. We hereby provide a user-friendly open-source toolbox for model use and extension, which can help to accelerate and standardize SWR research, lowering the threshold for its adoption in biomedical applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navas-Olive, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbaspoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Prida, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.02.547382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A machine learning toolbox for the analysis of sharp-wave ripples reveal common features across species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary origin, population diversity, and diagnostics for a cryptic hybrid pathogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptic fungal pathogens pose significant identification and disease management challenges due to their morphological resemblance to known pathogenic species while harboring genetic and (often) infection-relevant trait differences. The cryptic fungal pathogen Aspergillus latus, an allodiploid hybrid originating from Aspergillus spinulosporus and an unknown close relative of Aspergillus quadrilineatus within section Nidulantes, remains poorly understood. The absence of accurate diagnostics for A. latus has led to misidentifications, hindering epidemiological studies and the design of effective treatment plans. We conducted an in-depth investigation of the genomes and phenotypes of 44 globally distributed isolates (41 clinical isolates and three type strains) from Aspergillus section Nidulantes. We found that 21 clinical isolates were A. latus; notably, standard methods of pathogen identification misidentified all A. latus isolates. The remaining isolates were identified as A. spinulosporus (8), A. quadrilineatus (1), or A. nidulans (11). Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the origin of A. latus, indicating one or two hybridization events gave rise to the species during the Miocene, approximately 15.4 to 8.8 million years ago. Characterizing the A. latus pangenome uncovered substantial genetic diversity within gene families and biosynthetic gene clusters. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both parental genomes are actively expressed in nearly equal proportions and respond to environmental stimuli. Further investigation into infection-relevant chemical and physiological traits, including drug resistance profiles, growth under oxidative stress conditions, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, highlight distinct phenotypic profiles of the hybrid A. latus compared to its parental and closely related species. Leveraging our comprehensive genomic and phenotypic analyses, we propose five genomic and phenotypic markers as diagnostics for A. latus species identification. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolutionary origin, genomic outcome, and phenotypic implications of hybridization in a cryptic fungal pathogen, thus enhancing our understanding of the underlying processes contributing to fungal pathogenesis. Furthermore, our study underscores the effectiveness of extensive genomic and phenotypic analyses as a promising approach for developing diagnostics applicable to future investigations of cryptic and emerging pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balamurugan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colabardini, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canovas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagrou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary origin, population diversity, and diagnostics for a cryptic hybrid pathogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547578v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ent-Verticilide B1 inhibits type 2 ryanodine receptor channels and is antiarrhythmic in Casq2-/- mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547578v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ca2+ leak from cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is an established mechanism of sudden cardiac death (SCD), whereby dysregulated Ca2+ handling causes ventricular arrhythmias. We previously discovered the RyR2-selective inhibitor ent-(+)-verticilide (ent-1), a 24-membered cyclooligomeric depsipeptide that is the enantiomeric form of a natural product (nat-(-)-verticilide). Here, we examined its 18-membered ring-size oligomer (ent-verticilide B1; "ent-B1") in single RyR2 channel assays, [3H]ryanodine binding assays, and in Casq2-/- cardiomyocytes and mice, a gene-targeted model of SCD. ent-B1 inhibited RyR2 single-channels and [3H]ryanodine binding with low micromolar potency, and RyR2-mediated spontaneous Ca2+ release in Casq2-/- cardiomyocytes with sub-micromolar potency. ent-B1 was a partial RyR2 inhibitor, with maximal inhibitory efficacy of less than 50%. ent-B1 was stable in plasma, with a peak plasma concentration of 1460 ng/ml at 10 min and half-life of 45 min after intraperitoneal administration of 3 mg/kg in mice. Both 3 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg ent-B1 significantly reduced catecholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmia in Casq2-/- mice. Hence, we have identified a novel chemical entity - ent-B1 - that preserves the mechanism of action of a hit compound and shows therapeutic efficacy. These findings strengthen RyR2 as an antiarrhythmic drug target and highlight the potential of investigating the mirror-image isomers of natural products to discover new therapeutics.

Significance statementThe cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is an untapped target in the stagnant field of antiarrhythmic drug development. We have confirmed RyR2 as an antiarrhythmic target in a mouse model of sudden cardiac death and shown the therapeutic efficacy of a second enantiomeric natural product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gochman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorpe, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akers, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornea, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laver, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547578</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ent-Verticilide B1 inhibits type 2 ryanodine receptor channels and is antiarrhythmic in Casq2-/- mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycoprotein VI is Critical for the Detection and Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.02.547361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common feature in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is the formation of a nonocclusive intraluminal thrombus (ILT) in regions of aortic dilation. Platelets are known to maintain hemostasis and propagate thrombosis through several redundant activation mechanisms, yet the role of platelet activation in the pathogenesis of AAA associated ILT is still poorly understood. Thus, we sought to investigate how platelet activation impacts the pathogenesis of AAA. Using RNA-sequencing, we identify that the platelet-associated transcripts are significantly enriched in the ILT compared to the adjacent aneurysm wall and healthy control aortas. We found that the platelet specific receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) is among the top enriched genes in AAA ILT and is increased on the platelet surface of AAA patients. Examination of a specific indicator of platelet activity, soluble GPVI (sGPVI), in two independent AAA patient cohorts is highly predictive of a AAA diagnosis and associates more strongly with aneurysm growth rate when compared to D-dimer in humans. Finally, intervention with the anti-GPVI antibody (J) in mice with established aneurysms blunted the progression of AAA in two independent mouse models. In conclusion, we show that levels of sGPVI in humans can predict a diagnosis of AAA and AAA growth rate, which may be critical in the identification of high-risk patients. We also identify GPVI as a novel platelet-specific AAA therapeutic target, with minimal risk of adverse bleeding complications, where none currently exist.

KEY POINTSO_LISoluble glycoprotein VI, which is a platelet-derived blood biomarker, predicts a diagnosis of AAA, with high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing patients with fast from slow-growing AAA.
C_LIO_LIBlockade of glycoprotein VI in mice with established aneurysms reduces AAA progression and mortality, indicating therapeutic potential.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pike, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spuzzillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mix, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadding-Lee, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlin, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanhainen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhandari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipworth, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson-Cohen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caputo, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.02.547361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycoprotein VI is Critical for the Detection and Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pathogenic T42A mutation in SHP2 rewires interaction specificity and enhances signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 are associated with a variety of human diseases. Most mutations in SHP2 increase its basal catalytic activity by disrupting auto-inhibitory interactions between its phosphatase domain and N-terminal SH2 (phosphotyrosine recognition) domain. By contrast, some disease-associated mutations located in the ligand-binding pockets of the N- or C- terminal SH2 domains do not increase basal activity and likely exert their pathogenicity through alternative mechanisms. We lack a molecular understanding of how these SH2 mutations impact SHP2 structure, activity, and signaling. Here, we characterize five SHP2 SH2 domain ligand-binding pocket mutants through a combination of high-throughput biochemical screens, biophysical and biochemical measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations. We show that, while some of these mutations alter binding affinity to phosphorylation sites, the T42A mutation in the N-SH2 domain is unique in that it also substantially alters ligand-binding specificity, despite being 8-10 [A] from the specificity-determining region of the SH2 domain. This mutation exerts its effect on sequence specificity by remodeling the phosphotyrosine binding pocket, altering the mode of engagement of both the phosphotyrosine and surrounding residues on the ligand. The functional consequence of this altered specificity is that the T42A mutant has biased sensitivity toward a subset of activating ligands and enhances downstream signaling. Our study highlights an example of a nuanced mechanism of action for a disease-associated mutation, characterized by a change in protein-protein interaction specificity that alters enzyme activation.

Significance StatementThe protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is mutated in a variety of human diseases, including several cancers and developmental disorders. Most mutations in SHP2 hyperactivate the enzyme by destabilizing its auto-inhibited state, but several disease-associated mutations do not conform to this mechanism. We show that one such mutation, T42A, alters the ligand binding specificity of the N-terminal regulatory domain of SHP2, causing the mutant phosphatase to be more readily activated by certain upstream signals than the wild-type phosphatase. Our findings reveal a novel mode of SHP2 dysregulation that will improve our understanding of pathogenic signaling. Our study also illustrates how mutations distal to the specificity-determining region of a protein can alter ligand binding specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voleti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chartier, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pathogenic T42A mutation in SHP2 rewires interaction specificity and enhances signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Size Filter Regulates Apical Protein Sorting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite decades of research, apical sorting of epithelial membrane proteins remains incompletely understood. We noted that apical cytoplasmic domains are smaller than those of basolateral proteins; however, the reason for this discrepancy is unknown. We investigated whether a size barrier at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) might hinder apical sorting of proteins with large cytoplasmic tails. We focused on Crb3 and Ace2 as representative apical proteins with short cytoplasmic tails. By incorporating a streptavidin-binding peptide, these proteins can be trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) until addition of biotin, which triggers synchronous release to the Golgi and subsequent transport to the apical cortex. Strikingly, departure from the Golgi could be significantly delayed simply by increasing cytoplasmic bulk. Moreover, large and small Crb3 segregated into spatially distinct Golgi regions as detected by super resolution imaging. Biologically, Crb3 forms a complex through its cytoplasmic tail with the Pals1 protein, which could also delay departure, but although associated at the ER and Golgi, we found that Pals1 disassociates prior to Crb3 departure. Notably, a non-dissociable mutant Pals1 hampers the exit of Crb3. We conclude that an unexpected mechanism involving a size filter at the TGN facilitates apical sorting of proteins with small cytoplasmic domains and that timely release of Pals1, to reduce cytoplasmic domain size, is essential for the normal kinetics of Crb3 sorting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Size Filter Regulates Apical Protein Sorting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of human telomere length trans-ancestry meta-analysis association signals identifies POP5 and KBTBD6 as novel human telomere length regulation genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.12.548702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telomere length genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become well-powered to detect novel genes in telomere length regulation. However, no prior work has validated these putative novel genes to confirm the contribution of GWAS loci to telomere length regulation. We conducted a trans-ancestry meta-analysis of 211,369 individuals. Through enrichment analyses of chromatin state and cell-type heritability we identified blood and immune cells as the most relevant cell type to examine telomere length association signals. We validated specific GWAS associations by overexpressing KBTBD6, a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and POP5, a component of the Ribonuclease P/MRP complex, and demonstrating that both lengthened telomeres as predicted by our statistical analyses. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of the predicted causal regions of these association peaks in K562 immortalized blood cells reduced expression of these genes, demonstrating that these loci are related to transcriptional regulation of KBTBD6 and POP5, respectively. Together our results demonstrate the utility of telomere length GWAS in the identification of novel telomere length regulation mechanisms and highlight the importance of the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway in telomere length regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keener, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhetri, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taub, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conomos, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strober, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslibekyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auer, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barwick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blangero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bleecker, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cade, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celedon, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cupples, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Custer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladwin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isasi, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnsen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenny, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekhai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pankratz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peyser, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, I. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.12.548702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of human telomere length trans-ancestry meta-analysis association signals identifies POP5 and KBTBD6 as novel human telomere length regulation genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
From goal to outcome: analyzing the progression of biomedical sciences PhD careers in a longitudinal study using an expanded taxonomy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical sciences PhDs pursue a wide range of careers inside and outside academia. However, there is little data regarding how career interests of PhD students relate to the decision to pursue postdoctoral training or to their eventual career outcomes. Here, we present the career goals and career outcomes of 1,452 biomedical sciences PhDs who graduated from Vanderbilt University between 1997-2021. We categorized careers using an expanded three-tiered taxonomy and flags that delineate key career milestones. We also analyzed career goal changes between matriculation and defense, and the reasons why students became more- or less-interested in research-intensive faculty careers. We linked students career goal at defense to whether they did a postdoc, the duration of time between defense and the first non-training position, the career area of the first non-training position, and the career area of the job at ten years after graduation. Finally, we followed individual careers for ten years after graduation to characterize movement between different career areas over time. We found that most students changed their career goal during graduate school, declining numbers of alumni pursued postdoctoral training, many alumni entered first non-training positions in a different career area than their goal at defense, and the career area of the first non-training position was a good indicator of the job that alumni held 10 years after graduation. Our findings emphasize that students need a wide range of career development opportunities and career mentoring during graduate school to prepare them for futures in research and research-related professions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyers, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[From goal to outcome: analyzing the progression of biomedical sciences PhD careers in a longitudinal study using an expanded taxonomy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548939v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An expression-directed linear mixed model (edLMM) discovering low-effect genetic variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.13.548939v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting genetic variants with low effect sizes using a moderate sample size is difficult, hindering downstream efforts to learn pathology and estimating heritability. In this work, by utilizing informative weights learned from training genetically predicted gene expression models, we formed an alternative approach to estimate the polygenic term in a linear mixed model (LMM). Our LMM estimates the genetic background by incorporating their relevance to gene expression. Our protocol, expression-directed linear mixed model (edLMM), enables the discovery of subtle signals of low-effect variants using moderate sample size. By applying edLMM to cohorts of around 5,000 individuals with either binary (WTCCC) or quantitative (NFBC1966) traits, we demonstrated its power gain at the low-effect end of the genetic etiology spectrum. In aggregate, the additional low-effect variants detected by edLMM substantially improved estimation of missing heritability. edLMM moves precision medicine forward by accurately detecting the contribution of low-effect genetic variants to human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossinna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.548939</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An expression-directed linear mixed model (edLMM) discovering low-effect genetic variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tepsin binds LC3B to promote ATG9A export and delivery at the cell periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tepsin is an established accessory protein found in Adaptor Protein 4 (AP-4) coated vesicles, but the biological role of tepsin remains unknown. AP-4 vesicles originate at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and target the delivery of ATG9A, a scramblase required for autophagosome biogenesis, to the cell periphery. Using in silico methods, we identified a putative LC3-Interacting Region (LIR) motif in tepsin. Biochemical experiments using purified recombinant proteins indicate tepsin directly binds LC3B, but not other members, of the mammalian ATG8 family. Calorimetry and structural modeling data indicate this interaction occurs with micromolar affinity using the established LC3B LIR docking site. Loss of tepsin in cultured cells dysregulates ATG9A export from the TGN as well as ATG9A distribution at the cell periphery. Tepsin depletion in a mRFP-GFP-LC3B HeLa reporter cell line using siRNA knockdown increases autophagosome volume and number, but does not appear to affect flux through the autophagic pathway. Re-introduction of wild-type tepsin partially rescues ATG9A cargo trafficking defects. In contrast, re-introducing tepsin with a mutated LIR motif or missing N-terminus does not fully rescue altered ATG9A subcellular distribution. Together, these data suggest roles for tepsin in cargo export from the TGN; delivery of ATG9A-positive vesicles at the cell periphery; and in overall maintenance of autophagosome structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wallace, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadbery, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tepsin binds LC3B to promote ATG9A export and delivery at the cell periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549328v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural disaster alters the adaptive benefits of sociality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549328v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Weather-related disasters can radically alter ecosystems. When disaster-driven ecological damage persists, the selective pressures exerted on individuals can change, eventually leading to phenotypic adjustments. For group-living animals, social relationships are believed to help individuals cope with environmental challenges and may be a critical mechanism enabling adaptation to ecosystems degraded by disasters. Yet, whether natural disasters alter selective pressures on patterns of social interactions and whether group-living animals can, as a result, adaptively change their social relationships remains untested. Here, we leveraged unique data collected on rhesus macaques from 5 years before to 5 years after a category 4 hurricane, leading to persistent deforestation which exacerbated monkeys exposure to intense heat. In response, macaques increased tolerance for and decreased aggression toward other monkeys, facilitating access to scarce shade critical for thermoregulation. Social tolerance predicted individual survival for 5 years after the hurricane, but not before it, revealing a clear shift in the adaptive function of social relationships in this population. We demonstrate that an extreme climatic event altered selection on sociality and triggered substantial and persistent changes in the social structure of a primate species. Our findings unveil the function and adaptive flexibility of social relationships in degraded ecosystems and identify natural disasters as potential evolutionary drivers of sociality.

One-Sentence SummaryTestard et al. show that a natural disaster altered selection on sociality in group-living primates triggering persistent changes in their social structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Testard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shergold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acevedo-Ithier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negron-Del Valle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philips, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549328</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural disaster alters the adaptive benefits of sociality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nucleus accumbens core single cell ensembles bidirectionally respond to experienced versus observed aversive events 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.17.549364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Empathy is the ability to adopt others sensory and emotional states and is an evolutionarily conserved trait among mammals. In rodents, empathy manifests itself as social modulation of aversive stimuli such as acknowledging and acting on conspecifics distress. The neuronal network underlying social transmission of information is known to overlap with the brain regions that mediate behavioral responses to aversive and rewarding stimuli. In this study, we recorded single cell activity patterns of nucleus accumbens (NAc) core neurons using in vivo optical imaging of calcium transients via miniature scopes. This cutting-edge imaging methodology not only allows us to record activity patterns of individual neurons but also lets us longitudinally follow these individual neurons across time and different behavioral states. Using this approach, we identified NAc core single cell ensembles that respond to experienced and/or observed aversive stimuli. Our results showed that experienced and observed aversive stimuli evoke NAc core ensemble activity that is largely positive, with a smaller subset of negative responses. The size of the NAc single cell ensemble response was greater for experienced aversive stimuli compared to observed aversive events. Our results also revealed a subpopulation within the NAc core single cell ensembles that show a bidirectional response to experienced aversive stimuli versus observed aversive stimuli (i.e., negative response to experienced and positive response to observed). These results suggest that the NAc plays a role in differentiating somatosensory experience from social observation of aversion at a single cell level. This has important implications for psychopathologies where social information processing is maladaptive, such as autism spectrum disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinckol, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zachry, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutlu, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nucleus accumbens core single cell ensembles bidirectionally respond to experienced versus observed aversive events]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of post-translationally modified self-peptides that promote hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post translational modifications can enhance immunogenicity of self-proteins. In several conditions including hypertension, systemic lupus, and heart failure, isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) are formed by lipid peroxidation and covalently bond with protein lysine residues. Here we show that the murine class-I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) variant H-2Db uniquely presents isoLG modified peptides and developed a computational pipeline that identifies structural features for MHC-I accommodation of such peptides. We identified isoLG-adducted peptides from renal proteins including the sodium glucose transporter 2, Cadherin 16, Kelch Domain containing protein 7A and solute carrier family 23, that are recognized by CD8+ T cells in tissues of hypertensive mice, induce T cell proliferation in vitro, and prime hypertension after adoptive transfer. Finally, we find similar patterns of isoLG-adducted antigen restriction in class-I human leukocyte antigens as in murine analogues. Thus, we have used a combined computational and experimental approach to define likely antigenic peptides in hypertension.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bloodworth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palubinsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalkum, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moretti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of post-translationally modified self-peptides that promote hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age and Task Modulate Olfactory Sensitivity in the Florida Carpenter Ant Camponotus floridanus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related changes in behavior and sensory perception have been observed in a wide variety of animal species. In ants and other eusocial insects, workers often progress through an ordered sequence of olfactory-driven behavioral tasks. Notably, these behaviors are plastic, and workers adapt and rapidly switch tasks in response to changing environmental conditions. In the Florida carpenter ant, smaller minors typically perform most of the work needed to maintain the colony while the larger majors are specialized for nest defense and rarely engage in these routine tasks. Here, we investigate the effects of age and task group on olfactory responses to a series of odorant blends in minor and major worker castes. Consistent with their respective roles within the colony, we observed significant age-associated shifts in the olfactory responses of minors as they transitioned between behavioral states, whereas the responses of majors remained consistently low regardless of age. Furthermore, we identified a unitary compound, 3-methylindole, which elicited significantly higher responses and behavioral aversion in minor nurses than in similarly aged foragers suggesting that this compound may play an important role in brood care. Taken together, our results suggest that age- and task-associated shifts in olfactory physiology may play a critical role in the social organization of ant colonies.

Simple SummaryFlorida carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus) live in colonies comprised of thousands of workers. The smallest workers, known as minors, engage in routine tasks such as nursing and foraging while the largest workers, known as majors, are thought to be soldiers specialized for defending the nest. How ant colonies allocate their workforce to address the dynamic and ever-changing needs of the colonies remains an open question in the field, but current evidence suggests that ant social behavior likely results from a combination of genetic/epigenetic, physiological, and systems-level processes. Here, we extend these studies by investigating the role of olfactory sensitivity in regulating ant behavior. Minor workers exhibited significant shifts in olfactory sensitivity and odor coding as they aged and switched tasks. The olfactory sensitivity of majors, however, remained relatively stable as they aged. From these studies, we also identified a single compound, 3-methylindole, which elicited significantly higher olfactory responses and aversive behavior in nurses compared to foragers, suggesting that this chemical may have a role in brood care. Overall, these studies support the hypothesis that changes in olfactory sensitivity play an important role in regulating social behavior in ants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakis, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zwiebel, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age and Task Modulate Olfactory Sensitivity in the Florida Carpenter Ant Camponotus floridanus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of small EV proteomes reveals unique functional protein networks regulated by VAP-A 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.18.549588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) influence cell phenotypes and functions via protein, nucleic acid and lipid cargoes. EVs are heterogeneous, due to diverse biogenesis mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Our previous study revealed that the endoplasmic rectiulum (ER) membrane contact site (MCS) linker protein VAP-A drives biogenesis of a subset of RNA-enriched EVs. Here, we examine the protein content of VAP-A-regulated EVs. Using label-free proteomics, we identified down- and up-regulated proteins in sEVs purified from VAP-A knockdown (KD) colon cancer cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the data revealed protein classes that are differentially sorted to SEVs dependent on VAP-A. STRING protein-protein interaction network analysis of the RNA-binding protein (RBP) gene set identified several RNA functional machineries that are downregulated in VAP-A KD EVs, including ribosome, spliceosome, mRNA surveillance, and RNA transport proteins. We also observed downregulation of other functionally interacting protein networks, including cadherin-binding, unfolded protein binding, and ATP-dependent proteins.

Significance of the studyLittle is known about biogenesis mechanisms that underlie EV heterogeneity. This study explores the protein repertoire of a specific subset of EVs that we recently identified to be generated at ER MCS and that are highly enriched in RNAs. We find that proteins from several classes of RNA machineries, including spliceosomes, are downregulated in EVs purified from cells knocked down for the ER MCS linker protein VAP-A. These data suggest that dynamic regulation of these protein machineries at ER MCS are involved in the sorting of RNA-RBP complexes into EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.549588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of small EV proteomes reveals unique functional protein networks regulated by VAP-A]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of Drosophila and mouse mutants reveals that Peroxidasin is required for tissue mechanics and full viability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.549730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basement membranes are thin strong sheets of extracellular matrix. They provide mechanical and biochemical support to epithelia, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, among other tissues. The mechanical properties of basement membranes are conferred in part by Collagen IV (Col4), an abundant protein of basement membrane that forms an extensive two-dimensional network through head-to-head and tail-to-tail interactions. After the Col4 network is assembled into a basement membrane, it is crosslinked by the matrix-resident enzyme Peroxidasin to form a large covalent polymer. Peroxidasin and Col4 crosslinking are highly conserved, indicating they are essential, but homozygous mutant mice have mild phenotypes. To explore the role of Peroxidasin, we analyzed mutants in Drosophila, including a newly generated catalytic null, and found that homozygotes were mostly lethal with 13% viable escapers. A Mendelian analysis of mouse mutants shows a similar pattern, with homozygotes displaying [~]50% lethality and [~]50% escapers. Despite the strong mutations, the homozygous escapers had low but detectable levels of Col4 crosslinking, indicating that inefficient alternative mechanisms exist and that are probably responsible for the viable escapers. Further, fly mutants have phenotypes consistent with a decrease in stiffness. Interestingly, we found that even after adult basement membranes are assembled and crosslinked, Peroxidasin is still required to maintain stiffness. These results suggest that Peroxidasin crosslinking may be more important than previously appreciated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peebles, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaFever, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stricker, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhave, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.549730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of Drosophila and mouse mutants reveals that Peroxidasin is required for tissue mechanics and full viability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Commentary on Pang et al. (2023) Nature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pang et al. (2023) present novel analyses demonstrating that brain dynamics can be understood as resulting from the excitation of geometric modes, derived from the shape of the brain. Notably, they demonstrate that linear combinations of geometric modes can reconstruct patterns of fMRI data more accurately, and with fewer dimensions, than comparable connectivity-derived modes. Equipped with these results, and underpinned by neural field theory, the authors contend that the geometry of the cortical surface provides a more parsimonious explanation of brain activity than structural brain connectivity. This claim runs counter to prevailing theories of information flow in the brain, which emphasize the role of long-distance axonal projections and fasciculated white matter in relaying signals between cortical regions (Honey et al. 2009; Deco et al. 2011; Seguin et al., 2023). While we acknowledge that cortical geometry plays an important role in shaping human brain function, we feel that the presented work falls short of establishing that the brains geometry is "a more fundamental constraint on dynamics than complex interregional connectivity" (Pang et al. 2023). Here, we provide 1) a brief critique of the papers framing and 2) evidence showing that their methodology lacks specificity to the brains orientation and shape. Ultimately, we recognize that the geometric mode approach is a powerful representational framework for brain dynamics analysis, but we also believe that there are key caveats to consider alongside the claims made in the manuscript.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faskowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handwerker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Castillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandettini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jbabdi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betzel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Commentary on Pang et al. (2023) Nature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning illuminates how diet influences the evolution of yeast galactose metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.20.549758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How genomic differences contribute to phenotypic differences across species is a major question in biology. The recently characterized genomes, isolation environments, and qualitative patterns of growth on 122 sources and conditions of 1,154 strains from 1,049 fungal species (nearly all known) in the subphylum Saccharomycotina provide a powerful, yet complex, dataset for addressing this question. In recent years, machine learning has been successfully used in diverse analyses of biological big data. Using a random forest classification algorithm trained on these genomic, metabolic, and/or environmental data, we predicted growth on several carbon sources and conditions with high accuracy from presence/absence patterns of genes and of growth in other conditions. Known structural genes involved in assimilation of these sources were important features contributing to prediction accuracy, whereas isolation environmental data were poor predictors. By further examining growth on galactose, we found that it can be predicted with high accuracy from either genomic (92.6%) or growth data in 120 other conditions (83.3%) but not from isolation environment data (65.7%). When we combined genomic and growth data, we noted that prediction accuracy was even higher (93.4%) and that, after the GALactose utilization genes, the most important feature for predicting growth on galactose was growth on galactitol. These data raised the hypothesis that several species in two orders, Serinales and Pichiales (containing Candida auris and the genus Ogataea, respectively), have an alternative galactose utilization pathway because they lack the GAL genes. Growth and biochemical assays of several of these species confirmed that they utilize galactose through an oxidoreductive D-galactose pathway, rather than the canonical GAL pathway. We conclude that machine learning is a powerful tool for investigating the evolution of the yeast genotype-phenotype map and that it can help uncover novel biology, even in well-studied traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ubbelohde, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.20.549758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning illuminates how diet influences the evolution of yeast galactose metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.548450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Addressing persistent challenges in digital image analysis of cancerous tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.548450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) supports many research programs and consortia, many of which use imaging as a major modality for characterizing cancerous tissue. A trans-consortia Image Analysis Working Group (IAWG) was established in 2019 with a mission to disseminate imaging-related work and foster collaborations. In 2022, the IAWG held a virtual hackathon focused on addressing challenges of analyzing high dimensional datasets from fixed cancerous tissues. Standard image processing techniques have automated feature extraction, but the next generation of imaging data requires more advanced methods to fully utilize the available information. In this perspective, we discuss current limitations of the automated analysis of multiplexed tissue images, the first steps toward deeper understanding of these limitations, what possible solutions have been developed, any new or refined approaches that were developed during the Image Analysis Hackathon 2022, and where further effort is required. The outstanding problems addressed in the hackathon fell into three main themes: 1) challenges to cell type classification and assessment, 2) translation and visual representation of spatial aspects of high dimensional data, and 3) scaling digital image analyses to large (multi-TB) datasets. We describe the rationale for each specific challenge and the progress made toward addressing it during the hackathon. We also suggest areas that would benefit from more focus and offer insight into broader challenges that the community will need to address as new technologies are developed and integrated into the broad range of image-based modalities and analytical resources already in use within the cancer research community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prabhakaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creason, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krueger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhlich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ternes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troidl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yubin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sokolov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Participants of the Cell Imaging Hackathon 2022,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.548450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Addressing persistent challenges in digital image analysis of cancerous tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Pik1 function in fission yeast reveals its conserved role in lipid synthesis and not cytokinesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.24.550375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)-4-phosphate (PI4P) is a lipid found at the plasma membrane (PM) and Golgi in cells from yeast to humans. PI4P is generated from PI by PI4-kinases and can be converted to PI-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Schizosaccharomyces pombe have 2 essential PI4-kinases: Stt4 and Pik1. Stt4 localizes to the PM and its loss from the PM results in a decrease of PM PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. As a result, cells divide non-medially due to disrupted cytokinetic ring-PM anchoring. However, the localization and function of S. pombe Pik1 has not been thoroughly examined. Here, we found that Pik1 localizes exclusively to the trans-Golgi and is required for Golgi PI4P production. We determined that Ncs1 regulates Pik1, but unlike in other organisms, it is not required for Pik1 Golgi localization. When Pik1 function was disrupted, PM PI4P but not PI(4,5)P2 levels were reduced, a major difference with Stt4. We conclude that Stt4 is the chief enzyme responsible for producing the PI4P that generates PI(4,5)P2. Also, that cells with disrupted Pik1 do not divide asymmetrically highlights the specific importance of PM PI(4,5)P2 for cytokinetic ring-PM anchoring.

Summary statementFission yeast Pik1 localizes exclusively to the trans-Golgi independently of Ncs1, where it contributes to PI4P but not PI(4,5)P2 synthesis. Pik1 does not affect cytokinesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.24.550375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Pik1 function in fission yeast reveals its conserved role in lipid synthesis and not cytokinesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hummingbirds use wing inertial effects to improve maneuverability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.21.550104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hummingbirds outperform other birds in terms of aerial agility at low flight speeds. To reveal the key mechanisms that enable such unparalleled agility, we reconstructed body and wing motion of hummingbird escape maneuvers from high-speed videos; then, we performed computational fluid dynamics modeling and flight mechanics analysis, in which each wingbeat was resolved. We found that the birds utilized the inertia of their wings to achieve peak body rotational acceleration within half a wingbeat before the aerodynamic forces became dominant. The aerodynamic forces instead counteracted the reversed inertial forces in the other half wingbeat, thereby to sustain body rotation, albeit at a lower acceleration. Thus, individual wingbeat cycles that generated body rotations can be split into an agility phase with rapid inertial acceleration, and a stability phase with counteracting aerodynamic and inertial acceleration. This mechanism involving inertial steering enables hummingbirds to generate instantaneous body acceleration at any phase of a wingbeat, and it is likely the key to understanding the unique dexterity distinguishing them from aircraft that solely rely on aerodynamics for maneuvering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haque, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobalske, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.21.550104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hummingbirds use wing inertial effects to improve maneuverability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550557v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma proteomic profiles associated with subclinical somatic mutations in blood cells may offer novel insights into downstream clinical consequences. Here, we explore such patterns in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which is linked to several cancer and non-cancer outcomes, including coronary artery disease (CAD). Among 61,833 ancestrally diverse participants (3,881 with CHIP) from NHLBI TOPMed and UK Biobank with blood-based DNA sequencing and proteomic measurements (1,148 proteins by SomaScan in TOPMed and 2,917 proteins by Olink in UK Biobank), we identified 32 and 345 unique proteins from TOPMed and UK Biobank, respectively, associated with the most prevalent driver genes (DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1). These associations showed substantial heterogeneity by driver genes, sex, and race, and were enriched for immune response and inflammation pathways. Mendelian randomization in humans, coupled with ELISA in hematopoietic Tet2-/- vs wild-type mice validation, disentangled causal proteomic perturbations from TET2 CHIP. Lastly, we identified plasma proteins shared between CHIP and CAD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vromman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N. Q. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vellarikkal, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niroula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honigberg, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tahir, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haidermota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoine, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasan, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>peloso, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hornsby, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haring, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, Y.-I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Correa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebert, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballantyne, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coresh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerszten, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NHLBI T</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550557</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Plasma Proteomic Profile of Clonal Hematopoiesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding working memory information from persistent and activity-silent neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex has been thought to represent the information maintained in working memory, though alternative models have recently challenged this idea. Activity-silent theories posit that stimulus information may be maintained by the activity pattern of neurons that do not produce firing rate significantly elevated about their baseline during the delay period of working memory tasks. We thus tested the ability of neurons that do and do not generate persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys to represent spatial and object information in working memory. Neurons that generated persistent activity represented more information about the stimuli in both spatial and object working memory tasks. The amount of information that could be decoded from neural activity depended on the choice of decoder and parameters used but neurons with persistent activity outperformed non-persistent neurons consistently. Although averaged across all neurons and stimuli, firing rate did not appear clearly elevated above baseline during the maintenance of neural activity particularly for object working memory, this grant average masked neurons that generated persistent activity selective for their preferred stimuli, which carried the majority of information about the stimulus identity. These results reveal that prefrontal neurons with generate persistent activity constitute the primary mechanism of working memory maintenance in the cortex.

NEW AND NOTEWORTHYCompeting theories suggest that neurons that generate persistent activity or do not are primarily responsible for the maintenance of information, particularly regarding object working memory. While the two models have been debated on theoretical terms, direct comparison of empirical results have been lacking. Analysis of neural activity in a large database of prefrontal recordings revealed that neurons that generate persistent activity were primarily responsible for the maintenance of both spatial and object working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thrower, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding working memory information from persistent and activity-silent neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550731v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drug screening in human physiologic medium identifies uric acid as an inhibitor of rigosertib efficacy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550731v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The non-physiological nutrient levels found in traditional culture media have been shown to affect numerous aspects of cancer cell physiology, including how cells respond to certain therapeutic agents. Here, we comprehensively evaluated how physiological nutrient levels impact therapeutic response by performing drug screening in human plasma-like medium (HPLM). We observed dramatic nutrient-dependent changes in sensitivity to a variety of FDA-approved and clinically trialed compounds, including rigosertib, an experimental cancer therapeutic that has recently failed in phase 3 clinical trials. Mechanistically, we found that the ability of rigosertib to destabilize microtubules is strongly inhibited by the purine metabolism waste product uric acid, which is uniquely abundant in humans relative to traditional in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Structural modelling studies suggest that uric acid interacts with the tubulin-rigosertib complex and may act as an uncompetitive inhibitor of rigosertib. These results offer a possible explanation for the failure of rigosertib in clinical trials and demonstrate the utility of physiological media to achieve in vitro results that better represent human therapeutic responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rawat, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLear, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prashanth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozgurses, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tebeje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conger, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasnain, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novikova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endress, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Sanchez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanopoulos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeNicola, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sept, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coloff, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550731</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drug screening in human physiologic medium identifies uric acid as an inhibitor of rigosertib efficacy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome subunit attrition and activation of the p53-MDM4 axis dominate the response of MLL-rearranged cancer cells to WDR5 WIN site inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The chromatin-associated protein WD Repeat Domain 5 (WDR5) is a promising target for cancer drug discovery, with most efforts blocking an arginine-binding cavity on the protein called the "WIN" site that tethers WDR5 to chromatin. WIN site inhibitors (WINi) are active against multiple cancer cell types in vitro, the most notable of which are those derived from MLL-rearranged (MLLr) leukemias. Peptidomimetic WINi were originally proposed to inhibit MLLr cells via dysregulation of genes connected to hematopoietic stem cell expansion. Our discovery and interrogation of small molecule WIN site inhibitors, however, revealed that they act in MLLr cell lines to suppress ribosome protein gene (RPG) transcription, induce nucleolar stress, and activate p53. Because there is no precedent for an anti-cancer strategy that specifically targets RPG expression, we took an integrated multi-omics approach to further interrogate the mechanism of action of WINi in MLLr cancer cells. We show that WINi induce depletion of the stock of ribosomes, accompanied by a broad yet modest translational choke and changes in alternative mRNA splicing that inactivate the p53 antagonist MDM4. We also show that WINi are synergistic with agents including venetoclax and BET-bromodomain inhibitors. Together, these studies reinforce the concept that WINi are a novel type of ribosome-directed anti-cancer therapy and provide a resource to support their clinical implementation in MLLr leukemias and other malignancies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Howard, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Florian, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorey, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieb, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slota, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savona, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fesik, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome subunit attrition and activation of the p53-MDM4 axis dominate the response of MLL-rearranged cancer cells to WDR5 WIN site inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550982v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laminar pattern of adolescent development changes in working memory neuronal activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.550982v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adolescent development is characterized by an improvement in cognitive abilities, such as working memory. Neurophysiological recordings in a non-human primate model of adolescence have revealed changes in neural activity that mirror improvement in behavior, including higher firing rate during the delay intervals of working memory tasks. The laminar distribution of these changes is unknown. By some accounts, persistent activity is more pronounced in superficial layers, so we sought to determine whether changes are most pronounced there. We therefore analyzed neurophysiological recordings from neurons recorded in the young and adult stage, at different cortical depths. Superficial layers exhibited increased baseline firing rate in the adult stage. Unexpectedly, changes in persistent activity were most pronounced in the middle layers. Finally, improved discriminability of stimulus location was most evident in the deeper layers. These results reveal the laminar pattern of neural activity maturation that is associated with cognitive improvement.

NEW AND NOTEWORTHYStructural brain changes are evident during adolescent development particularly in the cortical thickness of the prefrontal cortex, at a time when working memory ability increases markedly. The depth distribution of neurophysiological changes during adolescence is not known. Here we show that neurophysiological changes are not confined to superficial layers, which have most often been implicated in the maintenance of working memory. Contrary to expectations, greatest changes were evident in intermediate layers of the prefrontal cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.550982</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laminar pattern of adolescent development changes in working memory neuronal activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Topoisomerase IIα C-terminal Domain Mutations and Catalytic Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Topoisomerase II is a nuclear enzyme needed for dealing with topological entanglements in the DNA arising from replication and transcription. The N-terminal region and core of the protein are utilized in the catalytic cycle of the enzyme, which generates a transient double-stranded break in one segment of DNA and passes another segment through the break. The C-terminal domain is a large, intrinsically disordered region that appears to be involved in regulating the function of the enzyme both in terms of substrate selection and the level of activity of the enzyme. In a previous study, we explored eleven targeted mutations to the C-terminal domain. This present study explores six of these mutants to determine whether there are any defects in closure of the N-terminal clamp and whether an experimental compound known as a Cu(II)-thiosemicarbazone affects DNA cleavage with the mutants. Based upon our results, the mutants are able to close the N-terminal clamp, but some of the mutants that displayed the least clamp closing activity also had the lowest catalytic activity. Further, Cu-APY-ETSC did impact the ability of the enzymes to cleave DNA to similar levels as seen with the WT enzyme. These results lay the groundwork for additional analyses of the C-terminal domain and indicate the C-terminal domain regions tested did not influence the action of Cu-APY-ETSC except at the level of coordination between the two active sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musselman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>England, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fielding, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisic, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deweese, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Topoisomerase IIα C-terminal Domain Mutations and Catalytic Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.550770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A test of time-resolved functional MRI with subsecond event durations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.550770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hemodynamic signal measured with functional neuroimaging (fMRI) is notoriously sluggish, making it challenging to draw inferences about brief mental events. Relative timing differences in the response, however, can distinguish between changes in the duration or intensity of underlying neural activity (Henson et al., 2002). Specifically, increases in stimulus duration are predicted to delay the response peak and increase its amplitude, whereas increases in stimulus intensity should affect only peak magnitude (Friston, 2005). Although these different relationships have been empirically demonstrated using stimulus durations of several seconds, it remains unclear whether similar effects can be reliably detected on the sub-second timescales typical of cognitive events. Here we tested these predictions using brief visual and auditory stimuli that varied in intensity and duration. In Experiment 1 (n=15), stimuli were presented at three durations (100, 300, and 900 ms) and three intensities in a slow event-related design with a rapid TR (625 ms). In Experiment 2 (n=14), the stimulus durations were extended (1000, 1200, and 1800 ms) to enhance signal strength. Fitting the observed fMRI signals to parameterised hemodynamic response functions revealed that changes in stimulus duration affected both peak latency and magnitude, whereas changes in intensity affected only peak magnitude. Reliable effects were observed for duration differences as small as 200 ms, particularly when the evoked responses were strong. These findings support the validity of existing hemodynamic models and identify conditions under which sub-second timing differences can be reliably detected with fMRI. They also support the use of time-resolved fMRI as a principled and practical tool for mental chronometry in cognitive neuroscience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, A. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, E. X. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asplund, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.550770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A test of time-resolved functional MRI with subsecond event durations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Genome Diversity across the Subphylum Saccharomycotina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.28.551029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic life depends on the functional elements encoded by both the nuclear genome and organellar genomes, such as those contained within the mitochondria. The content, size, and structure of the mitochondrial genome varies across organisms with potentially large implications for phenotypic variance and resulting evolutionary trajectories. Among yeasts in the subphylum Saccharomycotina, extensive differences have been observed in various species relative to the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but mitochondrial genome sampling across many groups has been scarce, even as hundreds of nuclear genomes have become available. By extracting mitochondrial assemblies from existing short-read genome sequence datasets, we have greatly expanded both the number of available genomes and the coverage across sparsely sampled clades. Comparison of 353 yeast mitochondrial genomes revealed that, while size and GC content were fairly consistent across species, those in the genera Metschnikowia and Saccharomyces trended larger, while several species in the order Saccharomycetales, which includes S. cerevisiae, exhibited lower GC content. Extreme examples for both size and GC content were scattered throughout the subphylum. All mitochondrial genomes shared a core set of protein-coding genes for Complexes III, IV, and V, but they varied in the presence or absence of mitochondrially-encoded canonical Complex I genes. We traced the loss of Complex I genes to a major event in the ancestor of the orders Saccharomycetales and Saccharomycodales, but we also observed several independent losses in the orders Phaffomycetales, Pichiales, and Dipodascales. In contrast to prior hypotheses based on smaller-scale datasets, comparison of evolutionary rates in protein-coding genes showed no bias towards elevated rates among aerobically fermenting (Crabtree/Warburg-positive) yeasts. Mitochondrial introns were widely distributed, but they were highly enriched in some groups. The majority of mitochondrial introns were poorly conserved within groups, but several were shared within groups, between groups, and even across taxonomic orders, which is consistent with horizontal gene transfer, likely involving homing endonucleases acting as selfish elements. As the number of available fungal nuclear genomes continues to expand, the methods described here to retrieve mitochondrial genome sequences from these datasets will prove invaluable to ensuring that studies of fungal mitochondrial genomes keep pace with their nuclear counterparts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.28.551029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Genome Diversity across the Subphylum Saccharomycotina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved modeling of human vision by incorporating robustness to blur in convolutional neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.29.551089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whenever a visual scene is cast onto the retina, much of it will appear degraded due to poor resolution in the periphery; moreover, optical defocus can cause blur in central vision. However, the pervasiveness of blurry or degraded input is typically overlooked in the training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We hypothesized that the absence of blurry training inputs may cause CNNs to rely excessively on high spatial frequency information for object recognition, thereby causing systematic deviations from biological vision. We evaluated this hypothesis by comparing standard CNNs with CNNs trained on a combination of clear and blurry images. We show that blur-trained CNNs outperform standard CNNs at predicting neural responses to objects across a variety of viewing conditions. Moreover, blur-trained CNNs acquire increased sensitivity to shape information and greater robustness to multiple forms of visual noise, leading to improved correspondence with human perception. Our results provide novel neurocomputational evidence that blurry visual experiences are very important for conferring robustness to biological visual systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.29.551089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved modeling of human vision by incorporating robustness to blur in convolutional neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flavinated SDHA Underlies the Change in Intrinsic Optical Properties of Oral Cancers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The molecular basis of reduced autofluorescence in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells relative to normal cells has been speculated to be due to lower levels of free flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). This speculation, along with differences in the intrinsic optical properties of extracellular collagen, lie at the foundation of the design of currently-used clinical optical detection devices. Here, we report that free FAD levels may not account for differences in autofluorescence of OSCC cells, but that the differences relate to FAD as a co-factor for flavination. Autofluorescence from a 70 kDa flavoprotein, succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA), was found to be responsible for changes in optical properties within the FAD spectral region with lower levels of flavinated SDHA in OSCC cells. Since flavinated SDHA is required for functional complexation with succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB), decreased SDHB levels were observed in human OSCC tissue relative to normal tissues. Accordingly, the metabolism of OSCC cells was found to be significantly altered relative to normal cells, revealing vulnerabilities for both diagnosis and targeted therapy. Optimizing non-invasive tools based on optical and metabolic signatures of cancers will enable more precise and early diagnosis leading to improved outcomes in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marumo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maduka, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ural, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apu, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibahara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contag, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flavinated SDHA Underlies the Change in Intrinsic Optical Properties of Oral Cancers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexibility and distributive synthesis regulate RNA priming and handoff in human DNA polymerase α-primase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.01.551538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication in eukaryotes relies on the synthesis of a [~]30-nucleotide RNA/DNA primer strand through the dual action of the heterotetrameric polymerase -primase (pol-prim) enzyme. Synthesis of the 7-10-nucleotide RNA primer is regulated by the C-terminal domain of the primase regulatory subunit (PRIM2C) and is followed by intramolecular handoff of the primer to pol  for extension by [~]20 nucleotides of DNA. Here we provide evidence that RNA primer synthesis is governed by a combination of the high affinity and flexible linkage of the PRIM2C domain and the low affinity of the primase catalytic domain (PRIM1) for substrate. Using a combination of small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy, we found significant variability in the organization of PRIM2C and PRIM1 in the absence and presence of substrate, and that the population of structures with both PRIM2C and PRIM1 in a configuration aligned for synthesis is low. Crosslinking was used to visualize the orientation of PRIM2C and PRIM1 when engaged by substrate as observed by electron microscopy. Microscale thermophoresis was used to measure substrate affinities for a series of pol-prim constructs, which showed that the PRIM1 catalytic domain does not bind the template or emergent RNA-primed templates with appreciable affinity. Together, these findings support a model of RNA primer synthesis in which generation of the nascent RNA strand and handoff of the RNA-primed template from primase to polymerase  is mediated by the high degree of inter-domain flexibility of pol-prim, the ready dissociation of PRIM1 from its substrate, and the much higher affinity of the POLA1cat domain of polymerase  for full-length RNA-primed templates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordoba, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salay, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.551538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexibility and distributive synthesis regulate RNA priming and handoff in human DNA polymerase α-primase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EZH2 inhibition sensitizes IDH1R132H mutant gliomas to histone deacetylase inhibitor. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.31.551045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) is commonly mutated in lower grade diffuse gliomas. The IDH1R132H mutation is an important diagnostic tool for tumor diagnosis and prognosis, however its role in glioma development, and its impact on response to therapy, is not fully understood. We developed a murine model of proneural IDH1R132H mutated glioma that shows elevated production of 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and increased tri-methylation of lysine residue K27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) compared to IDH1 wild-type tumors. We found that using Tazemetostat to inhibit the methyltransferase for H3K27, Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2), reduced H3K27me3 levels and increased acetylation on H3K27. We also found that, although the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Panobinostat was less cytotoxic in IDH1R132H mutated cells (either isolated from murine glioma or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells infected in vitro with a retrovirus expressing IDH1R132H) compared to IDH1-wildtype cells, combination treatment with Tazemetostat is synergistic in both mutant and wildtype models. These findings indicate a novel therapeutic strategy for IDH1-mutated gliomas that targets the specific epigenetic alteration in these tumors.

Main PointsMurine gliomas initiated by the IDH1R132H mutation (in the presence of additional genetic alterations, such as p53 loss and PDGF overexpression) recapitulate the metabolic and transcriptional features of the proneural subtype, as they are characterized by increased 2HG levels, and are enriched for OPC lineage-restricted genes compared to IDH-wildtype murine gliomas. In murine IDH1-R132H glioma cells, EZH2 inhibition is not cytotoxic as a monotherapy but reduces levels of H3K27me3 and increases levels of H3K27ac. IDH1R132H cells are relatively resistant to Panobinostat cytotoxicity compared to IDH-wildtype cells, but combining treatment with EZH2 inhibition synergistically kills glioma cells and increases H3K27ac.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprinzen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyayula, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinones-Hinojosa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casaccia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canoll, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EZH2 inhibition sensitizes IDH1R132H mutant gliomas to histone deacetylase inhibitor.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Basis of Cell Membrane Adaptation in Daptomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.02.551704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daptomycin is a last-resort lipopeptide antibiotic that disrupts cell membrane (CM) and peptidoglycan homeostasis. Enterococcus faecalis has developed a sophisticated mechanism to avoid daptomycin killing by re-distributing CM anionic phospholipids away from the septum. The CM changes are orchestrated by a three-component regulatory system, designated LiaFSR, with a possible contribution of cardiolipin synthase (Cls). However, the mechanism by which LiaFSR controls the CM response and the role of Cls are unknown. Here, we show that cardiolipin synthase activity is essential for anionic phospholipid redistribution and daptomycin resistance since deletion of the two genes (cls1 and cls2) encoding Cls abolished CM remodeling. We identified LiaY, a transmembrane protein regulated by LiaFSR, as an important mediator of CM remodeling required for re-distribution of anionic phospholipid microdomains via interactions with Cls1. Together, our insights provide a mechanistic framework on the enterococcal response to cell envelope antibiotics that could be exploited therapeutically.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panesso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polamraju, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mileykovskaya, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vitrac, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.02.551704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Basis of Cell Membrane Adaptation in Daptomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A molecular atlas of adult C. elegans motor neurons reveals ancient diversity delineated by conserved transcription factor codes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Motor neurons (MNs) constitute an ancient cell type targeted by multiple adult-onset diseases. It is therefore important to define the molecular makeup of adult MNs in animal models and extract organizing principles. Here, we generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of adult Caenorhabditis elegans MNs and a searchable database (http://celegans.spinalcordatlas.org). Single-cell RNA-sequencing of 13,200 cells revealed that ventral nerve cord MNs cluster into 29 molecularly distinct subclasses. All subclasses are delineated by unique expression codes of either neuropeptide or transcription factor gene families. Strikingly, we found that combinatorial codes of homeodomain transcription factor genes define adult MN diversity both in C. elegans and mice. Further, molecularly defined MN subclasses in C. elegans display distinct patterns of connectivity. Hence, our study couples the connectivity map of the C. elegans motor circuit with a molecular atlas of its constituent MNs, and uncovers organizing principles and conserved molecular codes of adult MN diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kratsios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A molecular atlas of adult C. elegans motor neurons reveals ancient diversity delineated by conserved transcription factor codes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultrasound Imaging Enables Longitudinal Tracking of Vascular Changes that Correlate with Immune Cell Infiltration After Radiotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.552076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWhile immunotherapy shows great promise in patients with triple negative breast cancer, many will not respond to treatment. Radiotherapy has the potential to prime the tumor-immune microenvironment for immunotherapy. However, predicting response is difficult due to tumor heterogeneity across patients, which necessitates personalized medicine strategies that incorporate tumor tracking into the therapeutic approach. Here, we investigated the use of ultrasound (US) imaging of the tumor vasculature to monitor the tumor response to treatment.

MethodsWe utilized ultrafast power doppler US to track the vascular response to radiotherapy over time. We used 4T1 (metastatic) and 67NR (non-metastatic) breast cancer models to determine if US measurements corroborate conventional immunostaining analysis of the tumor vasculature. To evaluate the effects of radiation, tumor volume and vascular index were calculated using US, and the correlation between vascular changes and immune cell infiltration was determined.

ResultsUS tumor measurements and the quantified vascular response to radiation were confirmed with caliper measurements and immunostaining, respectively, demonstrating a proof-of-principle method for non-invasive vascular monitoring. Additionally, we found significant infiltration of CD8+ T cells into irradiated tumors 10 days after radiation, which followed a sustained decline in vascular index and an increase in splenic CD8+ T cells that was first observed 1 day post-radiation.

ConclusionsOur findings reveal that ultrafast power doppler US can evaluate changes in tumor vasculature that are indicative of shifts in the tumor-immune microenvironment. This work may lead to improved patient outcomes through observing and predicting response to therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martello, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusunose, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hacker, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeaux, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caskey, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.552076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultrasound Imaging Enables Longitudinal Tracking of Vascular Changes that Correlate with Immune Cell Infiltration After Radiotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Approximating conformational Boltzmann distributions with AlphaFold2 predictions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.06.552168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein dynamics are intimately tied to biological function and can enable processes such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, and molecular recognition. The relative free energies of conformations that contribute to these functional equilibria are evolved for the physiology of the organism. Despite the importance of these equilibria for understanding biological function and developing treatments for disease, the computational and experimental methods capable of quantifying them are limited to systems of modest size. Here, we demonstrate that AlphaFold2 contact distance distributions can approximate conformational Boltzmann distributions, which we evaluate through examination of the joint probability distributions of inter-residue contact distances along functionally relevant collective variables of several protein systems. Further, we show that contact distance probability distributions generated by AlphaFold2 are sensitive to points mutations thus AF2 can predict the structural effects of mutations in some systems. We anticipate that our approach will be a valuable tool to model the thermodynamics of conformational changes in large biomolecular systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Approximating conformational Boltzmann distributions with AlphaFold2 predictions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhancing Fairness in Disease Prediction with Optimizing Multiple Domain Adversarial Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.04.551906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive models in biomedicine need to ensure equitable and reliable outcomes for the populations they are applied to. Unfortunately, biases in medical predictions can lead to unfair treatment and widening disparities, underscoring the need for effective techniques to address these issues. To enhance fairness, we introduce a framework based on a Multiple Domain Adversarial Neural Network (MDANN), which incorporates multiple adversarial components. In an MDANN, an adversarial module is applied to learn a fair pattern by negative gradients back-propagating across multiple sensitive features (i.e., characteristics of individuals that should not be used to discriminate unfairly between individuals when making predictions or decisions.) We leverage loss functions based on the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) to address the class imbalance, promoting equitable classification performance for minority groups (e.g., a subset of the population that is underrepresented or disadvantaged.) Moreover, we utilize pre-trained convolutional autoencoders (CAEs) to extract deep representations of data, aiming to enhance prediction accuracy and fairness. Combining these mechanisms, we alleviate biases and disparities to provide reliable and equitable disease prediction. We empirically demonstrate that the MDANN approach leads to better accuracy and fairness in predicting disease progression using brain imaging data for Alzheimers Disease and Autism populations than state-of-the-art techniques.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinag, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmanci, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhancing Fairness in Disease Prediction with Optimizing Multiple Domain Adversarial Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A convolutional neural network estimation of brain age is sensitive to cognitive impairment and decline 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The greatest known risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD) is age. While both normal aging and AD pathology involve structural changes in the brain, their trajectories of atrophy are not the same. Recent developments in artificial intelligence have encouraged studies to leverage neuroimaging-derived measures and deep learning approaches to predict brain age, which has shown promise as a sensitive biomarker in diagnosing and monitoring AD. However, prior efforts primarily involved structural magnetic resonance imaging and conventional diffusion MRI (dMRI) metrics without accounting for partial volume effects. To address this issue, we post-processed our dMRI scans with an advanced free-water (FW) correction technique to compute distinct FW-corrected fractional anisotropy (FAFWcorr) and FW maps that allow for the separation of tissue from fluid in a scan. We built 3 densely connected neural networks from FW-corrected dMRI, T1-weighted MRI, and combined FW+T1 features, respectively, to predict brain age. We then investigated the relationship of actual age and predicted brain ages with cognition. We found that all models accurately predicted actual age in cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls (FW: r=0.66, p=1.62x10-32; T1: r=0.61, p=1.45x10-26, FW+T1: r=0.77, p=6.48x10-50) and distinguished between CU and mild cognitive impairment participants (FW: p=0.006; T1: p=0.048; FW+T1: p=0.003), with FW+T1-derived age showing best performance. Additionally, all predicted brain age models were significantly associated with cross-sectional cognition (memory, FW: {beta}=-1.094, p=6.32x10-7; T1: {beta}=-1.331, p=6.52x10-7; FW+T1: {beta}=-1.476, p=2.53x10-10; executive function, FW: {beta}=-1.276, p=1.46x10-9; T1: {beta}=-1.337, p=2.52x10-7; FW+T1: {beta}=-1.850, p=3.85x10-17) and longitudinal cognition (memory, FW: {beta}=-0.091, p=4.62x10-11; T1: {beta}=-0.097, p=1.40x10-8; FW+T1: {beta}=-0.101, p=1.35x10-11; executive function, FW: {beta}=-0.125, p=1.20x10-10; T1: {beta}=-0.163, p=4.25x10-12; FW+T1: {beta}=-0.158, p=1.65x10-14). Our findings provide evidence that both T1-weighted MRI and dMRI measures improve brain age prediction and support predicted brain age as a sensitive biomarker of cognition and cognitive decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashikumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A convolutional neural network estimation of brain age is sensitive to cognitive impairment and decline]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic islet α cell function and proliferation requires the arginine transporter SLC7A2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interrupting glucagon signaling decreases gluconeogenesis and the fractional extraction of amino acids by liver from blood resulting in lower glycemia. The resulting hyperaminoacidemia stimulates  cell proliferation and glucagon secretion via a liver- cell axis. We hypothesized that  cells detect and respond to circulating amino acids levels via a unique amino acid transporter repertoire. We found that Slc7a2ISLC7A2 is the most highly expressed cationic amino acid transporter in  cells with its expression being three-fold greater in  than {beta} cells in both mouse and human. Employing cell culture, zebrafish, and knockout mouse models, we found that the cationic amino acid arginine and SLC7A2 are required for  cell proliferation in response to interrupted glucagon signaling. Ex vivo and in vivo assessment of islet function in Slc7a2-/- mice showed decreased arginine-stimulated glucagon and insulin secretion. We found that arginine activation of mTOR signaling and induction of the glutamine transporter SLC38A5 was dependent on SLC7A2, showing that boths role in  cell proliferation is dependent on arginine transport and SLC7A2. Finally, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in SLC7A2 associated with HbA1c. Together, these data indicate a central role for SLC7A2 in amino acid-stimulated  cell proliferation and islet hormone secretion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spears, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellick, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sloop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attie, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic islet α cell function and proliferation requires the arginine transporter SLC7A2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the functional form of the trade-off between infection resistance and reproductive fitness under dysregulated immune signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune responses benefit organismal fitness by clearing parasites but also exact costs associated with immunopathology and energetic investment. Hosts manage these costs by tightly regulating the induction of immune signaling to curtail excessive responses and restore homeostasis. Despite the theoretical importance of turning off the immune response to mitigate these costs, experimentally connecting variation in the negative regulation of immune responses to organismal fitness remains a frontier in evolutionary immunology. In this study, we used a doseresponse approach to manipulate the RNAi-mediated knockdown efficiency of cactus (I{kappa}B), a central regulator of Toll pathway signal transduction in flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum). By titrating cactus activity along a continuous gradient, we derived the shape of the relationship between immune response investment and traits associated with host fitness, including infection susceptibility, lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and gut homeostasis. Cactus knock-down increased the overall magintude of inducible immune responses and delayed their resolution in a dsRNA dose-dependent manner, promoting survival and resistance following bacterial infection. However, these benefits were counterbalanced by dsRNA dose-dependent costs to lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and gut integrity. Our results allowed us to move beyond the qualitative identification of a trade-off between immune investment and fitness to actually derive its functional form. This approach paves the way to quantitatively compare the evolution and impact of distinct regulatory elements on life-history trade-offs and fitness, filling a crucial gap in our conceptual and theoretical models of immune signaling network evolution and the maintenance of natural variation in immune systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Critchlow, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the functional form of the trade-off between infection resistance and reproductive fitness under dysregulated immune signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MidRISH: Unbiased harmonization of rotationally invariant harmonics of the diffusion signal 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.12.553099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveData harmonization is necessary for removing confounding effects in multi-site diffusion image analysis. One such harmonization method, LinearRISH, scales rotationally invariant spherical harmonic (RISH) features from one site ("target") to the second ("reference") to reduce confounding scanner effects. However, reference and target site designations are not arbitrary and resultant diffusion metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity) are biased by this choice. In this work we propose MidRISH: rather than scaling reference RISH features to target RISH features, we project both sites to a mid-space.

MethodsWe validate MidRISH with the following experiments: harmonizing scanner differences from 37 matched patients free of cognitive impairment, and harmonizing acquisition and study differences on 117 matched patients free of cognitive impairment.

ConclusionMidRISH reduces bias of reference selection while preserving harmonization efficacy of LinearRISH.

SignificanceUsers should be cautious when performing LinearRISH harmonization. To select a reference site is to choose diffusion metric effect-size. Our proposed method eliminates the bias-inducing site selection step.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newlin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanakaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beason-Held, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.12.553099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MidRISH: Unbiased harmonization of rotationally invariant harmonics of the diffusion signal]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.552748v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of allosteric modulation ofmetabotropic glutamate receptor activation and desensitization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.552748v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are neuromodulatory family C G protein coupled receptors which assemble as dimers and allosterically couple extracellular ligand binding domains (LBDs) to transmembrane domains (TMDs) to drive intracellular signaling. Pharmacologically, mGluRs can be targeted either at the LBDs by glutamate and synthetic orthosteric compounds or at the TMDs by allosteric modulators. Despite the potential of allosteric TMD-targeting compounds as therapeutics, an understanding of the functional and structural basis of their effects on mGluRs is limited. Here we use a battery of approaches to dissect the distinct functional and structural effects of orthosteric versus allosteric ligands. We find using electrophysiological and live cell imaging assays that both agonists and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) can drive activation and desensitization of mGluRs. The effects of PAMs are pleiotropic, including both the ability to boost the maximal response to orthosteric agonists and to serve independently as desensitization-biased agonists across mGluR subtypes. Conformational sensors reveal PAM-driven inter-subunit re-arrangements at both the LBD and TMD. Motivated by this, we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of mGluR3 in the presence of either an agonist or antagonist alone or in combination with a PAM. These structures reveal PAM-driven re-shaping of intra- and inter-subunit conformations and provide evidence for a rolling TMD dimer interface activation pathway that controls G protein and beta-arrestin coupling.

Highlights-Agonists and PAMs drive mGluR activation, desensitization, and endocytosis

-PAMs are desensitization-biased and synergistic with agonists

-Four combinatorial ligand conditions reveal an ensemble of full-length mGluR structures with novel interfaces

-Activation and desensitization involve rolling TMD interfaces which are re-shaped by PAM
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strauss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Hernandez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abreu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvakumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Estrada, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kristt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marx, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilliland, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melancon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filizola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyerson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.552748</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of allosteric modulation ofmetabotropic glutamate receptor activation and desensitization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LiaX is a surrogate marker for cell-envelope stress and daptomycin non-susceptibility in Enterococcus faecium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.18.553907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Daptomycin (DAP) is often used as a first line therapy to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) infections but emergence of DAP non-susceptibility threatens the effectiveness of this antibiotic. Moreover, current methods to determine DAP MICs have poor reproducibility and accuracy. In enterococci, DAP resistance is mediated by the LiaFSR cell membrane stress response system and deletion of liaR encoding the response regulator results in hypersusceptibility to DAP and antimicrobial peptides. The main genes regulated by LiaR are a cluster of three genes, designated liaXYZ. In Enterococcus faecalis, LiaX is surface exposed with a C-terminus that functions as a negative regulator of cell membrane remodeling and an N-terminal domain that is released to the extracellular medium where it binds DAP. Thus, in E. faecalis, LiaX functions as a sentinel molecule recognizing DAP and controlling the cell membrane response, but less is known about LiaX in E. faecium. Here, we found that liaX is essential in E. faecium (Efm) with an activated LiaFSR system. Unlike E. faecalis, Efm LiaX is not detected in the extracellular milieu and does not appear to alter phospholipid architecture. We further postulated that LiaX could be used as a surrogate marker for cell envelope activation and non-susceptibility to DAP. For this purpose, we developed and optimized a LiaX ELISA. We then assessed 86 clinical E. faecium BSI isolates for DAP MICs and used whole genome sequencing to assess for substitutions in LiaX. All DAP-R clinical strains of E. faecium exhibited elevated LiaX levels. Strikingly, 73% of DAP-S isolates by standard MIC determination had elevated LiaX ELISAs above the established cut-off. Phylogenetic analyses of predicted amino acid substitutions showed 12 different variants of LiaX without a specific association with DAP MIC or LiaX ELISA values. Our findings also suggest that many Efm isolates that test DAP susceptible by standard MIC determination are likely to have an activated cell stress response that may predispose to DAP failure. As LiaX appears to be essential for the cell envelope response to DAP, its detection could prove useful to improve the accuracy of susceptibility testing by anticipating therapeutic failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Axell-House, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simar, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panesso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rincon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pemberton, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valdez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rydell, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeTranaltes, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atterstrom, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahasrabhojanec, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suleyman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zervos, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelburne, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamoo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.18.553907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LiaX is a surrogate marker for cell-envelope stress and daptomycin non-susceptibility in Enterococcus faecium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Caloric restriction promotes beta cell longevity and delays aging and senescence by enhancing cell identity and homeostasis mechanisms. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.23.554369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caloric restriction (CR) extends organismal lifespan and health span by improving glucose homeostasis mechanisms. How CR affects organellar structure and function of pancreatic beta cells over the lifetime of the animal remains unknown. Here, we used single nucleus transcriptomics to show that CR increases the expression of genes for beta cell identity, protein processing, and organelle homeostasis. Gene regulatory network analysis link this transcriptional phenotype to transcription factors involved in beta cell identity (Mafa) and homeostasis (Atf6). Imaging metabolomics further demonstrates that CR beta cells are more energetically competent. In fact, high-resolution light and electron microscopy indicates that CR reduces beta cell mitophagy and increases mitochondria mass, increasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Finally, we show that long-term CR delays the onset of beta cell aging and senescence to promote longevity by reducing beta cell turnover. Therefore, CR could be a feasible approach to preserve compromised beta cells during aging and diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, C. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lev-Ram, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acree, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerinck, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzer, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.23.554369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Caloric restriction promotes beta cell longevity and delays aging and senescence by enhancing cell identity and homeostasis mechanisms.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.553365v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phylogenetic approach to explore the Aspergillus fumigatus conidial surface-associated proteome and its role in pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.553365v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fumigatus, an important pulmonary fungal pathogen causing several diseases collectively called aspergillosis, relies on asexual spores or conidia for initiating host infection. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to compare proteins in the conidial surface of A. fumigatus, two closely related non-pathogenic species, Aspergillus fischeri and Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, and the cryptic pathogen Aspergillus lentulus. After identifying 62 proteins uniquely expressed on the A. fumigatus conidial surface, we deleted 42 genes encoding conidial proteins. We found deletion of 33 of these genes altered susceptibility to macrophage killing, penetration and damage to epithelial cells, and cytokine production. Notably, a gene that encodes glycosylasparaginase, which modulates levels of the host pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1{beta}, is important for infection in an immunocompetent murine model of fungal disease. These results suggest that A. fumigatus conidial surface proteins and effectors are important for evasion and modulation of the immune response at the onset of fungal infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinzan, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rhijn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Earle, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horta, M. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kniemeyer, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krüger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pschibul, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coemert, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinekamp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brakhage, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filler, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Rosa-Garzon, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deljabe, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeli, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmisano, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibrahim, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gago, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.22.553365</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phylogenetic approach to explore the Aspergillus fumigatus conidial surface-associated proteome and its role in pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554866v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent Pairwise Epistasis in the Context of Unstable Membrane Protein Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554866v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many membrane proteins are prone to misfolding, which compromises their functional expression at the plasma membrane. This is particularly true for the mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor GPCRs (GnRHR). We recently demonstrated that evolutionary GnRHR modifications appear to have coincided with adaptive changes in cotranslational folding efficiency. Though protein stability is known to shape evolution, it is unclear how cotranslational folding constraints modulate the synergistic, epistatic interactions between mutations. We therefore compared the pairwise interactions formed by mutations that disrupt the membrane topology (V276T) or tertiary structure (W107A) of GnRHR. Using deep mutational scanning, we evaluated how the plasma membrane expression of these variants is modified by hundreds of secondary mutations. An analysis of 251 mutants in three genetic backgrounds reveals that V276T and W107A form distinct epistatic interactions that depend on both the severity and the mechanism of destabilization. V276T forms predominantly negative epistatic interactions with destabilizing mutations in soluble loops. In contrast, W107A forms positive interactions with mutations in both loops and transmembrane domains that reflect the diminishing impacts of the destabilizing mutations in variants that are already unstable. These findings reveal how epistasis is remodeled by conformational defects in membrane proteins and in unstable proteins more generally.

Impact StatementMany of the synergistic interactions between mutations within a gene are modified in the context of unstable proteins in a manner that depends on how the variants promote misfolding in the cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chamness, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penn, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmerich, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rusch, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyotima,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554866</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent Pairwise Epistasis in the Context of Unstable Membrane Protein Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Utilizing Mentorship Education to Promote a Culturally Responsive Research Training Environment in the Biomedical Sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.25.554846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is an urgent and compelling need for systemic change to achieve diversity and inclusion goals in the biomedical sciences. Since faculty hold great influence in shaping research training environments, faculty development is a key aspect in building institutional capacity to create climates in which persons excluded because of their ethnicity or race (PEERs) can succeed. In this paper, we present a mixed methods case study of one institutions efforts to improve mentorship of PEER doctoral students as a strategy to improve graduate trainees experiences, and as a strategy to positively affect institutional climate with respect to racial and ethnic diversity. We found evidence that our culturally responsive mentorship education increased faculty mentors self-reported mentorship competencies, though their valuing of culturally responsive mentoring behaviors were comparatively higher than their confidence to enact those behaviors. PEER doctoral students reported that they noticed mentors efforts to address cultural diversity matters and identified some guidance for how to approach such topics. We discuss future directions and implications for using mentorship education to activate systemic change toward inclusive research training environments and promoting the value of mentorship within institutions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byars-Winston, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sancheznieto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfund, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sealy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.25.554846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Utilizing Mentorship Education to Promote a Culturally Responsive Research Training Environment in the Biomedical Sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convolutional neural network models of neuronal responses in macaque V1 reveal limited non-linear processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models of the primary visual cortex (V1) have suggested that V1 neurons behave like Gabor filters followed by simple non-linearities. However, recent work employing convolutional neural network (CNN) models has suggested that V1 relies on far more non-linear computations than previously thought. Specifically, unit responses in an intermediate layer of VGG-19 were found to best predict macaque V1 responses to thousands of natural and synthetic images. Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that the poor performance of lower-layer units in VGG-19 might be attributable to their small receptive field size rather than to their lack of complexity per se. We compared VGG-19 with AlexNet, which has much larger receptive fields in its lower layers. Whereas the best-performing layer of VGG-19 occurred after seven non-linear steps, the first convolutional layer of AlexNet best predicted V1 responses. Although VGG-19s predictive accuracy was somewhat better than standard AlexNet, we found that a modified version of AlexNet could match VGG-19s performance after only a few non-linear computations. Control analyses revealed that decreasing the size of the input images caused the best-performing layer of VGG-19 to shift to a lower layer, consistent with the hypothesis that the relationship between image size and receptive field size can strongly affect model performance. We conducted additional analyses using a Gabor pyramid model to test for non-linear contributions of normalization and contrast saturation. Overall, our findings suggest that the feedforward responses of V1 neurons can be well explained by assuming only a few non-linear processing stages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miao, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.554952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convolutional neural network models of neuronal responses in macaque V1 reveal limited non-linear processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local organization of spatial and shape information during working memory in the primate prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.26.554962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current understanding of sensory and motor cortical areas has been defined by the existence of topographical maps across the brain surface, however, higher cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, seem to lack an equivalent organization, and only limited evidence of functional clustering of neurons with similar stimulus properties is evident in them. We thus sought to examine whether neurons that represent similar spatial and object information are clustered in the monkey prefrontal cortex and whether such an organization only emerges as a result of training. To this end, we analyzed neurophysiological recordings from male macaque monkeys before and after training in spatial and shape working memory tasks. Neurons with similar spatial or shape selectivity were more likely than chance to be encountered at short distances from each other. Some aspects of organization were present even in naive animals, however other changes appeared after cognitive training. Our results reveal that prefrontal microstructure automatically supports orderly representations of spatial and object information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.26.554962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local organization of spatial and shape information during working memory in the primate prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555250v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555250v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several egress pathways have been defined for many viruses. Among these pathways, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to function as vehicles of non-lytic viral egress. EVs are heterogenous populations of membrane-bound structures released from cells as a form of intercellular communication. EV-mediated viral egress may enable immune evasion and collective viral transport. Strains of nonenveloped mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) differ in cell lysis phenotypes, with T3D disrupting cell membranes more efficiently than T1L. However, mechanisms of reovirus egress and the influence of transport strategy on infection are only partially understood. To elucidate reovirus egress mechanisms, we infected murine fibroblasts (L cells) and non-polarized human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells with T1L or T3D reovirus and enriched cell culture supernatants for large EVs, medium EVs, small EVs, and free reovirus. We found that both reovirus strains exit cells in association with large and medium EVs and as free virus particles, and that EV-enriched fractions are infectious. While reovirus visually associates with large and medium EVs, only medium EVs offer protection from antibody-mediated neutralization. EV-mediated protection from neutralization is virus strain- and cell type-specific, as medium EVs enriched from L cell supernatants protect T1L and T3D, while medium EVs enriched from Caco-2 cell supernatants largely fail to protect T3D and only protect T1L efficiently. Using genetically barcoded reovirus, we provide evidence that large and medium EVs can convey multiple particles to recipient cells. Finally, T1L or T3D infection increases the release of all EV sizes from L cells. Together, these findings suggest that in addition to exiting cells as free particles, reovirus promotes egress from distinct cell types in association with large and medium EVs during lytic or non-lytic infection, a mode of exit that can mediate multiparticle infection and, in some cases, protection from antibody neutralization.

AUTHOR SUMMARYThe exit strategy that many viruses use to escape cells is unknown. Reovirus is a nonenveloped human virus and an ideal model system to understand virus exit strategies and their inluence on infection. We found that two different reovirus strains, one that disrupts cell membranes and one that leaves cells largely intact, increase the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cells. Both reovirus strains are released from cells as free particles and in association with EVs, which are membrane-bound structures that function in cell-to-cell communication. Depending on cell type and virus type, EVs can act like an  invisibility cloak that shields reovirus from antibodies. EVs can also bundle and ferry reovirus particles between cells. Although we used cells to examine the effects of reovirus association with EVs, it is possible that in mammalian hosts, EVs may shield reovirus from immune defenses and promote more efficient transmission and infection through a  strength-in-numbers strategy. Future work building on these findings will test the biological significance of EV-enclosed reovirus and may inform delivery strategies for oncolytic reoviruses to tumor sites. Broadly, these findings enhance our understanding of virus egress strategies and infection principles that may apply to other viruses that travel in EVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555250</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 binds dynein directly to hijack microtubule transport machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses exploit host cytoskeletal elements and motor proteins for trafficking through the dense cytoplasm. Yet the molecular mechanism that describes how viruses connect to the motor machinery is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the first example of viral microtubule trafficking from purified components: HIV-1 hijacking microtubule transport machinery. We discover that HIV-1 directly binds to the retrograde microtubule-associated motor, dynein, and not via a cargo adaptor, as previously suggested. Moreover, we show that HIV-1 motility is supported by multiple, diverse dynein cargo adaptors as HIV-1 binds to dynein light and intermediate chains on dyneins tail. Further, we demonstrate that multiple dynein motors tethered to rigid cargoes, like HIV-1 capsids, display reduced motility, distinct from the behavior of multiple motors on membranous cargoes. Our results introduce a new model of viral trafficking wherein a pathogen opportunistically  hijacks the microtubule transport machinery for motility, enabling multiple transport pathways through the host cytoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badieyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giessen, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 binds dynein directly to hijack microtubule transport machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Saccharomycotina yeasts defy longstanding macroecological patterns 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Saccharomycotina yeasts ("yeasts" hereafter) are a fungal clade of scientific, economic, and medical significance. Yeasts are highly ecologically diverse, found across a broad range of environments in every biome and continent on earth1; however, little is known about what rules govern the macroecology of yeast species and their range limits in the wild2. Here, we trained machine learning models on 12,221 occurrence records and 96 environmental variables to infer global distribution maps for 186 yeast species ([~]15% of described species from 75% of orders) and to test environmental drivers of yeast biogeography and macroecology. We found that predicted yeast diversity hotspots occur in mixed montane forests in temperate climates. Diversity in vegetation type and topography were some of the greatest predictors of yeast species richness, suggesting that microhabitats and environmental clines are key to yeast diversification. We further found that range limits in yeasts are significantly influenced by carbon niche breadth and range overlap with other yeast species, with carbon specialists and species in high diversity environments exhibiting reduced geographic ranges. Finally, yeasts contravene many longstanding macroecological principles, including the latitudinal diversity gradient, temperature-dependent species richness, and latitude-dependent range size (Rapoports rule). These results unveil how the environment governs the global diversity and distribution of species in the yeast subphylum. These high-resolution models of yeast species distributions will facilitate the prediction of economically relevant and emerging pathogenic species under current and future climate scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Saccharomycotina yeasts defy longstanding macroecological patterns]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Exposure to adversity during early life is linked to lasting detrimental effects on evolutionary fitness across many taxa. However, due to the challenges of collecting longitudinal data, especially in species where one sex disperses, direct evidence from long-lived species remains relatively scarce. Here we test the effects of early life adversity on male and female longevity in a free-ranging population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. We leveraged six decades of data to quantify the relative importance of ten forms of early life adversity for 6,599 macaques (3,230 male, 3,369 female), with a smaller sample size (N=299) for one form of adversity (maternal social isolation) which required high-resolution behavioral data. We found that individuals who experienced more early life adversity died earlier than those who experienced less adversity. Mortality risk was highest during early life, defined as birth to four years old, suggesting acute survival effects of adversity, but heightened mortality risk was also present in macaques who survived to adulthood. Females and males were affected differently by some forms of adversity, and these differences might be driven by varying energetic demands, female philopatry, and male dispersal. By leveraging data on thousands of macaques collected over decades, our results show that the fitness consequences of early life adversity are not uniform across individuals but vary as a function of the type of adversity, timing, and social context, and thus contribute to our limited but growing understanding of the evolution of early life sensitivities in long-lived species.

Significance Statement

Exposure to early life adversity, even when conditions subsequently improve, can have profound and persistent consequences for human health. Negative effects of early life adversity appear widespread across the animal kingdom. To date, however, direct evidence from long-lived species is relatively scarce due to the difficulties of collecting data from early life till death. We leverage six decades of observations on thousands of free-ranging male and female rhesus macaques to examine the complex ways early life adversity impacts survival. Our results suggest that the type of adversity and life history factors intersect to impact immediate and downstream survival. By studying early life adversity across environments, cultures, contexts, and species, we can better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of early life sensitivities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patterson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andonov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arre, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negron-Del Valle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Lambides, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, L. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myostatin is a major endocrine driver of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myostatin is a paracrine myokine that regulates muscle mass in a variety of species, including humans. Here, we report a functional role for myostatin as an endocrine hormone directly promoting pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and thereby ovarian function. Previously, this FSH-stimulating role was attributed to other members of the transforming growth factor {beta} family, the activins. The results both challenge activins eponymous role in FSH synthesis and establish an endocrine axis between skeletal muscle and the pituitary gland. The data also suggest that efforts to antagonize myostatin to treat muscle wasting disorders may have unintended consequences on fertility.

One-Sentence SummaryHormone synthesis and reproduction depend on crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the pituitary gland.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ongaro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buddle, E. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brule, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castonguay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karp, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myostatin is a major endocrine driver of follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translocation of gut commensal bacteria to the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional signaling network between the intestine and the central nervous system, is crucial to the regulation of host physiology and inflammation. Recent advances suggest a strong correlation between gut dysbiosis and neurological diseases, however, relatively little is known about how gut bacteria impact the brain. Here, we reveal that gut commensal bacteria can translocate directly to the brain when mice are fed an altered diet that causes dysbiosis and intestinal permeability, and that this also occurs without diet alteration in distinct murine models of neurological disease. The bacteria were not found in other systemic sites or the blood, but were detected in the vagus nerve. Unilateral cervical vagotomy significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the brain, implicating the vagus nerve as a conduit for translocation. The presence of bacteria in the brain correlated with microglial activation, a marker of neuroinflammation, and with neural protein aggregation, a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. In at least one model, the presence of bacteria in the brain was reversible as a switch from high-fat to standard diet resulted in amelioration of intestinal permeability, led to a gradual loss of detectable bacteria in the brain, and reduced the number of neural protein aggregates. Further, in murine models of Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and autism spectrum disorder, we observed gut dysbiosis, gut leakiness, bacterial translocation to the brain, and microglial activation. These data reveal a commensal bacterial translocation axis to the brain in models of diverse neurological diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thapa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choby, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogati, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopyk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koduri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elrod, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burd, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grakoui, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translocation of gut commensal bacteria to the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Training-dependent gradients of timescales of neural dynamics in the primate prefrontal cortex and their contributions to working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical neurons exhibit multiple timescales related to dynamics of spontaneous fluctuations (intrinsic timescales) and response to task events (seasonal timescales) in addition to selectivity to task-relevant signals. These timescales increase systematically across the cortical hierarchy, e.g., from parietal to prefrontal and cingulate cortex, pointing to their role in cortical computations. It is currently unknown whether these timescales depend on training in a specific task and/or are an inherent property of neurons, and whether more fine-grained hierarchies of timescales exist within specific cortical regions. To address these questions, we analyzed single-cell recordings within five subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male macaques before and after training on a working-memory task. We found fine-grained but opposite gradients of intrinsic and seasonal timescales that mainly appeared after training. Intrinsic timescales decreased whereas seasonal timescales increased from posterior to anterior subregions within both dorsal and ventral PFC. Moreover, training was accompanied by increases in proportions of neurons that exhibited intrinsic and seasonal timescales. These effects were comparable to the emergence of response selectivity due to training. Finally, task selectivity accompanied opposite neural dynamics such that neurons with task-relevant selectivity exhibited longer intrinsic and shorter seasonal timescales. Notably, neurons with longer intrinsic and shorter seasonal timescales exhibited superior population-level coding, but these advantages extended to the delay period mainly after training. Together, our results provide evidence for plastic, fine-grained gradients of timescales within PFC that can influence both single-cell and population coding, pointing to the importance of these timescales in understanding cognition.

Significance statementRecent studies have demonstrated that neural responses exhibit dynamics with different timescales that follow a certain order or hierarchy across cortical areas. While the hierarchy of timescales is consistent across different tasks, it is unknown if these timescales emerge only after training or if they represent inherent properties of neurons. To answer this question, we estimated multiple timescales in neural response across five subregions of the monkeys lateral prefrontal cortex before and after training on a working-memory task. Our results provide evidence for fine-grained gradients related to certain neural dynamics. Moreover, we show that these timescales depend on and can be modulated by training in a cognitive task, and contribute to encoding of task-relevant information at single-cell and population levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trepka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitmaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, X.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Training-dependent gradients of timescales of neural dynamics in the primate prefrontal cortex and their contributions to working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental factors and cultural drift influence song evolution in New World Sparrows 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in bird song is often assumed to be determined by sexual selection, rather than natural selection. However, most investigations to date have drawn their conclusions from a handful of species due to the challenges with manually processing sound data. Here, we use deep machine learning to investigate nearly all species of New World Sparrows. We leverage existing data to identify the processes that structure variation in bird song and to determine how this variation corresponds to patterns in genes and traits. Song variation in ~40% of species can be explained by environment, geography, and time. Across a community and global scale, the action of natural selection on the evolution of song is at least as impactful as it is on other genetically-determined traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Provost, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstens, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental factors and cultural drift influence song evolution in New World Sparrows]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise training adaptations in liver glycogen and glycerolipids require hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regular exercise elicits adaptations in glucose and lipid metabolism that allow the body to meet energy demands of subsequent exercise bouts more effectively and mitigate metabolic diseases including fatty liver. Energy discharged during the acute exercise bouts that comprise exercise training may be a catalyst for liver adaptations. During acute exercise, liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are accelerated to supply glucose to working muscle. Lower liver energy state imposed by gluconeogenesis and related pathways activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which conserves ATP partly by promoting lipid oxidation. This study tested the hypothesis that AMPK is necessary for liver glucose and lipid adaptations to training. Liver-specific AMPK12 knockout (LAKO) and wild type (WT) mice completed sedentary and exercise training protocols. Liver nutrient fluxes were quantified at rest or during acute exercise following training. Liver metabolites and molecular regulators of metabolism were assessed. Training increased liver glycogen in WT mice, but not in LAKO mice. The inability to increase glycogen led to lower glycogenolysis, glucose production, and circulating glucose during acute exercise in trained LAKO mice. Deletion of AMPK12 attenuated training-induced declines in liver diacylglycerides. In particular, training lowered the concentration of unsaturated and elongated fatty acids comprising diacylglycerides in WT mice, but not in LAKO mice. Training increased liver triacylglycerides and the desaturation and elongation of fatty acids in triacylglycerides of LAKO mice. These lipid responses were independent of differences in tricarboxylic acid cycle fluxes. In conclusion, AMPK is required for liver training adaptations that are critical to glucose and lipid metabolism.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYThis study shows that the energy sensor and transducer, AMP-activated protein kinase, is necessary for an exercise training-induced: i) increase in liver glycogen that is necessary for accelerated glycogenolysis during exercise, ii) decrease in liver glycerolipids independent of TCA cycle flux, and iii) decline in the desaturation and elongation of fatty acids comprising liver diacylglycerides. The mechanisms defined in these studies have implications for use of regular exercise or AMPK-activators in patients with fatty liver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughey, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rome, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goelzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viollet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foretz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise training adaptations in liver glycogen and glycerolipids require hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling upregulates expression of the E protein repressors, ID1 and ID3, in pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identification of biological modulators of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression is of critical importance as it remains one of the deadliest cancers. We have previously shown that ID1 and ID3 are highly expressed in human PDAC and function to repress expression of E47 target genes involved in acinar cell differentiation and quiescence. Here, mining of large bulk RNA-seq and single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets has associated high expression of ID1 and ID3 with poor PDAC patient survival. We show that upregulated expression of ID1 and ID3 in human PDAC cells occurs in response to canonical BMP signaling through pSMAD1/5/9. Conversely, treatment with Noggin, an endogenous BMP antagonist, or with DMH1 and LDN193189, small molecule inhibitors of BMP receptors, reduced expression of ID1, ID3 and cell cycle control genes. Based on our RNA-seq and immunohistochemical analyses, upregulation of BMP signaling to ID1 and ID3 is an early event that occurs in human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and murine models of pre-neoplastic lesions induced by mutant Kras. Strikingly, the same result was observed in a murine model of pancreatitis induced by the cholecystokinin (CCK) analog caerulein. Moreover, we show that caerulein is sufficient to induce BMP signaling and expression of ID1 and ID3 in a cell-autonomous manner in non-transformed rodent exocrine pancreas cells. Together, the data suggest that canonical BMP signaling upregulates expression of ID1 and ID3 early in pancreas pathogenesis and that pancreatic cancer cells remain addicted to this important signaling circuit as the disease progresses. Future exploration of druggable targets within this pathway could be of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of pancreatitis and PDAC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Raghunathan, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scully, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrmaker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowy, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Itkin-Ansari, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling upregulates expression of the E protein repressors, ID1 and ID3, in pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.555990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propofol-mediated loss of consciousness disrupts predictive routing and local field phase modulation of neural activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.555990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive coding is a fundamental function of the cortex. The predictive routing model proposes a neurophysiological implementation for predictive coding. Predictions are fed back from deep-layer cortex via alpha/beta (8-30Hz) oscillations. They inhibit the gamma (40-100Hz) and spiking that feed sensory inputs forward. Unpredicted inputs arrive in circuits unprepared by alpha/beta, resulting in enhanced gamma and spiking. To test the predictive routing model and its role in consciousness, we collected data from intracranial recordings of macaque monkeys during passive presentation of auditory oddballs (e.g., AAAAB) before and after propofol-mediated loss of consciousness (LOC). In line with the predictive routing model, alpha/beta oscillations in the awake state served to inhibit the processing of predictable stimuli. Propofol-mediated LOC eliminated alpha/beta modulation by a predictable stimulus in sensory cortex and alpha/beta coherence between sensory and frontal areas. As a result, oddball stimuli evoked enhanced gamma power, late (> 200 ms from stimulus onset) period spiking, and superficial layer sinks in sensory cortex. Therefore, auditory cortex was in a disinhibited state during propofol-mediated LOC. However, despite these enhanced feedforward responses in auditory cortex, there was a loss of differential spiking to oddballs in higher order cortex. This may be a consequence of a loss of within-area and inter-area spike-field coupling in the alpha/beta and gamma frequency bands. These results provide strong constraints for current theories of consciousness.

Significance statementNeurophysiology studies have found alpha/beta oscillations (8-30Hz), gamma oscillations (40-100Hz), and spiking activity during cognition. Alpha/beta power has an inverse relationship with gamma power/spiking. This inverse relationship suggests that gamma/spiking are under the inhibitory control of alpha/beta. The predictive routing model hypothesizes that alpha/beta oscillations selectively inhibit (and thereby control) cortical activity that is predictable. We tested whether this inhibitory control is a signature of consciousness. We used multi-area neurophysiology recordings in monkeys presented with tone sequences that varied in predictability. We recorded brain activity as the anesthetic propofol was administered to manipulate consciousness. Compared to conscious processing, propofol-mediated unconsciousness disrupted alpha/beta inhibitory control during predictive processing. This led to a disinhibition of gamma/spiking, consistent with the predictive routing model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundqvist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahnke, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Major, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.02.555990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propofol-mediated loss of consciousness disrupts predictive routing and local field phase modulation of neural activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rosetta Energy Analysis of AlphaFold2 models: Point Mutations and Conformational Ensembles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.05.556364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There has been an explosive growth in the applications of AlphaFold2, and other structure prediction platforms, to accurately predict protein structures from a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) for downstream structural analysis. However, two outstanding questions persist in the field regarding the robustness of AlphaFold2 predictions of the consequences of point mutations and the completeness of its prediction of protein conformational ensembles. We combined our previously developed method SPEACH_AF with model relaxation and energetic analysis with Rosetta to address these questions. SPEACH_AF introduces residue substitutions across the MSA and not just within the input sequence. With respect to conformational ensembles, we combined SPEACH_AF and a new MSA subsampling method, AF_cluster, and for a benchmarked set of proteins, we found that the energetics of the conformational ensembles generated by AlphaFold2 correspond to those of experimental structures and explored by standard molecular dynamic methods. With respect to point mutations, we compared the structural and energetic consequences of having the mutation(s) in the input sequence versus in the whole MSA (SPEACH_AF). Both methods yielded models different from the wild-type sequence, with more robust changes when the mutation(s) were in the whole MSA. While our findings demonstrate the robustness of AlphaFold2 in analyzing point mutations and exploring conformational ensembles, they highlight the need for multi parameter structural and energetic analyses of these models to generate experimentally testable hypotheses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.05.556364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rosetta Energy Analysis of AlphaFold2 models: Point Mutations and Conformational Ensembles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent Sequence Features of Antiviral B Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Throughout life, humans experience repeated exposure to viral antigens through infection and vaccination, building diverse antigen-specific antibody repertoires. In recent years, these repertoires have become an important source for novel antibody-based antiviral therapeutics, yet there is still limited understanding of the determinants of antibody-antigen specificity. Here, we generated a large dataset mapping antibody sequence to antigen specificity for thousands of B cells, by screening the repertoires of a set of healthy individuals against twenty viral antigens representing diverse pathogens of biomedical significance. Analysis revealed antigen-specific patterns in variable gene usage, gene pairing, and somatic hypermutation, as well as the presence of convergent antiviral signatures across multiple individuals. These results help define the characteristics of human antibody repertoires simultaneously against an unprecedented number and diversity of viral targets. Understanding the fundamental rules of antibody-antigen interactions can lead to transformative new approaches for the development of antibody therapeutics and vaccines against current and emerging viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankhala, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joyce, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanekiyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent Sequence Features of Antiviral B Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-wide human oscillatory LFP activity during visual working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oscillatory activity is thought to be a marker of cognitive processes, although its role and distribution across the brain during working memory has been a matter of debate. To understand how oscillatory activity differentiates tasks and brain areas in humans, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in 12 adults as they performed visual-spatial and shape-matching memory tasks. Tasks were designed to engage working memory processes at a range of delay intervals between stimulus delivery and response initiation. LFPs were recorded using intracranial depth electrodes implanted to localize seizures for management of intractable epilepsy. Task-related LFP power analyses revealed an extensive network of cortical regions that were activated during the presentation of visual stimuli and during their maintenance in working memory, including occipital, parietal, temporal, insular, and prefrontal cortical areas, and subcortical structures including the amygdala and hippocampus. Across most brain areas, the appearance of a stimulus produced broadband power increase, while gamma power was evident during the delay interval of the working memory task. Notable differences between areas included that occipital cortex was characterized by elevated power in the high gamma (100-150 Hz) range during the 500 ms of visual stimulus presentation, which was less pronounced or absent in other areas. A decrease in power centered in beta frequency (16-40 Hz) was also observed after the stimulus presentation, whose magnitude differed across areas. These results reveal the interplay of oscillatory activity across a broad network, and region-specific signatures of oscillatory processes associated with visual working memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madiah, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawant, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.556554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-wide human oscillatory LFP activity during visual working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning site-invariant features of connectomes to harmonize complex network measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-site diffusion MRI data is often acquired on different scanners and with distinct protocols. Differences in hardware and acquisition result in data that contains site dependent information, which confounds connectome analyses aiming to combine such multi-site data. We propose a data-driven solution that isolates site-invariant information whilst maintaining relevant features of the connectome. We construct a latent space that is uncorrelated with the imaging site and highly correlated with patient age and a connectome summary measure. Here, we focus on network modularity. The proposed model is a conditional, variational autoencoder with three additional prediction tasks: one for patient age, and two for modularity trained exclusively on data from each site. This model enables us to 1) isolate site-invariant biological features, learn site context, and 3) re-inject site context and project biological features to desired site domains. We tested these hypotheses by projecting 77 connectomes from two studies and protocols (Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project (VMAP) and Biomarkers of Cognitive Decline Among Normal Individuals (BIOCARD) to a common site. We find that the resulting dataset of modularity has statistically similar means (p-value <0.05) across sites. In addition, we fit a linear model to the joint dataset and find that positive correlations between age and modularity were preserved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newlin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanakaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, T. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning site-invariant features of connectomes to harmonize complex network measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556881v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of functional white matter networks in BOLD fMRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556881v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
White matter signals in resting state blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance (BOLD-fMRI) have been largely discounted, yet there is growing evidence that these signals are indicative of brain activity. Understanding how these white matter signals capture function can provide insight into brain physiology. Moreover, functional signals could potentially be used as early markers for neurological changes, such as in Alzheimers Disease. To investigate white matter brain networks, we leveraged the OASIS-3 dataset to extract white matter signals from resting state BOLD-FMRI data on 711 subjects. The imaging was longitudinal with a total of 2,026 images. Hierarchical clustering was performed to investigate clusters of voxel-level correlations on the timeseries data. The stability of clusters was measured with the average Dice coefficients on two different cross fold validations. The first validated the stability between scans, and the second validated the stability between subject populations. Functional clusters at hierarchical levels 4, 9, 13, 18, and 24 had local maximum stability, suggesting better clustered white matter. In comparison with JHU-DTI-SS Type-I Atlas defined regions, clusters at lower hierarchical levels identified well defined anatomical lobes. At higher hierarchical levels, functional clusters mapped motor and memory functional regions, identifying 50.00%, 20.00%, 27.27%, and 35.14% of the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobe regions respectively.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eby, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Remedios, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556881</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of functional white matter networks in BOLD fMRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoding the Space of Protein-protein Binding Interfaces by Artificial Intelligence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.08.556812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical interactions between proteins are largely determined by the structural properties at their binding interfaces. It was found that the binding interfaces in distinctive protein complexes are highly similar. The structural properties underlying different binding interfaces could be further captured by artificial intelligence. In order to test this hypothesis, we broke protein-protein binding interfaces into pairs of interacting fragments. We employed a generative model to encode these interface fragment pairs in a low-dimensional latent space. After training, new conformations of interface fragment pairs were generated. We found that, by only using a small number of interface fragment pairs that were generated by artificial intelligence, we were able to guide the assembly of protein complexes into their native conformations. These results demonstrate that the conformational space of fragment pairs at protein-protein binding interfaces is highly degenerate. Our study illustrates how artificial intelligence can be used to understand and characterize protein-protein binding interfaces. The method will be potentially useful to search for the conformation of unknown protein-protein interactions. This result demonstrated that the structural space of protein-protein interactions is highly degenerate under the representation of interface fragment pairs. Features in this degenerate space can be well characterized by artificial intelligence. In summary, our machine learning method will be potentially useful to search for and predict the conformations of unknown protein-protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhusia, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.08.556812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoding the Space of Protein-protein Binding Interfaces by Artificial Intelligence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiospectral image processing workflow considerations for advanced MR spectroscopy of the brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.07.556701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is one of the few non-invasive imaging modalities capable of making neurochemical and metabolic measurements in vivo. Traditionally, the clinical utility of MRS has been narrow. The most common use has been the "single-voxel spectroscopy" variant to discern the presence of a lactate peak in the spectra in one location in the brain, typically to evaluate for ischemia in neonates. Thus, the reduction of rich spectral data to a binary variable has not classically necessitated much signal processing. However, scanners have become more powerful and MRS sequences more advanced, increasing data complexity and adding 2 to 3 spatial dimensions in addition to the spectral one. The result is a spatially- and spectrally-variant MRS image ripe for image processing innovation. Despite this potential, the logistics for robustly accessing and manipulating MRS data across different scanners, data formats, and software standards remain unclear. Thus, as research into MRS advances, there is a clear need to better characterize its image processing considerations to facilitate innovation from scientists and engineers. Building on established neuroimaging standards, we describe a framework for manipulating these images that generalizes to the voxel, spectral, and metabolite level across space and multiple imaging sites while integrating with LCModel, a widely used quantitative MRS peak-fitting platform. In doing so, we provide examples to demonstrate the advantages of such a workflow in relation to recent publications and with new data. Overall, we hope our characterizations will lower the barrier of entry to MRS processing for neuroimaging researchers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Tufo, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquero, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Archangel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghetti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaser, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.07.556701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiospectral image processing workflow considerations for advanced MR spectroscopy of the brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting fungal secondary metabolite activity from biosynthetic gene cluster data using machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) play a significant role in the diversity of ecological communities, niches, and lifestyles in the fungal kingdom. Many fungal SMs have medically and industrially important properties including antifungal, antibacterial, and antitumor activity, and a single metabolite can display multiple types of bioactivities. The genes necessary for fungal SM biosynthesis are typically found in a single genomic region forming biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, whether fungal SM bioactivity can be predicted from specific attributes of genes in BGCs remains an open question. We adapted previously used machine learning models for predicting SM bioactivity from bacterial BGC data to fungal BGC data. We trained our models to predict antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic/antitumor bioactivity on two datasets: 1) fungal BGCs (dataset comprised of 314 BGCs), and 2) fungal (314 BGCs) and bacterial BGCs (1,003 BGCs); the second dataset was our control since a previous study using just the bacterial BGC data yielded prediction accuracies as high as 80%. We found that the models trained only on fungal BGCs had balanced accuracies between 51-68%, whereas training on bacterial and fungal BGCs yielded balanced accuracies between 61-74%. The lower accuracy of the predictions from fungal data likely stems from the small number of BGCs and SMs with known bioactivity; this lack of data currently limits the application of machine learning approaches in studying fungal secondary metabolism. However, our data also suggest that machine learning approaches trained on bacterial and fungal data can predict SM bioactivity with good accuracy. With more than 15,000 characterized fungal SMs, millions of putative BGCs present in fungal genomes, and increased demand for novel drugs, efforts that systematically link fungal SM bioactivity to BGCs are urgently needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riedling, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting fungal secondary metabolite activity from biosynthetic gene cluster data using machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asymmetric framework motion of TCR alpha beta controls load-dependent peptide discrimination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.10.557064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanical force is critical for the interaction between an {beta}T cell receptor (TCR) and a peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule to initiate productive T-cell activation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We use all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to examine the A6 TCR bound to HLA-A*02:01 presenting agonist or antagonist peptides under different extensions to simulate the effects of applied load on the complex, elucidating their divergent biological responses. We found that TCR  and {beta} chains move asymmetrically, which impacts the interface with pMHC, in particular the peptide-sensing CDR3 loops. For the wild-type agonist, the complex stabilizes in a load-dependent manner while antagonists destabilize it. Simulations of the C{beta} FG-loop deletion, which reduces the catch bond response, and simulations with in silico mutant peptides further support the observed behaviors. The present results highlight the combined role of interdomain motion, fluctuating forces, and interfacial contacts in determining the mechanical response and fine peptide discrimination by a TCR, thereby resolving the conundrum of nearly identical crystal structures of TCR{beta}-pMHC agonist and antagonist complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang-Gonzalez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinherz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.10.557064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asymmetric framework motion of TCR alpha beta controls load-dependent peptide discrimination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-Specific Dependence of Th1 Cells on the Amino Acid Transporter SLC38A1 in Inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino acid (AA) uptake is essential for T cell metabolism and function, but how tissue sites and inflammation affect CD4+ T cell subset requirements for specific AA remains uncertain. Here we tested CD4+ T cell AA demands with in vitro and multiple in vivo CRISPR screens and identify subset- and tissue-specific dependencies on the AA transporter SLC38A1 (SNAT1). While dispensable for T cell persistence and expansion over time in vitro and in vivo lung inflammation, SLC38A1 was critical for Th1 but not Th17 cell-driven Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) and contributed to Th1 cell-driven inflammatory bowel disease. SLC38A1 deficiency reduced mTORC1 signaling and glycolytic activity in Th1 cells, in part by reducing intracellular glutamine and disrupting hexosamine biosynthesis and redox regulation. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of SLC38 transporters delayed EAE but did not affect lung inflammation. Subset- and tissue-specific dependencies of CD4+ T cells on AA transporters may guide selective immunotherapies.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIT cells dynamically regulate glutamine amino acid transporters when activated
C_LIO_LISLC38A1 supports Th1 cell mTORC1 and proliferation by redox and hexosamine pathways
C_LIO_LITargeting SLC38A1 does not affect lung inflammation but delays IBD and EAE
C_LIO_LINutrient transporter needs of T cell subsets vary based on disease and tissue site
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cephus, J.-Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyssiotis, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-Specific Dependence of Th1 Cells on the Amino Acid Transporter SLC38A1 in Inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IMPROVING ANTIBODY AFFINITY USING LABORATORYDATA WITH LANGUAGE MODEL GUIDED DESIGN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWProtein design involves navigating vast sequence spaces to discover sequences with desired traits. Language models (LMs) pretrained on universal protein datasets have shown potential to make this search space tractable. However, LMs trained solely on natural sequences have limitations in creating proteins with novel functions. In this work, we used a combination of methods to finetune pretrained LMs on laboratory data collected in an anti-CD40L single domain antibody library campaign to develop an ensemble scoring function to model the fitness landscape and guide the design of new antibodies. Laboratory experiments confirmed improved CD40L affinity in the designed antibodies. Notably, the designs improved the affinities of four antibodies, originally ranging from 1 nanomolar to 100 picomolar, all to below 25 picomolar, approaching the limit of detection. This work is a promising step towards realizing the potential of LMs to leverage laboratory data to develop improved treatments for diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krause, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IMPROVING ANTIBODY AFFINITY USING LABORATORYDATA WITH LANGUAGE MODEL GUIDED DESIGN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue-specific transfer-learning enables retasking of a general comprehensive model to a specific domain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning (ML) has proven successful in biological data analysis. However, may require massive training data. To allow broader use of ML in the full spectrum of biology and medicine, including sample-sparse domains, re-directing established models to specific tasks by add-on training via a moderate sample may be promising. Transfer learning (TL), a technique migrating pre-trained models to new tasks, fits in this requirement. Here, by TL, we retasked Enformer, a comprehensive model trained by massive data, tailored to breast cancers using breast-specific data. Its performance has been validated through statistical accuracy of predictions, annotation of genetic variants, and mapping of variants associated with breast cancer. By allowing the flexibility of adding dedicated training data, our TL protocol unlocks future discovery within specific domains with moderate add-on samples by standing on the shoulders of giant models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, X.-o.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue-specific transfer-learning enables retasking of a general comprehensive model to a specific domain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and implementation of an integrated preclinical atherosclerosis database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.12.557423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBasic scientists have used preclinical animal models to explore mechanisms driving human diseases for decades, resulting in thousands of publications, each supporting causative inferences. Despite substantial advances in the mechanistic construct of disease, there has been limited translation from individual studies to advances in clinical care. An integrated approach to these individual studies has the potential to improve translational success.

MethodsUsing atherosclerosis as a test case, we extracted data from the two most common mouse models of atherosclerosis (ApoE and LDLR knockout). We restricted analyses to manuscripts published in two well-established journals, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology and Circulation, as of query in 2021. Predefined variables including experimental conditions, intervention and outcomes were extracted from each publication to produce a preclinical atherosclerosis database.

ResultsExtracted data include animal sex, diet, intervention type and distinct plaque pathologies (size, inflammation, lipid content). Procedures are provided to standardize data extraction, attribute interventions to specific genes and transform the database for use with available transcriptomics software. The database integrates hundreds of genes, each directly tested in vivo for causation in a murine atherosclerosis model. The database is provided to allow the research community to perform integrated analyses that reflect the global impact of decades of atherosclerosis investigation.

ConclusionsFuture database uses include interrogation of sub-datasets associated with distinct plaque pathologies, cell-type or sex. We provide the methods and software needed to apply this approach to the extensive repository of peer-reviewed data utilizing preclinical models to interrogate mechanisms of diverse human diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiang, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuey, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, I. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.12.557423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and implementation of an integrated preclinical atherosclerosis database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557432v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Song distinguishability predicts reproductive isolation between subspecies of the dark-eyed junco 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557432v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) has experienced rapid phenotypic diversification within the last 18,000 years, resulting in several subspecies that reside in partially overlapping regions across North America. These subspecies have distinct plumage and morphology. If members of a subspecies disproportionately mate with one another, we would expect genetic differences to accumulate between the subspecies. In parallel, their learned songs could also accumulate changes. If song is used by individuals to recognize members of their own subspecies during mate selection, which would prevent the production of less fit hybrid offspring between subspecies, then song differences might co-localize with subspecies boundaries. Here, we quantify 10 song features to explore subspecies-level song variation using song recordings from community-science databases. We build a machine learning classifier to measure how accurately the subspecies songs can be distinguished from one another. Here, we show that songs of dark-eyed junco subspecies exhibit significant song-feature differences. However, these differences do not necessarily lead to distinguishability between subspecies. Notably, we find that subspecies pairs with adjacent ranges that do not hybridize have much more distinguishable songs, and also more evidence for genetic differentiation, than pairs that are known to hybridize. Thus, song distinguishability appears to have predictive power about which subspecies will hybridize, suggesting that song might play a role in reinforcing certain subspecies boundaries more than others. Finally, we analyze subspecies-level song differences alongside available genetic data and geographic coordinates to characterize the current evolutionary landscape of the dark-eyed junco subspecies complex. We observe geographic signal in the song and genetic data, indicating that individuals who share a range are more likely to share song characteristics and be genetically similar. This study illuminates the existence of subspecies-level song differences in the dark-eyed junco and provides further clarity on the role learned song plays in reinforcing reproductive boundaries between dark-eyed junco subspecies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hourihan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du'Mottuchi, X. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557432</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Song distinguishability predicts reproductive isolation between subspecies of the dark-eyed junco]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Plasma cell differentiation, antibody quality, and initial germinal center B cell population depend on glucose influx rate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody secretion into sera, selection for higher affinity BCR, and the generation of higher Ab affinities are important elements of immune response optimization, and a core function of germinal center reactions. B cell proliferation requires nutrients to support the anabolism inherent in clonal expansion. Glucose usage by GC B cells has been reported to contribute little to their energy needs, with questions raised as to whether or not glucose uptake or glycolysis increases in GC B cells compared to their naive precursors. Indeed, metabolism can be highly flexible, such that supply shortage along one pathway may be compensated by increased flux on others. We now show that elimination of the glucose transporter GLUT1 after establishment of a pre-immune B cell repertoire, even after initiation of the GC B cell gene expression program, decreased initial GC B cell population numbers, affinity maturation, and PC outputs. Glucose oxidation was heightened in GC B cells, but this hexose flowed more into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), whose activity was important in controlling reactive oxygen (ROS) and ASC production. In modeling how glucose usage by B cells promotes the Ab response, the control of ROS appeared insufficient. Surprisingly, the combination of galactose, which mitigated ROS, with provision of mannose - an efficient precursor to glycosylation - supported robust production of and normal Ab secretion by ASC under glucose-free conditions. Collectively, the findings indicate that GC depend on normal glucose influx, especially in PC production, but reveal an unexpected metabolic flexibility in hexose requirements.

KEY POINTSO_LIGlucose influx is critical for GC homeostasis, affinity maturation and the generation of Ab-secreting cells.
C_LIO_LIPlasma cell development uses the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and hexose sugars maintain redox homeostasis.
C_LIO_LIPCs can develop and achieve robust Ab secretion in the absence of glucose using a combination of hexose alternatives.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brookens, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raybuck, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenwood, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Plasma cell differentiation, antibody quality, and initial germinal center B cell population depend on glucose influx rate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557833v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse signatures of convergent evolution in cacti-associated yeasts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.14.557833v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many distantly related organisms have convergently evolved traits and lifestyles that enable them to live in similar ecological environments. However, the extent of phenotypic convergence evolving through the same or distinct genetic trajectories remains an open question. Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset of genomic and phenotypic data from 1,049 yeast species in the subphylum Saccharomycotina (Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota) to explore signatures of convergent evolution in cactophilic yeasts, ecological specialists associated with cacti. We inferred that the ecological association of yeasts with cacti arose independently [~]17 times. Using machine-learning, we further found that cactophily can be predicted with 76% accuracy from functional genomic and phenotypic data. The most informative feature for predicting cactophily was thermotolerance, which is likely associated with duplication and altered evolutionary rates of genes impacting the cell envelope in several cactophilic lineages. We also identified horizontal gene transfer and duplication events of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in distantly related cactophilic clades, suggesting that putatively adaptive traits evolved through disparate molecular mechanisms. Remarkably, multiple cactophilic lineages and their close relatives are emerging human opportunistic pathogens, suggesting that the cactophilic lifestyle--and perhaps more generally lifestyles favoring thermotolerance--may preadapt yeasts to cause human disease. This work underscores the potential of a multifaceted approach involving high throughput genomic and phenotypic data to shed light onto ecological adaptation and highlights how convergent evolution to wild environments could facilitate the transition to human pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.14.557833</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse signatures of convergent evolution in cacti-associated yeasts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF2) regulates alveolar regeneration after repetitive injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.557477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and often fatal chronic respiratory disease thought to result from repetitive injury and failed repair of the lung alveoli, and recent studies have identified a number of disease-emergent intermediate/transitional cell states in the IPF lung supporting this concept. In this study, we found that persistent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-signaling in airway-derived, repair-associated cell types/states is a hallmark of dysfunctional epithelial repair in the IPF lung epithelium and experimental models of recurrent lung epithelial injury. Disrupting Hif-signaling attenuated experimental lung fibrosis, reduced mucous-secretory cell polarization, and promoted functional alveolar regeneration following repetitive injury. Mouse and human organoid studies demonstrated that small-molecule-based HIF2 inhibition promoted alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and maturation while preventing the emergence of maladaptive intermediate/transitional states analogous to those in IPF. Together, these studies indicate that targeted HIF2-inhibition represents a novel and effective therapeutic strategy to promote functional lung regeneration, and could be readily translated into human studies of IPF and other chronic interstitial lung diseases with disease modifying effect.

One sentence summaryInhibiting hypoxia-inducible-factor 2 (HIF2) promotes functional lung alveolar epithelial repair following recurrent injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanjore, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarata, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.557477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 (HIF2) regulates alveolar regeneration after repetitive injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of RADX and mechanism for regulation of RAD51 nucleofilaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication fork reversal is a fundamental process required for resolution of encounters with DNA damage. A key step in the stabilization and eventual resolution of reversed forks is formation of RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments on exposed ssDNA. To avoid genome instability, RAD51 filaments are tightly controlled by a variety of positive and negative regulators. RADX is a recently discovered negative regulator that binds tightly to ssDNA, directly interacts with RAD51, and regulates replication fork reversal and stabilization in a context-dependent manner. Here we present a structure-based investigation of RADXs mechanism of action. Mass photometry experiments showed that RADX forms multiple oligomeric states in a concentration dependent manner, with a predominance of trimers in the presence of ssDNA. The structure of RADX, which has no structurally characterized orthologs, was determined ab initio by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) from maps in the 2-3 [A] range. The structure reveals the molecular basis for RADX oligomerization and binding of ssDNA binding. The binding of RADX to RAD51 filaments was imaged by negative stain EM, which showed a RADX oligomer at the end of filaments. Based on these results, we propose a model in which RADX functions by capping and restricting the growing end of RAD51 filaments.

SignificanceDespite the central role of RAD51 in DNA replication and repair processes, the mechanisms of action of its many modulators are poorly understood. Here we combine structural and biophysical data to determine how the negative regulator RADX functions. We show that RADX oligomerizes upon binding DNA, and caps RAD51 filaments at the ends to prevent extension. This work advances knowledge of how RAD51 filaments can be modulated to regulate replication fork reversal and maintain genomic stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adolph, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.-s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of RADX and mechanism for regulation of RAD51 nucleofilaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558525v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Site-Specific Crosslinking Reveals Phosphofructokinase-L Inhibition Drives Self-Assembly and Attenuation of Protein Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.19.558525v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phosphofructokinase is the central enzyme in glycolysis and constitutes a highly regulated step. The liver isoform (PFKL) compartmentalizes during activation and inhibition in vitro and in vivo respectively. Compartmentalized PFKL is hypothesized to modulate metabolic flux consistent with its central role as the rate limiting step in glycolysis. PFKL tetramers self-assemble at two interfaces in the monomer (interface 1 and 2), yet how these interfaces contribute to PFKL compartmentalization and drive protein interactions remains unclear. Here, we used site-specific incorporation of noncanonical photocrosslinking amino acids to identify PFKL interactors at interface 1, 2, and the active site. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative interactomics reveals interface 2 as a hotspot for PFKL interactions, particularly with cytoskeletal, glycolytic, and carbohydrate derivative metabolic proteins. Furthermore, PFKL compartmentalization into puncta was observed in human cells using citrate inhibition. Puncta formation attenuated crosslinked protein-protein interactions with the cytoskeleton at interface 2. This result suggests that PFKL compartmentalization sequesters interface 2, but not interface 1, and may modulate associated protein assemblies with the cytoskeleton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sivadas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuster, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.558525</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Site-Specific Crosslinking Reveals Phosphofructokinase-L Inhibition Drives Self-Assembly and Attenuation of Protein Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.556338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome-scale Opisthokonta tree of life: toward phylogenomic resolution of ancient divergences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.556338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractAncient divergences within Opisthokonta--a major lineage that includes organisms in the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and their unicellular relatives-- remain contentious, hindering investigations of the evolutionary processes that gave rise to two kingdoms and the repeated emergence of iconic phenotypes like multicellularity. Here, we use genome-scale amounts of data to reconstruct the most taxon-rich Opisthokonta tree of life to date (348 species) and place divergences in geologic time, suggesting a Mesoproterozoic origin ([~] 1.11 billion years ago). By dissecting multiple dimensions of phylogenomic error, such as the influence of taxon sampling and model complexity, we found that deep divergences within Holozoa remain unresolved and suggest Pluriformea is either sister to Ichthyosporea and Filozoa (Pluriformea-sister hypothesis) or is monophyletic to Ichthyosporea, forming the Teretosporea lineage (Teretosporea-sister hypothesis). A combination of information theory and sensitivity analyses revealed that the inferred unicellular Holozoa relationships are largely robust to common sources of analytical error, such as insufficient model complexity, and suggest that previous reports likely suffered from insufficient taxon sampling. Our study presents a robust Opisthokonta phylogenomic framework, highlights the challenges in resolving the relationships of unicellular Holozoa, and paves the way for illuminating ancient evolutionary episodes concerning the origin of two kingdoms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocot, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.556338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome-scale Opisthokonta tree of life: toward phylogenomic resolution of ancient divergences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GammaGateR: semi-automated marker gating for single-cell multiplexed imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.20.558645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationMultiplexed immunofluorescence (mIF) is an emerging assay for multichannel protein imaging that can decipher cell-level spatial features in tissues. However, existing automated cell phenotyping methods, such as clustering, face challenges in achieving consistency across experiments and often require subjective evaluation. As a result, mIF analyses often revert to marker gating based on manual thresholding of raw imaging data.

ResultsTo address the need for an evaluable semi-automated algorithm, we developed GammaGateR, an R package for interactive marker gating designed specifically for segmented cell-level data from mIF images. Based on a novel closed-form gamma mixture model, GammaGateR provides estimates of marker-positive cell proportions and soft clustering of marker-positive cells. The model incorporates user-specified constraints that provide a consistent but slide-specific model fit. We compared GammaGateR against the newest unsupervised approach for annotating mIF data, employing two colon datasets and one ovarian cancer dataset for the evaluation. We showed that GammaGateR produces highly similar results to a silver standard established through manual annotation. Furthermore, we demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying biological signals, achieved by mapping known spatial interactions between CD68 and MUC5AC cells in the colon and by accurately predicting survival in ovarian cancer patients using the phenotype probabilities as input for machine learning methods. GammaGateR is a highly efficient tool that can improve the replicability of marker gating results, while reducing the time of manual segmentation.

Availability and ImplementationThe R package is available at https://github.com/JiangmeiRubyXiong/GammaGateR.

ContactPlease address correspondence to jiangmei.xiong@vanderbilt.edu and simon.vandekar@vumc.org.

Key PointsO_LIGammaGateR is the first semi-automated marker gating tool for mIF image, and it will help to diminish the inconsistency with manual marker gating.
C_LIO_LIWith novel cfGMM, GammaGateR can fit flexibly across slides with different distributions and incorporate biology priors.
C_LIO_LIGammaGateR is proven to reveal credible prognostic information, and it can quantify known findings in tumor cell populations.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinley, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrubsole, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrobel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GammaGateR: semi-automated marker gating for single-cell multiplexed imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterizing Low-cost Registration for Photographic Images to Computed Tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping information from photographic images to volumetric medical imaging scans is essential for linking spaces with physical environments, such as in image-guided surgery. Current methods of accurate photographic image to computed tomography (CT) image mapping can be computationally intensive and/or require specialized hardware. For general purpose 3-D mapping of bulk specimens in histological processing, a cost-effective solution is necessary. Here, we compare the integration of a commercial 3-D camera and cell phone imaging with a surface registration pipeline. Using surgical implants and chuck-eye steak as phantom tests, we obtain 3-D CT reconstruction and sets of photographic images from two sources: Canfield Imagings H1 camera and an iPhone 14 Pro. We perform surface reconstruction from the photographic images using commercial tools and open-source code for Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) respectively. We complete surface registration of the reconstructed surfaces with the iterative closest point (ICP) method. Manually placed landmarks were identified at three locations on each of the surfaces. Registration of the Canfield surfaces for three objects yields landmark distance errors of 1.747, 3.932, and 1.692 mm, while registration of the respective iPhone camera surfaces yields errors of 1.222, 2.061, and 5.155 mm. Photographic imaging of an organ sample prior to tissue sectioning provides a low-cost alternative to establish correspondence between histological samples and 3-D anatomical samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Schaik, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tkaczyk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterizing Low-cost Registration for Photographic Images to Computed Tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559125v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recurrent activity within microcircuits of macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tracks cognitive flexibility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559125v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human and non-human primate data clearly implicate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as critical for advanced cognitive functions1,2. It is thought that intracortical synaptic architectures within dlPFC are the integral neurobiological substrate that gives rise to these processes, including working memory, inferential reasoning, and decision-making3-7. In the prevailing model, each cortical column makes up one fundamental processing unit composed of dense intrinsic connectivity, conceptualized as the  canonical cortical microcircuit3,8. Each cortical microcircuit receives sensory and cognitive information from a variety of sources which are represented by sustained activity within the microcircuit, referred to as persistent or recurrent activity4,9. Via recurrent connections within the microcircuit, activity can propagate for a variable length of time, thereby allowing temporary storage and computations to occur locally before ultimately passing a transformed representation to a downstream output4,5,10. Competing theories regarding how microcircuit activity is coordinated have proven difficult to reconcile in vivo where intercortical and intracortical computations cannot be fully dissociated5,9,11,12. Here, we interrogated the intrinsic features of isolated microcircuit networks using high-density calcium imaging of macaque dlPFC ex vivo. We found that spontaneous activity is intrinsically maintained by microcircuit architecture, persisting at a high rate in the absence of extrinsic connections. Further, using perisulcal stimulation to evoke persistent activity in deep layers, we found that activity propagates through stochastically assembled intracortical networks, creating predictable population-level events from largely non-overlapping ensembles. Microcircuit excitability covaried with individual cognitive performance, thus anchoring heuristic models of abstract cortical functions within quantifiable constraints imposed by the underlying synaptic architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nolan, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melugin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahbakhsh, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcgonigle, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwon, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapish, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuzon Carlson, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559125</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recurrent activity within microcircuits of macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tracks cognitive flexibility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative Assessment of Morphological Changes in Lipid Droplets and Lipid-Mito Interactions with Aging in Brown Adipose 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.23.559135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The physical characteristics of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are defined by the presence of multilocular lipid droplets (LD) within the brown adipocytes and a high abundance of iron-containing mitochondria, which give it its characteristic color. Normal mitochondrial function is, in part, regulated by organelle-to-organelle contacts. Particularly, the contact sites that mediate mitochondria-LD interactions are thought to have various physiological roles, such as the synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Aging is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and previous studies show that there are changes in mitochondrial structure and proteins that modulate organelle contact sites. However, how mitochondria-LD interactions change with aging has yet to be fully clarified. Therefore, we sought to define age-related changes in LD morphology and mitochondria-lipid interactions in BAT. We examined the three-dimensional morphology of mitochondria and LDs in young (3-month) and aged (2-year) murine BAT using serial block face-scanning electron microscopy and the Amira program for segmentation, analysis, and quantification. Analysis showed reductions in LD volume, area, and perimeter in aged samples compared to young samples. Additionally, we observed changes in LD appearance and type in aged samples compared to young samples. Notably, we found differences in mitochondrial interactions with LDs, which could implicate that these contacts may be important for energetics in aging. Upon further investigation, we also found changes in mitochondrial and cristae structure for mitochondria interacting with LD lipids. Overall, these data define the nature of LD morphology and organelle-organelle contacts during aging and provide insight into LD contact site changes that interconnect biogerontology and mitochondrial functionality, metabolism, and bioactivity in aged BAT.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=141 SRC="FIGDIR/small/559135v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (27K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e5b7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e965e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@120c7e9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@124bfb5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Graphical Abstract

Workflow highlighting the process of murine interscapular BAT extraction, processing and imaging serial block facing-scanning electron microscopy and using Amira software for 3D reconstruction of LDs and mitochondrial lipid contact sites to elucidate their structure across aging.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeleke, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweetwyne, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaganjor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.23.559135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative Assessment of Morphological Changes in Lipid Droplets and Lipid-Mito Interactions with Aging in Brown Adipose]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White matter tract microstructure, macrostructure, and associated cortical gray matter morphology across the lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing how, when and where the human brain changes across the lifespan is fundamental to our understanding of developmental processes of childhood and adolescence, degenerative processes of aging, and divergence from normal patterns in disease and disorders. We aimed to provide detailed descriptions of white matter pathways across the lifespan by thoroughly characterizing white matter microstructure, white matter macrostructure, and morphology of the cortex associated with white matter pathways. We analyzed 4 large, high-quality, publicly-available datasets comprising 2789 total imaging sessions, and participants ranging from 0 to 100 years old, using advanced tractography and diffusion modeling. We first find that all microstructural, macrostructural, and cortical features of white matter bundles show unique lifespan trajectories, with rates and timing of development and degradation that vary across pathways - describing differences between types of pathways and locations in the brain, and developmental milestones of maturation of each feature. Second, we show cross-sectional relationships between different features that may help elucidate biological changes occurring during different stages of the lifespan. Third, we show unique trajectories of age-associations across features. Finally, we find that age associations during development are strongly related to those during aging. Overall, this study reports normative data for several features of white matter pathways of the human brain that will be useful for studying normal and abnormal white matter development and degeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chad, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nozais, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del'Acqua, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White matter tract microstructure, macrostructure, and associated cortical gray matter morphology across the lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A suite of engineered mice for interrogating psychedelic drug actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychedelic drugs like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin have emerged as potentially transformative therapeutics for many neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, migraine, and cluster headaches. LSD and psilocybin exert their psychedelic effects via activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (HTR2A). Here we provide a suite of engineered mice useful for clarifying the role of HTR2A and HTR2A-expressing neurons in psychedelic drug actions. We first generated Htr2a-EGFP-CT-IRES-CreERT2 mice (CT:C-terminus) to independently identify both HTR2A-EGFP-CT receptors and HTR2A-containing cells thereby providing a detailed anatomical map of HTR2A and identifying cell types that express HTR2A. We also generated a humanized Htr2a mouse line and an additional constitutive Htr2A-Cre mouse line. Psychedelics induced a variety of known behavioral changes in our mice validating their utility for behavioral studies. Finally, electrophysiology studies revealed that extracellular 5-HT elicited a HTR2A-mediated robust increase in firing of genetically-identified pyramidal neurons--consistent with a plasma membrane localization and mode of action. These mouse lines represent invaluable tools for elucidating the molecular, cellular, pharmacological, physiological, behavioral, and other actions of psychedelic drugs in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiu, Y.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocak, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorach, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowye, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sciaky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niehaus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiBerto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scherrer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetsel, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A suite of engineered mice for interrogating psychedelic drug actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influence of preprocessing, distortion correction and cardiac triggering on the quality of diffusion MR images of spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI of the spinal cord (SC) is susceptible to geometric distortion caused by field inhomogeneities, and prone to misalignment across time series and signal dropout caused by biological motion. Several modifications of image acquisition and image processing techniques have been introduced to overcome these artifacts, but their specific benefits are largely unproven and warrant further investigations. We aim to evaluate two specific aspects of image acquisition and processing that address image quality in diffusion studies of the spinal cord: susceptibility corrections to reduce geometric distortions, and cardiac triggering to minimize motion artifacts. First, we evaluate 4 distortion preprocessing strategies on 7 datasets of the cervical and lumbar SC and find that while distortion correction techniques increase geometric similarity to structural images, they are largely driven by the high-contrast cerebrospinal fluid, and do not consistently improve the geometry within the cord nor improve white-to-gray matter contrast. We recommend at a minimum to perform bulk-motion correction in preprocessing and posit that improvements/adaptations are needed for spinal cord distortion preprocessing algorithms, which are currently optimized and designed for brain imaging. Second, we design experiments to evaluate the impact of removing cardiac triggering. We show that when triggering is foregone, images are qualitatively similar to triggered sequences, do not have increased prevalence of artifacts, and result in similar diffusion tensor indices with similar reproducibility to triggered acquisitions. When triggering is removed, much shorter acquisitions are possible, which are also qualitatively and quantitatively similar to triggered sequences. We suggest that removing cardiac triggering for cervical SC diffusion can be a reasonable option to save time with minimal sacrifice to image quality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweeney, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prock, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sriram, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen-Adad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influence of preprocessing, distortion correction and cardiac triggering on the quality of diffusion MR images of spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of LIBRA-seq for the Guinea Pig Model System as a Tool for the Evaluation of Antibody Responses to Multivalent HIV-1 Vaccines 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Consistent elicitation of serum antibody responses that neutralize diverse clades of HIV-1 remains a primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine research. Prior work has defined key features of soluble HIV-1 Envelope (Env) immunogen cocktails that influence the neutralization breadth and potency of multivalent vaccine-elicited antibody responses including the number of Env strains in the regimen. We designed immunization groups that consisted of different numbers of Env strains to be used in a cocktail immunization strategy: the smallest cocktail (group 2) consisted of a set of two Env strains, which were a subset of the three Env strains that made up group 3, which in turn were a subset of the six Env strains that made up group 4. Serum neutralizing titers were broadest in guinea pigs that were immunized with a cocktail of three Envs compared to cocktails of two and six, suggesting that multivalent Env immunization provides a benefit but may be detrimental when the cocktail size is too large. We then adapted the LIBRA-seq platform for antibody discovery to be compatible with guinea pigs, and isolated several tier 2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Three antibodies isolated from two separate guinea pigs were similar in their gene usage and CDR3s, establishing evidence for a guinea pig public clonotype elicited through vaccination. Taken together, this work investigated multivalent HIV-1 Env immunization strategies and provides a novel methodology for screening guinea pig B cell receptor antigen specificity at a high throughput level using LIBRA-seq.

IMPORTANCEMultivalent vaccination with soluble Env immunogens is at the forefront of HIV-1 vaccination strategies, but little is known about the influence of the number of Env strains included in vaccine cocktails. Our results suggest that adding more strains is sometimes beneficial but may be detrimental when the number of strains is too high. Additionally, we adapted the LIBRA-seq platform to be compatible with guinea pig samples and isolated several tier 2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, some of which share V and J gene usage and >80% CDR3 identity, thus establishing the existence of public clonotypes in guinea pigs elicited through vaccination.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vukovich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kgagudi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manamela, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gripenstraw, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akoad, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of LIBRA-seq for the Guinea Pig Model System as a Tool for the Evaluation of Antibody Responses to Multivalent HIV-1 Vaccines]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elasticity of the HIV-1 Core Facilitates Nuclear Entry and Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 infection requires passage of the viral core through the nuclear pore of the cell, a process that depends on functions of the viral capsid 1,2. Recent studies have shown that HIV- 1 cores enter the nucleus prior to capsid disassembly 3-5. Interactions with the nuclear pore complex are necessary but not sufficient for nuclear entry, and the mechanism by which the viral core traverses the comparably sized nuclear pore is unknown. Here we show that the HIV-1 core is highly elastic and that this property is linked to nuclear entry and infectivity. Using atomic force microscopy-based approaches, we found that purified wild type cores rapidly returned to their normal conical morphology following a severe compression. Results from independently performed molecular dynamic simulations of the mature HIV-1 capsid also revealed its elastic property. Analysis of four HIV-1 capsid mutants that exhibit impaired nuclear entry revealed that the mutant viral cores are brittle. Suppressors of the mutants restored elasticity and rescued infectivity and nuclear entry. Elasticity was also reduced by treatment of cores with the capsid-targeting compound PF74 and the antiviral drug lenacapavir. Our results indicate that capsid elasticity is a fundamental property of the HIV-1 core that enables its passage through the nuclear pore complex, thereby facilitating infection. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of HIV-1 nuclear entry and the antiviral mechanisms of HIV-1 capsid inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perilla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousso, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elasticity of the HIV-1 Core Facilitates Nuclear Entry and Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrated characterization of cell types, states and molecular programs in disseminated appendiceal neoplasms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Appendiceal neoplasms include a heterogeneous group of epithelial and non-epithelial tumors with varying malignant potential. Despite the rise in incidence of appendiceal neoplasms in recent years, limited progress has been made in the understanding, management and therapeutic treatment. To comprehensively characterize the cell types and molecular mechanisms driving cellular remodeling in epithelial appendiceal neoplasms, we performed an integrated scRNA-seq study. We analyzed 126,998 cells from 16 appendix samples (11 peritoneal metastases samples, 5 healthy controls) and identified 33 distinct cell types/cell states with seven being cancer-specific. Highlights of our study include the characterization of tumor cells across the histologic spectrum, the identification of a novel cancer-associated-fibroblast (CAF) subtypes (fiCAFs) and the identification of pathologic-specific cellular crosstalk between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Together, our study provides a high-resolution insight into the complexity and heterogeneity of epithelial appendiceal neoplasms and a valuable resource for therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bui, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arvanitis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mannan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrees, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raoof, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrated characterization of cell types, states and molecular programs in disseminated appendiceal neoplasms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of metabolic flux with hepatic glucagon signaling and gene expression profiles in the conscious dog 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.28.559999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucagon rapidly and profoundly simulates hepatic glucose production (HGP), but for reasons which are unclear, this effect normally wanes after a few hours, despite sustained plasma glucagon levels. This study characterized the time course and relevance (to metabolic flux) of glucagon-mediated molecular events in the livers of conscious dogs. Glucagon was either infused into the hepato-portal vein at a 6-fold basal rate in the presence of somatostatin and basal insulin, or it was maintained at a basal level in control studies. In one control group glucose remained at basal while in the other glucose was infused to match the hyperglycemia that occurred in the hyperglucagonemic group. Elevated glucagon caused a rapid (30 min) but only partially sustained increase in hepatic cAMP over 4h, a continued elevation in G6P, and activation and deactivation of glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities, respectively. Net hepatic glycogenolysis and HGP increased rapidly, peaking at 30 min, then returned to baseline over the next three hours (although glucagons stimulatory effect on HGP was sustained relative to the hyperglycemic control group). Hepatic gluconeogenic flux did not increase due to lack of glucagon effect on substrate supply to the liver. Global gene expression profiling highlighted glucagon-regulated activation of genes involved in cellular respiration, metabolic processes, and signaling, and downregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix assembly and development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coate, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramnanan, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winnick, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irimia, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roach, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.28.559999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of metabolic flux with hepatic glucagon signaling and gene expression profiles in the conscious dog]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amphibian mast cells: barriers to deadly chytrid fungus infections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.29.560127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbiomes in controlling Bd, yet almost nothing is known about the roles of skin-resident immune cells in anti-Bd defenses. Mammalian mast cells reside within and serve as key immune sentinels in barrier tissues like skin. Accordingly, we investigated the roles of Xenopus laevis frog mast cells during Bd infections. Our findings indicate that enrichment of X. laevis skin mast cells confers significant anti-Bd protection and ameliorates the inflammation-associated skin damage caused by Bd infection. This includes a significant reduction in Bd-infected skin infiltration by neutrophils. Augmenting frog skin mast cells promotes greater mucin content within cutaneous mucus glands and protects frogs from Bd-mediated changes to their skin microbiomes. Mammalian mast cells are known for their production of the pleiotropic interleukin-4 (IL4) cytokine and our findings suggest that the frog IL4 plays a key role in conferring the effects seen following frog skin mast cell enrichment. Together, this work underlines the importance of amphibian skin-resident immune cells in anti-Bd defenses and illuminates a novel avenue for investigating amphibian host-chytrid pathogen interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hauser, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossainey, M. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garvey, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranganathan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalia, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaparla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duttargi, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins-Smith, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muletz-Wolz, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayfer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.29.560127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amphibian mast cells: barriers to deadly chytrid fungus infections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Admix-kit: An Integrated Toolkit and Pipeline for Genetic Analyses of Admixed Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryAdmixed populations, with their unique and diverse genetic backgrounds, are often underrepresented in genetic studies. This oversight not only limits our understanding but also exacerbates existing health disparities. One major barrier has been the lack of efficient tools tailored for the special challenges of genetic study of admixed populations. Here, we present admix-kit, an integrated toolkit and pipeline for genetic analyses of admixed populations. Admix-kit implements a suite of methods to facilitate genotype and phenotype simulation, association testing, genetic architecture inference, and polygenic scoring in admixed populations.

Availability and implementationAdmix-kit package is open-source and available at https://github.com/KangchengHou/admix-kit. Additionally, users can use the pipeline designed for admixed genotype simulation available at https://github.com/UW-GAC/admix-kit_workflow.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogarten, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, J.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polygenic Risk Methods in Diverse Populations (PRIMED) Consortium Methods Working Group,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shortt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirbo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasaniuc, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Admix-kit: An Integrated Toolkit and Pipeline for Genetic Analyses of Admixed Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Specialized Epithelial Cell Type Regulating Mucosal Immunity and Driving Human Crohn's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.560293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Crohns disease (CD) is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder that may affect any part of gastrointestinal tract with extra-intestinal manifestations and associated immune dysregulation. To characterize heterogeneity in CD, we profiled single-cell transcriptomics of 170 samples from 65 CD patients and 18 non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) controls in both the terminal ileum (TI) and ascending colon (AC). Analysis of 202,359 cells identified a novel epithelial cell type in both TI and AC, featuring high expression of LCN2, NOS2, and DUOX2, and thus is named LND. LND cells, confirmed by high-resolution in-situ RNA imaging, were rarely found in non-IBD controls, but expanded significantly in active CD. Compared to other epithelial cells, genes defining LND cells were enriched in antimicrobial response and immunoregulation. Moreover, multiplexed protein imaging demonstrated that LND cell abundance was associated with immune infiltration. Cross-talk between LND and immune cells was explored by ligand-receptor interactions and further evidenced by their spatial colocalization. LND cells showed significant enrichment of expression specificity of IBD/CD susceptibility genes, revealing its role in immunopathogenesis of CD. Investigating lineage relationships of epithelial cells detected two LND cell subpopulations with different origins and developmental potential, early and late LND. The ratio of the late to early LND cells was related to anti-TNF response. These findings emphasize the pathogenic role of the specialized LND cell type in both Crohns ileitis and Crohns colitis and identify novel biomarkers associated with disease activity and treatment response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiron, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vega, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyree, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raber, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaulieu, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horst, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabla, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scoville, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shyr, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coburn, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.560293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Specialized Epithelial Cell Type Regulating Mucosal Immunity and Driving Human Crohn's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.559959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM structure of the CBC-ALYREF complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.559959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eukaryotes, RNAs transcribed by RNA Pol II are modified at the 5 end with a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap, which is recognized by the nuclear cap binding complex (CBC). The CBC plays multiple important roles in mRNA metabolism including transcription, splicing, polyadenylation, and export. It promotes mRNA export through direct interaction with a key mRNA export factor, ALYREF, which in turn links the TRanscription and EXport (TREX) complex to the 5 end of mRNA. However, the molecular mechanism for CBC mediated recruitment of the mRNA export machinery is not well understood. Here, we present the first structure of the CBC in complex with an mRNA export factor, ALYREF. The cryo-EM structure of CBC-ALYREF reveals that the RRM domain of ALYREF makes direct contact with both the NCBP1 and NCBP2 subunits of the CBC. Comparing CBC-ALYREF with other cellular complexes containing CBC and/or ALYREF components provides insights into the coordinated events during mRNA transcription, splicing, and export.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clarke, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelos, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.01.559959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM structure of the CBC-ALYREF complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
YlaN is an iron(II) binding protein that functions to relieve Fur-mediated repression of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iron (Fe) is a trace nutrient required by nearly all organisms. As a result of the demand for Fe and the toxicity of non-chelated cytosolic ionic Fe, regulatory systems have evolved to tightly balance Fe acquisition and usage while limiting overload. In most bacteria, including the mammalian pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is the primary transcriptional regulator that controls the transcription of genes that code for Fe uptake and utilization proteins. YlaN was demonstrated to be essential in Bacillus subtilis unless excess Fe is added to the growth medium, suggesting a role in Fe homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that YlaN is expendable in S. aureus; however, YlaN became essential upon Fe deprivation. A null fur allele bypassed the essentiality of YlaN. The transcriptional response of Fur derepression resulted in a reprogramming of metabolism to prioritize fermentative growth over respiratory growth. The absence of YlaN diminished the derepression of Fur-dependent transcription during Fe limitation. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that ylaN was recruited to Gram positive bacteria and once acquired was maintained in the genome as it co-evolved with Fur. Consistent with a role for YlaN in influencing Fur-dependent regulation, YlaN and Fur interacted in vivo. YlaN bound Fe(II) in vitro using oxygen or nitrogen ligands with an association constant that is consistent with a physiological role in Fe sensing and/or buffering. These findings have led to a model wherein YlaN is an Fe(II) binding protein that influences Fur-dependent regulation through direct interaction.

ImportanceIron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for nearly all organisms. If Fe homeostasis is not maintained, Fe can accumulate in the cytosol where it is toxic. Questions remain about how cells efficiently balance Fe uptake and usage to prevent imbalance. Iron uptake and proper metalation of proteins are essential processes in the mammalian bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Understanding the gene products involved in Fe ion regulation, uptake, and usage, as well as the physiological adaptations that S. aureus uses to survive in Fe-depleted conditions, will provide insight into the role that Fe has in pathogenesis. These data will also provide insight into the selective pressures imparted by the mammalian host.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boyd, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>esquilin-lebron, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan Kaler, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norambuena, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mereddy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bovermann, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulczyk, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristea, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carabetta, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stemmler, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[YlaN is an iron(II) binding protein that functions to relieve Fur-mediated repression of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Laminar architecture of visual responses in supplementary eye field of macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previously, we have described the laminar organization of neurons in the supplementary eye field (SEF) that signal error, reward gain and loss, conflict, event timing, and goal maintenance. Here we describe the laminar organization of visually responsive neurons that were active during performance of a saccade stop-signal task. Nearly 40% of isolated neurons exhibited enhanced or suppressed responses to a visual target for a potential saccade, with the majority exhibiting enhanced activity and three-quarters with broad spikes. Visually responsive neurons were observed in all layers but were less common in layers 5 and 6. Response latencies were comparable to those reported previously, which are significantly later than those measured in occipital and temporal visual areas but overlapping those measured in cingulate cortex. Task-related visual response latency varied across cortical layers. Response latency was significantly earlier for neurons with narrow spikes. Neurons with task-related visual responses discharged until after saccade production. Around three-fifths of visually responsive neurons were most sensitive to the visual target appearing in one hemifield. Many neurons in layer 2 had ipsilateral receptive fields. Laminar current-source density aligned on visual target presentation revealed the earliest sink in layers 3 followed by a prolonged strong sink more superficially coupled with a weaker prolonged sink in layer 5 and a transient sink in layer 6. The current sink in layers 2 and 3 was stronger for ipsilateral stimuli. These findings reveal new details about visual processing in medial frontal cortex and complete the first catalogue of laminar organization of functional signals in a frontal lobe area.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thirunavukkarasu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errington, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Laminar architecture of visual responses in supplementary eye field of macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trade-offs, trade-ups, and high mutational parallelism underlie microbial adaptation to extreme feast/famine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.04.560893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbes are robust organisms capable of rapidly adapting to complex stress, enabling the colonization of harsh environments. In nature, microbes are regularly challenged by starvation, which is a particularly complex stress because resource limitation often co-occurs with changes in pH, osmolarity, and toxin accumulation created by metabolic waste. Often overlooked are the additional complications introduced by eventual resource replenishment as successful microbes must withstand rapid environmental shifts before swiftly capitalizing on replenished resources to avoid invasion by competing species. To understand how microbes navigate trade-offs between growth and survival, ultimately adapting to thrive in environments with extreme fluctuations, we experimentally evolved 16 Escherichia coli populations for 900 days to repeated feast/famine cycles of 100-day starvation before resource replenishment. Using longitudinal population-genomic analysis, we found that evolution in response to extreme feast/famine is characterized by narrow adaptive trajectories with high mutational parallelism and notable mutational order. Genetic reconstructions reveal that early mutations result in trade-offs for biofilm and motility but trade-ups for growth and survival, as these mutations conferred correlated advantages during both short-term and long-term culture. Our results demonstrate how microbes can navigate the adaptive landscapes of regularly fluctuating conditions and ultimately follow mutational trajectories that confer benefits across diverse environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthan, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stikeleather, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.04.560893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trade-offs, trade-ups, and high mutational parallelism underlie microbial adaptation to extreme feast/famine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential Requirement for Dimerization of the Membrane-Binding PH-TH Module of BTK in B cells and T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brutons tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a major drug target in immune cells. The membrane-binding pleckstrin-homology and tec-homology (PH-TH) domains of BTK are required for signaling. In vitro, dimerization of the PH-TH module strongly stimulates BTK kinase activity. Whether BTK dimerizes in cells via the PH-TH module, and whether this dimerization is necessary for signaling, is unknown. To address this question, we developed high-throughput mutagenesis assays for BTK function in B cells and T cells. We measured the fitness costs for thousands of point mutations in the PH-TH module and kinase domain, allowing us to assess whether dimerization of the PH-TH module and BTK kinase activity are necessary for function. In Ramos B cells we find that neither PH-TH dimerization nor kinase activity is required for BTK signaling. Instead, in Ramos cells, BTK signaling is enhanced by mutations in the PH-TH module that increase membrane adsorption, even at the cost of reduced PH-TH dimerization. In contrast, in Jurkat T cells, we find that BTK signaling depends on both PH-TH dimerization and kinase activity. Evolutionary analysis shows that BTK proteins in fish and lower organisms, like all Tec kinases other than BTK, lack PH-TH dimerization but have active kinase domains. Thus, PH-TH dimerization is not intrinsically required for Tec-kinase activity, and is a special feature that evolved to exert stricter regulatory control on BTK kinase activity as adaptive immune systems gained increased complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisen, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaffari-Kashani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential Requirement for Dimerization of the Membrane-Binding PH-TH Module of BTK in B cells and T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Essential Role of Latrophilin-1 Adhesion GPCR Nanoclusters in Inhibitory Synapses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Latrophilin-1 (Lphn1, a.k.a. CIRL1 and CL1; gene symbol Adgrl1) is an Adhesion GPCR that has been implicated in excitatory synaptic transmission as a candidate receptor for -latrotoxin. Here we analyzed conditional knockin/knockout mice for Lphn1 that contain an extracellular myc-epitope tag. Surprisingly, we found that Lphn1 is localized in cultured neurons to synaptic nanoclusters that are present in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Conditional deletion of Lphn1 in cultured neurons failed to elicit a detectable impairment in excitatory synapses but produced a decrease in inhibitory synapse numbers and synaptic transmission that was most pronounced for synapses close to the neuronal soma. No changes in axonal or dendritic outgrowth or branching were observed. Our data indicate that Lphn1 is among the few postsynaptic adhesion molecules that are present in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses and that Lphn1 by itself is not essential for excitatory synaptic transmission but contributes to inhibitory synaptic connections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Südhof, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Essential Role of Latrophilin-1 Adhesion GPCR Nanoclusters in Inhibitory Synapses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking AlphaMissense Pathogenicity Predictions Against Cystic Fibrosis Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variants in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) result in cystic fibrosis - a lethal autosomal recessive disorder. Missense variants that alter a single amino acid in the CFTR protein are among the most common cystic fibrosis variants, yet tools for accurately predicting molecular consequences of missense variants have been limited to date. AlphaMissense (AM) is a new technology that predicts the pathogenicity of missense variants based on dual learned protein structure and evolutionary features. Here, we evaluated the ability of AM to predict the pathogenicity of CFTR missense variants. AM predicted a high pathogenicity for CFTR residues overall, resulting in a high false positive rate and fair classification performance on CF variants from the CFTR2.org database. AM pathogenicity score correlated modestly with pathogenicity metrics from persons with CF including sweat chloride level, pancreatic insufficiency rate, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection rate. Correlation was also modest with CFTR trafficking and folding competency in vitro. By contrast, the AM score correlated well with CFTR channel function in vitro - demonstrating the dual structure and evolutionary training approach learns important functional information despite lacking such data during training. Different performance across metrics indicated AM may determine if polymorphisms in CFTR are recessive CF variants yet cannot differentiate mechanistic effects or the nature of pathophysiology. Finally, AM predictions offered limited utility to inform on the pharmacological response of CF variants i.e., theratype. Development of new approaches to differentiate the biochemical and pharmacological properties of CFTR variants is therefore still needed to refine the targeting of emerging precision CF therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlebach, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking AlphaMissense Pathogenicity Predictions Against Cystic Fibrosis Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.06.561276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genes and signaling pathways within plant and animal taxa drive the expression of multiple organismal traits. This form of genetic pleiotropy instigates trade-offs among life-history traits if a mutation in the pleiotropic gene improves the fitness contribution of one trait at the expense of another. Whether or not pleiotropy gives rise to conflict among traits, however, likely depends on the resource costs and timing of trait deployment during organismal development. To investigate factors that could influence the evolutionary maintenance of pleiotropy in gene networks, we developed an agent-based model of co-evolution between parasites and hosts. Hosts comprise signaling networks that must faithfully complete a developmental program while also defending against parasites, and trait signaling networks could be independent or share a pleiotropic component as they evolved to improve host fitness. We found that hosts with independent developmental and immune networks were significantly more fit than hosts with pleiotropic networks when traits were deployed asynchronously during development. When host genotypes directly competed against each other, however, pleiotropic hosts were victorious regardless of trait synchrony because the pleiotropic networks were more robust to parasite manipulation, potentially explaining the abundance of pleiotropy in immune systems despite its contribution to life history trade-offs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.06.561276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lactoylglutathione promotes inflammatory signaling in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.10.561739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic, systemic inflammation is a pathophysiological manifestation of metabolic disorders. Inflammatory signaling leads to elevated glycolytic flux and a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis and lactate generation. This rise in lactate corresponds with increased generation of lactoylLys modifications on histones, mediating transcriptional responses to inflammatory stimuli. Lactoylation is also generated through a non-enzymatic S-to-N acyltransfer from the glyoxalase cycle intermediate, lactoylglutathione (LGSH). Here, we report a regulatory role for LGSH in inflammatory signaling. In the absence of the primary LGSH hydrolase, glyoxalase 2 (GLO2), RAW264.7 macrophages display significant elevations in LGSH, while demonstrating a potentiated inflammatory response when exposed to lipopolysaccharides, corresponding with a rise in histone lactoylation. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that lactoylation is associated with more compacted chromatin than acetylation in an unstimulated state, however, upon stimulation, regions of the genome associated with lactoylation become markedly more accessible. Lastly, we demonstrate a spontaneous S-to-S acyltransfer of lactate from LGSH to CoA, yielding lactoyl-CoA. This represents the first known mechanism for the generation of this metabolite. Collectively, these data suggest that LGSH, and not intracellular lactate, is a primary contributing factor facilitating the inflammatory response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Trujillo, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phoebe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastin, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kitamura, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reisz, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcinkiewicz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twardy, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebario, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Alessandro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusanovich, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galligan, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.561739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lactoylglutathione promotes inflammatory signaling in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterozygous expression of a Kcnt1 gain-of-function variant has differential effects on SST- and PV-expressing cortical GABAergic neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.11.561953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than twenty recurrent missense gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have been identified in the sodium-activated potassium (KNa) channel gene KCNT1 in patients with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), most of which are resistant to current therapies. Defining the neuron types most vulnerable to KCNT1 GOF will advance our understanding of disease mechanisms and provide refined targets for precision therapy efforts. Here, we assessed the effects of heterozygous expression of a Kcnt1 GOF variant (Y777H) on KNa currents and neuronal physiology among cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in mice, including those expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SST), and parvalbumin (PV), to identify and model the pathogenic mechanisms of autosomal dominant KCNT1 GOF variants in DEEs. Although the Kcnt1-Y777H variant had no effects on glutamatergic or VIP neuron function, it increased subthreshold KNa currents in both SST and PV neurons but with opposite effects on neuronal output; SST neurons became hypoexcitable with a higher rheobase current and lower action potential (AP) firing frequency, whereas PV neurons became hyperexcitable with a lower rheobase current and higher AP firing frequency. Further neurophysiological and computational modeling experiments showed that the differential effects of the Y777H variant on SST and PV neurons are not likely due to inherent differences in these neuron types, but to an increased persistent sodium current in PV, but not SST, neurons. The Y777H variant also increased excitatory input onto, and chemical and electrical synaptic connectivity between, SST neurons. Together, these data suggest differential pathogenic mechanisms, both direct and compensatory, contribute to disease phenotypes, and provide a salient example of how a pathogenic ion channel variant can cause opposite functional effects in closely related neuron subtypes due to interactions with other ionic conductances.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shore, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qunies, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spitznagel, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmitte, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.11.561953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterozygous expression of a Kcnt1 gain-of-function variant has differential effects on SST- and PV-expressing cortical GABAergic neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561972v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Restriction of Arginine Induces Antibiotic Tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.12.561972v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a substantial number of invasive infections globally each year. These infections are problematic because they are frequently recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment, particularly when they are caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antibiotic tolerance, the ability for bacteria to persist despite normally lethal doses of antibiotics, is responsible for most antibiotic treatment failure in MRSA infections. To understand how antibiotic tolerance is induced, S. aureus biofilms exposed to multiple anti-MRSA antibiotics (vancomycin, ceftaroline, delafloxacin, and linezolid) were examined using both quantitative proteomics and transposon sequencing. These screens indicated that arginine metabolism is involved in antibiotic tolerance within a biofilm and led to the hypothesis that depletion of arginine within S. aureus communities can induce antibiotic tolerance. Consistent with this hypothesis, inactivation of argH, the final gene in the arginine synthesis pathway, induces antibiotic tolerance under conditions in which the parental strain is susceptible to antibiotics. Arginine restriction was found to induce antibiotic tolerance via inhibition of protein synthesis. Finally, although S. aureus fitness in a mouse skin infection model is decreased in an argH mutant, its ability to survive in vivo during antibiotic treatment with vancomycin is enhanced, highlighting the relationship between arginine metabolism and antibiotic tolerance during S. aureus infection. Uncovering this link between arginine metabolism and antibiotic tolerance has the potential to open new therapeutic avenues targeting previously recalcitrant S. aureus infections.

Significance StatementMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading bacterial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the availability of numerous antibiotics with in vitro efficacy against MRSA, there are still high rates of antibiotic treatment failure in S. aureus infections, suggesting antibiotic tolerance is common during human infections. Here, we report a direct connection between the metabolism of arginine, an essential amino acid in S. aureus, and tolerance to multiple classes of antibiotics. This represents a key pathway towards broad antibiotic tolerance in S. aureus and therefore an attractive target to help repotentiate current antibiotics and potentially reduce treatment failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Freiberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, V. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.12.561972</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Restriction of Arginine Induces Antibiotic Tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Negative Binomial Mixture Model for Identification of Noise in Antigen-Specificity Predictions by LIBRA-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.13.562258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSMotivationC_ST_ABSLIBRA-seq (linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity by sequencing) provides a powerful tool for interrogating the antigen-specific B cell compartment and identifying antibodies against antigen targets of interest. Identification of noise in LIBRA-seq antigen count data is critical for improving antigen binding predictions for downstream applications including antibody discovery and machine learning technologies.

ResultsIn this study, we present a method for denoising LIBRA-seq data by clustering antigen counts into signal and noise components with a negative binomial mixture model. This approach leverages the VRC01 negative control cells included in a recent LIBRA-seq study(Abu-Shmais et al.) to provide a data-driven means for identification of technical noise. We apply this method to a dataset of nine donors representing separate LIBRA-seq experiments and show that our approach provides improved predictions for in vitro antibody-antigen binding when compared to the standard scoring method used in LIBRA-seq, despite variance in data size and noise structure across samples. This development will improve the ability of LIBRA-seq to identify antigen-specific B cells and contribute to providing more reliable datasets for future machine learning based approaches to predicting antibody-antigen binding as the corpus of LIBRA-seq data continues to grow.

Availability and ImplementationJupyter notebooks detailing model fitting and figure generation in Python are available at https://github.com/perrywasdin/mixture_model_denoising.

ContactEmail: Ivelin.Georgiev@Vanderbilt.edu

Supplementary InformationSupplementary figures are provided in the attached PDF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irvin, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.13.562258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Negative Binomial Mixture Model for Identification of Noise in Antigen-Specificity Predictions by LIBRA-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A purine salvage bottleneck leads to bacterial adenine cross-feeding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse ecosystems host microbial relationships that are stabilized by nutrient cross-feeding. Cross-feeding can involve metabolites that should hold value for the producer. Externalization of such communally valuable metabolites is often unexpected and difficult to predict. Previously, we fortuitously discovered purine externalization by Rhodopseudomonas palustris by its ability to rescue growth of an Escherichia coli purine auxotroph. Here we found that an E. coli purine auxotroph can stably coexist with R. palustris due to purine cross-feeding. We identified the cross-fed purine as adenine. Adenine was externalized by R. palustris under diverse growth conditions. Computational models suggested that adenine externalization occurs via passive diffusion across the cytoplasmic membrane. RNAseq analysis led us to hypothesize that accumulation and externalization of adenine stems from an adenine salvage bottleneck at the enzyme encoded by apt. Ectopic expression of apt eliminated adenine externalization, supporting our hypothesis. A comparison of 49 R. palustris strains suggested that purine externalization is relatively common, with 15 of the strains exhibiting the trait. Purine externalization was correlated with the genomic orientation of apt orientation, but apt orientation alone could not explain adenine externalization in some strains. Our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how a communally valuable metabolite can participate in cross-feeding. Our findings also highlight the challenge in identifying genetic signatures for metabolite externalization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chuang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oda, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaSarre, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harwood, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKinlay, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A purine salvage bottleneck leads to bacterial adenine cross-feeding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.561369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Tumour-Specific Molecular Network Promotes Tumour Growth in Drosophila by Enforcing a JNK-YKI Feedforward Loop 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.561369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells expand rapidly in response to altered intercellular and signalling interactions to achieve hallmarks of cancer. Impaired cell polarity combined with activated oncogenes is known to promote several hallmarks of cancer e.g., activating invasion by increased activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and sustained proliferative signalling by increased activity of Hippo effector Yorkie (Yki). Thus, JNK, Yki, and their downstream transcription factors have emerged as synergistic drivers of tumour growth through pro-tumour signalling and intercellular interactions like cell-competition. However, little is known about the signals that converge onto JNK and Yki in tumour cells that enable the tumour cells to achieve hallmarks of cancer. Here, using mosaic models of cooperative oncogenesis (RasV12, scrib-) in Drosophila, we show that RasV12, scrib- tumour cells grow by activation of a previously unidentified network comprising Wingless (Wg), Dronc, JNK and Yki. We show that RasV12, scrib- cells show increased Wg, Dronc, JNK, and Yki signalling, and all of these signals are required for the growth of RasV12, scrib- tumours. We report that Wg and Dronc converge onto a JNK-Yki self-reinforcing positive feedback signal-amplification loop that promotes tumour growth. We found that Wg-Dronc-Yki-JNK molecular network is specifically activated in polarity-impaired tumour cells and not in normal cells where apical basal polarity is intact. Our findings suggest that identification of molecular networks may provide significant insights about the key biologically meaningful changes in signalling pathways, and paradoxical signals that promote Tumourigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waghmare, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangwani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kango-Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.561369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Tumour-Specific Molecular Network Promotes Tumour Growth in Drosophila by Enforcing a JNK-YKI Feedforward Loop]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562628v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of EGFR and its Activity State in Plasma CD63-EVs from Glioblastoma Patients: Rapid Profiling using an Anion Exchange Membrane Sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562628v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a novel quantitative immunoassay for CD63 EVs (extracellular vesicles) and a constituent surface cargo, EGFR and its activity state, that provides a sensitive, selective, fluorophore-free and rapid alternative to current EV-based diagnostic methods. Our sensing design utilizes a charge-gating strategy, with a hydrophilic anion exchange membrane and a charged silica nanoparticle reporter. With sensitivity and robustness enhancement by the ion-depletion action of the membrane, this hydrophilic design with charged reporters minimizes interference from dispersed proteins and fluorophore degradation, thus enabling direct plasma analysis. With a limit of detection of 30 EVs/L and a high relative sensitivity of 0.01% for targeted proteomic subfractions, our assay enables accurate quantification of the EV marker, CD63, with colocalized EGFR by an operator/sample insensitive universal normalized calibration. Glioblastoma necessitates improved non-invasive diagnostic approaches for early detection and monitoring. Notably, we target both total and "active" EGFR on EVs; with a monoclonal antibody mAb806 that recognizes a normally hidden epitope on overexpressed or mutant variant III EGFR. This approach offers direct glioblastoma detection from untreated human patient samples. Analysis of glioblastoma clinical samples yielded an area-under-the-curve (AUC) value of 0.99 and low p-value of 0.000033, significantly surpassing the performance of existing assays and markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maniya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gan, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senapati, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562628</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of EGFR and its Activity State in Plasma CD63-EVs from Glioblastoma Patients: Rapid Profiling using an Anion Exchange Membrane Sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive capacity of a DNA polymerase clamp-loader ATPase complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.562948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of mutations to facilitate adaptation is central to evolution. To understand how mutations can lead to functional adaptation in a complex molecular machine, we created a defective version of the T4 clamp-loader complex, which is essential for DNA replication. This variant, which is [~]5000-fold less active than the wildtype, was made by replacing the catalytic domains with those from another phage. A directed-evolution experiment revealed that multiple substitutions to a single negatively-charged residue in the chimeric clamp loader - Asp 86 - restore fitness to within [~]20-fold of wildtype. These mutations remove an adventitious electrostatic repulsive interaction between Asp 86 and the sliding clamp. Deep mutagenesis shows that the reduced fitness of the chimeric clamp loader is compensated for by lysine and arginine substitutions of several DNA-proximal residues in the clamp loader or the sliding clamp. Thus, the fitness decrease of the chimeric clamp loader is caused by a reduction in affinity between the clamp loader and the clamp. Our results demonstrate that there is a latent capacity for increasing affinity of the clamp loader for DNA and the sliding clamp, such that even single point mutations can readily compensate for the loss of function due to suboptimal interactions elsewhere.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nimkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive capacity of a DNA polymerase clamp-loader ATPase complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.563013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collagen IV of basement membranes: I. Origin and diversification of COL4 genes enabling animal evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.18.563013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen IV is a major component of basement membranes, a specialized form of extracellular matrix that enabled the assembly of multicellular epithelial tissues. In mammals, collagen IV assembles from a family of six -chains (1 to 6), forming three supramolecular scaffolds: Col-IV121, Col-IV345 and Col-IV121-556. The -chains are encoded by six genes (COL4A1-6) that occur in pairs in a head-to-head arrangement. In Alport syndrome, variants in COL4A3, 4 or 5 genes, encoding Col-IV345 scaffold in glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the kidney ultrafilter, cause progressive renal failure in millions of people worldwide. How variants cause dysfunction remains obscure. Here, we gained insights into Col-IV345 function by determining its evolutionary lineage, as revealed from phylogenetic analyses and tissue expression of COL4 gene-pairs. We found that the COL4A[&lt;]1|2[&gt;] gene-pair emerged in basal Ctenophores and Cnidaria phyla and is highly conserved across metazoans. The COL4A[&lt;]1|2[&gt;] duplicated and arose as the progenitor to the COL4A[&lt;]3|4[&gt;] gene-pair in cyclostomes, coinciding with emergence of kidney GBM, and expressed and conserved in jawed-vertebrates, except for amphibians, and a second duplication as the progenitor to the COL4A[&lt;]5|6[&gt;] gene-pair and conserved in jawed-vertebrates. These findings revealed that Col-IV121 is the progenitor scaffold, expressed ubiquitously in metazoan basement membranes, and which evolved into vertebrate Col-IV345 and expressed in GBM. The Col-IV345 scaffold, in comparison, has an increased number of cysteine residues, varying in number with osmolarity of the environment. Cysteines mediate disulfide crosslinks between protomers, an adaptation enabling a compact GBM that withstands the high hydrostatic pressure associated with glomerular ultrafiltration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokidysheva, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darris, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetyrkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murawala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallup, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aspirnauts,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.563013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collagen IV of basement membranes: I. Origin and diversification of COL4 genes enabling animal evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563103v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A High-Fat and Fructose Diet in Dogs Mirrors Insulin Resistance and β-cell Dysfunction Characteristic of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.19.563103v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examined the impact of a hypercaloric high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) in dogs as a potential model for human impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The HFFD not only led to weight gain but also triggered metabolic alterations akin to the precursors of human T2DM, notably insulin resistance and {beta}-cell dysfunction. Following the HFFD intervention, the dogs exhibited a 50% decrease in insulin sensitivity within the first four weeks, paralleling observations in the progression from normal to IGT in humans. Calculations of the insulinogenic index using both insulin and C-peptide revealed a significant and sustained decrease in early-phase insulin release, with partial compensation in the later phase, predominantly stemming from reduced hepatic insulin clearance. In addition, the Disposition Index, representing the {beta}-cells capacity to compensate for diminished insulin sensitivity, fell dramatically. These results confirm that a HFFD can instigate metabolic changes in dogs akin to the early stages of progression to T2DM in humans. The study underscores the potential of using dogs subjected to a HFFD as a model organism for studying human IGT and T2DM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Man, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaughter, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.19.563103</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A High-Fat and Fructose Diet in Dogs Mirrors Insulin Resistance and β-cell Dysfunction Characteristic of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The evolution of gestation length in eutherian mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.22.563491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gestation length, or the duration of pregnancy, is a critical component of mammalian reproductive biology1. Eutherian mammals exhibit striking variation in their gestation lengths2-5, which has traditionally been linked to and allometrically scales with variation in other life history traits, including body mass and lifespan5-8. How the phenotypic landscape of gestation length variation, including its associations with body mass and lifespan variation, changed over mammalian evolution remains unknown. Phylogeny-informed analyses of 845 representative extant eutherian mammals showed that gestation length variation substantially differed in both whether and how strongly it was associated with body mass and lifespan across mammalian clades. For example, gestation length variation in Chiroptera and Cetacea was not associated with lifespan or body mass but was strongly associated only with body mass in Carnivora. We also identified 52 adaptive shifts in gestation length variation across the mammal phylogeny and 14 adaptive shifts when considering all three life history traits; the placements of six adaptive shifts are common in the two analyses. Notably, two of these shifts occurred at the roots of Cetacea and Pinnipedia, respectively, coinciding with the transition of these clades to the marine environment. The varying dynamics of the phenotypic landscape of gestation length, coupled with the varying patterns of associations between gestation length and two other major life history traits, raise the hypothesis that evolutionary constraints on gestation length have varied substantially across mammalian phylogeny. This variation in constraints implies that the genetic architecture of gestation length differs between mammal clades.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.22.563491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The evolution of gestation length in eutherian mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acoustomechanically activatable liposomes for ultrasonic drug uncaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.23.563690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ultrasound-activatable drug-loaded nanocarriers enable noninvasive and spatiotemporally-precise on-demand drug delivery throughout the body. However, most systems for ultrasonic drug uncaging utilize cavitation or heating as the drug release mechanism and often incorporate relatively exotic excipients into the formulation that together limit the drug-loading potential, stability, and clinical translatability and applicability of these systems. Here we describe an alternate strategy for the design of such systems in which the acoustic impedance and osmolarity of the internal liquid phase of a drug-loaded particle is tuned to maximize ultrasound-induced drug release. No gas phase, cavitation, or medium heating is necessary for the drug release mechanism. Instead, a non-cavitation-based mechanical response to ultrasound mediates the drug release. Importantly, this strategy can be implemented with relatively common pharmaceutical excipients, as we demonstrate here by implementing this mechanism with the inclusion of a few percent sucrose into the internal buffer of a liposome. Further, the ultrasound protocols sufficient for in vivo drug uncaging with this system are achievable with current clinical therapeutic ultrasound systems and with intensities that are within FDA and society guidelines for safe transcranial ultrasound application. Finally, this current implementation of this mechanism should be versatile and effective for the loading and uncaging of any therapeutic that may be loaded into a liposome, as we demonstrate for four different drugs in vitro, and two in vivo. These acoustomechanically activatable liposomes formulated with common pharmaceutical excipients promise a system with high clinical translational potential for ultrasonic drug uncaging of myriad drugs of clinical interest.

One Sentence SummaryIncorporating a few percent sucrose into a liposome transforms it into an immediately translatable vehicle for noninvasive, on-demand ultrasound-targeted drug delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Purohit, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azadian, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muwanga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taoube, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Lopez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Airan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.23.563690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acoustomechanically activatable liposomes for ultrasonic drug uncaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Noradrenergic alpha-2a Receptor Stimulation Enhances Prediction Error Signaling in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The noradrenergic system is implicated to support behavioral flexibility by increasing exploration during periods of uncertainty and by enhancing working memory for goal-relevant stimuli. Possible sources mediating these pro-cognitive effects are 2A adrenoceptors (2AR) in prefrontal cortex or the anterior cingulate cortex facilitating fronto-striatal learning processes. We tested this hypothesis by selectively stimulating 2ARs using Guanfacine during feature-based attentional set shifting in nonhuman primates. We found that 2A stimulation improved learning from errors and facilitates updating the target feature of an attentional set. Neural recordings in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and the striatum showed that 2A stimulation selectively enhanced the neural representation of negative reward prediction errors in neurons of the ACC and of positive prediction errors in the striatum, but not in dlPFC. This modulation was accompanied by enhanced encoding of the feature and location of the attended target across the fronto-striatal network. Enhanced learning was paralleled by enhanced encoding of outcomes in putative fast-spiking interneurons in the ACC, dlPFC, and striatum but not in broad spiking cells, pointing to an interneuron mediated mechanism of 2AR action. These results illustrate that 2A receptors causally support the noradrenergic enhancement of updating attention sets through an enhancement of prediction error signaling in the ACC and the striatum.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hassani, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Noradrenergic alpha-2a Receptor Stimulation Enhances Prediction Error Signaling in Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating population-level and cell-based signatures for drug repositioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.25.564079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug repositioning presents a streamlined and cost-efficient way to expand the range of therapeutic possibilities. Drugs with human genetic evidence are more likely to advance successfully through clinical trials towards FDA approval. Single gene-based drug repositioning methods have been implemented, but approaches leveraging a broad spectrum of molecular signatures remain underexplored. We propose a framework called "TReD" (Transcriptome-informed Reversal Distance) that integrates population-level disease signatures robust to reverse causality and cell-based, drug-induced transcriptome response profiles. TReD embeds the disease signature and drug response profiles in a high-dimensional normed space, quantifying the reversal potential of candidate drugs in a disease-related cell-based screening. Here, we implemented this framework to identify potential therapeutics relevant to COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes (T2D). For COVID-19, we identified 36 drugs showing potential reversal roles. Notably, nearly 70% (25/36) of the drugs have been linked to COVID-19 from other studies, with seven drugs supported by ongoing/completed clinical trials. For T2D, we observed reversal signals for 16 compounds on multiple disease signatures. Five drugs are supported by published literature, affirming potential therapeutic value. In summary, we propose a comprehensive genetics-anchored framework integrating population-level signatures and cell-based screening that has the potential to accelerate the search for new therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.25.564079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating population-level and cell-based signatures for drug repositioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sequence-based machine learning reveals 3D genome differences between bonobos and chimpanzees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic divergence between closely related species, including bonobos and chimpanzees (genus Pan), is largely driven by variation in gene regulation. The 3D structure of the genome mediates gene expression; however, genome folding differences in Pan are not well understood. Here, we apply machine learning to predict genome-wide 3D genome contact maps from DNA sequence for 56 bonobos and chimpanzees, encompassing all five extant lineages. We use a pairwise approach to estimate 3D divergence between individuals from the resulting contact maps in 4,420 1 Mb genomic windows. While most pairs were similar,[~] 17% were predicted to be substantially divergent in genome folding. The most dissimilar maps were largely driven by single individuals with rare variants that pro-duce unique 3D genome folding in a region. We also identified 89 genomic windows where bonobo and chimpanzee contact maps substantially diverged, including several windows harboring genes associated with traits implicated in Pan phenotypic divergence. We used in silico mutagenesis to identify 51 3D-modifying variants in these bonobo-chimpanzee diver-gent windows, finding that 34 or 66.67% induce genome folding changes via CTCF binding motif disruption. Our results reveal 3D genome variation at the population-level and identify genomic regions where changes in 3D folding may contribute to phenotypic differences in our closest living relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brand, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbertson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollard, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sequence-based machine learning reveals 3D genome differences between bonobos and chimpanzees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.563641v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HLTF Prevents G4 Accumulation and Promotes G4-induced Fork Slowing to Maintain Genome Stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.27.563641v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
G-quadruplexes (G4s) form throughout the genome and influence important cellular processes, but their deregulation can challenge DNA replication fork progression and threaten genome stability. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected, dual role for the dsDNA translocase HLTF in G4 metabolism. First, we find that HLTF is enriched at G4s in the human genome and suppresses G4 accumulation throughout the cell cycle using its ATPase activity. This function of HLTF affects telomere maintenance by restricting alternative lengthening of telomeres, a process stimulated by G4s. We also show that HLTF and MSH2, a mismatch repair factor that binds G4s, act in independent pathways to suppress G4s and to promote resistance to G4 stabilization. In a second, distinct role, HLTF restrains DNA synthesis upon G4 stabilization by suppressing PrimPol-dependent repriming. Together, the dual functions of HLTF in the G4 response prevent DNA damage and potentially mutagenic replication to safeguard genome stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bai, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endres, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kühbacher, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathirachinda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimprich, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.27.563641</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HLTF Prevents G4 Accumulation and Promotes G4-induced Fork Slowing to Maintain Genome Stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564701v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.30.564701v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Social anxiety--which typically emerges in adolescence--lies on a continuum and, when extreme, can be devastating. Socially anxious individuals are prone to heightened fear, anxiety, and the avoidance of contexts associated with potential social scrutiny. Yet most neuroimaging research has focused on acute social threat. Much less attention has been devoted to understanding the neural systems recruited during the uncertain anticipation of potential encounters with social threat. Here we used a novel fMRI paradigm to probe the neural circuitry engaged during the anticipation and acute presentation of threatening faces and voices in a racially diverse sample of 66 adolescents selectively recruited to encompass a range of social anxiety and enriched for clinically significant levels of distress and impairment. Results demonstrated that adolescents with more severe social anxiety symptoms experience heightened distress when anticipating encounters with social threat, and reduced discrimination of uncertain social threat and safety in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), a key division of the central extended amygdala (EAc). Although the EAc--including the BST and central nucleus of the amygdala--was robustly engaged by the acute presentation of threatening faces and voices, the degree of EAc engagement was unrelated to the severity of social anxiety. Together, these observations provide a neurobiologically grounded framework for conceptualizing adolescent social anxiety and set the stage for the kinds of prospective-longitudinal and mechanistic research that will be necessary to determine causation and, ultimately, to develop improved interventions for this often-debilitating illness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hur, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillman, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Didier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stockbridge, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Los Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shackman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564701</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent social anxiety is associated with diminished discrimination of anticipated threat and safety]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psilocybe zapotecorum is a strongly blue-bruising psilocybin mushroom used by indigenous groups in southeastern Mexico and beyond. While this species has a rich history of ceremonial use, research into its chemistry and genetics have been limited. Herein, we detail mushroom morphology and report on cultivation parameters, chemical profile, and the full genome sequence of P. zapotecorum. First, growth and cloning methods are detailed that are simple, and reproducible. In combination with high resolution microscopic analysis, the strain was barcoded, confirming species-level identification. Full genome sequencing reveals the architecture of the psilocybin gene cluster in P. zapotecorum, and can serve as a reference genome for Psilocybe Clade I. Characterization of the tryptamine profile revealed a psilocybin concentration of 17.9{+/-}1.7 mg/g, with a range of 10.6-25.7 mg/g (n=7), and similar tryptamines (psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, 4-HO-tryptamine, and tryptamine) in lesser concentrations for a combined tryptamine concentration of 22.5{+/-}3.2 mg/g. These results show P. zapotecorum to be a potent - and variable - Psilocybe mushroom. Chemical profiling, genetic analysis, and cultivation assist in demystifying these mushrooms. As clinical studies with psilocybin gain traction, understanding the diversity of psilocybin mushrooms will assure that psilocybin therapy does not become synonymous with psilocybin mushrooms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rockefeller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bollinger, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slot, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cliffel, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cultivation, chemistry, and genome of Psilocybe zapotecorum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The shared genetic architecture and evolution of human language and musical rhythm 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.01.564908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhythm and language-related traits are phenotypically correlated, but their genetic overlap is largely unknown. Here, we leveraged two large-scale genome-wide association studies performed to shed light on the shared genetics of rhythm (N=606,825) and dyslexia (N=1,138,870). Our results reveal an intricate shared genetic and neurobiological architecture, and lay groundwork for resolving longstanding debates about the potential co-evolution of human language and musical traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alagoez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eising, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bignardi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>23andMe Research Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivard, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.564908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The shared genetic architecture and evolution of human language and musical rhythm]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nitrate-mediated luminal expansion of Salmonella Typhimurium is dependent on the ER stress protein CHOP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that employs a variety of mechanisms to exploit inflammation resulting in expansion in the intestinal tract, but host factors that contribute to or counteract the luminal expansion are not well-defined. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces inflammation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, little is known about the contribution of ER stress-induced inflammation during Salmonella pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the ER stress markers Hspa5 and Xbp1 are induced in the colon of S. Typhimurium infected mice, but the pro-apoptotic transcription factor Ddit3, that encodes for the protein CHOP, is significantly downregulated. S. Typhimurium-infected mice deficient for CHOP displayed a significant decrease in inflammation, colonization, dissemination, and pathology compared to littermate control mice. Preceding the differences in S. Typhimurium colonization, a significant decrease in Nos2 gene and iNOS protein expression was observed. Deletion of Chop decreased the bioavailability of nitrate in the colon leading to reduced fitness advantage of wild type S. Typhimurium over a napA narZ narG mutant strain (deficient in nitrate respiration). CD11b+ myeloid cells, but not intestinal epithelial cells, produced iNOS resulting in nitrate bioavailability for S. Typhimurium to expand in the intestinal tract in a CHOP-dependent manner. Altogether our work demonstrates that the host protein CHOP facilitates iNOS expression in CD11b+ cells thereby contributing to luminal expansion of S. Typhimurium via nitrate respiration.

Author SummarySalmonella Typhimurium is a gastroenteric bacterium that replicates to large numbers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract allowing for efficient host-to-host transmission. One strategy that allows Salmonella to expand in the GI tract is via nitrate respiration that is generated during Salmonella infections. Our results presented here provide more insight into the role of the host protein CHOP in the production of nitrate and the subsequent growth of Salmonella in the GI tract. CHOP expression is regulated within the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive response pathway that is activated when cells are undergoing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress has been implicated in several infectious and inflammatory diseases; however, little is known about the contribution of ER stress and the UPR during Salmonella infections. Here, we demonstrate that Chop is downregulated in mice infected with S. Typhimurium, and that mice deficient for CHOP have reduced bacterial numbers in the colon, suggesting that downregulation of Chop is a host response to resist intestinal colonization by Salmonella. Our results further show that CHOP contributes to increased expression of iNOS, responsible for nitrate production, thereby increasing the bioavailability of nitrate that allows for Salmonella growth. Altogether, our research provides a better understanding of the contribution of the ER stress protein CHOP in intestinal health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweet, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuss-Duerkop, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keestra-Gounder, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nitrate-mediated luminal expansion of Salmonella Typhimurium is dependent on the ER stress protein CHOP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565440v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning-based exploration, expansion and definition of the atropopeptide family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565440v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) constitute a diverse class of natural products. Atropopeptides are a recent addition to the fast-growing number of RiPP families. Characterized members of the peptide family feature a particular intricate three-dimensional shape. Here we developed AtropoFinder, a machine learning-based algorithm to chart the biosynthetic landscape of the atropopeptides. AtropoFinder identified more than 650 atropopeptide biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Through bioinformatics and modeling analyses, we pinpointed crucial motifs and residues in leader and core peptide sequences, prompting a refined definition of the atropopeptide RiPP family. Our study revealed that a substantial subset of atropopeptide BGCs harbors multiple tailoring genes, thus suggesting a broader structural diversity than previously anticipated. To verify AtropoFinder, we heterologously expressed four atropopeptide BGCs, which resulted in the identification of novel atropopeptides with varying peptide lengths, number and type of modifications. Most notably, our study resulted in the characterization of an atropopeptide that is more extensively modified than previously identified members, resulting in an even more rigid 3-dimensional shape. Moreover, one characterized atropopeptide BGC encoding a single P450 is involved in the biosynthesis of two peptides with the same sequence but distinct and non-overlapping modification patterns. This work expands the atropopeptide chemical space, advances our understanding of atropopeptide biosynthesis and underscores the potential of machine learning in uncovering the uncharted biosynthetic diversity encoded in RiPP biosynthetic blueprints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biermann, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitenbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanudorn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakumu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueoka, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helfrich, E. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565440</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning-based exploration, expansion and definition of the atropopeptide family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Purinergic calcium signaling drives drug tolerance through ERK reactivation in BRAF-mutant melanoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug tolerance is a major cause of relapse after cancer treatment. In spite of intensive efforts1-9, its molecular basis remains poorly understood, hampering actionable intervention. We report a previously unrecognized signaling mechanism supporting drug tolerance in BRAF-mutant melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitors that could be of general relevance to other cancers. Its key features are cell-intrinsic intracellular Ca2+ signaling initiated by P2X7 receptors (purinergic ligand-gated cation channels), and an enhanced ability for these Ca2+ signals to reactivate ERK1/2 in the drug-tolerant state. Extracellular ATP, virtually ubiquitous in living systems, is the ligand that can initiate Ca2+ spikes via P2X7 channels. ATP is abundant in the tumor microenvironment and is released by dying cells, ironically implicating treatment-initiated cancer cell death as a source of trophic stimuli that leads to ERK reactivation and drug tolerance. Such a mechanism immediately offers an explanation of the inevitable relapse after BRAFi treatment in BRAF-mutant melanoma, and points to actionable strategies to overcome it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Purinergic calcium signaling drives drug tolerance through ERK reactivation in BRAF-mutant melanoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Claudin 18.2 as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Menetrier Disease and the Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both Menetriers disease (MD) and juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) are rare premalignant conditions that can lead to gastric cancer development. MD is an acquired disease without known causative mutations. MD patients are characterized by an increased expression of EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-) in the stomach. JPS is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is caused by BMPR1A or SMAD4 mutations. It is characterized by multiple polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract along with certain SMAD4 mutations that can result in gastric polyposis. Although there are many distinct clinico- endoscopic and histopathologic features that differ between the two diseases, they also share similar features that often lead to misdiagnosis. This study aimed to identify markers that can help distinguish MD from JPS and to better understand the pathogenesis of MD by comparing differential gene expression patterns.

Upon examination of MD and JPS microscopically, we found almost all cases have patchy areas mimicking each other, making it difficult to make a correct diagnosis with histopathologic examination alone. Comparative analysis between MD and JPS using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed both common and differential gene signatures. Common gene signatures included estrogen receptor signaling, integrin signaling, mTOR signaling, and others, which may be responsible for histopathologic similarities. Among differential gene signatures, we found that claudin 18 (CLDN18) is upregulated in MD and confirmed that CLDN18.2 (isoform of CLDN18) protein expression is higher in MD than JPS by immunohistochemistry. Comparative analysis between MD and normal control revealed the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is upregulated in MD. Treatment with a hedgehog pathway inhibitor partially rescued the histopathologic phenotypes in a MD mouse model.

The current study provides valuable insight into the potential underlying mechanism of why MD and JPS show similar clinico-pathologic features. We also identified a diagnostic marker CLDN18.2 that can help distinguish MD from JPS, genetically. Furthermore, it also shows that Hh signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MD and can function as a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huh, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Claudin 18.2 as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Menetrier Disease and the Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from patients with extreme high and low polygenic scores for QT interval 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.03.565486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndrome with congenital and drug-induced presentations and known monogenic and polygenic contributions. LQTS represents a significant clinical challenge due to its complex genetic underpinning and propensity for fatal arrhythmias. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of six patients with extreme polygenic scores for short and long corrected QT intervals. iPSC lines were rigorously validated for genomic integrity through karyotyping and targeted mutation analysis specific to a lengthened or shortened QT interval. Pluripotency was confirmed by expression of key markers TRA 1-60, TRA 1-81, SOX2, OCT4, NANOG, and REX1 via quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Subsequent cardiac induction successfully generated cardiomyocytes that were further characterized. This patient-specific approach will enable us to better understand variable expressivity and penetrance of LQTS. Rigorously validated iPSC lines serve as a vital resource for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying LQTS. Our study provides a robust and clinically relevant resource to facilitate our understanding the genetic and cellular complexity of LQTS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanags, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ONeill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davogustto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.03.565486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines from patients with extreme high and low polygenic scores for QT interval]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The HIV-1 capsid serves as a nanoscale reaction vessel for reverse transcription 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.08.566350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The viral capsid performs critical functions during HIV-1 infection and is a validated target for antiviral therapy. Previous studies have established that the proper structure and stability of the capsid are required for efficient HIV-1 reverse transcription in target cells. Moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that permeabilized virions and purified HIV-1 cores undergo efficient reverse transcription in vitro when the capsid is stabilized by addition of the host cell metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). However, the molecular mechanism by which the capsid promotes reverse transcription is undefined. Here we show that wild type HIV-1 particles can undergo efficient reverse transcription in vitro in the absence of a membrane-permeabilizing agent. This activity, originally termed "natural endogenous reverse transcription" (NERT), depends on expression of the viral envelope glycoprotein during virus assembly and its incorporation into virions. Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail markedly reduced NERT activity, indicating that gp41 permits the entry of nucleotides into virions. Protease treatment of virions markedly reduced NERT suggesting the presence of a proteinaceous membrane channel. By contrast to reverse transcription in permeabilized virions, NERT required neither the addition of IP6 nor a mature capsid, indicating that an intact viral membrane can substitute for the function of the viral capsid during reverse transcription in vitro. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the viral capsid functions as a nanoscale container for reverse transcription during HIV-1 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dasgupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluis-Cremer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The HIV-1 capsid serves as a nanoscale reaction vessel for reverse transcription]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multi-task Platform for Profiling Cognitive and Motivational Constructs in Humans and Nonhuman Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnderstanding the neurobiological substrates of psychiatric disorders requires comprehensive evaluations of cognitive and motivational functions in preclinical research settings. The translational validity of such evaluations will be supported by (1) tasks with high construct validity that are engaging and easy to teach to human and nonhuman participants, (2) software that enables efficient switching between multiple tasks in single sessions, (3) software that supports tasks across a broad range of physical experimental setups, and (4) by platform architectures that are easily extendable and customizable to encourage future optimization and development.

New MethodWe describe the Multi-task Universal Suite for Experiments (M-USE), a software platform designed to meet these requirements. It leverages the Unity video game engine and C# programming language to (1) support immersive and engaging tasks for humans and nonhuman primates, (2) allow experimenters or participants to switch between multiple tasks within-session, (3) generate builds that function across computers, tablets, and websites, and (4) is freely available online with documentation and tutorials for users and developers. M-USE includes a task library with seven pre-existing tasks assessing cognitive and motivational constructs of perception, attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, motivational and affective self-control, relational long-term memory, and visuo-spatial problem solving.

ResultsM-USE was used to test NHPs on up to six tasks per session, all available as part of the Task Library, and to extract performance metrics for all major cognitive and motivational constructs spanning the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) of the National Institutes of Mental Health.

Comparison with Existing MethodsOther experiment design and control systems exist, but do not provide the full range of features available in M-USE, including a pre-existing task library for cross-species assessments; the ability to switch seamlessly between tasks in individual sessions; cross-platform build capabilities; license-free availability; and its leveraging of video-engine capabilities used to gamify tasks.

ConclusionsThe new multi-task platform facilitates cross-species translational research for understanding the neurobiological substrates of higher cognitive and motivational functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Traczewski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhungana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boroujeni, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multi-task Platform for Profiling Cognitive and Motivational Constructs in Humans and Nonhuman Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiotemporal EP4-fibulin-1 expression is associated with vascular intimal hyperplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.09.566500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsCyclooxygenase-2- and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are involved in vascular intimal hyperplasia (IH). Although extensive studies have revealed the roles of PGE2 receptors (EPs) in IH, spatiotemporal EP expressions and downstream targets have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we focused on EP4 and investigated its role in vascular IH.

Methods and ResultsWe generated EP4 reporter mice (Ptger4-IRES-nlsLacZ) and found prominent EP4 expression in the proliferative neointima 2 weeks after femoral artery wire injury. Expression of EP4 were returned to the baseline level 4 weeks after vascular injury (VI). Injury-induced IH was diminished in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-specific EP4 heterozygous deficient mice (Ptger4fl/+;SM22-Cre) 2 and 4 weeks after VI compared to SM22-Cre, whereas injury-induced IH was exacerbated in VSMC-specific EP4-overexpressing mice (Ptger4-Tg) compared to controls (non-Tg). Systemic EP4 antagonist administration reduced VI-induced IH in wild-type mice. We investigated the role of extracellular matrix proteins, as downstream regulated targets of EP4. Stimulation of EP4 increased mRNA and protein levels of fibulin-1 (a multifunctional glycoprotein) in Ptger4-Tg VSMCs. Fibulin-1C or -1D recombinant proteins increased VSMC proliferation, whereas proliferation was decreased in fibulin-1-deficient VSMCs. We generated multiple deletion mutants of fibulin-1C and found that EGF-like modules 6-8 appear to be involved in fibulin-1-mediated proliferation. Among binding partners of fibulin-1, extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) was upregulated by EP4 stimulation, and fibulin-1 and ECM1 proteins additively enhanced VSMC proliferation. Similar to EP4 expression, both fibulin-1 and ECM1 were abundantly expressed in the neointima 2 weeks after VI. Furthermore, injury-induced IH was attenuated in VSMC-specific fibulin-1 deletion mice (Fbln1fl/fl;SM22-Cre) compared to Fbln1fl/fl.

ConclusionsEP4 was upregulated in proliferative IH, and EP4-induced fibulin-1 cooperated with ECM1 to promote IH through VSMC proliferation. The calcium binding EGF-like modules 6-8 of fibulin-1 are indicated to regulate cell proliferation.

A Translational PerspectiveRecent advances in drug-eluting stents have significantly contributed to the reduction of vascular IH. However, the detailed mechanism underlying IH after stenting remains to be elucidated. We found that prostaglandin E2-EP4-induced fibulin-1 plays a role in IH through VSMC proliferation. It is well recognized that prostaglandin E2 plays a role in IH, but inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 has side effects such as thrombogenesis. Because EP4 and fibulin-1 were upregulated specifically in the neointima after vascular injury, oral or local administration of an EP4 antagonist or the downregulation of fibulin-1 would be potential therapeutic strategies to restrain IH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Okumura, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yokoyama, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasaki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidaka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanifuji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaneko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breyer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kato, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.09.566500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiotemporal EP4-fibulin-1 expression is associated with vascular intimal hyperplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network Enrichment Significance Testing in Brain-Phenotype Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.10.566593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional networks often guide our interpretation of spatial maps of brain-phenotype associations. However, methods for assessing enrichment of associations within networks of interest have varied in terms of both scientific rigor and underlying assumptions. While some approaches have relied on subjective interpretations, others have made unrealistic assumptions about the spatial structure of imaging data, leading to inflated false positive rates. We seek to address this gap in existing methodology by borrowing insight from a method widely used in genomics research for testing enrichment of associations between a set of genes and a phenotype of interest. We propose Network Enrichment Significance Testing (NEST), a flexible framework for testing the specificity of brain-phenotype associations to functional networks or other sub-regions of the brain. We apply NEST to study phenotype associations with structural and functional brain imaging data from a large-scale neurodevelopmental cohort study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raznahan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roalf, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, M. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baller, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linn, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinohara, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.10.566593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network Enrichment Significance Testing in Brain-Phenotype Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566786v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell RNA-sequencing suggests a novel lipid associated mast cell population following weight cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.12.566786v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously demonstrated that weight cycled mice have increased adipose mast cells compared to obese mice by single cell RNA-sequencing. Here, we aimed to confirm and elucidate these changes. Interestingly, we did not detect an increase in total mast cell numbers in weight cycled mice by Toluidine blue or flow cytometry, however, further subcluster analysis of our dataset showed that our initial mast cell cluster consisted of two unique populations. One population had very high expression of classical mast cell markers and another had elevated lipid handling and antigen presentation genes with a concomitant reduction in classical mast cell genes. This new "lipid-associated" mast cell cluster accounted for most of the mast cells in the weight cycled group. We induced a similar phenotype in vitro using repeated exposure to adipose tissue conditioned media to mimic weight gain and weight regain. Upon repeated exposure to adipose tissue conditioned media, bone marrow-derived mast cells had increased lipid droplets and reduced expression of cKit and Fc{varepsilon}R1 compared to control cells. Moreover, we analyzed mast cells in a pilot study of subcutaneous adipose tissue from four obese, prediabetic women. We found two mast cell populations that appear similar to the murine populations detected by sequencing. The population with reduced cKit and Fc{varepsilon}R1 was significantly correlated with weight variance. Together, these data suggest that weight cycling may induce a unique population of mast cells similar to lipid-associated macrophages, which have been shown to play a role in diverse diseases from obesity and atherosclerosis to Alzheimers disease. Future studies will focus on isolation of these cells from mice and humans to better determine their lineage, differentiation, and functional roles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caslin, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betjemann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.12.566786</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell RNA-sequencing suggests a novel lipid associated mast cell population following weight cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566502v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
3D Mitochondrial Structure in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle: Insights into MFN-2 Mediated Changes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.13.566502v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related atrophy of skeletal muscle, is characterized by loss of mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity during aging. Notably, bioenergetics and protein turnover studies have shown that mitochondria mediate this decline in function. Although exercise has been the only therapy to mitigate sarcopenia, the mechanisms that govern how exercise serves to promote healthy muscle aging are unclear. Mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, so we sought to investigate how aging affects mitochondrial structure and potential age-related regulators. Specifically, the three-dimensional (3D) mitochondrial structure associated with morphological changes in skeletal muscle during aging requires further elucidation. We hypothesized that aging causes structural remodeling of mitochondrial 3D architecture representative of dysfunction, and this effect is mitigated by exercise. We used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to image human skeletal tissue samples, followed by manual contour tracing using Amira software for 3D reconstruction and subsequent analysis of mitochondria. We then applied a rigorous in vitro and in vivo exercise regimen during aging. Across 5 human cohorts, we correlate differences in magnetic resonance imaging, mitochondria 3D structure, exercise parameters, and plasma immune markers between young (under 50 years) and old (over 50 years) individuals. We found that mitochondria we less spherical and more complex, indicating age-related declines in contact site capacity. Additionally, aged samples showed a larger volume phenotype in both female and male humans, indicating potential mitochondrial swelling. Concomitantly, muscle area, exercise capacity, and mitochondrial dynamic proteins showed age-related losses. Exercise stimulation restored mitofusin 2 (MFN2), one such of these mitochondrial dynamic proteins, which we show is required for the integrity of mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, we show that this pathway is evolutionarily conserved as Marf, the MFN2 ortholog in Drosophila, knockdown alters mitochondrial morphology and leads to the downregulation of genes regulating mitochondrial processes. Our results define age-related structural changes in mitochondria and further suggest that exercise may mitigate age-related structural decline through modulation of mitofusin 2.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=140 SRC="FIGDIR/small/566502v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (48K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d2be0eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bba6caorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c335e5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@10789c9_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical Abstract:C_FLOATNO Age-related skeletal muscle atrophy shows morphological alterations in mitochondrial structure associated with declining function. Our findings propose that exercise intervention may counteract these structural declines by reinstating levels of mitofusin 2, thus highlighting a potential mechanism by which exercise attenuates age-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rostami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, J.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>AshShareef, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicsasmaz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiteside, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henrique Martin Dantas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scartoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baffi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.13.566502</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[3D Mitochondrial Structure in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle: Insights into MFN-2 Mediated Changes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of a V2-specific antibody is not sufficient for protection of macaques against SIV challenge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fc-mediated antibody effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can contribute to the containment HIV-1 replication but whether such activities are sufficient for protection is unclear. We previously identified an antibody to the variable 2 (V2) apex of the HIV-1 Env trimer (PGT145) that potently directs the lysis of SIV-infected cells by NK cells but poorly neutralizes SIV infectivity. To determine if ADCC is sufficient for protection, separate groups of six rhesus macaques were treated with PGT145 or a control antibody (DEN3) by intravenous infusion followed five days later by intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239. Despite high concentrations of PGT145 and potent ADCC activity in plasma on the day of challenge, all animals became infected and viral loads did not differ between the PGT145- and DEN3-treated animals. To determine if PGT145 can protect against a neutralization-sensitive virus, two additional groups of six macaques were treated with PGT145 and DEN3 and challenged with an SIVmac239 variant with a single amino acid change in Env (K180S) that increases PGT145 binding and renders the virus susceptible to neutralization by this antibody. Although there was no difference in virus acquisition, peak and chronic phase viral loads were significantly lower and time to peak viremia was significantly delayed in the PGT145-treated animals compared to the DEN3-treated control animals. Env changes were also selected in the PGT145-treated animals that confer resistance to both neutralization and ADCC. These results show that ADCC is not sufficient for protection by this V2-specific antibody. However, protection may be achieved by increasing the affinity of antibody binding to Env above the threshold required for detectable viral neutralization.

Author SummaryAntibodies that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) on virions can neutralize viral infectivity. Antibodies may also bind to Env on the surface of virus-infected cells and recruit immune cells to eliminate the productively infected cells through a process known as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In rare instances, certain antibodies are capable of mediating ADCC despite negligible neutralizing activity. Such antibodies are thought to have contributed to the modest protection observed in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial and in some nonhuman primate studies. One antibody, PGT145, was found to cross-react with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and to mediate potent ADCC against SIV-infected cells despite weak neutralization of viral infectivity. We therefore tested if the potent ADCC activity of PGT145 could protect rhesus macaques against mucosal challenge with pathogenic SIV. PGT145 did not protect against wild-type SIVmac239, but did protect against an SIVmac239 variant with a single amino acid substitution in Env (K180S) that increases antibody binding to Env and makes the virus susceptible to neutralization. Thus, while ADCC may contribute to protection against immunodeficiency viruses through the elimination of productively infected cells, the higher affinity of Env binding necessary for potent neutralization is a critical determinant of antibody-mediated protection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grunst, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandea, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snow, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nedellec, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janaka, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keles, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moriarty, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capuano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennessey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broman, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifson, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hangartner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of a V2-specific antibody is not sufficient for protection of macaques against SIV challenge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Matrix Abnormalities Contribute to Cardiac Insulin Resistance and Associated Dysfunction in Diet-induced Obese Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.14.567128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagens and hyaluronan contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated insulin resistance in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. Despite the significance of the heart in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, maladaptive ECM remodelling in obesity-associated cardiac insulin resistance and cardiac dysfunction has not been studied. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches in mice fed a high fat (HF) diet, we demonstrated a tight association between increased ECM deposition with cardiac insulin resistance. Increased collagen deposition by genetic deletion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) exacerbated cardiac insulin resistance and decreased hyaluronan deposition by treatment with PEGylated human recombinant hyaluronidase PH20 (PEGPH20) improved cardiac insulin resistance in obese mice. These relationships corresponded to functional changes in the heart. PEGPH20 treatment in obese mice ameliorated HF diet-induced abnormal myocardial remodelling. In addition to hyaluronan, increased collagen deposition is a characteristic of the obese mouse heart. We further demonstrated that pirfenidone, a clinically available anti-fibrotic medication which inhibits collagen expression, improved cardiac insulin resistance and cardiac function in obese mice. Our results provide important new insights into the role of ECM remodelling in the pathogenesis of cardiac insulin resistance and associated dysfunction in obesity of distinct mouse models. These findings support the novel therapeutic potential of targeting early cardiac ECM abnormalities in the prevention and treatment of obesity-related cardiovascular complications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Musale, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murdoch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banah, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennayake, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.14.567128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Matrix Abnormalities Contribute to Cardiac Insulin Resistance and Associated Dysfunction in Diet-induced Obese Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VTA dopamine neurons are hyperexcitable in 3xTg-AD mice due to casein kinase 2-dependent SK channel dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.16.567486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) patients exhibit neuropsychiatric symptoms that extend beyond classical cognitive deficits, suggesting involvement of subcortical areas. Here, we investigated the role of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in AD using the amyloid + tau-driven 3xTg-AD mouse model. We found deficits in reward-based operant learning in AD mice, suggesting possible VTA DA neuron dysregulation. Physiological assessment revealed hyperexcitability and disrupted firing in DA neurons caused by reduced activity of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. RNA sequencing from contents of single patch-clamped DA neurons (Patch-seq) identified up-regulation of the SK channel modulator casein kinase 2 (CK2). Pharmacological inhibition of CK2 restored SK channel activity and normal firing patterns in 3xTg-AD mice. These findings shed light on a complex interplay between neuropsychiatric symptoms and subcortical circuits in AD, paving the way for novel treatment strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blankenship, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markiewicz, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thellmann, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharpe, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckstead, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.16.567486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VTA dopamine neurons are hyperexcitable in 3xTg-AD mice due to casein kinase 2-dependent SK channel dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin at the Intersection of Thermoregulation and Glucose Homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.566254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammals are protected from changes in environmental temperature by altering energetic processes that modify heat production. Insulin is the dominant stimulus of glucose uptake and metabolism, which are fundamental for thermogenic processes. The purpose of this work was to determine the interaction of ambient temperature induced changes in energy expenditure (EE) on the insulin sensitivity of glucose fluxes. Short-term and adaptive responses to thermoneutral temperature (TN, [~]28{degrees}C) and room (laboratory) temperature (RT, [~]22{degrees}C) were studied in mice. This range of temperature does not cause detectable changes in circulating catecholamines or shivering and postabsorptive glucose homeostasis is maintained. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in EE that occurs with TN causes insulin resistance and that this reduction in insulin action and EE is reversed upon short term (<12h) transition to RT. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) and tissue specific glucose uptake were assessed combining isotopic tracers with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. EE and insulin-stimulated Rd are both decreased ([~]50%) in TN-adapted vs RT-adapted mice. When RT-adapted mice are switched to TN, EE rapidly decreases and Rd is reduced by [~]50%. TN-adapted mice switched to RT exhibit a rapid increase in EE, but whole body insulin-stimulated Rd remains at the low rates of TN-adapted mice. In contrast, whole body glycolytic flux rose with EE. This higher EE occurs without increasing glucose uptake from the blood, but rather by diverting glucose from glucose storage to glycolysis. In addition to adaptations in insulin action,  insulin-independent glucose uptake in brown fat is exquisitely sensitive to thermoregulation. These results show that insulin action adjusts to non-stressful changes in ambient temperature to contribute to the support of body temperature homeostasis without compromising glucose homeostasis.

HighlightsO_LIEnergy expenditure and insulin-mediated glucose fluxes are reduced in thermoneutral (TN)-adapted mice versus room  laboratory temperature (RT)-adapted mice.
C_LIO_LIReduced insulin sensitivity manifests in TN mice regardless of whether they are TN-adapted or short-term transitioned from RT-adapted to TN.
C_LIO_LITN-adapted mice are resistant to the RT-induced increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity even though metabolic rate is increased.
C_LIO_LITN-adapted mice switched to RT meets increased thermogenic needs, not by increasing glucose uptake, but by partitioning a greater fraction of glucose from glycogen storage to glycolysis.
C_LIO_LIBrown fat glucose uptake sensitively increases with RT and decreases with TN by an insulin-independent mechanism.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleh, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.566254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin at the Intersection of Thermoregulation and Glucose Homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567618v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein-lipid interactions drive presynaptic assembly upstream of cell adhesion molecules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.17.567618v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Textbook models of synaptogenesis position cell adhesion molecules such as neurexin as initiators of synapse assembly. Here we discover a mechanism for presynaptic assembly that occurs prior to neurexin recruitment, while supporting a role for neurexin in synapse maintenance. We find that the cytosolic active zone scaffold SYD-1 interacts with membrane phospholipids to promote active zone protein clustering at the plasma membrane, and subsequently recruits neurexin to stabilize those clusters. Employing molecular dynamics simulations to model intrinsic interactions between SYD-1 and lipid bilayers followed by in vivo tests of these predictions, we find that PIP2-interacting residues in SYD-1s C2 and PDZ domains are redundantly necessary for proper active zone assembly. Finally, we propose that the uncharacterized yet evolutionarily conserved short {gamma} isoform of neurexin represents a minimal neurexin sequence that can stabilize previously assembled presynaptic clusters, potentially a core function of this critical protein.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frankel, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiroumalechetty, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurshan, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.17.567618</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein-lipid interactions drive presynaptic assembly upstream of cell adhesion molecules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.566520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole genome association testing in 333,100 individuals across three biobanks identifies rare non-coding single variant and genomic aggregate associations with height 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.19.566520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of rare non-coding variation in complex human phenotypes is still largely unknown. To elucidate the impact of rare variants in regulatory elements, we performed a whole-genome sequencing association analysis for height using 333,100 individuals from three datasets: UK Biobank (N=200,003), TOPMed (N=87,652) and All of Us (N=45,445). We performed rare (<0.1% minor-allele-frequency) single-variant and aggregate testing of non-coding variants in regulatory regions based on proximal, intergenic and deep-intronic annotation. We observed 29 independent variants associated with height at P < 6 x 10-10 after conditioning on previously reported variants, with effect sizes ranging from -7cm to +4.7cm. We also identified and replicated non-coding aggregate-based associations proximal to HMGA1 containing variants associated with a 5cm taller height and of highly-conserved variants in MIR497HG on chromosome 17. We have developed a novel approach for identifying non-coding rare variants in regulatory regions with large effects from whole-genome sequencing data associated with complex traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beaumont, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnett, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashrani, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boerwinkle, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brody, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chami, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.-D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darbar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fornage, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordeuk, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwu, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyani, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardia, S. L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubitz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minster, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murabito, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redline, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telen, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>NH</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.19.566520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole genome association testing in 333,100 individuals across three biobanks identifies rare non-coding single variant and genomic aggregate associations with height]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568166v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Muscle cofilin alters neuromuscular junction postsynaptic development to strengthen functional neurotransmission 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.21.568166v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cofilin, an actin severing protein, plays critical roles in muscle sarcomere addition and maintenance. Our previous work has shown Drosophila cofilin (DmCFL) knockdown causes progressive deterioration of muscle structure and function and produces features seen in nemaline myopathy (NM) caused by cofilin mutations. We hypothesized that disruption of actin cytoskeleton dynamics by DmCFL knockdown would impact other aspects of muscle development, and, thus, conducted an RNA sequencing analysis which unexpectedly revealed upregulated expression of numerous neuromuscular junction (NMJ) genes. We found that DmCFL is enriched in the muscle postsynaptic compartment and that DmCFL deficiency causes F-actin disorganization in this subcellular domain prior to the sarcomere defects observed later in development. Despite NMJ gene expression changes, we found no significant changes in gross presynaptic Bruchpilot active zones or total postsynaptic glutamate receptor levels. However, DmCFL knockdown results in mislocalization of glutamate receptors containing the GluRIIA subunit in more deteriorated muscles and neurotransmission strength is strongly impaired. These findings expand our understanding of cofilins roles in muscle to include NMJ structural development and suggest that NMJ defects may contribute to NM pathophysiology.

Summary statementCofilin regulates muscle postsynaptic actin organization, structural maintenance, glutamate receptor composition, and neuromuscular junction function in a Drosophila nemaline myopathy disease model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Christophers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leahy, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soffar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Saucken, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broadie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baylies, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.21.568166</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Muscle cofilin alters neuromuscular junction postsynaptic development to strengthen functional neurotransmission]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preoptic area controls sleep-related seizure onset in a genetic epilepsy mouse model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In genetic and refractory epileptic patients, seizure activity exhibits sleep-related modulation/regulation and sleep and seizure are intermingled. In this study, by using one het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice as a genetic epilepsy model and optogenetic method in vivo, we found that subcortical POA neurons were active within epileptic network from the het Gabrg2Q390XKI mice and the POA activity preceded epileptic (poly)spike-wave discharges(SWD/PSDs) in the het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice. Meanwhile, as expected, the manipulating of the POA activity relatively altered NREM sleep and wake periods in both wt and the het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice. Most importantly, the short activation of epileptic cortical neurons alone did not effectively trigger seizure activity in the het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice. In contrast, compared to the wt mice, combined the POA nucleus activation and short activation of the epileptic cortical neurons effectively triggered or suppressed epileptic activity in the het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice, indicating that the POA activity can control the brain state to trigger seizure incidence in the het Gabrg2Q390X KI mice in vivo. In addition, the suppression of POA nucleus activity decreased myoclonic jerks in the Gabrg2Q390XKI mice. Overall, this study discloses an operational mechanism for sleep-dependent seizure incidence in the genetic epilepsy model with the implications for refractory epilepsy. This operational mechanism also underlies myoclonic jerk generation, further with translational implications in seizure treatment for genetic/refractory epileptic patients and with contribution to memory/cognitive deficits in epileptic patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Potesta, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cargile, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preoptic area controls sleep-related seizure onset in a genetic epilepsy mouse model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propofol anesthesia destabilizes neural dynamics across cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every day, hundreds of thousands of people undergo general anesthesia. One hypothesis is that anesthesia disrupts dynamic stability, the ability of the brain to balance excitability with the need to be stable and thus controllable. We tested this hypothesis using a new method for quantifying population-level dynamic stability in complex systems, Delayed Linear Analysis for Stability Estimation (DeLASE). Propofol was used to transition animals between the awake state and anesthetized unconsciousness. DeLASE was applied to macaque cortex local field potentials (LFPs). We found that neural dynamics were more unstable in unconsciousness compared to the awake state. Cortical trajectories mirrored predictions from destabilized linear systems. We mimicked the effect of propofol in simulated neural networks by increasing inhibitory tone. Paradoxically, increased inhibition also destabilized the networks. Our results suggest that anesthesia disrupts dynamical stability that is required for consciousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eisen, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozachkov, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghue, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahnke, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brincat, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiete, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propofol anesthesia destabilizes neural dynamics across cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568771v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiomic single-cell sequencing defines tissue-specific responses in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic epidermal necrolysis. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.26.568771v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a rare but life-threatening cutaneous drug reaction mediated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted CD8+ T-cells. To obtain an unbiased assessment of SJS/TEN cellular immunopathogenesis, we performed single-cell (sc) transcriptome, surface proteome, and TCR sequencing on unaffected skin, affected skin, and blister fluid from 17 SJS/TEN patients. From 119,784 total cells, we identified 16 scRNA-defined subsets, confirmed by subset-defining surface protein expression. Keratinocytes upregulated HLA and IFN-response genes in the affected skin. Cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell subpopulations of expanded and unexpanded TCR{beta} clonotypes were shared in affected skin and blister fluid but absent or unexpanded in SJS/TEN unaffected skin. SJS/TEN blister fluid is a rich reservoir of oligoclonal CD8+ T-cells with an effector phenotype driving SJS/TEN pathogenesis. This multiomic database will act as the basis to define antigen-reactivity, HLA restriction, and signatures of drug-antigen-reactive T-cell clonotypes at a tissue level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gibson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangula, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukherjee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palubinsky, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konvinse, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choshi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedretti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neil, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehloenya, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trubiano, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.26.568771</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiomic single-cell sequencing defines tissue-specific responses in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic epidermal necrolysis.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Heart Failure Alters Mitochondria and Fiber 3D Structure Triggering Metabolic Shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.28.569095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study, utilizing SBF-SEM, reveals structural alterations in mitochondria and myofibrils in human heart failure (HF). Mitochondria in HF show changes in structure, while myofibrils exhibit increased cross-sectional area and branching. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses indicate concomitant dysregulation in key pathways. The findings underscore the need for personalized treatments considering individualized structural changes in HF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anukodem, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavine, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajijola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Exil, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ru Su, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasek, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.28.569095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Heart Failure Alters Mitochondria and Fiber 3D Structure Triggering Metabolic Shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.568292v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parsing digital or analogue TCR performance through piconewton forces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.568292v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{beta} T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize aberrant peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs) on unhealthy cells, amplifying specificity and sensitivity through physical load placed on the TCR-pMHC bond during immunosurveillance. To understand this mechanobiology, TCRs stimulated by abundantly and sparsely arrayed epitopes (NP366-374 /Db and PA224-233/Db, respectively) following in vivo influenza A virus infection were studied with optical tweezers. While certain NP repertoire CD8 T lymphocytes require many ligands for activation, others are digital, needing just few. Conversely, all PA TCRs perform digitally, exhibiting pronounced bond lifetime increases through sustained, energizing volleys of structural transitioning. Optimal digital performance is superior in vivo, correlating with ERK phosphorylation, CD3 loss, and activation marker upregulation in vitro. Given neoantigen array paucity, digital TCRs are likely critical for immunotherapies.

One Sentence SummaryQuality of ligand recognition in a T-cell repertoire is revealed through application of physical load on clonal T-cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC bonds
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akitsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobayashi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazin, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirpatrick, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke-Cohan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zienkiewicz, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstorukov, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinherz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.568292</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parsing digital or analogue TCR performance through piconewton forces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haems relevance genuine? Re-visiting the roles of TANGO2 homologues including HRG-9 and HRG-10 in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.29.569072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the TANGO2 gene are associated with a severe neurometabolic disorder in humans, often presenting with life-threatening metabolic crisis. However, the function of TANGO2 protein remains unknown. It has recently been proposed that TANGO2 transports heme within and between cells, from areas with high heme concentrations to those with lower concentrations. Here, we demonstrate that prior heme-related observations in Caenorhabditis elegans lacking TANGO2 homologs HRG-9 and HRG-10 may be better explained by a previously unreported metabolic phenotype, characterized by reduced feeding, decreased lifespan and brood sizes, and poor motility. We also show that several genes not implicated in heme transport are upregulated in the low heme state and conversely demonstrate that hrg-9 in particular is highly responsive to oxidative stress, independent of heme status. Collectively, these data implicate bioenergetic failure and oxidative stress as potential factors in the pathophysiology of TANGO2 deficiency, in alignment with observations from human patients. Our group performed several experiments in yeast and zebrafish deficient in TANGO2 homologs and was unable to replicate prior findings from these models. Overall, we believe there is insufficient evidence to support heme transport as the primary function for TANGO2.

Impact statementCross-species examination of TANGO2 homologs demonstrates that phenotypes previously attributed to altered heme trafficking may instead reflect broader disturbances in mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandkuhler, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owlett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojtovich, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sacher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.29.569072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haems relevance genuine? Re-visiting the roles of TANGO2 homologues including HRG-9 and HRG-10 in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leptomeningeal Neural Organoid (LMNO) Fusions as Models to Study Meninges-Brain Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a model to study the earliest stages of human brain development, including neurogenesis, neural differentiation, and synaptogenesis. However, neural organoids lack supportive tissues and some non-neural cell types that are key regulators of brain development. Neural organoids have instead been co-cultured with non-neural structures and cell types to promote their maturation and model interactions with neuronal cells. One structure that does not form de novo with neural organoids is the meninges, a tri-layered structure that surrounds the CNS and secretes key signaling molecules required for mammalian brain development. Most studies of meninges-brain signaling have been performed in mice or using two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human cells, the latter not recapitulating the architecture and cellular diversity of the tissue. To overcome this, we developed a co-culture system of neural organoids generated from human iPSCs fused with fetal leptomeninges from mice with fluorescently labeled meninges (Col1a1-GFP). These proof-of-concept studies test the stability of the different cell types in the leptomeninges (fibroblast and macrophage) and the fused brain organoid (progenitor and neuron), as well as the interface between the organoid and meningeal tissue. We test the longevity of the fusion pieces after 30 days and 60 days in culture, describe best practices for preparing the meninges sample prior to fusion, and examine the feasibility of single or multiple meninges pieces fused to a single organoid. We discuss potential uses of the current version of the LMNO fusion model and opportunities to improve the system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Morales, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegenthaler, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leptomeningeal Neural Organoid (LMNO) Fusions as Models to Study Meninges-Brain Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intracellular Ebola Virus nucleocapsid assembly revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, cause hemorrhagic fevers with up to 90% lethality. The viral nucleocapsid is assembled by polymerization of the nucleoprotein (NP) along the viral genome, together with the viral proteins VP24 and VP35. We employed cryo-electron tomography of cells transfected with viral proteins and infected with model Ebola virus, to illuminate assembly intermediates as well as a 9[A] map of the complete intracellular assembly. This structure reveals a previously unresolved, third, and outer layer of NP complexed with VP35. The intrinsically-disordered-region together with the C-terminal domain of this outer layer of NP provides the constant-width between intracellular nucleocapsid bundles and likely functions as a flexible tether to the viral matrix protein in virion. A comparison of intracellular nucleocapsid with prior in-virion nucleocapsid structures reveals the nucleocapsid further condenses vertically in-virion. The interfaces responsible for nucleocapsid assembly are highly conserved and offer targets for broadly effective antivirals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watanabe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parekh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schendel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castillon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saphire, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intracellular Ebola Virus nucleocapsid assembly revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In situ lipidomics of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis using imaging mass spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.01.569690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Osteomyelitis occurs when Staphylococcus aureus invades the bone microenvironment, resulting in a bone marrow abscess with a spatially defined architecture of cells and biomolecules. Imaging mass spectrometry and microscopy are invaluable tools that can be employed to interrogate the lipidome of S. aureus-infected murine femurs to reveal metabolic and signaling consequences of infection. Here, nearly 250 lipids were spatially mapped to healthy and infection-associated morphological features throughout the femur, establishing composition profiles for tissue types. Ether lipids and arachidonoyl lipids were significantly altered between cells and tissue structures in abscesses, suggesting their roles in abscess formation and inflammatory signaling. Sterols, triglycerides, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates, and gangliosides possessed ring-like distributions throughout the abscess, indicating dysregulated lipid metabolism in a subpopulation of leukocytes that cannot be discerned with traditional microscopy. These data provide chemical insight into the signaling function and metabolism of cells in the fibrotic border of abscesses, likely characteristic of lipid-laden macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Good, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butrico, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.01.569690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In situ lipidomics of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis using imaging mass spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A foundational atlas of autism protein interactions reveals molecular convergence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Translating high-confidence (hc) autism spectrum disorder (ASD) genes into viable treatment targets remains elusive. We constructed a foundational protein-protein interaction (PPI) network in HEK293T cells involving 100 hcASD risk genes, revealing over 1,800 PPIs (87% novel). Interactors, expressed in the human brain and enriched for ASD but not schizophrenia genetic risk, converged on protein complexes involved in neurogenesis, tubulin biology, transcriptional regulation, and chromatin modification. A PPI map of 54 patient-derived missense variants identified differential physical interactions, and we leveraged AlphaFold-Multimer predictions to prioritize direct PPIs and specific variants for interrogation in Xenopus tropicalis and human forebrain organoids. A mutation in the transcription factor FOXP1 led to reconfiguration of DNA binding sites and altered development of deep cortical layer neurons in forebrain organoids. This work offers new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying ASD and describes a powerful platform to develop and test therapeutic strategies for many genetically-defined conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vartak, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaltsman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, Z. Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennick, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polacco, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bashir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckhardt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guiley, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khare, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drury, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alkhairy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krasnoff, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbalaez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chag, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgeron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finkbeiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandyopadhay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beltrao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obernier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nowakowski, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenhain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>State, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willsey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A foundational atlas of autism protein interactions reveals molecular convergence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Nematode Pan Allergen (NPA) from Wuchereria bancrofti and their Potential Role in Human Filarial Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a chronic respiratory syndrome associated with Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a tropical parasitic infection of the human, transmitted by mosquitoes. A larval form of LF, the microfilariae trapped in the lungs of TPE subjects have a major role in initiating the TPE syndrome. To date, there are no reports on the potential allergen that is responsible for generating parasite-specific IgE in TPE. In this project, we screened a cDNA expression library of the microfilarial stages of Wuchereria bancrofti with monoclonal IgE antibodies prepared from subjects with clinical filarial infections. Our studies identified a novel molecule that showed significant sequence similarity to an allergen. A blast analysis showed the presence of similar proteins in a number of nematodes parasites. Thus, we named the molecule as Nematode Pan Allergen (NPA). Subsequent functional analysis showed that NPA is a potent allergen that can cause release of histamine from mast cells, induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from alveolar macrophages and promote accumulation of eosinophils, all of which occur in TPE lungs. Therefore, we believe that NPA may have a significant role in the pathology of the TPE syndrome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Katru, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munirathinam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadadianpour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balakrishnan, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalyanasundaram, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification and Characterization of a Novel Nematode Pan Allergen (NPA) from Wuchereria bancrofti and their Potential Role in Human Filarial Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia (TPE)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Queuosine Salvage in Bartonella henselae Houston 1: A Unique Evolutionary Path 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.05.570228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Queuosine (Q) stands out as the sole tRNA modification that can be synthesized via salvage pathways. Comparative genomic analyses identified specific bacteria that showed a discrepancy between the projected Q salvage route and the predicted substrate specificities of the two identified salvage proteins: 1) the distinctive enzyme tRNA guanine-34 transglycosylase (bacterial TGT, or bTGT), responsible for inserting precursor bases into target tRNAs; and 2) Queuosine Precursor Transporter (QPTR), a transporter protein that imports Q precursors. Organisms like the facultative intracellular pathogen Bartonella henselae, which possess only bTGT and QPTR but lack predicted enzymes for converting preQ1 to Q, would be expected to salvage the queuine (q) base, mirroring the scenario for the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. However, sequence analyses indicate that the substrate-specificity residues of their bTGTs resemble those of enzymes inserting preQ1 rather than q. Intriguingly, mass spectrometry analyses of tRNA modification profiles in B. henselae reveal trace amounts of preQ1, previously not observed in a natural context. Complementation analysis demonstrates that B. henselae bTGT and QPTR not only utilize preQ1, akin to their Escherichia coli counterparts, but can also process q when provided at elevated concentrations. The experimental and phylogenomic analyses suggest that the Q pathway in B. henselae could represent an evolutionary transition among intracellular pathogens--from ancestors that synthesized Q de novo to a state prioritizing the salvage of q. Another possibility that will require further investigations is that the insertion of preQ1 has fitness advantages when B. henselae is growing outside a mammalian host.

Author summaryTransfer RNAs (tRNAs) are adaptors that deliver amino acids to ribosomes during translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) into proteins. tRNA molecules contain specially-modified nucleotides that affect many aspects of translation, including regulation of translational efficiency, as modified nucleotides primarily occur near the portion of tRNA (anticodon) that directly interacts with the coding sequence (codon) of the mRNA while it is associated with a ribosome. Queuosine (Q) is a modified tRNA nucleotide located in the anticodon that can be synthesized or uniquely imported from the environment as Q or a precursor using a salvage mechanism. Free-living bacteria, e.g., E. coli, can synthesize Q or salvage precursors from the environment, but many obligate intracellular pathogens, e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, cannot synthesize Q and must import a precursor from eukaryotic hosts. In this study, we determined that Bartonella henselae, a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen of vascular cells, falls somewhere in the middle, as it is unable to synthesize Q but can salvage Q or certain precursors. The unusual nature of Bartonellas system suggests different evolutionary scenarios. It could be a snapshot of the transition from Q synthesis to strict Q salvage or represent a unique adaptation to a complex multi-host lifestyle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quaiyum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnayake, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutinet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedon, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minnick, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Crecy-Lagard, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.05.570228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Queuosine Salvage in Bartonella henselae Houston 1: A Unique Evolutionary Path]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570369v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State-dependent circuit dynamics of superficial and deep CA1 pyramidal cells in macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570369v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diverse neuron classes in hippocampal CA1 have been identified through the heterogeneity of their cellular/molecular composition. How these classes relate to hippocampal function and the network dynamics that support cognition in primates remains unclear. Here we report inhibitory functional cell groups in CA1 of freely-moving macaques whose diverse response profiles to network states and each other suggest distinct and specific roles in the functional microcircuit of CA1. In addition, pyramidal cells that were segregated into superficial and deep layers differed in firing rate, burstiness, and sharp-wave ripple-associated firing. They also showed strata-specific spike-timing interactions with inhibitory cell groups, suggestive of segregated neural populations. Furthermore, ensemble recordings revealed that cell assemblies were preferentially organized according to these strata. These results suggest sublayer-specific circuit organization in hippocampal CA1 of the freely-moving macaques that may underlie its role in cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abbaspoor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570369</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State-dependent circuit dynamics of superficial and deep CA1 pyramidal cells in macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570397v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-learning-based Structural Analysis of Interactions between Antibodies and Antigens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570397v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational analysis of paratope-epitope interactions between antibodies and their corresponding antigens can facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying humoral immunity and boost the design of new therapeutics for many diseases. The recent breakthrough in artificial intelligence has made it possible to predict protein-protein interactions and model their structures. Unfortunately, detecting antigen-binding sites associated with a specific antibody is still a challenging problem. To tackle this challenge, we implemented a deep learning model to characterize interaction patterns between antibodies and their corresponding antigens. With high accuracy, our model can distinguish between antibody-antigen complexes and other types of protein-protein complexes. More intriguingly, we can identify antigens from other common protein binding regions with an accuracy of higher than 70% even if we only have the epitope information. This indicates that antigens have distinct features on their surface that antibodies can recognize. Additionally, our model was unable to predict the partnerships between antibodies and their particular antigens. This result suggests that one antigen may be targeted by more than one antibody and that antibodies may bind to previously unidentified proteins. Taken together, our results support the precision of antibody-antigen interactions while also suggesting positive future progress in the prediction of specific pairing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570397</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-learning-based Structural Analysis of Interactions between Antibodies and Antigens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Fluorescence-Based Sensor for Calibrated Measurement of Protein Kinase Stability in Live Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.07.570636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic mutations can destabilize signaling proteins, resulting in increased or unregulated activity. Thus, there is considerable interest in mapping the relationship between mutations and the stability of proteins, to better understand the consequences of oncogenic mutations and potentially inform the development of new therapeutics. Here, we develop a tool to study protein-kinase stability in live mammalian cells and the effects of the HSP90 chaperone system on the stability of these kinases. We monitor the fluorescence of kinases fused to a fluorescent protein relative to that of a co-expressed reference fluorescent protein. We used this tool to study the dependence of Src- and Raf-family kinases on the HSP90 system. We demonstrate that this sensor reports on destabilization induced by oncogenic mutations in these kinases. We also show that Src-homology 2 (SH2) and Src-homology 3 (SH3) domains, which are required for autoinhibition of Src-family kinases, stabilize these kinase domains in the cell. Our expression-calibrated sensor enables the facile characterization of the effects of mutations and small-molecule drugs on protein-kinase stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Fluorescence-Based Sensor for Calibrated Measurement of Protein Kinase Stability in Live Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570695v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Byproducts of inflammatory radical metabolism provide transient nutrient niches for microbes in the inflamed gut 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.08.570695v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Louis Pasteurs experiments on tartaric acid laid the foundation for our understanding of molecular chirality, but major questions remain. By comparing the optical activity of naturally-occurring tartaric acid with chemically-synthesized paratartaric acid, Pasteur realized that naturally-occurring tartaric acid contained only L-tartaric acid while paratartaric acid consisted of a racemic mixture of D- and L-tartaric acid. Curiously, D-tartaric acid has no known natural source, yet several gut bacteria specifically degrade D-tartaric acid. Here, we investigated the oxidation of monosaccharides by inflammatory reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We found that this reaction yields an array of alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, including tartaric acid isomers. Utilization of inflammation- derived D- and L-tartaric acid enhanced colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli in murine models of gut inflammation. Our findings suggest that byproducts of inflammatory radical metabolism, such as tartrate and other alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, create transient nutrient niches for enteric pathogens and other potentially harmful bacteria. Furthermore, this work illustrates that inflammatory radicals generate a zoo of molecules, some of which may erroneously presumed to be xenobiotics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muramatsu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faber, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porwollik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews-Polymenis, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClelland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winter, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.08.570695</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Byproducts of inflammatory radical metabolism provide transient nutrient niches for microbes in the inflamed gut]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring the embodied mind: functional connectome fingerprinting of meditation expertise 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.06.570128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDShort mindfulness-based interventions have gained traction in research due to their positive impact on well-being, cognition, and clinical symptoms across various settings. However, these short-term trainings are viewed as preliminary steps within a more extensive transformative path, presumably leading to long-lasting trait changes. Despite this, little is still known about the brain correlates of these meditation traits.

METHODTo address this gap, we investigated the neural correlates of meditation expertise in long-term Buddhist practitioners, comparing the large-scale brain functional connectivity of 28 expert meditators with 47 matched novices. Our hypothesis posited that meditation expertise would be associated with specific and enduring patterns of functional connectivity present during both meditative (open monitoring/open presence and loving-kindness compassion meditations) and non-meditative resting states, as measured by connectivity gradients.

RESULTSApplying a support vector classifier to states not included in training, we successfully decoded expertise as a trait, demonstrating its non-state-dependent nature. The signature of expertise was further characterized by an increased integration of large-scale brain networks, including the dorsal and ventral attention, limbic, frontoparietal and somatomotor networks. The latter correlated with a higher ability to create psychological distance from thoughts and emotions.

CONCLUSIONSuch heightened integration of bodily maps with affective and attentional networks in meditation experts could point toward a signature of the embodied cognition cultivated in these contemplative practices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Czajko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daumail, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetelat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring the embodied mind: functional connectome fingerprinting of meditation expertise]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rescue of Impaired Blood-Brain Barrier in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Patient Derived Neurovascular Unit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-system genetic disease that causes benign tumors in the brain and other vital organs. The most debilitating symptoms result from involvement of the central nervous system and lead to a multitude of severe symptoms including seizures, intellectual disability, autism, and behavioral problems. TSC is caused by heterozygous mutations of either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Dysregulation of mTOR kinase with its multifaceted downstream signaling alterations is central to disease pathogenesis. Although the neurological sequelae of the disease are well established, little is known about how these mutations might affect cellular components and the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We generated disease-specific cell models of the BBB by leveraging human induced pluripotent stem cell and microfluidic cell culture technologies. Using these microphysiological systems, we demonstrate that the BBB generated from TSC2 heterozygous mutant cells shows increased permeability which can be rescued by wild type astrocytes and with treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR kinase inhibitor. Our results further demonstrate the utility of microphysiological systems to study human neurological disorders and advance our knowledge of the cell lineages contributing to TSC pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikswo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rescue of Impaired Blood-Brain Barrier in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Patient Derived Neurovascular Unit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571954v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-based spatial transcriptomics identifies molecular niche dysregulation associated with distal lung remodeling in pulmonary fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571954v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human lung is structurally complex, with a diversity of specialized epithelial, stromal and immune cells playing specific functional roles in anatomically distinct locations, and large-scale changes in the structure and cellular makeup of this distal lung is a hallmark of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and other progressive chronic lung diseases. Single-cell transcriptomic studies have revealed numerous disease-emergent/enriched cell types/states in PF lungs, but the spatial contexts wherein these cells contribute to disease pathogenesis has remained uncertain. Using sub-cellular resolution image-based spatial transcriptomics, we analyzed the gene expression of more than 1 million cells from 19 unique lungs. Through complementary cell-based and innovative cell-agnostic analyses, we characterized the localization of PF-emergent cell-types, established the cellular and molecular basis of classical PF histopathologic disease features, and identified a diversity of distinct molecularly-defined spatial niches in control and PF lungs. Using machine-learning and trajectory analysis methods to segment and rank airspaces on a gradient from normal to most severely remodeled, we identified a sequence of compositional and molecular changes that associate with progressive distal lung pathology, beginning with alveolar epithelial dysregulation and culminating with changes in macrophage polarization. Together, these results provide a unique, spatially-resolved characterization of the cellular and molecular programs of PF and control lungs, provide new insights into the heterogeneous pathobiology of PF, and establish analytical approaches which should be broadly applicable to other imaging-based spatial transcriptomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mee, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.15.571954</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-based spatial transcriptomics identifies molecular niche dysregulation associated with distal lung remodeling in pulmonary fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A choroid plexus apocrine secretion mechanism shapes CSF proteome and embryonic brain development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.08.574486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We discovered that apocrine secretion by embryonic choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells contributes to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome and influences brain development in mice. The apocrine response relies on sustained intracellular calcium signaling and calpain-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. It rapidly alters the embryonic CSF proteome, activating neural progenitors lining the brains ventricles. Supraphysiological apocrine secretion induced during mouse development by maternal administration of a serotonergic 5HT2C receptor agonist dysregulates offspring cerebral cortical development, alters the fate of CSF-contacting neural progenitors, and ultimately changes adult social behaviors. Critically, exposure to maternal illness or to the psychedelic drug LSD during pregnancy also overactivates the ChP, inducing excessive secretion. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which maternal exposure to diverse stressors disrupts in utero brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Courtney, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Head, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yimer, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shipley, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libermann, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtinen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.08.574486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A choroid plexus apocrine secretion mechanism shapes CSF proteome and embryonic brain development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.13.574491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying Patient-Specific Root Causal Genes with High Throughput Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.13.574491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Root causal gene expression levels - or root causal genes for short - correspond to the initial changes to gene expression that generate patient symptoms as a downstream effect. Identifying root causal genes is critical towards developing treatments that modify disease near its onset, but no existing algorithms attempt to identify root causal genes from data. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data introduces challenges such as measurement error, high dimensionality and non-linearity that compromise accurate estimation of root causal effects even with state-of-the-art approaches. We therefore instead leverage Perturb-seq, or high throughput perturbations with single cell RNA-seq readout, to learn the causal order between the genes. We then transfer the causal order to bulk RNA-seq and identify root causal genes specific to a given patient for the first time using a novel statistic. Experiments demonstrate large improvements in performance. Applications to macular degeneration and multiple sclerosis also reveal root causal genes that lie on known pathogenic pathways, delineate patient subgroups and implicate a newly defined omnigenic root causal model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strobl, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.13.574491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying Patient-Specific Root Causal Genes with High Throughput Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Cadherin EGF Laminin G seven-pass G-type receptor subfamily (CELSR/ADGRC) is one of the most conserved among adhesion G protein-coupled receptors and is essential for animal development. The extracellular regions (ECRs) of CELSRs are large with 23 adhesion domains. However, molecular insight into CELSR function is sparsely available. Here, we report the 3.8 [A] cryo-EM reconstruction of the mouse CELSR1 ECR and reveal that 14 domains form a compact module mediated by conserved interactions majorly between the CADH9 and C-terminal GAIN domains. In the presence of Ca2+, the CELSR1 ECR forms a dimer species mediated by the cadherin repeats putatively in an antiparallel fashion. Cell-based assays reveal the N-terminal CADH1-8 repeat is required for cell-cell adhesion and the C-terminal CAHD9-GAIN compact module can regulate cellular adhesion. Our work provides molecular insight into how one of the largest GPCRs uses defined structural modules to regulate receptor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bandekar, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kordon, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dintzner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shearer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the extracellular region of the adhesion GPCR CELSR1 reveals a compact module which regulates G protein-coupling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex differences in immune function and disease risk are not easily explained by an evolutionary mismatch 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The "Pregnancy Compensation Hypothesis" (PCH) posits that sex differences in the mammalian immune system reflect the effects of selection on female immunity during pregnancy, during which increased immunomodulation is required to reduce immune responses to the fetus, while maintaining the ability to respond to pathogens. In humans, fewer pathogens and lower parity in urban, industrialized environments has been suggested to leave female immune systems under-stimulated, creating an "evolutionary mismatch" which exacerbates sex differences in immunity and increases female autoimmune disease risk. Yet, robust tests of this mismatch hypothesis have not been conducted. Here, we first confirmed a sex-bias in autoimmune disease prevalence in a large dataset of individuals from the United Kingdom (UK Biobank). Second, we asked whether sex differences in immune function are affected by shifts toward urban, lower-parity lifestyles in a single population--the Turkana people of northwest Kenya. We found that lifestyle alters sex differences in immune cell type proportions, but not in gene expression levels. Contrary to expectations from the PCH, parity did not predict immune physiology. We then tested for generalizable trends across natural fertility mammalian populations versus urban humans (data from Turkana, NHANES, GTEx, Batwa and Bakiga, yellow baboons, and macaques). We did not find consistent relationships between lifestyle and sex-biases in immune biomarkers or between parity and the same immune outcomes. Indeed, we found that parity predicts autoimmune disease risk in the opposite direction than expected from the PCH, with higher parity associated with higher autoimmune disease risk while adjusting for relevant socioeconomic variables in the UK Biobank. Taken together, our work suggests that while sex clearly influences immune physiology and disease risk in urban settings, these effects are not easily explained by an evolutionary mismatch. Future work addressing how sex interacts with lifestyle change to generate disease is needed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozado, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahumbu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinyua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotukoi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miano, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njeru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straub, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex differences in immune function and disease risk are not easily explained by an evolutionary mismatch]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifocal Ectopic Purkinje Premature Contractions due to neutralization of an SCN5A negative charge: structural insights into the gating pore hypothesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.13.580021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundWe identified a novel SCN5A variant, E171Q, in a neonate with very frequent ectopy and reduced ejection fraction which normalized after arrhythmia suppression by flecainide. This clinical picture is consistent with multifocal ectopic Purkinje-related premature contractions (MEPPC). Most previous reports of MEPPC have implicated SCN5A variants such as R222Q that neutralize positive charges in the S4 voltage sensor helix of the channel protein NaV1.5 and generate a gating pore current.

Methods and ResultsE171 is a highly conserved negatively-charged residue located in the S2 transmembrane helix of NaV1.5 domain I. E171 is a key component of the Gating Charge Transfer Center, a region thought to be critical for normal movement of the S4 voltage sensor helix. We used heterologous expression, CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that E171Q generates a gating pore current, which was suppressed by a low concentration of flecainide (IC50 = 0.71{+/-}0.07 {micro}M). R222Q shifts voltage dependence of activation and inactivation in a negative direction but we observed positive shifts with E171Q. E171Q iPSC-CMs demonstrated abnormal spontaneous activity and prolonged action potentials. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that both R222Q and E171Q proteins generate a water-filled permeation pathway that underlies generation of the gating pore current.

ConclusionPreviously identified MEPPC-associated variants that create gating pore currents are located in positively-charged residues in the S4 voltage sensor and generate negative shifts in the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. We demonstrate that neutralizing a negatively charged S2 helix residue in the Gating Charge Transfer Center generates positive shifts but also create a gating pore pathway. These findings implicate the gating pore pathway as the primary functional and structural determinant of MEPPC and widen the spectrum of variants that are associated with gating pore-related disease in voltage-gated ion channels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lancaster, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhammad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackerman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanatani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruben, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifocal Ectopic Purkinje Premature Contractions due to neutralization of an SCN5A negative charge: structural insights into the gating pore hypothesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CNVeil enables accurate and robust tumor subclone identification and copy number estimation from single-cell DNA sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell DNA sequencing (scDNA-seq) has significantly advanced cancer research by enabling precise detection of chromosomal aberrations, such as copy number variations (CNVs), at a single-cell level. These variations are crucial for understanding tumor progression and heterogeneity among tumor subclones. However, accurate CNV inference in scDNA-seq has been constrained by several factors, including low coverage, sequencing errors, and data variability. To address these challenges, we introduce CNVeil, a robust quantitative algorithm designed to accurately reveal CNV profiles while overcoming the inherent noise and bias in scDNA-seq data. CNVeil incorporates a unique bias correction method using normal cell profiles identified by a PCA-based Gini coefficient, effectively mitigating sequencing bias. Subsequently, a multi-level hierarchical clustering, based on selected highly variable bins, is employed to initially identify coarse subclones for robust ploidy estimation and further identify fine subclones for segmentation. To infer the CNV segmentation landscape, a novel change rate-based across-cell breakpoint identification approach is specifically designed to diminish the effects of low coverage and data variability on a per-cell basis. Finally, a consensus segmentation is utilized to further standardize read depth for the inference of the final CNV profile. In comprehensive benchmarking experiments, where we compared CNVeil with seven state-of-the-art CNV detection tools, CNVeil exhibited exceptional performance across a diverse set of simulated and real scDNA-seq data in cancer genomics. CNVeil excelled in subclone identification, segmentation, and CNV profiling. In light of these results, we anticipate that CNVeil will significantly contribute to single-cell CNV analysis, offering enhanced insights into chromosomal aberrations and genomic complexity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CNVeil enables accurate and robust tumor subclone identification and copy number estimation from single-cell DNA sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581450v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing In Situ Molecular Profiles of Glomerular Cell Types and Substructures with Integrated Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.21.581450v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glomeruli filter blood through the coordination of podocytes, mesangial cells, fenestrated endothelial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane. Cellular changes, such as podocyte loss, are associated with pathologies like diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, little is known regarding the in situ molecular profiles of specific cell types and how these profiles change with disease. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) is well-suited for untargeted tissue mapping of a wide range of molecular classes. Additional imaging modalities can be integrated with MALDI IMS to associate these biomolecular distributions to specific cell types. Herein, we demonstrate an integrated workflow combining MALDI IMS and multiplexed immunofluorescence (MxIF) microscopy. High spatial resolution MALDI IMS (5 {micro}m pixel size) was used to determine lipid distributions within human glomeruli, revealing intra-glomerular lipid heterogeneity. Mass spectrometric data were linked to specific glomerular cell types through new methods that enable MxIF microscopy to be performed on the same tissue section following MALDI IMS without sacrificing signal quality from either modality. A combination of machine-learning approaches was assembled, enabling cell-type segmentation and identification based on MxIF data followed by the mining of cell type or cluster-associated MALDI IMS signatures using classification models and interpretable machine learning. This allowed the automated discovery of spatially specific biomarker candidates for glomerular substructures and cell types. Overall, the work presented here establishes a toolbox for probing molecular signatures of glomerular cell types and substructures within tissue microenvironments and provides a framework that applies to other kidney tissue features and organ systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esselman, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tideman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djambazova, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pingry, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.21.581450</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing In Situ Molecular Profiles of Glomerular Cell Types and Substructures with Integrated Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of pH-sensitive transcription termination during adaptation to repeated long-term starvation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluctuating environments that consist of regular cycles of co-occurring stress are a common challenge faced by cellular populations. For a population to thrive in constantly changing conditions, an ability to coordinate a rapid cellular response is essential. Here, we identify a mutation conferring an arginine-to-histidine (Arg to His) substitution in the transcription terminator Rho. The rho R109H mutation frequently arose in E. coli populations experimentally evolved under repeated long-term starvation conditions, during which feast and famine result in drastic environmental pH fluctuations. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that populations containing the rho mutation also possess putative loss-of-function mutations in ydcI, which encodes a recently characterized transcription factor associated with pH homeostasis. Genetic reconstructions of these mutations show that the rho allele confers a plastic alkaline-induced reduction of Rho function that, when found in tandem with a {Delta}ydcI allele, leads to intracellular alkalinization and genetic assimilation of Rho mutant function. We further identify Arg to His substitutions at analogous sites in rho alleles from species originating from fluctuating alkaline environments. Our results suggest that Arg to His substitutions in global regulators of gene expression can serve to rapidly coordinate complex responses through pH sensing and shed light on how cellular populations across the tree of life use environmental cues to coordinate rapid responses to complex, fluctuating environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Worthan, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, R. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaleau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stikeleather, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudvillain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of pH-sensitive transcription termination during adaptation to repeated long-term starvation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582925v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intermittent stimulation of the basal forebrain improves working memory in aged nonhuman primates. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.01.582925v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain aging contributes to cognitive decline and risk of dementia. Degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic system parallels these changes in aging, Alzheimers dementia, Parkinsons dementia, and Lewy body dementia, and thus is a common element linked to executive function across the lifespan and in disease states. Here, we tested the potential of one-hour daily intermittent basal forebrain stimulation to improve cognition in senescent monkeys, and its mechanisms of action. Stimulation in five animals improved working memory duration in 8-12 weeks across all animals, with peak improvements observed in the first four weeks. In an ensuing three month period without stimulation, improvements were retained. With additional stimulation, performance remained above baseline throughout the 15 months of the study. Studies with a cholinesterase inhibitor produced inconsistent improvements in behavior. One of five animals improved significantly. Manipulating the stimulation pattern demonstrated selectivity for both stimulation and recovery period duration. Brain stimulation led to acute increases in cerebrospinal levels of tissue plasminogen activator, which is an activating element for two brain neurotrophins, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Growth Factor (BDNF). Stimulation also led to improved glucose utilization in stimulated hemispheres relative to contralateral. Glucose utilization also consistently declines with aging and some dementias. Together, these findings suggest that intermittent stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert improves executive function and reverses some aspects of brain aging.

HighlightsO_LIThe basal forebrain and its cholinergic projections are the sole source of acetylcholine for the cortical mantle in primates and humans.
C_LIO_LIForebrain function tracks cognitive loss throughout the adult lifespan.
C_LIO_LIOne hour per day intermittent stimulation of this region improves executive function behaviors and plausibly reverses some aspects of brain aging, a large risk factor in dementias.
C_LIO_LIThis stimulation exceeds impacts of standard pharmacotherapies, is enduring, recruits brain neurotrophic pathways and improves cortical glucose utilization.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennington, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debs, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bava, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blake, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.01.582925</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intermittent stimulation of the basal forebrain improves working memory in aged nonhuman primates.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583245v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medial prefrontal dopamine dynamics reflect allocation of selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.04.583245v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mesocortical dopamine system is comprised of midbrain dopamine neurons that predominantly innervate the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and exert a powerful neuromodulatory influence over this region1,2. mPFC dopamine activity is thought to be critical for fundamental neurobiological processes including valence coding and decision-making3,4. Despite enduring interest in this pathway, the stimuli and conditions that engage mPFC dopamine release have remained enigmatic due to inherent limitations in conventional methods for dopamine monitoring which have prevented real-time in vivo observation5. Here, using a fluorescent dopamine sensor enabling time-resolved recordings of cortical dopamine activity in freely behaving mice, we reveal the coding properties of this system and demonstrate that mPFC dopamine dynamics conform to a selective attention signal. Contrary to the long-standing theory that mPFC dopamine release preferentially encodes aversive and stressful events6-8, we observed robust dopamine responses to both appetitive and aversive stimuli which dissipated with increasing familiarity irrespective of stimulus intensity. We found that mPFC dopamine does not evolve as a function of learning but displays striking temporal precedence with second-to-second changes in behavioral engagement, suggesting a role in allocation of attentional resources. Systematic manipulation of attentional demand revealed that quieting of mPFC dopamine signals the allocation of attentional resources towards an expected event which, upon detection triggers a sharp dopamine transient marking the transition from decision-making to action. The proposed role of mPFC dopamine as a selective attention signal is the first model based on direct observation of time-resolved dopamine dynamics and reconciles decades of competing theories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Melugin, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrara, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farahbakhsh, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583245</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medial prefrontal dopamine dynamics reflect allocation of selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.583563v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arteriolar degeneration and stiffness in cerebral amyloid angiopathy are linked to β-amyloid deposition and lysyl oxidase. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.583563v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a vasculopathy characterized by vascular {beta}-amyloid (A{beta}) deposition on cerebral blood vessels. CAA is closely linked to Alzheimers disease (AD) and intracerebral hemorrhage. CAA is associated with the loss of autoregulation in the brain, vascular rupture, and cognitive decline. To assess morphological and molecular changes associated with the degeneration of penetrating arterioles in CAA, we analyzed post-mortem human brain tissue from 26 patients with mild, moderate, and severe CAA end neurological controls. The tissue was optically cleared for three-dimensional light sheet microscopy, and morphological features were quantified using surface volume rendering. We stained A{beta}, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), lysyl oxidase (LOX), and vascular markers to visualize the relationship between degenerative morphological features, including vascular dilation, dolichoectasia (variability in lumenal diameter) and tortuosity, and the volumes of VSM, A{beta}, and LOX in arterioles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to assess arteriolar wall stiffness, and we identified a pattern of morphological features associated with degenerating arterioles in the cortex. The volume of VSM associated with the arteriole was reduced by around 80% in arterioles with severe CAA and around 60% in cases with mild/moderate CAA. This loss of VSM correlated with increased arteriolar diameter and variability of diameter, suggesting VSM loss contributes to arteriolar laxity. These vascular morphological features correlated strongly with A{beta} deposits. At sites of microhemorrhage, A{beta} was consistently present, although the morphology of the deposits changed from the typical organized ring shape to sharply contoured shards with marked dilation of the vessel. AFM showed that arteriolar walls with CAA were more than 400% stiffer than those without CAA. Finally, we characterized the association of vascular degeneration with LOX, finding strong associations with VSM loss and vascular degeneration. These results show an association between vascular A{beta} deposition, microvascular degeneration, and increased vascular stiffness, likely due to the combined effects of replacement of VSM by {beta}-amyloid, cross-linking of extracellular matrices (ECM) by LOX, and possibly fibrosis. This advanced microscopic imaging study clarifies the association between A{beta} deposition and vascular fragility. Restoration of physiologic ECM properties in penetrating arteries may yield a novel therapeutic strategy for CAA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ventura-Antunes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nackenoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Fernandez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosworth, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prusky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Tapia, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harmsen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solopova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snider, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merryman, W. D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.583563</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arteriolar degeneration and stiffness in cerebral amyloid angiopathy are linked to β-amyloid deposition and lysyl oxidase.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.583994v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain heterogeneity in a non-pathogenic fungus highlights factors contributing to virulence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.583994v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungal pathogens exhibit extensive strain heterogeneity, including variation in virulence. Whether closely related non-pathogenic species also exhibit strain heterogeneity remains unknown. Here, we comprehensively characterized the pathogenic potentials (i.e., the ability to cause morbidity and mortality) of 16 diverse strains of Aspergillus fischeri, a non-pathogenic close relative of the major pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. In vitro immune response assays and in vivo virulence assays using a mouse model of pulmonary aspergillosis showed that A. fischeri strains varied widely in their pathogenic potential. Furthermore, pangenome analyses suggest that A. fischeri genomic and phenotypic diversity is even greater. Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling identified several pathways and secondary metabolites associated with variation in virulence. Notably, strain virulence was associated with the simultaneous presence of the secondary metabolites hexadehydroastechrome and gliotoxin. We submit that examining the pathogenic potentials of non-pathogenic close relatives is key for understanding the origins of fungal pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauters, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steffen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumilang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Grimaldo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinzan, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Castro, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Reis, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delbaje, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houbraken, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.583994</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain heterogeneity in a non-pathogenic fungus highlights factors contributing to virulence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurobiological Changes Across Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Investigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.08.584178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pregnancy is a period of profound biological transformation. However, we know remarkably little about pregnancy-related brain changes. To address this gap, we chart longitudinal changes in brain structure during pregnancy and explore potential mechanisms driving these changes. Ten participants (Mean age = 28.97 years) are assessed 1-6 times (median = 3) during their pregnancy. Each visit includes anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRI, and assessments of waking salivary hormones, hair hormones, and inflammatory cytokines. Here we observe a reduction in gray matter volume gestational week, while neurite density index (NDI), a proxy of axon density, in white matter tracts increase across pregnancy. Progesterone levels are associated with reductions in brain volumetric measurements, and both progesterone and estradiol levels are linked to increases in NDI in white matter tracts. This study highlights the profound neurobiological changes experienced by pregnant individuals and provides insights into neuroplasticity in adulthood.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piersiak, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailes, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnett, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manhard, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osmundson, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kujawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.08.584178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurobiological Changes Across Pregnancy: A Longitudinal Investigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Adipose Tissue Vasculature Unravel Endothelial Cell Responses in HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic systemic inflammation contributes to a substantially elevated risk of myocardial infarction in people living with HIV (PLWH). Endothelial cell dysfunction disrupts vascular homeostasis regulation, increasing the risk of vasoconstriction, inflammation, and thrombosis that contribute to cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to study the effects of plasma from PLWH on endothelial cell (EC) function, with the hypothesis that cytokines and chemokines are major drivers of EC activation. We first broadly phenotyped chemokine and cytokine receptor expression on arterial ECs, capillary ECs, venous ECs, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in adipose tissue in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 59 PLWH using single cell transcriptomic analysis. We used CellChat to predict cell-cell interactions between ECs and other cells in the adipose tissue and Spearman correlation to measure the association between ECs and plasma cytokines. Finally, we cultured human arterial ECs (HAECs) in plasma-conditioned media from PLWH and performed bulk sequencing to study the direct effects ex-vivo. We observed that arterial and capillary ECs expressed higher interferon and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors. Venous ECs had more interleukin (IL)-1R1 and ACKR1 receptors, and VSMCs had high significant IL-6R expression. CellChat predicted ligand-receptor interactions between adipose tissue immune cells as senders and capillary ECs as recipients in TNF-TNFRSF1A/B interactions. Chemokines expressed largely by capillary ECs were predicted to bind ACKR1 receptors on venous ECs. Beyond the adipose tissue, the proportion of venous ECs and VSMCs were positively plasma IL-6. In ex-vivo experiments, HAECs cultured with plasma-conditioned media from PLWH expressed transcripts that enriched for the TNF- and reactive oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In conclusion, ECs demonstrate heterogeneity in cytokine and chemokine receptor expression. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of cytokines and chemokines in EC dysfunction and to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obare, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priest, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismael, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mashayekhi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stolze, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianella, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koethe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Adipose Tissue Vasculature Unravel Endothelial Cell Responses in HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Benchmarking clustering, alignment, and integration methods for spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is advancing our understanding of complex tissues and organisms. However, building a robust clustering algorithm to define spatially coherent regions in a single tissue slice, and aligning or integrating multiple tissue slices originating from diverse sources for essential downstream analyses remain challenging. Numerous clustering, alignment, and integration methods have been specifically designed for ST data by leveraging its spatial information. The absence of benchmark studies complicates the selection of methods and future method development. Here we systematically benchmark a variety of state-of-the-art algorithms with a wide range of real and simulated datasets of varying sizes, technologies, species, and complexity. Different experimental metrics and analyses, like adjusted rand index (ARI), uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) visualization, layer-wise and spot-to-spot alignment accuracy, spatial coherence score (SCS), and 3D reconstruction, are meticulously designed to assess method performance as well as data quality. We analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each method using diverse quantitative and qualitative metrics. This analysis leads to a comprehensive recommendation that covers multiple aspects for users. The code used for evaluation is available on GitHub. Additionally, we provide jupyter notebook tutorials and documentation to facilitate the reproduction of all benchmarking results and to support the study of new methods and new datasets (https://benchmarkst-reproducibility.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Benchmarking clustering, alignment, and integration methods for spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development of a series of genetically engineered NTRK fusion-driven pediatric-type high-grade glioma mouse models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric-type high-grade gliomas frequently harbor gene fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinase genes, including neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK) fusions. Clinically, these tumors show high initial response rates to tyrosine kinase inhibition but ultimately recur due to the accumulation of additional resistance-conferring mutations. Here, we developed a series of genetically engineered mouse models of treatment-naive and -experienced NTRK1/2/3 fusion-driven gliomas. Both the TRK kinase domain and the N-terminal fusion partners influenced tumor histology and aggressiveness. Treatment with TRK kinase inhibitors significantly extended survival of NTRK fusion-driven glioma mice in a fusion- and inhibitor-dependent manner, but tumors ultimately recurred due to the presence of treatment-resistant persister cells. Finally, we show that ERK activation promotes resistance to TRK kinase inhibition and identify MEK inhibition as a potential combination therapy. These models will be invaluable tools for preclinical testing of novel inhibitors and to study the cellular responses of NTRK fusion-driven gliomas to therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schmid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamashita, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parrish, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudoy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quist, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gessesse, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvinez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cimino, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumasaka, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parchment, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szulzewsky, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.13.584849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development of a series of genetically engineered NTRK fusion-driven pediatric-type high-grade glioma mouse models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enhanced mucosal mitochondrial function corrects dysbiosis and OXPHOS metabolism in IBD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.14.584471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMitochondrial (Mito) dysfunction in IBD reduces mucosal O2 consumption and increases O2 delivery to the microbiome. Increased enteric O2 promotes blooms of facultative anaerobes (eg. Proteobacteria) and restricts obligate anaerobes (eg. Firmicutes). Dysbiotic metabolites negatively affect host metabolism and immunity. Our novel compound (AuPhos) upregulates intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) mito function, attenuates colitis and corrects dysbiosis in humanized Il10-/- mice. We posit that AuPhos corrects IBD-associated dysbiotic metabolism.

MethodsPrimary effect of AuPhos on mucosal Mito respiration and healing process was studied in ex vivo treated human colonic biopsies and piroxicam-accelerated (Px) Il10-/- mice. Secondary effect on microbiome was tested in DSS-colitis WT B6 and germ-free 129.SvEv WT or Il10-/- mice reconstituted with human IBD stool (Hu-Il10-/-). Mice were treated orally with AuPhos (10- or 25- mg/kg; q3d) or vehicle, stool samples collected for fecal lipocalin-2 (f-LCN2) assay and microbiome analyses using 16S rRNA sequencing. AuPhos effect on microbial metabolites was determined using untargeted global metabolomics. AuPhos-induced hypoxia in IECs was assessed by Hypoxyprobe-1 staining in sections from pimonidazole HCl-infused DSS-mice. Effect of AuPhos on enteric oxygenation was assessed by E. coli Nissle 1917 WT (aerobic respiration-proficient) and cytochrome oxidase (cydA) mutant (aerobic respiration-deficient).

ResultsMetagenomic (16S) analysis revealed AuPhos reduced relative abundances of Proteobacteria and increased blooms of Firmicutes in uninflamed B6 WT, DSS-colitis, Hu-WT and Hu-Il10-/- mice. AuPhos also increased hypoxyprobe-1 staining in surface IECs suggesting enhanced O2 utilization. AuPhos-induced anaerobiosis was confirmed by a significant increase in cydA mutant compared to WT (O2-utlizing) E.coli. Ex vivo treatment of human biopsies with AuPhos showed significant increase in Mito mass, and complexes I and IV. Further, gene expression analysis of AuPhos-treated biopsies showed increase in stem cell markers (Lgr4, Lgr5, Lrig1), with concomitant decreases in pro-inflammatory markers (IL1{beta},MCP1, RankL). Histological investigation of AuPhos-fed Px-Il10-/- mice showed significantly decreased colitis score in AuPhos-treated Px-Il10-/- mice, with decrease in mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase in Mito complexes (ND5, ATP6). AuPhos significantly altered microbial metabolites associated with SCFA synthesis, FAO, TCA cycle, tryptophan and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. AuPhos increased pyruvate, 4-hydroxybutyrate, 2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate, suggesting an upregulation of pyruvate and glutarate pathways of butyrate production. AuPhos reduced IBD-associated primary bile acids (BA) with concomitant increase in secondary BA (SBA). AuPhos treatment significantly decreased acylcarnitines and increased L-carnitine reflective of enhanced FAO. AuPhos increases TCA cycle intermediates and creatine, energy reservoir substrates indicating enhanced OxPHOS. Besides, AuPhos also upregulates tryptophan metabolism, decreases Kynurenine and its derivatives, and increases polyamine biosynthesis pathway (Putresceine and Spermine).

ConclusionThese findings indicate that AuPhos-enhanced IEC mitochondrial function reduces enteric O2 delivery, which corrects disease-associated metabolomics by restoring short-chain fatty acids, SBA, AA and IEC energy metabolism.

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=110 SRC="FIGDIR/small/584471v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kapur, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassan, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wempe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhogoju, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goretsky, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awuah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumler, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sator, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.14.584471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enhanced mucosal mitochondrial function corrects dysbiosis and OXPHOS metabolism in IBD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.584711v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synchrony between midbrain gene transcription and dopamine terminal regulation is modulated by chronic alcohol drinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.584711v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder is marked by disrupted behavioral and emotional states which persist into abstinence. The enduring synaptic alterations that remain despite the absence of alcohol are of interest for interventions to prevent relapse. Here, 28 male rhesus macaques underwent over 20 months of alcohol drinking interspersed with three 30-day forced abstinence periods. After the last abstinence period, we paired direct sub-second dopamine monitoring via ex vivo voltammetry in nucleus accumbens slices with RNA-sequencing of the ventral tegmental area. We found persistent augmentation of dopamine transporter function, kappa opioid receptor sensitivity, and dynorphin release - all inhibitory regulators which act to decrease extracellular dopamine. Surprisingly, though transcript expression was not altered, the relationship between gene expression and functional readouts of these encoded proteins was highly dynamic and altered by drinking history. These results outline the long-lasting synaptic impact of alcohol use and suggest that assessment of transcript-function relationships is critical for the rational design of precision therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Farahbakhsh, Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holleran, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sens, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fordahl, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauterer, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuzon Carlson, V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiraly, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siciliano, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.584711</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synchrony between midbrain gene transcription and dopamine terminal regulation is modulated by chronic alcohol drinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of intermicrovillar adhesion impairs basolateral junctional complexes in transporting epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transporting epithelial cells in the gut and kidney rely on protocadherin-based apical adhesion complexes to organize microvilli that extend into the luminal space. In these systems, CDHR2 and CDHR5 localize to the distal ends of microvilli, where they form an intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) that links the tips of these structures, promotes the formation of a well-ordered array of protrusions, and in turn maximizes apical membrane surface area. Recently, we discovered that IMACs can also form between microvilli that extend from neighboring cells, across cell-cell junctions. As an additional point of physical contact between cells, transjunctional IMACs are well positioned to impact the integrity of canonical tight and adherens junctions that form more basolaterally. Here, we sought to test this idea using cell culture and mouse models that lacked CDHR2 expression and were unable to form IMACs. CDHR2 knockout perturbed cell and junction morphology, led to loss of key components from tight and adherens junctions, and impaired barrier function and wound healing. These results indicate that, in addition to organizing apical microvilli, IMACs provide a layer of cell-cell contact that functions in parallel with canonical tight and adherens junctions to support the physiological functions of transporting epithelia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cencer, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of intermicrovillar adhesion impairs basolateral junctional complexes in transporting epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585757v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intestinal tuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure composed of co-aligned actin bundles and microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.19.585757v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsAll tissues consist of a distinct set of cell types, which collectively support organ function and homeostasis. Tuft cells are a rare epithelial cell type found in diverse epithelia, where they play important roles in sensing antigens and stimulating downstream immune responses. Exhibiting a unique polarized morphology, tuft cells are defined by an array of giant actin filament bundles that support [~]2 m of apical membrane protrusion and extend over 7 m towards the cells perinuclear region. Despite their established roles in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis, tuft cells remain understudied due to their rarity (e.g. [~] 1% in the small intestinal epithelium). Details regarding the ultrastructural organization of the tuft cell cytoskeleton, the molecular components involved in building the array of giant actin bundles, and how these cytoskeletal structures support tuft cell biology remain unclear.

MethodsTo begin to answer these questions, we used advanced light and electron microscopy to perform quantitative morphometry of the small intestinal tuft cell cytoskeleton.

ResultsWe found that tuft cell core bundles consist of actin filaments that are crosslinked in a parallel "barbed-end out" configuration. These polarized structures are also supported by a unique group of tuft cell enriched actin-binding proteins that are differentially localized along the giant core bundles. Furthermore, we found that tuft cell actin bundles are co-aligned with a highly ordered network of microtubules.

ConclusionsTuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure that is well positioned to serve as a track for subcellular transport along the apical-basolateral axis and in turn, support the dynamic sensing functions that are critical for intestinal epithelial homeostasis.

SYNOPSISThis research leveraged advanced light and electron microscopy to perform quantitative morphometry of the intestinal tuft cell cytoskeleton. Three-dimensional reconstructions of segmented image data revealed a co-aligned actin-microtubule superstructure that may play a fundamental role in tuft cell function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silverman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.19.585757</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intestinal tuft cells assemble a cytoskeletal superstructure composed of co-aligned actin bundles and microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of Antigen-Specific Antibody CDRH3 Sequences Using AI and Germline-Based Templates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antibody-antigen specificity is engendered and refined through a number of complex B cell processes, including germline gene recombination and somatic hypermutation. Here, we present an AI-based technology for de novo generation of antigen-specific antibody CDRH3 sequences using germline-based templates, and validate this technology through the generation of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. AI-based processes that mimic the outcome, but bypass the complexity of natural antibody generation, can be efficient and effective alternatives to traditional experimental approaches for antibody discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinov, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of Antigen-Specific Antibody CDRH3 Sequences Using AI and Germline-Based Templates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.585817v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
STING-Activating Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.23.585817v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway links innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and therefore plays an important role in cancer immune surveillance. This has prompted widespread development of STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy, but pharmacological barriers continue to limit the clinical impact of STING agonists and motivate the development of drug delivery systems to improve their efficacy and/or safety. To address these challenges, we developed SAPCon, a STING-activating polymer-drug conjugate platform based on strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition of dimeric-amidobenzimidazole (diABZI) STING agonists to hydrophilic polymer chains through an enzyme-responsive chemical linker. To synthesize a first-generation SAPCon, we designed a diABZI prodrug modified with a DBCO reactive handle with a cathepsin B-cleavable spacer for intracellular drug release and conjugated this to pendant azide groups on a 100kDa poly(dimethyla acrylamide-co-azide methacrylate) copolymer backbone to increase circulation time and enable passive tumor accumulation. We found that intravenously administered SAPCon accumulated at tumor sites, where it was endocytosed by tumor-associated myeloid cells, resulting in increased STING activation in tumor tissue. Consequently, SAPCon promoted an immunogenic tumor microenvironment, characterized by increased frequency of activated macrophages and dendritic cells and improved infiltration of CD8+ T cells, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth, prolonged survival, and enhanced response to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in orthotopic breast cancer models. Collectively, these studies position SAPCon as a modular and programmable platform for improving the efficacy of systemically administered STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sheehy, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwiatkowski, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.23.585817</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[STING-Activating Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of a cytokinin-binding protein locus in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.25.586654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytokinins are adenine-based hormones that have been well-characterized in plants but are also made by bacteria, including the human-exclusive pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In M. tuberculosis, cytokinins activate transcription of an operon that affects the bacterial cell envelope. In plants, cytokinins are broken down by dedicated enzymes called cytokinin oxidases into adenine and various aldehydes. In proteasome degradation-deficient M. tuberculosis, the cytokinin-producing enzyme Log accumulates, resulting in the buildup of at least one cytokinin-associated aldehyde. We therefore hypothesized that M. tuberculosis encodes one or more cytokinin oxidases. Using a homology-based search for homologs of a plant cytokinin oxidase, we identified Rv3719 and a putative cytokinin-specific binding protein, Rv3718c. Deletion of the locus encoding these proteins did not have a measurable effect on in vitro growth. Nonetheless, Rv3718c bound a cytokinin with high specificity. Our data thus support a model whereby cytokinins play one or more roles in mycobacterial physiology.

IMPORTANCENumerous bacterial species encode cytokinin-producing enzymes, the functions of which are almost completely unknown. This work contributes new knowledge to the cytokinin field for bacteria, and also revealed further conservation of cytokinin-associated proteins between plants and prokaryotes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darwin, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santarossa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekiert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of a cytokinin-binding protein locus in Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand-induced CaMKIIα hub Trp403 flip, hub domain stacking and kinase inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
{gamma}-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) analogs are small molecules that bind competitively to a specific cavity in the oligomeric CaMKII hub domain. Binding affects conformation and stability of the hub domain, which may explain the neuroprotective action of some of these compounds. Here, we describe molecular details of interaction of the larger-type GHB analog 2-(6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-yl)acetic acid (PIPA). Like smaller-type analogs, PIPA binding to the CaMKII hub domain promoted thermal stability. PIPA additionally inhibited CaMKII kinase activity by reducing CaM sensitivity. A high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of a stabilized CaMKII (6x mutant) hub construct revealed details of the binding mode of PIPA, which involved outward placement of tryptophan 403 (Trp403), a central residue in a flexible loop close to the upper hub cavity. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) solution structures and mass photometry of the CaMKII wildtype hub domain in the presence of PIPA revealed a high degree of ordered self-association (stacks of CaMKII hub domains). This stacking neither occurred with the smaller compound 3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid (HOCPCA), nor when Trp403 was replaced with leucine (W403L). Additionally, CaMKII W403L hub was stabilized to a larger extent by PIPA compared to CaMKII hub wildtype, indicating that loop flexibility is important for holoenzyme stability. Thus, we propose that ligand-induced outward placement of Trp403 by PIPA, which promotes an unforeseen mechanism of hub domain stacking, may be involved in the observed reduction in CaMKII kinase activity. Altogether, this sheds new light on allosteric regulation of CaMKII activity via the hub domain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Narayanan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, A. S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauger, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adafia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammershoi, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamborg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruus-Jensen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griem-Krey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gee, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frolund, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stratton, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastrup, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langkilde, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellendorph, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solbak, S. M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand-induced CaMKIIα hub Trp403 flip, hub domain stacking and kinase inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CYRI-B loss promotes enlarged mature focal adhesions and restricts microtubule and ERC1 access to the cell leading edge 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.26.586838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CYRI proteins promote lamellipodial dynamics by opposing Rac1-mediated activation of the Scar/WAVE complex. This activity also supports resolution of macropinocytic cups, promoting internalisation of surface proteins, including integrins. Here, we show that CYRI-B also promotes focal adhesion maturation and dynamics. Focal adhesions in CYRI-B-depleted cells show accelerated maturation and become excessively large. We probed the composition of these enlarged focal adhesions, using a Bio-ID screen, with paxillin as bait. Our screen revealed changes in the adhesome suggesting early activation of stress fibre contraction and depletion of the integrin internalisation mediator ERC1. Lack of CYRI-B leads to more stable lamellipodia and accumulation of polymerised actin in stress fibres. This actin acts as a barrier to microtubule targeting for adhesion turnover. Thus, our studies reveal an important connection between lamellipodia dynamics controlled by CYRI-B and microtubule targeting of ERC1 to modulate adhesion maturation and turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whitelaw, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolaou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tweedy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fort, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanivan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadegaard, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Insall, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machesky, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.26.586838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CYRI-B loss promotes enlarged mature focal adhesions and restricts microtubule and ERC1 access to the cell leading edge]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.585774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and Organization of the Retinal Orientation Selectivity Map 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.585774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orientation or axial selectivity, the property of neurons in the visual system to respond preferentially to certain angles of a visual stimuli, plays a pivotal role in our understanding of visual perception and information processing. This computation is performed as early as the retina, and although much work has established the cellular mechanisms of retinal orientation selectivity, how this computation is organized across the retina is unknown. Using a large dataset collected across the mouse retina, we demonstrate functional organization rules of retinal orientation selectivity. First, we identify three major functional classes of retinal cells that are orientation selective and match previous descriptions. Second, we show that one orientation is predominantly represented in the retina and that this predominant orientation changes as a function of retinal location. Third, we demonstrate that neural activity plays little role on the organization of retinal orientation selectivity. Lastly, we use in silico modeling followed by validation experiments to demonstrate that the overrepresented orientation aligns along concentric axes. These results demonstrate that, similar to direction selectivity, orientation selectivity is organized in a functional map as early as the retina.

One Sentence SummaryDevelopment and organization of retinal orientation selectivity
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vita, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsi, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanko, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.585774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and Organization of the Retinal Orientation Selectivity Map]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587083v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macromolecular interactions and geometrical confinement determine the 3D diffusion of ribosome-sized particles in live Escherichia coli cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587083v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The crowded bacterial cytoplasm is comprised of biomolecules that span several orders of magnitude in size and electrical charge. This complexity has been proposed as the source of the rich spatial organization and apparent anomalous diffusion of intracellular components, although this has not been tested directly. Here, we use biplane microscopy to track the 3D motion of self-assembled bacterial Genetically Encoded Multimeric nanoparticles (bGEMs) with tunable size (20 to 50 nm) and charge (-2160 to +1800 e) in live Escherichia coli cells. To probe intermolecular details at spatial and temporal resolutions beyond experimental limits, we also developed a colloidal whole-cell model that explicitly represents the size and charge of cytoplasmic macromolecules and the porous structure of the bacterial nucleoid. Combining these techniques, we show that bGEMs spatially segregate by size, with small 20-nm particles enriched inside the nucleoid, and larger and/or positively charged particles excluded from this region. Localization is driven by entropic and electrostatic forces arising from cytoplasmic polydispersity, nucleoid structure, geometrical confinement, and interactions with other biomolecules including ribosomes and DNA. We observe that at the timescales of traditional single molecule tracking experiments, motion appears sub-diffusive for all particle sizes and charges. However, using computer simulations with higher temporal resolution, we find that the apparent anomalous exponents are governed by the region of the cell in which bGEMs are located. Molecular motion does not display anomalous diffusion on short time scales and the apparent sub-diffusion arises from geometrical confinement within the nucleoid and by the cell boundary.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valverde-Mendez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunol, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delarue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehan, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaevitz, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zia, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587083</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macromolecular interactions and geometrical confinement determine the 3D diffusion of ribosome-sized particles in live Escherichia coli cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The laminar organization of cell types in macaque cortex and its relationship to neuronal oscillations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.27.587084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The canonical microcircuit (CMC) has been hypothesized to be the fundamental unit of information processing in cortex. Each CMC unit is thought to be an interconnected column of neurons with specific connections between excitatory and inhibitory neurons across layers. Recently, we identified a conserved spectrolaminar motif of oscillatory activity across the primate cortex that may be the physiological consequence of the CMC. The spectrolaminar motif consists of local field potential (LFP) gamma-band power (40-150 Hz) peaking in superficial layers 2 and 3 and alpha/beta-band power (8-30 Hz) peaking in deep layers 5 and 6. Here, we investigate whether specific conserved cell types may produce the spectrolaminar motif. We collected laminar histological and electrophysiological data in 11 distinct cortical areas spanning the visual hierarchy: V1, V2, V3, V4, TEO, MT, MST, LIP, 8A/FEF, PMD, and LPFC (area 46), and anatomical data in DP and 7A. We stained representative slices for the three main inhibitory subtypes, Parvalbumin (PV), Calbindin (CB), and Calretinin (CR) positive neurons, as well as pyramidal cells marked with Neurogranin (NRGN). We found a conserved laminar structure of PV, CB, CR, and pyramidal cells. We also found a consistent relationship between the laminar distribution of inhibitory subtypes with power in the local field potential. PV interneuron density positively correlated with gamma (40-150 Hz) power. CR and CB density negatively correlated with alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) oscillations. The conserved, layer-specific pattern of inhibition and excitation across layers is therefore likely the anatomical substrate of the spectrolaminar motif.

Significance StatementNeuronal oscillations emerge as an interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons and underlie cognitive functions and conscious states. These oscillations have distinct expression patterns across cortical layers. Does cellular anatomy enable these oscillations to emerge in specific cortical layers? We present a comprehensive analysis of the laminar distribution of the three main inhibitory cell types in primate cortex (Parvalbumin, Calbindin, and Calretinin positive) and excitatory pyramidal cells. We found a canonical relationship between the laminar anatomy and electrophysiology in 11 distinct primate areas spanning from primary visual to prefrontal cortex. The laminar anatomy explained the expression patterns of neuronal oscillations in different frequencies. Our work provides insight into the cortex-wide cellular mechanisms that generate neuronal oscillations in primates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lichtenfeld, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvey, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Halliday, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desimone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The laminar organization of cell types in macaque cortex and its relationship to neuronal oscillations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial genome variation affects humoral and cell-mediated innate immune responses and infection outcomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.28.587162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of mitochondria in both adaptive and innate immune responses is increasingly recognized, but the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation as an immunomodulatory factor has received less attention. One reason for this is the difficulty of separating the effect of mtDNA from that of the nuclear genome. By utilizing the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a powerful model system, we created cytoplasmic hybrids, aka. cybrid lines, where unique mtDNAs (mitotypes) were introgressed into a controlled isogenic nuclear background. We harnessed a panel of cybrid lines to study the effect of mtDNA variation on humoral and cell-mediated innate immune responses. Mitotypes exhibited heterogeneity in infection outcomes upon bacterial, viral and parasitoid infections. One mitotype of note (mtKSA2) was more immunocompetent when compared to other mitotypes. We performed transcriptomic profiling of uninfected and infected flies to find the mechanistic basis of the immunocompetence of the mtKSA2 line. We found that in uninfected flies mtKSA2 caused an upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) related genes and a downregulation of a set of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Upon infection, mtKSA2 flies produced transcriptomic changes that were infection type and duration specific. When we examined immune cells (hemocytes) in mtKSA2 larvae, we noted an increase in hemocyte numbers. These hemocytes were activated in the absence of infection, increased their production of ROS, and showed evidence of increased encapsulation efficiency upon parasitoid wasp infection. Overall, our results show that mtDNA variation acts as an immunomodulatory factor in both humoral and cell-mediated innate immunity and that specific mitotypes can provide enhanced protection against various infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salminen, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesala, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basikhina, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuomela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tietz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vale, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.28.587162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial genome variation affects humoral and cell-mediated innate immune responses and infection outcomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.587030v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IL-8 Instructs Macrophage Identity in Lateral Ventricle Contacting Glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.29.587030v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with no established immunotherapy or targeted therapy. Recently, CD32+ HLA-DRhi macrophages were shown to have displaced resident microglia in GBM tumors that contact the lateral ventricle stem cell niche. Since these lateral ventricle contacting GBM tumors have especially poor outcomes, identifying the origin and role of these CD32+ macrophages is likely critical to developing successful GBM immunotherapies. Here, we identify these CD32+ cells as M_IL-8 macrophages and establish that IL-8 is sufficient and necessary for tumor cells to instruct healthy macrophages into CD32+ M_IL-8 M2 macrophages. In ex vivo experiments with conditioned medium from primary human tumor cells, inhibitory antibodies to IL-8 blocked the generation of CD32+ M_IL-8 cells. Finally, using a set of 73 GBM tumors, IL-8 protein is shown to be present in GBM tumor cells in vivo and especially common in tumors contacting the lateral ventricle. These results provide a mechanistic origin for CD32+ macrophages that predominate in the microenvironment of the most aggressive GBM tumors. IL-8 and CD32+ macrophages should now be explored as targets in combination with GBM immunotherapies, especially for patients whose tumors present with radiographic contact with the ventricular-subventricular zone stem cell niche.

- IL-8 is expressed by GBM cells and enriched in lateral ventricle-contacting tumors
- M_IL-8 macrophages are CD32+ HLA-DR++ CD163+ CD206+ CD86- PD-L1-
- M_IL-8 macrophages instructed with IL-8 or GBM conditioned medium match human glioblastoma associated macrophages
- IL-8 is necessary for GBM tumor cells to generate M_IL-8 macrophages
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mistry, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chotai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambless, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.587030</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IL-8 Instructs Macrophage Identity in Lateral Ventricle Contacting Glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis selects for mutators in group B streptococci among persistently colonized patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Through vaginal colonization, GBS causes severe outcomes including neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Although intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) has reduced neonatal disease rates, persistent GBS colonization has been observed in patients following prophylaxis. To determine whether IAP selects for genomic signatures that enhance GBS survival and persistence, a pangenome analysis was performed on 97 isolates from 58 participants before (prenatal) and after (postpartum) IAP/childbirth. Thirty-one of the 34 paired strains from participants with persistent colonization clustered together in the core gene phylogeny, suggesting that the strains recovered at the postpartum sampling were highly similar to those recovered at the prenatal visit. A core-gene mutation analysis identified mutations in 74% (n=23) of the 31 postpartum genomes when compared to the prenatal strains of the same multilocus sequence type recovered from the same individuals. Several strains had acquired mutations in the same colonization-associated genes, though two postpartum strains accounted for most of the mutations. These two outliers were classified as mutators based on high mutation rates and mutations within DNA repair system genes. Increased biofilm production was observed in half of the postpartum strains relative to the prenatal strains, which is supported by the presence of point mutations in genes associated with adherence. Together, these findings suggest that antibiotics may impose a selective pressure on GBS that selects for mutations and phenotypes that promote adaptation and survival in vivo. Enhanced survival in the genitourinary tract can lead to persistent colonization, increasing the likelihood of invasive disease in subsequent pregnancies and in newborns following IAP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pell, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blankenship, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis selects for mutators in group B streptococci among persistently colonized patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587633v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Group Heteroscedasticity - A Silent Saboteur of Power and False Discovery in RNA-Seq Differential Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587633v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the availability of several high-profile, state-of-the-art methods, analyzing bulk RNA-Seq data continues to face significant challenges. Evidence from recent studies has highlighted that popular differential expression (DE) tools, such as edgeR and DESeq2, are susceptible to an alarmingly high false discovery rate (FDR). These studies suggest that the FDR inflation observed in these models could be attributed to issues such as violations of parametric assumptions or an inability to effectively handle outliers in the data. Here, we argue that group heteroscedasticity can also contribute to this elevated FDR, a phenomenon largely overlooked by the research community. We introduce a novel statistical model, Robseq, designed for effective per-feature modeling in differential analysis, particularly when the assumption of group homoscedasticity is unmet. Robseq utilizes well-established statistical machinery from the robust statistics literature, including M-estimators to robustly estimate gene expression level changes and Huber-Cameron variance estimators to calculate robust standard errors in heteroscedastic settings. Additionally, it incorporates a degrees of freedom adjustment for the Welch t-statistic, based on Bell-McCaffreys recommendation, for inferential purposes, effectively addressing the problem of FDR inflation in RNA-Seq differential expression. Through detailed simulations and comprehensive benchmarking, we show that Robseq successfully maintains the false discovery and type-I error rates at nominal levels while retaining high statistical power compared to well-known DE methods. Analysis of population-level RNA-Seq data further demonstrates that Robseq is capable of identifying biologically significant signals and pathways implicated in complex human diseases that otherwise cannot be revealed by published methods. The implementation of Robseq is publicly available as an R package at https://github.com/schatterjee30/Robseq.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadikar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanumesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meshram, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoh, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arunkumar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallick, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587633</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Group Heteroscedasticity - A Silent Saboteur of Power and False Discovery in RNA-Seq Differential Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of fatty acid delivery to metastases by tumor endothelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor metastasis, the main cause of death in cancer patients, requires outgrowth of tumor cells after their dissemination and residence in microscopic niches. Nutrient sufficiency is a determinant of such outgrowth1. Fatty acids (FA) can be metabolized by cancer cells for their energetic and anabolic needs but impair the cytotoxicity of T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME)2, 3, thereby supporting metastatic progression. However, despite the important role of FA in metastatic outgrowth, the regulation of intratumoral FA is poorly understood. In this report, we show that tumor endothelium actively promotes tumor growth and restricts anti-tumor cytolysis by transferring FA into developing metastatic tumors. This process uses transendothelial fatty acid transport via endosome cargo trafficking in a mechanism that requires mTORC1 activity. Thus, tumor burden was significantly reduced upon endothelial-specific targeted deletion of Raptor, a unique component of the mTORC1 complex (RptorECKO). In vivo trafficking of a fluorescent palmitic acid analog to tumor cells and T cells was reduced in RptorECKO lung metastatic tumors, which correlated with improved markers of T cell cytotoxicity. Combination of anti-PD1 with RAD001/everolimus, at a low dose that selectively inhibits mTORC1 in endothelial cells4, impaired FA uptake in T cells and reduced metastatic disease, corresponding to improved anti-tumor immunity. These findings describe a novel mechanism of transendothelial fatty acid transfer into the TME during metastatic outgrowth and highlight a target for future development of therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngwa, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of fatty acid delivery to metastases by tumor endothelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Type 1 Immune Networks Underlie the Severity of Restrictive Lung Disease after COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.03.587929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The variable etiology of persistent breathlessness after COVID-19 have confounded efforts to decipher the immunopathology of lung sequelae. Here, we analyzed hundreds of cellular and molecular features in the context of discrete pulmonary phenotypes to define the systemic immune landscape of post-COVID lung disease. Cluster analysis of lung physiology measures highlighted two phenotypes of restrictive lung disease that differed by their impaired diffusion and severity of fibrosis. Machine learning revealed marked CCR5+CD95+ CD8+ T-cell perturbations in mild-to-moderate lung disease, but attenuated T-cell responses hallmarked by elevated CXCL13 in more severe disease. Distinct sets of cells, mediators, and autoantibodies distinguished each restrictive phenotype, and differed from those of patients without significant lung involvement. These differences were reflected in divergent T-cell-based type 1 networks according to severity of lung disease. Our findings, which provide an immunological basis for active lung injury versus advanced disease after COVID-19, might offer new targets for treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Canderan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muehling, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladd, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cross, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sturek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keshavarz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheon, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utz, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolatshahi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodfolk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.587929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Type 1 Immune Networks Underlie the Severity of Restrictive Lung Disease after COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588458v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Leveraging cross-source heterogeneity to improve the performance of bulk gene expression deconvolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.07.588458v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce CSsingle, a novel method that enhances the decomposition of bulk and spatial transcriptomic (ST) data by addressing key challenges in cellular heterogeneity. CSsingle applies cell size correction using ERCC spike-in controls, enabling it to account for variations in RNA content between cell types and achieve accurate bulk data deconvolution. In addition, it enables fine-scale analysis for ST data, advancing our understanding of tissue architecture and cellular interactions, particularly in complex microenvironments. We provide a unified tool for integrating bulk and ST with scRNA-seq data, advancing the study of complex biological systems and disease processes. The benchmark results demonstrate that CSsingle outperforms existing methods in accuracy and robustness. Validation using more than 700 normal and diseased samples from gastroesophageal tissue reveals the predominant presence of mosaic columnar cells (MCCs), which exhibit a gastric and intestinal mosaic phenotype in Barretts esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), in contrast to their very low detectable levels in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and normal gastroesophageal tissue. We revealed a dynamic relationship between MCCs and squamous cells during immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)-based treatment in EAC patients, suggesting MCC expression signatures as predictive and prognostic markers of immunochemotherapy outcomes. Our findings reveal the critical role of MCC in the treatment of EAC and its potential as a biomarker to predict outcomes of immunochemotherapy, providing insight into tumor epithelial plasticity to guide personalized immunotherapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.07.588458</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Leveraging cross-source heterogeneity to improve the performance of bulk gene expression deconvolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.587957v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternating Access of a Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter Bacterial Homolog Determined from AlphaFold2 Ensembles and DEER Spectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.587957v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs) play critical roles in neural signaling by regulating neurotransmitter uptake into cells powered by sodium electrochemical gradients. Bacterial NSSs orthologs, including MhsT from Bacillus halodurans, have emerged as model systems to understands the structural motifs of alternating access in NSSs and the extent of conservation of these motifs across the family. Here, we apply a novel computational/experimental methodology to illuminate the energy landscape of MhsT alternating access. Capitalizing on our recently developed method, Sampling Protein Ensembles and Conformational Heterogeneity with AlphaFold2 (SPEACH_AF), we derived clusters of MhsT models spanning the transition from inward-facing to outward-facing conformations. Systematic application of double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy revealed ligand-dependent movement of multiple structural motifs that underpins MhsTs conformational cycle. Remarkably, comparative DEER analysis in detergent micelles and lipid nanodiscs highlight the profound effect of the environment on the energetics of conformational changes. Through experimentally-derived selection of collective variables, we present a model of ion and substrate powered transport by MhsT consistent with the conformational cycle derived from DEER. Our findings not only advance the understanding of MhsTs function but also uncover motifs of conformational dynamics conserved within the broader context of the NSS family and within the LeuT-fold class of transporters. Importantly, our methodological blueprint introduces a novel approach that can be applied across a diverse spectrum of transporters to describe their energy landscapes.

Significance StatementThe neurotransmitter:sodium symporter (NSS) family plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter reuptake, a sodium-dependent process that transports neurotransmitters from the synapse back into the neuron. This study investigates the bacterial tryptophan transporter MhsT, a homolog of human NSSs, using the deep learning method AlphaFold2 in conjunction with double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy. This combined approach enables us to map the energy landscape that dictates the conformational shifts crucial for MhsTs function. Furthermore, we reveal how the environment modulates the transporters dynamics. From our research, we develop a model of MhsT transport that highlights the extent of mechanistic conservation across the NSS family. Additionally, we introduce a comprehensive framework for exploring the energetic landscapes of transporters, effectively integrating computational and experimental methods.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Itrube, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quick, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.587957</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternating Access of a Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter Bacterial Homolog Determined from AlphaFold2 Ensembles and DEER Spectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical determinants of the oxidation-induced mutational landscape in human cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is a common oxidative DNA lesion, which causes G>T substitutions that compose COSMIC single base substitution signature 18 (SBS18) in human cancers. Determinants of local and regional differences in 8-oxoG-induced mutability are currently unknown. To uncover factors influencing the topology of 8-oxoG-induced mutations, we assessed spontaneous and KBrO3-induced 8-oxoG mutagenesis in human cell lines. KBrO3 exposure produced a SBS18-like substitution spectrum and a distinct never-before reported INDEL signature that we also observed in human cancers. KBrO3-induced 8-oxoG lesions occurred with similar sequence preference as KBrO3-induced substitutions, indicating that the reactivity of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) dictates the trinucleotide motif specificity for 8-oxoG-induced mutagenesis. While 8-oxoG lesions occurred relatively uniformly across chromatin states and nucleosomes, 8-oxoG-induced mutations occurred more frequently in more compact regions of the genome, within nucleosomal DNA, and at inward facing guanines within strongly positioned nucleosomes. Cryo-EM structures of OGG1 bound to nucleosomes indicate that these effects originate from OGG1s ability to flip outward positioned 8-oxoG lesions into the catalytic pocket with only minor alterations to nucleosome structure, while inward facing lesions occluded by the histone octamer are unrecognized. Mutation spectra from cells with DNA repair deficiencies revealed a hierarchical DNA repair network limiting 8-oxoG mutagenesis in human cells, where OGG1- and MUTY-mediated BER is supplemented by replication-associated factors participating in tolerance of 8-oxoG or derived repair intermediates (i.e. Pol {eta} and HMCES). Surprisingly, analysis of transcriptional asymmetry of KBrO3-induced mutations demonstrated transcription-coupled repair of 8-oxoG in Pol {eta}-deficient cells. Thus, radical chemistry, chromatin structures, and DNA repair processes combine to dictate the oxidative mutational landscape in human genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cordero, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K. P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freudenthal, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical determinants of the oxidation-induced mutational landscape in human cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Niche Human Bone Marrow On-A-Chip for Studying the Interactions of Adoptive CAR-T Cell Therapies with Multiple Myeloma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of bone marrow plasma cells, is the second-most common hematological malignancy. However, despite immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, relapse is nearly universal. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment influences how MM cells survive, proliferate, and resist treatment. Yet, it is unclear which BM niches give rise to MM pathophysiology. Here, we present a 3D microvascularized culture system, which models the endosteal and perivascular bone marrow niches, allowing us to study MM-stroma interactions in the BM niche and model responses to therapeutic CAR-T cells. We demonstrated the prolonged survival of cell line-based and patient-derived multiple myeloma cells within our in vitro system and successfully flowed in donor-matched CAR-T cells. We then measured T cell survival, differentiation, and cytotoxicity against MM cells using a variety of analysis techniques. Our MM-on-a-chip system could elucidate the role of the BM microenvironment in MM survival and therapeutic evasion and inform the rational design of next-generation therapeutics.

TEASERA multiple myeloma model can study why the disease is still challenging to treat despite options that work well in other cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ringquist, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corbin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tharayil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ketchum, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sonthi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lonial, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochenderfer, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coskun, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Niche Human Bone Marrow On-A-Chip for Studying the Interactions of Adoptive CAR-T Cell Therapies with Multiple Myeloma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588622v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tale of two tumors: differential, but detrimental, effects of glioblastoma extracellular vesicles (EVs) on normal human brain cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.08.588622v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are dreadful brain tumors with abysmal survival outcomes. GBM EVs dramatically affect normal brain cells (largely astrocytes) constituting the tumor microenvironment (TME). EVs from different patient-derived GBM spheroids induced differential transcriptomic, secretomic, and proteomic effects on cultured astrocytes/brain tissue slices as GBM EV recipients. The net outcome of brain cell differential changes nonetheless converges on increased tumorigenicity. GBM spheroids and brain slices were derived from neurosurgical patient tissues following informed consent. Astrocytes were commercially obtained. EVs were isolated from conditioned culture media by ultrafiltration, ultraconcentration, and ultracentrifugation. EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, biochemical markers, and proteomics. Astrocytes/brain tissues were treated with GBM EVs before downstream analyses. EVs from different GBMs induced brain cells to alter secretomes with pro-inflammatory or TME-modifying (proteolytic) effects. Astrocyte responses ranged from anti-viral gene/protein expression and cytokine release to altered extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways, and conditioned media from EV-treated cells increased GBM cell proliferation. Thus, astrocytes/brain slices treated with different GBM EVs underwent non-identical changes in various  omics readouts and other assays, indicating "personalized" tumor-specific GBM EV effects on the TME. This raises concern regarding reliance on "model" systems as a sole basis for translational direction. Nonetheless, net downstream impacts from differential cellular and TME effects still led to increased tumorigenic capacities for the different GBMs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McRae, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fringuello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paucek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavrilovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redwine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolus, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopper, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abosch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ojemann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lillehei, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graner, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.08.588622</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tale of two tumors: differential, but detrimental, effects of glioblastoma extracellular vesicles (EVs) on normal human brain cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibiting CRF Projections from the Central Amygdala to Lateral Hypothalamus and Amygdala Deletion of CRF Alters Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking in a Sex-Dependent Manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.09.588750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBinge alcohol drinking is a dangerous pattern of consumption that can contribute to the development of more severe alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Importantly, the rate and severity of AUDs has historically differed between men and women, suggesting that there may be sex differences in the central mechanisms that modulate alcohol (ethanol) consumption. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a centrally expressed neuropeptide that has been implicated in the modulation of binge-like ethanol intake, and emerging data highlight sex differences in central CRF systems.

MethodsIn the present report we characterized CRF+ neurocircuitry arising from the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and innervating the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in the modulation of binge-like ethanol intake in male and female mice.

ResultsUsing chemogenetic tools we found that silencing the CRF+ CeA to LH circuit significantly blunted binge-like ethanol intake in male, but not female, mice. Consistently, genetic deletion of CRF from neurons of the CeA blunted ethanol intake exclusively in male mice. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of the CRF type-1 receptor (CRF1R) in the LH significantly reduced binge-like ethanol intake in male mice only, while CRF2R activation in the LH failed to alter ethanol intake in either sex. Finally, a history of binge-like ethanol drinking blunted CRF mRNA in the CeA regardless of sex.

ConclusionsThese observations provide novel evidence that CRF+ CeA to LH neurocircuitry modulates binge-like ethanol intake in male, but not female mice, which may provide insight into the mechanisms that guide known sex differences in binge-like ethanol intake.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendrath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dankert, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lerma-Cebrera, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dornellas-Loper, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delpire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kash, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibiting CRF Projections from the Central Amygdala to Lateral Hypothalamus and Amygdala Deletion of CRF Alters Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking in a Sex-Dependent Manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glia-derived secretory fatty acid binding protein Obp44a regulates lipid storage and efflux in the developing Drosophila brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glia derived secretory factors play diverse roles in supporting the development, physiology, and stress responses of the central nervous system (CNS). Through transcriptomics and imaging analyses, we have identified Obp44a as one of the most abundantly produced secretory proteins from Drosophila CNS glia. Protein structure homology modeling and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments reveal Obp44a as a fatty acid binding protein (FABP) with a high affinity towards long-chain fatty acids in both native and oxidized forms. Further analyses demonstrate that Obp44a effectively infiltrates the neuropil, traffics between neuron and glia, and is secreted into hemolymph, acting as a lipid chaperone and scavenger to regulate lipid and redox homeostasis in the developing brain. In agreement with this essential role, deficiency of Obp44a leads to anatomical and behavioral deficits in adult animals and elevated oxidized lipid levels. Collectively, our findings unveil the crucial involvement of a noncanonical lipid chaperone to shuttle fatty acids within and outside the brain, as needed to maintain a healthy brain lipid environment. These findings could inspire the design of novel approaches to restore lipid homeostasis that is dysregulated in CNS diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigsby-Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotten, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dermady, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lei, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abzalimov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjandra, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glia-derived secretory fatty acid binding protein Obp44a regulates lipid storage and efflux in the developing Drosophila brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reward Circuit Local Field Potential Modulations Precede Risk Taking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.10.588629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Risk taking behavior is a symptom of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders and often lacks effective treatments. Reward circuitry regions including the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate have been implicated in risk-taking by neuroimaging studies. Electrophysiological activity associated with risk taking in these regions is not well understood in humans. Further characterizing the neural signalling that underlies risk-taking may provide therapeutic insight into disorders associated with risk-taking.

Eleven patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy who underwent stereotactic electroencephalography with electrodes in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and/or anterior cingulate participated. Patients participated in a gambling task where they wagered on a visible playing card being higher than a hidden card, betting $5 or $20 on this outcome, while local field potentials were recorded from implanted electrodes. We used cluster-based permutation testing to identify reward prediction error signals by comparing oscillatory power following unexpected and expected rewards. We also used cluster-based permutation testing to compare power preceding high and low bets in high-risk (<50% chance of winning) trials and two-way ANOVA with bet and risk level to identify signals associated with risky, risk averse, and optimized decisions. We used linear mixed effects models to evaluate the relationship between reward prediction error and risky decision signals across trials, and a linear regression model for associations between risky decision signal power and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale scores for each patient.

Reward prediction error signals were identified in the amygdala (p=0.0066), anterior cingulate (p=0.0092), and orbitofrontal cortex (p=6.0E-4, p=4.0E-4). Risky decisions were predicted by increased oscillatory power in high-gamma frequency range during card presentation in the orbitofrontal cortex (p=0.0022), and by increased power following bet cue presentation across the theta-to-beta range in the orbitofrontal cortex (p=0.0022), high-gamma in the anterior cingulate (p=0.0004), and high-gamma in the insula (p=0.0014). Risk averse decisions were predicted by decreased orbitofrontal cortex gamma power (p=2.0E-4). Optimized decisions that maximized earnings were preceded by decreases within the theta to beta range in orbitofrontal cortex (p=2.0E-4), broad frequencies in amygdala (p=2.0E-4), and theta to low-gamma in insula (p=4.0E-4). Insula risky decision power was associated with orbitofrontal cortex high-gamma reward prediction error signal (p=0.0048) and with patient impulsivity (p=0.00478).

Our findings identify and help characterize reward circuitry activity predictive of risk-taking in humans. These findings may serve as potential biomarkers to inform the development of novel treatment strategies such as closed loop neuromodulation for disorders of risk taking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zargari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulton, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawant, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reward Circuit Local Field Potential Modulations Precede Risk Taking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A registration strategy to characterize DTI-observed changes in skeletal muscle architecture due to passive shortening 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.11.589123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle architecture is a key determinant of muscle function. Architectural properties such as fascicle length, pennation angle, and curvature can be characterized using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), but acquiring these data during a contraction is not currently feasible. However, an image registration-based strategy may be able to convert muscle architectural properties observed at rest to their contracted state. As an initial step toward this long-term objective, the aim of this study was to determine if an image registration strategy could be used to convert the whole-muscle average architectural properties observed in the extended joint position to those of a flexed position, following passive rotation. DTI and high-resolution fat/water scans were acquired in the lower leg of seven healthy participants on a 3T MR system in +20{degrees} (plantarflexion) and -10{degrees} (dorsiflexion) foot positions. The diffusion and anatomical images from the two positions were used to propagate DTI fiber-tracts from seed points along a mesh representation of the aponeurosis of fiber insertion. The -10{degrees} and +20{degrees} anatomical images were registered and the displacement fields were used to transform the mesh and fiber-tracts from the +20{degrees} to the -10{degrees} position. Students paired t-tests were used to compare the mean architectural parameters between the original and transformed fiber-tracts. The whole-muscle average fiber-tract length, pennation angle, curvature, and physiological cross-sectional areas estimates did not differ significantly. DTI fiber-tracts in plantarflexion can be transformed to dorsiflexion position without significantly affecting the average architectural characteristics of the fiber-tracts. In the future, a similar approach could be used to evaluate muscle architecture in a contracted state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hooijmans, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockard, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coolbaugh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kersh, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.11.589123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A registration strategy to characterize DTI-observed changes in skeletal muscle architecture due to passive shortening]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589221v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association of 10 VEGF Family Genes with Alzheimer's Disease Pathology at Single Cell Resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589221v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cell-type specific role of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (AD) is not well characterized. In this study, we utilized a single-nucleus RNA sequencing dataset from Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLFPC) of 424 donors from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP) to investigate the effect of 10 VEGF genes (VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, PGF, FLT1, FLT4, KDR, NRP1, and NRP2) on AD endophenotypes. Mean age of death was 89 years, among which 68% were females, and 52% has AD dementia. Negative binomial mixed models were used for differential expression analysis and for association analysis with {beta}-amyloid load, PHF tau tangle density, and both cross-sectional and longitudinal global cognitive function. Intercellular VEGF-associated signaling was profiled using CellChat. We discovered prefrontal cortical FLT1 expression was upregulated in AD brains in both endothelial and microglial cells. Higher FLT1 expression was also associated with worse cross-sectional global cognitive function, longitudinal cognitive trajectories, and {beta}-amyloid load. Similarly, higher endothelial FLT4 expression was associated with more {beta}-amyloid load. In contrast to the receptors, VEGFB showed opposing effects on {beta}-amyloid load whereby higher levels in oligodendrocytes was associated with high amyloid burden, while higher levels in inhibitory neurons was associated with lower amyloid burden. Finally, AD cells showed significant reduction in overall VEGF signaling comparing to those from cognitive normal participants. Our results highlight key changes in VEGF receptor expression in endothelial and microglial cells during AD, and the potential protective role of VEGFB in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libby, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589221</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association of 10 VEGF Family Genes with Alzheimer's Disease Pathology at Single Cell Resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UK BioCoin: Swift Trait-Specific Summary Statistics Regression for UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary statistics derived from large-scale biobanks facilitate the sharing of genetic discoveries while minimizing the risk of compromising individual-level data privacy. However, these summary statistics, such as those from the UK Biobank (UKB) provided by Neales lab, are often adjusted by a fixed set of covariates to all traits (12 covariates including 10 PCs, sex and age), preventing the exploration of trait-specific summary statistics. In this study, we present a novel computational device UK BioCoin (UKC), which is designed to provide an efficient framework for trait-specific adjustment for covariates. Without requiring access to individual-level data from UKB, UKC leverages summary statistics regression technique and resources from UKB (289 GB of 199 phenotypes and 10 million SNPs), to enable the generation of GWAS summary statistics adjusted by user-specified covariates. Through a comprehensive analysis of height under trait-specific adjustments, we demonstrate that the GWAS summary statistics generated by UKC closely mirror those generated from individual-level UKB GWAS ({rho} [&ge;] 0.99 for effect sizes and{rho} [&ge;] 0.99 for p-values). Furthermore, we demonstrate the results for GWAS, SNP-heritability estimation, polygenic score, and Mendelian randomization, after various trait-specific covariate adjustments as allowed by UKC, indicating UKC a platform that harnesses in-depth exploration for researchers lacking access to UKB. The whole framework of UKC is portable for other biobank, as demonstrated in Westlake Biobank, which can equivalently be converted to a  UKC-like" platform and promote data sharing. UKC has its computational engine fully optimized, and the computational efficiency of UKC is about 70 times faster than that of UKB. We package UKC as a Docker image of 20 GB (https://github.com/Ttttt47/UKBioCoin), which can be easily deployed on an average computer (e.g. laptop).

One sentence summaryWe develop UK BioCoin (UKC), which allows fine-tuning of covariates for each UK Biobank trait but does not relay on UK Biobank individual-level data. It will change the current landscape of GWAS and reshape its downstream analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, G.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.-B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.12.589273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UK BioCoin: Swift Trait-Specific Summary Statistics Regression for UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.587991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Repair of leukemia-associated single nucleotide variants via interallelic gene conversion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.587991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CRISPR-Cas9 is a useful tool for inserting precise genetic alterations through homology-directed repair (HDR), although current methods rely on provision of an exogenous repair template. Here, we tested the possibility of repairing heterozygous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) using the cells own wild-type allele rather than an exogenous template. Using high-fidelity Cas9 to perform allele-specific CRISPR across multiple human leukemia cell lines as well as in primary hematopoietic cells from patients with leukemia, we find high levels of reversion to wild-type in the absence of exogenous template. Moreover, we demonstrate that bulk treatment to revert a truncating mutation in ASXL1 using CRISPR-mediated interallelic gene conversion (IGC) is sufficient to prolong survival in a human cell line-derived xenograft model (median survival 33 days vs 27.5 days; p = 0.0040). These results indicate that IGC can be applied to numerous types of leukemia and can meaningfully alter cellular phenotypes at scale. Because our method targets single-base mutations, rather than larger variants targeted by IGC in prior studies, it greatly expands the pool of risk-increasing genetic lesions which could potentially be targeted by IGC. This technique may reduce cost and complexity for experiments modeling phenotypic consequences of SNVs. The principles of SNV-specific IGC demonstrated in this proof-of-concept study could be applied to investigate the phenotypic effects of targeted clonal reduction of leukemogenic SNV driver mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silver, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olmstead, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watke, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorska, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramsey, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savona, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.587991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Repair of leukemia-associated single nucleotide variants via interallelic gene conversion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589785v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rostral Pedunculopontine Nucleus Infusion of M4 Positive Allosteric Modulator VU0467154 Augments L-DOPA Effects in Hemiparkinsonian Rats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.16.589785v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Standard treatment for Parkinsons disease (PD) is dopamine replacement therapy with L-DOPA. However, chronic treatment often results in abnormal involuntary movements called L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Prior evidence indicates that heightened striatal cholinergic tone may contribute to LID. Restoring cholinergic inhibition by targeting the inhibitory M4 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M4) reduces LID in preclinical models. Although intrinsic striatal sources of ACh have been considered for their role in LID, extrinsic sources of ACh such as the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) have not been well investigated for their role in LID. Therefore, the current study employed hemiparkinsonian Long-Evans rats with a PPN-targeted cannula ipsilateral to 6-OHDA lesion. Following chronic treatment with L-DOPA, we examined the effect of local unilateral PPN infusion of M4 PAM VU0467154 on LID, motor performance, and c-fos expression within the PPN. It was expected that PPN infusion of VU0467154 would reduce LID, reduce L-DOPAs motor benefit, and globally reduce c-fos expression in the PPN. Contrary to our expectations, PPN infusion of M4 PAM did not significantly affect LID severity. Furthermore, the group receiving M4 PAM showed slightly elevated motor improvement compared to L-DOPA, and decreased c-fos expression specifically in PPN cholinergic neurons. These results suggest that local PPN ACh dynamics differ from those of the striatum. Specifically, our results suggest that PPN cholinergic neurons may be a promising therapeutic target for augmenting L-DOPA-mediated motor benefit without increasing LID.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chambers, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MClune, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Priore, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanza, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.16.589785</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rostral Pedunculopontine Nucleus Infusion of M4 Positive Allosteric Modulator VU0467154 Augments L-DOPA Effects in Hemiparkinsonian Rats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589977v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor binding protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589977v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nipah virus recurrently spills over to humans, causing fatal infections. The viral receptor-binding protein (RBP or G) attaches to host receptors and is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we use deep mutational scanning to measure how all amino-acid mutations to the RBP affect cell entry, receptor binding, and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We identify functionally constrained regions of the RBP, including sites involved in oligomerization, along with mutations that differentially modulate RBP binding to its two ephrin receptors. We map escape mutations for six anti-RBP antibodies, and find that few antigenic mutations are present in natural Nipah strains. Our findings offer insights into the potential for functional and antigenic evolution of the RBP that can inform the development of antibody therapies and vaccines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larsen, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veesler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589977</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor binding protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BNST GluN2D-containing NMDARs contribute to ethanol intake but not negative affective behaviors in female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.19.590258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease, highly comorbid with anxiety and depression. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and Crh+ neurons in this region are thought to play a key role in chronic ethanol-induced increases in volitional ethanol intake. This role has been hypothesized to be driven by emergent BNST-dependent negative affective behaviors. Indeed, we report here that in female mice undergoing a home cage chronic drinking forced abstinence model (CDFA), excitatory transmission undergoes time-dependent upregulation in BNST Crh+ cells. Excitatory NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are a major target of ethanol, and chronic ethanol exposure has been shown to regulate NMDAR function and expression. GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs have emerged as a target of interest due to their limited distribution and potential roles in affective behavior. We find that knockdown of dorsal BNST (dBNST) GluN2D expression significantly decreases ethanol intake in female, but not male, mice. While BNST Grin2b expression was significantly increased in protracted abstinence following CDFA, no differences in Grin2d expression were observed in dBNST or specifically in dBNST Crh+ neurons. Finally, to determine the impact of GluN2D expression on negative affective behaviors, open field, elevated zero maze, and forced swim tasks were used to measure anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in constitutive and conditional BNST GluN2D knockout mice. Surprisingly, we find that deletion of GluN2D fails to alter negative affect in ethanol-naive female mice. Together, these data suggest a role for BNST GluN2D-containing NMDARs in ethanol drinking behaviors but not abstinence from ethanol, highlighting potential sex differences and behavioral specificity in the context of AUD behaviors. Overall, these data further suggest roles for BNST synaptic signaling in volitional ethanol intake that are partially independent of actions on affective behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimando, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altemus, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedenbaugh, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adank, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.590258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BNST GluN2D-containing NMDARs contribute to ethanol intake but not negative affective behaviors in female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified somatic calling and machine learning-based classification enhance the discovery of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) of indeterminate potential (CHIP), driven by somatic mutations in leukemia-associated genes, confers increased risk of hematologic malignancies, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. In blood of healthy individuals, small CH clones can expand over time to reach 2% variant allele frequency (VAF), the current threshold for CHIP. Nevertheless, reliable detection of low-VAF CHIP mutations is challenging, often relying on deep targeted sequencing. Here, we present UNISOM, a streamlined workflow for CHIP detection from whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing data that are underpowered, especially for low VAFs. UNISOM utilizes a meta-caller for variant detection, in couple with machine learning models which classify variants into CHIP, germline and artifact. In whole-exome data, UNISOM recovered nearly 80% of the CHIP mutations identified via deep targeted sequencing in the same cohort. Applied to whole-genome data from Mayo Clinic Biobank, it recapitulated the patterns previously established in much larger cohorts, including the most frequently mutated CHIP genes, predominant mutation types and signatures, as well as strong associations of CHIP with age and smoking status. Notably, 30% of the identified CHIP mutations had <5% VAFs, demonstrating its high sensitivity toward small mutant clones. This workflow is applicable to CHIP screening in population genomic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales-Rosado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasho, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baheti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baughn, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slager, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patnaik, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaridis, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klee, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified somatic calling and machine learning-based classification enhance the discovery of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590627v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Testing frameworks for early life effects: the developmental constraints and adaptive responsehypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590627v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In evolutionary ecology, two classes of explanations are frequently invoked to explain "early life effects" on adult outcomes. Developmental constraints (DC) explanations contend that costs of early adversity arise from limitations adversity places on optimal development. Adaptive response (AR) hypotheses propose that later life outcomes will be worse when early and adult environments are poorly "matched." Here, we use recently proposed mathematical definitions for these hypotheses and a quadratic-regression based approach to test the long-term consequences of variation in developmental environments on fertility in wild baboons. We evaluate whether low rainfall and/or dominance rank during development predict three female fertility measures in adulthood, and whether any observed relationships are consistent with DC and/or AR. Neither rainfall during development nor the difference between rainfall in development and adulthood predicted any fertility measures. Females who were low-ranking during development had an elevated risk of losing infants later in life, and greater change in rank between development and adulthood predicted greater risk of infant loss. However, both effects were statistically marginal and consistent with alternative explanations, including adult environmental quality effects. Consequently, our data do not provide compelling support for either of these common explanations for the evolution of early life effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rosenbaum, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alberts, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archie, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590627</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Testing frameworks for early life effects: the developmental constraints and adaptive responsehypotheses do not explain key fertility outcomes in wild female baboons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590805v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand efficacy shifts a nuclear receptor conformational ensemble between transcriptionally active and repressive states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.23.590805v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are thought to dynamically alternate between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations, which are stabilized upon ligand binding. Most NR ligand series exhibit limited bias, primarily consisting of transcriptionally active agonists or neutral antagonists, but not repressive inverse agonists--a limitation that restricts understanding of the functional NR conformational ensemble. Here, we report a NR ligand series for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR{gamma}) that spans a pharmacological spectrum from repression (inverse agonism) to activation (agonism) where subtle structural modifications switch compound activity. While crystal structures provide snapshots of the fully repressive state, NMR spectroscopy and conformation-activity relationship analysis reveals that compounds within the series shift the PPAR{gamma} conformational ensemble between transcriptionally active and repressive conformations that are populated in the apo/ligand-free ensemble. Our findings reveal a molecular framework for minimal chemical modifications that enhance PPAR{gamma} inverse agonism and elucidate their influence on the dynamic PPAR{gamma} conformational ensemble.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MacTavish, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenecka, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojetin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.23.590805</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand efficacy shifts a nuclear receptor conformational ensemble between transcriptionally active and repressive states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial IL-2 is critical for NK cell-mediated cancer immunosurveillance in mammary glands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is the first identified cytokine and its interaction with receptors has been known to shape the immune responses in many lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues for more than four decades. Active T cells are the primary cellular source for IL-2 production and epithelial cells have never been considered the major cellular source of IL-2 under physiological conditions. It is, however, tempting to speculate that epithelial cells could potentially express IL-2 that regulates the intricate interactions between epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Datamining our recently published single-cell RNAseq in the mouse mammary gland identified IL-2 expression in mammary epithelial cells, which is induced by prolactin via the STAT5 signaling pathway. Furthermore, epithelial IL-2 plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological functions of natural killer (NK) cells within the mammary glands. IL-2 deletion in the mammary epithelial cells leads to a significant reduction in the number and function of NK cells, which in turn results in defective immunosurveillance, expansion of luminal epithelial cells, and tumor development. Interestingly, T cells in the mammary glands are not changed, indicating the specific regulation of NK cells by epithelial IL-2 production. In agreement, we also found that human epithelial cells express IL-2 and NK cells express the highest level of IL2RB among all the immune cells. Here, we provide the first evidence that epithelial cells produce IL-2, which is critical for maintaining the physiological functions of NK cells in immunosurveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maharjan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borcherding, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mo, j.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tithi, T. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carelock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Master, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial IL-2 is critical for NK cell-mediated cancer immunosurveillance in mammary glands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591188v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcription factor ZNF469 regulates collagen production in liver fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.25.591188v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - characterized by excess accumulation of fat in the liver - now affects one third of the worlds population. As NAFLD progresses, extracellular matrix components including collagen accumulate in the liver causing tissue fibrosis, a major determinant of disease severity and mortality. To identify transcriptional regulators of fibrosis, we computationally inferred the activity of transcription factors (TFs) relevant to fibrosis by profiling the matched transcriptomes and epigenomes of 108 human liver biopsies from a deeply-characterized cohort of patients spanning the full histopathologic spectrum of NAFLD. CRISPR-based genetic knockout of the top 100 TFs identified ZNF469 as a regulator of collagen expression in primary human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Gain- and loss-of-function studies established that ZNF469 regulates collagen genes and genes involved in matrix homeostasis through direct binding to gene bodies and regulatory elements. By integrating multiomic large-scale profiling of human biopsies with extensive experimental validation we demonstrate that ZNF469 is a transcriptional regulator of collagen in HSCs. Overall, these data nominate ZNF469 as a previously unrecognized determinant of NAFLD-associated liver fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steinhauser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estoppey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehler, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzato, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rietsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wunderlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claerr, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tropberger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davison, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergling, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wild, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moulin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>English, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knehr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altorfer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mickanin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoepfner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigsch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederiksen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fodor, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591188</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcription factor ZNF469 regulates collagen production in liver fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Body size interacts with the structure of the central nervous system: A multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clinical research emphasizes the implementation of rigorous and reproducible study designs that rely on between-group matching or controlling for sources of biological variation such as subjects sex and age. However, corrections for body size (i.e. height and weight) are mostly lacking in clinical neuroimaging designs. This study investigates the importance of body size parameters in their relationship with spinal cord (SC) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics. Data were derived from a cosmopolitan population of 267 healthy human adults (age 30.1{+/-}6.6 years old, 125 females). We show that body height correlated strongly or moderately with brain gray matter (GM) volume, cortical GM volume, total cerebellar volume, brainstem volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of cervical SC white matter (CSA-WM; 0.44[&le;]r[&le;]0.62). In comparison, age correlated weakly with cortical GM volume, precentral GM volume, and cortical thickness (-0.21[&ge;]r[&ge;]-0.27). Body weight correlated weakly with magnetization transfer ratio in the SC WM, dorsal columns, and lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.20[&ge;]r[&ge;]-0.23). Body weight further correlated weakly with the mean diffusivity derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in SC WM (r=-0.20) and dorsal columns (-0.21), but only in males. CSA-WM correlated strongly or moderately with brain volumes (0.39[&le;]r[&le;]0.64), and weakly with precentral gyrus thickness and DTI-based fractional anisotropy in SC dorsal columns and SC lateral corticospinal tracts (-0.22[&ge;]r[&ge;]-0.25). Linear mixture of sex and age explained 26{+/-}10% of data variance in brain volumetry and SC CSA. The amount of explained variance increased at 33{+/-}11% when body height was added into the mixture model. Age itself explained only 2{+/-}2% of such variance. In conclusion, body size is a significant biological variable. Along with sex and age, body size should therefore be included as a mandatory variable in the design of clinical neuroimaging studies examining SC and brain structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Labounek, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bondy, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedard, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Ortiz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atcheson, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battiston, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budde, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Leener, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loureiro de Sousa, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dostal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorak, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eippert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epperson, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epperson, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freund, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finsterbusch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foias, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fratini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukunaga, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Germani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giove, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grussu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagiwara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, P.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horak, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamiya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karbasforoushan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Body size interacts with the structure of the central nervous system: A multi-center in vivo neuroimaging study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IPMK regulates HDAC3 activity and histone H4 acetylation in human cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.29.591660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) repress transcription by catalyzing the removal of acetyl groups from histones. Class 1 HDACs are activated by inositol phosphate signaling molecules in vitro, but it is unclear if this regulation occurs in human cells. Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase (IPMK) is required for production of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), pentakisphosphate (IP5) and certain tetrakisphosphate (IP4) species, all known activators of Class 1 HDACs in vitro. Here, we generated IPMK knockout (IKO) human U251 glioblastoma cells, which decreased cellular inositol phosphate levels and increased histone H4-acetylation by mass spectrometry. ChIP-seq showed IKO increased H4-acetylation at IKO-upregulated genes, but H4-acetylation was unchanged at IKO-downregulated genes, suggesting gene-specific responses to IPMK knockout. HDAC deacetylase enzyme activity was decreased in HDAC3 immunoprecipitates from IKO vs. wild-type cells, while deacetylase activity of other Class 1 HDACs had no detectable changes in activity. Wild-type IPMK expression in IKO cells fully rescued HDAC3 deacetylase activity, while kinase-dead IPMK expression had no effect. Further, the deficiency in HDAC3 activity in immunoprecipitates from IKO cells could be fully rescued by addition of synthesized IP4 (Ins(1,4,5,6)P4) to the enzyme assay, while control inositol had no effect. These data suggest that cellular IPMK-dependent inositol phosphates are required for full HDAC3 enzyme activity and proper histone H4-acetylation. Implications for targeting IPMK in HDAC3-dependent diseases are discussed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sowd, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivision, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapagain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameh, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IPMK regulates HDAC3 activity and histone H4 acetylation in human cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechano-metabolism of adherent cells in 2D and 3D microenvironments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.30.591879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells dynamically regulate their morphology, contractility, and metabolism in response to the mechano-chemical properties of their microenvironment. Here, we show matrix stiffness and ligand density jointly govern the bioenergetics of contractile cells through a nonequilibrium active chemo-mechanical model built around a newly introduced cellular metabolic potential. This concept links ATP hydrolysis to mechanosensitive signaling, quantifies the energetic cost of stress fiber assembly, and determines mechanically stable states. The metabolic potential enables quantitative prediction of cell contractility, morphology, and ATP consumption in different stiffness 2D and 3D environments, and we find quantitative agreement with experimental measurements in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The model further predicts activation of AMPK accompanies increased energetic demands in stiffer microenvironments which we experimentally validate and correlate with increased mitochondrial membrane potential, glucose uptake, and intracellular ATP levels. Together, these findings establish a predictive quantitative framework unifying mechanosensitive control of cell shape and contractility with the metabolic pathways sustaining cellular function across diverse mechanical environments.

TeaserMatrix stiffness reshapes the cellular energy budget, driving metabolic adaptation to mechanical demand.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaganathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toth, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pieuchot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart-King, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenoy, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.30.591879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechano-metabolism of adherent cells in 2D and 3D microenvironments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Profiling Distinguishes Leukemia-Selective Chemotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A central challenge in chemical biology is to distinguish molecular families in which small structural changes trigger large changes in cell biology. Such families might be ideal scaffolds for developing cell-selective chemical effectors - for example, molecules that activate DNA damage responses in malignant cells while sparing healthy cells. Across closely related structural variants, subtle structural changes have the potential to result in contrasting bioactivity patterns across different cell types. Here, we tested a 600-compound Diversity Set of screening molecules from the Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) in a novel phospho-flow assay that tracked fundamental cell biological processes, including DNA damage response, apoptosis, M-phase cell cycle, and protein synthesis in MV411 leukemia cells. Among the chemotypes screened, synthetic congeners of the rocaglate family were especially bioactive. In follow-up studies, 37 rocaglates were selected and deeply characterized using 12 million additional cellular measurements across MV411 leukemia cells and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Of the selected rocaglates, 92% displayed significant bioactivity in human cells, and 65% selectively induced DNA damage responses in leukemia and not healthy human blood cells. Furthermore, the signaling and cell-type selectivity were connected to structural features of rocaglate subfamilies. In particular, three rocaglates from the rocaglate pyrimidinone (RP) structural subclass were the only molecules that activated exceptional DNA damage responses in leukemia cells without activating a detectable DNA damage response in healthy cells. These results indicate that the RP subset should be extensively characterized for anticancer therapeutic potential as it relates to the DNA damage response. This single cell profiling approach advances a chemical biology platform to dissect how systematic variations in chemical structure can profoundly and differentially impact basic functions of healthy and diseased cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thirman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.591362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Profiling Distinguishes Leukemia-Selective Chemotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Velociraptor: Cross-Platform Quantitative Search Using Hallmark Cell Features 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.591375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key challenge for single cell discovery analysis is to identify new cell types, describe them quantitatively, and seek these novel cells in new studies often using a different platform. Over the last decade, tools were developed to address identification and quantitative description of cells in human tissues and tumors. However, automated validation of populations at the single cell level has struggled due to the cytometry fields reliance on hierarchical, ordered use of features and on platform-specific rules for data processing and analysis. Here we present Velociraptor, a workflow that implements Marker Enrichment Modeling in three cross-platform modules: 1) identification of cells specific to disease states, 2) description of hallmark features for each cell and population, and 3) searching for cells matching one or more hallmark feature sets in a new dataset. A key advance is that Velociraptor registers cells between datasets, including between flow cytometry and quantitative imaging using different, overlapping feature sets. Four datasets were used to challenge Velociraptor and reveal new biological insights. Working at the individual sample level, Velociraptor tracked the abundance of clinically significant glioblastoma brain tumor cell subsets and characterized the cells that predominate in recurrent tumors as a close match for rare, negative prognostic cells originally observed in matched pre-treatment tumors. In patients with inborn errors of immunity, Velociraptor identified genotype-specific cells associated with GATA2 haploinsufficiency. Finally, in cross-platform analysis of immune cells in multiplex imaging of breast cancer, Velociraptor sought and correctly identified memory T cell subsets in tumors. Different phenotypic descriptions generated by algorithms or humans were shown to be effective as search inputs, indicating that cell identity need not be described in terms of per-feature cutoffs or strict hierarchical analyses. Velociraptor thus identifies cells based on hallmark feature sets, such as protein expression signatures, and works effectively with data from multiple sources, including suspension flow cytometry, imaging, and search text based on known or theoretical cell features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cross, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayeda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaviany, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connelly, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambless, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.591375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Velociraptor: Cross-Platform Quantitative Search Using Hallmark Cell Features]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiple inositol phosphate species enhance stability of active mTOR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.01.592113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) binds the small metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) as shown in structures of mTOR, however it remains unclear if IP6, or any other inositol phosphate species, can activate mTOR kinase activity. Here, we show that multiple, exogenously added inositol phosphate species (IP6, IP5, IP4 and IP3) can all enhance the ability of mTOR and mTORC1 to auto-phosphorylate and incorporate radiolabeled phosphate into peptide substrates in in vitro kinase reactions. Although IP6 did not affect the apparent KM of mTORC1 for ATP, monitoring kinase activity over longer reaction times showed increased product formation, suggesting inositol phosphates stabilize an active form of mTORC1 in vitro. The effects of IP6 on mTOR were reversible, suggesting IP6 bound to mTOR can be exchanged dynamically with the free solvent. Interestingly, we also observed that IP6 could alter mTOR solubility and electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE in the presence of manganese, suggesting divalent cations may play a role in inositol phosphate regulation of mTOR. Together, these data suggest for the first time that multiple inositol phosphate species (IP4, IP5 and IP6) can dynamically regulate mTOR and mTORC1 by promoting a stable, active state of the kinase. Our data suggest that studies of the dynamics of inositol phosphate regulation of mTOR are well justified.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rameh Plant, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.01.592113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiple inositol phosphate species enhance stability of active mTOR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.589639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TOMOMAN: a software package for large scale cryo-electron tomography data preprocessing, community data sharing, and collaborative computing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.589639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and subtomogram averaging (STA) are becoming the preferred methodologies for investigating subcellular and macromolecular structures in native or near-native environments. While cryo-ET is amenable to a wide range of biological problems, these problems often have data processing requirements that need to be individually optimized, precluding the notion of a one-size-fits-all processing pipeline. Cryo-ET data processing is also becoming progressively more complex due to an increasing number of packages for each processing step. Though each package has its own strengths and weaknesses, independent development and different data formats makes them difficult to interface with one another. TOMOMAN (TOMOgram MANager) is an extensible package for streamlining the interoperability of packages, enabling users to develop project-specific processing workflows. TOMOMAN does this by maintaining an internal metadata format and wrapping external packages to manage and perform preprocessing, from raw tilt-series data to reconstructed tomograms. TOMOMAN can also export this metadata between various STA packages. TOMOMAN also includes tools for archiving projects to data repositories; allowing subsequent users to download TOMOMAN projects and directly resume processing where it was previously left off. By tracking essential metadata, TOMOMAN streamlines data sharing, which improves reproducibility of published results, reduces computational costs by minimizing reprocessing, and enables distributed cryo-ET projects between multiple groups and institutions. TOMOMAN provides a way for users to test different software packages to develop processing workflows that meet the specific needs of their biological questions and to distribute their results with the broader scientific community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khavnekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.589639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TOMOMAN: a software package for large scale cryo-electron tomography data preprocessing, community data sharing, and collaborative computing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bilirubin is a new ligand for nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) binds to phospholipids that regulate important LRH-1 functions in the liver. A recent compound screen unexpectedly identified bilirubin, the product of liver heme metabolism, as a possible ligand for LRH-1. Here, we show unconjugated bilirubin directly binds LRH-1 with apparent Kd=9.3uM, altering LRH-1 interaction with all transcriptional coregulator peptides tested. Bilirubin decreased LRH-1 protease sensitivity, consistent with MD simulations predicting bilirubin stably binds LRH-1 within the canonical ligand binding site. Bilirubin activated a luciferase reporter specific for LRH-1, dependent on co-expression with the bilirubin membrane transporter SLCO1B1, but bilirubin failed to activate ligand-binding genetic mutants of LRH-1. Gene profiling in HepG2 cells shows bilirubin selectively regulated transcripts from endogenous LRH-1 ChIP-seq target genes, which was significantly attenuated by either genetic knockdown of LRH-1, or by a specific chemical competitor of LRH-1. Gene set enrichment suggests bilirubin and LRH-1 share roles in cholesterol metabolism and lipid efflux, thus we propose a new role for LRH-1 in directly sensing intracellular levels of bilirubin.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chapagain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haratipour, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malabanan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.05.592606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bilirubin is a new ligand for nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel heuristic of rigid docking scores positively correlates with full-length nuclear receptor LRH-1 regulation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nuclear receptor Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor and validated drug target for several human diseases. LRH-1 activation is regulated by small molecule ligands, which bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD) within the full-length LRH-1. We recently identified 57 compounds that bind LRH-1, and unexpectedly found these compounds regulated either the isolated LBD, or the full-length LRH-1 in cells, with little overlap. Here, we correlated compound binding energy from a single rigid-body scoring function with full-length LRH-1 activity in cells. Although docking scores of the 57 hit compounds did not correlate with LRH-1 regulation in wet lab assays, a subset of the compounds had large differences in binding energy docked to the isolated LBD vs. full-length LRH-1, which we used to empirically derive a new metric of the docking scores we call "{Delta}{Delta}G". Initial regressions, correlations and contingency analyses all suggest compounds with high {Delta}{Delta}G values more frequently regulated LRH-1 in wet lab assays. We then docked all 57 compounds to 18 crystal structures of LRH-1 to obtain averaged {Delta}{Delta}G values, which robustly and reproducibly associated with full-length LRH-1 activity in cells. Network analyses on the 18 crystal structures of LRH-1 suggest unique communication paths exist between the subsets of LRH-1 crystal structures that produced high vs. low {Delta}{Delta}G values, identifying a structural relationship between {Delta}{Delta}G and the position of Helix 6, a previously established regulatory helix important for LRH-1 regulation. Together, these data suggest computational docking can be used to quickly calculate {Delta}{Delta}G, which positively correlated with the ability of these 57 hit compounds to regulate full-length LRH-1 in cell-based assays. We propose {Delta}{Delta}G as a novel computational tool that can be applied to LRH-1 drug screens to prioritize compounds for secondary screening.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haratipour, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foutch, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.05.592617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel heuristic of rigid docking scores positively correlates with full-length nuclear receptor LRH-1 regulation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592814v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protection against Clostridioides difficile disease by a naturally avirulent C. difficile strain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592814v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) strains belonging to the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 (RT027) group have been associated with increased transmissibility and disease severity. In addition to the major toxin A and toxin B virulence factors, RT027 strains also encode the CDT binary toxin. Our lab previously identified a toxigenic RT027 isolate, ST1-75, that is avirulent in mice despite densely colonizing the colon. Here, we show that co-infecting mice with the avirulent ST1-75 and virulent R20291 strains protects mice from colitis due to rapid clearance of the virulent strain and persistence of the avirulent strain. Although avirulence of ST1-75 is due to a mutation in the cdtR gene, which encodes a response regulator that modulates the production of all three C. difficile toxins, the ability of ST1-75 to protect against acute colitis is not directly attributable to the cdtR mutation. Metabolomic analyses indicate that the ST1-75 strain depletes amino acids more rapidly than the R20291 strain and supplementation with amino acids ablates ST1-75s competitive advantage, suggesting that the ST1-75 strain limits the growth of virulent R20291 bacteria by amino acid depletion. Since the germination kinetics and sensitivity to the co-germinant glycine are similar for the ST1-75 and R20291 strains, our results identify the rapidity of in vivo nutrient depletion as a mechanism providing strain-specific, virulence-independent competitive advantages to different BI/NAP1/027 strains. They also suggest that the ST1-75 strain may, as a biotherapeutic agent, enhance resistance to CDI in high-risk patients.

ImportanceClostridioides difficile infections (CDI) are prevalent in healthcare settings and are associated with high recurrence rates. Therapies to prevent CDI, including recent FDA-approved live biotherapeutic products, are costly and have not been used to prevent primary infections. While a nontoxigenic C. difficile strain (NTCD-M3) protects against virulent CDI in animals and reduced CDI recurrence in a phase 2 clinical trial, protection against CDI recurrence in humans was variable and required high doses of the nontoxigenic strain. Here we show that an avirulent C. difficile isolate, ST1-75, efficiently outcompetes virulent C. difficile strains in mice when co-infected at a 1:1 ratio. Our data suggest that inter-strain competition results from ST1-75s more rapid depletion of amino acids than the virulent R20291 strain. Our study identifies inter-strain nutrient depletion as a potentially exploitable mechanism to reduce the incidence of CDI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSpadden, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metcalfe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundararajan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Little, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullowney, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidebottom, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, L.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pamer, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592814</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protection against Clostridioides difficile disease by a naturally avirulent C. difficile strain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improving Drug Sensitivity Prediction and Inference by Multitask Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of models to predict sensitivity to anticancer drugs is an area of significant interest, given the diverse responses to treatment among patients and the considerable expense and time involved in anticancer drug development. Leveraging "omic" data and anticancer response information from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, we propose a novel approach utilizing multitask learning to enhance prediction accuracy and inference. We extended a multitask learning framework called the Data Shared Lasso to develop the Data Shared Elastic Net. This enabled the construction of tissue-specific models with information sharing while maintaining the attractive properties of Elastic Net regression. By employing this approach, we observed improvements in prediction accuracy compared to single-task Elastic Net models, particularly for cell lines displaying high sensitivity to treatment. Furthermore, the Data Shared Elastic Net facilitated the identification of predictors for anticancer drug sensitivity within specific tissue types, shedding light on cellular pathways targeted by these drugs across tissues. We also investigated the impact of data leakage on modeling outcomes from previous studies, which led to underestimating prediction error and erroneous inferences
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Strauch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improving Drug Sensitivity Prediction and Inference by Multitask Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design, synthesis and cellular characterization of a new class of IPMK kinase inhibitors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many genetic studies have established the kinase activity of inositol phosphate multikinase (IPMK) is required for the synthesis of higher-order inositol phosphate signaling molecules, the regulation of gene expression and control of the cell cycle. These genetic studies await orthogonal validation by specific IPMK inhibitors, but no such inhibitors have been synthesized. Here, we report complete chemical synthesis, cellular characterization, structure-activity relationships and rodent pharmacokinetics of a novel series of highly potent IPMK inhibitors. The first-generation compound 1 (UNC7437) decreased cellular proliferation and tritiated inositol phosphate levels in metabolically labeled human U251-MG glioblastoma cells. Compound 1 also regulated the transcriptome of these cells, selectively regulating genes that are enriched in cancer, inflammatory and viral infection pathways. Further optimization of compound 1 eventually led to compound 15 (UNC9750), which showed improved potency and pharmacokinetics in rodents. Compound 15 specifically inhibited cellular accumulation of InsP5, a direct product of IPMK kinase activity, while having no effect on InsP6 levels, revealing a novel metabolic signature detected for the first time by rapid chemical attenuation of cellular IPMK activity. These studies designed, optimized and synthesized a new series of IPMK inhibitors, which reduces glioblastoma cell growth, induces a novel InsP5 metabolic signature, and reveals novel aspects inositol phosphate cellular metabolism and signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapagain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desmarini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uredi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rameh Plant, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djordjevic, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design, synthesis and cellular characterization of a new class of IPMK kinase inhibitors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying Differential Rhythmicity based on Effect Sizes with LimoRhyde2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current methods for assessing differential rhythmicity in genomic data focus on hypothesis testing and model selection, often assuming sinusoidal rhythms. A more appropriate approach is to estimate differences in rhythmic properties between two or more conditions using effect sizes. To address this gap, we extend LimoRhyde2, a method for quantifying rhythm-related effect sizes and their uncertainty in genome-scale data, to enable differential rhythmicity analyses. Through extensive testing, we validate the method for differential rhythmicity analysis and showcase how it improves biological interpretation for circadian systems biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Obodo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying Differential Rhythmicity based on Effect Sizes with LimoRhyde2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TRANSLAMINAR SPACETIME CODE SUPPORTS TOUCH-EVOKED TRAVELING WAVES 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linking sensory-evoked traveling waves to underlying circuit patterns is critical to understanding the neural basis of sensory perception. To form this link, we performed simultaneous electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging through transparent NeuroGrids and mapped touch-evoked cortical traveling waves and their underlying microcircuit dynamics. In awake mice, both passive and active whisker touch elicited traveling waves within and across barrels, with a fast early component followed by a variable late wave that lasted hundreds of milliseconds post-stimulus. Strikingly, late-wave dynamics were modulated by stimulus value and correlated with task performance. Mechanistically, the late wave component was i) modulated by motor feedback, ii) complemented by a sparse ensemble pattern across layer 2/3, which a balanced-state network model reconciled via inhibitory stabilization, and iii) aligned to regenerative Layer-5 apical dendritic Ca2+ events. Our results reveal a translaminar spacetime pattern organized by cortical feedback in the sensory cortex that supports touch-evoked traveling waves.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND HIGHLIGHTS

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=66 SRC="FIGDIR/small/593381v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (19K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c98840org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1105364org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d2f2c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1418744_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG O_LIWhisker touch evokes both early- and late-traveling waves in the barrel cortex over 100s of milliseconds
C_LIO_LIReward reinforcement modulates wave dynamics
C_LIO_LILate wave emergence coincides with network sparsity in L23 and time-locked L5 dendritic Ca2+ spikes
C_LIO_LIExperimental and computational results link motor feedback to distinct translaminar spacetime patterns
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keri, H. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pluta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TRANSLAMINAR SPACETIME CODE SUPPORTS TOUCH-EVOKED TRAVELING WAVES]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593385v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
X-ray crystallographic analyses of 14 IPMK inhibitor complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593385v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase that has been linked to several cancers. Here, we report 14 new co-crystal structures (1.7[A] - 2.0[A] resolution) of human IPMK complexed with various IPMK inhibitors developed by another group. The new structures reveal two ordered water molecules that participate in hydrogen-bonding networks, and an unoccupied pocket in the ATP-binding site of human IPMK. New Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes of these IPMK crystal structures are: 8V6W(1.95[A]), 8V6X(1.75[A]), 8V6Y(1.70[A]), 8V6Z(1.85[A]), 8V70(1.85[A]), 8V71(1.70[A]), 8V72(2.0[A]), 8V73(1.90[A]), 8V74(1.85[A]), 8V75(1.85[A]), 8V76(1.95[A]),8V77(1.95[A]), 8V78(1.95[A]), 8V79(1.95[A]).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593385</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[X-ray crystallographic analyses of 14 IPMK inhibitor complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal protein phosphatase 1β regulates glutamate release, cortical myelination, node of Ranvier formation, and action potential propagation in the optic nerve 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Precise regulation of protein phosphorylation is critical for many cellular processes, and dysfunction in this process has been linked to various neurological disorders and diseases. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase with three major isoforms, (, {beta}, {gamma}) and hundreds of known substrates. Previously, we reported that PP1 and PP1{gamma} are essential for the known role of PP1 in synaptic physiology and learning/memory, while PP1{beta} displayed a surprising opposing function. De novo mutations in PP1{beta} cause neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, but the mechanisms involved are currently unknown. A Cre-Lox system was used to delete PP1{beta} specifically in neurons in order to study its effects on developing mice. These animals fail to survive to 3 postnatal weeks, and exhibit deficits in cortical myelination and glutamate release. There was defective compound action potential (CAP) propagation in the optic nerve of the null mice, which was traced to a deficit in the formation of nodes of Ranvier. Finally, it was found that phosphorylation of the PP1{beta}-specific substrate, myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), is significantly enhanced in PP1{beta} null optic nerves. Several novel important in vivo roles of PP1{beta} in neurons were discovered, and these data will aid future investigations in delineating the mechanisms by which de novo mutations in PP1{beta} lead to intellectual and developmental delays in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McKee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadzinski, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LIbby, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal protein phosphatase 1β regulates glutamate release, cortical myelination, node of Ranvier formation, and action potential propagation in the optic nerve]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Duration of Morning Hyperinsulinemia is Key to the Enhancement of Hepatic Glucose Uptake and Glycogen Storage Later in the Day 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.10.593551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The second meal phenomenon refers to the improvement in glucose tolerance seen following a second identical meal. We previously showed that 4 hours of morning hyperinsulinemia, but not hyperglycemia, enhanced hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) and glycogen storage during an afternoon hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic (HIHG) clamp. Our current aim was to determine if the duration or pattern of morning hyperinsulinemia is important for the afternoon response to a HIHG clamp. To determine this, we administered the same total amount of insulin either over 2h in the first (Ins2h-A) or second (Ins2h-B) half of the morning, or over the entire 4h (Ins4h) of the morning. In the 4h afternoon period, all three groups had 4x-basal insulin, 2x-basal glycemia, and portal glucose infusion to expose the liver to the primary postprandial regulators of hepatic glucose metabolism. During the afternoon clamp, there was a marked increase in HGU and hepatic glycogen synthesis in the Ins4h group compared to the Ins2h-A and Ins2h-B groups, despite matched hepatic glucose loads and total insulin infusion rates. Thus, the longer duration (Ins4h) of lower hyperinsulinemia in the morning seems to be the key to much greater liver glucose uptake during the afternoon clamp.

New and noteworthyMorning insulin exposure primes the liver for increased hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen storage during a subsequent hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp. This study addressed whether the pattern and/or duration of insulin delivery in the morning influences insulins ensuing priming effect. We found that despite receiving equal total doses of insulin in the morning, a prolonged, lower rate of morning insulin delivery improved afternoon liver glucose metabolism more effectively than a shorter, higher rate of delivery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waterman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.10.593551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Duration of Morning Hyperinsulinemia is Key to the Enhancement of Hepatic Glucose Uptake and Glycogen Storage Later in the Day]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine Learning Approaches for Skin Neoplasm Diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approaches for skin neoplasm diagnosis include physical exam, skin biopsy, lab tests of biopsy samples, and image analyses. These approaches often involve error-prone and time-consuming processes. Recent studies show that machine learning has promises to effectively classify skin images into different classes such as melanoma and melanocytic nevi. In this work, we investigate machine learning approaches to enhance the performance of computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems to diagnose skin diseases. In the proposed CADx system, generative adversarial network (GAN) is used to identify (and remove) fake images. Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is applied to normalize the original dataset for preventing model overfitting. Synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) is employed to rectify class imbalances in the original dataset. To accurately classify skin images, the following four machine learning models are utilized: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), convolutional neural network (CNN), and an ensemble CNN-SVM. Experimental results using the HAM10000 dataset demonstrate the ability of the machine learning models to improve CADx performance in treating skin neoplasm. Initially, the LDA, SVM, CNN, and ensemble CNN-SVM show 49%, 72%, 77%, and 79% accuracy, respectively. After applying GAN, EDA, and SMOTE, the LDA, SVM, CNN, and ensemble CNN-SVM show 76%, 83%, 87%, and 94% accuracy, respectively. We plan to explore other machine learning models and datasets in our next endeavor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asaduzzaman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine Learning Approaches for Skin Neoplasm Diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revealing the principles of inter- and intra-domain regulation in a signaling enzyme via scanning mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multi-domain signaling enzymes are often regulated through extensive inter-domain interactions, and disruption of inter-domain interfaces by mutations can lead to aberrant signaling and diseases. For example, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 contains two phosphotyrosine recognition domains that auto-inhibit its catalytic domain. SHP2 is canonically activated by binding of these non-catalytic domains to phosphoproteins, which destabilizes the auto-inhibited state, but numerous mutations at the main auto-inhibitory interface have been shown to hyperactivate SHP2 in cancers and developmental disorders. Hundreds of clinically observed mutations in SHP2 have not been characterized, but their locations suggest alternative modes of dysregulation. We performed deep mutational scanning on full-length SHP2 and the isolated phosphatase domain to dissect mechanisms of SHP2 dysregulation. Our analysis revealed mechanistically diverse mutational effects and identified key intra- and inter-domain interactions that contribute to SHP2 activity, dynamics, and regulation. Our datasets also provide insights into the potential pathogenicity of previously uncharacterized clinical variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vlimmeren, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karandur, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semmelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revealing the principles of inter- and intra-domain regulation in a signaling enzyme via scanning mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacteria can anticipate the seasons: photoperiodism in cyanobacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.593996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Photoperiodic Time Measurement is the ability of plants and animals to measure differences in day/night-length (photoperiod) and use that information to anticipate critical seasonal transformations such as annual temperature cycles. This timekeeping phenomenon triggers adaptive responses in higher organisms such as gonadal growth/regression, flowering, and hibernation. Unexpectedly, we discovered this capability in cyanobacteria, unicellular prokaryotes with generation times of only 5-6 h. Cyanobacteria in short winter-like days develop enhanced resistance to cold that involves desaturation of membrane lipids and differential programs of gene transcription, including stress response pathways. As in eukaryotes, this photoperiodic timekeeping requires an intact circadian clockwork and develops over multiple cycles. Therefore, photoperiodic timekeeping evolved in much simpler organisms than previously appreciated, and involved genetic responses to stresses that recur seasonally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jabbur, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.593996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacteria can anticipate the seasons: photoperiodism in cyanobacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594035v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of EGFR/ErbB does not protect against C. difficile toxin B 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594035v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile is a common cause of diarrhea and mortality, especially in immunosuppressed and hospitalized patients. C. difficile is a toxin-mediated disease, but the host cell receptors for C. difficile toxin B (TcdB) have only recently been revealed. Emerging data suggest TcdB interacts with receptor tyrosine kinases during infection. In particular, TcdB can elicit Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) transactivation in human colonic epithelial cells. The mechanisms for this function are not well understood, and the involvement of other receptors in the EGFR family of Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog (ErbB) receptors remains unclear. Furthermore, in an siRNA-knockdown screen for protective genes involved with TcdB toxin pathogenesis, we show ErbB2 and ErbB3 loss resulted in increased cell viability. We hypothesize TcdB induces the transactivation of EGFR and/or ErbB receptors as a component of its cell-killing mechanism. Here, we show in vivo intrarectal instillation of TcdB in mice leads to phosphorylation of ErbB2 and ErbB3. However, immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated ErbB2 and ErbB3 indicated no discernible difference between control and TcdB-treated mice for epithelial phospho-ErbB2 and phospho-ErbB3. Human colon cancer cell lines (HT29, Caco-2) exposed to TcdB were not protected by pre-treatment with lapatinib, an EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor. Similarly, lapatinib pre-treatment failed to protect normal human colonoids from TcdB-induced cell death. Neutralizing antibodies against mouse EGFR failed to protect mice from TcdB intrarectal instillation as measured by edema, inflammatory infiltration, and epithelial injury. Our findings suggest TcdB-induced colonocyte cell death does not require EGFR/ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lunnemann, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Childress, K. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shupe, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutherford, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594035</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of EGFR/ErbB does not protect against C. difficile toxin B]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.593924v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular counting of myosin force generators in growing filopodia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.14.593924v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal cells build actin-based surface protrusions to enable biological activities ranging from cell motility to mechanosensation to solute uptake. Long-standing models of protrusion growth suggest that actin filament polymerization provides the primary mechanical force for "pushing" the plasma membrane outward at the distal tip. Expanding on these actin-centric models, our recent studies used a chemically inducible system to establish that plasma membrane-bound myosin motors, which are abundant in protrusions and accumulate at the distal tips, can also power robust filopodial growth. How protrusion resident myosins coordinate with actin polymerization to drive elongation remains unclear, in part because the number of force generators and thus, the scale of their mechanical contributions remain undefined. To address this gap, we leveraged the SunTag system to count membrane-bound myosin motors in actively growing filopodia. Using this approach, we found that the number of myosins is log-normally distributed with a mean of 12.0 {+/-} 2.5 motors [GeoMean {+/-} GeoSD] per filopodium. Together with unitary force values and duty ratio estimates derived from biophysical studies for the motor used in these experiments, we calculate that a distal tip population of myosins could generate a time averaged force of [~]tens of pN to elongate filopodia. This range is comparable to the expected force production of actin polymerization in this system, a point that necessitates revision of popular physical models for protrusion growth.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study describes the results of in-cell molecular counting experiments to define the number of myosin motors that are mechanically active in growing filopodia. This data should be used to constrain future physical models of the formation of actin-based protrusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitz, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.593924</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular counting of myosin force generators in growing filopodia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unanticipated mechanisms of covalent inhibitor and synthetic ligand cobinding to PPARgamma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.15.594037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR{gamma}) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression programs in response to ligand binding. Endogenous lipids and synthetic ligands, including covalent antagonist inhibitors such as GW9662 and T0070907, are thought to compete for the orthosteric pocket in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, we previously showed that synthetic PPAR{gamma} ligands can cooperatively cobind with and reposition a bound endogenous orthosteric ligand to an alternate site, synergistically regulating PPAR{gamma} structure and function (Shang et al., 2018). Here, we reveal the structural mechanism of cobinding between a synthetic covalent antagonist inhibitor with other synthetic ligands. Biochemical and NMR data show that covalent antagonist inhibitors weaken--but do not prevent--the binding of other synthetic ligands via an allosteric mechanism rather than direct ligand clashing. The covalent ligands shift the LBD ensemble toward a transcriptionally repressive conformation, which structurally clashes with and reduces the orthosteric binding affinity of non-covalent synthetic ligands. Crystal structures reveal different non-covalent synthetic ligand-specific cobinding mechanisms ranging from alternate site binding to unexpectedly adopting an orthosteric binding mode by altering the covalent ligand binding pose. Our findings not only highlight the significant flexibility of the PPAR{gamma} orthosteric pocket and its ability to accommodate multiple ligands simultaneously, but also demonstrate that GW9662 and T0070907 should not be used as reliable chemical tools to inhibit the binding of other ligands to PPAR{gamma}.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojetin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.594037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unanticipated mechanisms of covalent inhibitor and synthetic ligand cobinding to PPARgamma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594567v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alternative splicing across the C. elegans nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.16.594567v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing is a key mechanism that shapes neuronal transcriptomes, helping to define neuronal identity and modulate function. Here, we present an atlas of alternative splicing across the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Our analysis identifies novel alternative splicing in key neuronal genes such as unc-40/DCC and sax-3/ROBO. Globally, we delineate patterns of differential alternative splicing in almost 2,000 genes, and estimate that a quarter of neuronal genes undergo differential splicing. We introduce a web interface for examination of splicing patterns across neuron types. We explore the relationship between neuron type and splicing patterns, and between splicing patterns and differential gene expression. We identify RNA features that correlate with differential alternative splicing, and describe the enrichment of microexons. Finally, we compute a splicing regulatory network that can be used to generate hypotheses on the regulation and targets of alternative splicing in neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basavaraju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collings, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The CeNGEN Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.16.594567</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alternative splicing across the C. elegans nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal Western-style diet programs skeletal muscle gene expression in lean adolescent Japanese macaque offspring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life exposure to maternal obesity or a maternal calorically dense Western-style diet (WSD) is strongly associated with a greater risk of metabolic diseases in offspring, most notably insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Prior studies in our well-characterized Japanese macaque model demonstrated that offspring of dams fed a WSD, even when weaned onto a control (CTR) diet, had reductions in skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism and increased skeletal muscle insulin resistance compared to offspring of dams on CTR diet. In the current study, we employed a nested design to test for differences in gene expression in skeletal muscle from lean 3-year-old adolescent offspring from dams fed a maternal WSD in both the presence and absence of maternal obesity or lean dams fed a CTR diet. We included offspring weaned to both a WSD or CTR diet to further account for differences in response to post-weaning diet and interaction effects between diets. Overall, we found that a maternal WSD fed to dams during pregnancy and lactation was the principal driver of differential gene expression (DEG) in offspring muscle at this time point. We identified key gene pathways important in insulin signaling including PI3K-Akt and MAP-kinase, regulation of muscle regeneration, and transcription-translation feedback loops, in both male and female offspring. Muscle DEG showed no measurable difference between offspring of obese dams on WSD compared to those of lean dams fed WSD. A post-weaning WSD effected offspring transcription only in individuals from the maternal CTR diet group but not in maternal WSD group. Collectively, we identify that maternal diet composition has a significant and lasting impact on offspring muscle transcriptome and influences later transcriptional response to WSD in muscle, which may underlie the increased metabolic disease risk in offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beck, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetrick, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnball, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gannon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aagaard, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesolowski, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kievit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCurdy, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal Western-style diet programs skeletal muscle gene expression in lean adolescent Japanese macaque offspring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.593838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cardioprotection by Poloxamer 188 is Mediated through Increased Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.18.593838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiac events. Poloxamer 188 (P188), a nonionic triblock copolymer, has been proposed to mitigate I/R injury by stabilizing cell membranes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly concerning endothelial cell function and nitric oxide (NO) production.

We employed human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to elucidate the effects of P188 on cellular survival, function, and NO secretion under simulated I/R conditions. iPSC-CMs contractility and iPSC-ECs NO production were assessed following exposure to P188. Further, an isolated heart model using Brown Norway rats subjected to I/R injury was utilized to evaluate the ex-vivo cardioprotective effects of P188, examining cardiac function and NO production, with and without the administration of a NO inhibitor.

In iPSC-derived models, P188 significantly preserved CM contractile function and enhanced cell viability after hypoxia/reoxygenation. Remarkably, P188 treatment led to a pronounced increase in NO secretion in iPSC-ECs, a novel finding demonstrating endothelial protective effects beyond membrane stabilization. In the rat isolated heart model, administration of P188 during reperfusion notably improved cardiac function and reduced I/R injury markers. This cardioprotective effect was abrogated by NO inhibition, underscoring the pivotal role of NO. Additionally, a dose-dependent increase in NO production was observed in non-ischemic rat hearts treated with P188, further establishing the critical function of NO in P188 induced cardioprotection.

In conclusion, our comprehensive study unveils a novel role of NO in mediating the protective effects of P188 against I/R injury. This mechanism is evident in both cellular models and intact rat hearts, highlighting the potential of P188 as a therapeutic agent against I/R injury. Our findings pave the way for further investigation into P188s therapeutic mechanisms and its potential application in clinical settings to mitigate I/R-related cardiac dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balzer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yannopolous, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, I. Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obal, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riess, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.18.593838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cardioprotection by Poloxamer 188 is Mediated through Increased Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline status and micronutrient availability regulate a somatic mitochondrial quality control pathway via short-chain fatty acid metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproductive status, such as pregnancy and menopause in women, profoundly influences metabolism of the body. Mitochondria likely orchestrate many of these metabolic changes. However, the influence of reproductive status on somatic mitochondria and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. We demonstrate that reproductive signals modulate mitochondria in the Caenorhabditis elegans soma. We show that the germline acts via an RNA endonuclease, HOE-1, which despite its housekeeping role in tRNA maturation, selectively regulates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Mechanistically, we uncover a fatty acid metabolism pathway acting upstream of HOE-1 to convey germline status. Furthermore, we link vitamin B12s dietary intake to the germlines regulatory impact on HOE-1-driven UPRmt. Combined, our study uncovers a germline-somatic mitochondrial connection, reveals the underlying mechanism, and highlights the importance of micronutrients in modulating this connection. Our findings provide insights into the interplay between reproductive biology and metabolic regulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Held, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dbouk, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strozak, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grub, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffner, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline status and micronutrient availability regulate a somatic mitochondrial quality control pathway via short-chain fatty acid metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ultra-stable insulin-glucagon fusion protein exploits an endogenous hepatic switch to mitigate hypoglycemic risk 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The risk of hypoglycemia and its serious medical sequelae restrict insulin replacement therapy for diabetes mellitus. Such adverse clinical impact has motivated development of diverse glucose-responsive technologies, including algorithm-controlled insulin pumps linked to continuous glucose monitors ("closed-loop systems") and glucose-sensing ("smart") insulins. These technologies seek to optimize glycemic control while minimizing hypoglycemic risk. Here, we describe an alternative approach that exploits an endogenous glucose-dependent switch in hepatic physiology: preferential insulin signaling (under hyperglycemic conditions) versus preferential counter-regulatory glucagon signaling (during hypoglycemia). Motivated by prior reports of glucagon-insulin co-infusion, we designed and tested an ultra-stable glucagon-insulin fusion protein whose relative hormonal activities were calibrated by respective modifications; physical stability was concurrently augmented to facilitate formulation, enhance shelf life and expand access. An N-terminal glucagon moiety was stabilized by an -helix-compatible Lys13-Glu17 lactam bridge; A C-terminal insulin moiety was stabilized as a single chain with foreshortened C domain. Studies in vitro demonstrated (a) resistance to fibrillation on prolonged agitation at 37 {degrees}C and (b) dual hormonal signaling activities with appropriate balance. Glucodynamic responses were monitored in rats relative to control fusion proteins lacking one or the other hormonal activity, and continuous intravenous infusion emulated basal subcutaneous therapy. Whereas efficacy in mitigating hyperglycemia was unaffected by the glucagon moiety, the fusion protein enhanced endogenous glucose production under hypoglycemic conditions. Together, these findings provide proof of principle toward a basal glucose-responsive insulin biotechnology of striking simplicity. The fusion proteins augmented stability promises to circumvent the costly cold chain presently constraining global insulin access.

Significance StatementThe therapeutic goal of insulin replacement therapy in diabetes is normalization of blood-glucose concentration, which prevents or delays long-term complications. A critical barrier is posed by recurrent hypoglycemic events that results in short- and long-term morbidities. An innovative approach envisions co-injection of glucagon (a counter-regulatory hormone) to exploit a glycemia-dependent hepatic switch in relative hormone responsiveness. To provide an enabling technology, we describe an ultra-stable fusion protein containing insulin- and glucagon moieties. Proof of principle was obtained in rats. A single-chain insulin moiety provides glycemic control whereas a lactam-stabilized glucagon extension mitigates hypoglycemia. This dual-hormone fusion protein promises to provide a basal formulation with reduced risk of hypoglycemia. Resistance to fibrillation may circumvent the cold chain required for global access.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Varas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabowski, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarosinski, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail-Beigi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ultra-stable insulin-glucagon fusion protein exploits an endogenous hepatic switch to mitigate hypoglycemic risk]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594998v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The variability of multidimensional diffusion-relaxation MRI estimates in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.594998v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diffusion-relaxation correlation multidimensional MRI (MD-MRI) replaces voxel-averaged diffusion tensor quantities and R1 and R2 relaxation rates with their multidimensional distributions, enabling the selective extraction and mapping of specific diffusion-relaxation spectral ranges that correspond to different cellular features. This approach has the potential of achieving high sensitivity and specificity in detecting subtle changes that would otherwise be averaged out. Here, the whole brain characterization of MD-MRI distributions and derived parameters is presented and the intrascanner test-retest reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility are evaluated to promote the further development of these quantities as neuroimaging biomarkers. We compared white matter tracts and cortical and subcortical gray matter regions, revealing notable variations in their diffusion-relaxation profiles, indicative of unique microscopic morphological characteristics. We found that the reliability and repeatability of MD-MRI-derived diffusion and relaxation mean parameters were comparable to values expected in conventional diffusion tensor imaging and relaxometry studies. Importantly, the estimated signal fractions of intra-voxel spectral components in the MD-MRI distribution, corresponding to white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid, were found to be reproducible. This underscores the viability of employing a spectral analysis approach to MD-MRI data. Our results show that a clinically feasible MD-MRI protocol can reliably deliver information of the rich structural and chemical variety that exists within each imaging voxel, creating potential for new MRI biomarkers with enhanced sensitivity and specificity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manninen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topgaard, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.594998</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The variability of multidimensional diffusion-relaxation MRI estimates in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel splicing graph allows a direct comparison between exon-based and splice junction-based approaches to alternative splicing detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are primarily two computational approaches to alternative splicing detection: splice junction-based and exon-based approaches. Despite their shared goal of addressing the same biological problem, these approaches have not been reconciled before. We devised a novel graph structure and algorithm aimed at mapping between the exonic parts and splicing events detected by the two different methods. Through simulations, we demonstrated disparities in sensitivity and specificity between splice junction-based and exon-based methods. When applied to empirical data, there were large discrepancies in the results, suggesting that the methods are complementary. With the discrepancies localized to individual events and exonic parts, we were able to gain insights into the strengths and weaknesses inherent in each approach. Finally, we integrated the results to generate a comprehensive list of both common and unique alternative splicing events detected by both methodologies.

Availabilityhttps://github.com/HanLabUNLV/GrASE

Contactmira.han@unlv.edu

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aquino, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witoslawski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amei, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.20.595048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel splicing graph allows a direct comparison between exon-based and splice junction-based approaches to alternative splicing detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel mouse home cage lickometer system reveals sex- and housing-based influences on alcohol drinking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.22.595186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a significant global health issue. Despite historically higher rates among men, AUD prevalence and negative alcohol-related outcomes in women are rising. Loneliness in humans has been associated with increased alcohol use, and traditional rodent drinking models involve single housing, presenting challenges for studying social enrichment. We developed LIQ PARTI (Lick Instance Quantifier with Poly-Animal RFID Tracking Integration), an open-source tool to examine home cage continuous access two-bottle choice drinking behavior in a group-housed setting, investigating the influence of sex and social isolation on ethanol consumption and bout microstructure in C57Bl/6J mice. LIQ PARTI, based on our previously developed single-housed LIQ HD system, accurately tracks drinking behavior using capacitive-based sensors and RFID technology. Group-housed female mice exhibited higher ethanol preference than males, while males displayed a unique undulating pattern of ethanol preference linked to cage changes, suggesting a potential stress-related response. Chronic ethanol intake distinctly altered bout microstructure between male and female mice, highlighting sex and social environmental influences on drinking behavior. Social isolation with the LIQ HD system amplified fluid intake and ethanol preference in both sexes, accompanied by sex- and fluid-dependent changes in bout microstructure. However, these efects largely reversed upon resocialization, indicating the plasticity of these behaviors in response to social context. Utilizing a novel group-housed home cage lickometer device, our findings illustrate the critical interplay of sex and housing conditions in voluntary alcohol drinking behaviors in C57Bl/6J mice, facilitating nuanced insights into the potential contributions to AUD etiology.

Significance StatementLoneliness has been associated with increased alcohol use, and traditional rodent drinking models involve single housing, presenting challenges for studying social enrichment. Here we developed LIQ PARTI (Lick Instance Quantifier with Poly-Animal RFID Tracking Integration), an open-source group-housed lickometer system to investigate how social housing, isolation, and sex influence alcohol consumption patterns in C57Bl/6J mice. LIQ PARTI accurately identifies mouse drinking events and uncovered significant housing- and fluid-dependent diferences in ethanol consumption and bout microstructure between male and female mice. Social isolation-induced changes to ethanol drinking behavior and microstructure were highly plastic, as resocialization generally reversed these changes. These findings expand on the complex interplay between sex, social isolation, and alcohol use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adank, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel mouse home cage lickometer system reveals sex- and housing-based influences on alcohol drinking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular Specializations Underlying Phenotypic Differences in Inner Ear Hair Cells of Zebrafish and Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.24.595729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hair cells (HCs) are the sensory receptors of the auditory and vestibular systems in the inner ears of vertebrates that selectively transduce mechanical stimuli into electrical activity. Although all HCs have the hallmark stereocilia bundle for mechanotransduction, HCs in non-mammals and mammals differ in their molecular specialization in the apical, basolateral and synaptic membranes. HCs of non-mammals, such as zebrafish (zHCs), are electrically tuned to specific frequencies and possess an active process in the stereocilia bundle to amplify sound signals. Mammalian cochlear HCs, in contrast, are not electrically tuned and achieve amplification by somatic motility of outer HCs (OHCs). To understand the genetic mechanisms underlying differences among adult zebrafish and mammalian cochlear HCs, we compared their RNA-seq-characterized transcriptomes, focusing on protein-coding orthologous genes related to HC specialization. There was considerable shared expression of gene orthologs among the HCs, including those genes associated with mechanotransduction, ion transport/channels, and synaptic signaling. For example, both zebrafish and mouse HCs express Tmc1, Lhfpl5, Tmie, Cib2, Cacna1d, Cacnb2, Otof, Pclo and Slc17a8. However, there were some notable differences in expression among zHCs, OHCs, and inner HCs (IHCs), which likely underlie the distinctive physiological properties of each cell type. Tmc2 and Cib3 were not detected in adult mouse HCs but tmc2a and b and cib3 were highly expressed in zHCs. Mouse HCs express Kcna10, Kcnj13, Kcnj16, and Kcnq4, which were not detected in zHCs. Chrna9 and Chrna10 were expressed in mouse HCs. In contrast, chrna10 was not detected in zHCs. OHCs highly express Slc26a5 which encodes the motor protein prestin that contributes to OHC electromotility. However, zHCs have only weak expression of slc26a5, and subsequently showed no voltage dependent electromotility when measured. Notably, the zHCs expressed more paralogous genes including those associated with HC-specific functions and transcriptional activity, though it is unknown whether they have functions similar to their mammalian counterparts. There was overlap in the expressed genes associated with a known hearing phenotype. Our analyses unveil substantial differences in gene expression patterns that may explain phenotypic specialization of zebrafish and mouse HCs. This dataset also includes several protein-coding genes to further the functional characterization of HCs and study of HC evolution from non-mammals to mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giffen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamane, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zallocchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, D. Z. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.24.595729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular Specializations Underlying Phenotypic Differences in Inner Ear Hair Cells of Zebrafish and Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595588v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bispecific GD2 x B7-H3 Antibody Improves Tumor Targeting and Reduces Toxicity while Maintaining Efficacy for Neuroblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.23.595588v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The current treatment for neuroblastoma involves an immunotherapy regimen that includes a monoclonal antibody that recognizes disialoganglioside (GD2), expressed at high levels on neuroblastoma. GD2 is not present on most normal tissues but is expressed on nerves. Thus, anti-GD2 treatment causes substantial, dose-limiting, neuropathic pain. B7-H3 is overexpressed on multiple tumor types, including neuroblastoma, with minimal normal cell expression and is absent on nerves. We designed a bispecific antibody (bsAb) that requires simultaneous binding of these two tumor antigens to achieve tight-binding of tumor cells. Our preclinical research shows that when compared to an anti-GD2 monospecific antibody, the GD2xB7-H3 bsAb has improved tumor specificity with similar efficacy and reduced toxicity. Since this bsAb does not bind to nerves, it may be possible to administer increased or additional doses beyond the tolerable dose of monospecific anti-GD2 antibodies, which could improve therapeutic efficacy and quality of life for patients with neuroblastoma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erbe, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feils, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenkrans, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felder, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiwczar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerhardt, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bercher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haertle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heck, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandenHeuvel, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegelman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsarovsky, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaborek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakhmilevich, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hank, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aluicio-Sarduy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaser, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbotin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sondel, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.23.595588</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bispecific GD2 x B7-H3 Antibody Improves Tumor Targeting and Reduces Toxicity while Maintaining Efficacy for Neuroblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595885v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between mosaic loss of chromosome Y and pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility and severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.25.595885v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a rare lung disease with diverse pathogenesis and multiple interconnected underlying biological mechanisms. Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) is one of the most common forms of acquired chromosome abnormality in men, which has been reported to be associated with increased risk of various chronic progressive diseases including fibrotic diseases. However, the exact role of mLOY in the development of PF remains elusive and to be elucidated.

MethodsWe adopted three complementary approaches to explore the role of mLOY in the pathogenesis of PF. We used copy number on chromosome Y to estimate mLOY comparing patients in PROFILE and gnomAD cohorts and between cases and control patients from the GE100KGP cohort. Correlation of mLOY with demographic and clinical variables was tested using patients from PROFILE cohort. Lung single-cell transcriptomic data were analysed to assess the cell types implicated in mLOY. We performed Mendelian randomisation to examine the causal relationship between mLOY, IPF, and telomere length.

ResultsThe genetic analysis suggests that mLOY is found in PF from both case cohorts but when compared with an age matched population the effect is minimal (P = 0.0032). mLOY is related to age (P = 0.00021) and shorter telomere length (P = 0.0081) rather than PF severity or progression. Single-cell analysis indicates that mLOY appears to be found primarily in immune cells and appears to be related to presence and severity of fibrosis. Mendelian randomisation demonstrates that mLOY is not on the causal pathway for IPF, but partial evidence supports that telomere shortening is on the causal pathway for mLOY.

ConclusionOur study confirms the existence of mLOY in PF patients and suggests that mLOY is not a major driver of IPF. The combined evidence suggests a triangulation model where telomere shortening leads to both IPF and mLOY.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Jimenez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molyneaux, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, J. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.25.595885</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between mosaic loss of chromosome Y and pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility and severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596884v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-state modeling using electroencephalography: Application to adaptive closed-loop neuromodulation for epilepsy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.01.596884v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The progress of developing an effective closed-loop neuromodulation system for many neurological pathologies is hindered by the difficulties in accurately capturing a useful representation of a brains instantaneous functional state. Existing approaches rely on expert labeling of electroencephalography data to develop biomarkers of neurophysiological pathology. These techniques do not capture the highly complex functional states of the brain that are presumed to exist between labeled states or allow for the likely possibility of variation among identically labeled states. Thus, we propose BrainState, a self-supervised technique to model an arbitrarily complex instantaneous functional state of a brain using neural multivariate timeseries data. Application of BrainState to intracranial electroencephalography data from patients with epilepsy was able to capture diverse pre-seizure states and quantify nuanced effects of neuromodulation. We anticipate that BrainState will enable the development of sophisticated closed-loop neuromodulation systems for a diverse array of neurological pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhoul, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibro, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naftel, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawant, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudele, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams Roberson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.01.596884</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-state modeling using electroencephalography: Application to adaptive closed-loop neuromodulation for epilepsy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596887v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deficiency of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor, CD163, worsens insulin sensitivity in obese male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.31.596887v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Excessive iron accumulation in metabolic organs such as the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle is associated with increased diabetes risk. Tissue-resident macrophages serve multiple roles including managing inflammatory tone and regulating parachymal iron homeostasis; thus protecting against metabolic dysfunction upon iron overload. The scavenger receptor CD163 is uniquely present on tissue-resident macrophages, and plays a significant role in iron homeostasis by clearing extracellular hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes, thereby limiting oxidative damage caused by free hemoglobin in metabolic tissues. We show that the absence of CD163 exacerbates glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in male mice with obesity. Additionally, loss of CD163 reduced the expression of iron regulatory genes (Tfr1, Cisd1, Slc40a1) in adipose tissue macrophages and anti-inflammatory (M2-like) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Further, CD163 deficiency mediated a pro-inflammatory shift and limited hemoglobin scavenging specifically in M2-like BMDMs. To this end, iron buffering was diminished in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) macrophages in vivo, which culminated in iron spillover into adipocytes and CD45+CD11B- non-myeloid immune cells in iWAT. These findings show that CD163 on tissue-resident macrophages is critical for their anti-inflammatory and hemoglobin scavenging roles, and its absence results in impaired systemic insulin action in an obese setting.

Article HighlightsO_LILoss of CD163 mediates a phenotypic switch in M2-like macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory state.
C_LIO_LICD163 is involved in free hemoglobin uptake and catabolism as well as oxidative metabolism, specifically in M2-like macrophages.
C_LIO_LIIn inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of CD163 defficient mice, macrophage iron is reduced; while concomitantly, adipocyte and other immune cell iron content is increased.
C_LIO_LILoss of CD163 provokes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in obese male mice.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.596887</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deficiency of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor, CD163, worsens insulin sensitivity in obese male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.592838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AgRP neurons mediate activity-dependent development of oxytocin connectivity and autonomic regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.592838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During postnatal life, the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is required for proper targeting of neural inputs to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and impacts the activity of neurons containing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Activity-dependent developmental mechanisms are known to play a defining role during postnatal organization of neural circuits, but whether leptin-mediated postnatal neuronal activity specifies neural projections to the PVH or impacts downstream connectivity is largely unexplored. Here, we blocked neuronal activity of AgRP neurons during a discrete postnatal period and evaluated development of AgRP inputs to defined regions in the PVH, as well as descending projections from PVH oxytocin neurons to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and assessed their dependence on leptin or postnatal AgRP neuronal activity. In leptin-deficient mice, AgRP inputs to PVH neurons were significantly reduced, as well as oxytocin-specific neuronal targeting by AgRP. Moreover, downstream oxytocin projections from the PVH to the DVC were also impaired, despite the lack of leptin receptors found on PVH oxytocin neurons. Blocking AgRP neuron activity specifically during early postnatal life reduced the density of AgRP inputs to the PVH, as well as the density of projections from PVH oxytocin neurons to the DVC, and these innervation deficits were associated with dysregulated autonomic function. These findings suggest that postnatal targeting of descending PVH oxytocin projections to the DVC requires leptin-mediated AgRP neuronal activity, and represents a novel activity-dependent mechanism for hypothalamic specification of metabolic circuitry, with consequences for autonomic regulation.

Significance statementHypothalamic neural circuits maintain homeostasis by coordinating endocrine signals with autonomic responses and behavioral outputs to ensure that physiological responses remain in tune with environmental demands. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) plays a central role in metabolic regulation, and the architecture of its neural inputs and axonal projections is a defining feature of how it receives and conveys neuroendocrine information. In adults, leptin regulates multiple aspects of metabolic physiology, but it also functions during development to direct formation of circuits controlling homeostatic functions. Here we demonstrate that leptin acts to specify the input-output architecture of PVH circuits through an activity-dependent, transsynaptic mechanism, which represents a novel means of sculpting neuroendocrine circuitry, with lasting effects on how the brain controls energy balance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Biddinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elson, A. E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fathi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweet, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimori, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simerly, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.02.592838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AgRP neurons mediate activity-dependent development of oxytocin connectivity and autonomic regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Compositional Differential Abundance Testing: Defining and Finding a New Type of Health-Microbiome Associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.596112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A major task of microbiome epidemiology is association analysis, where the goal is to identify microbial features related to host health. This is commonly performed by differential abundance (DA) analysis, which, by design, examines each microbe as isolated from the rest of the microbiome. This does not properly account for the microbiomes compositional nature or microbe-microbe ecological interactions, and can lead to confounded findings, i.e., microbes that only appear to associate with health through their confounding association with health-related, biologically informative microbes. To remedy these issues, we present Compositional Differential Abundance (CompDA) analysis, a novel approach for health-microbiome association. CompDA provides a novel approach to identify health-related microbes by examining the microbiome holistically, which a) accounts for the datas compositionality and ecological interactions, and b) has clear interpretations corresponding to host health as affected by microbiome-based interventions. CompDA prioritizes health-related microbes and controls false discoveries by implementing recent advances from high-dimensional statistics, and can be flexibly adapted to many common tasks in modern microbiome epidemiology, including enhancing microbiome-based machine learning by providing rigorous p-values to prioritize important features. We validate the performance of CompDA, and compare against canonical microbiome association methods including DA with extensive, real-data-informed simulation studies. Lastly, we report novel and consistent findings of CompDA in application, based on re-examination of recently reported microbial signatures of colorectal cancer in a meta-analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huttenhower, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.596112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Compositional Differential Abundance Testing: Defining and Finding a New Type of Health-Microbiome Associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human TSC2 Mutant Cells Exhibit Aberrations in Early Neurodevelopment Accompanied by Changes in the DNA Methylome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.04.597443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a debilitating developmental disorder characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations. While benign tumors in the heart, lungs, kidney, and brain are all hallmarks of the disease, the most severe symptoms of TSC are often neurological, including seizures, autism, psychiatric disorders, and intellectual disabilities. TSC is caused by loss of function mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes and consequent dysregulation of signaling via mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1). While TSC neurological phenotypes are well-documented, it is not yet known how early in neural development TSC1/2-mutant cells diverge from the typical developmental trajectory. Another outstanding question is the contribution of homozygous-mutant cells to disease phenotypes and whether such phenotypes are also seen in the heterozygous-mutant populations that comprise the vast majority of cells in patients. Using TSC patient-derived isogenic induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with defined genetic changes, we observed aberrant early neurodevelopment in vitro, including misexpression of key proteins associated with lineage commitment and premature electrical activity. These alterations in differentiation were coincident with hundreds of differentially methylated DNA regions, including loci associated with key genes in neurodevelopment. Collectively, these data suggest that mutation or loss of TSC2 affects gene regulation and expression at earlier timepoints than previously appreciated, with implications for whether and how prenatal treatment should be pursued.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, M.-B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, L. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallahan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ess, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.04.597443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human TSC2 Mutant Cells Exhibit Aberrations in Early Neurodevelopment Accompanied by Changes in the DNA Methylome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unique trajectory of gene family evolution from genomic analysis of nearly all known species in an ancient yeast lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene gains and losses are a major driver of genome evolution; their precise characterization can provide insights into the origin and diversification of major lineages. Here, we examined gene family evolution of 1,154 genomes from nearly all known species in the medically and technologically important yeast subphylum Saccharomycotina. We found that yeast gene family and genome evolution are distinct from plants, animals, and filamentous ascomycetes and are characterized by small genome sizes and smaller gene numbers but larger gene family sizes. Faster-evolving lineages (FELs) in yeasts experienced significantly higher rates of gene losses--commensurate with a narrowing of metabolic niche breadth--but higher speciation rates than their slower-evolving sister lineages (SELs). Gene families most often lost are those involved in mRNA splicing, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell division and are likely associated with intron loss, metabolic breadth, and non-canonical cell cycle processes. Our results highlight the significant role of gene family contractions in the evolution of yeast metabolism, genome function, and speciation, and suggest that gene family evolutionary trajectories have differed markedly across major eukaryotic lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.05.597512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unique trajectory of gene family evolution from genomic analysis of nearly all known species in an ancient yeast lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure of the Ion Channel Kir7.1 and Implications for its Function in Normal and Pathophysiologic States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hereditary defects in the function of the Kir7.1 in the retinal pigment epithelium are associated with the ocular diseases retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, and snowflake vitreal degeneration. Studies also suggest that Kir7.1 may be regulated by a GPCR, the melanocortin-4 receptor, in certain hypothalamic neurons. We present the first structures of human Kir7.1 and describe the conformational bias displayed by two pathogenic mutations, R162Q and E276A, to provide an explanation for the basis of disease and illuminate the gating pathway. We also demonstrate the structural basis for the blockade of the channel by a small molecule ML418 and demonstrate that channel blockade in vivo activates MC4R neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), inhibiting food intake and inducing weight loss. Preliminary purification, and structural and pharmacological characterization of an in tandem construct of MC4R and Kir7.1 suggests that the fusion protein forms a homotetrameric channel that retains regulation by liganded MC4R molecules.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peisley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, C. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahir, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koepping, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raczkowski, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghamari-Langroudi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure of the Ion Channel Kir7.1 and Implications for its Function in Normal and Pathophysiologic States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ribosome-Associated Vesicles promote activity-dependent local translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Local protein synthesis in axons and dendrites underpins synaptic plasticity. However, the composition of the protein synthesis machinery in distal neuronal processes and the mechanisms for its deployment to local translation sites remain unclear. Here, we employed a multi-scale imaging approach combining cryo-electron tomography, volume electron microscopy, and live-cell imaging to identify endoplasmic reticulum-derived Ribosome-Associated Vesicles (RAVs) as a dynamic platform for moving ribosomes to distal processes and promoting activity-dependent local translation. We demonstrate that neuronal stimulation triggers compartment-specific RAV responses: dendrites accumulate stationary RAVs at sites of enhanced translation, while axons accelerate RAV transport. Real-time imaging of translation at single mRNA resolution reveals that RAVs boost local translation output compared to RAV-independent mechanisms. These findings establish RAVs as specialized platforms that integrate activity-dependent signals with local protein synthesis, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding how neurons achieve precise spatiotemporal control of protein synthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin-Solana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ning, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glausier, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preisegger, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, P. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchet-Marquis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobini, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frantz, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puig, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabbani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenno, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gold, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wills, Z. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freyberg, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.598007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ribosome-Associated Vesicles promote activity-dependent local translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.597937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microphthalmia and disrupted retinal development due to a LacZ knock-in/knock-out allele at the Vsx2 locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.08.597937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Visual System Homeobox 2 (Vsx2) is a transcription factor expressed in the developing retina that regulates tissue identity, growth, and fate determination. Several mutations in the Vsx2 gene exist in mice, including a spontaneous nonsense mutation and two targeted missense mutations originally identified in humans. Here, we expand the genetic repertoire to include a LacZ reporter allele (Vsx2LacZ) designed to express beta-Galactosidase (b-GAL) and simultaneously disrupt Vsx2 function (knock-in/knock-out). The retinal expression pattern of b-GAL is concordant with VSX2, and the mutant allele is recessive. Vsx2LacZ homozygous mice have congenital bilateral microphthalmia accompanied by defects in retinal development including ectopic expression of non-retinal genes, reduced proliferation, delayed neurogenesis, aberrant tissue morphology, and an absence of bipolar interneurons - all hallmarks of Vsx2 loss-of-function. Unexpectedly, the mutant VSX2 protein is stably expressed, and there are subtle differences in eye size and early retinal neurogenesis when compared to the null mutant, ocular retardation J. The perdurance of the mutant VSX2 protein combined with subtle deviations from the null phenotype leaves open the possibility that Vsx2LacZ allele is not a complete knock-out. The Vsx2LacZ allele exhibits loss-of-function characteristics and adds to the genetic toolkit for understanding Vsx2 function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Napoli, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hurtado, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.08.597937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microphthalmia and disrupted retinal development due to a LacZ knock-in/knock-out allele at the Vsx2 locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Association between the JAK-STAT Pathway and Hypertension among Kenyan Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.597892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide, and disproportionately affects Sub-Saharan Africa compared to high income countries. The global disease burden is growing, with Sub-Saharan Africa reporting majority of the cases. In Kenya, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an annual incidence of 7,243 new cases in 2022, representing 25.5% of all reported cancers in women. Evidence suggests that women receiving breast cancer treatment are at a greater risk of developing hypertension than women without breast cancer. Hypertension prevalence has been on the rise in SSA, with poor detection, treatment and control. The JAK-STAT signaling is activated in hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, leading to inflammation, cell proliferation, and treatment resistance in cancer cells. We sought to understand the association between the expression of JAK-STAT Pathway genes and hypertension among Kenyan women diagnosed with breast cancer.

MethodsBreast tumor and non-tumor tissues were acquired from patients with a pathologic diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma. RNA was extracted from fresh frozen tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples of 23 participants who had at least 50% tumor after pathological examination, as well as their corresponding adjacent normal samples. Differentially expressed JAK-STAT genes between tumor and normal breast tissues were assessed using the DESEq2 R package. Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between differentially expressed JAK-STAT genes and participants blood pressure, heart rate, and body mass index (BMI).

Results11,868 genes were differentially expressed between breast tumor and non-tumor tissues. Eight JAK-STAT genes were significantly dysregulated (Log2FC [&ge;] 1.0 and an Padj [&le;] 0.05), with two genes (CISH and SCNN1A) being upregulated. Six genes (TGFBR2, STAT5A, STAT5B, TGFRB3, SMAD9, and SOCS2) were downregulated. We identified STAT5A and SOCS2 genes to be significantly correlated with elevated systolic pressure and heart rate, respectively.

ConclusionsOur study provides insights underlying the molecular mechanisms of hypertension among Kenyan women diagnosed with breast cancer. Understanding these mechanisms may help develop targeted treatments that may improve health outcomes of Kenyan women diagnosed with breast cancer. Longitudinal studies with larger cohorts will be needed to validate our results.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GITAU, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagutu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohammad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makokha, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.597892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Association between the JAK-STAT Pathway and Hypertension among Kenyan Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polymeric Micellar Nanoparticles Enable Image-guided Drug Delivery in Solid Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.07.598019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the development of a nanotechnology to co-deliver chemocoxib A with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-activatable and COX-2 targeted pro-fluorescent probe, fluorocoxib Q (FQ) enabling real time visualization of COX-2 and CA drug delivery into solid cancers, using a di-block PPS135-b-POEGA17 copolymer, selected for its intrinsic responsiveness to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key trait of the tumor microenvironment. FQ and CA were synthesized independently, then co-encapsulated within micellar PPS135-b-POEGA17 co-polymeric nanoparticles (FQ-CA-NPs), and were assessed for cargo concentration, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and ROS-dependent cargo release. The uptake of FQ-CA-NPs in mouse mammary cancer cells and cargo release was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Intravenous delivery of FQ-CA-NPs to mice harboring orthotopic mammary tumors, followed by vital optimal imaging, was used to assess delivery to tumors in vivo. The CA-FQ-NPs exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of 109.2 {+/-} 4.1 nm and a zeta potential ({zeta}) of -1.59 {+/-} 0.3 mV. Fluorescence microscopy showed ROS-dependent cargo release by FQ-CA-NPs in 4T1 cells, decreasing growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells, but not affecting growth of primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). NP-derived fluorescence was detected in mammary tumors, but not in healthy organs. Tumor LC-MS/MS analysis identified both CA (2.38 nmol/g tumor tissue) and FQ (0.115 nmol/g tumor tissue), confirming the FQ-mediated image guidance of CA delivery in solid tumors. Thus, co-encapsulation of FQ and CA into micellar nanoparticles (FQ-CA-NPs) enabled ROS-sensitive drug release and COX-2-targeted visualization of solid tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltman, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werfel, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>mohyuddin, m. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>nazmin, f.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kingsley, p. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.07.598019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polymeric Micellar Nanoparticles Enable Image-guided Drug Delivery in Solid Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid-siRNA conjugate accesses a perivascular transport mechanism and achieves widespread and durable knockdown in the central nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.09.598079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Short-interfering RNA (siRNA) has gained significant interest for treatment of neurological diseases by providing the capacity to achieve sustained inhibition of nearly any gene target. Yet, efficacious drug delivery throughout deep brain structures of the CNS remains a considerable hurdle for intrathecally administered therapeutics. We herein describe an albumin-binding lipid-siRNA conjugate that transports along meningeal and perivascular CSF pathways, leading to broad dispersion throughout the CNS parenchyma. We provide a detailed examination of the temporal kinetics of gene silencing, highlighting potent knockdown for up to five months from a single injection without detectable toxicity. Single-cell RNA sequencing further demonstrates gene silencing activity across diverse cell populations in the parenchyma and at brain borders, which may provide new avenues for neurological disease-modifying therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulrahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katdare, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligocki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura-Antunes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboezem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prusky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castleberry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.09.598079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid-siRNA conjugate accesses a perivascular transport mechanism and achieves widespread and durable knockdown in the central nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex, racial, and APOE-ϵ4 allele differences in longitudinal white matter microstructure in multiple cohorts of aging and Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSINTRODUCTIONC_ST_ABSThe effects of sex, race, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) - Alzheimers disease (AD) risk factors - on white matter integrity are not well characterized.

METHODSDiffusion MRI data from nine well-established longitudinal cohorts of aging were free-water (FW)-corrected and harmonized. This dataset included 4,702 participants (age=73.06 {+/-} 9.75) with 9,671 imaging sessions over time. FW and FW-corrected fractional anisotropy (FAFWcorr) were used to assess differences in white matter microstructure by sex, race, and APOE-{varepsilon}4 carrier status.

RESULTSSex differences in FAFWcorr in association and projection tracts, racial differences in FAFWcorr in projection tracts, and APOE-{varepsilon}4 differences in FW limbic and occipital transcallosal tracts were most pronounced.

DISCUSSIONThere are prominent differences in white matter microstructure by sex, race, and APOE- {varepsilon}4 carrier status. This work adds to our understanding of disparities in AD. Additional work to understand the etiology of these differences is warranted.

HighlightsO_LISex, race, and APOE-{varepsilon}4 carrier status relate to white matter microstructural integrity
C_LIO_LIFemales generally have lower FAFWcorr compared to males
C_LIO_LINon-Hispanic Black adults generally have lower FAFWcorr than non-Hispanic White adults
C_LIO_LIAPOE-{varepsilon}4 carriers tended to have higher FW than non-carriers
C_LI

Research in Context

Systematic ReviewThe authors used PubMed and Google Scholar to review literature that used conventional and free-water (FW)-corrected microstructural metrics to evaluate sex, race, and APOE-{varepsilon}4 differences in white matter microstructure. While studies have previously explored differences by sex and APOE-{varepsilon}4 status, less is known about racial differences and no large-scale FW-corrected analysis has been performed.

InterpretationSex and race were more associated with FAFWcorr while APOE-{varepsilon}4 status was associated with FW metrics. Association, projection, limbic, and occipital transcallosal tracts showed the greatest differences.

Future DirectionFuture studies to determine the biological and social pathways that lead to sex, racial, and APOE-{varepsilon}4 differences are warranted.

Consent StatementAll participants provided informed consent in their respective cohort studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peterson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durant, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deters, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashikumar, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pechman, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohd Khairi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambronero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Risacher, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beason-Held, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arfanakis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toga, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The BIOCARD Study Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kukull, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex, racial, and APOE-ϵ4 allele differences in longitudinal white matter microstructure in multiple cohorts of aging and Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloid Cell Glucocorticoid, Not Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling, Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Humans via Cortisol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.10.598374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSalt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet the etiology is poorly understood. We previously found that serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) regulate epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-dependent sodium entry into monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and activation of NADPH oxidase, leading to the formation of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) in SSBP. Whereas aldosterone via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activates SGK1 leading to hypertension, our past findings indicate that levels of plasma aldosterone do not correlate with SSBP, and there is little to no MR expression in APCs. Thus, we hypothesized that cortisol acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), not the MR in APCs mediates SGK1 actions to induce SSBP.

METHODSWe performed cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-Seq) analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of humans rigorously phenotyped for SSBP using an inpatient salt loading/depletion protocol to determine expression of MR, GR, and SGK1 in immune cells. In additional experiments, we performed bulk transcriptomic analysis on isolated human monocytes following in vitro treatment with high salt from a separate cohort. We then measured urine and plasma cortisol, cortisone, renin, and aldosterone. Subsequently, we measured the association of these hormones with changes in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure as well as immune cell activation via IsoLG formation.

RESULTSWe found that myeloid APCs predominantly express the GR and SGK1 with no expression of the MR. Expression of the GR in APCs increased after salt loading and decreased with salt depletion in salt-sensitive but not salt-resistant people and was associated with increased expression of SGK1. Moreover, we found that plasma and urine cortisol/cortisone but not aldosterone/renin correlated with SSBP and APCs activation via IsoLGs. We also found that cortisol negatively correlates with EETs.

CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest that renal cortisol signaling via the GR but not the MR in APCs contributes to SSBP via cortisol. Urine and plasma cortisol may provide an important currently unavailable feasible diagnostic tool for SSBP. Moreover, cortisol-GR-SGK1-ENaC signaling pathway may provide treatment options for SSBP.

Novelty and RelevanceO_ST_ABSWhat Is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIAlthough salt sensitivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the mechanisms underlying the salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) are poorly understood.
C_LIO_LIHigh salt modifies glucocorticoid-receptor expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), suggesting a critical role of glucocorticoids in SSBP.
C_LIO_LIElevated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression compared to mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression in APCs provides evidence for a GR-dependent pathway to SSBP. Isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) increased in APCs in vitro after hydrocortisone treatment compared to aldosterone treatment, indicating that cortisol was the predominant driver of IsoLG production in these cells.
C_LIO_LIOur studies suggest a mechanism for SGK1 expression through GR activation by cortisol that differs from the currently accepted mechanism for SSBP pathogenesis.
C_LI

What Is Relevant?O_LIAlthough aldosterone has been used to study SSBP, there has been no consideration of cortisol as a major driver of the condition.
C_LIO_LIUnderstanding alternative inflammatory pathways that affect SSBP may provide insights into the mechanism of SSBP and suggest a range of therapeutic targets.
C_LIO_LIOur studies may provide a practical approach to understanding and treating salt-sensitive hypertension.
C_LI

Clinical/Pathophysiological Implications?O_LIOur findings firmly support a GR-dependent signaling pathway for activating SSBP via SGK1 expression. A cortisol-driven mechanism could provide a practical approach for targeted treatments for salt-sensitive hypertension. Moreover, it could pave the way for a diagnostic approach.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Albritton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demirci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimwe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mutchler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikizler, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleyman, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.10.598374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloid Cell Glucocorticoid, Not Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling, Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Humans via Cortisol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MYC and HSF1 Cooperate to Drive PLK1 inhibitor Sensitivity in High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.11.598486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ovarian cancer is a deadly female cancer with high rates of recurrence. The primary treatment strategy for patients is platinum-based therapy regimens that almost universally develop resistance. Consequently, new therapeutic avenues are needed to overcome the plateau that current therapies have on patient outcomes. We describe a gene amplification involving both HSF1 and MYC, wherein these two genes on chromosome 8q are co-amplified in over 7% of human tumors that is enriched to over 30% of patients with ovarian cancer. We further found that HSF1 and MYC transcriptional activity is correlated in human tumors and ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting they may cooperate in ovarian cancer cells. CUT&RUN for HSF1 and MYC in co-amplified ovarian cancer cells revealed that HSF1 and MYC have overlapping binding at a substantial number of locations throughout the genome where their binding peaks are near identical. Consistent with these data, a protein-protein interaction between HSF1 and MYC was detected in ovarian cancer cells, implying these two transcription factors have a molecular cooperation. Further supporting their cooperation, growth of HSF1-MYC co-amplified ovarian cancer cells were found to be dependent on both HSF1 and MYC. In an attempt to identify a therapeutic target that could take advantage of this dependency on both HSF1 and MYC, PLK1 was identified as being correlated with HSF1 and MYC in primary human tumor specimens, consistent with a previously established effect of PLK1 on HSF1 and MYC protein levels. Targeting PLK1 with the compound volasertib (BI-6727) revealed a greater than 200-fold increased potency of volasertib in HSF1-MYC co-amplified ovarian cancer cells compared to ovarian cancer cells wild-type HSF1 and MYC copy number, which extended to several growth assays, including spheroid growth. Volasertib, and other PLK1 inhibitors, have not shown great success in clinical trials and this study suggests that targeting PLK1 may be viable in a precision medicine approach using HSF1-MYC co-amplification as a biomarker for response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeHart, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulhaskumar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nephew, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carpenter, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.11.598486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MYC and HSF1 Cooperate to Drive PLK1 inhibitor Sensitivity in High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Causally Supports Meta-Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.12.598723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning the reward structure of complex environments can be achieved using reinforcement learning processes augmented with cognitive strategies. Among these strategies is the adjustment of the exploration-exploitation trade-off to increase exploration when behavior gets stuck and increase exploitation when reward contingencies remain stable. Here we tested how the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the striatum causally support adaptive cognitive strategies augmenting reinforcement learning. We electrically microstimulated the ACC or the striatum in nonhuman primates at the time they chose multidimensional objects to learn about their reward values, while varying target feature uncertainty and the motivational saliency of the chosen objects. We found that stimulation of the ACC and the striatum affected adaptive strategies and reinforcement learning when target feature uncertainty was high, but in opposite ways. ACC-stimulation impaired learning and sustaining correct responses, while striatum-stimulation on average improved learning from rewarding outcomes. Behavioral modeling showed that stimulation affected the same mechanisms but in opposite ways. ACC stimulation impaired the monitoring of outcome uncertainty for adapting exploration-exploitation and reduced the ability to lower prediction errors during learning, while striatum stimulation enhanced the monitoring of outcome uncertainty and prediction-error based updating of object values. Stimulation did not alter the use of working memory or attentional filtering as alternative learning strategy. These opposing behavioral stimulation effects were associated with the ACC having populations of neurons that fired stronger during choices that were more uncertain, had a lower value, and that tracked error history, while striatum neurons more likely encoded higher values and more certain choices. In summary, microstimulation during object choices suggest that ACC and the striatum causally adapt exploration-exploitation levels to guide exploration towards reward-relevant objects during periods of uncertainty.

Short SummaryThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the striatum are core nodes of a network supporting reinforcement learning, but how they augment reinforcement learning with adaptive cognitive strategies has remained unresolved. This study uses electrical microstimulation to show that ACC and the striatum have causal roles adjusting the exploration-exploitation balance and optimize reinforcement learning in multidimensional environments, while not altering attentional filtering or working memory strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Treuting, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boroujeni, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerrity, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.12.598723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior Cingulate Cortex Causally Supports Meta-Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599180v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cyclophilin A Facilitates HIV-1 DNA Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.15.599180v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclophilin A (CypA) promotes HIV-1 infection by facilitating reverse transcription, nuclear entry and by countering the antiviral activity of TRIM5. These multifunctional roles of CypA are driven by its binding to the viral capsid. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that the HIV-1 capsid lattice enters the nucleus of an infected cell and uncoats just before integration. Therefore, we tested whether CypA-capsid interaction regulates post-nuclear entry steps of infection, particularly integration. First, we challenged CypA-expressing (CypA+/+) and CypA-depleted (CypA-/-) cells with HIV-1 particles and quantified the resulting levels of provirus. Surprisingly, CypA-depletion significantly reduced integration, an effect that was independent of CypAs effect on reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and the presence or absence of TRIM5. Additionally, cyclosporin A, an inhibitor that disrupts CypA-capsid binding, inhibited HIV-1 integration in CypA+/+ cells but not in CypA-/- cells. Accordingly, HIV-1 capsid mutants (G89V and P90A) deficient in CypA binding were also blocked at integration in CypA+/+ cells but not in CypA-/- cells. Then, to understand the mechanism, we assessed the integration activity of HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs) extracted from infected cells. The PICs from CypA-/- cells had lower activity in vitro compared to those from CypA+/+ cells. PICs from cells depleted for CypA and TRIM5 also had lower activity, suggesting that CypAs effect on PIC activity is independent of TRIM5. Finally, addition of CypA protein significantly stimulated the integration activity of PICs extracted from both CypA+/+ and CypA-/-cells. Collectively, these results suggest that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration, a previously unknown role of this host factor.

ImportanceHIV-1 capsid interaction with host cellular factors is essential for establishing a productive infection. However, the molecular details of such virus-host interactions are not fully understood. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is the first host protein identified to specifically bind to the HIV-1 capsid. Now it is established that CypA promotes reverse transcription and nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection. In this report, we show that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by binding to the viral capsid. Specifically, our results demonstrate that CypA promotes HIV-1 integration by stimulating the activity of the viral preintegration complex and identifies a novel role of CypA during HIV-1 infection. This new knowledge is important because recent reports suggest that an operationally intact HIV-1 capsid enters the nucleus of an infected cell.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Padron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandhare, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.15.599180</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cyclophilin A Facilitates HIV-1 DNA Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A widespread electrical brain network encodes anxiety in health and depressive states 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.26.600900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In rodents, anxiety is characterized by heightened vigilance during low-threat and uncertain situations. Though activity in the frontal cortex and limbic system is fundamental to supporting this internal state, the underlying network architecture that integrates activity across brain regions to encode anxiety across animals and paradigms remains unclear. Here, we utilize parallel electrical recordings in freely behaving mice, multiple translational paradigms known to induce anxiety, and machine learning to discover a multi-region network that encodes the anxious brain state. The network is composed of circuits widely implicated in anxiety behavior, it generalizes across many behavioral contexts that induce anxiety, and it fails to encode multiple behavioral contexts that do not. Strikingly, the activity of this network is also principally altered in two mouse models of depression. Thus, we establish a network-level process whereby the brain encodes anxiety in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walder-Christensen, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carson, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsyglakova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Balaguer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClung, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarate, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mague, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzirasa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.26.600900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A widespread electrical brain network encodes anxiety in health and depressive states]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selection for early reproduction leads to accelerated aging and extensive metabolic remodeling in Drosophila melanogaster populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Experimental evolution studies that feature selection on life-history characters are a proven approach for studying the evolution of aging and variation in rates of senescence. Recently, the incorporation of genomic and transcriptomic approaches into this framework has led to the identification of hundreds of genes associated with different aging patterns. However, our understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms underlying these aging patterns remains limited. Here, we incorporated extensive metabolomic profiling into this framework to generate mechanistic insights into aging patterns in Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we characterized metabolomic change over adult lifespan in populations of D. melanogaster where selection for early reproduction has led to an accelerated aging phenotype relative to their controls. Using these data we: i) evaluated evolutionary repeatability across the metabolome; ii) assessed the value of the metabolome as a predictor of "biological age" in this system; and iii) identified specific metabolites associated with accelerated aging. Generally, our findings suggest that selection for early reproduction resulted in highly repeatable alterations to the metabolome and the metabolome itself is a reliable predictor of "biological age". Specifically, we find clusters of metabolites that are associated with the different rates of senescence observed between our accelerated aging population and their controls, adding new insights into the metabolites that may be driving the accelerated aging phenotype.

SignificanceWhile experimental evolution studies featuring Drosophila melanogaster have generated significant insights into the forces that shape aging and life history patterns, more recent efforts incorporating genomic and transcriptomic data have had comparatively little success identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying these patterns. Here we work to incorporate molecular phenotyping into this general framework as a way forward. Specifically, we characterize how the metabolome changes with age in populations of D. melanogaster where hundreds of generations of selection for early reproduction have led to enrichment for an accelerated aging phenotype. By comparing to control populations, we show that the metabolome does appear to capture true signals of "biological age" and provides a new avenue for understanding the factors that underlie complex trait variation in real populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hubert, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenspan, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pupo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barter, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djukovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raftery, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selection for early reproduction leads to accelerated aging and extensive metabolic remodeling in Drosophila melanogaster populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atf4 protects islet beta-cell identity and function under acute glucose-induced stress but promotes beta-cell failure in the presence of free fatty acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucolipotoxicity, caused by combined hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, results in {beta}-cell failure and type 2 diabetes (T2D) via cellular stress-related mechanisms. Activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4) is an essential effector of stress response. We show here that Atf4 expression in {beta}-cells is dispensable for glucose homeostasis in young mice, but it is required for {beta}-cell function during aging and under obesity-related metabolic stress. Henceforth, aged Atf4-deficient {beta}-cells display compromised secretory function under acute hyperglycemia. In contrast, they are resistant to acute free fatty acid-induced loss-of identity and dysfunction. At molecular level, Atf4-deficient {beta}-cells down-regulate genes involved in protein translation, reducing {beta}-cell identity gene products under high glucose. They also upregulate several genes involved in lipid metabolism or signaling, likely contributing to their resistance to free fatty acid-induced dysfunction. These results suggest that Atf4 activation is required for {beta}-cell identity and function under high glucose, but this paradoxically induces {beta}-cell failure in the presence of high levels of free fatty acids. Different branches of Atf4 activity could be manipulated for protecting {beta}-cells from metabolic stress-induced failure.

HighlightsO_LIAtf4 is dispensable in {beta}-cells in young mice
C_LIO_LIAtf4 protects {beta}-cells under high glucose
C_LIO_LIAtf4 exacerbate fatty acid-induced {beta}-cell defects
C_LIO_LIAtf4 activates translation but depresses lipid-metabolism
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yagan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DAdi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atf4 protects islet beta-cell identity and function under acute glucose-induced stress but promotes beta-cell failure in the presence of free fatty acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent reductive evolution in bee-associated lactic acid bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.28.601270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractDistantly related organisms may evolve similar traits when exposed to similar environments or engaging in certain lifestyles.

Several members of the Lactobacillaceae (LAB) family are frequently isolated from the floral niche, mostly from bees and flowers. In some floral LAB species (henceforth referred to as bee- associated), distinctive genomic (e.g., genome reduction) and phenotypic (e.g., preference for fructose over glucose or fructophily) features were recently documented. These features are found across distantly related species, raising the hypothesis that specific genomic and phenotypic traits evolved convergently during adaptation to the floral environment.

To test this hypothesis, we examined representative genomes of 369 species of bee-associated and non-bee-associated LAB. Phylogenomic analysis unveiled seven independent ecological shifts towards the floral niche in LAB. In these bee-associated LAB, we observed pervasive, significant reductions of genome size, gene repertoire, and GC content.

Using machine leaning, we could distinguish bee-associated from non-bee-associated species with 94% accuracy, based on the absence of genes involved in metabolism, osmotic stress, or DNA repair. Moreover, we found that the most important genes for the machine learning classifier were seemingly lost, independently, in multiple bee-associated lineages. One of these genes, adhE, encodes a bifunctional aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase associated with the evolution of fructophily, a rare phenotypic trait that was recently identified in many floral LAB species. These results suggest that the independent evolution of distinctive phenotypes in bee- associated LAB has been largely driven by independent loss of the same set of genes.

ImportanceSeveral lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species are intimately associated with bees and exhibit unique biochemical properties with potential for food applications and honeybee health. Using a machine-learning based approach, our study shows that adaptation of LAB to the bee environment was accompanied by a distinctive genomic trajectory deeply shaped by gene loss. Several of these gene losses occurred independently in distantly related species and are linked to some of their unique biotechnologically relevant traits, such as the preference of fructose over glucose (fructophily). This study underscores the potential of machine learning in identifying fingerprints of adaptation and detecting instances of convergent evolution. Furthermore, it sheds light onto the genomic and phenotypic particularities of bee-associated bacteria, thereby deepening the understanding of their positive impact on honeybee health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pontes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.28.601270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent reductive evolution in bee-associated lactic acid bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601773v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM of AKAP350 reveals fibrillar clusters and a potential association with DNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601773v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a promiscuous serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates a broad-spectrum of effectors involved in vital processes such as glucose, glycogen, and lipid metabolism. Its activity is thus tightly controlled by a family of eukaryotic scaffolding proteins known as the A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that confine PKA signaling to specific compartments in the cell. AKAP350 (the protein encoded by AKAP9) is a massive scaffolding protein that anchors PKA to the Golgi apparatus and the centrosome where it nucleates macromolecular signaling hubs that control microtubule nucleation and dynamics. Here, we have expressed and purified full-length AKAP350 from HEK293F cells in a functional conformation. Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) of the purified protein revealed polydisperse particles forming fibrillar clusters around 50 nm in diameter, and long, thin filaments that reconstructed into double-stranded DNA. Tomographic reconstruction of a tilt series of the purified protein by electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) further elucidated these fibrillar clusters as 3D bundles of entangled filaments. Mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing confirmed the co-purification of DNA and DNA binding proteins such as nuclear factor 1 B (NFIB) and nucleolin (NCL). Pulldown of NFIB and NCL, but not of CEP290, CDK5RAP2, and CEP170 was diminished in the presence of DNase-I, suggesting that AKAP350 interaction with these two proteins is mediated by DNA. Overall, this study has achieved a quality purification of AKAP350 from which a previously uncharacterized interaction landscape with DNA and DNA binding proteins was discovered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dai, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keszei, A. F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kolobova, e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St-Germain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasan, S. M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raught, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazhab-Jafari, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601773</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM of AKAP350 reveals fibrillar clusters and a potential association with DNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FapR regulates HssRS-mediated heme homeostasis in Bacillus anthracis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe and the causative agent of anthrax, multiplies to extraordinarily high numbers in vertebrate blood, resulting in considerable heme exposure. Heme is an essential nutrient and the preferred iron source for bacteria during vertebrate colonization, but its high redox potential makes it toxic in excess. To regulate heme homeostasis, many Gram-positive bacteria, including B. anthracis, rely on the two-component signaling system HssRS. HssRS comprises the heme sensing histidine kinase HssS, which modulates the activity of the HssR transcription factor to enable bacteria to circumvent heme toxicity. However, the regulation of the HssRS system remains unclear. Here we identify FapR, the transcriptional regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis, as a key factor in HssRS function. FapR plays an important role in maintaining membrane integrity and the localization of the histidine kinase HssS. Specifically, disruption of fapR leads to increased membrane rigidity, which hinders the penetration of HssRS inducers, resulting in the inactivation of HssRS. Furthermore, deletion of fapR affects the loading of HssS onto the cell membrane, compromising its heme sensing function and subsequently reducing endogenous heme biosynthesis. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms governing bacterial adaptation to heme stress and provide potential targets for antimicrobial intervention strategies.

IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the mechanisms by which B. anthracis regulates heme homeostasis is crucial for developing new strategies to combat anthrax, a serious disease affecting both humans and animals. This study uncovers the role of the transcriptional regulator FapR in maintaining membrane integrity and facilitating the proper function of the HssRS two-component signaling system, which is essential for managing heme toxicity in B. anthracis, as well as other Gram-positive pathogens. By elucidating the connection between FapR and HssRS, our findings provide new insights into the molecular adaptation of bacteria to heme stress and expand our knowledge of bacterial physiology and pathogenicity. More importantly, targeting the regulatory pathways involved in heme sensing and homeostasis presents a promising approach for developing novel therapeutics against anthrax and potentially other bacterial infections that rely on similar mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beavers, W. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillebrand, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauff, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FapR regulates HssRS-mediated heme homeostasis in Bacillus anthracis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenicity is associated with population structure in a fungal pathogen of humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.602241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus flavus is a clinically and agriculturally important saprotrophic fungus responsible for severe human infections and extensive crop losses. We analyzed genomic data from 250 (95 clinical and 155 environmental) A. flavus isolates from 9 countries, including 70 newly sequenced clinical isolates, to examine population and pan-genome structure and their relationship to pathogenicity. We identified five A. flavus populations, including a new population, D, corresponding to distinct clades in the genome-wide phylogeny. Strikingly, > 75% of clinical isolates were from population D. Accessory genes, including genes within biosynthetic gene clusters, were significantly more common in some populations but rare in others. Population D was enriched for genes associated with zinc ion binding, lipid metabolism, and certain types of hydrolase activity. In contrast to the major human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus pathogenicity in humans is strongly associated with population structure, making it a great system for investigating how population-specific genes contribute to pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hatmaker, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drott, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauters, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Hermoso, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurzai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.05.602241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenicity is associated with population structure in a fungal pathogen of humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.601696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Newly discovered base barrier cells provide compartmentalization of choroid plexus, brain and CSF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.601696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The choroid plexus (ChP) is a highly understudied structure of the central nervous system (CNS). The structure hangs in the brain ventricles, is composed of an epithelial cell layer, which produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. It encapsulates a stromal mix of fenestrated capillaries, fibroblasts and a broad range of immune cells. Here, we report that the ChP base region harbors unique fibroblasts that cluster together, are connected by tight junctions and seal the ChP stroma from brain and CSF, thereby forming ChP base barrier cells (ChP BBCs). ChP BBCs are derived from meningeal mesenchymal precursors, arrive early during embryonic development, are maintained throughout life and are conserved across species. Moreover, we provide transcriptional profiles and key markers to label ChP BBCs and observe a striking transcriptional similarity with meningeal arachnoid barrier cells (ABCs). Finally, we provide evidence that this fibroblast cluster functions as a barrier to control communication between CSF and the ChP stroma and between the latter and the brain parenchyma. Moreover, loss of barrier function was observed during an inflammatory insult. Altogether, we have identified a novel barrier that provides functional compartmentalization of ChP, brain and CSF.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=146 SRC="FIGDIR/small/601696v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (47K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@181e787org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1875f33org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7b2bcdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@78baa6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG Newly discovered base barrier cells provide compartmentalization of choroid plexus, brain and CSF

The choroid plexus (ChP) hangs in the brain ventricles and is composed of an epithelial cell layer which produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. The ChP epithelial cells are continuous with the ependymal cells lining the ventricle wall. At this base region, we identified and characterized a novel subtype of fibroblasts coined the ChP base barrier cells (BBCs). ChP BBCs express tight junctions (TJs), cluster together and seal the ChP stroma from CSF and brain parenchyma. The subarachnoid space (SAS) CSF penetrates deep into choroid plexus invaginations where it is halted by ChP BBCs.

Abbreviations: E9-16.5 (embryonic day 9-16.5); P1-4 (postnatal day 1-4).

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verhaege, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Nolf, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castelein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claeys, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wonterghem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Imschoot, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dujardin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Spiegelaere, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoste, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lidov, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hamme, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borghgraef, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtinen, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegenthaler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Hoecke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenbroucke, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.601696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Newly discovered base barrier cells provide compartmentalization of choroid plexus, brain and CSF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.601940v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Mapping of Polyclonal IgG Responses to HA After Influenza Virus Vaccination or Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.601940v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular and molecular characterization of immune responses elicited by influenza virus infection and seasonal vaccination have informed efforts to improve vaccine efficacy, breadth, and longevity. Here, we use negative stain electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping (nsEMPEM) to structurally characterize the humoral IgG antibody responses to hemagglutinin (HA) from human patients vaccinated with a seasonal quadrivalent flu vaccine or infected with influenza A viruses. Our data show that both vaccinated and infected patients had humoral IgGs targeting highly conserved regions on both H1 and H3 subtype HAs, including the stem and anchor, which are targets for universal influenza vaccine design. Responses against H1 predominantly targeted the central stem epitope in infected patients and vaccinated donors, whereas head epitopes were more prominently targeted on H3. Responses against H3 were less abundant, but a greater diversity of H3 epitopes were targeted relative to H1. While our analysis is limited by sample size, on average, vaccinated donors responded to a greater diversity of epitopes on both H1 and H3 than infected patients. These data establish a baseline for assessing polyclonal antibody responses in vaccination and infection, providing context for future vaccine trials and emphasizing the importance of carefully designing vaccines to boost protective responses towards conserved epitopes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leon, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torrents de la Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creech, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoder, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mudd, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.601940</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Mapping of Polyclonal IgG Responses to HA After Influenza Virus Vaccination or Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell profiling to determine influence of wheeze and early-life viral infection on developmental programming of airway epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWAlthough childhood asthma is in part an airway epithelial disorder, the development of the airway epithelium in asthma is not understood. We sought to characterize airway epithelial developmental phenotypes in those with and without recurrent wheeze and the impact of infant infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Nasal airway epithelial cells (NAECs) were collected at age 2-3 years from an a priori designed nested birth cohort of children from four mutually exclusive groups of wheezers/non-wheezers and RSV-infected/uninfected in the first year of life. NAECs were cultured in air-liquid interface differentiation conditions followed by a combined analysis of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and in vitro infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). NAECs from children with a wheeze phenotype were characterized by abnormal differentiation and basal cell activation of developmental pathways, plasticity in precursor differentiation and a delayed onset of maturation. NAECs from children with wheeze also had increased diversity of currently known RSV receptors and blunted anti-viral immune responses to in vitro infection. The most dramatic changes in differentiation of cultured epithelium were observed in NAECs derived from children that had both wheeze and RSV in the first year of life. Together this suggests that airway epithelium in children with wheeze is developmentally reprogrammed and characterized by increased barrier permeability, decreased antiviral response, and increased RSV receptors, which may predispose to and amplify the effects of RSV infection in infancy and susceptibility to other asthma risk factors that interact with the airway mucosa.

SUMMARYNasal airway epithelial cells from children with wheeze are characterized by altered development and increased susceptibility to RSV infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berdnikovs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKernan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehnle, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haruna, N.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebretsadik, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKennan, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cephus, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosas-Salazar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gern, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell profiling to determine influence of wheeze and early-life viral infection on developmental programming of airway epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis and Mecr Regulate CD4+ T Cell Function and Oxidative Metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.08.602554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummaryWe show that the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis gene Mecr shapes CD4+ T cell metabolism and function. It may be targeted in inflammatory diseases and provides rationale to consider the immunological state of patients with mitochondrial disease.

Lipid metabolism is fundamental to CD4+ T cell metabolism yet remains poorly understood across subsets. Therefore, we performed targeted in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 screens to identify lipid-associated genes essential for T cell subset functions. These screens established mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) genes Mecr, Mcat and Oxsm as highly impactful. Of these, the inborn error of metabolism gene Mecr was most dynamically regulated. Effector and memory T cells were reduced in Mecrfl/fl; Cd4cre mice, and MECR was required for activated CD4+ T cells to efficiently proliferate, differentiate, and survive. Mecr-deficient T cells also had decreased mitochondrial respiration, reduced TCA intermediates, and accumulated intracellular iron, which contributed to cell death and sensitivity to ferroptosis. Importantly, Mecr-deficient T cells exhibited fitness disadvantages in inflammatory, tumor, and infection models. mtFAS and MECR thus play important roles in activated T cells and may provide targets to modulate immune functions in inflammatory diseases. The immunological state of MECR- and mtFAS-deficient patients may also be compromised.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steiner, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatem, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heintzman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugiura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okparaugo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fallman, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis and Mecr Regulate CD4+ T Cell Function and Oxidative Metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VARP binds SNX27 to promote endosomal supercomplex formation on membranes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.11.603126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple essential membrane trafficking pathways converge at endosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis by sorting critical transmembrane cargo proteins to the plasma membrane or the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The Retromer heterotrimer (VPS26/VPS35/VPS29 subunits) binds multiple sorting nexin (SNX) proteins on endosomal membranes, but molecular mechanisms regarding formation and regulation of metazoan SNX/Retromer complexes have been elusive. Here, we combine biochemical and biophysical approaches with AlphaFold2 Multimer modeling to identify a direct interaction between the VARP N-terminus and SNX27 PDZ domain. VARP and SNX27 interact with high nanomolar affinity using the binding pocket established for PDZ binding motif (PDZbm) cargo. Specific point mutations in VARP abrogate the interaction in vitro. We further establish a full biochemical reconstitution system using purified mammalian proteins to directly and systematically test whether multiple endosomal coat complexes are recruited to membranes to generate tubules. We successfully use purified coat components to demonstrate which combinations of Retromer with SNX27, ESCPE-1 (SNX2/SNX6), or both complexes can remodel membranes containing physiological cargo motifs and phospholipid composition. SNX27, alone and with Retromer, induces tubule formation in the presence of PI(3)P and PDZ cargo motifs. ESCPE-1 deforms membranes enriched with Folch I and CI-MPR cargo motifs, but surprisingly does not recruit Retromer. Finally, we find VARP is required to reconstitute a proposed endosomal "supercomplex" containing SNX27, ESCPE-1, and Retromer on PI(3)P-enriched membranes. These data suggest VARP functions as a key regulator in metazoans to promote cargo sorting out of endosomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandra, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.11.603126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VARP binds SNX27 to promote endosomal supercomplex formation on membranes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CACHE Challenge #1: targeting the WDR domain of LRRK2, a Parkinson's Disease associated protein. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.18.603797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The CACHE challenges are a series of prospective benchmarking exercises meant to evaluate progress in the field of computational hit-finding. Here we report the results of the inaugural CACHE #1 challenge in which 23 computational teams each selected up to 100 commercially available compounds that they predicted would bind to the WDR domain of the Parkinsons disease target LRRK2, a domain with no known ligand and only an apo structure in the PDB. The lack of known binding data and presumably low druggability of the target is a challenge to computational hit finding methods. Seventy-three of the 1955 procured molecules bound LRRK2 in an SPR assay with KD lower than 150 M and were advanced to a hit expansion phase where computational teams each selected up to 50 analogs each. Binding was observed in two orthogonal assays with affinities ranging from 18 to 140 M for seven chemically diverse series. The seven successful computational workflows varied in their screening strategies and techniques. Three used molecular dynamics to produce a conformational ensemble of the targeted site, three included a fragment docking step, three implemented a generative design strategy and five used one or more deep learning steps. CACHE #1 reflects a highly exploratory phase in computational drug design where participants sometimes adopted strikingly diverging screening strategies. Machine-learning accelerated methods achieved similar results to brute force (e.g. exhaustive) docking. First-in-class, experimentally confirmed compounds were rare and weakly potent, indicating that recent advances are not sufficient to effectively address challenging targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ackloo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrowsmith, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barden, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beranek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berenger, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolotokova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bret, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breznik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carosati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chau, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherkasov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Della Corte, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denzinger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edfeldt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eguida, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eisenhuth, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuerll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardiner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentile, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghiabi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glavatskikh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgulla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenther, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunnarsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guseve, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutkin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillisch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irwin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isayev, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarrett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kireev, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klebe</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.18.603797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CACHE Challenge #1: targeting the WDR domain of LRRK2, a Parkinson's Disease associated protein.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604139v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.20.604139v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Filopodia are dynamic adhesive cytoskeletal structures that are critical for directional sensing, polarization, cell-cell adhesion, and migration of diverse cell types. Filopodia are also critical for neuronal synapse formation. While dynamic rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is known to be critical for filopodia biogenesis, little is known about the upstream extracellular signals. Here, we identify secreted exosomes as potent regulators of filopodia formation. Inhibition of exosome secretion inhibited the formation and stabilization of filopodia in both cancer cells and neurons and inhibited subsequent synapse formation by neurons. Rescue experiments with purified small and large extracellular vesicles (EVs) identified exosome-enriched small EVs (SEVs) as having potent filopodia-inducing activity. Proteomic analyses of cancer cell-derived SEVs identified the TGF-{beta} family coreceptor endoglin as a key SEV-enriched cargo that regulates filopodia. Cancer cell endoglin levels also affected filopodia-dependent behaviors, including metastasis of cancer cells in chick embryos and 3D migration in collagen gels. As neurons do not express endoglin, we performed a second proteomics experiment to identify SEV cargoes regulated by endoglin that might promote filopodia in both cell types. We discovered a single SEV cargo that was altered in endoglin-KD cancer SEVs, the transmembrane protein Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 7A (THSD7A). We further found that both cancer cell and neuronal SEVs carry THSD7A and that add-back of purified THSD7A is sufficient to rescue filopodia defects of both endoglin-KD cancer cells and exosome-inhibited neurons. We also find that THSD7A induces filopodia formation through activation of the Rho GTPase, Cdc42. These findings suggest a new model for filopodia formation, triggered by exosomes carrying THSD7A.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAtee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoshino, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Lersner, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zijlstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.20.604139</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Secreted exosomes induce filopodia formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A tethering mechanism underlies Pin1-catalyzed proline cis-trans isomerization at a noncanonical site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.19.604348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The prolyl isomerase Pin1 catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline peptide bonds, a noncovalent post-translational modification that influences cellular and molecular processes, including protein-protein interactions. Pin1 is a two-domain enzyme containing a WW domain that recognizes phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline (pS/pT-P) canonical motifs and an enzymatic PPIase domain that catalyzes proline cis-trans isomerization of pS/pT-P motifs. Here, we show that Pin1 uses a tethering mechanism to bind and catalyze proline cis-trans isomerization of a noncanonical motif in the disordered N-terminal activation function-1 (AF-1) domain of the human nuclear receptor PPAR{gamma}. NMR reveals multiple Pin1 binding regions within the PPAR{gamma} AF-1, including a canonical motif (pS112-P113) that when phosphorylated by the kinase ERK2 binds the Pin1 WW domain with high affinity. NMR methods reveal that Pin1 also binds and accelerates cis-trans isomerization of a noncanonical motif containing a tryptophan-proline motif (W39-P40) previously shown to be involved in an interdomain interaction with the C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPAR{gamma}. Cellular transcription studies combined with mutagenesis and Pin1 inhibitor treatment reveal a functional role for Pin1-mediated acceleration of cis-trans isomerization of the PPAR{gamma} W39-P40 motif. Our data inform a refined model of the Pin1 catalytic mechanism where the WW domain can bind a canonical pS/T-P motif and tether Pin1 to a target, which enables the PPIase domain to exert catalytic cis-trans isomerization at a distal noncanonical site.

SIGNIFICANCEPin1 is a multidomain prolyl isomerase enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of proline peptide bonds, which naturally occur in cis and trans conformations that exchange on a timescale of seconds to minutes, allowing for switch-like effects on target protein structure and function. Previous mechanistic studies using small peptides derived from target substrates revealed Pin1 specifically binds to and displays enzymatic catalysis specificity for substrates containing a phosphorylated serine or threonine followed by a proline (pS/pT-P). Using a large substrate domain from the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR{gamma}), we found that Pin1-catalyzed isomerization can occur at a noncanonical proline distal to a canonical pS/pT-P binding site. Our findings expand the understanding of Pin1-catalyzed enzymatic activities and target substrate functions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuck, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Tello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojetin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.19.604348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A tethering mechanism underlies Pin1-catalyzed proline cis-trans isomerization at a noncanonical site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent expansions of keystone gene families drive metabolic innovation in a major eukaryotic clade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many remarkable innovations have repeatedly occurred across vast evolutionary distances. When convergent traits emerge on the tree of life, they are sometimes driven by the same underlying gene families, while other times many different gene families are involved. Conversely, a gene family may be repeatedly recruited for a single trait or many different traits. To understand the general rules governing convergence at both genomic and phenotypic levels, we systematically tested associations between 56 binary metabolic traits and gene count in 14,710 gene families from 993 species of Saccharomycotina yeasts. Using a recently developed phylogenetic approach that reduces spurious correlations, we discovered that gene family expansion and contraction was significantly linked to trait gain and loss in 45/56 (80%) of traits. While 601/746 (81%) of significant gene families were associated with only one trait, we also identified several  keystone gene families that were significantly associated with up to 13/56 (23%) of all traits. These results indicate that metabolic innovations in yeasts are governed by a narrow set of major genetic elements and mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>David, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraiber, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crandall, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent expansions of keystone gene families drive metabolic innovation in a major eukaryotic clade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specialization restricts the evolutionary paths available to yeast sugar transporters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional innovation at the protein level is a key source of evolutionary novelties. The constraints on functional innovations are likely to be highly specific in different proteins, which are shaped by their unique histories and the extent of global epistasis that arises from their structures and biochemistries. These contextual nuances in the sequence-function relationship have implications both for a basic understanding of the evolutionary process and for engineering proteins with desirable properties. Here, we have investigated the molecular basis of novel function in a model member of an ancient, conserved, and biotechnologically relevant protein family. These Major Facilitator Superfamily sugar porters are a functionally diverse group of proteins that are thought to be highly plastic and evolvable. By dissecting a recent evolutionary innovation in an -glucoside transporter from the yeast Saccharomyces eubayanus, we show that the ability to transport a novel substrate requires high-order interactions between many protein regions and numerous specific residues proximal to the transport channel. To reconcile the functional diversity of this family with the constrained evolution of this model protein, we generated new, state-of-the-art genome annotations for 332 Saccharomycotina yeast species spanning approximately 400 million years of evolution. By integrating phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses across these species, we show that the model yeast -glucoside transporters likely evolved from a multifunctional ancestor and became subfunctionalized. The accumulation of additive and epistatic substitutions likely entrenched this subfunction, which made the simultaneous acquisition of multiple interacting substitutions the only reasonably accessible path to novelty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crandall, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specialization restricts the evolutionary paths available to yeast sugar transporters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.600647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Th2 cell extracellular vesicles promote eosinophil survival through the cytokine cargo IL-3 and prolong airway eosinophilia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.600647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication during immune responses. EVs are abundant in respiratory biofluids, and the composition of EVs in the lung changes during inflammation.

ObjectiveWe aimed to quantify the contribution of T cells to airway EVs in allergic lung inflammation and ascertain their function during a type 2 inflammatory response.

MethodsGenetic membrane tagging was combined with single vesicle flow cytometry to quantify T cell EVs in the airways of mice challenged with ovalbumin or house dust mite. EVs were purified from T helper type 2 (Th2) cell cultures and their functions on eosinophils assessed by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Th2 cell EVs were instilled into the lungs of mice to determine effects on lung eosinophilia. Finally, the function of an EV protein cargo was tested using inhibitors and blocking antibodies.

ResultsT cell EVs are increased in the airways of mice with induced allergic inflammation. EVs secreted by Th2 cells inhibit apoptosis and induce activating pathways in eosinophils in vitro. This effect depends on re-stimulation through the T cell receptor. Th2 cell EVs prolong eosinophilia in vivo during allergic airway inflammation. Th2 cell EVs carry a potent form of the cytokine IL-3 on their surfaces, which inhibits apoptosis by activating Jak1/2-dependent pro-survival programs in eosinophils.

ConclusionTh2 cell EVs promote eosinophil survival and prolong eosinophilia during allergic airway inflammation. This function depends on the EV cargo IL-3, supporting a role for EVs as vehicles of cytokine-based communication in lung inflammation.

Key MessagesO_LIT cells secrete extracellular vesicles in the airway during allergic lung inflammation.
C_LIO_LITh2 cell extracellular vesicles inhibit eosinophil apoptosis and prolong airway eosinophilia during allergic lung inflammation.
C_LIO_LIIL-3 carried on Th2 cell EVs is a functional cargo, supporting a role for cytokine-carrying EVs as drivers of type 2 inflammation.
C_LI

Capsule summaryThis study supports that T cell extracellular vesicles may be important drivers of eosinophilic inflammation through the cytokine cargo IL-3, offering new insights into pro-inflammatory signaling in the allergic lung of patients with asthma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bunn, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giese-Byrne, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.600647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Th2 cell extracellular vesicles promote eosinophil survival through the cytokine cargo IL-3 and prolong airway eosinophilia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic ADNI CSF and plasma data integration identifies distinct metabolic transitions in disease progression in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age and APOE genotype are the strongest known risk factors for late-onset Alzheimers disease (AD), but the mechanisms linking them to neuronal loss remain incompletely defined. Using multiomic data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we propose a unified hypothesis in which two interdependent failure modes--saturation of microglial lipid flux capacity and disruption of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) due to excess astrocytic membrane cholesterol--drive disease progression upstream of amyloid and tau pathology. Stratifying participants by cognitive score quartiles, we find consistent associations linking impaired lipid clearance, metabolic stress, and genetic variants regulating cholesterol handling. These processes appear to reinforce each other, resulting in accelerating neurodegeneration. Our hypothesis reframes AD as a systems-level collapse in metabolic coordination, rather than a purely linear pathological cascade. These insights emerged during the development of digital twin models for personalized interventions, highlighting the power of systems approaches to reveal hidden drivers of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paterson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrs, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levey, A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic ADNI CSF and plasma data integration identifies distinct metabolic transitions in disease progression in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605401v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SGLT2 inhibitors activate pantothenate kinase in the human heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605401v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inhibitors of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2i) demonstrate strong symptomatic and mortality benefits in the treatment of heart failure but appear to do so independently of SGLT2. The relevant pharmacologic target of SGLT2i remains unclear. We show here that SGLT2i directly activate pantothenate kinase 1 (PANK1), the rate-limiting enzyme that initiates the conversion of pantothenate (vitamin B5) to coenzyme-A (CoA), an obligate co-factor for all major pathways of fuel use in the heart. Using stable-isotope infusion studies, we show that SGLT2i promote pantothenate consumption, activate CoA synthesis, rescue decreased levels of CoA in human failing hearts, and broadly stimulate fuel use in ex vivo perfused human cardiac blocks from patients with heart failure. Furthermore, we show that SGLT2i bind to PANK1 directly at physiological concentrations and promote PANK1 enzymatic activity in assays with purified components. Novel in silico dynamic modeling identified the site of SGLT2i binding on PANK1 and indicated a mechanism of activation involving prevention of allosteric inhibition of PANK1 by acyl-CoA species. Finally, we show that inhibition of PANK1 prevents SGLT2i-mediated increased contractility of isolated adult human cardiomyocytes. In summary, we demonstrate robust and specific off-target activation of PANK1 by SGLT2i, promoting CoA synthesis and efficient fuel use in human hearts, providing a likely explanation for the remarkable clinical benefits of SGLT2i.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Forelli, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eaton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakami, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuzetsnov, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megill, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kantner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arany, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605401</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SGLT2 inhibitors activate pantothenate kinase in the human heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Abnormal multisensory facilitation patterns relate to disorganized thinking severity and cognitive decline in schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.26.605377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Past research has demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia (SP) have visual processing and multisensory integration deficits. Additional studies report that sensory abnormalities are related to positive symptoms. To further understand how multisensory abnormalities relate to positive symptoms, we administered a multisensory integration task requiring the evaluation of perceived distance from auditory, visual, and multisensory stimuli with varying synchrony as well as clinical and neurocognitive assessments. Overall, patients had greater facilitation than healthy controls and the near synchronous condition had the most facilitation in comparison to other conditions. To further examine how multisensory facilitation relates to symptom severity, we performed a Ward cluster analysis that grouped participants by their multisensory facilitation profile. In contrast to what was expected, none of the Ward clusters were populated by a single group. Patients in cluster 3 had a significantly greater disorganization factor score than those in cluster 1. Our in-depth comparison between Ward clusters and neuropsychological tests reveal patients with greater multisensory facilitation experience the most cognitive deficits. Overall, our results demonstrate that multisensory integration is related to behavioral and cognitive deficits in complex ways. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between multisensory integration and schizophrenia symptomology.

HighlightsO_LIPatients with schizophrenia have greater multisensory facilitation in perceived synchronous conditions
C_LIO_LIMultisensory facilitation patterns are heterogenous across patients with Schizophrenia.
C_LIO_LIDifferent multisensory patterns relate to cognitive decline and disorganized thinking in Schizophrenia.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rogge-Obando, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.26.605377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Abnormal multisensory facilitation patterns relate to disorganized thinking severity and cognitive decline in schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA damage response signatures are associated with frontline chemotherapy response and routes of tumor evolution in extensive stage small cell lung cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.29.605595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionA hallmark of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is its recalcitrance to therapy. While most SCLCs respond to frontline therapy, resistance inevitably develops. Identifying phenotypes potentiating chemoresistance and immune evasion is a crucial unmet need. Previous reports have linked upregulation of the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery to chemoresistance and immune evasion across cancers. However, it is unknown if SCLCs exhibit distinct DDR phenotypes.

MethodsTo study SCLC DDR phenotypes, we developed a new DDR gene analysis method and applied it to SCLC clinical samples, in vitro, and in vivo model systems. We then investigated how DDR regulation is associated with SCLC biology, chemotherapy response, and tumor evolution following therapy.

ResultsUsing multi-omic profiling, we demonstrate that SCLC tumors cluster into three DDR phenotypes with unique molecular features. Hallmarks of these DDR clusters include differential expression of DNA repair genes, increased replication stress, and heightened G2/M cell cycle arrest. SCLCs with elevated DDR phenotypes exhibit increased neuroendocrine features and decreased "inflamed" biomarkers, both within and across SCLC subtypes. Treatment naive DDR status identified SCLC patients with different responses to frontline chemotherapy. Tumors with initial DDR Intermediate and DDR High phenotypes demonstrated greater tendency for subtype switching and emergence of heterogeneous phenotypes following treatment.

ConclusionsWe establish that SCLC can be classified into one of three distinct, clinically relevant DDR clusters. Our data demonstrates that DDR status plays a key role in shaping SCLC phenotypes, chemotherapy response, and patterns of tumor evolution. Future work targeting DDR specific phenotypes will be instrumental in improving patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morris, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heeke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rocha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriola, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Concannon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramkumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardnell, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quaranta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heymach, J. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabet, B. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shames, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gay, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byers, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.29.605595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA damage response signatures are associated with frontline chemotherapy response and routes of tumor evolution in extensive stage small cell lung cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605768v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passive infusion of an S2-Stem broadly neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection and lower airway inflammation in rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.30.605768v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of subverting vaccine and infection-induced immunity suggests the advantage of a broadly protective vaccine against betacoronaviruses ({beta}-CoVs). Recent studies have isolated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from SARS-CoV-2 recovered-vaccinated donors capable of neutralizing many variants of SARS-CoV-2 and other {beta}-CoVs. Many of these mAbs target the conserved S2 stem region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, rather the receptor binding domain contained within S1 primarily targeted by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. One of these S2-directed mAbs, CC40.8, has demonstrated protective efficacy in small animal models against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. As the next step in the pre-clinical testing of S2-directed antibodies as a strategy to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of CC40.8 in a clinically relevant non-human primate model by conducting passive antibody transfer to rhesus macaques (RM) followed by SARS-CoV-2 challenge. CC40.8 mAb was intravenously infused at 10mg/kg, 1mg/kg, or 0.1 mg/kg into groups (n=6) of RM, alongside one group that received a control antibody (PGT121). Viral loads in the lower airway were significantly reduced in animals receiving higher doses of CC40.8. We observed a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines and macrophages within the lower airway of animals infused with 10mg/kg and 1mg/kg doses of CC40.8. Viral genome sequencing demonstrated a lack of escape mutations in the CC40.8 epitope. Collectively, these data demonstrate the protective efficiency of broadly neutralizing S2-targeting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection within the lower airway while providing critical preclinical work necessary for the development of pan-{beta}-CoV vaccines.

AUTHOR SUMMARYIn this study, we explore the development of a broadly protective vaccine against betacoronaviruses ({beta}-CoVs), including SARS-CoV-2. We focused on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from individuals who recovered-vaccinated donors capable of neutralizing many variants of SARS-CoV-2 and other {beta}-CoVs. Unlike current vaccines that target the S1 region of the virus, these mAbs target a highly conserved S2 region of the spike protein. One antibody, CC40.8, showed promising results in small animal models. To further test its effectiveness, we infused CC40.8 into rhesus macaques at different doses and then challenged them with SARS-CoV-2. We found that higher doses of CC40.8 significantly reduced viral loads and inflammation in the lower airway. Additionally, there were no escape mutations in the targeted region, suggesting that the virus could not easily evade the antibody. Our findings highlight the potential of S2-targeting antibodies to protect against SARS-CoV-2 and support the development of vaccines that can broadly protect against various {beta}-CoVs.

Conflicting InterestsRA, TFR, and DRB are listed as inventors on pending patent applications describing the SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-HKU1 S cross-reactive antibodies. DRB and RA are listed as inventors on a pending patent application describing the S2 stem epitope immunogens identified in this study. DRB is a consultant for IAVI. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARYPan-beta-coronavirus neutralizing mAb CC40.8 reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and inflammation within the lower airway of infected rhesus macaques and provides pre-clinical support for S2-directed immunization strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bosinger, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunakaran, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beutler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gagne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aoued, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pellegrini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honeycutt, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bombin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheuermann, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehnert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curran, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dessasau, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paiardini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maness, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douek, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piantadosi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrabi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605768</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passive infusion of an S2-Stem broadly neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection and lower airway inflammation in rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the ability of ChatGPT to extract natural product bioactivity and biosynthesis data from publications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural products are an excellent source of therapeutics and are often discovered through the process of genome mining, where genomes are analyzed by bioinformatic tools to determine if they have the biosynthetic capacity to produce novel or active compounds. Recently, several tools have been reported for predicting natural product bioactivities from the sequence of the biosynthetic gene clusters that produce them. These tools have the potential to accelerate the rate of natural product drug discovery by enabling the prioritization of novel biosynthetic gene clusters that are more likely to produce compounds with therapeutically relevant bioactivities. However, these tools are severely limited by a lack of training data, specifically data pairing biosynthetic gene clusters with activity labels for their products. There are many reports of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters and bioactivities in the literature that are not included in existing databases. Manual curation of these data is time consuming and inefficient. Recent developments in large language models and the chatbot interfaces built on top of them have enabled automatic data extraction from text, including scientific publications. We investigated how accurate ChatGPT is at extracting the necessary data for training models that predict natural product activity from biosynthetic gene clusters. We found that ChatGPT did well at determining if a paper described discovery of a natural product and extracting information about the products bioactivity. ChatGPT did not perform as well at extracting accession numbers for the biosynthetic gene cluster or producers genome although using an altered prompt improved accuracy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalmer, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ancajas, C. M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyedele, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.01.606186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the ability of ChatGPT to extract natural product bioactivity and biosynthesis data from publications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607566v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microglia are Required for Developmental Specification of AgRP Innervation in the Hypothalamus of Offspring Exposed to Maternal High Fat Diet During Lactation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607566v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus respond to multiple metabolic signals and distribute neuroendocrine information to other brain regions such as the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), which plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis. Neural projections from AgRP neurons to the PVH form during the postnatal lactational period in mice and these projections are reduced in offspring of dams that consumed a high-fat diet (HFD) during lactation (MHFD-L). Here we used immunohistochemistry to visualize microglial morphology in MHFD-L offspring and identified changes that were regionally localized to the PVH and appeared temporally restricted to the period when AgRP neurons innervate this region. In addition, axon labeling experiments revealed that microglia engulf AgRP terminals in the PVH, and that the density of AgRP innervation to the PVH in MHFD-L offspring may be dependent on microglia, because microglial depletion blocked the decrease in PVH AgRP innervation observed in MHFD-L offspring, as well as prevented the increased body weight exhibited at weaning. Together, these findings suggest that microglia are activated by exposure to MHFD-L and interact directly with AgRP axons during postnatal development to permanently alter innervation of the PVH, with implications for developmental programming of metabolic phenotype.

Impact StatementMicroglia appear to play an essential role in specifying patterns of hypothalamic innervation during development in response to maternal HFD exposure, which may contribute to developmental programming of metabolic phenotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Romero, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedenbaugh, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simerly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607566</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microglia are Required for Developmental Specification of AgRP Innervation in the Hypothalamus of Offspring Exposed to Maternal High Fat Diet During Lactation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates the formation of specialized ribosomes during high salt stress in yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rps26-deficient ribosomes are a physiologically relevant ribosome population which arises during osmotic stress to support the translation of mRNAs involved in the response to high salt in yeast. They are formed by binding of the chaperone Tsr2 to fully assembled ribosomes to release Rps26 when intracellular Na+ concentrations rise. Tsr2-mediated Rps26 release is reversible, enabling a rapid response that conserves ribosomes. However, because the concentration of Tsr2 relative to ribosomes is low, how the released Rps26*Tsr2 complex is managed to allow for accumulation of Rps26-deficient ribosomes to nearly 50% of all ribosomes remains unclear. Here we show that released Rps26 is degraded via the Pro/N-degron pathway, enabling the accumulation of Rps26-deficient ribosomes. Substitution of the N-terminal proline of Rps26 to serine increases the stability of free Rps26, limits the accumulation of Rps26-deficient ribosomes and renders yeast sensitive to high salt. The GID-complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its adaptor Gid4, mediate polyubiquitination of Rps26 at Lys66 and Lys70. Moreover, this ubiquitination event is required for Rps26 degradation, the accumulation of Rps26-deficient ribosomes and the high salt stress resistance. Together, the data show that targeted degradation of released Rps26 from the Rps26*Tsr2 complex allows Tsr2 to be recycled, thus facilitating multiple rounds of Rps26 release.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karbstein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates the formation of specialized ribosomes during high salt stress in yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607999v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extracellular Vesicles heterogeneity through the lens of multiomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.14.607999v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous in size, biogenesis, cargo and function. Beside small EVs, aggressive tumor cells release a population of particularly large EVs, namely large oncosomes (LO). This study provides the first resource of label-free quantitative proteomics of LO and small EVs obtained from distinct cancer cell types (prostate, breast, and glioma). This dataset was integrated with a SWATH Proteomic assay on LO, rigorously isolated from the plasma of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PC). Proteins enriched in LO, which were identified also at the RNA level, and found in plasma LO significantly correlated with PC progression. Single EV RNA-Seq of the PC cell-derived LO confirmed some of the main findings from the bulk RNA-Seq, providing first evidence that single cell technologies can be successfully applied to EVs. This multiomics resource of cancer EVs can be leveraged for developing a multi-analyte approach for liquid biopsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silva, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchins, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciani, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariscal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galasso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freeman, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eyk, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posadas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guarnerio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thery, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zijlstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>You, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Demichelis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutros, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Keuren-Jensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Vizio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.14.607999</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extracellular Vesicles heterogeneity through the lens of multiomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Influenza A virus within-host evolution and positive selection in a densely sampled household cohort over three seasons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.15.608152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While influenza A virus (IAV) antigenic drift has been documented globally, in experimental animal infections, and in immunocompromised hosts, positive selection has generally not been detected in acute infections. This is likely due to challenges in distinguishing selected rare mutations from sequencing error, a reliance on cross-sectional sampling, and/or the lack of formal tests of selection for individual sites. Here, we sequenced IAV populations from 346 serial, daily nasal swabs from 143 individuals collected over three influenza seasons in a household cohort. Viruses were sequenced in duplicate, and intrahost single nucleotide variants (iSNV) were identified at a 0.5% frequency threshold. Within-host populations were subject to purifying selection with >75% mutations present at <2% frequency. Children (0-5 years) had marginally higher within-host evolutionary rates than adolescents (6-18 years) and adults (>18 years, 4.4x10-6 vs. 9.42x10-7 and 3.45x10-6, p <0.001). Forty-five iSNV had evidence of parallel evolution, but were not overrepresented in HA and NA. Several increased from minority to consensus level, with strong linkage among iSNV across segments. A Wright Fisher Approximate Bayesian Computational model identified positive selection at 23/256 loci (9%) in A(H3N2) specimens and 19/176 loci (11%) in A(H1N1)pdm09 specimens, and these were infrequently found in circulation. Overall, we found that within-host IAV populations were subject to purifying selection and genetic drift, with only subtle differences across seasons, subtypes, and age strata. Positive selection was rare and inconsistently detected.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendall, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grijalva, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Influenza A virus within-host evolution and positive selection in a densely sampled household cohort over three seasons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.607045v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial β1 Integrins are Necessary for Microvascular Function and Glucose Uptake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.18.607045v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microvascular insulin delivery to myocytes is rate limiting for the onset of insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. The structural integrity of capillaries of the microvasculature is regulated, in part, by a family of transmembrane adhesion receptors known as integrins, which are composed of an  and {beta} subunit. The integrin {beta}1 (itg{beta}1) subunit is highly expressed in endothelial cells (EC). EC itg{beta}1 is necessary for the formation of capillary networks during embryonic during development and its knockdown in adult mice blunts the reactive hyperemia that manifests during ischemia reperfusion. In this study we investigated the contribution of skeletal muscle EC itg{beta}1 in microcirculatory function and glucose uptake. We hypothesized that loss of EC itg{beta}1 would impair microvascular hemodynamics and glucose uptake during insulin stimulation, creating  delivery-mediated insulin resistance. An itg{beta}1 knockdown mouse model was developed to avoid lethality of embryonic gene knockout and the deteriorating health resulting from early post-natal inducible gene deletion. We found that mice with (itg{beta}1fl/flSCLcre) and without (itg{beta}1fl/fl) inducible stem cell leukemia cre recombinase (SLCcre) expression at 10 days post cre induction have comparable exercise tolerance and pulmonary and cardiac functions. We quantified microcirculatory hemodynamics using intravital microscopy and the ability of mice to respond to the high metabolic demands of insulin-stimulated muscle using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemia clamp. We show that itg{beta}1fl/flSCLcre mice compared to itg{beta}1fl/fl littermates have, i) deficits in capillary flow rate, flow heterogeneity, and capillary density; ii) impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake despite sufficient transcapillary insulin efflux; and iii) reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake due to perfusion-limited glucose delivery. Thus, EC itg{beta}1 is necessary for microcirculatory function and to meet the metabolic challenge of insulin stimulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roby, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McClatchey, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedenbaugh, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plosa, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.18.607045</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial β1 Integrins are Necessary for Microvascular Function and Glucose Uptake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Natural History of Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac Stress Response in Young Dogs with Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and genetically homologous golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) are X-linked conditions causing progressive muscle wasting and cardiomyopathy. We previously defined a DMD-like dilated cardiomyopathy in adult GRMD dogs. The goal of this study was to extend our work and characterize the early natural history and cardiac stress response in young GRMD dogs.

MethodsAge-matched GRMD (N=7), carrier (N=10), and normal (N=8) littermates at 3, 6, and 12 months of age were prospectively enrolled. Electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were assessed. To identify early evidence of cardiomyopathy, we conducted a dobutamine stress test in a subset of 17 GRMD and 6 normal dogs. Systolic functions were assessed during dobutamine infusion at 2 months of age, with follow ups (4 GRMD vs. 6 normal) at 4.5 and 6 months.

ResultsHeart rate and ECG Q/R ratios were greater in GRMD dogs at 12 months, and PR interval was shortened at [&ge;]6 months. There were no differences of echocardiographic systolic function nor circumferential strain in GRMD dogs. CMR left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass were smaller in GRMD dogs [&ge;]6 months, but LGE and T1 mapping did not differ. A diminished inotropic response was seen in GRMD dogs during stress test at 2 months, but not at 4.5 and 6 months.

ConclusionsWe demonstrated GRMD dogs had a blunted inotropic response at 2 months, and ECG changes and reduced heart sizes [&ge;]6 months. This study substantiated GRMD as a valid animal model for early DMD cardiomyopathy.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat Is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIThis study demonstrates the early natural history of the dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy in GRMD model, with early ECG changes and higher heart rate, reduced cardiac chamber sizes, and disproportionally reduced myocardial mass. While with phenotypic variations, imaging markers from ECG, echocardiography, and CMR differentiated the GRMD dogs as early as 6 months of age.
C_LIO_LISystolic function was preserved and no clear evidence of myocardial fibrosis was identified during the subclinical stage of GRMD cardiomyopathy. No cardiac abnormalities were seen in GRMD carriers over the first year of age, aligning with the late-onset cardiomyopathy to carriers.
C_LIO_LIA dobutamine stress protocol was established whereby dosages as low as 5 or 10 {micro}g/kg/min intravenous infusion can be used to early differentiate GRMD dogs at 2 months of age. A blunted inotropic response and increased cardiac troponin I to the stress test were found in young GRMD dogs.
C_LI

What Are the Clinical Implications?O_LIThis study documented the early natural history of GRMD cardiomyopathy, providing a comprehensive dataset and identifying many cardiac imaging markers for preclinical research use. The study further demonstrates the young GRMD dog is a valid animal model for early investigations of DMD cardiac disease.
C_LIO_LIThe dobutamine stress test and the blunted inotropic response, shown by the changes of fractional shortening ({Delta}FS) and ejection fraction ({Delta}EF), provide subclinical markers to detect early cardiomyopathy in very young GRMD dogs.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nghiem, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettis, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soslow, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spurney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kornegay, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.19.608721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Natural History of Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac Stress Response in Young Dogs with Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609260v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human melanoma cell lines that possess wild-type BRAF alleles but are dependent on ERBB4 and ERBB2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609260v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastatic skin cutaneous melanomas that contain wild-type BRAF alleles typically possess an activating mutation in a RAS allele or a loss-of-function mutation in an NF1 allele ("BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1-mutant melanomas"). Nonetheless, these tumors remain a significant clinical challenge; they are resistant to MEK and BRAF inhibitors, their response to immune checkpoint inhibitors is less robust than the response of BRAF mutant melanomas to these agents, and additional validated targets for therapeutic intervention have yet to be identified.

Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that ERBB4 is required for the proliferation of the IPC-298, MEL-JUSO, MeWo, and SK-MEL-2 BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1-mutant melanoma cell lines. Surprisingly, the synthetic constitutively dimerized and active Q646C ERBB4 mutant allele appears to strongly inhibits the proliferation of BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1- mutant melanoma cell lines. Given that we have also previously demonstrated that ERBB4-ERBB2 and ERBB4-EGFR heterodimers are more potent drivers of proliferation than are ERBB4 homodimers, here we begin to test the hypothesis that ERBB4 heterodimers drive the proliferation of BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1-mutant melanoma cell lines.

Here we demonstrate that the kinase-deficient (dominant-negative) ERBB2 K753A mutant allele inhibits the clonogenic proliferation of the IPC-298, MEL-JUSO, and MeWo ERBB4-dependent, BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1-mutant melanoma cell lines. Moreover, the kinase-deficient (dominant-negative) EGFR K721A mutant allele inhibits the clonogenic proliferation of the MeWo cell line, but not the IPC-298 or MEL-JUSO cell lines. Finally, the clonogenic proliferation of the SK-MEL-2 ERBB4-dependent, BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1-mutant melanoma cell line is unaffected by the ERBB2 K753A or EGFR K721A dominant-negative mutant alleles. We discuss these findings in the context of our hypothesis that ERBB4 heterodimers drive the proliferation of BRAF-WT&RAS/NF1-mutant melanoma cell lines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dwivedi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Daniel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dion, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFeo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huffman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ingrao, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riese, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609260</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human melanoma cell lines that possess wild-type BRAF alleles but are dependent on ERBB4 and ERBB2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.608811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate promotes DNA hypermethylation at lineage-specific enhancers controlling microglial activation in IDHmut gliomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.608811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs) are highly abundant myeloid cells in gliomas, with their phenotypes and immune responses shaped by ontogeny and microenvironment. TAMs display distinctive transcriptional programs based on the IDH status of tumors, yet the underlying signaling mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, we uncover that CD11B+ myeloid cells in human IDH-mutant gliomas exhibit DNA hypermethylation, predominantly at distal enhancers. This hypermethylation impairs the binding of core transcription factors that govern microglial responses, resulting in reduced expression of inflammatory and glycolytic metabolism programs. Prolonged exposure of human primary microglia to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) inhibits TET-mediated demethylation at lineage-specific enhancers, evidenced by elevated 5mC/5hmC ratios near binding motifs. D-2HG-treated microglia showed reduced proinflammatory capacity and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, consistent with the remodeled enhancer landscape. Conversely, depletion of D-2HG following treatment of a glioma patient with an IDH-mutant inhibitor unleashed microglial reactivity, as assessed by snRNA-seq. Our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the hyporesponsive state of microglia in IDH-mutant gliomas and support the concept that oncometabolites may disrupt the function of immune cells residing in the tumor microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laurenge, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugliese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouannet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayat, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scuderi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marijon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labreche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alentorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verreault, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idbaih, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birzu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pottier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aurore Desmons, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayache, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duplus, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Habr, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokhtari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Touat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bielle, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suva, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iavarone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ceccarelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro-Vega, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.608811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate promotes DNA hypermethylation at lineage-specific enhancers controlling microglial activation in IDHmut gliomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.609462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patient mutations in DRP1 perturb synaptic maturation of cortical neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.23.609462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With the advent of exome sequencing, a growing number of children are being identified with de novo loss of function mutations in the dynamin 1 like (DNM1L) gene encoding the large GTPase essential for mitochondrial fission, dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1); these mutations result in severe neurodevelopmental phenotypes, such as developmental delay, optic atrophy, and epileptic encephalopathies. Though it is established that mitochondrial fission is an essential precursor to the rapidly changing metabolic needs of the developing cortex, it is not understood how identified mutations in different domains of DRP1 uniquely disrupt cortical development and synaptic maturation. We leveraged the power of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) harboring DRP1 mutations in either the GTPase or stalk domains to model early stages of cortical development in vitro. High-resolution time-lapse imaging of axonal transport in mutant DRP1 cortical neurons reveals mutation-specific changes in mitochondrial motility of severely hyperfused mitochondrial structures. Transcriptional profiling of mutant DRP1 cortical neurons during maturation also implicates mutation dependent alterations in synaptic development and calcium regulation gene expression. Disruptions in calcium dynamics were confirmed using live functional recordings of 100 DIV (days in vitro) mutant DRP1 cortical neurons. These findings and deficits in pre- and post-synaptic marker colocalization using super resolution microscopy, strongly suggest that altered mitochondrial morphology of DRP1 mutant neurons leads to pathogenic dysregulation of synaptic development and activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baum, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodnya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.23.609462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patient mutations in DRP1 perturb synaptic maturation of cortical neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
msiFlow: Automated Workflows for Reproducible and Scalable Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Immunofluorescence Microscopy Data Processing and Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multimodal imaging by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) and immunofluorescence microscopy holds great potential for understanding pathological mechanisms by mapping molecular signatures from the tissue microenvironment to specific cell populations. However, existing open-source software solutions for analysis of MALDI MSI data are incomplete, require programming skills and contain laborious manual steps, hindering broadly applicable, reproducible, and high-throughput analysis to generate impactful biological discoveries across interdisciplinary research fields. Here we present msiFlow, an accessible open-source, platform-independent and vendor-neutral software for end-to-end, high-throughput, transparent and reproducible analysis of multimodal imaging data. msiFlow integrates all necessary steps from import and pre-processing of raw MALDI MSI data to visual analysis output, as well as registration, along with state-of-the-art and newly developed algorithms, into automated workflows. Using msiFlow, we unravel the molecular heterogeneity of leukocytes in infected tissues by spatial regulation of ether-linked phospholipids containing arachidonic acid. We anticipate that msiFlow will facilitate the broad applicability of MSI in the emerging field of multimodal imaging to uncover context-dependent cellular regulations in disease states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spangenberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widera, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiebes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siemes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krauss, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasarla, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phapale, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleesiek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuehrer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moeller, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heuer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soehnlein, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltwisch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shevchuk, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dreisewerd, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.24.609403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[msiFlow: Automated Workflows for Reproducible and Scalable Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Immunofluorescence Microscopy Data Processing and Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flanker task parameters are related to the strength of association between the ERN and anxiety: a meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The error-related negativity (ERN)--an index of error monitoring--is associated with anxiety symptomatology. Although recent work suggests associations between the ERN and anxiety are relatively modest, little attention has been paid to how variation in task parameters may influence the strength of ERN-anxiety associations. To close this gap, the current meta-analysis assesses the possible influence of task parameter variation in the Flanker task--the most commonly used task to elicit the ERN--on observed ERN-anxiety associations. Here, we leveraged an existing open database of published/unpublished ERN-anxiety effect sizes, supplementing this database by further coding for variation in stimulus type (letter vs. arrow), response type (one-handed vs. two-handed), and block-level feedback (with vs. without). We then performed meta-regression analyses to assess whether variation in these Flanker task parameters moderated the effect size of ERN-anxiety associations. No evidence for an effect of stimulus type was identified. However, both response type and block-level feedback significantly moderated the magnitude of ERN-anxiety associations. Specifically, studies employing either a two-handed (vs. one-handed) task, or those with (vs. without) block-level feedback exhibited more than a two-fold increase in the estimated ERN-anxiety effect size. Thus, accounting for common variation in task parameters may at least partially explain apparent inconsistencies in the literature regarding the magnitude of ERN-anxiety associations. At a practical level, these data can inform the design of studies seeking to maximize ERN-anxiety associations. At a theoretical level, the results also inform testable hypotheses regarding the exact nature of the association between the ERN and anxiety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Buzzell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickinson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Troller-Renfree, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flanker task parameters are related to the strength of association between the ERN and anxiety: a meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609955v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia with Pulmonary Hypertension Associates with Loss of Semaphorin Signaling and Functional Decrease in FOXF1 Expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609955v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung injury in preterm infants leads to structural and functional respiratory deficits, with a risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) that in its most severe form is accompanied by pulmonary hypertension (PH). To examine cellular and molecular dynamics driving evolving BPD in humans, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of preterm infant lungs in early stages of BPD and BPD+PH compared to term infants. Analysis of the endothelium revealed a unique aberrant capillary cell-state primarily in BPD+PH marked by ANKRD1 expression. Predictive signaling analysis identified deficits in the semaphorin guidance-cue signaling pathway and decreased expression of pro-angiogenic transcription factor FOXF1 within the alveolar parenchyma in neonatal lung samples with BPD/BPD+PH. Loss of semaphorin signaling was replicated in a murine BPD model and in humans with alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACDMPV), suggesting a mechanistic link between the developmental programs underlying BPD and ACDMPV and a critical role for semaphorin signaling in normal lung development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapp, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallapragada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609955</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia with Pulmonary Hypertension Associates with Loss of Semaphorin Signaling and Functional Decrease in FOXF1 Expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.610193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, cognitive, and social behaviors to humans, serves as an ideal NHP model. This study aimed to create normative growth charts for brain structure across the macaque lifespan, enhancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and aging, and facilitating cross-species translational research. Leveraging data from the PRIMatE Data Exchange (PRIME-DE) and other sources, we aggregated 1,522 MRI scans from 1,024 rhesus macaques. We mapped non-linear developmental trajectories for global and regional brain structural changes in volume, cortical thickness, and surface area over the lifespan. Our findings provided normative charts with centile scores for macaque brain structures and revealed key developmental milestones from prenatal stages to aging, highlighting both species-specific and comparable brain maturation patterns between macaques and humans. The charts offer a valuable resource for future NHP studies, particularly those with small sample sizes. Furthermore, the interactive open resource (https://interspeciesmap.childmind.org) supports cross-species comparisons to advance translational neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vos de Wael, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nenning, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esper, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shmuel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tusche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambrink, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falchier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiba, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarraya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russ, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howell, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drzewiecki, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guedj, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwiedrzik, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amiez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, C. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klink, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroenke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garin, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gale, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leopold, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amaral, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.28.610193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609018v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Do fungi look like macroparasites? Quantifying the patterns and mechanisms of aggregation for host-fungal parasite relationships 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609018v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most hosts contain few parasites, whereas few hosts contain many. This pattern, known as aggregation, is well-documented in macroparasites where parasite intensity distribution among hosts affects host-parasite dynamics. Infection intensity also drives fungal disease dynamics, but we lack a basic understanding of host-fungal aggregation patterns, how they compare to macroparasites, and if they reflect biological processes. To address these gaps, we characterized aggregation of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in amphibian hosts. Utilizing the slope of Taylors Power Law, we found Bd intensity distributions were more aggregated than macroparasites, conforming closely to lognormal distributions. We observed that Bd aggregation patterns are strongly correlated with known biological processes operating in amphibian populations, such as epizoological phase--invasion, post-invasion, and enzootic--and intensity-dependent disease mortality. Using intensity-dependent mathematical models, we found evidence of evolution of host resistance based on aggregation shifts in systems persisting with Bd following disease-induced declines. Our results show that Bd aggregation is highly conserved across disparate systems and is distinct from aggregation patterns in macroparasites, and contains signatures of potential biological processes of amphibian-Bd systems. Our work lays a foundation to unite host-fungal dynamics under a common theoretical framework and inform future modeling approaches that may elucidate host-fungus interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrock, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsman, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeMarchi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeSage, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohmer, M. E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins-Smith, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards-Zawacki, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodhams, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapp, R. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddad, C. F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, P. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilber, M. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.609018</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Do fungi look like macroparasites? Quantifying the patterns and mechanisms of aggregation for host-fungal parasite relationships]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610343v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Skeletal Muscle Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Seeding Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610343v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The internal arrangement of a muscles fibers with respect to its mechanical line of action (muscle architecture) is a major determinant of muscle function. Muscle architecture can be quantified using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging-based tractography, which propagates streamlines from a set of seed points by integrating vectors that represent the direction of greatest water diffusion (and by inference, the local fiber orientation). Previous work has demonstrated that tractography outcomes are sensitive to the method for defining seed points, but this sensitivity has not been fully examined. To do so, we developed a realistic simulated muscle architecture and implemented four novel methods for tract seeding: seeding along the muscle-aponeurosis boundary with an updated procedure for rounding seed points prior to lookup in the muscle boundary mask and diffusion tensor matrix (APO-3); voxel-based seeding throughout the muscle volume at a user-specified spatial frequency (VXL-1); voxel-based seeding throughout the muscle volume at a variable spatial frequency (VXL-2), and seeding near external and internal muscle boundaries (VXL-3). We then implemented these methods in an example human dataset. The updated aponeurosis seeding procedures allow more accurate and robust tract propagation from seed points. The voxel-based seeding methods had quantification outcomes that closely matched the updated aponeurosis seeding method. Further, the voxel-based methods can accelerate the overall workflow and may be beneficial in high throughput analysis of multi-muscle datasets. Continued evaluation of these methods in a wider range of muscle architectures is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Damon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lockard, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610343</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Skeletal Muscle Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Seeding Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determining the off-target activity of antibiotics and novel translation initiation sites in mitochondria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.610400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 13 mtDNA-encoded proteins are synthesized using a dedicated translation system that is more similar to bacterial systems than the cytoplasmic system. Consequently, many bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors, used as antibiotics, exhibit mitochondrial toxicity as off-target effects. However, whether these antibiotics act through the same mechanisms in mitochondria as in bacteria remains unclear. To address this, we characterized the impact of a panel of bacterial translation initiation and elongation inhibitors on mitochondrial translation through mitoribosome profiling. We found that the mechanism of action for every antibiotic, except telithromycin, is the same in both bacteria and mitochondria. Additionally, mitoribosome profiling data showed that MT-ND1 and MT-ND5 have incorrectly annotated translation initiation sites and suggested the presence of several translation initiation sites on ncRNAs that produce mitoribosome footprints, as indicated by the detection of mitoribosome footprints at these locations. This work demonstrates how antibiotics can inhibit mitochondrial translation by mechanisms identically or very similar to those found in bacteria and the utility of mitoribosome profiling for annotating mitochondrial genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hafner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.610400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determining the off-target activity of antibiotics and novel translation initiation sites in mitochondria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Use of equine H3N8 hemagglutinin as a broadly protective influenza vaccine immunogen 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An efficacious universal influenza vaccine remains a long-sought goal for human health as current vaccines suffer from shortfalls such as mid to low efficacy and the need for yearly revisions in strains use to account for viral drift/shift. Horses undergo bi-annual vaccines for H3N8 equine influenza virus, and surveillance of sera from vaccinees demonstrated very broad reactivity and neutralization to many human seasonal influenza strains. Subsequently, vaccination of mice using the equine H3N8 Kentucky/1/91 strain of equine H3N8 vaccine induced similar broadly reactive and neutralizing serum antibodies to human seasonal strains and to high pathogenicity avian influenza strains. Challenge of mice vaccinated with equine H3N8 or recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) based on the same strain protected vaccinees from high-dose lethal virus challenges. Protection was associated with the presence of neutralizing antibodies to the HA head, esterase, and stem regions that was similar to that of antibodies generated in horses after vaccination. Vaccinated ferrets exhibited similar broadly reactive serum antibody responses that protected vaccinees from clinical signs of infection and viral-induced histopathology after challenge with influenza A/07/2009 (H1N1) pandemic virus. Taken together, these data suggest that vaccination with equine H3N8 vaccine induces broad protection against influenza without the need for non-influenza viral vectors, multiple HAs, or foreign protein scaffolds common to other universal influenza vaccine candidates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Verhoeven, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponseller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webby, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Use of equine H3N8 hemagglutinin as a broadly protective influenza vaccine immunogen]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610556v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phosphorylation of CRYAB Induces a Condensatopathy to Worsen Post-Myocardial Infarction Left Ventricular Remodeling. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.30.610556v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein aggregates are emerging therapeutic targets in rare monogenic causes of cardiomyopathy and amyloid heart disease, but their role in more prevalent heart failure syndromes remains mechanistically unexamined. We observed mis-localization of desmin and sarcomeric proteins to aggregates in human myocardium with ischemic cardiomyopathy and in mouse hearts with post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling, mimicking findings of autosomal-dominant cardiomyopathy induced by R120G mutation in the cognate chaperone protein, CRYAB. In both syndromes, we demonstrate increased partitioning of CRYAB phosphorylated on serine-59 to NP40-insoluble aggregate-rich biochemical fraction. While CRYAB undergoes phase separation to form condensates, the phospho-mimetic mutation of serine-59 to aspartate (S59D) in CRYAB mimics R120G-CRYAB mutants with reduced condensate fluidity, formation of protein aggregates and increased cell death. Conversely, changing serine to alanine (phosphorylation-deficient mutation) at position 59 (S59A) restored condensate fluidity, and reduced both R120G-CRYAB aggregates and cell death. In mice, S59D CRYAB knock-in was sufficient to induce desmin mis-localization and myocardial protein aggregates, while S59A CRYAB knock-in rescued left ventricular systolic dysfunction post-myocardial infarction and preserved desmin localization with reduced myocardial protein aggregates. 25-Hydroxycholesterol attenuated CRYAB serine-59 phosphorylation and rescued post-myocardial infarction adverse remodeling. Thus, targeting CRYAB phosphorylation-induced condensatopathy is an attractive strategy to counter ischemic cardiomyopathy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawnsley, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navid, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foroughi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navid, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinheimer, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nigro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margulies, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdellatif, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedej, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javaheri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covey, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.30.610556</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phosphorylation of CRYAB Induces a Condensatopathy to Worsen Post-Myocardial Infarction Left Ventricular Remodeling.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early brain neuroinflammatory and metabolic changes identified by dual tracer microPET imaging in mice with acute liver injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAcute liver injury (ALI) that progresses into acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening condition with an increasing incidence and associated costs. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) overdosing is among the leading causes of ALI and ALF in the Northern Hemisphere. Brain dysfunction defined as hepatic encephalopathy is one of the main diagnostic criteria for ALF. While neuroinflammation and brain metabolic alterations significantly contribute to hepatic encephalopathy, their evaluation at early stages of ALI remained challenging. To provide insights, we utilized post-mortem analysis and non-invasive brain micro positron emission tomography (microPET) imaging of mice with APAP-induced ALI.

MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle or APAP (600 mg/kg, i.p.). Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), liver damage (using H&E staining), hepatic and serum IL-6 levels, and hippocampal IBA1 (using immunolabeling) were evaluated at 24h and 48h. Vehicle and APAP treated animals also underwent microPET imaging utilizing a dual tracer approach, including [11C]-peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ([11C]PBR28) to assess microglia/astrocyte activation and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-2-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) to assess energy metabolism. Brain images were pre-processed and evaluated using conjunction and individual tracer uptake analysis.

ResultsAPAP-induced ALI and hepatic and systemic inflammation were detected at 24h and 48h by significantly elevated serum ALT and AST levels, hepatocellular damage, and increased hepatic and serum IL-6 levels. In parallel, increased microglial numbers, indicative for neuroinflammation were observed in the hippocampus of APAP-treated mice. MicroPET imaging revealed overlapping increases in [11C]PBR28 and [18F]FDG uptake in the hippocampus, thalamus, and habenular nucleus indicating microglial/astroglial activation and increased energy metabolism in APAP-treated mice (vs. vehicle-treated mice) at 24h. Similar significant increases were also found in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum at 48h. The individual tracer uptake analyses (APAP vs vehicle) at 24h and 48h confirmed increases in these brain areas and indicated additional tracer- and region-specific effects including hippocampal alterations.

ConclusionPeripheral manifestations of APAP-induced ALI in mice are associated with brain neuroinflammatory and metabolic alterations at relatively early stages of disease progression, which can be non-invasively evaluated using microPET imaging and conjunction analysis. These findings support further PET-based investigations of brain function in ALI/ALF that may inform timely therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Palandira, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falvey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grossman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turecki, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brines, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavan, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Abed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eidelberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tracey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavlov, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early brain neuroinflammatory and metabolic changes identified by dual tracer microPET imaging in mice with acute liver injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic ancestry in Puerto Rican Afro-descendants illustrates diverse histories of African diasporic populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.02.610898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesGenetic studies of contemporary Puerto Ricans reflect a demographic history characterized by admixture between Indigenous American, African, and European peoples. While previous studies provide genetic perspectives on the general Puerto Rican population, less is known about the islands sub-populations, specifically Afro-Puerto Ricans.

Materials and MethodsIn this study, the genetic ancestry of Afro-Puerto Ricans is characterized and compared to other Caribbean populations. Thirty DNA samples collected among self-identified Puerto Ricans of African descent in Loiza (n=2), Pinones (n=13), San Juan (n=2), Mayaguez (n=9), and Ponce (n=4), were genotyped at 750,000 loci on the National Geographic Genochip. We then applied unsupervised clustering and dimensionality-reduction methods to detect continental and subcontinental African and European genetic ancestry patterns.

ResultsAdmixture analyses reveal that on average, the largest genetic ancestry component for Afro-Puerto Ricans is African in origin, followed by European and Indigenous American genetic ancestry components. African biogeographic origins of Afro-Puerto Ricans align most closely with contemporary peoples of Lower Guinea and the Bight of Biafra, while the European genetic ancestry component is most similar to contemporary Iberian, Italian, and Basque populations. These findings contrast with the biogeographic origins of comparative Barbadian and Puerto Rican populations.

DiscussionOur results suggest that while there are similarities in general patterns of genetic ancestry among African descendants in the Caribbean, there is previously unrecognized regional heterogeneity, including among Puerto Rican sub-populations. These results are also consistent with available historical sources, while providing depth absent from the documentary record, particularly with regard to African ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieves-Colon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ulrich, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres Colon, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivera Clemente, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Corporacion Pinones Se Integra (COPI),</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benn Torres, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.02.610898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic ancestry in Puerto Rican Afro-descendants illustrates diverse histories of African diasporic populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered cellular metabolic pathway and epithelial cell maturation induced by MYO5B defects are partially reversible by LPAR5 activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.03.610579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional loss of the motor protein, Myosin Vb (MYO5B), induces various defects in intestinal epithelial function and causes a congenital diarrheal disorder, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). Utilizing the MVID model mice, Vil1-CreERT2;Myo5bflox/flox (MYO5B{Delta}IEC) and Vil1-CreERT2;Myo5bflox/G519R(MYO5B(G519R)), we previously reported that functional MYO5B loss disrupts progenitor cell differentiation and enterocyte maturation that result in villus blunting and deadly malabsorption symptoms. In this study, we determined that both absence and a point mutation of MYO5B impair lipid metabolism and alter mitochondrial structure, which may underlie the progenitor cell malfunction observed in MVID intestine. Along with a decrease in fatty acid oxidation, the lipogenesis pathway was enhanced in the MYO5B{Delta}IEC small intestine. Consistent with these observations in vivo, RNA-sequencing of enteroids generated from two MVID mouse strains showed similar downregulation of energy metabolic enzymes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes. In our previous studies, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling ameliorates epithelial cell defects in MYO5B{Delta}IEC tissues and enteroids. The present study demonstrates that the highly soluble LPAR5-preferred agonist, Compound-1, improved sodium transporter localization and absorptive function, and tuft cell differentiation in patient-modeled MVID animals that carry independent mutations in MYO5B. Body weight loss in male MYO5B(G519R) mice was ameliorated by Compound-1. These observations suggest that Compound-1 treatment has a trophic effect on intestine with MYO5B functional loss through epithelial cell-autonomous pathways that may improve the differentiation of progenitor cells and the maturation of enterocytes. Targeting LPAR5 may represent an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of MVID symptoms induced by different point mutations in MYO5B.

NEW & NOTEWOTHYThis study demonstrates the importance of MYO5B for cellular lipid metabolism and mitochondria in intestinal epithelial cells, a previously unexplored function of MYO5B. Alterations in cellular metabolism may underlie the progenitor cell malfunction observed in microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). To examine the therapeutic potential of progenitor-targeted treatments, the effects of LPAR5-preferred agonist, Compound-1, was investigated utilizing several MVID model mice and enteroids. Our observations suggests that Compound-1 may provide a therapeutic approach for treating MVID.

Graphic Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathan-Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniran, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaji, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.03.610579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered cellular metabolic pathway and epithelial cell maturation induced by MYO5B defects are partially reversible by LPAR5 activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.609712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying deleterious noncoding variation through gain and loss of CTCF binding activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.04.609712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noncoding single nucleotide variants are the predominant class of genetic variation in whole genome sequencing and are key drivers of phenotypic variation. However, their functional annotation remains challenging. To address this, we develop a hypothesis-driven functional annotation scheme for CTCF binding sites given CTCFs critical roles in gene regulation and extensive profiling in regulatory datasets. We synthesize CTCFs binding patterns at 1,063,879 genomic loci across 214 biological contexts into a summary metric, which we refer to as binding activity. We find that binding activity is significantly enriched for both conserved nucleotides (Pearson R = 0.31, p < 2.2 x 10-16) and sequences that contain high-quality CTCF binding motifs (Pearson R = 0.63, p = 2.9 x 10-12). We then integrate binding activity with high confidence change in precision weight matrix scores. By applying this framework to 1,253,330 SNVs in gnomAD, we explore signatures of selection acting against the disruption of CTCF binding. We find a strong, positive relationship between the mutability adjusted proportion of singletons (MAPS) metric and the loss of CTCF binding at loci with high in vitro activity (Pearson R = 0.67, p = 1.5 x 10-14). To contextualize these findings, we apply MAPS to other functional classes of variation and find that a subset of 198,149 loss of CTCF binding variants are observed as infrequently as missense variants. This work implicates these thousands of rare, noncoding variants that disrupt CTCF binding for further functional studies while providing a blueprint for the interpretable annotation of noncoding variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tubbs, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McArthur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.04.609712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying deleterious noncoding variation through gain and loss of CTCF binding activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cost-effective solutions for high-throughput enzymatic DNA methylation sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.09.612068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Characterizing DNA methylation patterns is important for addressing key questions in evolutionary biology, geroscience, and medical genomics. While costs are decreasing, whole-genome DNA methylation profiling remains prohibitively expensive for most population-scale studies, creating a need for cost-effective, reduced representation approaches (i.e., assays that rely on microarrays, enzyme digests, or sequence capture to target a subset of the genome). Most common whole genome and reduced representation techniques rely on bisulfite conversion, which can damage DNA resulting in DNA loss and sequencing biases. Enzymatic methyl sequencing (EM-seq) was recently proposed to overcome these issues, but thorough benchmarking of EM-seq combined with cost-effective, reduced representation strategies has not yet been performed. To do so, we optimized Targeted Methylation Sequencing protocol (TMS)--which profiles [~]4 million CpG sites--for miniaturization, flexibility, and multispecies use at a cost of [~]$80. First, we tested modifications to increase throughput and reduce cost, including increasing multiplexing, decreasing DNA input, and using enzymatic rather than mechanical fragmentation to prepare DNA. Second, we compared our optimized TMS protocol to commonly used techniques, specifically the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (n=55 paired samples) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (n=6 paired samples). In both cases, we found strong agreement between technologies (R{superscript 2} = 0.97 and 0.99, respectively). Third, we tested the optimized TMS protocol in three non-human primate species (rhesus macaques, geladas, and capuchins). We captured a high percentage (mean=77.1%) of targeted CpG sites and produced methylation level estimates that agreed with those generated from reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (R{superscript 2} = 0.98). Finally, we applied our protocol to profile age-associated DNA methylation variation in two subsistence-level populations--the Tsimane of lowland Bolivia and the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia--and found age-methylation patterns that were strikingly similar to those reported in high income cohorts, despite known differences in age-health relationships between lifestyle contexts. Altogether, our optimized TMS protocol will enable cost-effective, population-scale studies of genome-wide DNA methylation levels across human and non-human primate species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Longtin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadoughi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brosnan, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buetow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Highland, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, K.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stieglitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumble, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.09.612068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cost-effective solutions for high-throughput enzymatic DNA methylation sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612554v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Direct measurement of PIP2 densities in biological membranes using a peptide-based sensor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612554v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organization and composition of the plasma membrane are important modulators of many cellular programs. Phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids are low abundance membrane constituents with different arrangements of phosphate groups around an inositol head group that regulate a large number of signaling pathways. Many strategies have been developed to detect and track PIP species to monitor their clustering, mobility, and interaction with binding partners. We implement a peptide-based ratiometric sensor for the detection of PI(4,5)P2 lipids in reconstituted membrane systems that permit absolute quantification of PI(4,5)P2 densities down to physiological levels. The sensor is membrane permeable and easily applicable to measurements in living cells. Application of calibrated sensors to cells expressing common mutations in the small GTPase, Ras, showed a reshaping of surface PI(4,5)P2 levels and distributions in a mutation-specific manner. The rapid implementation of this quantitative sensing strategy to cellular studies of cellular signaling, membrane organization and dynamics should be broadly applicable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Menon, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonzo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scrudders, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvarajan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low-Nam, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612554</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Direct measurement of PIP2 densities in biological membranes using a peptide-based sensor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612436v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Partial repair causes permanent defects in papillary structure and function after reversal of urinary obstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.11.612436v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urinary obstruction causes injury to the renal papilla and leads to defects in the ability to concentrate urine which predisposes to progressive kidney injury. However, the regenerative capacity of the papilla after reversal of obstruction is poorly understood. To address this, we developed a mouse model of reversible urinary obstruction which is characterized by extensive papillary injury, followed by a robust regeneration response and complete histological recovery over a 3- month period. However, these mice have a pronounced defect in urinary concentrating capacity. We now show that this is due to permanent changes in the composition, organization, and transcriptional signatures of epithelial, endothelial, and interstitial cell lineages in the papilla. There are persistent inflammatory responses that are also seen in patients with renal stone disease but are associated with cell-specific adaptive responses to the increasingly hypoxic environment of the papilla after reversal of obstruction. Taken together, our analysis of a new model of reversible urinary obstruction reveals that partial repair leads to permanent changes in the structure and function of all of the major cellular compartments in the papilla that include both shared and distinct responses to different types of renal papillary injury in humans and mice.

SummaryPartial repair after reversal of urinary obstruction leads to permanent changes in structure and function of all major cellular compartments in the renal papilla



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanichapol, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brewer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clouthier, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menshikh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sander, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.11.612436</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Partial repair causes permanent defects in papillary structure and function after reversal of urinary obstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Validation of a refined protocol for mouse oral glucose tolerance testing without gavage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.13.612859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A glucose tolerance test (GTT) is routinely used to assess glucose homeostasis in clinical settings and in preclinical research studies using rodent models. The procedure assesses the ability of the body to clear glucose from the blood in a defined time after a bolus dose. In the human clinical setting, glucose is ingested via voluntary consumption of a glucose-sweetened drink. Typically, in the rodent GTT oral gavage (gavage-oGTT) or (more commonly) intraperitoneal injection (IPGTT) are used to administer the glucose bolus. Although used less frequently, likely due to investigator technical and experience barriers, the former is the more physiologically relevant as it integrates the gastrointestinal tract (GI), including release of key incretin hormones. However, orally gavaging glucose in the GTT is also not without its limitations: gavaging glucose straight into the stomach bypasses potentially critical early glucose-sensing via the mouth (cephalic phase) and associated physiological responses. Furthermore, gavaging is stressful on mice, and this by itself can increase blood glucose levels. We have developed and validated a refined protocol for mouse oral GTT which uses a voluntary oral glucose dosing method, micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA), without the need for water deprivation. This approach is simple and non-invasive. It is less stressful for the mice, as evidenced by lower circulating corticosterone levels 10 minutes after glucose-dosing compared to oral gavage. This is significant for animal and investigator welfare, and importantly minimising the confounding effect of stress on mouse glucose homeostasis. Using a randomised cross-over design, we have validated the MDA approach in the oGTT against oral gavage in male and female C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice. We show the ability of this method to detect changes in glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese animals. Compared to oral gavage there was lower inter-animal variation in the MDA-oGTT. In addition to being more representative of the human procedure, the MDA-oGTT is easy and has lower barriers to adoption than the gavage oGTT as it is non-invasive and requires no specialist equipment or operator training. The MDA-oGTT a more clinically representative, accessible, and refined replacement for the gavage-oGTT for mouse metabolic phenotyping, which is simple yet overcomes significant deficiencies in the current standard experimental approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pye, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellacott, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.13.612859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Validation of a refined protocol for mouse oral glucose tolerance testing without gavage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613364v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yatakemycin biosynthesis requires two deoxyribonucleases for toxin self-resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.16.613364v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The highly active natural product yatakemycin (YTM) from Streptomyces sp. TP-A0356 is a potent DNA damaging agent with antimicrobial and antitumor properties. The YTM biosynthesis gene cluster (ytk) contains several toxin self-resistance genes. Of these, ytkR2 encodes a DNA glycosylase that is important for YTM production and host survival by excising lethal YTM-adenine lesions from the genome, presumably initiating a base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, the genes involved in repair of the resulting apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site as the second BER step have not been identified. Here, we show that ytkR4 and ytkR5 are essential for YTM production and encode deoxyribonucleases related to other known DNA repair nucleases. Purified YtkR4 and YtkR5 exhibit AP endonuclease activity specific for YtkR2-generated AP sites, providing a basis for BER of the toxic AP intermediate produced from YTM-adenine excision and consistent with co-evolution of ytkR2, ytkR4, and ytkR5. YtkR4 and YtkR5 also exhibit 3'-5' exonuclease activity with differing substrate specificities. The YtkR5 exonuclease is capable of digesting through a YTM-DNA lesion and may represent an alternative repair mechanism to BER. We also show that ytkR4 and ytkR5 homologs are often clustered together in putative gene clusters related to natural product production, consistent with non-redundant roles in repair of other DNA adducts derived from genotoxic natural products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dorival, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, G.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.16.613364</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yatakemycin biosynthesis requires two deoxyribonucleases for toxin self-resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613558v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strand dependent bypass of DNA lesions during fork reversal by ATP-dependent translocases SMARCAL1, ZRANB3, and HLTF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.17.613558v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Withdrawal StatementThe authors have withdrawn this manuscript because they identified problems with how some figure panels were processed. Those experiments will be repeated before deposition of a new manuscript. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding authors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adolph, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, F. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613558</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strand dependent bypass of DNA lesions during fork reversal by ATP-dependent translocases SMARCAL1, ZRANB3, and HLTF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Profiling in the Sox10Dom/+ Hirschsprung Mouse Implicates Hoxa6 in Enteric Neuron Lineage Allocation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsEnteric nervous system (ENS) development requires migration, proliferation, and appropriate neuronal diversification from progenitors to enable normal gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Sox10 deficit causes aganglionosis, modeling Hirschsprung disease, and disrupts ratios of postnatal enteric neurons in proximal ganglionated bowel. How Sox10 deficiency alters ratios of enteric neuron subtypes is unclear. Sox10s prominent expression in enteric neural crest-derived progenitors (ENCP) and lack of this gene in enteric neurons led us to examine Sox10Dom effects ENS progenitors and early differentiating enteric neurons.

MethodsENS progenitors, developing neurons, and enteric glia were isolated from Sox10+/+ and Sox10Dom/+ littermates for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). scRNA-seq data was processed to identify cell type-specific markers, differentially expressed genes, cell fate trajectories, and gene regulatory network activity between genotypes. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) validated expression changes detected in scRNA-seq.

ResultsscRNA-seq profiles revealed three neuronal lineages emerging from cycling progenitors via two transition pathways accompanied by elevated activity of Hox gene regulatory networks (GRN) as progenitors transition to neuronal fates. Sox10Dom/+ scRNA-seq profiles exhibited a novel progenitor cluster, decreased abundance of cells in transitional states, and shifts in cell distributions between two neuronal trajectories. Hoxa6 was differentially expressed in the neuronal lineages impacted in Sox10Dom/+mutants and HCR identified altered Hoxa6 expression in early developing neurons of Sox10Dom/+ ENS.

ConclusionsSox10Dom/+ mutation shifts enteric neuron types by altering neuronal trajectories during early ENS lineage segregation. Multiple neurogenic transcription factors are reduced in Sox10Dom/+ scRNA-seq profiles including multiple Hox genes. This is the first report that implicates Hox genes in lineage diversification of enteric neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Avila, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benthal, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Profiling in the Sox10Dom/+ Hirschsprung Mouse Implicates Hoxa6 in Enteric Neuron Lineage Allocation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.612717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased cGMP improves microvascular exercise training adaptations independent of endothelial nitric oxide synthase 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.612717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired microvascular function is a hallmark of pre-diabetes. With development of atherosclerosis this impaired microvascular function can result in diminished capacity for ambulation and is a risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes. Dynamic changes in vascular tone are determined, in large part, by the eNOS/NO/cGMP axis. We used gain of function of the eNOS/NO/cGMP axis in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and reduced function in lean mice to test the hypothesis that functionality of this vascular control mechanism parallels the benefits of an exercise training regimen. DIO mice have lower exercise capacity than lean mice and were used for pharmacological gain of function. The PDE-5a inhibitor - sildenafil - increases cGMP and was administered to DIO mice daily. In sedentary mice, we find that sildenafil does not improve exercise capacity. In contrast, it amplifies the microcirculatory effects of exercise training. Sildenafil synergizes with exercise training to improve performance during an incremental exercise test. Improved exercise performance was accompanied by increased skeletal muscle capillary flow velocity and capillary density measured via intravital microscopy. Loss of function was tested in lean mice hemizygous for endothelial cell (EC) specific eNOS creating an EC-eNOS knockdown (KD). EC-eNOS KD decreases capillary density and exercise tolerance in sedentary mice; however, it did not prevent exercise-training induced improvements in endurance capacity. These data show that 1) increasing cGMP with sildenafil enhances microcirculatory function and exercise work tolerance that results from training; 2) eNOS KD does not prevent the microcirculatory or improvements in exercise tolerance with training. PDE-5a inhibitors combined with physical exercise are a potential mechanism for improving ambulation in patients with circulatory limitations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riveros, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debrow, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracy, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.612717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased cGMP improves microvascular exercise training adaptations independent of endothelial nitric oxide synthase]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute tuft cell ablation induces malabsorption and alterations in secretory and immune cell lineages in small intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsIntestinal tuft cells have recently been the interest of studies in several human gastrointestinal diseases. However, the impact of tuft cell deletion on intestinal physiological functions are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of acute tuft cell loss on nutrient absorption and cell lineage differentiation.

MethodsTuft cell deletion was induced in DCLK1-IRES-GFP-CreERT2/+;Rosa-DTA (DCLK1-DTA) mice by a single tamoxifen injection concomitant with littermate controls. Intestinal tissues were analyzed two-, four-, or seven-days post tamoxifen injection.

ResultsDCLK1-DTA mice showed significantly shortened small intestinal length and body weight loss on day 4. Impaired activities of Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) were observed in Ussing chamber experiments. Tissue immunostaining revealed a transient deletion of intestinal and biliary tuft cells, which was maximal on day 4 and recovered by day 7. On day 4 post tamoxifen, cholecystokinin (CCK)+ enteroendocrine cell numbers were increased particularly in the ileum. Correlated with the tuft cell reduction, the frequency of mislocalized Paneth cells, which were co-labeled by Paneth and goblet cell markers, was increased in the villus regions. In the lamina propria, fewer mast cells and leukocytes were found in the day 4 DCLK1-DTA mice than in controls.

ConclusionAblation of intestinal tuft cells may induce nutrient malabsorption through alterations in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation along with changes in mucosal defense response. These observations elucidate a new role for tuft cells in regulating intestinal absorption and mucosal regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Momoh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeniran, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramoth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seno, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roland, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaji, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute tuft cell ablation induces malabsorption and alterations in secretory and immune cell lineages in small intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gli2 Overexpression Alters the Differentiation Status of Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Cells and Results in an Immunosuppressive Myeloid Phenotype in Orthotopic Tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.613793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sarcomas are a rare classification of tumor derived from tissues of mesenchymal origin including bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and blood vessels. These tumors often grow rapidly and have limited treatment options with few significant therapeutic advances in recent years. Liposarcomas (LPSs), the most common type of malignant soft tissue sarcoma, are derived from mesenchymal progenitors that have undergone an adipogenic lineage commitment compared to their multipotent counterparts. Interestingly, the grade of differentiation within LPS can vary highly, and the differentiation status of these tumors can drastically affect prognosis and likelihood of metastasis, making tumor differentiation a potential mechanism to target in liposarcoma development. Here, we show that overexpression of the Hedgehog transcription factor Gli2 in dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) cells represses adipogenic differentiation while simultaneously activating markers of osteoblast differentiation in vitro. In addition, we observed marked differences in cytokine expression and secretion, prompting us to perform orthotopic fat pad injections of control and Gli2 overexpressing DDLPS cells. Using flow cytometry, we observed distinct changes in fat pad macrophage populations, with a particular increase in M2-like macrophages. Taken together, we find that overexpression of Gli2 in DDLPS cells alters their differentiation capacity and interactions between tumor cells and macrophages, highlighting a novel role for this developmental transcription factor in liposarcoma pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beadle, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coe, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrenho, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.18.613793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gli2 Overexpression Alters the Differentiation Status of Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Cells and Results in an Immunosuppressive Myeloid Phenotype in Orthotopic Tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread brain activity increases in frontal lobe seizures with impaired consciousness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.614207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Impaired consciousness is a serious clinical manifestation of epilepsy with negative consequences on quality of life. Little work has investigated impaired consciousness in frontal lobe seizures, a common form of focal epilepsy. In temporal lobe seizures, previous studies showed widespread cortical slow waves associated with depressed subcortical arousal and impaired consciousness. However, in frontal lobe epilepsy, it is not known whether cortical slow waves are present, or whether a very different cortical activity pattern may be related to impaired consciousness.

We used intracranial EEG recordings of 65 frontal lobe seizures in 30 patients for quantitative analysis of ictal cortical activity and its relationship to impaired consciousness. Behavioral changes based on blinded review of seizure videos were used to classify focal aware, focal impaired awareness, and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Changes in intracranial EEG power from preictal baseline were analyzed in different cortical regions and across frequency ranges in these three categories.

We found that frontal lobe focal aware seizures showed approximately 40% increases in intracranial EEG power localized to the frontal lobe of seizure onset across frequency ranges, with relatively smaller changes in other cortical regions. Frontal lobe focal impaired awareness seizures showed approximately 50% increases in intracranial EEG power, not significantly different from focal aware seizures in the frontal lobe of seizure onset (P = 1.038), but significantly greater than focal aware seizures in other broad cortical regions (P < 0.001). Importantly, the widespread cortical increases in EEG power observed in focal impaired awareness versus focal aware seizures were seen not just in the frequency range of slow waves, but were also observed across other frequencies including fast activity. However, the widespread cortical increases in focal impaired awareness seizures differed from focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures where intracranial EEG power increased to a much higher level by approximately 600%. The large power increases in focal to bilateral tonic-clonic were significantly greater than in focal impaired awareness seizures both in the frontal lobe of seizure onset and in other cortical regions (P < 0.001).

Our findings contrast with focal temporal lobe epilepsy, where impaired consciousness is associated with cortical slow waves. We can speculate that different focal seizure types produce impaired consciousness by impacting widespread cortical regions but through different physiological mechanisms. Insights gained by studying mechanisms of impaired consciousness may be the first step towards developing novel treatments to prevent this important negative consequence of epilepsy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salardini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaddiparti, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gebere, R. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arencibia, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhakar, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grover, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quraishi, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonito, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaveri, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gober, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farooque, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsch, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerrard, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumenfeld, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.614207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread brain activity increases in frontal lobe seizures with impaired consciousness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lysosomal LRRC8 complex regulates lysosomal pH, morphology and systemic glucose metabolism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The lysosome integrates anabolic signalling and nutrient-sensing to regulate intracellular growth pathways. The leucine-rich repeat containing 8 (LRRC8) channel complex forms a lysosomal anion channel and regulates PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling, skeletal muscle differentiation, growth, and systemic glucose metabolism. Here, we define the endogenous LRRC8 subunits localized to a subset of lysosomes in differentiated myotubes. We show LRRC8A regulates leucine-stimulated mTOR, lysosome size, number, pH, and expression of lysosomal proteins LAMP2, P62, LC3B, suggesting impaired autophagic flux. Mutating a LRRC8A lysosomal targeting dileucine motif sequence (LRRC8A-L706A;L707A) in myotubes recapitulates the abnormal AKT signalling and altered lysosomal morphology and pH observed in LRRC8A KO cells. In vivo, LRRC8A-L706A;L707A KI mice exhibit increased adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance characterized by reduced skeletal muscle glucose-uptake, and impaired incorporation of glucose into glycogen. These data reveal a lysosomal LRRC8 mediated metabolic signalling function that regulates lysosomal activity, systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin-sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chadda, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tranter, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawnsley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abel, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lysosomal LRRC8 complex regulates lysosomal pH, morphology and systemic glucose metabolism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building a literature knowledge base towards transparent biomedical AI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.22.614323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to advance and scale up in biomedical research, concerns about AIs trustworthiness and transparency have grown. There is a critical need to systematically bring accurate and relevant biomedical knowledge into AI applications for transparency and provenance. Knowledge graphs have emerged as a powerful tool that integrates heterogeneous knowledge by explicitly describing biomedical knowledge as entities and relationships between entities. However, PubMed, the largest and most comprehensive repository of biomedical knowledge, exists primarily as unstructured text and is under utilized for advanced machine learning tasks. To address the challenge, we developed LiteralGraph, a computational framework to extract biomedical terms and relationships from PubMed literature into a unified knowledge graph. Using this framework, we established the Genomic Literature Knowledge Base (GLKB), which consolidates 14,634,427 biomedical relationships between 3,276,336 biomedical terms from over 33 million PubMed abstracts and nine well-established biomedical repositories. The database is coupled with RESTful APIs and a user-friendly web interface that makes it accessible to researchers for various usages. We demonstrated the broad utility of GLKB towards transparent AI in three distinct application scenarios. In the LLM grounding scenario, we developed a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) agent to reduce LLM hallucination in biomedical question answering. In the hypothesis generation scenario, we elucidated the potential functions of RFX6 in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the vast evidence from PubMed articles. In the machine learning scenario, we utilized GLKB to provide semantic knowledge in predictive tasks and scientific fact-checking.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, T. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.22.614323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building a literature knowledge base towards transparent biomedical AI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of genetic requirements and nutrient availability for Staphylococcus aureus growth in cystic fibrosis sputum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens isolated from the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF), but little is known about its ability to colonize this niche. We performed a Tn-seq screen to identify genes necessary for S. aureus growth in media prepared from ex vivo CF sputum. We identified 19 genes that were required for growth in all sputum media tested and dozens more that were required for growth in at least one sputum medium. Depleted mutants of interest included insertions in many genes important for surviving metal starvation as well as the primary regulator of cysteine metabolism cymR. To investigate the mechanisms by which these genes contribute to S. aureus growth in sputum, we quantified low-molecular-weight thiols, nutrient transition metals, and the host metal-sequestration protein calprotectin in sputum from 11 individuals with CF. In all samples, the abundance of calprotectin exceeded nutrient metal concentration, explaining the S. aureus requirement for metal-starvation genes. Further, all samples contain potentially toxic quantities of cysteine and sufficient glutathione to satisfy the organic sulfur requirements of S. aureus. Deletion of the cysteine importer genes tcyA and tcyP in the {Delta}cymR background restored growth to wild-type levels in CF sputum, suggesting that the mechanism by which cymR is required for growth in sputum is to prevent uncontrolled import of cysteine or cystine from this environment. Overall, this work demonstrates that calprotectin and cysteine limit S. aureus growth in CF sputum.

IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a major cause of lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). This work identifies genes required for S. aureus growth in this niche, which represent potential targets for anti-Staphylococcal treatments. We show that genes involved in surviving metal starvation are required for growth in CF sputum. We also found that the primary regulator of cysteine metabolism, CymR, plays a critical role in preventing cysteine intoxication during growth in CF sputum. To support these models, we analyzed sputum from 11 individuals with CF to determine concentrations of calprotectin, nutrient metals, and low-molecular-weight thiols, which have not previously been quantified together in the same samples.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shull, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolter, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legg, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedroc, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reniere, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of genetic requirements and nutrient availability for Staphylococcus aureus growth in cystic fibrosis sputum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Proteostasis Network is a Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.24.614781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oncogenic growth places great strain and dependence on the proteostasis network. This has made proteostasis pathways attractive therapeutic targets in cancer, but efforts to drug these pathways have yielded disappointing clinical outcomes. One exception is proteasome inhibitors, which are approved for frontline treatment of multiple myeloma. However, proteasome inhibitors are largely ineffective for treatment of other cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), although reasons for these differences are unknown. Here, we determined that proteasome inhibitors are ineffective in AML due to inability to disrupt proteostasis. In response to proteasome inhibition, AML cells activated HSF1 and autophagy, two key stem cell proteostasis pathways, to prevent unfolded protein accumulation. Inactivation of HSF1 sensitized human AML cells to proteasome inhibition, marked by unfolded protein accumulation, activation of the PERK-mediated integrated stress response, severe reductions in protein synthesis, proliferation and cell survival, and significant slowing of disease progression and extension of survival in vivo. Similarly, combined autophagy and proteasome inhibition suppressed proliferation, synergistically killed AML cells, and significantly reduced AML burden and extended survival in vivo. Furthermore, autophagy and proteasome inhibition preferentially suppressed protein synthesis and induced apoptosis in primary patient AML cells, including AML stem/progenitor cells, without severely affecting normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Combined autophagy and proteasome inhibition also activated the integrated stress response, but surprisingly this occurred in a PKR-dependent manner. These studies unravel how proteostasis pathways are co-opted to promote AML growth, progression and drug resistance, and reveal that disabling the proteostasis network is a promising strategy to therapeutically target AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vicenzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crews, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signer, R. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.24.614781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Proteostasis Network is a Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614811v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trem2 deficiency attenuates breast cancer tumor growth in lean, but not obese or weight loss, mice and is associated with alterations of clonal T cell populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614811v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractObesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer development and worsened prognosis; however, the mechanisms for this association - and the potential benefits of weight loss - have not been fully explored. The adipose environment surrounding breast tumors, which is inflamed in obesity, has been implicated in tumor progression. An emerging therapeutic target for cancer is TREM2, a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed on macrophages in adipose tissue and tumors. We utilized genetic loss of function (Trem2+/+ and Trem2-/-) models and dietary (lean, obese, and weight loss) intervention approaches to examine impacts on postmenopausal breast cancer. Remarkably, Trem2 deficiency ameliorated tumor growth in lean, but not obese or weight loss mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing, in conjunction with VDJ sequencing of tumor and tumor-adjacent mammary adipose tissue (mATTum-adj) immune cells, revealed that tumors of lean Trem2-/- mice exhibited a shift in clonal CD8+ T cells from an exhausted to an effector memory state, accompanied with increased clonality of CD4+ Th1 cells, that was not observed in any other diet-genotype group. Notably, identical T cell clonotypes were identified in the tumor and mATTum-adj of the same mouse. Finally, an immune checkpoint study demonstrated that PD-1 therapy restricted tumor growth in lean and weight loss, but not obese mice. We conclude that weight history is relevant when considering potential efficacy of TREM2 inhibition in postmenopausal breast cancer. This work reveals immunological interactions between tumors and surrounding adipose tissue, highlighting significant differences under obese and weight loss conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierro, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehmann, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pietenpol, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wellen, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingleton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614811</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trem2 deficiency attenuates breast cancer tumor growth in lean, but not obese or weight loss, mice and is associated with alterations of clonal T cell populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morning Engagement of Hepatic Insulin Receptors Improves Afternoon Hepatic Glucose Disposal and Storage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.25.614969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucose tolerance improves significantly upon consuming a second, identical meal later in the day (second meal phenomenon). We previously established that morning hyperinsulinemia primes the liver for increased afternoon hepatic glucose uptake (HGU). Although the route of insulin delivery is an important determinant of the mechanisms by which insulin regulates liver glucose metabolism (direct hepatic vs indirect insulin action), it is not known if insulins delivery route affects the second meal response. To determine whether morning peripheral insulin delivery (as occurs clinically (subcutaneous)) can enhance afternoon HGU, conscious dogs were treated in the morning with insulin delivered via the portal vein, or peripherally (leg vein), while glucose was infused to maintain euglycemia. Consequently, arterial insulin levels increased similarly in both groups, but relative hepatic insulin deficiency occurred when insulin was delivered peripherally. In the afternoon, all animals were challenged with the same hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp to simulate identical postprandial-like conditions. The substantial enhancement of HGU in the afternoon caused by morning portal vein insulin delivery was lost when insulin was delivered peripherally. This indicates that morning insulin does not cause the second meal phenomenon via its indirect actions on the liver, but rather through direct activation of hepatic insulin signaling.

Article HighlightsO_LIMorning insulin delivery primes the liver for increased hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) later in the day, but the mechanism (direct hepatic and/or indirect insulin action) remains unclear.
C_LIO_LIThis study compared insulin infusion via physiologic (hepatic portal vein) and clinical (peripheral) routes to assess their impact on afternoon hepatic glucose disposal.
C_LIO_LIMorning peripheral insulin delivery failed to induce a significant enhancing effect on afternoon HGU and glycogen storage, unlike morning hepatic portal vein insulin delivery, which did.
C_LIO_LIThese findings highlight the importance of achieving appropriate hepatic insulin exposure in the morning to effectively prime the liver for efficient glucose disposal.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waterman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.614969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morning Engagement of Hepatic Insulin Receptors Improves Afternoon Hepatic Glucose Disposal and Storage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rationalize the Functional Roles of Protein-Protein Interactions in Targeted Protein Degradation by Kinetic Monte-Carlo Simulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeted protein degradation is a promising therapeutic strategy to tackle disease-causing proteins that lack binding pockets for traditional small-molecule inhibitors. Its first step is to trigger the proximity between a ubiquitin ligase complex and a target protein through a heterobifunctional molecule, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), leading to the formation of a ternary complex. The properties of protein-protein interactions play an important regulatory role during this process, which can be reflected by binding cooperativity. Unfortunately, although computer-aided drug design has become a cornerstone of modern drug development, the endeavor to model targeted protein degradation is still in its infancy. The development of computational tools to understand the impacts of protein-protein interactions on targeted protein degradation, therefore, is highly demanded. To reach this goal, we constructed a non-redundant structural benchmark of the most updated ternary complexes and applied a kinetic Monte-Carlo method to simulate the association between ligases and PROTAC-targeted proteins in the benchmark. Our results show that proteins in most complexes with positive cooperativity tend to associate into native-like configurations more often. In contrast, proteins very likely failed to associate into native-like configurations in complexes with negative cooperativity. Moreover, we compared the protein-protein association through different interfaces generated from molecular docking. The native-like binding interface shows a higher association probability than all the other alternative interfaces only in the complex with positive cooperativity. These observations support the idea that the formation of ternary complexes is closely regulated by the binary interactions between proteins. Finally, we applied our method to cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). We found that their interactions with the ligase are not as similar as their structures. Altogether, our study paves the way for understanding the role of protein-protein interactions in PROTACE-induced ternary complex formation. It can potentially help in searching for degraders that selectively target specific proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rationalize the Functional Roles of Protein-Protein Interactions in Targeted Protein Degradation by Kinetic Monte-Carlo Simulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HEXIM1 is correlated with Alzheimer's disease pathology and regulates immediate early gene dynamics in neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive processes require de novo gene transcription in neurons. Memory requires the rapid and robust transcription of a class of genes called immediate early genes (IEGs). IEG transcription is facilitated by the formation of a poised basal state, in which RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) initiates transcription, but remains paused downstream of the promoter. Upon neuronal depolarization, the paused RNAP2 is released to complete the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, a process stimulated by positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). In many cell types, P-TEFb is sequestered into a large inactive complex containing Hexamethylene bisacetamide inducible 1 (HEXIM1), but the impact of this interaction on neuronal gene transcription is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that neuronal expression levels of HEXIM1 mRNA are highly correlated with impaired cognition in Alzheimers disease. It is also induced in the hippocampus during memory formation, and following depolarization in neurons. The role of HEXIM1 in neuronal gene transcription was then explored in murine neuronal cultures where we found that calcium frees P-TEFb from the HEXIM1 inhibitory complex. Modulation of P-TEFb by inhibiting the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) subunit of this complex significantly impacts IEG induction, particularly during repeated depolarization. Our findings indicate that HEXIM1 in complex with P-TEFb plays an important role in establishing and resetting the poised RNAP2 state, enabling efficient activation of genes necessary for synaptic plasticity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Htet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estay-Olmos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greer, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HEXIM1 is correlated with Alzheimer's disease pathology and regulates immediate early gene dynamics in neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615277v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolution of tRNA pool shapes variation in selection on codon usage across the Saccharomycotina subphylu 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.27.615277v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across taxonomical domains, synonymous codons of an amino acid are found to be used at unequal frequencies within genes. This codon usage bias (CUB) is highly variable across species. Genome-wide CUB reflects a balance between adaptive and non-adaptive microevolutionary processes within a species. Variation in microevolutionary processes results in across-species variation in CUB. As CUB is tightly linked to important molecular and biophysical processes, it is critical to understand how changes to these processes are linked to changes in microevolutionary processes. We employed a population genetics model to quantify natural selection and mutation biases on a per-codon basis across the Saccharomycotina budding yeast subphylum. We found that the strength of natural selection and mutation biases varied significantly between closely related yeasts. Across-species variation in natural selection reflected the evolution of tRNA gene copy number. Additionally, we found evidence that changes to tRNA modification expression can contribute to changes in natural selection across species independent of changes to tGCN. Both lines of evidence support the link between the evolution of the tRNA pool and natural selection in codon usage through changes in the translation efficiency of a codon. Furthermore, we found that changes to tGCN often reflected changes to genome-wide GC%, suggesting changes to the tRNA pool reflect changes to mutation bias. Our work establishes how changes in microevolutionary processes impact changes in molecular mechanisms, ultimately shaping the macroevolutionary variation of a trait.

Significance statementCodon usage bias (CUB) - the non-uniform usage of synonymous codons - is a feature of all genomes and varies across closely related species. Differences in CUB imply differences in the underlying microevolutionary processes (natural selection, mutation bias) driving CUB. CUB is hypothesized to be tightly linked to key molecular processes, particularly mRNA translation. We used a population genetics model to quantify natural selection and mutation bias on a per-codon basis across 327 budding yeasts. We found high variability in the microevolution of CUB and showed that changes in natural selection were correlated with the evolution of the tRNA pool. Our work establishes how variation in molecular mechanisms relates to variation in microevolution, shaping variation in a trait across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.27.615277</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolution of tRNA pool shapes variation in selection on codon usage across the Saccharomycotina subphylu]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615283v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatomically and Physiologically Accurate Engineered Neurovascular Unit and Blood-Brain Barrier Model Using Microvessels Isolated from Postmortem Human Brain Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.26.615283v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain vasculature is a complex and heterogeneous physiological structure that serves specialized roles in maintaining brain health and homeostasis. There is substantial interest in developing representative human models of the brain vasculature for drug screening and disease modeling applications. Many contemporary strategies have focused on culturing neurovascular cell types in hydrogels and microdevices, but it remains challenging to achieve anatomically relevant vascular structures that have physiologically similar function to their in vivo counterparts. Here, we present a strategy for isolating microvessels from cryopreserved human cortical tissue and culturing these vessels in a biomimetic gelatin-based hydrogel contained in a microfluidic device. We provide histological evidence of arteriole and capillary architectures within hydrogels, as well as anastomosis to the hydrogel edges allowing lumen perfusion. In capillaries, we demonstrate restricted diffusion of a 10 kDa dextran, indicating intact passive blood-brain barrier function. We anticipate this bona fide human brain vasculature-on-a-chip will be useful for various biotechnology applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullison, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.615283</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatomically and Physiologically Accurate Engineered Neurovascular Unit and Blood-Brain Barrier Model Using Microvessels Isolated from Postmortem Human Brain Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.28.615606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early hominin arrival in Southeast Asia triggered the evolution of major human malaria vectors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.28.615606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the evolution of anthropophily, the preference of mosquitoes to feed on humans, offers insights into current and future human disease transmission. Some species of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes in Southeast Asia are highly anthropophilic and efficient vectors of human malaria parasites, while others primarily feed on non-human primates and transmit non-human primate malaria parasites. Through phylogenomic analysis of 11 out of 20 recognized species, we studied the biogeography and evolutionary history of anthropophily in this group. Molecular dating and ancestral state reconstruction revealed that anthropophily evolved during the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene in Sundaland, likely in response to early hominins. This finding provides independent non-archaeological evidence supporting the limited fossil record of early hominin colonization in Southeast Asia around 1.8 million years ago.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, U. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harbach, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hii, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somboon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broomfield, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.28.615606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early hominin arrival in Southeast Asia triggered the evolution of major human malaria vectors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.614425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserving Full Spectrum Information in ImagingMass Spectrometry Data Reduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.614425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationImaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has become an important tool for molecular characterization of biological tissue. However, IMS experiments tend to yield large datasets, routinely recording over 200,000 ion intensity values per mass spectrum and more than 100,000 pixels, i.e., spectra, per dataset. Traditionally, IMS data size challenges have been addressed by feature selection or extraction, such as by peak picking and peak integration. Selective data reduction techniques such as peak picking only retain certain parts of a mass spectrum, and often these describe only medium-to-high-abundance species. Since lower-intensity peaks and, for example, near-isobar species are sometimes missed, selective methods can potentially bias downstream analysis towards a subset of species in the data rather than considering all species measured.

ResultsWe present an alternative to selective data reduction of IMS data that achieves similar data size reduction while better conserving the ion intensity profiles across all recorded m/z -bins, thereby preserving full spectrum information. Our method utilizes a low-rank matrix completion model combined with a randomized sparse-format-aware algorithm to approximate IMS datasets. This representation offers reduced dimensionality and a data footprint comparable to peak picking, but also retains complete spectral profiles, enabling comprehensive analysis and compression. We demonstrate improved preservation of lower signal-to-noise-ratio signals and near-isobars, mitigation of selection bias, and reduced information loss compared to current state-of-the art data reduction methods in IMS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moens, R. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Ardenne, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.614425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserving Full Spectrum Information in ImagingMass Spectrometry Data Reduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Actomyosin Contractility is a Potent Suppressor of Mesoderm Induction by Human Pluripotent Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The activation of WNT signaling in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) drives efficient conversion to lateral mesoderm, which can be further differentiated into cardiomyocytes. Stabilization of the WNT effector {beta}-catenin promotes expression of mesoderm-specifying genes such as TBXT (which encodes Brachyury) and drives an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanical forces are essential for the self-organization and development of vertebrate embryos but the role of forces, especially actomyosin contractility, in mesoderm specification has remained controversial. We discovered that, unexpectedly, increasing actomyosin contractility by expression of constitutively active Rho kinase or MLC kinase, efficiently blocked any induction of mesoderm by WNT signaling, and cells failed to undergo EMT. Conversely, the suppression of contractility by inhibitors and genetic approaches significantly accelerated differentiation: Brachyury induction was enhanced, and EMT initiated 24hrs earlier than in control settings. These data were initially puzzling because we observed that WNT signaling was sufficient by itself to promote contractility of hiPSC colonies. Notably, however, we showed that contractility must be inhibited prior to WNT activation to efficiently promote mesoderm specification, suggesting that reduced tension primes the pluripotent state, not the induced state, to accelerate differentiation along this trajectory. Mechanistically, we found that loss of contractility decreased junctional {beta}-catenin and promoted active {beta}-catenin levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Increased contractility had opposite effects, highlighting actomyosin contractility at the pluripotent state as a key regulator of WNT signaling responsiveness through effects on adherens junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fort, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macara, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Actomyosin Contractility is a Potent Suppressor of Mesoderm Induction by Human Pluripotent Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616342v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autophosphorylation of the oncogenic protein TEL-ABL confers resistance to the allosteric ABL inhibitor asciminib 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616342v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromosomal translocations that fuse the ABL1 gene to BCR and TEL cause human leukemias. Oligomerization and the loss of an inhibitory myristoylation modification lead to unregulated kinase activity of the BCR-ABL and TEL-ABL fusion proteins. ATP-competitive ABL inhibitors, such as imatinib and ponatinib, are effective against both fusion proteins. We discovered that asciminib, an allosteric inhibitor of BCR-ABL that binds to the myristoyl binding site in the ABL kinase domain, is >2000-fold less potent against TEL-ABL than BCR-ABL in cell-growth assays. This is surprising because the ABL components of the two fusion proteins, including the asciminib binding sites, have identical sequence. We deleted a short helical segment in the ABL kinase domain that closes over asciminib when it is bound. This deletion results in asciminib resistance in BCR-ABL, but has no effect on TEL-ABL, suggesting that the native autoinhibitory mechanism that asciminib engages in BCR-ABL is disrupted in TEL-ABL. We show, using mammalian cell expression and single-molecule microscopy, that BCR-ABL is mainly dimeric while TEL-ABL forms higher-order oligomers. Oligomerization can promote trans-autophosphorylation of ABL, and we find that a regulatory phosphorylation site in the SH3 domain of ABL (Tyr 89) is highly phosphorylated in TEL-ABL. This phosphorylation is expected to disassemble the autoinhibited conformation of ABL, thereby preventing asciminib binding. We show that TEL-ABL is intrinsically susceptible to inhibition by asciminib, but that increased phosphorylation results in resistance. Our results demonstrate that different ABL fusion proteins can have dramatically different responses to allosteric inhibitors due to differential phosphorylation.

One Sentence SummaryWhen TEL-ABL is phosphorylated, it is insensitive to asciminib. However, when TEL-ABL is dephosphorylated by a phosphatase, asciminib sensitivity is restored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muratcioglu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eide, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorday, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumpena, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Druker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuriyan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616342</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autophosphorylation of the oncogenic protein TEL-ABL confers resistance to the allosteric ABL inhibitor asciminib]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MORC-1 is a key component of the C. elegans CSR-1 germline gene licensing mechanism 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Argonaute CSR-1 is essential for germline development in C. elegans. Mutation of csr-1 downregulates thousands of germline-expressed genes, leading to the model that the CSR-1-mediated small RNA pathway promotes, or "licenses," gene expression by an unknown mechanism. CSR-1 also silences a limited number of genes through its canonical endonucleolytic "slicer" activity. We show that the GHKL-type ATPase MORC-1, a CSR-1 slicing target, over-accumulates at CSR-1 "licensed" target genes in csr-1(-), which correlates with ectopic gain of H3K9me3, H3K36me3 loss, and gene downregulation. Loss of morc-1 rescues csr-1(-) defects, while overexpressing MORC-1 in the germline of wild-type worms is sufficient to cause sterility and downregulate CSR-1 targets. These results show that MORC-1 overexpression in csr-1(-) is a primary driver of the CSR-1-mediated gene licensing mechanism.

One-Sentence SummaryMORC-1 acts downstream of CSR-1 to regulate germline chromatin states and is a key component of the gene licensing mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kirshner, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picard, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vakhnovetsky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alessi, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inoki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Mouridi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frokjaer-Jensen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobsen, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MORC-1 is a key component of the C. elegans CSR-1 germline gene licensing mechanism]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.615981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes in Myofibril Size, Shape, and Network Connectivity in Aging Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.01.615981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Across normal aging, striated muscles undergo structural remodeling associated with loss of force production. However, it is unknown how the organization of contractile myofibrillar networks, linked to their efficiency, is modified during aging. Using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), we assess myofibril size, shape, and connectivity across different muscle types in young and geriatric mice and humans. Regardless of skeletal muscle fiber type in mice, age was associated with increased myofibrillar connectivity, with 24 months of age, as compared to 3 months, displaying more sarcomere branches. Distinctive age-related trends in myofibril size and shape were observed among each muscle type. Notably, there was a decrease in myofibril circularity from 3 months of age to 24 months of age in the gastrocnemius muscles of mice, contrasting with an increase in circularity in the soleus muscles during the same time frame. Additionally, while the soleus myofibrils in an aged cohort had a higher cross-sectional area, a reduction was observed in the gastrocnemius muscles. Cardiac muscles displayed no changes in sarcomere connectivity from 3 months to 24 months, although myofibril circularity and cross-sectional area were increased during this time. In human vastus lateralis muscles, sarcomere branching was positively correlated with advanced age. However, there were no consistent changes in myofibril size or shape across a wide age range from 16 to 68 years old. Overall, these data suggest that aging is associated with increased connectivity of the contractile networks within mammalian skeletal muscle.

Graphical Abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajayi, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.01.615981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes in Myofibril Size, Shape, and Network Connectivity in Aging Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616147v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Baby Open Brains: An Open-Source Repository of Infant Brain Segmentations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616147v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reproducibility of neuroimaging research on infant brain development remains limited due to highly variable protocols and processing approaches. Progress towards reproducible pipelines is limited by a lack of benchmarks such as gold standard brain segmentations. Addressing this core limitation, we constructed the Baby Open Brains (BOBs) Repository, an open source resource comprising manually curated and expert-reviewed infant brain segmentations. Markers and expert reviewers manually segmented anatomical MRI data from 71 infant imaging visits across 51 participants, using both T1w and T2w images per visit. Anatomical images showed dramatic differences in myelination and intensities across the 1 to 9 month age range, emphasizing the need for densely sampled gold standard manual segmentations in these ages. The BOBs repository is publicly available through the Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB) Open Data Initiative, which links S3 storage, Datalad for version control, and BrainBox for visualization. This repository represents an open-source paradigm, where new additions and changes can be added, enabling a community-driven resource that will improve over time and extend into new ages and protocols. These manual segmentations and the ongoing repository provide a benchmark for evaluating and improving pipelines dependent upon segmentations in the youngest populations. As such, this repository provides a vitally needed foundation for early-life large-scale studies such as HBCD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feczko, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoyell, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagonis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bower, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberlain, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goradia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisler-Roman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendrickson, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houghton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kardan, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiffmeyer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundquist, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucena, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummaneni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myricks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narnur, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrone, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiners, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueter, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saw, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Styner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiklasky, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yacoub, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elison, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616147</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Baby Open Brains: An Open-Source Repository of Infant Brain Segmentations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616214v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species cause arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616214v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disease and caused by genetic variants that often increase sarcomeric Ca2+ sensitivity. While Ca2+ sensitization explains diastolic dysfunction, the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias is unresolved. Here, we show that HCM mutations or pharmacological interventions that increase myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity generate bioenergetic mismatch and oxidative stress during {beta}-adrenergic stimulation which provide a trigger and a substrate for arrhythmias. For any given sarcomere shortening that produces work and consumes ATP, less Ca2+ stimulates the Krebs cycle to maintain mitochondrial NADH. This reverses the mitochondrial transhydrogenase to regenerate NADH from NADPH, supporting ATP production at the cost of NADPH-dependent antioxidative capacity. The ensuing overflow of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria and glutathione oxidation induce spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ waves, well-defined triggers of arrhythmias. Furthermore, transhydrogenase-dependent ROS formation slows electrical conduction during {beta}-adrenergic stimulation in vivo, providing a substrate for arrhythmias. Chronic treatment with a mitochondrially-targeted ROS scavenger abolishes the arrhythmic burden during {beta}-adrenergic stimulation in HCM mice in vivo, while inducing mitochondrial ROS with a redox cycler is sufficient to induce arrhythmias in wild-type animals. These findings may lead to new strategies to prevent sudden cardiac death in patients with HCM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohlhaas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sequeira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertero, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwemmlein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, F. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flenner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickel, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alscher, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanadikar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudenbacher, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kappl, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prates Roma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasakow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohl, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufs, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katschinski, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lipp, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eschenhagen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616214</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species cause arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616378v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulus history, not expectation, drives sensory prediction errors in mammalian cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616378v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive processing models have recently flourished in neuroscience1-9. Feedforward and feedback modulation are at the heart of these hierarchical predictive processing models. Previous experimental studies using fMRI, EEG/MEG, and LFP1,10,11 could not reliably resolve feedback modulation from local computations and feedforward outputs. Here, using open-science9, multi-species, multi-area, high-density12, laminar neurophysiology13, we empirically test whether predictive processing is a key component shaping sensation. To isolate sensory information processing and eliminate motor/reward confounders1,10,11, we use a no-report task. Our task leveraged so-called global oddballs (GO) as unpredictable, deviant stimuli that circumvent low-level adaptation. We examined their responses relative to local oddballs (LO) that we habituated into highly predictable priors. Four surprising findings in this dataset challenge many existing predictive processing models. First, passively evoked GO responses were exclusive to higher-order, more cognitive areas rather than early-to-mid sensory cortex. Second, interneuron-targeted optogenetics revealed no evidence for a subtractive mechanism in both primates and mice. Third, highly predictable LO responses dominated in over 50% of all neurons, including in higher-order cortex which should have anticipated them, indicating limited evidence for predictive suppression. Lastly, prediction errors followed a feedback, rather than a feedforward signature. These results reveal circuit dynamics that govern the shaping of sensory processing by prediction, which will motivate new, neurally-constrained predictive processing models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nejat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sennesh, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabasco, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belski, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bawany, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peene, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ha, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasso, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardcastle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swapp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouellete, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caldejon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williford, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groblewski, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsen, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiselycznyk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lecoq, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616378</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulus history, not expectation, drives sensory prediction errors in mammalian cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conflict neurons in cingulate cortex of macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Conflict--the magnitude of co-activation of mutually incompatible response processes--was proposed to explain how cognitive control is invoked (Botvinick et al. 2001) and continues to engage debate (Becker et al. 2024). Original observations consistent with this construct emphasized the primary contribution of cingulate cortex (CC) based on human functional imaging (Botvinick et al., 1999; Carter et al., 2000) and electroencephalogram (Yeung, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2004). In countermanding tasks conflict arises through co-activation of competing GO and STOP processes (Boucher et al. 2007; Schall & Boucher 2007; Sajad et al. 2022). Single neuron activity representing conflict has been described in the supplementary motor cortex of human epilepsy patients (Fu et al., 2019; Sheth et al., 2012) and of macaque monkeys (Sajad, Errington, & Schall, 2022; Stuphorn, Taylor, & Schall, 2000) and in human cingulate cortex (Fu et al., 2019; Sheth et al., 2012) but not in monkey cingulate cortex (Ebitz & Platt, 2015; Ito, Stuphorn, Brown, & Schall, 2003; Nakamura, Roesch, & Olson, 2005). This lack of homology generated debate about the utility of macaques for investigation of cognitive control (Cole et al. 2009; Schall & Emeric 2010). With higher-resolution, less-biased samples, we re-examined the presence of a conflict signal in cingulate cortex of monkeys. Neurons modulating specifically when response conflict was maximal were found in cingulate cortex-- more commonly in the dorsal than the ventral bank. However, such neurons were much more common in supplementary motor cortex. These data confirm the presence of a conflict signal in medial frontal cortex and demonstrate that it can be found in a small fraction of neurons in cingulate cortex. Further research is needed to determine if the weak response conflict signal in cingulate cortex is sufficient or negligible.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Errington, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sajad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schall, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conflict neurons in cingulate cortex of macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging at scale: Younger dogs and larger breeds from the Dog Aging Project show accelerated epigenetic aging. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.03.616519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dogs exhibit striking within-species variability in lifespan, with smaller breeds often living more than twice as long as larger breeds. This longevity discrepancy also extends to health and aging-larger dogs show higher rates of age-related diseases. Despite this well-established phenomenon, we still know little about the biomarkers and molecular mechanisms that might underlie breed differences in aging and survival. To address this gap, we generated an epigenetic clock using DNA methylation from over 3 million CpG sites in a deeply phenotyped cohort of 864 companion dogs from the Dog Aging Project, including some dogs sampled annually for 2-3 years. We found that the largest breed size tends to have epigenomes that are, on average, 0.37 years older per chronological year compared to the smallest breed size. We also found that higher residual epigenetic age was significantly associated with increased mortality risk, with dogs experiencing a 34% higher risk of death for each year increase in residual epigenetic age. These findings not only broaden our understanding of how aging manifests within a diverse species but also highlight the significant role that demographic factors play in modulating the biological mechanisms underlying aging. Additionally, they highlight the utility of DNA methylation as both a biomarker for healthspan-extending interventions, a mortality predictor, and a mechanism for understanding inter-individual variation in aging in dogs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCoy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariner, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silkas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjangba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partida-Aguilar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Dog Aging Project Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.03.616519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging at scale: Younger dogs and larger breeds from the Dog Aging Project show accelerated epigenetic aging.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell resolution map of innate-like lymphocyte response to Francisella tularensis infection reveals MAIT cell role in protection from tularemia-like disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early immune dynamics during the initiation of fatal tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis infection remain unknown. Unto that end, we generated a transcriptomic map at single-cell resolution of the innate-like lymphocyte responses to F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) infection of mice. We found that both interferon-{gamma}-producing type 1 and interleukin-17-producing type 3 innate-like lymphocytes expanded in the infected lungs. Natural killer (NK) and NKT cells drove the type 1 response, whereas mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and {gamma}{delta} T cells drove the type 3 response. Furthermore, tularemia-like disease-resistant NKT cell-deficient, Cd1d-/- mice accumulated more MAIT1 cells, MAIT17 cells, and cells with a hybrid phenotype between MAIT1 and MAIT17 cells than wild-type mice. Critically, adoptive transfer of LVS-activated MAIT cells from Cd1d-/- mice, which were enriched in MAIT17 cells, was sufficient to protect LVS-susceptible, immunodeficient RAG2-/- mice from severe LVS infection-inflicted pathology. Collectively, our findings position MAIT cells as potential mediators of interleukin-17-dependent protection from pulmonary tularemia-like disease.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPulmonary F. tularensis LVS infection induces type 1 & type 3 immune responses.
C_LIO_LINK and NKT cells drive type 1, whilst MAIT and {gamma}{delta}T cells drive type 3 responses.
C_LIO_LIIncreased MAIT17 cell accumulation is associated with resistance to TID.
C_LIO_LIAdoptive transfer of MAIT17-enriched cells protect immunodeficient mice from TID.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>JOYCE, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell resolution map of innate-like lymphocyte response to Francisella tularensis infection reveals MAIT cell role in protection from tularemia-like disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617121v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal multi-omics reveals pathogenic TSC2 variants disrupt developmental trajectories of human cortical organoids derived from Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617121v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant condition, is caused by heterozygous mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, manifesting in systemic growth of benign tumors. In addition to brain lesions, neurologic sequelae represent the greatest morbidity in TSC patients. Investigations utilizing TSC1/2-knockout animal or human stem cell models suggest that TSC deficiency-causing hyper-activation of mTOR signaling might precipitate anomalous neurodevelopmental processes. However, how the pathogenic variants of TSC1/2 genes affect the longitudinal trajectory of human brain development remains largely unexplored. Here, we employed 3-dimensional cortical organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from TSC patients harboring TSC2 variants, alongside organoids from age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as controls. Through comprehensively longitudinal molecular and cellular analyses of TSC organoids, we found that TSC2 pathogenic variants dysregulate neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and gliogenesis, particularly for reactive astrogliosis. The altered developmental trajectory of TSC organoids significantly resembles the molecular signatures of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. Intriguingly, single cell transcriptomic analyses on TSC organoids revealed that TSC2 pathogenic variants disrupt the neuron/reactive astrocyte crosstalk within the NLGN-NRXN signaling network. Furthermore, cellular and electrophysiological assessments of TSC cortical organoids, along with proteomic analyses of synaptosomes, demonstrated that the TSC2 variants precipitate perturbations in synaptic transmission, neuronal network activity, mitochondrial translational integrity, and neurofilament formation. Notably, similar perturbations were observed in surgically resected cortical specimens from TSC patients. Collectively, our study illustrates that disease-associated TSC2 variants disrupt the neurodevelopmental trajectories through perturbations of gene regulatory networks during early cortical development, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, aberrant neurofilament formation, impaired synaptic formation and neuronal network activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahangiri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zohdy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chern, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitworth, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambello, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617121</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal multi-omics reveals pathogenic TSC2 variants disrupt developmental trajectories of human cortical organoids derived from Tuberous Sclerosis Complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617086v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Torsion-Induced Traumatic Optic Neuropathy (TITON): A Physiologically Relevant Animal Model of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617086v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is a common cause of irreversible blindness following head injury. TON is characterized by axon damage in the optic nerve followed by retinal ganglion cell death in the days and weeks following injury. At present, no therapeutic or surgical approach has been found to offer any benefit beyond observation alone. This is due in part to the lack of translational animal models suitable for understanding mechanisms and evaluating candidate treatments. In this study, we developed a rat model of TON in which the eye is rapidly rotated, inflicting mechanical stress on the optic nerve and leading to significant visual deficits. These functional deficits were thoroughly characterized up to one week after injury using electrophysiology and immunohistochemistry. The photopic negative response (PhNR) of the light adapted full field electroretinogram (LA ffERG) was significantly altered following injury. This correlated with increased biomarkers of retinal stress, axon disruption, and cell death. Together, this evidence suggests the utility of our model for mimicking clinically relevant TON and that the PhNR may be an early diagnostic for TON. Future studies will utilize this animal model for evaluation of candidate treatments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asemota, B. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heisler-Taylor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mello, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sponsel, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Racine, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rex, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glickman, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617086</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Torsion-Induced Traumatic Optic Neuropathy (TITON): A Physiologically Relevant Animal Model of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617286v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation of transposons pattern aging differences across a diverse cohort of dogs from the Dog Aging Project 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.08.617286v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Within a species, larger individuals often have shorter lives and higher rates of age-related disease. Despite this well-known link, we still know little about underlying age-related epigenetic differences, which could help us better understand inter-individual variation in aging and the etiology, onset, and progression of age-associated disease. Dogs exhibit this negative correlation between size, health, and longevity and thus represent an excellent system in which to test the underlying mechanisms. Here, we quantified genome-wide DNA methylation in a cohort of 864 dogs in the Dog Aging Project. Age strongly patterned the dog epigenome, with the majority (66% of age-associated loci) of regions associating age-related loss of methylation. These age effects were non-randomly distributed in the genome and differed depending on genomic context. We found the LINE1 (long interspersed elements) class of TEs (transposable elements) were the most frequently hypomethylated with age (FDR < 0.05, 40% of all LINE1 regions). This LINE1 pattern differed in magnitude across breeds of different sizes- the largest dogs lost 0.26% more LINE1 methylation per year than the smallest dogs. This suggests that epigenetic regulation of TEs, particularly LINE1s, may contribute to accelerated age and disease phenotypes within a species. Since our study focused on the methylome of immune cells, we looked at LINE1 methylation changes in golden retrievers, a breed highly susceptible to hematopoietic cancers, and found they have accelerated age-related LINE1 hypomethylation compared to other breeds. We also found many of the LINE1s hypomethylated with age are located on the X chromosome and are, when considering X chromosome inactivation, counter-intuitively more methylated in males. These results have revealed the demethylation of LINE1 transposons as a potential driver of intra-species, demographic-dependent aging variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mariner, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silkas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjangba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marye, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bamberger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algavi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muller, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rout, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Dog Aging Project Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Promislow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.08.617286</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation of transposons pattern aging differences across a diverse cohort of dogs from the Dog Aging Project]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617597v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliable RNA-seq analysis from FFPE specimens as a means to accelerate cancer-related health disparities research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617597v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS/ RNA-Seq) is a ubiquitous tool for investigating cancer biology. RNA isolated from frozen sources limits possible studies for analysis of associations with phenotypes or clinical variables requiring long-term follow-up. Although good correlations are reported in RNA-Seq data from paired frozen and formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples, uncertainties regarding RNA quality, methods of extraction, and data reliability are hurdles to utilization of archival samples. We compared three different platforms for performing RNA-seq using archival FFPE oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma (OPSCC) specimens stored up to 20 years, as part of an investigation of transcriptional profiles related to health disparities. We developed guidelines to purify DNA and RNA from FFPE tissue and perform downstream RNA-seq and DNA SNP arrays. RNA was extracted from 150 specimens, with an average yield of 401.8 ng/cm2 of tissue. Most samples yielded sufficient RNA reads >13,000 protein coding genes which could be used to differentiate HPV-associated from HPV-independent OPSCCs. Co-isolated DNA was used to identify patient ancestry. Utilizing the methods described in this study provides a robust, reliable, and standardized means of DNA & RNA extraction from FFPE as well as a means by which to assure the quality of the data generated.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sandulache, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez-Bello, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadollahi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frederick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essien, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yebra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamlin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skinner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617597</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliable RNA-seq analysis from FFPE specimens as a means to accelerate cancer-related health disparities research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt-series data for improved CTF estimation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become an indispensable technique for determining three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. A critical aspect of achieving high-resolution cryo-EM reconstructions is accurately determining and correcting for the microscopes contrast transfer function (CTF). The CTF introduces defocus-dependent distortions during imaging; if not properly accounted for, the CTF can distort features in and limit the resolution of 3D reconstructions. For tilt-series data used in cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), CTF estimation becomes even more challenging due to the tilt of the specimen, which introduces a defocus gradient across the field of view, as well as the low dose and signal in individual tilt images. Here, we describe a simple algorithm to improve the accuracy of CTF estimation of tilted images by leveraging the tilt-series alignment parameters determined for tomographic reconstruction to explicitly account for the tilted specimen geometry. In brief, each tilt image is divided into patches, each of which are then stretched according to their defocus shift. These are then summed to provide a coherent power spectra at the tilt axis, which can then be used in standard CTF estimation algorithms. This uses all the data in each image to enhance the visibility of Thon rings, thereby improving high-resolution CTF estimation and subsequent enhancements in the resolution of subtomogram averages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khavnekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An approach for coherent periodogram averaging of tilt-series data for improved CTF estimation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Public RNA-seq data are not representative of global human diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.617967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The field of human genetics has reached a consensus that it is important to work with diverse and globally representative participant groups. This diverse sampling is required to build a robust understanding of the genomic basis of complex traits and diseases as well as human evolution, and to ensure that all people benefit from downstream scientific discoveries. While previous work has characterized compositional biases and disparities for public genome-wide association (GWAS), microbiome, and epigenomic studies, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of the degree of bias for transcriptomic studies. To address this gap, we analyzed the metadata for RNA-seq studies from two public databases--the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), representing 795,071 samples from 21,209 studies, and the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), representing 167,389 samples from 649 studies. We also randomly selected 620 studies from SRA for detailed, manual evaluation. We found that 3% of samples in SRA and 21% of individuals described in the literature had population descriptors (race, ethnicity, or ancestry); 28% of samples in dbGaP had paired genotype data that was used to empirically infer ancestry. In SRA, dbGaP, and the literature, race, ethnicity, and ancestry terms were frequently conflated and difficult to disambiguate. After standardizing population descriptors, we observed many clear biases: for example, among samples in SRA that were coded using US Census terms, 69.0% came from white donors, corresponding to an 1.2x overrepresentation of this group relative to the US population. Among samples in SRA coded using continental ancestry labels, 55.6% came from European ancestry donors--an 4.1x overrepresentation of this group relative to the global population. These biases were generally similar across datasets (SRA, dbGaP, literature review), and were comparable to previous reports for other  omics data types. However, we note that, relative to other  omics data subsets like GWAS, there is considerably less information, of arguably worse quality, about who is participating in RNA-seq studies. Together, these results demonstrate a critical need to improve our thoughtfulness, consistency, and effort around reporting population descriptors in RNA-seq studies, and to more generally strive for greater diversity in this important data type.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallego Romero, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, I. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.617967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Public RNA-seq data are not representative of global human diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.617110v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-dimensional confounding in causal mediation: a comparison study of double machine learning and regularized partial correlation network 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.12.617110v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In causal mediation analyses, of interest are the direct or indirect pathways from exposure to an outcome variable. For observation studies, massive baseline characteristics are collected as potential confounders to mitigate selection bias, possibly approaching or exceeding the sample size. Accordingly, flexible machine learning approaches are promising in filtering a subset of relevant confounders, along with estimation using the efficient influence function to avoid overfitting. Among various confounding selection strategies, two attract growing attention. One is the popular debiased, or double machine learning (DML), and another is the penalized partial correlation via fitting a Gaussian graphical network model between the confounders and the response variable. Nonetheless, for causal mediation analyses when encountering high-dimensional confounders, there is a gap in determining the best strategy for confounding selection. Therefore, we exemplify a motivating study on the human microbiome, where the dimensions of mediator and confounders approach or exceed the sample size to compare possible combinations of confounding selection methods. By deriving the multiply robust causal direct and indirect effects across various hypotheses, our comprehensive illustrations offer methodological implications on how the confounding selection impacts the final causal target parameter estimation while generating causality insights in demystifying the "gut-brain axis". Our results highlighted the practicality and necessity of the discussed methods, which not only guide real-world applications for practitioners but also motivate future advancements for this crucial topic in the era of big data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.12.617110</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-dimensional confounding in causal mediation: a comparison study of double machine learning and regularized partial correlation network]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Toxicokinetics for organ-on-chip devices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.617253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Organ-on-chip (OOC) devices are an emerging New Approach Method in both pharmacology and toxicology. Such devices use heterotypic combinations of human cells in a micro-fabricated device to mimic in vivo conditions and better predict organ-specific toxicological responses in humans. One drawback of these devices is that they are typically made from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a polymer known to interact with hydrophobic chemicals. Due to this interaction, the actual dose experienced by cells inside OOC devices can differ strongly from the nominal dose. To account for these effects, we have developed a comprehensive toxicokinetic approach to measure and model chemical-PDMS interactions, including partitioning into and diffusion through PDMS. We use these methods to characterize PDMS interactions for ten chemicals, ranging from fluorescent dyes to persistent organic pollutants to organophosphate pesticides. We further show that these methods return physical interaction parameters that can be used to accurately predict time-dependent doses under continuous-flow conditions, as would be present in an OOC device. These results demonstrate the validity of the methods and model across geometries and flow rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hermann, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficek, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markov, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCawley, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.617253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Toxicokinetics for organ-on-chip devices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Synthesis and characterization of chloroquine-modified albumin-binding siRNA-lipid conjugates for improved intracellular delivery and gene silencing in cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
siRNA therapeutics have considerable potential as molecularly-targeted therapeutics in malignant disease, but identification of effective delivery strategies that mediate rapid intracellular delivery while minimizing toxicity has been challenging. Our group recently developed and optimized an siRNA conjugate platform termed "siRNA-L2," which harnesses non-covalent association with endogenous circulating albumin to extend circulation half-life and achieve tumor-selective delivery without the use of traditional cationic lipids or polymers for transfection. To improve intracellular delivery and particularly the endosomal escape properties of siRNA-L2 towards more efficient gene silencing, we report synthesis of siRNA-CQ-L2 conjugates, in which chloroquine (CQ), an endosomolytic quinoline alkaloid, is covalently incorporated into the branching lipid tail structure. We accomplished this via synthesis of a novel CQ phosphoramidite, which can be incorporated into a modular siRNA-L2 backbone using on-column solid-phase synthesis through use of asymmetric branchers with levulinyl-protected hydroxide groups that allow covalent addition of pendant CQ repeats. We demonstrate that siRNA-CQ-L2 maintains the ability to non-covalently bind albumin, and with multiple copies of CQ, siRNA-CQ-L2 mediates higher endosomal disruption, cellular uptake/retention, and reporter gene knockdown in cancer cells. Further, in mice, the addition of CQ did not significantly affect circulation kinetics nor organ biodistribution and did not produce hematologic or organ-level toxicity. Thus, controlled, multivalent conjugation of albumin-binding siRNA-L2 to endosomolytic small molecule compounds holds promise in improving siRNA-L2 knockdown potency while maintaining albumin-binding properties and overall safety.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lo, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gbur, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fletcher, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Arcy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltman, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Synthesis and characterization of chloroquine-modified albumin-binding siRNA-lipid conjugates for improved intracellular delivery and gene silencing in cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Load-based divergence in the dynamic allostery of two TCRs recognizing the same pMHC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence suggests that mechanical load on the {beta} T cell receptor (TCR) is crucial for recognizing the antigenic peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule. Our recent all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the inter-domain motion of the TCR is responsible for the load-induced catch bond behavior of the TCR-pMHC complex and peptide discrimination. To further examine the generality of the mechanism, we perform all-atom MD simulations of the B7 TCR under different conditions for comparison with our previous simulations of the A6 TCR. The two TCRs recognize the same pMHC and have similar interfaces with pMHC in crystal structures. We find that the B7 TCR-pMHC interface stabilizes under [~]15-pN load using a conserved dynamic allostery mechanism that involves the asymmetric motion of the TCR chassis. However, despite forming comparable contacts with pMHC as A6 in the crystal structure, B7 has fewer high-occupancy contacts with pMHC and exhibits higher mechanical compliance during the simulation. These results indicate that the dynamic allostery common to the TCR{beta} chassis can amplify slight differences in interfacial contacts into distinctive mechanical responses and nuanced biological outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang-Gonzalez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akitsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinherz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Load-based divergence in the dynamic allostery of two TCRs recognizing the same pMHC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
B cell expression of the enzyme PexRAP, an intermediary in ether lipid biosynthesis, promotes antibody responses and germinal center size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The qualities of antibody (Ab) responses provided by B lymphocytes and their plasma cell (PC) descendants are crucial facets of responses to vaccines and microbes. Metabolic processes and products regulate aspects of B cell proliferation and differentiation into germinal center (GC) and PC states as well as Ab diversification. However, there is little information about lymphoid cell-intrinsic functions of enzymes that mediate ether lipid biosynthesis, including a major class of membrane phospholipids. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) results had indicated that concentrations of a number of these phospholipids were substantially enhanced in GC compared to the background average in spleens. However, it was not clear if biosynthesis in B cells was a basis for this finding, or whether such cell-intrinsic biosynthesis contributes to B cell physiology or Ab responses. Ether lipid biosynthesis can involve the enzyme PexRAP, the product of the Dhrs7b gene. Using combinations of IMS and immunization experiments in mouse models with inducible Dhrs7b loss-of-function, we now show that B lineage-intrinsic expression of PexRAP promotes the magnitude and affinity maturation of a serological response. Moreover, the data revealed a Dhrs7b-dependent increase in ether phospholipids in primary follicles with a more prominent increase in GC. Mechanistically, PexRAP impacted B cell proliferation via enhanced survival associated with controlling levels of ROS and membrane peroxidation. These findings reveal a vital role of this peroxisomal enzyme in B cell homeostasis and the physiology of humoral immunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cho, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chetyrkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calcutt, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caprioli, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semekovich, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[B cell expression of the enzyme PexRAP, an intermediary in ether lipid biosynthesis, promotes antibody responses and germinal center size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expression-Driven Genetic Dependency Reveals Targets for Precision Medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.17.618926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells are heterogeneous, each harboring distinct molecular aberrations and are dependent on different genes for their survival and proliferation. While successful targeted therapies have been developed based on driver DNA mutations, many patient tumors lack druggable mutations and have limited treatment options. Here, we hypothesize that new precision oncology targets may be identified through "expression-driven dependency", whereby cancer cells with high expression of a targeted gene are more vulnerable to the knockout of that gene. We introduce a Bayesian approach, BEACON, to identify such targets by jointly analyzing global transcriptomic and proteomic profiles with genetic dependency data of cancer cell lines across 17 tissue lineages. BEACON identifies known druggable genes, e.g., BCL2, ERBB2, EGFR, ESR1, MYC, while revealing new targets confirmed by both mRNA- and protein-expression driven dependency. Notably, the identified genes show an overall 3.8-fold enrichment for approved drug targets and enrich for druggable oncology targets by 7 to 10-fold. We experimentally validate that the depletion of GRHL2, TP63, and PAX5 effectively reduce tumor cell growth and survival in their dependent cells. Overall, we present the catalog of express-driven dependency targets as a resource for identifying novel therapeutic targets in precision oncology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elmas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Layden, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawabata-Iwakawa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obinata, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiebert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K.-l.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.17.618926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expression-Driven Genetic Dependency Reveals Targets for Precision Medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrin alpha1 beta1 promotes interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.18.619080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibrosis is the cause of end-stage kidney failure in patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in fibrosis are complex and anti-fibrotic therapies have so far failed to make an impact on patient welfare. Using unbiased proteomics analysis on the Pkd1nl/nl mouse, we found that expression of the integrin 1 subunit is increased in this model of ADPKD. In human ADPKD tissue and two single cell RNA kidney disease datasets, ITGA1 was also upregulated. To investigate the functional role of this integrin subunit in ADPKD, we generated a Pkd1nl/nlItga1-/- mouse. We observed a significant reduction in kidney volume and kidney dysfunction in mice lacking the integrin 1 subunit. Kidneys from Pkd1nl/nlItga1-/- mice had smaller cysts and reduced interstitial expansion and tubular atrophy. Picrosirius red staining identified a restriction in collagen staining in the interstitium and the myofibroblast marker  smooth muscle actin was also downregulated. Myofibroblast cell proliferation was reduced in Pkd1nl/nlItga1-/- mice and primary fibroblast cultures demonstrated an abrogated fibrogenic phenotype in integrin 1-depleted fibroblasts. These results highlight a previously unrecognised role for the integrin 1 subunit in kidney fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grenier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, I.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lennon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naylor, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrin alpha1 beta1 promotes interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Apical clathrin-coated endocytic pits control the growth and size of epithelial microvilli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial cells from diverse contexts assemble apical specializations to serve tissue-specific functions. In virtually all cases, these features consist of arrays of microvilli: micron-scale, actin bundle-supported protrusions that mediate biochemical and physical interactions with the external environment. Despite their importance for epithelial physiology, how microvilli grow during cellular differentiation remains poorly understood. Using genetic and small molecule perturbations, we found that an epithelial cells potential for growing microvilli of normal size is limited by an adjacent actin-dependent process: apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Unexpectedly, timelapse imaging of individual microvillar growth events revealed tight spatial and temporal coupling to sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Ultrastructural characterization of undifferentiated epithelial monolayers also showed that most nascent microvilli are in contact with an apical endocytic pit. Finally, inhibition of the Arp2/3 branched nucleation complex, which drives actin polymerization on coated pits, significantly reduced the accumulation of new microvilli on the surface of differentiating epithelial cells. Based on these discoveries, we conclude that clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its associated Arp2/3-based actin nucleation activity control the timing and location of microvillar growth, as well as the dimensions of the resulting protrusions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Perkins, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peebles, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Apical clathrin-coated endocytic pits control the growth and size of epithelial microvilli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Cdc42 causes abnormal optic cup morphogenesis and microphthalmia in mouse 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital ocular malformations originate from defective morphogenesis during early eye development and cause 25% of childhood blindness. Formation of the eye is a multi-step, dynamic process; it involves evagination of the optic vesicle, followed by distal and ventral invagination, leading to the formation of a two-layered optic cup with a transient optic fissure. These tissue folding events require extensive changes in cell shape and tissue growth mediated by cytoskeleton mechanics and intercellular adhesion. We hypothesized that the Rho GTPase Cdc42 may be an essential, convergent effector downstream of key regulatory factors required for ocular morphogenesis. CDC42 controls actin remodeling, apicobasal polarity, and junction assembly. Here we identify a novel essential function for Cdc42 during eye morphogenesis in mouse; in Cdc42 mutant eyes expansion of the ventral optic cup is arrested, resulting in microphthalmia and a wide coloboma. Our analyses show that Cdc42 is required for expression of the polarity effector proteins PRKCZ and PARD6, intercellular junction protein tight junction protein 1, {beta}-catenin, actin cytoskeleton F-actin, and contractile protein phospho myosin light chain 2. Expression of RPE fate determinants OTX2 and MITF, and formation of the RPE layer are severely affected in the temporal domain of the proximal optic cup. EdU incorporation is significantly downregulated. In addition, mitotic retinal progenitor cells mis-localized deeper, basal regions, likely contributing to decreased proliferation. We propose that morphogenesis of the ventral optic cup requires Cdc42 function for coordinated optic cup expansion and establishment of subretinal space, tissue tension, and differentiation of the ventral RPE layer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofstetter, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuntz, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Cdc42 causes abnormal optic cup morphogenesis and microphthalmia in mouse]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619676v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Executive control can query hidden human memories 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619676v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When we try to retrieve a representation from visual long-term memory there is a chance that we will fail to recall seeing it even though the memory is stored in our brain. Here we show that although mechanisms of explicit memory retrieval are sometimes unable to retrieve stored memories, that mechanisms of executive control can quickly query memory and determine if a representation is stored therein. Our findings suggest that the representations stored in human memory that cannot be accessed explicitly at that moment are nonetheless directly accessible by the brains higher level control mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fukuda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619676</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Executive control can query hidden human memories]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Somatic Mutations in MCOLN3 in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas cause Primary Aldosteronism. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.20.619295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by renin-independent hyperaldosteronism that originates from aldosterone-producing lesions in the adrenal glands. Under physiological conditions, aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression is confined to the adrenal zona glomerulosa where it catalyzes the final reaction yielding aldosterone. The regulation of CYP11B2 transcription depends on the control of cellular membrane potential and cytosolic calcium activity. In primary aldosteronism, aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are characterized by disrupted regulation of CYP11B2 expression resulting in autonomous biosynthesis of aldosterone. These lesions often harbor aldosterone-driver somatic mutations in genes encoding ion transporters/channels/pumps that increase cytosolic calcium activity causing increased CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone biosynthesis. We investigated APAs devoid of known somatic mutations and detected a missense mutation and a deletion-insertion variant in MCOLN3 which encodes for mucolipin-3 (TRPML3) -- a highly conserved inwardly-rectifying, cation-permeable channel. These MCOLN3 mutations were identified in three APAs derived from male patients with primary aldosteronism: p. Y391D and p.N411_V412delinsI. Both mutations are located near the ion pore and selectivity filter of TRPML3. This is the first report of disease-causing MCOLN3 mutations in humans. Functional studies suggest MCOLN3Y391D might directly or indirectly via membrane depolarization alter calcium influx of transfected adrenocortical cells, resulting in increased CYP11B2 transcription and aldosterone production. This study implicates mutated MCOLN3 as a driver of aldosterone excess in primary aldosteronism.

Significance StatementPrimary aldosteronism is a common but under-diagnosed endocrine disease that contributes to global hypertension burden and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Hyperaldosteronism in primary aldosteronism is mainly caused by adrenal lesions harboring somatic mutations that disrupt intracellular calcium levels and consequently aldosterone synthase expression and aldosterone production. Majority of these mutations have been identified in genes encoding ion transporters/channels/pumps. Herein, we report the first disease-causing somatic mutations in human MCOLN3 in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) devoid of known mutations. In vitro investigations showed the MCOLN3 variant (p.Y391D) caused an influx of cytosolic calcium in adrenocortical cells and the subsequent increase in aldosterone synthase and aldosterone biosynthesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van Rooyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bandulik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coon, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laukemper, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar-Sinha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Udager, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wachtel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luther, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warth, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainey, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rege, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.20.619295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Somatic Mutations in MCOLN3 in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas cause Primary Aldosteronism.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pancreatic islet alpha cells regulate microtubule stability in neighboring beta cells to tune insulin secretion and induce functional heterogeneity in individual mouse and human islets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have reported that the microtubule (MT) network in {beta} cells attenuates this function by withdrawing insulin secretory granules (ISGs) away from the plasma membrane. Thus, high glucose-induced MT remodeling is required for robust glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We now show that -cell secreted hormones, Gcg and/or Glp1, regulate the MT stability in {beta} cells. Activating the receptors of Gcg or Glp1 (GcgR or Glp1R) with chemical agonists induces MT destabilization in {beta} ells in the absence of high glucose. In contrast, inhibiting these receptors with antagonists attenuates high glucose-induced MT destabilization. Supporting the significance of this regulation, the MT networks in {beta} cells of islets with higher /{beta} cell ratio are less stable than those with lower /{beta} cell ratio. Within each individual islet, {beta} cells that are located close to  cells show faster MTs remodeling upon glucose stimulation than those away. Consequently, islets with higher /{beta} cell ratio secrete more insulin in response to high glucose and plasma membrane depolarization, which is recapitulated by direct Gcg stimulation. These combined results reveal a new MT-dependent pathway by which  cells, using Gcg and or Glp1-mediated paracrine signaling, tune {beta}-cell secretion. In addition, the different -{beta} cell ratios in individual islets lead to their heterogeneous secretory responses, which may be important for handling secretory function needs under different physiological conditions.

HighlightsO_LIGcg sensitizes glucose-induced MT remodeling in mouse and human {beta} cells
C_LIO_LIMT density in single islets anti-correlates with /{beta} cell ratio
C_LIO_LIGSIS levels in single islets positively correlate with /{beta} cell ratio
C_LIO_LIDifferent /{beta} cell ratio contributes to heterogeneity of single islet GSIS
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, K.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barmaver, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pancreatic islet alpha cells regulate microtubule stability in neighboring beta cells to tune insulin secretion and induce functional heterogeneity in individual mouse and human islets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
EFP Analyzer: A fast, accurate, and easy-to-teach program for analyzing Extracellular Field Potentials from iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.619481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleInduced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) are an emerging model for determining drug effects and modeling disease. Specialized devices can generate Extracellular Field Potential (EFP) measurements from these cells, analogous to the ventricular complex of the electrocardiogram.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to develop an easy-to-use, easy-to-teach, reproducible software tool to measure EFPs.

Methods-ResultsWe present the EFP-Analyzer (EFPA), a semi-automized analyzer for EFP traces, which identifies and averages beats, identifies landmarks, and calculates intervals. We evaluated the tool in an analysis of 358 EFP traces from 22 patient-derived lines. We analyzed spontaneously beating iPSC-CMs, as well as optically paced iPSC-CMs through channelrhodopsin. We developed stringent quality criteria and measured EFP intervals, including Field Potential Duration (FPD). FPD from optically paced iPSC-CMs were shorter than those of spontaneously beating iPSC-CMs (283.7.0{+/-}54.2 vs. 293.0{+/-}47.5, p: 0.32, respectively). We further analyzed the usability and data replicability of EFPA through an inter-intra observer analysis. Correlation coefficient for inter-reader tangent and threshold measurements for these FPD ranged between r: 0.93-1.00. Bland-Altman plots comparing inter observer results for spontaneously beating and paced iPSC-CMs showed 95% limits of agreement (-13.6 to 19.4ms and -13.2 to 15.3ms, respectively). The EFP-analyzer could accurately detect FPD prolongation due to drug (moxifloxacin) or pathogenic loss of function mutations (CACNA1C N639T). This program is available for download at https://github.com/kroncke-lab/EFPA. The instructions will be available at the same listed website under the README section of the Github main page.

ConclusionsThe EFP-Analyzer tool is a useful tool that enables the efficient use of iPSC-CMs as a model to study drug effects and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wada, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blair, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanags, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauda, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knollmann, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.619481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[EFP Analyzer: A fast, accurate, and easy-to-teach program for analyzing Extracellular Field Potentials from iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Annexin A6 modulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exosomes via interaction with SNAP23 in triple negative breast cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are secreted via the classical pathway from secretory vesicles or the non-classical pathway via extracellular vesicles (EVs), that together, play critical roles in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is a Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding protein that in TNBC is implicated in cell growth and invasiveness. AnxA6 is associated with EVs, but whether it affects the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and/or EVs remains to be fully elucidated. To assess if AnxA6 influences the secretion of cytokines and extracellular vesicles, we used cytokine arrays to analyze secreted factors in cleared culture supernatants from control AnxA6 expressing and AnxA6 downregulated MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells. This revealed the diminished secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2), interleukin 8 (IL-8), dickkopf1 (DKK1), throbospondin-1 (TSP-1), and osteopontin (OPN) following AnxA6 downregulation. We also show that the secretion of small EVs is strongly reduced in AnxA6 downregulated cells and that upregulation of AnxA6 promoted the secretion of treatment was also associated with increased EVs associated Rab7, cholesterol, and MCP-1 levels. Moreover, cholesterol content in EVs was significantly higher in AnxA6-expressing cells than in AnxA6 downregulated cells and following chronic lapatinib induced upregulation of AnxA6. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the secretion of MCP-1 and/or EVs is AnxA6 dependent and that this requires the translocation of AnxA6 to cellular membranes and its interaction with SNAP23. AnxA6 neutralizing antibodies strongly diminished the survival of AnxA6 low TNBC cells but had minimal effects on the survival of TNBC cells expressing relatively high levels of the protein. Together, these data suggest that AnxA6 facilitates the secretion of EVs and proinflammatory cytokines that may be critical for TNBC progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sakwe, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beasley, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochieng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakwe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Annexin A6 modulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exosomes via interaction with SNAP23 in triple negative breast cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early perturbations to fluid homeostasis alter development of hypothalamic feeding circuits with context-specific changes in ingestive behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drinking and feeding are tightly coordinated homeostatic events and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) represents a possible node of neural integration for signals related to energy and fluid homeostasis. We used TRAP2;Ai14 and Fos labeling to visualize neurons in the PVH and median preoptic nucleus (MEPO) responding to both water deprivation and hunger. Moreover, we determined that structural and functional development of dehydration-sensitive inputs to the PVH from the MEPO precedes those of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, which convey hunger signals and are known to be developmentally programmed by nutrition. We also determined that osmotic hyperstimulation of neonatal mice led to enhanced AgRP inputs to the PVH in adulthood, as well as disruptions to ingestive behaviors during high-fat diet feeding and dehydration-anorexia. Thus, development of feeding circuits is impacted not only by nutritional signals, but also by early perturbations to fluid homeostasis with context-specific consequences for coordination of ingestive behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sweet, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddinger, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simerly, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early perturbations to fluid homeostasis alter development of hypothalamic feeding circuits with context-specific changes in ingestive behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LassoESM: A tailored language model for enhanced lasso peptide property prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) comprise a structurally and functionally diverse group of natural products. Lasso peptides represent one of about 50 known molecular classes of RiPPs, which display a characteristic [1] rotaxane conformation formed by a lasso cyclase. This unique, threaded conformation endows lasso peptides with diverse biological activities and remarkable thermal and proteolytic stability. The prediction of lasso peptide properties, such as substrate compatibility with a particular lasso cyclase or desired biological activity, remains challenging due to limited experimental data and the intricate nature of the substrate fitness landscapes. Protein language models (PLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in predicting protein structure and function. However, general-purpose PLMs perform poorly in lasso peptide-related predictive tasks. Therefore, there is a need to provide effective representations for lasso peptides to enable enhanced property prediction. In this study, we developed a lasso peptide-specific language model (LassoESM) by leveraging advances in pre-trained PLMs to aid the prediction of lasso peptide related properties and experimentally validate the model predictions. We demonstrate that LassoESM embeddings can accurately predict substrate compatibility for a lasso cyclase of interest when experimental data for model training was scarce. Using a deep learning framework incorporating cross-attention between lasso cyclase and substrate peptide embeddings, we identify non-cognate pairs of lasso cyclases and substrate peptides with predicted compatibility. We further show that LassoESM embeddings improve the prediction of RNA polymerase inhibitory activity, which represents a biological activity of several known lasso peptides. We anticipate that LassoESM and future iterations thereof will be instrumental for the rational design of lasso peptides with desired properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LassoESM: A tailored language model for enhanced lasso peptide property prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5hmC enhances PARP trapping and restores PARP inhibitor sensitivity in chemoresistant BRCA1/2-deficient cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the leading cause of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1/2-mutant cells are defective in repairing damaged DNA by homologous recombination and are characterized by hypersensitivity to PARP inhibitors. PARP inhibitors can trap PARP proteins on the chromatin, a mechanism that can contribute to the death of BRCA1/2-deficient cells. The FDA has approved multiple PARP inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic breast and ovarian cancers, but despite the success of PARP inhibitors in treating BRCA1/2-mutant cancers, drug resistance is a major challenge. Here, we report that 5hmC enhances PARP1 trapping on the chromatin in olaparib-treated cells. Elevated PARP trapping generates replication gaps, leading to the restoration of PARP inhibitor sensitivity in chemoresistant BRCA1/2-deficient cells. Our findings suggest that combining 5hmC with olaparib can restore the sensitivity of chemoresistant BRCA1/2-deficient cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kharat, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sengodan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dierman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharan, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.25.620335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5hmC enhances PARP trapping and restores PARP inhibitor sensitivity in chemoresistant BRCA1/2-deficient cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620729v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mu opioid receptor expression by nucleus accumbens inhibitory interneurons promotes affiliative social behavior 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620729v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mu opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens regulate motivated behavior, including pursuit of natural rewards like social interaction as well as exogenous opioids. We used a suite of genetic and viral strategies to conditionally delete mu opioid receptor expression from all major neuron types in the nucleus accumbens. We pinpoint inhibitory interneurons as an essential site of mu opioid receptor expression for typical social behavior, independent from exogenous opioid sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toddes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lefevre, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Retzlaff, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zugschwert, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myhre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez de Velasco, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kieffer, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothwell, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620729</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mu opioid receptor expression by nucleus accumbens inhibitory interneurons promotes affiliative social behavior]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scientific reasoning driven by influential data: resuscitate dfstat! 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In biomedical literature, one of the most widely employed statistical procedures to analyze and visualize the association between two variables is linear regression. Data points that exert influence on the fit and its parameters are routinely, but not as often as required, identified by established influence measures and their corresponding cut-off values. In this work, we are specifically concerned with the presence of influential data points that directly impact hypothesis testing of linear regressions, which none of the established measures describe. Interestingly, the highly overlooked influence measure dfstat and its derived leave-one-out p-value exists exactly for this purpose, unmentioned in the majority of statistical text books as well as absent from all available statistical software packages. Its application for identifying these data points seems pivotal, as scientific reasoning in publications is almost exclusively based on the p-value of the fit, commonly adhering to the  = 0.05 threshold to state significance or not. With this metric, we found for 29 of 100 digitizable papers published in Science, Nature and PNAS in 2016, a time when the "reproducibility crisis" was a growing concern, that stated significances (or their absence) are based on the presence of a single influential data point.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spiess, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roediger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaks, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdukiewicz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tellinghuisen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scientific reasoning driven by influential data: resuscitate dfstat!]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small-molecule modulators of lipid raft stability and protein-raft partitioning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Development of an understanding of membrane nanodomains colloquially known as "lipid rafts" has been hindered by a lack of pharmacological tools to manipulate rafts and protein affinity for rafts. We screened 24,000 small molecules for modulators of the affinity of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) for rafts in giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs). Hits were counter-screened against another raft protein, MAL, and tested for impact on raft, leading to two classes of compounds. Class I molecules altered the raft affinity of PMP22 and MAL and also reduced raft formation in a protein-dependent manner. Class II molecules modulated raft formation in a protein-independent manner. This suggests independent forces work collectively to stabilize lipid rafts. Both classes of compounds altered membrane fluidity in cells and modulated TRPM8 channel function. These compounds provide new tools for probing lipid raft function in cells and for furthering our understanding of raft biophysics.

TeaserCompounds have been discovered that modulate the affinity of membrane proteins for lipid rafts as well as raft formation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefanski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchison, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saksena, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasaka, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenworthy, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Horn, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small-molecule modulators of lipid raft stability and protein-raft partitioning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Systemic inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis prevents weight gain and improves metabolic health by increasing thermogenesis and decreasing food intake 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.28.620705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveObesity is a major health concern, largely because it contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and various malignancies. Increase in circulating amino acids and lipids, in part due to adipose dysfunction, have been shown to drive obesity-mediated diseases. Similarly, elevated purines and uric acid, a degradation product of purine metabolism, are found in the bloodstream and in adipose tissue. These metabolic changes are correlated with metabolic syndrome, but little is known about the physiological effects of targeting purine biosynthesis.

MethodsTo determine the effects of purine biosynthesis on organismal health we treated mice with mizoribine, an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IMPDH1/2), key enzymes in this pathway. Mice were fed either a low-fat (LFD; 13.5% kcal from fat) or a high-fat (HFD; 60% kcal from fat) diet for 30 days during drug or vehicle treatment. We ascertained the effects of mizoribine on weight gain, body composition, food intake and absorption, energy expenditure, and overall metabolic health.

ResultsMizoribine treatment prevented mice on a HFD from gaining weight, but had no effect on mice on a LFD. Body composition analysis demonstrated that mizoribine significantly reduced fat mass but did not affect lean mass. Although mizoribine had no effect on lipid absorption, food intake was reduced. Furthermore, mizoribine treatment induced adaptive thermogenesis in skeletal muscle by upregulating sarcolipin, a regulator of muscle thermogenesis. While mizoribine-treated mice exhibited less adipose tissue than controls, we did not observe lipotoxicity. Rather, mizoribine-treated mice displayed improved glucose tolerance and reduced ectopic lipid accumulation.

ConclusionsInhibiting purine biosynthesis prevents mice on a HFD from gaining weight, and improves their metabolic health, to a significant degree. We also demonstrated that the purine biosynthesis pathway plays a previously unknown role in skeletal muscle thermogenesis. A deeper mechanistic understanding of how purine biosynthesis promotes thermogenesis and decreases food intake may pave the way to new anti-obesity therapies. Crucially, given that many purine inhibitors have been FDA-approved for use in treating various conditions, our results indicate that they may benefit overweight or obese patients.

HighlightsO_LIA purine biosynthesis inhibitor, mizoribine, protects against diet-induced weight gain
C_LIO_LIMizoribine prevents fat mass gain in high-fat diet-fed male mice
C_LIO_LIMizoribine reduces food intake and increases thermogenesis
C_LIO_LIMizoribine induces expression of sarcolipin, a regulator of thermogenesis
C_LIO_LIMizoribine treatment reduces ectopic lipids and increases glucose tolerance
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Myers, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddie, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinde, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonard, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinette, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rampy, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montufar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaikh, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickman, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, G. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peck, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coate, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calipari, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaganjor, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.620705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Systemic inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis prevents weight gain and improves metabolic health by increasing thermogenesis and decreasing food intake]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Protein Conformations by Guiding AlphaFold2 with Distance Distributions. Application to Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) Spectroscopy. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We describe a modified version of AlphaFold2 that incorporates experiential distance distributions into the network architecture for protein structure prediction. Harnessing the OpenFold platform, we fine-tuned AlphaFold2 on a small number of structurally dissimilar proteins to explicitly model distance distributions between spin labels determined from Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy. We demonstrate the performance of the modified AlphaFold2, referred to as DEERFold, in switching the predicted conformations guided by experimental or simulated distance distributions. Remarkably, the intrinsic performance of AlphaFold2 substantially reduces the number and the accuracy of the widths of the distributions needed to drive conformational selection thereby increasing the experimental throughput. The blueprint of DEERFold can be generalized to other experimental methods where distance constraints can be represented by distributions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A. Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kao, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>S. Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Protein Conformations by Guiding AlphaFold2 with Distance Distributions. Application to Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) Spectroscopy.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621135v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
N-Aldehyde-Modified Phosphatidylethanolamines generated by lipid peroxidation are robust substrates of N-Acyl Phosphatidylethanolamine Phospholipase D 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.30.621135v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) where the headgroup nitrogen has been enzymatically modified with acyl chains of four carbons or longer (N-acyl-PEs or NAPEs). The nitrogen headgroup of PE can also be non-enzymatically modified by reactive lipid aldehydes, thus forming N-aldehyde modified-PEs (NALPEs). Some NALPEs such as N-carboxyacyl-PEs are linked to PE via amide bonds similar to NAPEs, but others are linked by imine, pyrrole, or lactam moieties. Whether NAPE-PLD can hydrolyze NALPEs was unknown. We therefore characterized the major NALPE species formed during lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid and generated various NALPEs for characterization of their sensitivity to NAPE-PLD hydrolysis by reacting synthesized aldehydes with PE. We found that NAPE-PLD could act on NALPEs of various lengths and linkage types including those derived from PE modified by malondialdehyde (N-MDA-PE), butane dialdehyde (N-BDA-PE), 4-hydroxynonenal (N-HNE-PE), 4-oxo-nonenal (N-ONE-PE), 9-keto-12-oxo-dodecenoic acid (N-KODA-PE), and 15-E2-isolevuglandin (N-IsoLG-PE). To assess the relative preference of NAPE-PLD for various NALPEs versus its canonical NAPE substrates, we generated a substrate mixture containing roughly equimolar concentrations of the seven NALPEs as well as two NAPEs (N-palmitoyl-PE and N-linoleoyl-PE) and measured their rate of hydrolysis. Several NALPE species, including the N-HNE-PE pyrrole species, were hydrolyzed at a similar rate as N-linoleoyl-PE and many of the other NALPEs showed intermediate rates of hydrolysis. These results significantly expand the substrate repertoire of NAPE-PLD and suggest that it may play an important role in clearing products of lipid peroxidation in addition to its established role in the biosynthesis of N-acyl-ethanolamines.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fadaei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernstein, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickens, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrow, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alli-oluwafuyi, A.-m. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tallman, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.30.621135</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[N-Aldehyde-Modified Phosphatidylethanolamines generated by lipid peroxidation are robust substrates of N-Acyl Phosphatidylethanolamine Phospholipase D]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A potently neutralizing and protective human antibody targeting antigenic site V on RSV and hMPV fusion glycoprotein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are frequent drivers of morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations, most often infantile, older adults, and immunocompromised. The primary target of neutralizing antibodies is the fusion (F) glycoprotein on the surface of the RSV and hMPV virion. As a result of the structural conservation between RSV and hMPV F, three antigenic regions are known to induce cross-neutralizing responses: sites III, IV, and V. Leveraging LIBRA-seq, we identify five RSV/hMPV cross-reactive human antibodies. One antibody, 5-1, potently neutralizes all tested viruses from the major subgroups of RSV and hMPV and provides protection against RSV and hMPV in a mouse challenge model. Structural analysis reveals that 5-1 utilizes an uncommon genetic signature to bind an epitope that spans sites O, II and V, defining a new mode of antibody cross-reactivity between RSV and hMPV F. These findings highlight the molecular and structural elements influencing RSV and hMPV cross-reactivity as well as the potential of antibody 5-1 for translational development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalil, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rush, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonami, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mousa, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A potently neutralizing and protective human antibody targeting antigenic site V on RSV and hMPV fusion glycoprotein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621333v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Directed insulin secretion occurs at precise cortical regions with optimal ELKS content that are devoid of microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621333v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To maintain normal blood glucose levels, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin into the bloodstream at specialized regions at the cell periphery, often called secretion hot spots. While many secretory machinery components are located all over the cell membrane, directed secretion relies on distinct cortical patches of the scaffolding protein ELKS and the microtubule (MT)-anchoring protein LL5{beta}. However, using TIRF microscopy of intact mouse islets to precisely localize secretion events within ELKS/LL5{beta} patches, we now show that secretion is restricted to only 5% of ELKS/LL5{beta} patch area. Moreover, the majority of secretion occurs at the margins of ELKS patches. This suggests that additional factor(s) must be responsible for hot spot definition. Because the MT cytoskeleton plays a regulatory role in the insulin secretion process via both delivery and removal of secretory granules from the secretion sites, we test whether local MT organization defines secretory activity at hot spots. We find that the majority of secretion events occur at regions devoid of MTs. Based on our findings, we present a model in which local MT disassembly and optimal ELKS content are strong predictors of directed insulin secretion.

Significance StatementO_LIInsulin has to be secreted directly into the bloodstream for efficient regulation of glucose metabolism. Molecular requirements for precise secretion location and microtubule-mediated regulation in directed secretion are uncharacterized.
C_LIO_LIUsing intact mouse islets and a live insulin secretion assay, we demonstrate that cortical patches containing ELKS and LL5{beta} display secretory heterogeneity and secretion hot spots are precisely localized to patch edges that are devoid of microtubules.
C_LIO_LIThese findings suggest that microtubule absence is critical for secretion and secretion occurs away from presumed sites of secretory granule delivery. This expands the current knowledge of regulation and spatial characteristics of insulin secretion.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fye, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sangowdar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayathilake, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Regan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621333</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Directed insulin secretion occurs at precise cortical regions with optimal ELKS content that are devoid of microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.616205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platelets are Protective in Early Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.29.616205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a disease associated with the pathophysiologic degradation of the tunica media resulting in aortic dilatation, systemic inflammation, and dysregulated hemostasis. Beyond role its role in initiating primary hemostasis, platelets are a source of ROS, inflammatory cytokines and growth factors necessary for angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. Although platelets contribute to the progression of established aneurysms, their role in the initiation of AAA remains undefined.

MethodsLow density lipoprotein receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice were examined for platelet accumulation in the angiotensin II (AngII) model of AAA utilizing in vivo labeling techniques. Two platelet antagonists (clopidogrel and aspirin), a thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran) or genetic deficiencies (protease-activated receptor 4, P2Y12, Lnk) were administered to AngII-infused mice to determine the role of platelets in initiation of AAA. The effect of platelet depletion was examined in multiple mouse strains of AngII-induced AAA and two additional aneurysm models. PheWAS and meta-analysis was analyzed in humans for platelet gene SNPs associated with AAA.

ResultsWe show that platelets are recruited rapidly to the aorta after the initiation of AngII infusion. Genetic deficiency of platelet receptors had no effect on abdominal aortic diameter, but augmented rupture-induced death in littermate versus placebo controls during AngII-induced AAA. Moreover, Ldlr-/- mice receiving anti-platelet inhibitors or a thrombin inhibitor also had augmented rupture-induced death. Platelet depletion preceding aneurysm formation resulted in pervasive rupture-induced death in several mouse strains and with three different mouse models of AAA.

ConclusionsInhibition of platelet function is detrimental in an early expanding aortic lumen resulting in catastrophic rupture and hemodynamic failure in murine AAA models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Russell, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spuzzillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaworski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clement, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boulaftali, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saum, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howatt, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luyendyk, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieswandt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhubl, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daugherty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmeier, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damrauer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallat, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackman, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.29.616205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platelets are Protective in Early Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621315v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-atlas of Juvenile and Adult Enteric Neuron scRNA-seq for Dataset Comparisons and Consensus on Transcriptomic Definitions of Enteric Neuron Subtypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.31.621315v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of interconnected ganglia within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Among its diverse functions, the ENS detects bowel luminal contents and coordinates the passing of stool. ENS defects predispose to GI motility disorders. Previously, distinct enteric neuron types were cataloged by dye-filling techniques, immunohistochemistry, retrograde labeling, and electrophysiology. Recent technical advances in single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) have enabled transcriptional profiling of hundreds to millions of individual cells from the intestine. These data allow cell types to be resolved and compared to using their transcriptional profiles ("clusters") rather than relying on antibody labeling. As a result, greater diversity of enteric neuron types has been appreciated. Because each scRNA-seq study has relied on different methods for cell isolation and library generation, numbers of neuron clusters and cell types detected differs between analyses. Cell counts in each dataset are particularly important for characterization of rare cell types since small numbers of profiled cells may not sample rare cell types. Importantly, each dataset, depending on the isolation methods, may contain different proportions of cells that are not detected in other datasets. Aggregation of datasets can effectively increase the total number of cells being analyzed and can be helpful for confirming the presence of low-abundance neuron types that might be absent or observed infrequently in any single dataset.

ResultsHere we briefly systematically review each Mus musculus single cell or single nucleus RNA-sequencing enteric nervous system dataset. We then reprocess and computationally integrate these select independent scRNA-seq enteric neuron datasets with the aim to identify new cell types, shared marker genes across juvenile to adult ages, dataset differences, and achieve some consensus on transcriptomic definitions of enteric neuronal subtypes.

ConclusionsData aggregation generates a consensus view of enteric neuron types and improves resolution of rare neuron classes. This meta-atlas offers a deeper understanding of enteric neuron diversity and may prove useful to investigators aiming to define alterations among enteric neurons in disease states. Future studies face the challenge of connecting these deep transcriptional profiles for enteric neurons with historical classification systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benthal, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May-Zhang, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.31.621315</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-atlas of Juvenile and Adult Enteric Neuron scRNA-seq for Dataset Comparisons and Consensus on Transcriptomic Definitions of Enteric Neuron Subtypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A consensus definition for deep layer 6 excitatory neurons in mouse neocortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.04.621933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To understand neocortical function, we must first define its cell types. Recent studies indicate that neurons in the deepest cortical layer play roles in mediating thalamocortical interactions and modulating brain state and are implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. However, understanding the functions of deep layer 6 (L6b) neurons has been hampered by the lack of agreed upon definitions for these cell types. We compared commonly used methods for defining L6b neurons, including molecular, transcriptional and morphological approaches as well as transgenic mouse lines, and identified a core population of L6b neurons. This population does not innervate sensory thalamus, unlike layer 6 corticothalamic neurons (L6CThNs) in more superficial layer 6. Rather, single L6b neurons project ipsilaterally between cortical areas. Although L6b neurons undergo early developmental changes, we found that their intrinsic electrophysiological properties were stable after the first postnatal week. Our results provide a consensus definition for L6b neurons, enabling comparisons across studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babola, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matney, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiegel, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulteis, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coye, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Proskurin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chevee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanold, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goff, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.04.621933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A consensus definition for deep layer 6 excitatory neurons in mouse neocortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622340v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ENaC contributes to macrophage dysfunction in cystic fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622340v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic systemic disease caused by dysfunctional or absent cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is expressed in human immune cells and plays a role in regulating innate immunity both directly and indirectly. Besides CFTR, research indicates that the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) also contributes to dysfunction in CF airway epithelial cells. However, the impact of non-CFTR ion channel dysfunction on CF immune responses is not yet fully understood. A precise understanding of how CF immune function is regulated by ion channels may allow antibiotic-and mutation-agnostic treatment approaches to chronic bacterial infection and inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that ENaC is aberrantly expressed in CF macrophages and directly contributes to impaired phagocytic and inflammatory functions.

MethodsENaC expression was characterized in human immune cells isolated from CF and non-CF blood donors. Monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) function and bacterial killing was tested in the setting of ENaC modulation.

ResultsBaseline expression of ENaC in human CF MDMs, lymphocytes, and granulocytes was increased at both the transcript and protein level relative to non-CF controls and persisted after exposure to bacteria. Inhibition of CFTR in non-CF MDMs resulted in ENaC overexpression.

CFTR modulator treatment reduced but did not eliminate ENaC overexpression in CF MDMs. Interestingly, ENaC inhibition with Amiloride increased CFTR expression. Amiloride-treated CF MDMs also showed normalized ROS production, improved autophagy, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Finally, results from an ion channel microarray indicated that sodium channel expression in CF MDMs normalized after Amiloride treatment with minimal effect on other ion channels.

DiscussionENaC is overexpressed in CF immune cells and is associated with abnormal macrophage function. ENaC modulation in immune cells is a novel potential therapeutic target for infection control in CF, either in combination with CFTR modulators, or as a sole agent for patients not currently eligible for CFTR modulators.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCauley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cephas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Partida-Sanchez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruscia, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622340</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ENaC contributes to macrophage dysfunction in cystic fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perilipin 5 Phosphorylation is Dispensable for Upregulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Genes upon Fasting but Required for Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Expression in Male Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.09.622792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivePerilipin 5 (PLIN5) is a lipid droplet protein highly expressed in cells that actively oxidize fatty acids. Previous in vitro studies have revealed that PLIN5 phosphorylation (p-PLIN5) at serine 155 by PKA is critical for transcriptional regulation of PPARa target genes by which PLIN5 adapt cells for fatty acid oxidation. We aim to determine the extent of p-PLIN5 in vivo and the consequence of impaired PLIN5 phosphorylation in the liver by using a whole-body knock-in of phosphorylation resistant PLIN5 (SA/SA) in mice.

MethodsWe measured PLIN5 and p-PLIN5 with mass spectrometry and Phos-tag gels. We assessed serum chemistry in WT and SA/SA mice upon fasting. RNA sequencing and qPCR compared the gene expression in the liver of SA/SA and WT mice after overnight fast.

ResultsPlin5 phosphorylation at S155 was increased in the liver LD fraction of fasted mice compared with that of fed mice by mass spectrometry (p<0.05). qPCR of key lipid metabolism genes did not differ between WT and SA/SA liver upon fasting. Male SA/SA mice had a higher fasting blood glucose (p<0.05) without a difference in body weight, serum insulin, or serum lipids. IRS2 was reduced in the liver of fasted male SA/SA mice (p<0.05).

ConclusionPLIN5 S155 phosphorylation is dispensable for the upregulation of lipid metabolism genes important for fasting response in vivo. Impaired phosphorylation also had little effect on serum lipids or liver TG. However, SA/SA mice showed decreased IRS2 expression in the liver, which may contribute to glucose intolerance in SA/SA male mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bovee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grandgenett, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopriva, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haider, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penniman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.09.622792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perilipin 5 Phosphorylation is Dispensable for Upregulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Genes upon Fasting but Required for Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Expression in Male Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623092v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal state-dependent connectivity analysis of arousal and autonomic centers in the brainstem and basal forebrain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623092v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vigilance is a continuously altering state of cortical activation that influences cognition and behavior and is disrupted in multiple brain pathologies. Neuromodulatory nuclei in the brainstem and basal forebrain are implicated in arousal regulation and are key drivers of widespread neuronal activity and communication. However, it is unclear how their large-scale brain network architecture changes across dynamic variations in vigilance state (i.e., alertness and drowsiness). In this study, we leverage simultaneous EEG and 3T multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to elucidate the vigilance-dependent connectivity of arousal regulation centers in the brainstem and basal forebrain. During states of low vigilance, most of the neuromodulatory nuclei investigated here exhibit a stronger global correlation pattern and greater connectivity to the thalamus, precuneus, and sensory and motor cortices. In a more alert state, the nuclei exhibit the strongest connectivity to the salience, default mode, and auditory networks. These vigilance-dependent correlation patterns persist even after applying multiple preprocessing strategies to reduce systemic vascular effects. To validate our findings, we analyze two large 3T and 7T fMRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project and demonstrate that the static and vigilance-dependent connectivity profiles of the arousal nuclei are reproducible across 3T multi-echo, 3T single-echo, and 7T single-echo fMRI modalities. Overall, this work provides novel insights into the role of neuromodulatory systems in vigilance-related brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourmotabbed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayrak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623092</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal state-dependent connectivity analysis of arousal and autonomic centers in the brainstem and basal forebrain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Communication subspaces align with training in ANNs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Communication subspaces have recently been identified as a promising mechanism for selectively routing information between brain areas. In this study, we explored whether communication sub-spaces develop with training in artificial neural networks (ANNs) and explored differences across connection types. Specifically, we analyzed the subspace angles between activations and weights in ResNet-50 before and after training. We found that activations were more aligned to the weight layers after training, although this effect decreased in deeper layers. We also analyzed the angles between pairs of weight layers. We found that for all branching, direct, and skip connections, weight layer pairs were more geometrically aligned in trained versus untrained models throughout the entire network. These findings indicate that such alignment is essential for the proper functioning of deep networks and highlights the potential to enhance training efficiency through pre-alignment. In biological data, our results motivate further exploration into whether learning induces similar subspace alignment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poggi, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalas, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mastrovito, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Communication subspaces align with training in ANNs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623395v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gestation length drives brain size and litter size variation in eutherian mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.13.623395v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The length of gestation in eutherian mammals, which is key to their reproductive success, is closely connected to other life history traits and with body mass and brain mass, but causal relationships between these variables are unclear. Here, we used an integrative analytical framework to evaluate the evolutionary relationships between gestation length and eight other traits on a dataset of 3,258 eutherian mammals and infer causality. We identify variation in generation length and litter size as the primary predictors of eutherian gestation length variation, whereas additional traits, such as brain mass, significantly predict gestation length only in specific mammalian orders. Using a structural equation modeling approach known as phylogenetic path analysis to infer causality, we find that gestation length variation positively influences brain mass variation and negatively influences litter size variation. Furthermore, body mass causally influences gestation length variation only in certain orders. Consistent with these causal inferences, examination of trait-trait coevolution reinforces that gestation length is strongly positively associated with brain mass, strongly negatively associated with litter size, and only moderately correlated with body mass. These findings reveal how gestation length directly and indirectly influences, and is influenced by, other key eutherian traits. Our study establishes a robust framework for identifying causal relationships within suites of correlated and co-evolving traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Danis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caetano, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funston, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623395</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gestation length drives brain size and litter size variation in eutherian mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitative mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity amplitude and delay with breath-hold BOLD fMRI when end-tidal CO2 quality is low 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), the ability of cerebral blood vessels to dilate or constrict in response to a vasoactive stimulus, is a clinically useful measure of cerebrovascular health. CVR is often measured using a breath-hold task to modulate blood CO2 levels during an fMRI scan. Measuring end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) with a nasal cannula during the task allows CVR amplitude to be calculated in standard units (vascular response per unit change in CO2, or %BOLD/mmHg) and CVR delay to be calculated in seconds. The use of standard units allows for normative CVR ranges to be established and for CVR comparisons to be made across subjects and scan sessions. Although breath holding can be successfully performed by diverse patient populations, obtaining accurate PETCO2 measurements requires additional task compliance; specifically, participants must breathe exclusively through their nose and exhale immediately before and after each breath hold. Meeting these requirements is challenging, even in healthy participants, and this has limited the translational potential of breath-hold fMRI for CVR mapping. Previous work has focused on using alternative regressors such as respiration volume per time (RVT), derived from respiration-belt measurements, to map CVR. Because measuring RVT does not require additional task compliance from participants, it is a more feasible measure than PETCO2. However, using RVT does not produce CVR amplitude in standard units. In this work, we explored how to achieve CVR amplitude maps, in standard units, and CVR delay maps, when breath-hold task PETCO2 data quality is low. First, we evaluated whether RVT could be scaled to units of mmHg using a subset of PETCO2 data of sufficiently high quality. Second, we explored whether a PETCO2 timeseries predicted from RVT using deep learning allows for more accurate CVR measurements. Using a dense-mapping breath-hold fMRI dataset, we showed that both rescaled RVT and rescaled, predicted PETCO2 can be used to produce maps of CVR amplitude in standard units and CVR delay with strong absolute agreement to ground-truth maps. The rescaled, predicted PETCO2 regressor resulted in superior accuracy for both CVR amplitude and delay. In an individual with regions of increased CVR delay due to Moyamoya disease, the predicted PETCO2 regressor also provided greater sensitivity to pathology than RVT. Ultimately, this work will increase the clinical applicability of CVR in populations exhibiting decreased task compliance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clements, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvolanek, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmerling, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayrak, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitative mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity amplitude and delay with breath-hold BOLD fMRI when end-tidal CO2 quality is low]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensing the shape of a surface by intracellular filaments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms that dictate the localization of cytoskeletal filaments is crucial for elucidating cell shape regulation in prokaryotes. The actin homolog MreB plays a pivotal role in maintaining the shape of many rod-shaped bacteria such as Escherichia coli by directing cell-wall synthesis according to local curvature cues. However, the basis of MreBs curvature-dependent localization has remained elusive. Here, we develop a biophysical model for the energetics of filament binding to a surface that integrates the complex interplay between filament twist and bending and the two-dimensional surface geometry. Our model predicts that the spatial localization of a filament like MreB with substantial intrinsic twist is governed by both the mean and Gaussian curvatures of the cell envelope, which strongly covary in rod-shaped cells. Using molecular dynamics simulations to estimate the mechanical properties of MreB filaments, we show that their thermodynamic preference for regions with lower mean and Gaussian curvatures matches experimental observations for physiologically relevant filament lengths of [~]50 nm. We find that the experimentally measured statistical curvature preference is maintained in the absence of filament motion and after a cycle of depolymerization, repolymerization, and membrane rebinding, indicating that equilibrium energetics can explain MreB localization. These findings provide critical insights into the physical principles underlying cytoskeletal filament localization, and suggest new design principles for synthetic shape sensing nanomaterials.

Significance statementThe protein MreB, a homolog of eukaryotic actin, regulates the shape of bacteria like Escherichia coli by guiding new cell-wall insertion based on local curvature cues. However, the mechanism by which a nanometer-scale MreB filament "senses" the micron-scale curvature of the cell wall has remained a mystery. We introduce a biophysical model of the energetics of twisted and bent filaments bound to curved surfaces, which predicts that localization of filaments like MreB is sensitive to both mean and Gaussian curvature. The model captures experimentally measured curvature enrichment patterns and explains how MreB naturally localizes to saddle-shaped regions without energy-consuming processes. Beyond cell shape regulation, our work suggests design principles for synthetic systems that can sense and respond to surface shape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gitai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaevitz, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratton, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grason, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensing the shape of a surface by intracellular filaments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624208v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SuperWater: Predicting Water Molecule Positions on Protein Structures by Generative AI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.18.624208v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Water molecules play a significant role in maintaining protein structural stability and facilitating molecular interactions. Accurate prediction of water molecule positions around protein structures is essential for understanding their biological roles and has significant implications for protein engineering and drug discovery. Here, we introduce SuperWater, a novel generative AI framework that integrates a score-based diffusion model with equivariant graph neural networks to predict water molecule placements around proteins with high accuracy. SuperWater surpasses existing methods, delivering state-of-the-art performance in both crystal water coverage and prediction precision, achieving water localization within 0.3 {+/-} 0.06 {degrees}A of experimentally validated positions. We demonstrate the capabilities of SuperWater through case studies involving protein hydration, protein-ligand binding, and protein-protein binding sites. This framework can be adapted for various applications, including structural biology, binding site prediction, multi-body docking, and water-mediated drug design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>su, z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derr, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.18.624208</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SuperWater: Predicting Water Molecule Positions on Protein Structures by Generative AI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624372v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy increases with gene age in six model multicellular eukaryotes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624372v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fundamental traits of genes, including function, length and GC content, all vary with gene age. Pleiotropy, where a single gene affects multiple traits, arises through selection for novel traits and is expected to be removed from the genome through subfunctionalization following duplication events. It is unclear, however, how these opposing forces shape the prevalence of pleiotropy through time. We hypothesized that the prevalence of pleiotropy would be lowest in young genes, peak in middle aged genes, and then either decrease to a middling level in ancient genes or stay near the middle-aged peak, depending on the balance between exaptation and subfunctionalization. To address this question, we have calculated gene age and pleiotropic status for several model multicellular eukaryotes, including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene age was determined by finding the most distantly related species that shared an ortholog using the Open Tree of Life and the Orthologous Matrix Database (OMAdb). Pleiotropic status was determined using both protein-protein interactions (STRINGdb) and associated biological processes (Gene Ontology). We found that middle-aged and ancient genes tend to be more pleiotropic than young genes, and that this relationship holds across all species evaluated and across both modalities of measuring pleiotropy. We also found absolute differences in the degree of pleiotropy based on gene functional class, but only when looking at biological process count. From these results we propose that there is a fundamental relationship between pleiotropy and gene age and further study of this relationship may shed light on the mechanism behind the functional changes genes undergo as they age.

Impact statementPleiotropy, the phenomenon where a single gene acts on multiple traits, is fundamental to genomic organization and has profound consequences for fitness. This work identifies a previously unknown relationship between pleiotropy and gene age, highlighting the dynamism of pleiotropy across time. This relationship holds across six distantly related model organisms, suggesting that it could be a highly generalizable finding, at least among multicellular eukaryotes. Following from this work, future investigation into mechanisms dictating the prevalence of pleiotropy at the gene or cellular level could provide fundamental insight into the maintenance of pleiotropy despite the potential for constraining rapid adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624372</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy increases with gene age in six model multicellular eukaryotes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning application to predict binding affinity between peptide containing non-canonical amino acids and HLA0201 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Class 1 major histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I), encoded by the highly polymorphic HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes in humans, are expressed on all nucleated cells. Both self and foreign proteins are processed to peptides of 8 to 10 amino acids, loaded into MCH-1 within the endoplasmic reticulum and then presented on the cell surface. Foreign peptides presented in this fashion activate CD8+ T cells and their immunogenicity correlates with their affinity for the MHC-1 binding groove. Thus, predicting antigen binding affinity for MHC-I is a valuable tool for identifying potentially immunogenic antigens. While quite a few predictors for MHC-I binding exist, there are no currently available tools that can predict antigen/MHC-I binding affinity for antigens with explicitly labeled post-translational modifications or unusual/non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs). However, such modifications are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of peptide immunogenicity. In this work, we propose a machine learning application that quantifies the binding affinity of epitopes containing NCAAs to MHC-I and compares its performance with other commonly used regressors. Our model demonstrates robust performance, with 5-fold cross-validation yielding an R2 value of 0.477 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.735, indicating strong predictive capability for peptides with NCAAs. This work provides a valuable tool for the computational design and optimization of peptides incorporating NCAAs, potentially accelerating the development of novel peptide-based therapeutics with enhanced properties and efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloodworth, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning application to predict binding affinity between peptide containing non-canonical amino acids and HLA0201]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.623809v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heterogeneous endocrine cell composition defines human islet functional phenotypes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.20.623809v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotyping and genotyping initiatives within the Integrated Islet Distribution Program (IIDP), the largest source of human islets for research in the U.S., provide standardized assessment of islet preparations distributed to researchers, enabling the integration of multiple data types. Data from islets of the first 299 organ donors without diabetes, analyzed using this pipeline, highlights substantial heterogeneity in islet cell composition associated with hormone secretory traits, sex, reported race and ethnicity, genetically predicted ancestry, and genetic risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). While  and {beta} cell composition influenced insulin and glucagon secretory traits, the abundance of {delta} cells showed the strongest association with insulin secretion and was also associated with the genetic risk score (GRS) for T2D. These findings have important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying diabetes heterogeneity and islet dysfunction and may provide insight into strategies for personalized medicine and {beta} cell replacement therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Evans-Molina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pettway, Y. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bate, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coldren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reihsmann, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkirk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajesh, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloyn, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niland, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.20.623809</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heterogeneous endocrine cell composition defines human islet functional phenotypes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624735v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FocalSV: target region-based structural variant assembly and refinement using single-molecule long read sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624735v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural variants (SVs) play a critical role in shaping the diversity of the human genome and their detection holds significant potential for advancing precision medicine. Despite notable progress in single-molecule long-read sequencing technologies, accurately identifying SV breakpoints and resolving their sequence remains a major challenge. Current alignment-based tools often struggle with precise breakpoint detection and sequence characterization, while whole genome assembly-based methods are computationally demanding and less practical for targeted analyses. Neither approach is ideally suited for scenarios where regions of interest are predefined and require precise SV characterization. To address this gap, we introduce FocalSV, a target region assembly-based SV detection tool that combines the precision of assembly-based methods with the efficiency of region-specific approaches. FocalSV was evaluated on nine germline datasets and two paired normal-tumor cancer datasets, demonstrating superior performance in both precision and efficiency.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624735</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FocalSV: target region-based structural variant assembly and refinement using single-molecule long read sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In depth sequencing of a serially sampled household cohort reveals the within-host dynamics of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and rare selection of novel spike variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 has undergone repeated and rapid evolution to circumvent host immunity. However, outside of prolonged infections in immunocompromised hosts, within-host positive selection has rarely been detected. The low diversity within-hosts and strong genetic linkage among genomic sites make accurately detecting positive selection difficult. Longitudinal sampling is a powerful method for detecting selection that has seldom been used for SARS-CoV-2. Here we combine longitudinal sampling with replicate sequencing to increase the accuracy of and lower the threshold for variant calling. We sequenced 577 specimens from 105 individuals from a household cohort primarily during the BA.1/BA.2 variant period. There was extremely low diversity and a low rate of divergence. Specimens had 0-12 intrahost single nucleotide variants (iSNV) at >0.5% frequency, and the majority of the iSNV were at frequencies <2%. Within-host dynamics were dominated by genetic drift and purifying selection. Positive selection was rare but highly concentrated in spike. Two individuals with BA.1 infections had S:371F, a lineage defining substitution for BA.2. A Wright Fisher Approximate Bayesian Computational model identified positive selection at 14 loci with 7 in spike, including S:448 and S:339. We also detected significant genetic hitchhiking between synonymous changes and nonsynonymous iSNV under selection. The detectable immune-mediated selection may be caused by the relatively narrow antibody repertoire in individuals during the early Omicron phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As both the virus and population immunity evolve, understanding the corresponding shifts in SARS-CoV-2 within-host dynamics will be important.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bendall, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimcheff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papalambros, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasa, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappell, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith-Jeffcoat, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfes, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mellis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grijalva, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauring, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In depth sequencing of a serially sampled household cohort reveals the within-host dynamics of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 and rare selection of novel spike variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624766v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A quantitative framework for structural interpretation of DMS reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.21.624766v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dimethyl sulfate (DMS) chemical mapping probes RNA structure, where low reactivity is generally interpreted as Watson-Crick (WC) base pairs and high reactivity as unpaired nucleotides. Studies examining DMS reactivity of RNAs with known 3D structures have identified nucleotides that deviate from this interpretation with distinct solvent accessibility and hydrogen bonding patterns. Understanding the frequency of these outliers and their recurring structural 3D features remains incomplete. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically analyzed DMS reactivity patterns across a library of 7,500 RNA constructs containing two-way junctions with known 3D structures. We observe DMS reactivity exists on a continuum over four orders of magnitude with approximately 10% overlap in reactivity between WC and non-WC nucleotides. We find that non-WC bases with WC-like DMS protection exhibit increased hydrogen bonding and decreased solvent accessibility, whereas WC pairs exhibiting greater DMS reactivity tend to flank junctions, correlating with weaker base stacking and greater junction dynamics. Furthermore, we discover that DMS reactivity values in non-canonical pairs correlate with atomic distances and base pair geometry, enabling discrimination between different 3D conformations. These DMS reactivity patterns indicate that DMS reactivity provides atomic-scale information about RNA 3D conformations, which can be used to model RNA structures and dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deenalattha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurich, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nein, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yesselman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.21.624766</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A quantitative framework for structural interpretation of DMS reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Learning and Re-ordering of Context-dependent Object Sequences in Nonhuman Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.625056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intelligent behavior involves mentally arranging learned information in novel ways and is particularly well developed in humans. While nonhuman primates (NHP) will learn to arrange new items in complex serial order and re-arrange neighboring items within that order, it has remained contentious whether they are capable to re-assign items more flexibly to non-adjacent positions. Such mental re-indexing is facilitated by inferring the latent temporal structure of experiences as opposed to learning serial chains of item-item associations. Here, we tested the ability for flexible mental re-indexing in rhesus macaques. Subjects learned to serially order five objects. A change of the background context indicated when the object order changed, probing the subjects to mentally re-arrange objects to non-adjacent positions of the learned serial structure. Subjects successfully used the context cue to pro-actively re-index items to new, non-adjacent positions. Mental re-indexing was more likely when the initial order had been learned at a higher level, improved with more experience of the re-indexing rule and correlated with working memory performance in a delayed match-to-sample task. These findings suggest that NHPs inferred the latent serial structure of experiences beyond a chaining of item-item associations and mentally re-arrange items within that structure. The pattern of results indicates that NHPs form non-spatial cognitive maps of their experiences, which is a hallmark for flexible mental operations in many serially ordered behaviors including communication, counting or foraging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhungana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.625056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Learning and Re-ordering of Context-dependent Object Sequences in Nonhuman Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A non-muscle α-actinin is an intrinsic component of the cardiac Z-disc and regulates sarcomere turnover, contractility, and heart remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.26.625523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac sarcomeres generate the fundamental forces behind each heartbeat and are thought to contain only muscle-specific cytoskeletal proteins. We show that a widely expressed actin cross-linking protein, -actinin 4 (ACTN4), is a sarcomere component of the human and zebrafish heart in vivo and in human iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes (CMs) in vitro. A confluence of biochemical experiments, immunofluorescence, and AI modeling suggest ACTN4 forms a heterodimeric complex with muscle-specific ACTN2 at the cardiac Z-disc, the cardiac sarcomere border. ACTN4 depletion from human iPSC-CMs stabilizes canonical sarcomere proteins and drives contractility-dependent cellular hypertrophy while ACTN4 overexpression destabilizes sarcomeres. ACTN4 depletion from zebrafish embryos specifically increases ventricular contractility which drives atrial enlargement, suggesting biomechanically driven atrial remodeling. ACTN4-associated phenotypes in both model systems lack hallmarks of cardiac disease models and an ACTN4 variant in humans is associated with reduced risk for disease. Our findings suggest a "non-muscle" actinin regulates heart contractility and influences clinical outcomes related to heart failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neininger-Castro, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caplan, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taneja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smart, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhart-King, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabdanov, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knapik, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.26.625523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A non-muscle α-actinin is an intrinsic component of the cardiac Z-disc and regulates sarcomere turnover, contractility, and heart remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.626055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global patterns of species diversity and distribution in the biomedically and biotechnologically important fungal genus Aspergillus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.29.626055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aspergillus fungi are key producers of pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and food products and exhibit diverse lifestyles, ranging from saprophytes to opportunistic pathogens. To improve understanding of Aspergillus species diversity, identify key environmental factors influencing their geographic distributions, and estimate the impact of future climate change, we trained a random forest machine learning classifier on 30,542 terrestrial occurrence records for 176 species ([~]40% of known species in the genus) and 96 environmental variables. We found that regions with high species diversity are concentrated in temperate forests, which suggests that areas with mild seasonal variation may serve as diversity hotspots. Species range estimates revealed extensive variability, both within and across taxonomic sections; while some species are cosmopolitan, others have more restricted ranges. Furthermore, range overlap between species is generally low. The top predictors of mean species richness were the index of cumulative human impact and five bioclimatic factors, such as temperature and temperate vs non-temperate ecoregions. Our future climate analyses revealed considerable variation in species range estimates in response to changing climates; some species ranges are predicted to expand (e.g., the food spoilage and mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus versicolor), and others are predicted to contract or remain stable. Notably, the predicted range of the major pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus was predicted to decrease in response to climate change, whereas the range of the major pathogen Aspergillus flavus was predicted to increase and gradually decrease. Our findings reveal how both natural and human factors influence Aspergillus species ranges and highlight their ecological diversity, including the diversity of their responses to changing climates, which is of relevance to pathogen and mycotoxin risk assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Riedling, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.29.626055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global patterns of species diversity and distribution in the biomedically and biotechnologically important fungal genus Aspergillus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatiochemical Investigation of Potential Biocontrol Agents Against Phytophthora capsici Infection in Tomato 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.02.626494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological control agents can offer an eco-friendly and more sustainable alternative to conventional chemical pesticides, providing protection against destructive pathogens, such as Phytophthora capsici, while reducing potential environmental harm associated with synthetic pesticide use in agricultural production systems. This work demonstrates the biocontrol effectiveness of various Bacillus species, including Bacillus vallismortis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus subtilis, against the widespread plant pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. Our studies showed that Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus subtilis promote plant growth and provide protection against Phytophthora capsici in both in vitro and in vivo greenhouse studies, while Bacillus vallismortis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were effective in vitro but not in vivo. Specifically, Bacillus thuringiensis was observed to both hinder the growth of Phytophthora capsici and enhance plant resilience to this oomycete pathogen. To probe the molecular interactions between biocontrol agent and pathogen, a dual culture of Bacillus thuringiensis and Phytophthora capsici was analyzed in situ using a mass spectrometry imaging workflow that implemented desorption electrospray ionization. This imaging approach spatially investigated the complex biochemical interactions that serve as the molecular foundation for the effectiveness of these biological control agents in crop protection, including antagonistic interactions that may be fundamental to their method of action. Herein, we demonstrate the benefits of biological control agent application in tomato cultivation, including enhanced pathogen control and plant growth, and showcase the strengths of desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging when applied to the spatially-resolved molecular characterization of agriculturally relevant microorganisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robinson, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepard, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambachew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyegheleme, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mmbaga, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.02.626494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatiochemical Investigation of Potential Biocontrol Agents Against Phytophthora capsici Infection in Tomato]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collapse of Interictal Suppressive Networks Permits Seizure Spread 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.04.626580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How do networks in the brain limit seizure activity? In the Interictal Suppression Hypothesis (ISH), we recently postulated that high inward connectivity to seizure onset zones (SOZs) from non-involved zones (NIZs) is a sign of broader network suppression at rest. If broad networks appear to be responsible for interictal SOZ suppression, what changes during seizure initiation, spread, and termination? For patients with drug resistant epilepsy, intracranial monitoring offers a view into the electrographic networks which organize around and in response to the SOZ. In this manuscript, we investigate network dynamics in the peri-ictal periods to assess possible mechanisms of seizure suppression and the consequences of this suppression being overwhelmed. Peri-ictal network dynamics were derived from stereo electroencephalography (SEEG) recordings from 75 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing pre-surgical evaluation at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. We computed directed connectivity from 5-second windows in the periods between, immediately before, during, and after seizures. After aligning all network connectivity matrices between seizures and patients, we calculated net connectivity changes from the SOZ, propagative zone (PZ), and NIZ. Across all seizure types, we observed two distinct phases as seizures initiated and evolved: a large rapid increase in directed communication towards the SOZ from NIZ followed by a collapse in network connectivity. During this first phase, SOZs could be distinguished from all other regions (One-Way ANOVA, p=8.32x10-19 - 2.22x10-7, lower range to upper range of p-values). In the second phase and post-ictal period, SOZ inward connectivity decreased yet remained distinct (One-Way ANOVA, p= 2.58x10-10-1.66x10-2). Furthermore, NIZs appeared to drive the increase in inward SOZ connectivity while global connectivity between NIZs concordantly decreased. Stratifying by seizure subtype, we found that consciousness-impairing seizures show loss of inward connectivity from the NIZ earlier than conscious sparing seizures (one-way ANOVA, p<0.01 after false discovery correction). Tracking network reorganization against a surrogate for seizure involvement highlighted a possible antagonism between seizure propagation to the NIZ and the NIZs ability to maintain high connectivity to the SOZ. Finally, we found that inclusion of peri-ictal connectivity improved SOZ classification accuracy from previous models to a combined area under the curve of 93%. Overall, NIZs appear to actively respond to seizure onset and increase inhibitory signaling towards the SOZ, possibly in an attempt to thwart seizure activity. This inhibition appears to be insufficient to prevent seizure onset, and furthermore, loss of normal communication in the rest of the brain between NIZs may contribute to loss of consciousness during larger seizures. Dynamic connectivity patterns uncovered in this work may: i) allow more accurate delineation of surgical targets in focal epilepsy, ii) reveal why inward suppression of SOZs interictally may nonetheless be insufficient to prevent all seizures, and iii) provide insight into mechanisms of loss of consciousness during certain seizures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makhoul, G. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalso Monroy Lerma, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibro, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dawant, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudele, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.04.626580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collapse of Interictal Suppressive Networks Permits Seizure Spread]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A CRISPRi Library Screen in Group B Streptococcus Identifies Surface Immunogenic Protein (Sip) as a Mediator of Multiple Host Interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Group B Streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) is an important pathobiont capable of colonizing various host environments, contributing to severe perinatal infections. Surface proteins play critical roles in GBS-host interactions, yet comprehensive studies of these proteins functions have been limited by genetic manipulation challenges. This study leveraged a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) library to target genes encoding surface-trafficked proteins in GBS, identifying their roles in modulating macrophage cytokine responses. Bioinformatic analysis of 654 GBS genomes revealed 66 conserved surface protein genes. Using a GBS strain expressing chromosomally integrated dCas9, we generated and validated CRISPRi strains targeting these genes. THP-1 macrophage-like cells were exposed to ethanol-killed GBS variants, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF- and IL-1{beta} were measured. Notably, knockdown of the sip gene, encoding the Surface Immunogenic Protein (Sip), significantly increased IL-1{beta} secretion, implicating Sip in caspase-1-dependent regulation. Further, {Delta}sip mutants demonstrated impaired biofilm formation, reduced adherence to human fetal membranes, and diminished uterine persistence in a mouse colonization model. These findings suggest Sip modulates GBS- host interactions critical for pathogenesis, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target or vaccine component.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Firestone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishna, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varela, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillebrand, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacobe, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronoff, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hooven, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A CRISPRi Library Screen in Group B Streptococcus Identifies Surface Immunogenic Protein (Sip) as a Mediator of Multiple Host Interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.07.627370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OrthoHMM: Improved Inference of Ortholog Groups using Hidden Markov Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.07.627370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate orthology inference is essential for comparative genomics and phylogenomics. However, orthology inference is challenged by sequence divergence, which is pronounced among anciently diverged organisms. We present OrthoHMM, an algorithm that infers orthologous gene groups using Hidden Markov Models parameterized from substitution matrices, which enables better detection of remote homologs. Benchmarking indicates OrthoHMM outperforms currently available methods; for example, using a curated set of Bilaterian orthogroups, OrthoHMM showed a 10.3 - 138.9% improvement in precision. Rank-based benchmarking using Bilaterian orthogroups and a novel dataset of orthogroups from organisms in three major eukaryotic kingdoms revealed OrthoHMM had the best overall performance (6.7 - 97.8% overall improvement). These findings suggest that Hidden Markov Models improve orthogroup inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buida, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.07.627370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OrthoHMM: Improved Inference of Ortholog Groups using Hidden Markov Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Naturalistic language comprehension engages a cascade of widespread brain networks in the one second following comprehension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.629054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language comprehension (LC) is a cornerstone of human cognition, enabling the extraction of meaning from written and spoken communication with remarkable efficiency. Decades of neuroimaging research have identified the brain networks associated with LC, but limitations in spatial and temporal resolution have hindered a comprehensive characterization of the whole-brain (millimeter scale), real-time (millisecond precision) dynamics underlying this process. To overcome these constraints, we applied a fusion of multimodal brain imaging techniques (fMRI and EEG) in healthy adults (n = 30) to map the spatiotemporal progression of neural network engagement during LC in the one second following comprehension. Our findings reveal a cascade of brain network activations, beginning with the occipitotemporal perceptual word processing network (250 ms), followed by the temporoparietal semantic retrieval network (400 ms), the posterior default mode inferential network (500 ms), the frontotemporal semantic integration network (600 ms), and finally, a distributed goal-directed comprehension network (700 ms). Crucially, inferential processing emerged as a "hinge point," linking early word processing to later higher-order networks. Efficient LC was associated with greater mediation by this inferential network and reduced reliance on top-down semantic integration. These findings provide evidence that naturalistic LC relies on rapid, dynamic interactions across widespread brain networks, with individual differences in LC reflecting specific subnetwork interactions. This work offers a framework for investigating the temporal evolution of distributed brain network dynamics in complex cognition across domains and clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hong, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janson, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotidzis, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polyn, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboud, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.629054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Naturalistic language comprehension engages a cascade of widespread brain networks in the one second following comprehension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.628772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Post-transcriptional modifications on tRNA fragments confer functional changes to high-density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.628772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epitranscriptomic modifications on RNA play critical roles in stability, processing, and function, partly by influencing interactions with RNA-binding proteins and receptors. The role of post-transcriptional RNA modifications on cell-free non-coding small RNA (sRNA) remains poorly understood in disease contexts. High-density lipoproteins (HDL), which transport sRNAs, can lose their beneficial properties in atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We hypothesize that changes to regulatory modifications on HDL-sRNAs contribute to this dysfunction. To assess changes in HDL-sRNA modification status, HDL-derived RNA from healthy subjects and those with atherosclerotic lesion development were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and AlkB-facilitated RNA (de)Methylation Sequencing. ASVD-HDL showed an enrichment in modified nucleosides including m1A tRNA-derived sRNAs (tDRs), particularly tDR-ArgACG-1. Functional studies revealed that ASCVD-HDL induced cell adhesion genes, including TMEM123, in primary macrophages. Recombinant HDL loaded with m1A-tDR-ArgACG-1 induced immune signaling, and similarly upregulated TMEM123. These findings suggest HDL-delivered-m1A-tDR-ArgACG-1 act on adhesion genes and immune pathways, promoting macrophage activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Semler, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michell, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castleberry, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marnett, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linton, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickers, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.628772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Post-transcriptional modifications on tRNA fragments confer functional changes to high-density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629479v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Toolbox for Generating Multidimensional 3-D Objects with Fine-Controlled Feature Space: Quaddle 2.0 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629479v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidimensional 3D-rendered objects are an important component of vision research and video- gaming applications, but it has remained challenging to parametrically control and efficiently generate those objects. Here, we describe a toolbox for controlling and efficiently generating 3D rendered objects composed of ten separate visual feature dimensions that can be fine-adjusted using python scripts. The toolbox defines objects as multi-dimensional feature vectors with primary dimensions (object body related features), secondary dimensions (head related features) and accessory dimensions (including arms, ears, or beaks). The toolkit interfaces with the freely available Blender software to create objects. The toolbox allows to gradually morph features of multiple feature dimensions, determine the desired feature similarity among objects, and automatize the generation of multiple objects in 3D object and 2D image formats. We document the use of multidimensional objects in a sequence learning task that embeds objects in a 3D- rendered augmented reality environment controlled by the gaming engine unity. Taken together, the toolbox enables the efficient generation of multidimensional objects with fine control of low- level features and higher-level object similarity useful for visual cognitive research and immersive visual environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malchin, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629479</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Toolbox for Generating Multidimensional 3-D Objects with Fine-Controlled Feature Space: Quaddle 2.0]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629796v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MCL-1 regulates cellular transitions during oligodendrocyte development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629796v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. Regulation of the early stages of oligodendrocyte development is critical to the function of the cell. Specifically, myelin sheath formation is an energetically demanding event that requires precision, as alterations may lead to dysmyelination. Recent work has established that fatty acid {beta}-oxidation is required for the function of oligodendrocytes. We have shown that MCL-1, a well-characterized anti-apoptotic protein, is required for the development of oligodendrocytes in vivo. Further, it was recently uncovered that MCL-1 regulates long- chain fatty acid {beta}-oxidation through its interaction with acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of long-chain fatty acids into acyl-CoA. Here, we introduce an in vitro system to isolate human stem cell- derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and investigate the involvement of MCL-1 during human oligodendrocyte development. Using this system, we pharmacologically inhibited MCL-1 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to elucidate the non-apoptotic function of the protein at this developmental stage. Additionally, we used a motor neuron co-culture system to investigate the downstream effects that MCL-1 inhibition has at later developmental stages when oligodendrocytes begin to contact axons and generate myelin basic protein. We demonstrate that the mitochondrial network changes in human oligodendrocyte development resemble those reported in vivo. Our findings point to MCL-1 as a critical factor essential at the OPC stage for proper oligodendrocyte morphogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629796</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MCL-1 regulates cellular transitions during oligodendrocyte development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrimNN: Characterizing cellular community motifs for studying multicellular topological organization in complex tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spatial organization of cells plays a pivotal role in shaping tissue functions and phenotypes in various biological systems and diseased microenvironments. However, the topological principles governing interactions among cell types within spatial patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we present the Triangulation Cellular Community Motif Neural Network (TrimNN), a graph-based deep learning framework designed to identify conserved spatial cell organization patterns, termed Cellular Community (CC) motifs, from spatial transcriptomics and proteomics data. TrimNN employs a semi-divide-and-conquer approach to efficiently detect over-represented topological motifs of varying sizes in a triangulated space. By uncovering CC motifs, TrimNN reveals key associations between spatially distributed cell-type patterns and diverse phenotypes. These insights provide a foundation for understanding biological and disease mechanisms and offer potential biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrocklin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrimNN: Characterizing cellular community motifs for studying multicellular topological organization in complex tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629482v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generation of antigen-specific paired heavy-light chain antibody sequences using large language models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629482v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The traditional process of antibody discovery is limited by inefficiency, high costs, and low success rates. Recent approaches employing artificial intelligence (AI) have been developed to optimize existing antibodies and generate antibody sequences in a target-agnostic manner. In this work, we present MAGE (Monoclonal Antibody GEnerator), a sequence-based Protein Language Model (PLM) fine-tuned for the task of generating paired human variable heavy and light chain antibody sequences against targets of interest. We show that MAGE can generate novel and diverse antibody sequences with experimentally validated binding specificity against SARS-CoV-2, an emerging avian influenza H5N1, and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSV-A). MAGE represents a first-in-class model capable of designing human antibodies against multiple targets with no starting template.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinov, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordaan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandenabeele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantouli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vukovich, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanekiyo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sautto, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheward, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLellan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629482</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generation of antigen-specific paired heavy-light chain antibody sequences using large language models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping histological and functional maturation of human endocrine pancreas across early postnatal periods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human endocrine cell differentiation and islet morphogenesis play critical roles in determining islet cell mass and function, but the events and timeline of these processes are incompletely defined. To better understand early human islet cell development and maturation, we collected 115 pediatric pancreata and mapped morphological and spatiotemporal changes from birth through the first ten years of life. Using quantitative analyses and a combination of complementary tissue imaging approaches, including confocal microscopy and whole-slide imaging, we developed an integrated model for endocrine cell formation and islet architecture, including endocrine cell type heterogeneity and abundance, endocrine cell proliferation, and islet vascularization and innervation. We also assessed insulin and glucagon secretory profiles in isolated islet preparations from pediatric donors aged 2 months to 10 years and found a temporal difference in the maturation of insulin secretion compared to glucagon secretion. This comprehensive summary of postnatal and pediatric pancreatic islet development provides a framework for future studies and integration of emerging genetic and genomic data related to islet biology and diabetes risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reihsmann, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkirk, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izmaylov, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duryea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haliyur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aramandla, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poffenberger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Posgai, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kusmartseva, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beery, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greiner, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shultz, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aamodt, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottino, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, C. V. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brissova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping histological and functional maturation of human endocrine pancreas across early postnatal periods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Haplotype editing with CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic approach for dominant-negative missense mutations in NEFL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inactivation of disease alleles by allele-specific editing is a promising approach to treat dominant-negative genetic disorders, provided the causative gene is haplo-sufficient. We previously edited a dominant NEFL missense mutation with inactivating frameshifts and rescued disease-relevant phenotypes in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons. However, a multitude of different NEFL missense mutations cause disease. Here, we addressed this challenge by targeting common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cis with NEFL disease mutations for gene excision. We validated this haplotype editing approach for two different missense mutations and demonstrated its therapeutic potential in iPSC-motor neurons. Surprisingly, our analysis revealed that gene inversion, a frequent byproduct of excision editing, failed to reliably disrupt mutant allele expression. We deployed alternative strategies and novel molecular assays to increase therapeutic editing outcomes while maintaining specificity for the mutant allele. Finally, population genetics analysis demonstrated the power of haplotype editing to enable therapeutic development for the greatest number of patients. Our data serve as an important case study for many dominant genetic disorders amenable to this approach.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dua, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marley, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watry, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbertson, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramey, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capra, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conklin, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judge, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Haplotype editing with CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic approach for dominant-negative missense mutations in NEFL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predictive routing emerges from self-supervised stochastic neural plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.31.630823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predictive processing theories propose that the brain supervises itself, to build an internal model of its environment. This internal model emerges by minimizing the prediction error, the discrepancy between internally generated predictions and external sensory signals. Prior work has proposed that the neurobiological implementation of predictive processing involves neuronal oscillations in the gamma (40-100 Hz) and alpha/beta (10-30 Hz) frequency range. In current computational modeling approaches to predictive processing, there exists a trade-off between algorithmic and implementational aspects. One group of predictive processing models perform self-supervised computations but miss neurobiologic details and oscillatory neurodynamics. In the other group, biophysical models implement neural network models with maximal brain-like structure and oscillatory dynamics but require manual supervision. Here, we propose an evolutionary algorithm, the genetic stochastic delta rule (GSDR), to conduct simulations with biophysical neural networks that can inform predictive processing and other theories by linking the algorithmic and implementation levels. We first evaluate GSDR in a simplified and minimal optimization problem. Then, we simulate commonly observed neural dynamics such as firing rate and modulation of neuronal oscillations. We show that GSDR is capable of replicating oscillatory dynamics in the gamma and alpha/beta frequency bands observed through in-vivo electrophysiology, such that they emerge from synaptic plasticity. This methodology broadens the scope for biology-plausible, automated, large-scale and multi-objective simulations within computational neuroscience. With this virtuous cycle between data and models established by GSDR, we suggest that the search for the circuits underlying predictive processing can be grounded to neuronal data, improving the neurobiological basis of theories.

Author summaryIn predictive processing theories, it is hypothesized that the brain creates an internal model of its environment. This is supported both by empirical and theoretical studies in neuroscience, which also emphasize the importance of neuronal oscillations in this process. Importantly, brain and cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia are associated with abnormal neuronal oscillations and impaired predictive processing. To gain further insights about these functions, it is important to build detailed biophysical models where the underlying mechanisms can be explored and understood. Current models either perform computations without oscillatory rhythms or are biologically detailed but require manual tuning, which limits an unbiased search through parameter space. To address this, we developed a self-supervised evolutionary algorithm, the genetic stochastic delta rule (GSDR). We show that GSDR automatically tunes biophysical neural networks to find the optimal parameters to generate brain-like oscillatory dynamics, which are key features of predictive processing theories. Therefore, GSDR can help us find the real brain circuits that perform predictive processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nejat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherfey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.630823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predictive routing emerges from self-supervised stochastic neural plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631098v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific Associations of Gene Expression with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology and Ante-mortem Cognitive Performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.631098v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The biological mechanisms underlying womens increased Alzheimers disease (AD) prevalence remain undefined. Previous case/control studies have identified sex-biased molecular pathways, but sex-specific relationships between gene expression and AD endophenotypes, particularly sex chromosomes, are underexplored. With bulk transcriptomic data across 3 brain regions from 767 decedents, we investigated sex-specific associations between gene expression and post-mortem {beta}-amyloid and tau as well as antemortem longitudinal cognition. Of 23,118 significant gene associations, 10% were significant in one sex and not the other (sex-specific). Most sex-specific gene associations were identified in females (73%) and associated with tau tangles and longitudinal cognition (90%). Four X-linked genes, MCF2, HDAC8, FTX, and SLC10A3, demonstrated significant sex differences in their associations with AD endophenotypes (i.e., significant sex x gene interaction). Our results also uncovered sex-specific biological pathways, including a female-specific role of neuroinflammation and neuronal development, reinforcing the potential for sex-aware analyses to enhance precision medicine approaches in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.631098</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific Associations of Gene Expression with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology and Ante-mortem Cognitive Performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.630962v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NR6A1 is essential for neural crest cell specification, formation and survival 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.02.630962v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural crest cells (NCC) are a migratory progenitor cell population considered unique to vertebrates. Derived from the neuroepithelium during early embryogenesis, NCC contribute to nearly every tissue and organ system throughout the body, and disruptions in NCC development can result in congenital disorders, termed neurocristopathies. Despite decades of research, we have a poor understanding of the cellular mechanisms and signals that govern mammalian NCC formation. We discovered nuclear receptor superfamily 6 group member 1 (NR6A1/GCNF/RTR), is a novel, critical regulator of mammalian NCC specification, formation and survival. Nr6a1 is expressed throughout the neuroepithelium in mouse embryos from E8.0 to E9.5 and briefly in newly delaminated NCC. Nr6a1 loss-of-function perturbs anterior cranial NCC formation and survival, and results in the complete agenesis of migratory NCC caudal to the first pharyngeal arch. Using mouse ESC and human iPSC differentiation into NCC, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and multiomic approaches, we demonstrate that these phenotypes are associated with perturbation of NCC specification (Foxd3, Sox9, Sox10) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT; Snail1, Zeb2), in concert with persistent expression of pluripotency-associated factors (Oct4 and Nanog) in the neuroepithelium. Conditional deletion revealed that Nr6a1 is required during mid-late gastrulation, demonstrating that murine NCC specification occurs earlier than previously thought. Consistent with these observations, in vivo overexpression of Oct4 in gastrulating mouse embryos disrupts NCC specification and formation. Therefore, Nr6a1 is essential for mammalian NCC formation and moreover, may function as a bimodal switch repressing pluripotency-associated factors in the neuroepithelium, while concomitantly activating NCC specifiers and regulators of EMT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moore, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Achilleos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Price, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barral, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clawson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manzanares, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trainor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.02.630962</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NR6A1 is essential for neural crest cell specification, formation and survival]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.05.631290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptional stochasticity reveals multiple mechanisms of long noncoding RNA regulation at the Xist - Tsix locus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.05.631290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as being involved in human physiology and diseases, but there is a lack of mechanistic understanding for the majority of lncRNAs. We comparatively tested proposed mechanisms of antisense lncRNA regulation at the X-chromosome Inactivation (XCI) locus. We find that due to stochasticity in transcription, different mechanisms based on the act of transcription regulate Xist and Tsix at different levels of nascent transcription. At medium levels, RNA polymerases transcribe Xist and Tsix on each strand at the same transcription site and deposit significant amounts of the histone mark H3K36me3, which inhibits Xist. At high levels of nascent transcription, many RNA polymerases transcribe Xist or Tsix resulting in transcriptional interference. Therefore, lncRNA expression variability is not just a quirk of transcription but an important aspect of regulation that allows multiple mechanisms to be employed by the same gene locus within the same cell population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kesler, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.05.631290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptional stochasticity reveals multiple mechanisms of long noncoding RNA regulation at the Xist - Tsix locus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activity dependent Clustering of Neuronal L-Type Calcium Channels by CaMKII 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.08.631979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal depolarization activates L-type voltage-gated Ca{superscript 2} channels (LTCCs), increasing local Ca{superscript 2} concentrations to initiate excitation-transcription (E-T) coupling. We show that depolarization enhances clustering of CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 LTCCs in cultured hippocampal neurons, coinciding with increased nuclear CREB phosphorylation. LTCC clustering and LTCC-dependent CREB phosphorylation are selectively disrupted by 1,6-hexanediol, implicating biomolecular condensation. Activated CaMKII holoenzymes assemble complexes containing multiple CaV1.2 and/or CaV1.3 1 subunits. Complex assembly is facilitated by co-expression of CaMKII-binding {beta}2a subunits and Shank3 and selectively disrupted by 1,6-hexanediol. In HEK293 cells, pharmacological LTCC activation enhances clustering only when wild-type CaMKII is co-expressed. A CaMKII mutant that cannot bind LTCC N-terminal domains fails to support LTCC subunit complex formation in vitro and LTCC clustering in HEK293 cells. In neurons, the knockdown of CaMKII expression disrupts depolarization-induced (co-)clustering of CaV1.2 and CaV1.3. Together, these findings indicate that CaMKII-dependent clustering of plasma membrane LTCCs via biomolecular condensation is essential for initiating long-range signaling to activate gene expression following neuronal depolarization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson-Qureshi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbran, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activity dependent Clustering of Neuronal L-Type Calcium Channels by CaMKII]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Broad Survey and Functional Analysis of Immunoglobulin Loci Variation in Rhesus Macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a vital model for studying human disease and invaluable to pre-clinical vaccine research, particularly for the study of broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Such studies require robust genetic resources for antibody-encoding genes within the immunoglobulin (IG) loci. The complexity of the IG loci has historically made them challenging to characterize accurately. To address this, we developed novel experimental and computational methodologies to generate the largest collection to date of integrated antibody repertoire and long-read genomic sequencing data in 106 Indian origin RMs. We created a comprehensive resource of IG heavy and light chain variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) alleles, as well as leader, intronic, and recombination signal sequences (RSSs), including the curation of 1474 novel alleles, unveiling tremendous diversity, and expanding existing IG allele sets by 60%. This publicly available, continually updated resource (https://vdjbase.org/reference_book/Rhesus_Macaque) provides the foundation for advancing RM immunogenomics, vaccine discovery, and translational research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upadhyay, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanwinkle, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granholm, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karunakaran, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lauer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raju, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ericsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapp, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bosinger, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Broad Survey and Functional Analysis of Immunoglobulin Loci Variation in Rhesus Macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632611v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peptidic tryptophan halogenation by a promiscuous flavin-dependent enzyme 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.12.632611v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amino acids undergo numerous enzymatic modifications. However, the broad applicability of amino acid-modifying enzymes for synthetic purposes is limited by narrow substrate scope and often unknown regulatory or accessory factor requirements. Here, we characterize ChlH, a flavin-dependent halogenase (FDH) from the chlorolassin biosynthetic gene cluster. Unlike characterized peptide-modifying FDHs, which are limited to either specifically modified peptides or the termini of linear peptides, ChlH halogenates internal Trp residues of linear peptides, as well as N- and C-terminal Trp. Scanning mutagenesis of the substrate peptide ChlA revealed Trp was tolerated by ChlH at nearly every position. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborated the importance of a C-terminal motif in ChlA and provided insight into the lack of Trp14 chlorination in native chlorolassin. Furthermore, halogenation of disparate ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) precursor peptides, pharmacologically relevant peptides, and an internal Trp of a protein was achieved using wild-type ChlH. A rapid cell-free biosynthetic assay provided insight into ChlHs preferences. In contrast to characterized FDHs, ChlH halogenates diverse peptide sequences, and we predict this promiscuity may find utility in the modification of additional peptide and protein substrates of biotechnological value.

Entry for the Table of ContentsChlH, a flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenase, is reconstituted in vitro and found to be capable of modifying a wide array of diverse peptidic substrates despite showing selectivity on its native substrate peptide ChlA. This highlights its potential use in the biocatalytic production of chlorinated peptides.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rice, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadgil, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.12.632611</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peptidic tryptophan halogenation by a promiscuous flavin-dependent enzyme]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632797v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Frontoparietal activity related to neuropsychological assessment of working memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.13.632797v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Executive functions, including working memory, are typically assessed clinically with neuropsychological instruments. In contrast, computerized tasks are used to test these cognitive functions in laboratory human and animal studies. Little is known of how neural activity captured by laboratory tasks relates to ability measured by clinical instruments and, by extension, clinical diagnoses of pathological conditions. We therefore sought to determine what aspects of neural activity elicited in laboratory tasks are predictive of performance in neuropsychological instruments. We recorded neural activity from intracranial electrodes implanted in human epilepsy patients as they performed laboratory working memory tasks. These patients had completed neuropsychological instruments preoperatively, including the Weschler Adult Intelligent Scale and the Wisconsin Card Sorting test. Our results revealed that increased high-gamma (70-150 Hz) power in the prefrontal and parietal cortex after presentation of visual stimuli to be remembered was indicative of lower performance in the neuropsychological tasks. On the other hand, we observed a positive correlation between high-frequency power amplitude in the delay period of the laboratory tasks and neuropsychological performance. Our results demonstrate how neural activity around task events relates to executive function and may be associated with clinical diagnosis of specific cognitive deficits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jurva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhima, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams Roberson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.13.632797</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Frontoparietal activity related to neuropsychological assessment of working memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.632854v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small or absent Visual Word Form Area is a trait of dyslexia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.14.632854v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the balance between plastic and persistent traits in the dyslexic brain is critical for developing effective interventions. This longitudinal intervention study examines the Visual Word Form Area in dyslexic and typical readers, exploring how this key component of the brains reading circuitry changes with learning. We find that children with dyslexia show significant differences in Visual Word Form Area presence, size, and tuning properties compared to typical readers. While reading intervention improves reading skills and increases Visual Word Form Area size, disparities persist a year later, suggesting that Visual Word Form Area abnormalities are enduring traits of dyslexia. Our results reveal long-term neural and behavioral changes, while also elucidating stable differences in the functional architecture of the dyslexic brain. This work provides comprehensive insights into the potential and limitations of short-term learning-induced plasticity in human visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yablonski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-Jimenez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takada, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeatman, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.14.632854</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small or absent Visual Word Form Area is a trait of dyslexia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Glycan-reactive antibodies isolated from human HIV-1 vaccine trial participants show broad pathogen cross-reactivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 continues to pose a significant global health challenge, requiring ongoing research into effective prevention and treatment strategies. Understanding the B cell repertoire that can be engaged upon vaccination in humans is crucial for the development of future preventive vaccines. In this study, PBMCs from HIV-negative participants in the multivalent HVTN124 human HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial were interrogated for HIV-reactive B cells using LIBRA-seq, a high-throughput B cell mapping technology. We report the discovery of glycan-reactive antibodies capable of neutralizing diverse heterologous HIV-1 virus strains. Further, isolated antibodies showed broad cross-reactivity against antigens from a variety of other pathogens, while remaining mostly negative on autoreactivity assays. The emerging class of glycan- reactive virus-neutralizing antibodies with exceptional breadth of pathogen cross- reactivity may present an effective target for vaccination at the population level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Shmais, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janowska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scapellato, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manamela, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mimms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sornberger, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parks, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flaherty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, Y. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruprecht, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carnahan, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masaru, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haynes, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acharya, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montefiori, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Glycan-reactive antibodies isolated from human HIV-1 vaccine trial participants show broad pathogen cross-reactivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interrupting T cell memory ameliorates exaggerated metabolic response to weight cycling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.17.633599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People frequently experience cycles of weight gain and loss. This weight cycling has been demonstrated, in humans and animal models, to increase cardiometabolic disease and disrupt glucose homeostasis. Obesity itself -- and to an even greater extent weight regain -- causes adipose tissue inflammation, resulting in metabolic dysfunction. Studies show that even after weight loss, increased numbers of lipid associated macrophages and memory T cells persist in adipose tissue and become more inflammatory upon weight regain. These findings suggest that the immune system retains a "memory" of obesity, which may contribute to the elevated inflammation and metabolic dysfunction associated with weight cycling. Here, we show that blocking the CD70-CD27 axis, critical for formation of immunological memory, decreases the number of memory T cells and reduces T cell clonality within adipose tissue after weight loss and weight cycling. Furthermore, while mice with impaired ability to create obesogenic immune memory have similar metabolic responses as wildtype mice to stable obesity, they are protected from the worsened glucose tolerance associated with weight cycling. Our data are the first to target metabolic consequences of weight cycling through an immunomodulatory mechanism. Thus, we propose a new avenue of therapeutic intervention by which targeting memory T cells can be leveraged to minimize the adverse consequences of weight cycling. These findings are particularly timely given the increasing use of efficacious weight loss drugs, which will likely lead to more instances of human weight cycling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussein Agha, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasty, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.17.633599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interrupting T cell memory ameliorates exaggerated metabolic response to weight cycling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CLASP1/2 REGULATE IMMUNE SYNAPSE MATURATION IN NATURAL KILLER CELLS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.20.633904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells are the first line of defense against viral infections and tumors. Their cytotoxic activity relies on the formation of an immune synapse (IS) with target cells. The lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 plays a central role in NK cell cytotoxicity by modulating NK-IS assembly and maturation. LFA-1 organization at the IS involves a Golgi-dependent mechanism, which has not been completely elucidated. CLIP-associating proteins (CLASP) 1/2 are microtubule plus-tip interacting proteins that control the dynamics of Golgi derived microtubules (GDMTs). In the present study, we found that CLASP1/2 depletion impaired LFA-1 organization at the IS and inhibited the polarization of the centrosome and the lytic granules towards the target cell. Our results also revealed the role of the Golgi apparatus as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in these cells. Furthermore, we found that, similarly to what was described in other cell types, NK cells require CLASP1/2 and AKAP350 for efficient nucleation of microtubules at the Golgi. Overall, this study uncovers the role of CLASP1/2 in the maturation of the lytic IS in NK cells, and presents evidence supporting the contribution of GDMTs in this process.

Summary sentenceThe Golgi apparatus (GA) functions as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in NK cells. During the recognition of tumoral cells by NK cells, CLASP1/2-mediated stabilization of GA-derived microtubules (GDMTs) facilitates vesicular LFA-1 (LFA-1v) trafficking toward the interaction surface, thereby promoting the immune synapse (IS) maturation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pariani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huhn, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivabella-Maknis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almada, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larocca, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.20.633904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CLASP1/2 REGULATE IMMUNE SYNAPSE MATURATION IN NATURAL KILLER CELLS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634206v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macromolecular Diamidobenzimidazole Conjugates Activate STING 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.21.634206v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pharmacologic activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has broad potential applications, including the treatment of cancer and viral infections, which has motivated the synthesis and testing of a diversity of STING agonists as next generation immunotherapeutics. A promising class of STING agonists are the non-nucleotide, small molecule, dimeric-amidobenzimidazoles (diABZI), which have been recently used in the synthesis of polymer- and antibody-drug conjugates to improve pharmacokinetics, modulate biodistribution, and to confer other favorable properties for specific disease applications. These approaches have leveraged diABZI variants functionalized with reactive handles and enzyme-cleavable linkers at the 7-position of the benzimidazole for conjugation to and tunable drug release from carriers. However, since this position does not interact with STING and is exposed from the binding pocket when bound in an "open lid" configuration, we sought to evaluate the activity of macromolecular diABZI conjugates that lack enzymatic release and are instead conjugated to polymers via a stable linker. By covalently ligating diABZI to 5 or 20 kDa mPEG chains via an amide bond, we surprisingly found that these conjugates could activate STING in vitro. To further evaluate this phenomenon, we designed a diABZI-functionalized RAFT chain transfer agent that provided an enabling tool for synthesis of large, hydrophilic, dimethylacrylamide (DMA) polymers directly from a single agonist and we found that these conjugates also elicited STING activation in vitro with similar kinetics to highly potent small molecule analogs. We further demonstrated the in vivo activity of these macromolecular diABZI platforms, which inhibited tumor growth to a similar extent as small molecule variants. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to evaluate intracellular uptake and distribution of Cy5-labeled analogs, our data indicate that although diABZI-DMA conjugates enter cells via endocytosis, they can still colocalize with the ER, suggesting that intracellular trafficking processes can promote delivery of endocytosed macromolecular diABZI compounds to STING. In conclusion, we have described new chemical strategies for the synthesis of stable macromolecular diABZI conjugates with unexpectedly high immunostimulatory potency, findings with potential implications for the design of polymer-drug conjugates for STING agonist delivery that also further motivate investigation of endosomal and intracellular trafficking as an alternative route for achieving STING activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheehy, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimmel, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAtee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.21.634206</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macromolecular Diamidobenzimidazole Conjugates Activate STING]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diet gel-based oral drug delivery system for controlled dosing of small molecules for microglia depletion and inducible Cre recombination in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Small molecules like PLX5622 for microglia depletion and Tamoxifen for inducible Cre recombination are commonly used in mouse research. Traditional application methods, such as chow or oral gavage and injections, have limitations, including uncontrolled dosage and risk of injury. To address this issue, we have developed an alternative oral drug delivery system using a gel-based rodent maintenance diet that allows for controlled consumption and adjustment of dosage and is suitable for water-insoluble small molecules. We tested DietGel(R) 93M (93M) infused with PLX5622 (0.8 mg/g and 2.0 mg/g) in the Cx3cr1gfp/+ retinal microglia reporter mouse and Tamoxifen-infused 93M (0.3125 mg/g) in the Rlbp1-CreERT2;Rosaai14 mouse with an inducible tdTomato reporter in retinal Muller glia. Mice were single-caged and received daily batches of PLX5622-infused 93M over 14 days or Tamoxifen-infused 93M for one or three days followed by a 14-day observation period. Longitudinal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in vivo and fixed tissue imaging were used to track GFP and tdTomato expression. Following evaluation of a suitable 93M consumption rate (g/d) to sustain body weight, the PLX5622-93M diet at both concentrations showed a 94% microglia depletion rate at 3 days and >99% after one and two weeks. The Tamoxifen-93M diet confirmed suitability for inducible Cre recombination, with significant treatment-time dependent efficacy and a positive correlation between total Tamoxifen dose and tdTomato expression. This study demonstrates that a diet gel-based drug delivery system offers a controllable and less invasive alternative to current drug application methods for PLX5622 and Tamoxifen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dooyema, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diet gel-based oral drug delivery system for controlled dosing of small molecules for microglia depletion and inducible Cre recombination in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring single-cell dynamics of a molecular reporter from unlabeled live-cell light microscopy data analyzed with delay embedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.634593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantification of the temporal sequence of molecular behavior in live individual cells holds promise for improving causal and mechanistic models of cell biology. In recent years, different methods for inferring molecular labeling from microscopy data have been developed, especially in the context of "virtual pathology", but less effort has been directed to the context of single-cell dynamics and live-cell imaging. We demonstrate that phase-contrast live-cell imaging of MCF10A cells, without labeling data, is predictive of dynamical, single-cell behavior of the cell-cycle reporter Human DNA Helicase B (HDHB) - in particular, of the nuclear vs. cytoplasmic localization of this fluorescent reporter of cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Prediction quality improves substantially when temporal sequences of images are combined in a "delay embedding" framework. When different featurizations of the imaging data are examined, we find that features derived from a variational auto-encoder (VAE) outperform "classical" image features derived from shape and texture. We find the best performance, with Pearson R[~] 0.9 on test data, using VAE features augmented by categorical predictions, all within the delay-embedding framework - in comparison to R [~] 0.5 based on "ordinary" regression with VAE features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copperman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heiser, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuckerman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.23.634593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring single-cell dynamics of a molecular reporter from unlabeled live-cell light microscopy data analyzed with delay embedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of individual C. elegans neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.26.634951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuron-specific morphology and function are fundamentally tied to differences in gene expression across the nervous system. We previously generated a single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) dataset for every anatomical neuron class in the C. elegans hermaphrodite. Here we present a complementary set of bulk RNA-seq samples for 52 of the 118 canonical neuron classes in C. elegans. We show that the bulk RNA-seq dataset captures both lowly expressed and noncoding RNAs that are not detected in the scRNA-Seq profile, but also includes false positives due to contamination by other cell types. We present an analytical strategy that integrates the two datasets, preserving both the specificity of scRNA-Seq data and the sensitivity of bulk RNA-Seq. We show that this integrated dataset enhances the sensitivity and accuracy of transcript detection and differential gene analysis. In addition, we show that the bulk RNA-Seq data set detects differentially expressed non-coding RNAs across neuron types, including multiple families of non-polyadenylated transcripts. We propose that our approach provides a new strategy for interrogating gene expression by bridging the gap between bulk and single cell methodologies for transcriptomic studies. We suggest that these datasets advance the goal of delineating the mechanisms that define morphology and connectivity in the nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cros, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basaravaju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipps, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yemini, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.26.634951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating bulk and single cell RNA-seq refines transcriptomic profiles of individual C. elegans neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic Adaptations Rewire CD4 T Cells in a Subset-Specific Manner in Human Critical Illness with and without Sepsis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.27.635146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host immunity in sepsis has features of hyperinflammation together with progressive immunosuppression, particularly among CD4 T cells, that can predispose to secondary infections and ineffectual organ recovery. Metabolic and immunologic dysfunction are archetypal findings in critically ill patients with sepsis, but whether these factors are mechanistically linked remains incompletely defined. We characterized functional metabolic properties of human CD4 T cells from critically ill patients with and without sepsis and healthy adults. CD4 T cells in critical illness showed increased subset-specific metabolic plasticity, with regulatory T cells (Tregs) acquiring glycolytic capacity that stabilized suppressive markers FOXP3 and TIGIT and correlated with clinical illness severity. Single-cell transcriptomics identified differential kynurenine metabolism in Tregs, which was validated ex vivo as a mechanism of Treg glycolytic adaptation and suppressive rewiring. These findings underscore immunometabolic dysfunction as a driver of CD4 T cell remodeling in sepsis and suggest therapeutic avenues to restore an effective immune response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stier, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sewell, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwizerwa, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanner, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durai, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindau, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastarache, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic Adaptations Rewire CD4 T Cells in a Subset-Specific Manner in Human Critical Illness with and without Sepsis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635195v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical Basis of the in vivo Electroretinogram of the Mouse: 4-Shell Current Source Density Model 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635195v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A goal of contemporary physiology is to translate the knowledge obtained ex vivo of the molecular structure and function of ionic mechanisms into tools for quantitative, in vivo measurement of that function in humans, and in animal models of disease and therapeutic intervention. Non-invasive field potentials such as ECGs, EMGs, EEGs, and ERGs hold great promise in efforts to achieve this goal, but their full translation is challenging due to the multiplicity of cells with distinct ionic mechanisms and distributions of membrane current sources and sinks, and the requirement of adequate characterization of volume conduction in the relevant tissue(s). The molecular identities and subcellular distributions of the ionic mechanisms of mouse rod photoreceptors and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have been thoroughly characterized, and are associated with two major components of the ERG, the a-wave and the c-wave, respectively. To develop a molecular-biophysical description of these components of the ERG, we have pharmacologically and genetically isolated rod photoreceptor-driven currents, created a 3D "4-shell" model of volume conduction in the mouse eye and extraocular tissue, and solved the Equation of Continuity for trans-photoreceptor layer and trans-RPE layer sources. Corneal and intraocular measurements of a- and c-waves are shown to reject the classic Rodieck-Ford electrical circuit model of the ERG, but found consistent with a 4-shell model having realistic values for extracellular conductivity in the eye and extraocular tissues. Our results and analysis explain the large variation across studies in maximal a-wave amplitudes and show how a-wave amplitudes exceeding 1 mV can be achieved.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peinado Allina, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meleppat, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calkins, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzGerald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiesser, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pugh, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635195</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical Basis of the in vivo Electroretinogram of the Mouse: 4-Shell Current Source Density Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CPSF6 Promotes HIV-1 Preintegration Complex Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6) is part of the cellular cleavage factor I mammalian (CFIm) complex that regulates mRNA processing and polyadenylation. CPSF6 also functions as a HIV-1 capsid (CA) binding host factor and promotes viral DNA integration targeting into gene dense regions of the host genome. However, the effects of CPSF6 on the activity of the HIV-1 preintegration complex (PIC) - the machinery that carries out viral DNA integration to establish infection - is unknown. To study CPSF6s role in HIV-1 PIC function, we extracted PICs from cells depleted of CPSF6 or expressing a CPSF6 mutant that cannot bind to CA. These PICs exhibited significantly lower integration activity when compared to the control PICs. Addition of recombinant CPSF6 restored the integration activity of PICs extracted from the mutant cells, suggesting a direct role of CPSF6 in PIC function. To solidify CPSF6s effect on PIC function, we inoculated CPSF6-depleted and CPSF6-mutant cells with HIV-1 particles and measured viral DNA integration into the host genome. A significant reduction in viral integration in these cells was detected and this defect was not a consequence of reduced reverse transcription or nuclear entry. Additionally, mutant viruses deficient in CA-CPSF6 binding showed no integration defect in CPSF6 mutant cells. Finally, sequencing analysis revealed that HIV-1 integration in the CPSF6 mutant cells was significantly redirected from the gene dense regions of the host genome. Collectively, these results suggest that CPSF6-CA interaction regulates PIC function both in vitro and in infected cells.

IMPORTANCEHIV-1 infection is dependent on the interaction of the virus with host factors. However, the molecular details of virus-host factor interactions are not fully understood. For instance, HIV-1 capsid provides binding interfaces for several host factors. CPSF6 is one such capsid-binding host factor, whose cellular function is to regulate mRNA processing and polyadenylation. Initial work identified a truncated cytosolic form of CPSF6 that restricted HIV infection by blocking viral nuclear entry. However, it is now established that the full-length CPSF6 primarily promotes integration targeting into gene dense regions of the host genome. Here we report that CPSF6-CA interaction promotes the activity of HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs). We also observed that disruption of CPSF6-CA binding in target cells significantly reduced viral integration and directed integration targeting away from gene-dense regions. These findings demonstrate a critical role for the CPSF6-CA interaction in PIC function and integration targeting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chaudhuri, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radhakrishnan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnarson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prakash, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohlfes, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balasubramaniam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dash, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CPSF6 Promotes HIV-1 Preintegration Complex Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
1,2,4-Triazole-based first-in-class non-nucleoside inhibitors of bacterial enzyme MraY 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MraY, a bacterial enzyme crucial for the synthesis of peptidoglycans, represents a promising yet underexplored target for the development of effective antibacterial agents. Nature has provided several classes of nucleoside inhibitors of MraY and scientists have modified these structures further to obtain natural product-like inhibitors of MraY. The natural products and their synthetic analogs suffer from non-optimal in vivo efficacy, and the synthetic complexity of the structures renders the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of these molecules particularly challenging. In this study, we present our findings on the discovery of first-in-class 1,2,4-triazole-based MraY inhibitors that are not nucleoside-derived. A series of 1,2,4-triazole analogous were identified by a structure-activity-relationship (SAR) study using a structure-based drug design strategy. Compound 1, with an IC50 of 171 {micro}M against MraY from Staphylococcus aureus (MraYSA), was optimized to compound 12a, exhibiting an IC50 of 25 {micro}M. Molecular docking studies against MraYSA provided insights into these compounds binding interactions and activity. Furthermore, screening against the ESKAPE bacterial panel was also conducted, through which we discovered compounds demonstrating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against E. faecium, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) strains and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The novel, first-in-class non-nucleoside inhibitors of MraY highlighted in this work provide a strong proof-of-concept of how to leverage structural information of the protein to develop future antibacterial agents targeting MraY.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weck, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kagerah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahan, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerksen, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stallings, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducho, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[1,2,4-Triazole-based first-in-class non-nucleoside inhibitors of bacterial enzyme MraY]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SCGclust: Single Cell Graph clustering using graphautoencoders integrating SNVs and CNAs 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.28.635357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) is a compounding factor for cancer prognosis and treatment. Single-cell DNA sequencing (scDNA-seq) provides cellular resolution of the variations in a cell and has been widely used to study cancer progression and responses to drug and treatment. While the low coverage scDNA-seq technologies typically provides a large number of cells, accurate cell clustering is essential for effectively characterizing ITH. Existing cell clustering methods typically are based on either single nucleotide variations (SNV) or copy number alterations (CNA), without leveraging both signals together. Since both SNVs and CNAs are indicative of the cell subclonality, in this paper, we designed a robust cell clustering tool that integrates both signals using a graph autoencoder. Our model co-trains the graph autoencoder and a graph convolutional network (GCN) to guanrantee meaningful clustering results and to prevent all cells from collapsing into a single cluster. Given the low dimensional embedding generated by the autoencoder, we adopted a Gaussian Mixture Model to further cluster cells. We evaluated our method on eight simulated datasets and a real cancer sample. Our results demonstrate that our method consistently achieves higher V-measure scores compared to SBMClone, a SNV-based method, and a K-means method, which relies solely on CNA signals. These findings highlight the advantage of integrating both SNV and CNA signals within a graph autoencoder framework for accurate cell clustering. SCGclust is publicly available at https://github.com/compbio-mallory/cellClustering_GNN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Potu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.28.635357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SCGclust: Single Cell Graph clustering using graphautoencoders integrating SNVs and CNAs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dicer loss in Muller glia leads to a defined sequence of pathological events beginning with cone dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.635744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeThe loss of Dicer in Muller glia (MG) results in severe photoreceptor degeneration as it occurs in retinitis pigmentosa or AMD. However, the sequence of events leading to this severe degenerative state is unknown. The aim of this study was to conduct a chronological functional and structural characterization of the pathological events in MG-specific Dicer-cKO mice in vivo and histologically.

MethodsTo delete Dicer and mature microRNAs (miRNAs) in MG, two conditional Dicer1 knock-out mouse strains namely RlbpCre:Dicer-cKOMG and GlastCre:Dicer-cKOMG, were created. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinograms (ERGs) as well as histological analyses were conducted to investigate structural and functional changes up to six months after Dicer deletion.

ResultsDicer/miRNA loss in MG leads to 1) impairments of the external limiting membrane (ELM) - retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 2) cone photoreceptor dysfunction and 3) retinal remodeling and functional loss of the inner retina, 1, 3 and 6 months after Dicer loss, respectively, in both strains. Furthermore, in the Rlbp:Dicer-cKOMG strain, rod photoreceptor impairment was found 4 months after Dicer depletion (4) accompanied by alteration of RPE integrity (5).

ConclusionsMG Dicer loss in the adult mouse retina impacts cone function prior to any measurable changes in rod function, suggesting a pivotal role for MG Dicer and miRNAs in supporting cone health. A partially impaired RPE however seems to accelerate rod degeneration and overall degenerative events.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Larbi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rief, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batsuuri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuhrmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wohl, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.635744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dicer loss in Muller glia leads to a defined sequence of pathological events beginning with cone dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analysis of The Senescence Secretome During Zebrafish Retina Regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zebrafish possess the innate ability to regenerate any lost or damaged retinal cell type with Muller glia serving as resident stem cells. Recently, we discovered that this process is aided by a population of damage-induced senescent immune cells. As part of the Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), senescent cells secrete numerous factors that can play a role in the modulation of inflammation and remodeling of the retinal microenvironment during regeneration. However, the identity of specific SASP factors that drive initiation and progression of retina regeneration remains unclear. Here, we mined the SASP Atlas and RNAseq datasets to identify differentially expressed SASP factors after retina injury, including two distinct acute damage regimens, as well as a chronic, genetic model of retina degeneration. We discovered a 31-factor "Regeneration-associated Senescence Signature" (RASS) that represents SASP factors and senescence markers that are conserved across all data sets and are upregulated after damage. Among these, we show that depletion of Nucleophosmin 1 (npm1a) inhibits retina regeneration. Our data support the model that differential expression of SASP factors promotes regeneration after both acute and chronic retinal damage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallone, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analysis of The Senescence Secretome During Zebrafish Retina Regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial profiling of longitudinal glioblastoma reveals consistent changes in cellular architecture, post-treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.31.635832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive adult brain cancer, comprises a complex tumour microenvironment (TME) with diverse cellular interactions driving progression and pathobiology. How these spatial patterns and interactions evolve with treatment remains unclear. Here, we apply imaging mass cytometry to analyse protein-level changes in paired pre- and post-treatment GBM samples from five patients. We find a significant post-treatment increase in normal brain cells alongside a reduction in vascular cells. Moreover, despite minimal overall change in cellular diversity, interactions among astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells increase post-treatment, suggesting reorganisation of the TME. The GBM TME cells form spatially organized layers driven by hypoxia pre-treatment, but this influence diminishes post-treatment, giving way to less organised layers with organisation driven by reactive astrocytes and lymphocytes. These findings provide insight into treatment-induced shifts in GBMs cellular landscape, highlighting aspects of the evolving TME that appear to facilitate recurrence and are, therefore, potential therapeutic targets.

Key pointsO_LISpatial organisation in primary GBM consist of layers driven by the presence of hypoxia
C_LIO_LIThe layers in recurrent GBM appear are driven more by the presence of reactive astrocytes
C_LIO_LIIncreased cellular cross-talk in recurrent GBM presents novel therapeutic targets
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ajaib, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemmings, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusnanto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakrabarty, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ismail, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filby, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrie, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stead, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.31.635832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial profiling of longitudinal glioblastoma reveals consistent changes in cellular architecture, post-treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636310v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of an uncharacterized mitochondrial methionine tRNA-synthetase induces mitochondrial unfolded protein response in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.03.636310v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential for translation, as they charge tRNA molecules with their corresponding amino acids. Alterations in aaRSs can significantly disrupt both cytosolic and mitochondrial translation. Through a forward genetic screen for mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) activators in C. elegans, we identified a missense mutation (P447V) in the previously uncharacterized gene Y105E8A.20, which encodes a dually localized methionine tRNA synthetase (MetRS). Here, we characterize the UPRmt induction by Y105E8A.20, which we call mars-2, and demonstrate that the P447V allele is a loss-of-function mutation. Furthermore, we show impaired mars-2 activity in the mitochondria triggers UPRmt. This strain provides a valuable tool for studying mitochondrial translation and understanding how aaRSs are involved in mitochondrial homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thapa, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.03.636310</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of an uncharacterized mitochondrial methionine tRNA-synthetase induces mitochondrial unfolded protein response in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.635765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developmental Variations in Recurrent Spatiotemporal Brain Propagations from Childhood to Adulthood 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.04.635765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain undergoes profound structural and functional transformations from childhood to adolescence. Convergent evidence suggests that neurodevelopment proceeds in a hierarchical manner, characterized by heterogeneous maturation patterns across brain regions and networks. However, the maturation of the intrinsic spatiotemporal propagations of brain activity remains largely unexplored. This study aims to bridge this gap by delineating spatiotemporal propagations from childhood to early adulthood. By leveraging a recently developed approach that captures time-lag dynamic propagations, we characterized intrinsic dynamic propagations along three axes: sensory-association (S-A),  task-positive to default networks (TP-D), and somatomotor-visual (SM-V) networks, which progress towards adult-like brain dynamics from childhood to early adulthood. Importantly, we demonstrated that as participants mature, there is a prolonged occurrence of the S-A and TP-D propagation states, indicating that they spend more time in these states. Conversely, the prevalence of SM-V propagation states declines during development. Notably, top-down propagations along the S-A axis exhibited an age-dependent increase in occurrence, serving as a superior predictor of cognitive scores compared to bottom-up S-A propagation. These findings were replicated across two independent cohorts (N = 677 in total), emphasizing the robustness and generalizability of these findings. Our results provide new insights into the emergence of adult-like functional dynamics during youth and their role in supporting cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byeon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cluce, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smallwood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milham, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.04.635765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developmental Variations in Recurrent Spatiotemporal Brain Propagations from Childhood to Adulthood]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenomic insights into extreme longevity in the world's oldest terrestrial animal, Jonathan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Giant tortoises exhibit exceptional longevity, often exceeding the human lifespan. To understand the genomic and epigenomic basis of their longevity, awe analyzed the DNA sequence and methylome of Jonathan, an Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea), estimated to be 192 years old. Relative to other giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea and Chelonoidis abingdonii), we found Jonathan has gene variants in pathways associated with aging, including DNA repair and telomere regulation. Consistent with his advanced age, Jonathan has significant age-related changes in DNA methylation and methylation entropy, compared with a 5-year-old Aldabra individual. Notably, we found that low entropy regions in Jonathans methylome were enriched for genes involved in the electron transport chain. This suggests that high-fidelity transcription of these genes may be crucial for extreme longevity. With this data, we propose a model for aging, that links efficient mitochondrial energy production with nuclear maintenance of low methylation entropy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vaisvil, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitt, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapatral, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colwell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollins, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascucci, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weissenow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rost, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerlach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terwilliger, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, L.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenomic insights into extreme longevity in the world's oldest terrestrial animal, Jonathan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.634992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
stDyer-image improves clustering analysis of spatially resolved transcriptomics and proteomics with morphological images 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.07.634992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) and spatially resolved proteomics (SRP) data enable the study of gene expression and protein abundances within their precise spatial and cellular contexts in tissues. Certain SRT and SRP tech-nologies also capture corresponding morphology images, adding another layer of valuable information. However, few existing methods developed for SRT data effectively leverage these supplementary images to enhance clustering performance. Here, we introduce stDyer-image, an end-to-end deep learning framework designed for clustering for SRT and SRP datasets with images. Unlike existing methods that utilize images to complement gene expression data, stDyer-image directly links image features to cluster labels. This approach draws inspiration from pathologists, who can visually identify specific cell types or tumor regions from morphological images without relying on gene expression or protein abundances. Benchmarks against state-of-the-art tools demonstrate that stDyer-image achieves superior performance in clustering. Moreover, it is capable of handling large-scale datasets across diverse technologies, making it a versatile and powerful tool for spatial omics analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>XU, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.07.634992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[stDyer-image improves clustering analysis of spatially resolved transcriptomics and proteomics with morphological images]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636602v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cryo-EM reveals a new allosteric binding site at the M5 mAChR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.05.636602v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M5 mAChR) represents a promising therapeutic target for neurological disorders. However, the high conservation of its orthosteric binding site has posed significant challenges for drug development. While selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) offer a potential solution, a structural understanding of the M5 mAChR and its allosteric binding sites has remained limited. Here, we present a 2.8 [A] cryo-electron microscopy structure of the M5 mAChR complexed with heterotrimeric Gq protein and the agonist iperoxo, completing the active-state structural characterization of the mAChR family. To identify the binding site of M5-selective PAMs, we implemented an integrated approach combining mutagenesis, pharmacological assays, structural biology, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our mutagenesis studies revealed that selective M5 PAMs bind outside previously characterized M5 mAChR allosteric sites. Subsequently, we obtained a 2.1 [A] structure of M5 mAChR co-bound with acetylcholine and the selective PAM VU6007678, revealing a novel allosteric pocket at the extrahelical interface between transmembrane domains 3 and 4 that was confirmed through mutagenesis and simulations. These findings demonstrate the diverse mechanisms of allosteric regulation in mAChRs and highlight the value of integrating pharmacological and structural approaches to identify novel allosteric binding sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burger, W. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobbs, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rana, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gentry, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeasmin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venugopal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valant, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thal, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.05.636602</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cryo-EM reveals a new allosteric binding site at the M5 mAChR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637233v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ketamine Alters Tuning of Neural and Behavioral Spatial Working Memory Precision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637233v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deficits in working memory (WM) are a hallmark of neuropsy-chiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, yet their neurobiological basis remains poorly understood. Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critical for spatial WM (sWM), with NMDAR antagonist ketamine known to attenuate task-evoked activation and reduce sWM accuracy. Cortical microcircuit models hypothesize that NMDAR antagonism impairs sWM by broadening neural spatial tuning, but this mechanism has not been directly tested in humans. Using a pharmacological fMRI approach, we showed how ketamine broadened neural spatial tuning, attenuated activation across visual, parietal, and frontal areas, and worsened sWM performance in healthy humans. Ketamine-induced changes in tuning were more consistent across individuals and brain regions than changes in overall activation and correlated with individual differences in sWM performance. These findings provide empirical evidence linking NMDAR antagonism to disruptions in cortical microcircuit dynamics, the resulting neural tuning alterations, and sWM impairments, advancing frameworks for therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahmati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moujaes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suljic, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berkovitch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonteneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleifer, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkinson, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santamauro, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamayo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolobaric, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarro, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repovs, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineberg, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preller, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637233</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ketamine Alters Tuning of Neural and Behavioral Spatial Working Memory Precision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Semiparametric Confidence Sets for Arbitrary Effect Sizes in Longitudinal Neuroimaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.10.637497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The majority of neuroimaging inference focuses on hypothesis testing rather than effect estimation. With concerns about replicability, there is growing interest in reporting standardized effect sizes from neuroimaging group-level analyses. Confidence sets are a recently developed approach to perform inference for effect sizes in neuroimaging but are restricted to univariate effect sizes and cross-sectional data. Thus, existing methods exclude increasingly common multigroup or nonlinear longitudinal associations of biological brain measurements with inter- and intra-individual variations in diagnosis, development, or symptoms. We broadly generalize the confidence set approach by developing a method for arbitrary effect sizes in longitudinal studies. Our method involves robust estimation of the effect size image and spatial and temporal covariance function based on generalized estimating equations. We obtain more efficient effect size estimates by concurrently estimating the exchangeable working covariance and using a nonparametric bootstrap to determine the joint distribution of effect size across voxels used to construct confidence sets. These confidence sets identify regions of the image where the lower or upper simultaneous confidence interval is above or below a given threshold with high probability. We evaluate the coverage and simultaneous confidence interval width of the proposed procedures using realistic simulations and perform longitudinal analyses of aging and diagnostic differences of cortical thickness in Alzheimers disease and diagnostic differences of resting-state hippocampal activity in psychosis. This comprehensive approach along with the visualization functions integrated into the pbj R package offers a robust tool for analyzing repeated neuroimaging measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McHugo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avery, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.637497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Semiparametric Confidence Sets for Arbitrary Effect Sizes in Longitudinal Neuroimaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637911v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering new amyloid-like peptides using all-atom simulations and artificial intelligence. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637911v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Establishing the fundamental relationships between peptide sequences and fibril formation is critical both for understanding protein misfolding processes and for guiding biomaterial design. Here, we combine all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with artificial intelligence (AI) to investigate how subtle variations in the arrangement of a short peptide sequence affect its propensity to form fibrils. Our results show that small shifts in the distribution of hydrophobic residues and charge clusters can significantly influence both the nucleation rate and the stability of cross-{beta} structures. To rapidly extend this analysis over a wide sequence space, we developed an active learning-enhanced framework--Machine Learning for Molecular Dynamics (ML4MD)--that iteratively refines its predictions based on MD-derived aggregation data. ML4MD efficiently screens numerous peptide permutations and guides the discovery of previously unrecognized fibril-prone sequences, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.939. Overall, ML4MD streamlines the rational design of amyloid-like peptides by integrating detailed atomistic simulations with rapid and high-accuracy ML predictions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michalowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng-Wong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Ekkabut, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dias, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.12.637911</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering new amyloid-like peptides using all-atom simulations and artificial intelligence.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro cellular phenotypes of cortical neurons from R255X MECP2 knock-in mice are improved by either expression of wildtype MeCP2 or read-through with G418 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Approximately 60% of individuals with Rett syndrome (RTT) carry a nonsense variant in the MECP2 gene; thus, there is an unmet need to identify novel nonsense suppression compound(s) that can restore full length MeCP2 protein levels and function. Here, we characterized neuronal phenotypes in cultured cortical neurons from newborn knock-in mice harboring the MECP2 R255X variant. After 2 weeks in vitro, R255X mutant neurons showed smaller cell bodies, shorter dendrites, fewer dendritic branches, and a lower density of excitatory synapses when compared to wildtype (WT) neurons. Transduction of AAV9-MeCP2-GFP in R255X mutant neurons made these cellular phenotypes similar to those in WT neurons, including soma size, dendritic length and branching, and excitatory synapse density. As proof of principle for the potential clinical use of  read-through compounds, cultured R255X mutant neurons treated with the aminoglycoside G418 for 72h in vitro showed cell body size and excitatory synapse density similar to WT neurons. We expect these combined approaches will identify effective compounds to suppress translation termination at a premature termination codon, which can be moved to further preclinical functional and behavioral studies in R255X MECP2 knock-in mice.

Summary StatementExpression of wildtype MECP2 or treatment with G418 in vitro restored cell body size, dendritic length, and dendritic spine density in cortical neurons from R255X MECP2 knock-in mice to levels comparable to wildtype neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzo-Miller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro cellular phenotypes of cortical neurons from R255X MECP2 knock-in mice are improved by either expression of wildtype MeCP2 or read-through with G418]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The forkhead transcription factor FKH-7/FOXP acts in chemosensory neurons to regulate developmental decision-making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with many associated genetic factors, including the forkhead transcription factor FOXP1. Although FOXP1s neuronal role is well-studied, the specific molecular consequences of different FOXP1 pathogenic variants in physiologically-relevant contexts are unknown. Here we ascribe the first function to Caenorhabditis elegans FKH-7/FOXP, which acts in two chemosensory neuron classes to promote the larval decision to enter the alternative, developmentally-arrested dauer life stage. We demonstrate that human FOXP1 can functionally substitute for C. elegans FKH-7 in these neurons and that engineering analogous FOXP1 hypomorphic missense mutations in the endogenous fkh-7 locus also impairs developmental decision-making. In a fkh-7/FOXP1 missense variant, single-cell transcriptomics identifies downregulated expression of autism-associated kcnl-2/KCNN2 calcium-activated potassium channel in a serotonergic sensory neuron. Our findings establish a novel framework linking two evolutionarily-conserved autism-associated genes for deeper characterization of variant-specific molecular pathology at single neuron resolution in the context of a developmental decision-making paradigm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chai, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tischbirek, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, W.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sternberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The forkhead transcription factor FKH-7/FOXP acts in chemosensory neurons to regulate developmental decision-making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.638936v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of neurite and soma organization in the brain and spinal cord with diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.638936v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The central nervous system (CNS), comprised of both the brain and spinal cord, and is a complex network of white and gray matter responsible for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Advanced diffusion MRI (dMRI) techniques offer a promising mechanism to non-invasively characterize CNS architecture, however, most studies focus on the brain or spinal cord in isolation. Here, we implemented a clinically feasible dMRI protocol on a 3T scanner to simultaneously characterize neurite and soma microstructure of both the brain and spinal cord. The protocol enabled the use of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Standard Model Imaging (SMI), and Soma and Neurite Density Imaging (SANDI), representing the first time SMI and SANDI have been evaluated in the cord, and in the cord and brain simultaneously. Our results demonstrate high image quality even at high diffusion weightings, reproducibility of SMI and SANDI derived metrics similar to those of DTI with few exceptions, and biologically feasible contrasts between and within white and gray matter regions. Reproducibility and contrasts were decreased in the cord compared to that of the brain, revealing challenges due to partial volume effects and image preprocessing. This study establishes a harmonized approach for brain and cord microstructural imaging, and the opportunity to study CNS pathologies and biomarkers of structural integrity across the neuroaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palombo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witt, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Grady, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzolato, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.638936</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of neurite and soma organization in the brain and spinal cord with diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linking molecular pathways and islet cell dysfunction in human type 1 diabetes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.20.639325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of most insulin-producing {beta}-cells, along with dysregulated glucagon secretion from pancreatic -cells. We conducted an integrated analysis that combines electrophysiological and transcriptomic profiling, along with machine learning, of islet cells from T1D donors to investigate the mechanisms underlying their dysfunction. Surviving {beta}-cells exhibit altered electrophysiological properties and transcriptomic signatures indicative of increased antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and impaired protein translation. In -cells, we observed hyper-responsiveness and increased exocytosis, which are associated with upregulated immune signaling, disrupted transcription factor localization and lysosome homeostasis, as well as dysregulation of mTORC1 complex signaling. Notably, key genetic risk signals for T1D were enriched in transcripts related to -cell dysfunction, including MHC class I which were closely linked with -cell dysfunction. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular underpinnings of islet cell dysfunction in T1D, highlighting pathways that may be leveraged to preserve residual {beta}-cell function and modulate -cell activity. These findings underscore the complex interplay between immune signaling, metabolic stress, and cellular identity in shaping islet cell phenotypes in T1D.

HighlightsO_LISurviving {beta}-cells in T1D show disrupted electrical function linked to metabolic reprogramming and immune stress.
C_LIO_LITranscripts associated with -cell dysfunction are enriched in genetic risk alleles for T1D.
C_LIO_LIUpregulated MHC class I and impaired nuclear localization of key transcription factors associate with -cell dysfunction in T1D.
C_LIO_LIT1D -cells exhibit increased hyper-activity, lysosomal imbalance and impaired mTORC1 signaling, which promotes dysregulated glucagon secretion.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, X. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spigelman, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mummey, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewald, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bautista, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning Fox, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detweiler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camunas-Soler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaulton, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacDonald, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.20.639325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linking molecular pathways and islet cell dysfunction in human type 1 diabetes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using The Cancer Genome Atlas from cBioPortal to Develop Genomic Datasets for Machine Learning Assisted Cancer Treatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.17.638660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Predicting the impact of genetic mutations is crucial for understanding diseases like cancer. Polymorphism Phenotyping (PolyPhen) and Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT) are key tools for assessing how amino acid substitutions affect protein function and mutation pathogenicity. To our knowledge, no ready-to-use genomic dataset exists for prediction models to identify potentially harmful mutations, which could support research and clinical decisions. This study develops genomic and non-genomic datasets using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) from cBioPortal and applies machine learning models to predict PolyPhen and SIFT scores. We explore three classification models: Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and an ensemble RF-XGBoost model. Experimental results show that genomic data yields more accurate predictions than non-genomic data. The ensemble RF-XGBoost model performs best on genomic data, achieving average accuracies of 88.43% for PolyPhen and 95.13% for SIFT, highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence in genetic mutation analysis for disease treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asaduzzaman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sibai, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.17.638660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using The Cancer Genome Atlas from cBioPortal to Develop Genomic Datasets for Machine Learning Assisted Cancer Treatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.635300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Artificial intelligence-enabled automated analysis of transmission electron micrographs to evaluate chemotherapy impact on mitochondrial morphology in triple negative breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.635300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advancements in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have enabled in-depth studies of biological specimens, offering new avenues to large-scale imaging experiments with subcellular resolution. Mitochondrial structure is of growing interest in cancer biology due to its crucial role in regulating the multi-faceted functions of mitochondria. We and others have established the crucial role of mitochondria in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited therapeutic options. Building upon our previous work demonstrating the regulatory role of mitochondrial structure dynamics in the metabolic adaptations and survival of chemotherapy-refractory TNBC cells, we sought to extend those findings to a large-scale analysis of transmission electron micrographs. Here we present a U-Net artificial intelligence (AI) model for automatic annotation and assessment of mitochondrial morphology and feature quantification. Our model is trained on 11,039 manually annotated mitochondria across 125 micrographs derived from a variety of orthotopic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model tumors and adherent cell cultures. The model achieves an F1 score of 0.85 on test micrographs at the pixel level. To validate the ability of our model to detect expected mitochondrial structural changes, we utilized micrographs from mouse primary skeletal muscle cells genetically modified to lack Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). The algorithm successfully detected a significant increase in mitochondrial elongation, in alignment with the well-established role of Drp1 as a driver of mitochondrial fission. Further, we subjected in vitro and in vivo TNBC models to conventional chemotherapy treatments commonly used for clinical management of TNBC, including doxorubicin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, and docetaxel (DTX). We found substantial within-sample heterogeneity of mitochondrial structure in both in vitro and in vivo TNBC models and observed a consistent reduction in mitochondrial elongation in DTX-treated specimens. We went on to compare mammary tumors and matched lung metastases in a highly metastatic PDX model of TNBC, uncovering significant increase in mitochondrial length in metastatic lesions compared to their cognate mammary tumor. This dataset provides high statistical power to detect frequent chemotherapy-induced shifts in mitochondrial shapes and sizes in residual cells left behind after treatment. The successful application of our AI model to capture mitochondrial structure marks a step forward in high-throughput analysis of mitochondrial structures, enhancing our understanding of how morphological changes may relate to chemotherapy efficacy and mechanism of action. Our large, manually curated electron micrograph dataset - now publicly available - serves as a unique gold-standard resource for developing, benchmarking, and applying computational models, while further advancing investigations into mitochondrial morphology and its impact on breast cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arriojas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>baek, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berner, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhurkevich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobrolecki, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarringhalam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Echeverria, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.635300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Artificial intelligence-enabled automated analysis of transmission electron micrographs to evaluate chemotherapy impact on mitochondrial morphology in triple negative breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A conserved mechanism of LRRC8 channel inhibition by distinct drugs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.24.639894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We employed a Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 8 (LRRC8) channel chimera, termed 8C-8A(IL125), to investigate the molecular mechanism of action of the novel volume-sensitive anion channel (VRAC) inhibitor, zafirlukast. 8C-8A(IL125) comprises LRRC8C (8C) and 25 residues from LRRC8A (8A) intracellular loop 1 (IL1) and forms volume-sensitive, structurally defined heptameric channels with normal pharmacological properties. In silico docking and modeling with AlphaFold3 identified a putative zafirlukast binding site comprising the amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) and inter-subunit fenestrae between transmembrane (TM) helices 1 and 2. Consistent with this model, mutations in NTD, TM1, and TM2 alter 8C-8A(IL125) and heteromeric 8A/8C sensitivity to zafirlukast and the structurally distinct drug pranlukast. Inhibition is not mediated by extracellular pore block or the so-called lipid gate. Mutations or low pH conditions that enhance voltage-dependent inactivation also increase zafirlukast sensitivity. We propose zafirlukast and pranlukast promote channel inactivation through destabilization of the pore.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamada, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisignano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denton, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A conserved mechanism of LRRC8 channel inhibition by distinct drugs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipid-mediated mechanism of drug extrusion by a heterodimeric ABC exporter 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.26.640354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug transport by ATP binding cassette (ABC) exporters entails a mechanism to modulate drug affinity across the transport cycle. Here, we combine cryo-EM and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to illuminate how lipid competition modulates substrate affinity to drive its translocation by ABC exporters. We determined cryo-EM structures of the ABC transporter BmrCD in drug-loaded inward-facing (IF) and outward-facing (OF) conformations in lipid nanodiscs to reveal the structural basis of alternating access, details of drug-transporter interactions, and the scale of drug movement between the two conformations. Remarkably, the structures uncovered lipid molecules bound in or near the transporter vestibule along with the drugs. MD trajectories from the IF structure show that these lipids stimulate drug disorder and translocation towards the vestibule apex. Similarly, bound lipids enter the OF vestibule and weaken drug-transporter interactions facilitating drug release. Our results complete a near-atomic model of BmrCDs conformational cycle and advance a general mechanism of lipid-driven drug transport by ABC exporters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisignano, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajkhorshid, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.26.640354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipid-mediated mechanism of drug extrusion by a heterodimeric ABC exporter]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic factors limiting the diversity of Saccharomycotina plant pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Saccharomycotina fungi have evolved to inhabit a vast diversity of habitats over their 400-million-year evolution. There are, however, only a few known fungal pathogens of plants in this subphylum, primarily belonging to the genera Eremothecium and Geotrichum. We compared the genomes of 12 plant-pathogenic Saccharomycotina strains to 360 plant-associated strains to identify features unique to the phytopathogens. Characterization of the oxylipin synthesis genes, a compound believed to be involved in Eremothecium pathogenicity, did not reveal any differences in gene presence within or between the plant-pathogenic and plant-associated strains. A reverse-ecological approach, however, revealed that plant pathogens lack several metabolic enzymes known to assist other phytopathogens in overcoming plant defenses. This includes L-rhamnose metabolism, formamidase and nitrilase genes. This result suggests that the Saccharomycotina plant pathogens are limited to infecting ripening fruits as they are without the necessary enzymes to degrade common phytohormones and secondary metabolites produced by plants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-x.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic factors limiting the diversity of Saccharomycotina plant pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.639667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elevated rates and biased spectra of mutations in anaerobically cultured lactic acid bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.639667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate, spectrum, and biases of mutations represent a fundamental force shaping biological evolution. Convention often attributes oxidative DNA damage as a major driver of spontaneous mutations. Yet, despite the contribution of oxygen to mutagenesis and the ecological, industrial, and biomedical importance of anaerobic organisms, relatively little is known about the mutation rates and spectra of anaerobic species. Here, we present the rates and spectra of spontaneous mutations assessed anaerobically over 1000 generations for three fermentative lactic acid bacteria species with varying levels of aerotolerance: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Lactococcus lactis. Our findings reveal highly elevated mutation rates compared to the average rates observed in aerobically respiring bacteria with mutations strongly biased towards transitions, emphasizing the prevalence of spontaneous deamination in these anaerobic species and highlighting the inherent fragility of purines even under conditions that minimize oxidative stress. Beyond these overarching patterns, we identify several novel mutation dynamics: positional mutation bias around the origin of replication in Lb. acidophilus, a significant disparity between observed and equilibrium GC content in Lc. lactis, and repeated independent deletions of spacer sequences from within the CRISPR locus in Lb. crispatus providing mechanistic insights into the evolution of bacterial adaptive immunity. Overall, our study provides new insights into the mutational landscape of anaerobes, revealing how non-oxygenic factors shape mutation rates and influence genome evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hale, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.639667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elevated rates and biased spectra of mutations in anaerobically cultured lactic acid bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaling up spatial transcriptomics for large-sized tissues: uncovering cellular-level tissue architecture beyond conventional platforms with iSCALE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies have transformed our ability to profile gene expression while retaining the crucial spatial context within tissues. However, existing ST platforms suffer from high costs, long turnaround times, low resolution, limited gene coverage, and small tissue capture areas, which hinder their broad applications. Here we present iSCALE, a method that predicts super-resolution gene expression and automatically annotates cellular-level tissue architecture for large-sized tissues that exceed the capture areas of standard ST platforms. The accuracy of iSCALE were validated by comprehensive evaluations, involving benchmarking experiments, immunohistochemistry staining, and manual annotation by pathologists. When applied to multiple sclerosis human brain samples, iSCALE uncovered lesion associated cellular characteristics that were undetectable by conventional ST experiments. Our results demonstrate iSCALEs utility in analyzing large-sized tissues with automatic and unbiased tissue annotation, inferring cell type composition, and pinpointing regions of interest for features not discernible through human visual assessment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemenceau, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnfather, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlile, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaling up spatial transcriptomics for large-sized tissues: uncovering cellular-level tissue architecture beyond conventional platforms with iSCALE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.638877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher-Order Biomarkers Through Network Motif Mining: A COVID-19 Case Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.638877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce a novel approach for analyzing expression data by integrating patient-level expression profiles with a Protein-Protein interaction network from the STRING database. Our pipeline leverages motif mining to identify recurring sets (motifs) of interacting biomolecules characterized by specific expression patterns, providing deeper insights into underlying biological processes. We applied our method to a publicly available dataset of plasma protein measurements from patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 and compared the motif features to those found by conventional differential expression analysis. Motif features demonstrated better performance in classification models and hierarchical clustering. Of note, they were able to resolve interpatient variability during clustering, while traditional features failed to do so. Interestingly, these discriminatory performances were achieved using a smaller and largely different set of proteins. Motif mining is a highly flexible method with capacity to integrate multiple modes of data and presents an exciting line of analysis for biomarker discovery as well as general biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chahley, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.638877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher-Order Biomarkers Through Network Motif Mining: A COVID-19 Case Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrastive Learning Enables Epitope Overlap Predictions for Targeted Antibody Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.25.640114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational epitope prediction remains an unmet need for therapeutic antibody development. We present three complementary approaches for predicting epitope relationships from antibody amino acid sequences. First, we analyze [~]18 million antibody pairs targeting [~]250 protein families and establish that a threshold of >70% CDRH3 sequence identity among antibodies sharing both heavy and light chain V-genes reliably predicts overlapping-epitope antibody pairs. Next, we develop a supervised contrastive fine-tuning framework for antibody large language models which results in embeddings that better correlate with epitope information than those from pre-trained models. Applying this contrastive learning approach to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain antibodies, we achieve 82.7% balanced accuracy in distinguishing same-epitope versus different-epitope antibody pairs and demonstrate the ability to predict relative levels of structural overlap from learning on functional epitope bins (Spearman{rho} = 0.25). Finally, we create AbLang-PDB, a generalized model for predicting overlapping-epitope antibodies for a broad range of protein families. AbLang-PDB achieves five-fold improvement in average precision for predicting overlapping-epitope antibody pairs compared to sequence-based methods, and effectively predicts the amount of epitope overlap among overlapping-epitope pairs ({rho} = 0.81). In an antibody discovery campaign searching for overlapping-epitope antibodies to the HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody 8ANC195, 70% of computationally selected candidates demonstrated HIV-1 specificity, with 50% showing competitive binding with 8ANC195.

Together, the computational models presented here provide powerful tools for epitope-targeted antibody discovery, while demonstrating the efficacy of contrastive learning for improving epitope-representation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janke, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlashi, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinov, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.25.640114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrastive Learning Enables Epitope Overlap Predictions for Targeted Antibody Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FakeRotLib: expedient non-canonical amino acid parameterization in Rosetta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.27.640629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non canonical amino acids (NCAAs) occupy an important place, both in natural biology and synthetic applications. However, modeling these amino acids still lies outside the capabilities of most deep learning methods due to sparse training datasets for this task. Instead, biophysical methods such as Rosetta can excel in modeling NCAAs. We discuss the various aspects of parameterizing a NCAA for use in Rosetta, identifying rotamer distribution modeling as one of the most impactful factors of NCAA parameterization on Rosetta performance. To this end, we also present FakeRotLib, a method which uses statistical fitting of small molecule conformer to create rotamer distributions. We find that FakeRotLib outperforms existing methods in a fraction of the time and is able to parameterize NCAA types previously unmodeled by Rosetta.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bell, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.640629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FakeRotLib: expedient non-canonical amino acid parameterization in Rosetta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correlative In Situ Cryo-ET Reveals Cellular and Viral Remodeling Associated with Selective HIV-1 Core Nuclear Import 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lentiviruses like HIV-1 infect non-dividing cells by traversing the nuclear pore, but studying this process has been challenging due to its scarcity and dynamic nature in infected cells. Here, we developed a robust cell-permeabilization system that recapitulates HIV-1 nuclear import and established an integrated cryo-correlative workflow combining cryo-CLEM, cryo-FIB, and cryo-ET for targeted imaging of this process. These advancements enabled the successful capture of 1,899 HIV-1 cores at various stages of nuclear import. Statistical and structural analyses of native wild-type and mutant cores revealed that HIV-1 nuclear import depends on both capsid elasticity and nuclear pore adaptability, as well as nuclear factors such as CPSF6. Brittle cores fail to enter the nuclear pore complex (NPC), while CPSF6-binding-deficient cores stall inside the NPC, resulting in impaired nuclear import. Intriguingly, nuclear pores function as selective filters favoring the import of smaller, tube-shaped cores. Our study opens new avenues for dissecting the biochemistry and structural biology of HIV-1 nuclear import as well as downstream events including core uncoating and potentially integration, with unprecedented detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fronik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardenbrook, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelman, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, p.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correlative In Situ Cryo-ET Reveals Cellular and Viral Remodeling Associated with Selective HIV-1 Core Nuclear Import]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640852v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamic responses to rejection in the transplanted human heart revealed through spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.640852v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allograft rejection following solid-organ transplantation is a major cause of graft dysfunction and mortality. Current approaches to diagnosis rely on histology, which exhibits wide diagnostic variability and lacks access to molecular phenotypes that may stratify therapeutic response. Here, we leverage image-based spatial transcriptomics at sub-cellular resolution in longitudinal human cardiac biopsies to characterize transcriptional heterogeneity in 62 adult and pediatric heart transplant (HT) recipients during and following histologically-diagnosed rejection. Across 28 cell types, we identified significant differences in abundance in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells across different biological classes of rejection (cellular, mixed, antibody-mediated). We observed a broad overlap in cellular transcriptional states across histologic rejection severity and biological class and significant heterogeneity within rejection severity grades that would qualify for immunomodulatory treatment. Individuals who had resolved rejection after therapy had a distinct transcriptomic profile relative to those with persistent rejection, including 216 genes across 6 cell types along pathways of inflammation, IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling, IFN/IFN{gamma} response, and TNF signaling. Spatial transcriptomics also identified genes linked to long-term prognostic outcomes post-HT. These results underscore importance of subtyping immunologic states during rejection to stratify immune-cardiac interactions following HT that are therapeutically relevant to short- and long-term rejection-related outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amancherla, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taravella Oill, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bledsoe, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bearl, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menachem, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqi, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brinkley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mee, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmeckpepper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rali, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farber-Eger, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wells, Q. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freedman, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tucker, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlendorf, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.28.640852</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamic responses to rejection in the transplanted human heart revealed through spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Integrative Multi-Omics Random Forest Framework for Robust Biomarker Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.05.641533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput technologies now produce a wide array of omics data, from genomic and transcriptomic profiles to epigenomic and proteomic measurements. Integrating these diverse data types can yield deeper insights into the biological mechanisms driving complex traits and diseases. Yet, extracting key shared biomarkers from multiple data layers remains a major challenge. We present a multivariate random forest (MRF)-based framework enhanced by a novel inverse minimal depth (IMD) metric for integrative variable selection. By assigning response variables to tree nodes and employing IMD to rank predictors, our approach efficiently identifies essential features across different omics types, even when confronted with high-dimensionality and noise. Through extensive simulations and analyses of multi-omics datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we demonstrate that our method outperforms established integrative techniques in uncovering biologically meaningful biomarkers and pathways. Our findings show that selected biomarkers not only correlate with known regulatory and signaling networks but can also stratify patient subgroups with distinct clinical outcomes. The methods scalable, interpretable, and user-friendly implementation ensures broad applicability to a range of research questions. This MRF-based framework advances robust biomarker discovery and integrative multi-omics analyses, accelerating the translation of complex molecular data into tangible biological and clinical insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brian, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.641533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Integrative Multi-Omics Random Forest Framework for Robust Biomarker Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.640935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salt-inducible kinase inhibition promotes weight loss and improves the diastolic function of obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.02.640935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundObesity negatively impacts cardiac function and is closely associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are critical regulators of energy metabolism and cardiovascular function. Small molecule SIK inhibitors have been developed but their effect in treating obesity-related HFpEF remains unexplored. We recently discovered that pharmacological SIK inhibition promotes the adipose tissue thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis gene program. We reason that targeting SIKs to treat obesity-related complications would be beneficial for HFpEF.

MethodsWe employed a preclinical HFpEF mouse model induced by two-hit stress of high-fat diet (HFD) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition using L-NAME in drinking water. Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice received a regular low-fat chow diet or HFD/L-NAME for 5 weeks and were treated with vehicle or a pan-SIK inhibitor YKL-05-099 (YKL) via daily intraperitoneal injection in the last 4 weeks. Body weight and parameters of adiposity, energy balance and glucose tolerance were assessed. Cardiovascular function was characterized by echocardiography and in vivo pressure-volume loop hemodynamic analysis. Myocardial transcriptomic data were analyzed to determine if changes in SIK gene expression are associated with human HFpEF.

ResultsYKL treatment limits body weight gain mainly by reducing the fat mass in obese HFpEF mice. YKL-treated mice show better glucose tolerance, enhanced adipose tissue browning and decreased lipid deposition. YKL-treatment mice demonstrate preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, reduced LV filling pressure and improved diastolic function. Myocardial expression of SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3 mRNA is down-regulated in patients with HFpEF. However, higher SIK mRNA expression is associated with a subgroup of HFpEF patients that has a greater risk for HF hospitalization and/or death.

ConclusionsTaken together, our study reveals a pathological role for SIKs in obesity-related HFpEF and suggests that pharmacological SIK inhibition would be a disease-modifying strategy for obese HFpEF, for which evidence-based therapy has been limited.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munkhjargal, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobeck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.02.640935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salt-inducible kinase inhibition promotes weight loss and improves the diastolic function of obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641087v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolution of collapsed forks is separate from completion of DNA synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.03.641087v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication fork collapse at single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) poses a serious threat to genome stability. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we show that a replication fork encountering an SSB on either the leading- or lagging-strand template produces a single-ended double-strand break (seDSB). These broken ends are efficiently resolved by homologous recombination to yield D-loops and erroneous end-to-end fusions. Surprisingly, DNA synthesis downstream of an seDSB is highly inefficient. In contrast, when two forks converge at an SSB, they generate a double-ended DSB (deDSB) that efficiently completes DNA synthesis through double-strand break repair that is not dependent on homologous recombination. Leading, but not lagging, seDSBs can undergo extensive nucleolytic degradation that disassembles the divergent fork. These  secondary collapse events efficiently resolve seDSBs but without completion of DNA synthesis. Moreover, PARP inhibition can enhance fork collapse at unmodified SSBs but not at abasic site SSBs, contrary to expectations. Our findings distinguish end resolution from replication completion and demonstrate flexibility in how PARP inhibition affects fork collapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conwell, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahmen, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cranford, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulvaney, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.03.641087</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolution of collapsed forks is separate from completion of DNA synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641443v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assigning Targetable Molecular Pathways to Transdiagnostic Subgroups Across Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641443v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant genetic, behavioural and neuroanatomic heterogeneity is common in autism spectrum- and related- neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This heterogeneity constrains the development of effective therapies for diverse patients in precision medicine paradigms. This has led to the search for subgroups of individuals having common etiologic factors/biology (e.g., genetic pathways), thus creating potential uniformity in prognosis and/or treatment response. Despite NDDs having a strong genetic component, only ~15-20% of individuals will present with a specific rare genetic variant considered clinically pathogenic, and therefore, subtyping efforts tend to focus on using clinical, cognitive, and/or brain imaging phenotypes to group individuals. Here we delineated mechanisms via mouse to human translational neuroscience. Using MRI derived structural neuroanatomy and a spatial transcriptomic comparison, we linked subgroups of 135 NDD relevant mouse models (3,515 individual mice) separately to two human databases, with 1,234 and 1,015 human individuals with NDDs, composed of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), other related NDDs, and typically developing controls. Subgroups were significantly linked by consistent neuroanatomy across all three datasets, mouse and human, indicating that direct cross-species subgrouping and translation is consistent and reproducible. Ultimately, four specific neuroanatomical clusters were found and linked to precise molecular mechanisms: two showing a chromatin/transcription motif, with one of those showing specific links to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and Notch signalling, and another two being mainly synaptic in origin, with one off those showing specific connections to axon guidance and Wnt signaling. Assigning molecular pathways, and thus genetic information, from the mouse to individual participants provides an insight into undetected and/or related genetic variants that could be working in combination or interacting with an environmental influence. Moreover, the subgroups found are transdiagnostic, including participants with autism, ADHD, and OCD, which indicates that NDDs as a whole can be subdivided into consistent neuroanatomical clusters with cohesive underlying biological mechanisms. This work allows us to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human disorders, linking previously idiopathic human patients to pertinent genetics, molecular mechanisms, and pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ellegood, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beauchamp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devenyi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziolkowski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askalan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayub, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suetterlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quesnel, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berube, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beversdorf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjornsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blakely, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crosbie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orr, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genestine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiCicco-Bloom, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asbury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rilett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vincent, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frankland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiades, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penagarikano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geschwind, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giger, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markx, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golzio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pagani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacey, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yen, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, Y.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641443</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assigning Targetable Molecular Pathways to Transdiagnostic Subgroups Across Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641859v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adolescent onset of volitional ethanol intake normalizes sex differences observed with adult-onset ethanol intake and negative affective behaviors during protracted forced abstinence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641859v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleNegative affect during ethanol abstinence can lead to relapse and dependence. Voluntary ethanol drinking models are crucial for examining negative affect following chronic ethanol access, but female rodents often drink more ethanol than males, complicating comparisons between sexes. Since chronic adolescent ethanol use poses a substantial risk for later alcohol use disorder, we hypothesize that adolescence is a critical window for consolidating drinking behavior before major hormonal changes affect ethanol consumption.

ObjectivesThis study compared sex differences in voluntary ethanol consumption and negative affective behavior in mice that initiated ethanol consumption during early adolescence ([~]PND30) or early adulthood (>PND49).

MethodsMale and female C57BL/6J mice underwent the Chronic Drinking Forced Abstinence (CDFA) paradigm, with the "Ethanol" group given two-bottle choice access to ethanol and water, and the "Water" group given two water bottles. Ethanol intake and preference were measured over six weeks. Two weeks following ethanol removal, mice underwent behavioral testing for negative affective-like behavior.

ResultsAdult-onset female mice consumed significantly more ethanol and displayed higher ethanol preference compared to adult-onset male mice. In contrast, adolescent-onset male and female mice consumed similar ethanol levels and displayed similar preference. We observed increased immobility during the forced swim test in adult-onset ethanol females, but not males, during protracted abstinence. However, both sexes of adolescent-onset ethanol mice displayed increased immobility during forced abstinence.

ConclusionsThese findings highlight adolescence as a critical period during which both sexes voluntarily consume ethanol and are equally vulnerable to the behavioral disturbances associated with ethanol abstinence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641859</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adolescent onset of volitional ethanol intake normalizes sex differences observed with adult-onset ethanol intake and negative affective behaviors during protracted forced abstinence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated changes in thymic stromal and hematopoietic cells that define the perinatal to juvenile transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.04.641047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cells in the perinatal thymus have distinct phenotypes and functions that may be instructed by age-specific features of the microenvironment. We evaluated molecular and cellular profiles of thymic stromal cells, including thymic epithelial cells (TECs), mesenchyme, endothelium, and hematopoietic antigen presenting cells (hAPCs), from birth through one-month of age in mice. Single-cell transcriptional profiling, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry revealed coordinated stromal changes accompanied by altered thymocyte differentiation at defined transitional ages during the shift from perinatal growth to juvenile homeostasis, which was mirrored in humans. These analyses link diminished IGF2 expression by mesenchymal cells with activation of the RB pathway in TECs at the transition. Moreover, a coordinated increase in type I interferon signaling in stroma across the transition is associated with altered antigen processing and presentation signatures in TECs and hAPCs. Collectively, these datasets provide a resource to interrogate thymic stroma across the perinatal to juvenile transition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vasudev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calindi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singarapu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macintyre, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manley, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, L. I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richie, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.04.641047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated changes in thymic stromal and hematopoietic cells that define the perinatal to juvenile transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AUC-PR is a More Informative Metric for Assessing the Biological Relevance of In Silico Cellular Perturbation Prediction Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In silico perturbation models, computational methods which can predict cellular responses to perturbations, present an opportunity to reduce the need for costly and time-intensive in vitro experiments. Many recently proposed models predict high-dimensional cellular responses, such as gene or protein expression to perturbations such as gene knockout or drugs. However, evaluating in silico performance has largely relied on metrics such as R2, which assess overall prediction accuracy but fail to capture biologically significant outcomes like the identification of differentially expressed genes. In this study, we present a novel evaluation framework that introduces the AUC-PR metric to assess the precision and recall of DE gene predictions. By applying this framework to both single-cell and pseudo-bulked datasets, we systematically benchmark simple and advanced computational models. Our results highlight a significant discrepancy between R2 and AUC-PR, with models achieving high R2 values but struggling to identify Differentially expressed genes accurately, as reflected in their low AUC-PR values. This finding underscores the limitations of traditional evaluation metrics and the importance of biologically relevant assessments. Our framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of model capabilities, advancing the application of computational approaches in cellular perturbation research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azinfar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irajizad, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AUC-PR is a More Informative Metric for Assessing the Biological Relevance of In Silico Cellular Perturbation Prediction Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642465v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Solid-State NMR Analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Reveals Role of α-Amylase Family Enzymes in Cell Wall Structure and Function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.10.642465v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a widely employed model organism for studying the eukaryotic cell cycle. Like plants and bacteria, S. pombe must build a cell wall in concert with its cell cycle, but how cell wall-synthesizing and remodeling enzymes mediate this process remains unclear. Here we characterize the functions of Aah1 and Aah3, two related S. pombe -amylases that are putative members of this evolutionarily conserved family of cell wall-modifying proteins. We found that unlike rod-shaped wildtype S. pombe cells, aah1{Delta} aah3{Delta} cells are nearly spherical, grow slowly, have thickened cell walls, and have severe defects in cell separation following cytokinesis. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy analyses of intact wildtype and aah1{Delta} aah3{Delta} cells revealed that aah1{Delta} aah3{Delta} cell walls are rigidified with a significant reduction in the -glucan matrix, characterized by reduced amounts of the major -1,3-glucan and the minor -1,4-glucan within the rigid and mobile phases; this reduction was compensated for by a two-fold increase in {beta}-glucan content. Indeed, viability of aah1{Delta} aah3{Delta} cells depended on {beta}-glucan upregulation and the cell wall integrity pathway that mediates it. While aah1{Delta} aah3{Delta} cells resemble cells with impaired function of the transglycosylation domain of -glucan synthase 1 (Ags1), increased expression of Aah3 does not compensate for impaired Ags1 function or vice-versa. Overall, our data suggest that Aah1 and Aah3 are required in addition to Ags1, likely downstream, for the transglycosylation of -glucan chains to generate fibers of appropriate dimensions to support proper cell morphology, growth, and division.

Significance StatementThis study utilized a range of imaging techniques and high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of intact S. pombe cells to refine our understanding of S. pombe cell wall composition. This study also determined that two related GPI-anchored -amylase family proteins, Aah1 and Aah3, likely act as transglycosylases non-redundantly with an -glucan synthase in the synthesis of -glucan chains of appropriate content and size to support polarized growth and cell division. Our results also highlight the anti-fungal therapeutic potential of GPI-anchored enzymes acting in concert with glucan synthases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Igarashi, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Nokab, M. E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsanad, A. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642465</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Solid-State NMR Analysis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Reveals Role of α-Amylase Family Enzymes in Cell Wall Structure and Function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data-independent acquisition parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation (diaPASEF) analysis of the separated zebrafish lens improves identifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.642445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ocular lens fiber cells degrade their organelles during differentiation to prevent light scattering. Organelle degradation occurs continuously throughout an individuals lifespan, creating a spatial gradient of young cortical fiber cells in the lens periphery to older nuclear fiber cells in the center of the lens. Therefore, separation of cortical and nuclear regions enables examination of protein aging. Previously, the human lens cortex and nucleus have been studied using data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics, allowing for the identification of low-abundance protein groups. In this study, we employed data-independent acquisition parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation (diaPASEF) proteomics on a timsTOF HT instrument to study the zebrafish lens proteome and compared results to a standard DIA method employed on an Orbitrap Exploris 480. Using the additional ion mobility gas phase separation of diaPASEF, peptide and protein group identifications increased by over 200% relative to an orbitrap DIA method in the zebrafish lens. With diaPASEF, we identified 13,721 and 11,996 unique peptides in the zebrafish lens cortex and nucleus, respectively, which correspond to 1,537 and 1,389 protein groups. Thus, separation of the zebrafish lens into cortical and nuclear regions followed by diaPASEF analysis produced the most comprehensive zebrafish lens proteomic dataset to date.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zelle, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchourab, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schey, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.642445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data-independent acquisition parallel accumulation-serial fragmentation (diaPASEF) analysis of the separated zebrafish lens improves identifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic Analysis of PTEN-Deficient Cells Reveals Src-Mediated Upregulation of EphA2 and Therapeutic Potential of Dual Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.13.643053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN is frequently observed in various cancers and promotes tumorigenesis by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. However, the effectiveness of therapies targeting this pathway is limited by complex signaling crosstalk and compensatory mechanisms. Here, we employed quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses using MCF10A PTEN knockout models to comprehensively map the signaling alterations induced by PTEN loss. Our analyses revealed that PTEN deficiency not only activates canonical PI3K-AKT signaling but also induces widespread changes in cytoskeleton organization, cell cycle regulation, and central carbon metabolism. PTEN loss also substantially elevates the activity of a variety of tyrosine kinases, including Src kinase and EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) implicated in cancer progression. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that Src activation, rather than the canonical AKT signaling pathway, drives the upregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2. The activation of the noncanonical tyrosine kinase signaling renders AKT inhibition alone insufficient in PTEN-deficient cancers. Importantly, combined treatment with the FDA-approved AKT inhibitor capivasertib and the Src inhibitor dasatinib synergistically induced apoptosis and suppressed the tumor cell growth in various PTEN-deficient cell lines as well as in three-dimensional cultures of endometrial cancer patient-derived xenograft models. Our study reveals that PTEN loss drives oncogenic signaling via dual activation of PI3K-AKT and tyrosine kinase pathways. Specifically, Src-mediated upregulation of EphA2 in PTEN-deficient cells highlights a therapeutic vulnerability that can be exploited by combined AKT and Src inhibition. This approach addresses the resistance associated with AKT inhibition alone and enhances therapeutic efficacy in PTEN-deficient cancers, supporting its potential application in targeted combination therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renuse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lotan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weroha, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic Analysis of PTEN-Deficient Cells Reveals Src-Mediated Upregulation of EphA2 and Therapeutic Potential of Dual Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Amyloid-β-regulated gene circuits for programmable Alzheimer's disease therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.12.642808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized in part by the accumulation of the protein amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target A{beta} for clearance from the brain have received FDA approval; however, these therapies are accompanied by serious side effects, and their cognitive benefit for patients remains of tremendous debate. Here, we present a potential engineered cell therapy for AD in which we enlist cells of the central nervous system as programmable agents for sculpting the neurodegenerative niche toward one that mitigates glial reactivity and neuronal loss. We constructed a suite of A{beta}-sensitive synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptors from clinically tested anti-A{beta} mAbs and show that cells expressing these receptors can recognize synthetic A{beta}42 and A{beta}40 with differential sensitivity. We express these receptors in astrocytes, cells native to the brain that are known to become dysfunctional in AD. These synNotch astrocytes, which upregulate selected transgenes upon exposure to synthetic and human brain-derived amyloid, were engineered to express potential therapeutic transgenes in response to A{beta}, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and antagonists of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. SynNotch astrocytes that express such antagonists in response to A{beta} partially attenuate a cytokine-induced reactive astrocyte phenotype and promote barrier properties in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Additionally, engineered A{beta}-synNotch cells potently upregulate transgene expression in response to A{beta} deposited in the 5xFAD mouse brain, demonstrating the capacity to recognize A{beta} in situ. Overall, our work supports A{beta}-synNotch receptors as promising tools to generate a cell-based therapy for AD with targeted functionalities to positively influence the AD niche.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spetz, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conger, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shattuck-Brandt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shekharan, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shostak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligocki, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brien, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Embalabala, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.12.642808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Amyloid-β-regulated gene circuits for programmable Alzheimer's disease therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.642142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intravenous lipid-siRNA conjugate mediates gene silencing at the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.14.642142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Barriers of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), regulate the two-way exchange of material between the blood and CNS. These barriers pose a considerable challenge for efficacious delivery of intravenously administered therapies into the CNS, motivating exploration of their function and ways to modulate their properties. While the BBB and BCSFB can become dysfunctional in patients with chronic CNS diseases, few studies have focused on strategies for targeting these interfaces. Here, we showed that an intravenously administered albumin-binding lipid-siRNA conjugate was delivered to and silences genes within brain endothelial cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells, which comprise the BBB and BCSFB, respectively. A single intravenous dose of lipid-siRNA conjugate was delivered to [~]100% of brain endothelial cells and major choroid plexus cell types, without any substantial delivery into brain parenchymal tissue. Sustained gene silencing was achieved in both brain endothelial cells (over two weeks) and bulk choroid plexus tissues (up to one month). Moreover, single cell RNA sequencing demonstrated gene knockdown in capillaries, venous endothelial cells, and choroid plexus epithelial cells without silencing genes in parenchymal cell populations. Collectively, this work establishes an effective nonviral framework to mediate gene inhibition in the brain barriers.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=156 SRC="FIGDIR/small/642142v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwensen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulrahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katdare, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboezem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.14.642142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intravenous lipid-siRNA conjugate mediates gene silencing at the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.643480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stable hypermutators revealed by the genomic landscape of DNA repair genes among yeast species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.15.643480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutator phenotypes are short-lived due to the rapid accumulation of deleterious mutations. Yet, recent observations reveal that certain fungi can undergo prolonged accelerated evolution after losing DNA repair genes. Here, we surveyed 1,154 yeast genomes representing nearly all known yeast species of the subphylum Saccharomycotina to examine the relationship between reduced DNA repair repertoires and elevated evolutionary rates. We identified three distantly related lineages--encompassing 12% of species--with substantially reduced sets of DNA repair genes and the highest evolutionary rates in the entire subphylum. Two of these "faster-evolving lineages" (FELs)--a subclade within the order Pichiales and the Wickerhamiella/Starmerella (W/S) clade (order Dipodascales)--are described here for the first time, while the third corresponds to a previously documented Hanseniaspora FEL. Examination of DNA repair gene repertoires revealed a set of genes predominantly absent in these three FELs, suggesting a potential role in the observed acceleration of evolutionary rates. Genomic signatures in the W/S clade are consistent with a substantial mutational burden, including pronounced A|T bias and signatures of endogenous DNA damage. The W/S clade appears to mitigate UV-induced damage through horizontal acquisition of a bacterial photolyase gene, underscoring how gene loss may be offset by nonvertical evolution. These findings highlight how the loss of DNA repair genes gave rise to hypermutators that persist across macroevolutionary timescales, with horizontal gene transfer as an avenue for partial functional compensation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steenwyk, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Opulente, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LaBella, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolters, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, X.-X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Covo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.15.643480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stable hypermutators revealed by the genomic landscape of DNA repair genes among yeast species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643434v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Maternal α-cypermethrin and permethrin exert differential effects on fetal growth, placental morphology, and fetal neurodevelopment in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.16.643434v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pyrethroid insecticides represent a broad class of chemicals used widely in agriculture and household applications. Human studies show mixed effects of maternal pyrethroid exposure on fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Assessment of shared pyrethroid metabolites as a biomarker for exposure obscures effects of specific chemicals within this broader class. To better characterize pyrethroid effects on fetal development, we investigated maternal exposure to permethrin, a type I pyrethroid, and -cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid, on fetal development in mice. Pregnant CD1 mice were exposed to permethrin (1.5, 15, or 50 mg/kg), -cypermethrin (0.3, 3, or 10 mg/kg), or corn oil vehicle via oral gavage on gestational days (GD) 6-16. Effects on fetal growth, placental toxicity, and neurodevelopment were evaluated at GD 16. Cypermethrin, but not permethrin, significantly reduced fetal growth and altered placental layer morphology. Placental RNAseq analysis revealed downregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix remodeling in response to -cypermethrin. Both pyrethroids induced shifts in fetal dorsal forebrain microglia morphology from ramified to ameboid states; however, effects of -cypermethrin were more pronounced. The -cypermethrin transcriptome of fetal dorsal forebrain implicated altered glutamate receptor signaling, synaptogenesis, and c-AMP signaling. Coregulated gene modules in individual placenta and fetal dorsal forebrain pairs were correlated and overlapped in biological processes characterizing synapses, mitotic cell cycle, and chromatin organization, suggesting placenta-fetal brain shared mechanisms with -cypermethrin exposure. In summary, maternal type II pyrethroid -cypermethrin exposure but not type I pyrethroid permethrin significantly affected placental development, fetal growth, and neurodevelopment, and these effects were linked.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elser, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hing, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliasen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afrifa, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meurice, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimenti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dailey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson-Corley, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.16.643434</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Maternal α-cypermethrin and permethrin exert differential effects on fetal growth, placental morphology, and fetal neurodevelopment in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Aging-associated Increase of GATA4 levels in Articular Cartilage is Linked to Impaired Regenerative Capacity of Chondrocytes and Osteoarthritis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the causal association between aging and osteoarthritis (OA) has been documented, our understanding of the underlying mechanism remains incomplete. To define the regulatory molecules governing chondrocyte aging, we performed transcriptomic analysis of young and old human chondrocytes from healthy donors. The data predicted that GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) may play a key role in mediating the difference between young and old chondrocytes. Results from immunostaining and western blot showed significantly higher GATA4 levels in old human or mouse chondrocytes when compared to young cells. Moreover, overexpressing GATA4 in young chondrocytes remarkably reduced their cartilage-forming capacity in vitro and induced the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Conversely, suppressing GATA4 expression in old chondrocytes, through either siRNA or a small-molecule inhibitor NSC140905, increased the production of aggrecan and collagen type II, and also decreased levels of matrix-degrading enzymes. In OA mice induced by surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus, intraarticular injection of lentiviral vectors carrying mouse Gata4 resulted in a higher OA severity, synovial inflammation, and pain level when compared to control vectors. Mechanistically, we found that overexpressing GATA4 significantly increased the phosphorylation of SMAD1/5. Our work demonstrates that the aging-associated increase of GATA4 in chondrocytes plays a vital role in OA progression, which may also serve as a target to reduce osteoarthritis in the older population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Makarczyk, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguglia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartholomew, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hines, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Aging-associated Increase of GATA4 levels in Articular Cartilage is Linked to Impaired Regenerative Capacity of Chondrocytes and Osteoarthritis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Stmn1-lineage contributes to acinar regeneration but not to neoplasia upon oncogenic Kras expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.643944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND & AIMSThe exocrine pancreas has a limited regenerative capacity, but to what extent all acinar cells are involved in this process is unclear. Nevertheless, the heterogenous nature of acinar cells suggests that cells exhibiting higher plasticity might play a more prominent role in acinar regeneration. In that regard, Stmn1-expressing acinar cells have been identified as potential facultative progenitor-like cells in the adult pancreas. Here, we studied Stmn1-progeny under physiological conditions, during regeneration, and in the context of KrasG12D expression.

METHODSWe followed the fate of Stmn1-progenies both under baseline conditions, following caerulein-induced acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct ligation, and in the context of KrasG12D expression.

RESULTSThe Stmn1-lineage contributes to baseline acinar cell turnover under physiological conditions. Furthermore, these cells rapidly proliferate and repopulate the acinar compartment in response to acute injury in an ADM-independent manner. Moreover, acinar regeneration during chronic pancreatitis progression is in conjunction with a decline in the proliferative capacity of the Stmn1-lineage. Interestingly, newly generated acinar cells display increased susceptibility to additional injury during recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP). Finally, given their inability to form ADMs, the Stmn1-lineage fails to form PanINs upon oncogenic Kras expression.

CONCLUSIONSOur findings establish the Stmn1-lineage as a pivotal subpopulation for acinar regeneration. The ability of these cells to restore acinar tissue in an ADM-independent manner distinguishes them as a critical regenerative population. This study presents a new paradigm for acinar regeneration and repair in the context of pancreatitis and neoplasia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dahiya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyes Arbujas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajihassani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wageley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurbuz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copeland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gittes, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, B.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.643944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Stmn1-lineage contributes to acinar regeneration but not to neoplasia upon oncogenic Kras expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.642122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards a unified molecular mechanism for ligand-dependent activation of NR4A-RXR heterodimers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.19.642122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A subset of nuclear receptors (NRs) function as permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptor (RXR), defined by transcriptional activation in response to RXR agonist ligands. Permissive NR-RXR activation is generally understood to operate through a classical pharmacological mechanism in which RXR agonist binding enhances coactivator recruitment to the heterodimer. However, we previously demonstrated that transcriptional activation of permissive Nurr1-RXR (NR4A2-NR2B1) heterodimers by an RXR ligand set, which included pharmacological RXR agonists and selective Nurr1-RXR agonists that function as antagonists of RXR homodimers, is explained by a non-classical activation mechanism involving ligand-binding domain (LBD) heterodimer dissociation (Yu et al., 2023). Here, we extend mechanistic ligand profiling of the same RXR ligand set to the evolutionarily related Nur77-RXR{gamma} (NR4A1-NR2B3) heterodimer. Biochemical and NMR protein-protein interaction profiling, together with cellular transcription studies, indicate that activation of Nur77-RXR{gamma} transcription by the RXR ligand set, which lacks selective Nur77-RXR{gamma} agonists, is consistent with contributions from both classical pharmacological activation and LBD heterodimer dissociation. However, reanalysis of our previously published data for Nurr1-RXR revealed that inclusion of selective Nurr1-RXR agonists was essential for elucidating the LBD heterodimer dissociation mechanism. Together, our findings highlight the importance of using a more functionally diverse RXR ligand set to define the mechanism of Nur77-RXR{gamma} activation and to further evaluate whether LBD heterodimer dissociation represents a shared activation mechanism among NR4A-RXR heterodimers relevant to neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenecka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojetin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.19.642122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards a unified molecular mechanism for ligand-dependent activation of NR4A-RXR heterodimers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.644042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pcdh20 is a POU2F3 target gene required for proper tuft cell microvillus formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.18.644042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUND & AIMSTuft cells play protective roles in infection, inflammation, and tumorigenesis through the secretion of cytokines and eicosanoids. Tuft cells are known for their tall, blunt microvilli, thought to be analogous to mechanosensory hair cell stereocilia; however, a functional role for the microvillar apparatus has not been identified. POU2F3 is the master regulator transcription factor for tuft cells, yet how POU2F3 drives formation of this unique structure is unknown. Here, we aimed to identify POU2F3 target genes and commonalities between tuft and hair cells to better understand this unique structure.

METHODSPOU2F3 ChIP-seq was performed on tuft cells and compared to the hair cell transcriptome. Tuft cell RNA-seq datasets were interrogated for hair cell structural and mechanosensory genes; expression was validated. Intestinal and gallbladder tuft cells were examined using multiple light and electron microscopy (EM) modalities. PCDH20 was knocked down in mouse models and ultrastructural analyses were performed. The tuft cell cytoskeleton was modeled using AlphaFold3 prediction.

RESULTSGenes encoding structural and mechanosensory proteins common to both tuft and hair cells, including Pcdh20, were identified. Imaging localized PCDH20 to tuft cell microvilli and hair cell stereocilia. Genetic ablation of Pcdh20 in mice resulted in structural defects in tuft cell microvilli, including loss of rigidity and organization. Molecular modeling suggests PCDH20 homodimers link adjacent microvilli.

CONCLUSIONSPcdh20 is a POU2F3 target gene in tuft cells, critical to maintain the rigid microvillar apparatus. These findings, together with the shared expression of mechanosensory components like TMC1, support the hypothesis that tuft cells could have mechanosensory capabilities analogous to cochlear hair cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ankenbauer, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrade, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiser Novak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jarvis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali Hanel, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkisian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kachar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manor, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.18.644042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pcdh20 is a POU2F3 target gene required for proper tuft cell microvillus formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AI-assisted isolation of bioactive Dipyrimicins from Amycolatopsis azurea and identification of its corresponding dip biosynthetic gene cluster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the major challenges in natural product discovery is the prioritization of compounds with useful activities from microbial sources. In particular, this is a challenge in genome mining for novel natural products, where the structures and activities of compounds produced by bioinformatically identified and uncharacterized biosynthetic gene clusters remain unknown. Here, we utilize a machine learning model to predict the antibacterial activity of a natural product from its biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). We prioritized the strain Amycolatopsis azurea DSM 43854 which was predicted by machine learning to have the capacity to produce multiple natural products with antibacterial activity. Together with bioactivity-guided fractionation, we isolated dipyrimicins A and B from Amycolatopsis azurea DSM 43854 and, for the first time, linked them to their BGC. This dip BGC was predicted by our model to encode a product with 75% antibacterial probability and shares only 40-52% similarity with previously characterized BGCs. We confirmed the antimicrobial properties of the dipyrimicins against a few test strains and identified key tailoring enzymes, including an O-methyltransferase and amidotransferase, that differentiated them from other related 2,2-bipyridine biosynthetic pathways. Importantly, As the dip BGC was not in the training set of the model, our results demonstrate the ability of the model to generalize beyond its training set and the potential of machine learning to accelerate novel bioactive natural product discovery and deorphanization of biosynthetic gene clusters.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ancajas, C. M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shuster, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AI-assisted isolation of bioactive Dipyrimicins from Amycolatopsis azurea and identification of its corresponding dip biosynthetic gene cluster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644258v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SpatialRNA: a Python package for easy application of Graph Neural Network models on single-molecule spatial transcriptomicsdataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644258v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image-based spatial transcriptomics deliver gene expression measurements of RNA transcripts in tissue slices with single-molecule resolution and spatial context preserved. Modern Graph Neural Network (GNN) models are promising methods for capturing the complex molecular and cellular phenotypes in tissues at single-transcript and single-cell levels. A key application of GNNs is the detection of spatial domains or niches, that is, groups of molecules and/or cells that collaboratively work together to produce complex phenotypes. Due to the vast number of detected transcripts in image-based spatial transcriptomics, applying GNNs on RNA molecule graphs is not trivial. We present a Python package, SpatialRNA, for easy (sub)graph generation from tissue samples and provide comprehensive tutorials for convenient and efficient application of Graph Neural Network models under the PyG framework. Availability and implementation: The SpatialRNA package is freely accessible from GitLab https://gitlab.svi.edu.au/biocellgen-public/spatialrna and can be installed via pip. Python notebooks and scripts used in case studies are freely accessible at https://gitlab.svi.edu.au/biocellgen-public/case_study_ipf and https://gitlab.svi.edu.au/biocellgen-public/case_study_xenium_5k_panel.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644258</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SpatialRNA: a Python package for easy application of Graph Neural Network models on single-molecule spatial transcriptomicsdataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644425v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting Branch-Specific Unfolded Protein Response Activation in Drug-Tolerant BRAF-Mutant Melanoma using Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644425v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells rely on the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to maintain ER protein homeostasis (proteostasis) when faced with elevated levels of misfolded and aggregated proteins. The UPR is comprised of three main branches--ATF6, IRE1, and PERK--that coordinate the synthesis of proteins involved in folding, trafficking, and degradation of nascent proteins to restore ER function. Dysregulation of the UPR is linked to numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and diabetes. Despite its importance, identifying UPR targets has been challenging due to their heterogeneous induction, which varies by cell type and tissue. Additionally, defining the magnitude and range of UPR-regulated genes is difficult because of intricate temporal regulation, feedback between UPR branches, and extensive cross-talk with other stress-signaling pathways. To comprehensively identify UPR-regulated proteins and determine their branch specificity, we developed a data-independent acquisition (DIA) liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) pipeline. Our optimized workflow improved identifications of low-abundant UPR proteins and leveraged an automated SP3-based protocol on the Biomek i5 liquid handler for label-free peptide preparation. Using engineered stable cell lines that enable selective pharmacological activation of each UPR branch without triggering global UPR activation, we identified branch-specific UPR proteomic targets. These targets were subsequently applied to investigate proteomic changes in multiple patient-derived BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines treated with a BRAF inhibitor (PLX4720, i.e., vemurafenib). Our findings revealed differential regulation of the XBP1s branch of the UPR in the BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines after PLX4720 treatment, likely due to calcium activation, suggesting that the UPR plays a role as a non-genetic mechanism of drug tolerance in melanoma. In conclusion, the validated branch-specific UPR proteomic targets identified in this study provide a robust framework for investigating this pathway across different cell types, drug treatments, and disease conditions in a high-throughput manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermanson, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stauffer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.20.644425</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting Branch-Specific Unfolded Protein Response Activation in Drug-Tolerant BRAF-Mutant Melanoma using Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Body Single-Cell Atlas of 3D Genome Organization and DNA Methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.23.644697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher-order chromatin structure and DNA methylation are critical for gene regulation, but how these vary across the human body remains unclear. We performed multi-omic profiling of 3D genome structure and DNA methylation for 86,689 single nuclei across 16 human tissues, identifying 35 major and 206 cell subtypes. We revealed extensive changes in CG and non-CG methylation across almost all cell types and characterized 3D chromatin structure at an unprecedented cellular resolution. Intriguingly, extensive discrepancies exist between cell types delineated by DNA methylation and genome structure, indicating that the role of distinct epigenomic features in maintaining cell identity may vary by lineage. This study expands our understanding of the diversity of DNA methylation and chromatin structure and offers an extensive reference for exploring gene regulation in human health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanon, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clock, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcotte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nery, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liem, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Claffey, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggeman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barragan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>eDrigo, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weimer, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-Knock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preissl, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ecker, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.23.644697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Body Single-Cell Atlas of 3D Genome Organization and DNA Methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SuperMetal: A Generative AI Framework for Rapid and Precise Metal Ion Location Prediction in Proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metal ions, as abundant and vital cofactors in numerous proteins, are crucial for enzymatic activities and protein interactions. Given their pivotal role and catalytic efficiency, accurately and efficiently identifying metal-binding sites is fundamental to elucidating their biological functions and has significant implications for protein engineering and drug discovery. To address this challenge, we present SuperMetal, a generative AI framework that leverages a score-based diffusion model coupled with a confidence model to predict metal-binding sites in proteins with high precision and efficiency. Using zinc ions as an example, SuperMetal outperforms existing state-of-the-art models, achieving a precision of 94 % and coverage of 90 %, with zinc ions localization within 0.52 {+/-} 0.55 [A] of experimentally determined positions, thus marking a substantial advance in metal-binding site prediction. Furthermore, SuperMetal demonstrates rapid prediction capabilities (under 10 seconds for proteins with[~] 2000 residues) and remains minimally affected by increases in protein size. Notably, SuperMetal does not require prior knowledge of the number of metal ions--unlike AlphaFold 3, which depends on this information. Additionally, SuperMetal can be readily adapted to other metal ions or repurposed as a probe framework to identify other types of binding sites, such as protein-binding pockets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummings, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer-Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.21.644685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SuperMetal: A Generative AI Framework for Rapid and Precise Metal Ion Location Prediction in Proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbiota promote enhanced CD39 expression in γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes through the activation of TCR and IL-15 signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.22.644616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the {gamma}{delta} T cell receptor ({gamma}{delta} IEL) provide continuous surveillance of the intestinal epithelium. We report that mice harboring a microbiota-specific hyperproliferative {gamma}{delta} IEL ({gamma}{delta}HYP) phenotype also upregulate the expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39, a marker of regulatory {gamma}{delta} T cells. Enhanced TCR and IL-15 signaling correlates with a progression from a naive-like CD39neg {gamma}{delta} IEL to a more mature, tissue-adapted CD39hi IEL population. We found that TCR{gamma}{delta} activation drives CD122-mediated CD39 upregulation on {gamma}{delta}HYP IELs and increased mucosal IL-15 further amplifies CD39 expression in these cells. Further investigation revealed that CD39 induction requires sustained exposure to the {gamma}{delta}HYP-associated microbiota. Moreover, CD39hi {gamma}{delta} IELs exhibit a reduced capacity to produce pro-inflammatory cytokine, which may explain the lack of histopathology in {gamma}{delta}HYP mice. Overall, our study identifies a previously unappreciated mechanism by which an altered microbiota amplifies CD39 expression on {gamma}{delta}HYP IELs, leading to the expansion of {gamma}{delta} IELs with regulatory potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alonso, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.-U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skariah, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argüello, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verzi, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edelblum, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.22.644616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbiota promote enhanced CD39 expression in γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes through the activation of TCR and IL-15 signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Depletion of Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (ptbp1) activates Muller glia-derived proliferation during zebrafish retina regeneration via modulation of the senescence secretome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polypyrimidine Tract Binding protein 1 (PTB) is an alternative splicing factor linked to neuronal induction and maturation. Previously, knockdown experiments supported a model in which PTB can function as a potent reprogramming factor, able to elicit direct glia-to-neuron conversion in vivo, in both the brain and retina. However, later lineage tracing and genetic knockouts of PTB did not support direct neuronal reprogramming. Nevertheless, consistent with the PTB depletion experiments, we show that antisense knockdown of PTB (ptbp1a) in the zebrafish retina can activate Muller glia-derived proliferation and that depletion of PTB can further enhance proliferation when combined with acute NMDA damage. The effects of PTB are consistent with a role in controlling key senescence and pro-inflammatory genes that are part of the senescence secretome that initiates retina regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Konar, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallone, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flickinger, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patton, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Depletion of Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (ptbp1) activates Muller glia-derived proliferation during zebrafish retina regeneration via modulation of the senescence secretome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-term alterations in dietary amino acids override host genetic susceptibility and reveal mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium small intestine colonization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In addition to individual genetics, environmental factors (e.g., dietary changes) may influence host susceptibility to gastrointestinal infection through unknown mechanisms. Herein, we developed a model in which CBA/J mice, a genetically resistant strain that tolerates intestinal colonization by the enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Tm), rapidly succumb to infection after exposure to a diet rich in L-amino acids (AA). In mice, S. Tm-gastroenteritis is restricted to the large intestine (cecum), limiting their use to understand S. Tm small intestine (ileum) colonization, a feature of human Salmonellosis. Surprisingly, CBA mice fed AA diet developed ileitis with enhanced S. Tm ileal colonization. Using germ-free mice and ileal-fecal slurry transplant, we found diet-mediated S. Tm ileal expansion to be microbiota-dependent. Mechanistically, S. Tm relied on Fructosyl-asparagine utilization to expand in the ileum during infection. We demonstrate how AA diet overrides host genetics by altering the gut microbiotas ability to prevent S. Tm ileal colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shealy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltagulov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Brito, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpe-Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malekshahi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado Ribeiro, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiting, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byndloss, M. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-term alterations in dietary amino acids override host genetic susceptibility and reveal mechanisms of Salmonella Typhimurium small intestine colonization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645017v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherited resilience to clonal hematopoiesis by modifying stem cell RNA regulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645017v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic mutations that increase hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fitness drive their expansion in clonal hematopoiesis (CH) and predispose to blood cancers. Although CH frequently occurs with aging, it rarely progresses to overt malignancy. Population variation in the growth rate and potential of mutant clones suggests the presence of genetic factors protecting against CH, but these remain largely undefined. Here, we identify a non-coding regulatory variant, rs17834140-T, that significantly protects against CH and myeloid malignancies by downregulating HSC-selective expression and function of the RNA-binding protein MSI2. By modeling variant effects and mapping MSI2 binding targets, we uncover an RNA network that maintains human HSCs and influences CH risk. Importantly, rs17834140-T is associated with slower CH expansion rates in humans, and stem cell MSI2 levels modify ASXL1-mutant HSC clonal dominance in experimental models. These findings leverage natural resilience to highlight a key role for post-transcriptional regulation in human HSCs, and offer genetic evidence supporting inhibition of MSI2 or its downstream targets as rational strategies for blood cancer prevention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Agarwal, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antoszewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pershad, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arora, U. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poon, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norford, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neehus, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>della Volpe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahlster, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranasinghe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlowe, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schurer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taggart, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Wahab, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGraw, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatov, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharas, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sankaran, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.645017</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherited resilience to clonal hematopoiesis by modifying stem cell RNA regulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Salient objects in a scene trigger enhanced perceptual selection and memory encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.645146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rapidly detecting salient objects from surrounding environments is crucial for survival. Our study demonstrates that salient objects in visual search arrays trigger von Restorff-like effects. In a search task, participants detected a tilted target bar among distractors with EEG recordings. The results revealed that salient objects elicited the largest and earliest N2pc component, reflecting early attentional selection, which enhanced multivariate decoding of target location. Importantly, early selection of highly salient targets (25{degrees} tilt) triggered a cascade of preferential processing downstream, marked by stronger P3b components, neural synchronization, and phase-amplitude coupling between low- and high-frequency activity, along with better recall performance of target orientation. The strength of memory-related activity on the current trial predicted the vigor of the next selection event, indicating that salience-driven learning influences future attentional control. Overall, object salience in spatial arrays drives a cascade of processing, facilitating rapid learning of object relevance while humans search their environment, similar to the classic demonstrations of the von Restorff effect, except the objects are distributed in space rather than time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Salient objects in a scene trigger enhanced perceptual selection and memory encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645933v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha-actinin-1 stabilizes focal adhesions to facilitate sarcomere assembly in cardiac myocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.645933v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cardiac sarcomere assembly is a highly orchestrated process requiring integration between intracellular contractile components and extracellular adhesions. While -actinin-2 (ACTN2) is well known for its structural role at Z-discs, the function of the "non-muscle" paralog -actinin-1 (ACTN1) in cardiomyocytes remains unclear. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiCMs), we demonstrate that ACTN1 is essential for sarcomere assembly. siRNA-mediated depletion of ACTN1 disrupted Z-line formation and impaired sarcomere organization, defects that were rescued by exogenous ACTN1 but not ACTN2, revealing non-redundant functions. Unlike ACTN2, ACTN1 localized predominantly to focal adhesions and was required for adhesion maturation, as evidenced by reduced adhesion size and number following ACTN1 depletion. Live-cell imaging of vinculin dynamics showed decreased stability of adhesion-associated vinculin in ACTN1-deficient cells, whereas paxillin dynamics were unaffected. These results suggest that ACTN1 stabilizes focal adhesions to promote effective force transmission during sarcomere assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bainbridge, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.645933</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha-actinin-1 stabilizes focal adhesions to facilitate sarcomere assembly in cardiac myocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645305v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Whole-brain, all-optical interrogation of neuronal dynamics underlying gut interoception in zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.645305v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Internal signals from the body and external signals from the environment are processed by brain-wide circuits to guide behavior. However, the complete brain-wide circuit activity underlying interoception--the perception of bodily signals--and its interactions with sensorimotor circuits remain unclear due to technical barriers to accessing whole-brain activity at the cellular level during organ physiology perturbations. We developed an all-optical system for whole-brain neuronal imaging in behaving larval zebrafish during optical uncaging of gut-targeted nutrients and visuo-motor stimulation. Widespread neural activity throughout the brain encoded nutrient delivery, unfolding on multiple timescales across many specific peripheral and central regions. Evoked activity depended on delivery location and occurred with amino acids and D-glucose, but not L-glucose. Many gut-sensitive neurons also responded to swimming and visual stimuli, with brainstem areas primarily integrating gut and motor signals and midbrain regions integrating gut and visual signals. This platform links body-brain communication studies to brain-wide neural computation in awake, behaving vertebrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruetten, V. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banala, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleishman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavis, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.645305</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Whole-brain, all-optical interrogation of neuronal dynamics underlying gut interoception in zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645667v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Polygenic Associations between Motor Behaviour, Neuromotor Traits, and Active Music Engagement in Four Cohorts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.27.645667v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phenotypic investigations have shown that actively engaging with music, i.e., playing a musical instrument or singing may be protective of motor decline in aging. For example, music training associated with enhanced sensorimotor skills accompanied by changes in brain structure and function. Although it is possible that the benefits of active music engagement "transfer" to benefits in the motor domain, it is also possible that the genetic architecture of motor behaviour and the motor system structure may influence active music engagement. This study investigated whether polygenic scores (PGS) for five behavioural motor traits, 12 neuromotor structural brain traits, and seven rates of change in brain structure traits trained from existing discovery genome-wide association studies (GWAS) predict active music engagement outcomes in four independent cohorts of unrelated individuals of European ancestry: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA; N=22,198), Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS; N=4,605), Vanderbilts BioVU Repository (BioVU; N=6,150), and Vanderbilts Online Musicality study (OM; N=1,559). Results were meta-analyzed for each PGS main effect across outcomes and cohorts, revealing that PGS for a faster walking pace was associated with higher amounts of active music engagement. Within CLSA, a higher PGS for walking pace was associated with greater odds of engaging with music. Findings suggest a shared genetic architecture between motor function and active music engagement. Future intervention-based research should consider the genetic underpinnings of motor behavior when evaluating the effects of music engagement on motor function across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henechowicz, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekki, Y. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scartozzi, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tio, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Klei, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felsky, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaut, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.27.645667</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Polygenic Associations between Motor Behaviour, Neuromotor Traits, and Active Music Engagement in Four Cohorts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646046v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional profiling of KCNE1 variants informs population carrier frequency of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome type 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.28.646046v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is most often associated with pathogenic variants in KCNQ1 encoding the pore-forming voltage-gated potassium channel subunit of the slow delayed rectifier current (IKs). Generation of IKs requires assembly of KCNQ1 with an auxiliary subunit encoded by KCNE1, which is also associated with LQTS but causality of autosomal dominant disease is disputed. By contrast, KCNE1 is an accepted cause of recessive type 2 Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome (JLN2). The functional consequences of most KCNE1 variants have not been determined and the population prevalence of JLN2 is unknown. Methods: We determined the functional properties of 95 KCNE1 variants co-expressed with KCNQ1 in heterologous cells using high-throughput voltage-clamp recording. Experiments were conducted with each KCNE1 variant expressed in the homozygous state and then a subset was studied in the heterozygous state. The carrier frequency of JLN2 was estimated by considering the population prevalence of dysfunctional variants. Results: There is substantial overlap between disease-associated and population KCNE1 variants. When examined in the homozygous state, 68 KCNE1 variants exhibited significant differences in at least one functional property compared to WT KCNE1, whereas 27 variants did not significantly affect function. Most dysfunctional variants exhibited loss-of-function properties. We observed no evidence of dominant-negative effects. Most variants were scored as variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and inclusion of functional data resulted in revised classifications for only 14 variants. The population carrier frequency of JLN2 was calculated as 1 in 1034. Peak current density and activation voltage-dependence but no other biophysical properties were correlated with findings from a mutational scan of KCNE1. Conclusions: Among 95 disease-associated or population KCNE1 variants, many exhibit abnormal functional properties but there was no evidence of dominant-negative behaviors. Using functional data, we inferred a population carrier frequency for recessive JLN2. This work helps clarify the pathogenicity of KCNE1 variants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fink, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adusumilli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jairam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.28.646046</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional profiling of KCNE1 variants informs population carrier frequency of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome type 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Photoperiodic Regulation of SK Channels in Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.29.646123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Day length, or seasonal photoperiod, shapes mood and affective behaviors but the neural mechanisms underlying these effects are still being defined. Serotonin neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are critical regulators of affective behaviors and photoperiod modulates their excitability and ongoing activity. Here, we investigated the influence of seasonal photoperiod on the function and expression of small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels which mediate the afterhyperpolarizing potential (AHP) in dorsal raphe serotonin neurons. Building on previous work demonstrating that photoperiod modulates serotonergic excitability and behavior, we hypothesized that day length influences SK channel activity, thereby contributing to differences in neuronal excitability observed between Long, Equinox, and Short photoperiod conditions. Using multi-electrode array recording of DRN slices we found a significant dose-dependent increase in spike rate to the application of the SK channel inhibitor apamin, indicating that SK channels indeed influence the spike rate of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons. In addition, DRN neurons in slices from Long photoperiod mice exhibited less pronounced responses to apamin relative to those from Short photoperiod mice, suggesting reduced function or expression of SK channels in Long photoperiod. Indeed, whole-cell recordings demonstrated that SK channel-mediated AHP currents were reduced in Long photoperiod mice. However, there were no significant differences in expression levels of the SK3 subunit (Kcnn3) in DRN serotonin neurons across photoperiod conditions as determined by single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overall, these findings indicate that photoperiod modulates SK channel function in DRN serotonin neurons likely at a post-transcriptional level. This study advances our understanding of how seasonal cues influence intrinsic neuronal properties and provides a mechanistic link between photoperiod, serotonergic excitability, and mood-related behaviors. The identification of SK channels as modulators of photoperiodic effects may offer novel therapeutic targets for mood disorders associated with dysregulated serotonin signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giannoni Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamitakahara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalong, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.29.646123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Photoperiodic Regulation of SK Channels in Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645596v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Overnutrition directly impairs thyroid hormone biosynthesis and utilization, causing hypothyroidism, despite remarkable thyroidal adaptations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.645596v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Thyroid hormones (THs: T3 and T4) are key regulators of metabolic rate and nutrient metabolism. They are controlled centrally and peripherally in a coordinated manner to elegantly match T3-mediated energy expenditure (EE) to energy availability. Hypothyroidism reduces EE and has long been blamed for obesity; however, emerging evidence suggests that, instead, obesity may drive thyroid dysfunction. Thus, we used a mouse model of diet-induced obesity to determine its direct effects on thyroid histopathology and function, deiodinase activity, and T3 action. Strikingly, overnutrition induced hypothyroidism within 3 weeks. Levels of thyroidal THs and their precursor protein thyroglobulin decreased, and ER stress was induced, indicating that thyroid function was directly impaired. We also observed pronounced histological and vascular expansion in the thyroid. Overnutrition additionally suppressed T4 activation, rendering the mice resistant to T4 and reducing EE. Our findings collectively show that overnutrition deals a double strike to TH biosynthesis and action, despite large efforts to adapt--but, fortunately, thyroid dysfunction in mice can be reversed by weight loss. In humans, BMI correlated with thyroidal vascularization, importantly demonstrating preliminary translatability. These studies lay the groundwork for novel obesity therapies that tackle hypothyroidism--which are much-needed, as no current obesity treatment works for everyone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rampy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Manzo, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffsmith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loberg, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salas-Lucia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianco, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.645596</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Overnutrition directly impairs thyroid hormone biosynthesis and utilization, causing hypothyroidism, despite remarkable thyroidal adaptations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate stiffness and shear stress collectively regulate the inflammatory phenotype in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain endothelial cells experience mechanical forces in the form of blood flow-mediated shear stress and underlying matrix stiffness, but intersectional contributions of these factors towards blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment and neurovascular dysfunction have not been extensively studied. Here, we developed in vitro models to examine the sensitivity of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) to substrate stiffness, with or without exposure to fluid shear stress. Using a combination of molecular profiling techniques, we show that BMECs exhibit an inflammatory signature at both the mRNA and protein level when cultured on gelatin substrates of intermediate stiffness ([~]30 kPa) versus soft substrates ([~]6 kPa). Exposure to modest fluid shear stress (1.7 dyne/cm2) partially attenuated this signature, including reductions in levels of soluble chemoattractants and surface ICAM-1. Overall, our results indicate that increased substrate stiffness promotes an inflammatory phenotype in BMECs that is dampened in the presence of fluid shear stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yates, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarria, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligocki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate stiffness and shear stress collectively regulate the inflammatory phenotype in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transmembrane Serine Protease TMPRSS11B promotes an acidified tumor microenvironment and immune suppression in lung squamous cell carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.01.646727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Existing therapeutic options have limited efficacy, particularly for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), underscoring the critical need for the identification of new therapeutic targets. We previously demonstrated that the Transmembrane Serine Protease TMPRSS11B promotes transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells and enhances lactate export from LUSC cells. To determine the impact of TMPRSS11B activity on the host immune system and the tumor microenvironment (TME), we evaluated the effect of Tmprss11b depletion in a syngeneic mouse model. Tmprss11b depletion significantly reduced tumor burden in immunocompetent mice and triggered an infiltration of immune cells. RNA FISH analysis and spatial transcriptomics in the autochthonous Rosa26-Sox2-Ires-GfpLSL/LSL; Nkx2-1fl/fl; Lkb1fl/fl (SNL) model revealed an enrichment of Tmprss11b expression in LUSC tumors, specifically in Krt13+ hillock-like cells. Ultra-pH sensitive nanoparticle imaging and metabolite analysis identified regions of acidification, elevated lactate, and enrichment of M2-like macrophages in LUSC tumors. These results demonstrate that TMPRSS11B promotes an acidified and immunosuppressive TME and nominate this enzyme as a therapeutic target in LUSC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sunil, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemenceau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnfather, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakkireddy, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grichuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izzo, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evers, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniyan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putnam, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Updegraff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minna, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBerardinis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.01.646727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transmembrane Serine Protease TMPRSS11B promotes an acidified tumor microenvironment and immune suppression in lung squamous cell carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping the spatial architecture of glioblastoma from core to edge delineates niche-specific tumor cell states and intercellular interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) is largely driven by the extensive multi-level heterogeneity that typifies this disease. Despite significant progress toward elucidating GBMs genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity, a critical knowledge gap remains in defining this heterogeneity at the spatial level. To address this, we employed spatial transcriptomics to map the architecture of the GBM ecosystem. This revealed tumor cell states that are jointly defined by gene expression and spatial localization, and multicellular niches whose composition varies along the tumor core-edge axis. Ligand-receptor interaction analysis uncovered a complex network of intercellular communication, including niche- and region-specific interactions. Finally, we found that CD8 positive GZMK positive T cells colocalize with LYVE1 positive CD163 positive myeloid cells in vascular regions, suggesting a potential mechanism for immune evasion. These findings provide novel insights into the GBM tumor microenvironment, highlighting previously unrecognized patterns of spatial organization and intercellular interactions, and novel therapeutic avenues to disrupt tumor-promoting interactions and overcome immune resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCornack, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahiya, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foltz-Stringfellow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherpa, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leavitt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krbanjevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leuthardt, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charest, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petti, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping the spatial architecture of glioblastoma from core to edge delineates niche-specific tumor cell states and intercellular interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Physiological Component of the BOLD Signal: Impact of Age and Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.04.647252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with declines in autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, including reduced heart rate variability (HRV), impaired neurovascular coupling, and diminished cerebrovascular responsiveness--factors that may contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding how aging alters physiological signal integration in the brain is crucial for identifying potential interventions to promote brain health. This study examines age-related differences in how cardiac and respiratory fluctuations influence the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, using two independent resting-state fMRI datasets with concurrent physiological recordings from younger and older adults. Our findings reveal significant age-related reductions in the percent variance of the BOLD signal explained by heart rate (HR), respiratory variation (RV), and end-tidal CO2, particularly in regions involved in autonomic regulation, including the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, basal ganglia, and white matter. Cross-correlation analysis also revealed that younger adults exhibited stronger HR-BOLD coupling in white matter, as well as a more rapid BOLD response to RV and CO2 in gray matter. Additionally, we investigated the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) training, a non-invasive intervention designed to modulate heart rate oscillations. The intervention altered physiological-BOLD coupling in an age- and training-dependent manner: older adults who underwent HRV-BF to enhance HR oscillations exhibited a shift toward younger-like HR-BOLD coupling patterns, while younger adults who trained to suppress HR oscillations showed increased CO2-BOLD coupling. These findings suggest that HRV-BF may help mitigate age-related declines in autonomic or cerebrovascular function. Overall, this study underscores the role of physiological dynamics in brain aging and highlights the importance of considering autonomic function when interpreting BOLD signals. By demonstrating that HRV-BF can modulate physiological-BOLD interactions, our findings suggest a potential pathway for enhancing cerebrovascular function and preserving brain health across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogge-Obando, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoo, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nashiro, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.04.647252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Physiological Component of the BOLD Signal: Impact of Age and Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.647057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional MRI Signatures of Autonomic Physiology in Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.05.647057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While traditionally regarded as "noise", blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI fluctuations coupled to systemic physiology--such as heart rate and respiratory changes--also hold valuable information about brain vascular properties and autonomic function. In this study, we leverage these physiological BOLD signals to characterize age-related changes in brain physiology. Using a large dataset from the Lifespan Human Connectome Project Aging study, we investigated how the spatiotemporal BOLD-fMRI signatures of autonomic physiology, specifically heart rate and respiratory variation, change with advancing age. Our findings reveal that aging is associated with globally slower respiratory fMRI responses, alongside faster cardiac fMRI responses and enhanced brain-cardiac signal coupling. Moreover, we show that the impact of age on physiological fMRI signals exhibits a notable turning point after age 60, suggesting a critical role of declining vascular health and autonomic function in aging. The potential impact of age-related changes in brain structure, tissue perfusion, and in-scan arousal states on the identified physiological fMRI patterns is also tested and discussed. Altogether, our results underscore significant age effects in the fMRI signatures of systemic physiology, emphasizing the pivotal role of altered vascular properties and autonomic function in aging. Methodologically, this study also demonstrates the utility of resting-state fMRI for extracting multi-parametric information about brain physiology, offering new biomarker opportunities that complement established functional connectivity metrics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juttukonda, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orban, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varadarajan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polimeni, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salat, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.05.647057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional MRI Signatures of Autonomic Physiology in Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Multimodal Imaging Pipeline for the Discovery of Molecular Markers of Cellular Neighborhoods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.07.647675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insights into tissue microenvironments are constrained by profiling cellular and molecular components independently. To address this, we developed an integrated, multimodal workflow combining imaging mass spectrometry and highly multiplexed immunofluorescence on the same sample. Custom computational pipelines enable precise spatial co-registration, facilitating direct integration of cellular and molecular profiles. CODEX-derived cellular and neighborhood masks enable mining of IMS-derived lipid data to identify molecular markers of cell types and spatial neighborhoods in human kidney tissue. We discovered distinct carnitine distributions in cortical and medullary regions, indicating metabolic heterogeneity driven by microenvironment-specific oxygen levels and energy demands. Glomerular cell-type-specific analysis found ether-linked phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, species associated with slit diaphragm integrity, localized to podocytes. Immune cell neighborhoods exhibited molecular signatures consistent with cell signaling and activation pathways in damaged tissue regions. This multi-omic framework links cellular organization with molecular signatures to unveil cellular and molecular relationships underlying tissue function and pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Caestecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.07.647675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Multimodal Imaging Pipeline for the Discovery of Molecular Markers of Cellular Neighborhoods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White matter geometry confounds Diffusion Tensor Imaging Along Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) measures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe perivascular space (PVS) is integral to glymphatic function, facilitating fluid exchange and waste clearance in the brain. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Along the Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) has been proposed as a non-invasive marker of perivascular diffusion, yet its specificity remains unclear. ALPS measures assume that radial asymmetry in white matter diffusivity predominantly reflects PVS contributions. However, anatomical and microstructural confounds may influence these metrics.

MethodsWe systematically evaluated potential biases in ALPS-derived measures using high-resolution, multi-shell diffusion MRI from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and high-field imaging. Specifically, we examined (1) the prevalence of radial asymmetry across white matter, (2) the influence of crossing fibers on ALPS indices, (3) the impact of axonal undulations and dispersion, and (4) the spatial alignment of vasculature with white matter in ALPS-associated regions.

ResultsRadial asymmetry is widespread across white matter and persists even at high b-values, suggesting a dominant contribution from axonal geometry rather than faster PVS-specific diffusion. Crossing fibers significantly inflate ALPS indices, with greater radial asymmetry observed in regions with a greater prevalence of crossing fibers. Furthermore, anisotropic axonal dispersion and undulations introduce systematic asymmetry independent of perivascular diffusion. Finally, high-resolution vascular imaging reveals substantial heterogeneity in medullary vein orientation, challenging the assumption that PVS consistently aligns with the left-right axis in ALPS regions.

ConclusionALPS indices are significantly influenced by white matter microstructure, including fiber crossings, undulations, and dispersion. These findings suggest that ALPS-derived metrics may not provide a direct measure of glymphatic function but rather reflect underlying axonal geometry. Interpretations of ALPS-derived metrics as biomarkers of glymphatic function must consider these anatomical complexities, and future studies should integrate advanced modeling approaches to disentangle perivascular contributions from white matter structure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tax, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Descoteaux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White matter geometry confounds Diffusion Tensor Imaging Along Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) measures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648747v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Newly trained navigation and verbal memory skills elicit changes in task-related networks but not brain structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.14.648747v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Training cognitive skills, such as remembering a list of words or navigating a new city, has important implications for everyday life. Yet, understanding what brain changes underlie the acquisition of complex cognitive skills remains unresolved. Here, we developed and validated intensive multiweek interventions in which participants were randomly assigned training in either navigation or verbal memory. Healthy young participants (N=75) underwent structural and functional imaging prior to and following the training. Based on pre-registered and exploratory analyses, we did not find any evidence for changes to gross hippocampal or hippocampal subfield volume, cortical brain volume, or white matter connectivity due to the training. In contrast, network-based analyses suggested changes in task-related informational connectivity, which occurred primarily between cortical areas and mostly involved putative cognitive control networks. These results suggest that cognitive interventions target more transient configurations in network connectivity rather than more durable structural changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boogaart, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAvan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkes, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groves, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuksel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherep, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekstrom, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weisberg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.14.648747</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Newly trained navigation and verbal memory skills elicit changes in task-related networks but not brain structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Correspondence between sleep patterns and anhedonia in adult male mice exposed to early-life stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early-life stress (ELS) can produce long-lasting effects that increase the risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Transdiagnostic symptoms include anhedonia (reduced reward sensitivity) and sleep disruption, both of which are quantifiable via objective endpoints that can be utilized across species. Here we used a mouse model for ELS--exposure to juvenile chronic social defeat stress (jCSDS)--together with translationally-applicable endpoints to examine correspondence between sleep patterns and anhedonia. These initial studies focused on males, which typically show robust defeat-induced anhedonia phenotypes. Exposure to jCSDS produced reductions in open-field social behavior, an endpoint commonly used in mice to quantify stress effects, during adulthood. Mice were then implanted with wireless transmitters that enable continuous EEG-derived analysis of sleep architecture. Following assessment of baseline sleep patterns, mice were tested in a rodent version of the Probabilistic Reward Task (PRT), a procedure used to quantify reward responsiveness in humans, during the light phase of their diurnal cycle. These studies revealed significant associations between baseline sleep architecture and anhedonic phenotypes in jCSDS-exposed mice: higher anhedonia correlated with less time awake and more time in slow wave sleep (SWS) during the light phase, and more time awake and less time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and SWS during the dark (active) phase. Our findings suggest that sleep patterns represent a biomarker that can predict stress-susceptible (higher anhedonia) and resilient (lower anhedonia) phenotypes. This work enhances our understanding of relationships between sleep and anhedonia, and may provide a basis for precision approaches to treat ELS-induced pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burek, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seabrook, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beatty, Z. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kangas, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlezon, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Correspondence between sleep patterns and anhedonia in adult male mice exposed to early-life stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread gray and white matter microstructural alterations in dual cognitive-motor impairment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.649603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONDual cognitive-motor impairment in aging is a strong predictor of dementia, yet its effects on vulnerable gray matter regions microstructure remain unexplored.

METHODSThis study classified 582 individuals aged 36-90 into cognitive-motor impairment, isolated cognitive or motor impairment, and control groups. Microstructural differences in 27 temporal and motor-related gray matter regions and white matter tracts were assessed using DTI and mean apparent propagator (MAP-MRI), a technique well-suited for gray matter analysis.

RESULTSWe found widespread microstructural alterations in gray and white matter among individuals with dual cognitive-motor impairment. These changes were not observed in isolated cognitive or motor impairment after multiple comparisons correction.

DISCUSSIONDual cognitive-motor impairment is associated with reduced cellular density in temporal gray matter, decreased fiber coherence, and potential demyelination in white matter tracts, suggesting widespread microstructural disruption. These findings could help understand brain aging and facilitate interventions to slow neurodegeneration and delay dementia onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.649603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread gray and white matter microstructural alterations in dual cognitive-motor impairment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuropathological hallmarks during the chronic phase of ischemic stroke in mice and humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundImprovements in acute stroke treatment, including endovascular thrombectomy and critical care management, have increased survival rates post-stroke. However, stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability and many survivors have significant neurological and cognitive deficits. Despite this, the chronic neurological sequelae and underlying secondary injury mechanisms induced by ischemic stroke remain understudied.

MethodsThis study examined long-term neurobehavioral recovery and neuropathology at 2- and 6- months post-stroke in young (12-week-old) male C57Bl/6 mice after a 60-minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham surgery. Behavioral testing included the open field test (OFT), novel object recognition test (NORT), fear conditioning (FC), nesting activity, and tail suspension. Post-mortem brain samples from patients with chronic ischemic stroke were also assessed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess demyelination (MBP), neuronal apoptosis (TUNEL), and A{beta}42 in human brains. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess microglial phenotypes, the chronic neuroimmune landscape, and to evaluate senescent-like phenotypes (SA-{beta}Gal and lipofuscin). Transcriptomic profiling was performed using RNA isolated from the ipsilateral hemisphere in stroke mice.

ResultsExperimental stroke caused progressive cognitive and motor decline up to 6 months post-MCAO. IHC and flow cytometric analyses revealed a significant increase in TUNEL-positive neurons, cortical and hippocampal gliosis, white matter degradation, senescent cell accumulation, and altered microglial function. IHC analysis of postmortem human brains shows significantly increased levels of microgliosis, senescent cells and amyloid burden. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that pathways involving apoptosis, microglial activation and the complement pathway were chronically upregulated after stroke.

ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that ischemic stroke induces a non-resolving microglial response and accelerated inflamm-aging in the brain, evidenced by premature senescence and elevated production of cytokines within the chronic infarct microenvironment. Senescent-like phenotypes and chronic neurodegenerative disease signatures may contribute to the progressive worsening of cognitive function post-stroke. These results suggest that chronic, ongoing neurodegeneration occurs late after stroke, even in younger mice. Mitigating these detrimental changes may offer viable targets for delayed treatment strategies for stroke.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guzman, G. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venna, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrelli, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koochak, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGesu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCullough, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritzel, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuropathological hallmarks during the chronic phase of ischemic stroke in mice and humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.647076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Landscape of Sex-specific Drivers of Alzheimers Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.18.647076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSex differences in Alzheimers disease (AD) have been documented for decades, and many sex-specific molecular contributors to AD have been discovered through bulk omics analysis of brain tissues. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) at single cell resolution provides an opportunity to characterize transcript associations with AD in a cell type-specific matter. Here, we investigated sex-specific gene expression associations with neuropathology and cognitive manifestation of AD (endophenotypes) leveraging a large single-nucleus transcriptomic dataset consisting of 1.64 million nuclei from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tissue of 424 unique donors from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROS/MAP; AD Knowledge Portal syn2580853).

MethodsROS/MAP single-nucleus RNAseq data (snRNA-seq) were processed through a rigorous pipeline. In total, eight major cell types from DLPFC were identified. We first performed sex-stratified and sex-interaction association analyses by fitting negative binomial mixed models in relation to {beta}-amyloid load (A{beta}), paired helical filament tau tangle density (tau), global cognitive performance at last visit, and longitudinal cognitive trajectory. We then conducted gene-set enrichment analysis to identify functional signaling pathways enriched for sex-specific associations. Lastly, we compared differential gene expression patterns and intercellular communication profiles between sexes and diagnostic groups among major cell types. For replication, sex-specific associations were examined using snRNA-seq derived from DLPFC tissue-derived of an independent set of 84 donors from The Seattle Alzheimers Disease Brain Cell Atlas (SEA-AD) study.

Results68% of the ROS/MAP participants were female, and 52% were diagnosed with AD dementia. We first identified several disease-dependent or sex-dependent cell subpopulations. Then we identified 2,660 sex-specific associations involving 2,110 genes with A{beta} (51%), tau (21%), and cognitive performance (29%). 60% female-specific associations were for A{beta}, and 49% male-specific associations were with tau. The vast majority (93%) of female protective associations were from neurons, and most (76%) of female risk associations were from glial cells. Nine of the female-specific associations involving eight unique genes were replicated in the SEA-AD cohort, including ADGRV1 and OR3A3 with A{beta}; IFI27L1, LYRM1, STAP2, and TSTD2 with tau; PDYN with global cognition; and TMEM50B with longitudinal cognitive decline. All replicated associations except TMEM50B were observed in neurons. Furthermore, the preponderance of protective female-specific associations in neurons was also recapitulated in the SEA-AD cohort. Sex-specific associations were enriched for genes in the immune, inflammation, and damage-related stress response pathways, and microglia presented the most sex-specific enriched pathways. Finally, we identified six ITGB1-mediated microglia-specific incoming signals that may play a role in female-specific risk for A{beta} accumulation.

ConclusionOur study highlights the transcriptome-wide, single-cell landscape of sex-specific molecular associations with AD neuropathology and cognitive decline. We delineate the full scope of sex-specific transcript associations, differential expression, signaling pathway, and cell-cell communication network changes in each major DLPFC cell type, while identifying and replicating several female-specific gene associations in neurons to help direct future mechanistic studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travaglini, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabitto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keene, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harari, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jager, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menon, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schneider, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.18.647076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Landscape of Sex-specific Drivers of Alzheimers Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.650053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Starvation drives co-existence in cross-feeding bacterial populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.650053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cross-feeding is a universal feature of natural microbial communities that extends even into subpopulation structures, generating cooperative ecotypes. However, we still lack an understanding of the ecological parameters that support the ecotype co-existence necessary for co-evolution between partners within populations. Here, we show that repeated moderate starvation - conditions that mimic the fluctuations experienced by microbes in nature - can drive frequency-dependent co-existence for hundreds of generations, providing a new mechanism for the origin of cooperation and the maintenance of population-level diversity in natural microbial communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.650053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Starvation drives co-existence in cross-feeding bacterial populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.24.650382v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural trajectories reveal orchestration of cortical coding underlying natural language composition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.24.650382v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Language is a hierarchically structured system that enables humans to communicate complex meanings. Despite recent advances, the neurocomputational mechanism underlying the composition of natural language remains unclear. Building on the neural population theory, we investigated how neural trajectories in latent spaces underpin natural language composition that integrates diverse lexical content and syntactic relations. We found that neural trajectories derived from human neocortical responses show an orchestration of distinct coding strategies during naturalistic story comprehension. Neural latent geometry is primarily associated with syntactic relations and exhibits more efficient compression relative to lexical content. We further demonstrate that these trajectories can be simulated by brain-inspired computing systems with near-critical dynamics and a preference for historical information. Overall, by positioning structure-based integration as a key computation of natural language comprehension, our findings provide a novel perspective on the mechanism underlying real-world language use and emphasize the importance of contextual information in the development of brain-inspired intelligent systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.24.650382</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural trajectories reveal orchestration of cortical coding underlying natural language composition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.647736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient co-option of LTR retrotransposons as yeast centromeres 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.25.647736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The evolutionary origins of the genetic point centromere in the brewers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a member of the order Saccharomycetales, are still unknown. Competing hypotheses suggest that the point centromere tripartite genetic centromere DNA elements (CDEs) either evolved from ancestral epigenetic centromeres by descent with modification or were gained through horizontal transfer from selfish DNA plasmids.1,2 Here, we identified centromeres in the sister order Saccharomycodales and termed them "proto-point centromeres" due to sequence features that bridge the evolutionary gap between point centromeres and ancestral centromeres types. Comparative genomic analyses across multiple yeast orders showed an unexpected evolutionary link between point and proto-point centromeres to the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of Ty5 retrotransposons. Strikingly, one Saccharomycodales species, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, harbors compact Ty5-based centromeres, where its CDEII elements are divergent AT-rich Ty5 LTRs. These living fossil centromeres show how retrotransposon cis-regulation was likely co-opted for genetic centromere specification. These insights show that point centromeres are direct descendants of retrotransposons and have evolved by descent with modification. Ultimately, the many diverse centromere types across the yeast subphylum may share a common ancestry rooted in retrotransposon activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haase, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazar-Stefanita, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudry, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wudzinska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musacchio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeke, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.25.647736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient co-option of LTR retrotransposons as yeast centromeres]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design of an orally bioavailable small molecule that modulates the microtubule-associated protein tau's pre-mRNA splicing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is caused by the aberrant alternative pre-mRNA splicing of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) exon 10, the inclusion of which encodes for a toxic tau protein harboring four microtube domains (4R tau). Here, we describe the design of an RNA-targeted small molecule that thermodynamically stabilizes the structure of a pre-mRNA splicing regulator element in the MAPT pre-mRNA exon 10-intron junction to reduce the inclusion of exon 10 and hence 4R tau abundance. Structure-based drug design was used to obtain compounds that form a network of specific interactions to the RNA including multiple interactions between a one nucleotide A-bulge and the Hoogsteen face of a closing GC base pair, the latter of which was enabled by the design of base triple interactions. A battery of assays revealed that the compound binds the target in vitro and in cells and affects pre-mRNA splicing in various cellular models including primary neurons from a human tau (htau) knock-in mouse model. The orally bioavailable compound was administered per os (p.o.), where treatment diminished exon 10 inclusion, and reduced the 4R tau protein isoform. Further, the molecule mitigated cellular pathologies and behavioral phenotypes observed in the htau transgenic mouse model. This study provides a potentially general pipeline to design compounds that target RNAs and affect disease pathways and deliver compounds that have oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetrance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghavi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aikawa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akahori, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baisden, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cameron, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>childs-disney, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disney, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design of an orally bioavailable small molecule that modulates the microtubule-associated protein tau's pre-mRNA splicing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and longitudinal tracking of enhancer-AAV vectors that target transgene expression to injured mouse myocardium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.651096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue regeneration enhancer elements (TREEs) direct expression of target genes in injured and regenerating tissues. Additionally, TREEs of zebrafish origin were shown to direct the expression of transgenes in border zone regions after cardiac injury when packaged into recombinant AAV vectors and introduced into mice. Future implementation of TREEs into AAV-based vectors as research tools and potential gene therapy modalities will require a more detailed understanding of expression dynamics and potential off-target effects. Here, we applied in vivo bioluminescent imaging to mice systemically injected with AAV vectors containing different combinations of capsids, enhancers, and timing of delivery. Longitudinal tracking of TREE-based expression over time revealed distinct amplitudes and durations of reporter gene expression in the injured heart directed by different TREEs. The liver-de-targeted AAV capsid, AAV.cc84, was able to deliver TREEs either pre- or post-cardiac injury to negate off-target expression in the liver while maintaining transduction in the heart. By screening AAV9-based capsid libraries dosed systemically in mice post-cardiac injury, we discovered a new capsid variant, AAV.IR41, with enhanced transduction at cardiac border zone regions, and with elevated transduction of TREE driven transgenes versus conventional AAV9 vectors. In vivo bioluminescence imaging offers insights into how enhancers and engineered capsids can be implemented to modulate spatiotemporal transgene expression for future targeted therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolfson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hull, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaram, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cigliola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oonk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bursac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asokan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poss, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.28.651096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and longitudinal tracking of enhancer-AAV vectors that target transgene expression to injured mouse myocardium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.650608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammasome Activation in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.29.650608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelia maintain their barrier function by exploiting the proliferative and plastic properties of stem cells to promote continual tissue regeneration. Consequently, however, these features make epithelia prone to tumorigenesis. Skin is the largest epithelial barrier and the source of cutaneous cancers, the deadliest of which are cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Despite the pervasiveness of these cancers, however, the molecular mechanisms employed by stem cells and their microenvironment to promote skin tumor development remain poorly defined. Our previous work revealed that genotoxic damage to normal skin activates inflammasome signaling crosstalk between epidermal epithelia and fibroblasts to promote epithelial stem cell hyperproliferation and fate misspecification. We hypothesized that these phenomena would also be featured during skin cancer development. Using mouse and human skin disease specimens, we determined that in vivo stem cell misspecification is a generalizable feature across diverse pathophysiological skin conditions, including cutaneous cancers, but is not present in normal high proliferative contexts. Strikingly, in vivo inflammasome activation was observed in both the epithelial and dermal compartments of cSCC tumors but was not evident in other skin pathologies. Probing further into the mechanism, we revealed that inflammasome pathway activation in cSCC is epithelial autonomous but non-cell autonomous. Furthermore, fibroblasts juxtaposed to the cSCC epithelial tumor interface exhibited population expansion as well as IL-1 signaling activation, which was absent in overlying epithelia. Based on these findings, we propose a model whereby epithelial-to-fibroblast inflammasome crosstalk initiates a fibroblast feed-forward IL-1 signaling loop that augments the tumor-promoting cSCC milieu.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shu, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tekale, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamersky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solano, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanlon, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blalock, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seldin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.29.650608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammasome Activation in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651528v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antiviral CD4+ T and myeloid cell responses to influenza vaccines are attenuated in older adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651528v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent influenza vaccine formulations have improved the magnitude of B-cell antibody responses in older adults; however, older adults remain significantly at risk for severe influenza-related illness. Although antibodies are an important metric of vaccine effectiveness, they only represent one aspect of the immune response. In this study, we combined in vitro and ex vivo assays with human samples to investigate B, CD4+ T, and myeloid cell responses to influenza vaccine antigens. We found that older adults mounted equivalent antibody titers to younger adults but had fewer influenza-specific CD4+ T cells and reduced antiviral-associated T helper cell populations. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that older adults had attenuated interferon transcriptional signatures in T helper and myeloid cell subsets. These data suggest that with aging, transcriptional programming alterations in myeloid cells contribute to reduced antiviral T cell responses, and formulating vaccines tailored to myeloid responses is necessary to improve outcomes in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oakes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hager-Nochowicz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasa, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailin, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castilho, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.30.651528</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antiviral CD4+ T and myeloid cell responses to influenza vaccines are attenuated in older adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.651770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis of PPARγ-mediated transcriptional repression by the covalent inverse agonist FX-909 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.04.651770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyperactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR{gamma})-mediated transcription promotes tumor growth in urothelial (bladder) cancer, which can be inhibited by pharmacological compounds that repress PPAR{gamma} activity. FX-909 is a covalent PPAR{gamma} inverse agonist currently in phase 1 clinical trials for advanced solid malignancies including muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Here, we compared the mechanism of action of FX-909 to other covalent inverse agonists including T0070907, originally reported more than 20 years ago and misclassified as an antagonist, and two recently reported improved covalent inverse agonist analogs, SR33068 and BAY-4931. Functional profiling and NMR studies reveal that FX-909 displays improved corepressor-selective inverse agonism and better stabilizes a transcriptionally repressive PPAR{gamma} LBD conformation compared to T0070907. The crystal structure of PPAR{gamma} LBD cobound to FX-909 and NCoR1 corepressor peptide reveals a repressive conformation shared by other covalent inverse agonists. These findings build on recent studies highlighting the pharmacological significance and clinical relevance of transcriptionally repressive PPAR{gamma} inverse agonists.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laughlin, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arifova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz-Tello, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harp, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamenecka, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kojetin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.04.651770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis of PPARγ-mediated transcriptional repression by the covalent inverse agonist FX-909]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652090v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sialylated CD43 is a glyco-immune checkpoint for macrophage phagocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.05.652090v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment exert potent anti-tumorigenic activity through phagocytosis. Yet therapeutics that enhance macrophage phagocytosis have not improved outcomes in clinical trials for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). To systematically identify regulators of phagocytosis, we performed genome-scale CRISPR knockout screens in human leukemia cells co-cultured with human monocyte-derived macrophages. Surprisingly, we found that whereas the classic "dont eat me" signal CD47 inhibited mouse macrophages, it did not inhibit phagocytosis by human macrophages. In contrast, the O-linked glycosylation and sialylation pathways were strong negative regulators of phagocytosis. In AML, the cell surface O-linked glycoprotein CD43 was the major effector of the O-linked glycosylation and sialylation pathways. Genetic deletion or antibody blockade of CD43 enhanced macrophage phagocytosis. This work highlights the importance of using human platforms to identify immune checkpoints, and nominates CD43 as a glyco-immune regulator of human macrophage phagocytosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallurupalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobrega, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wrona, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, D. w.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scapozza, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruickshank, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuong, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birocchi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kammula, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, O. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kocak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doench, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Procter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeAngelo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maus, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graubert, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yates, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Golub, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manguso, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.05.652090</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sialylated CD43 is a glyco-immune checkpoint for macrophage phagocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif across independent studies, including in the Mackey et al. dataset 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our study (Mendoza-Halliday et al., 2024) made two contributions: (1) discovery of a ubiquitous cortical motif and (2) a tool derived from it--the Frequency-based Layer Identification Procedure (FLIP and vFLIP). Mackey et al. critique the tool, questioning its advantage over classic current source density (CSD) analysis, and reason backwards to challenge the motifs ubiquity. In our rebuttal, we confirm the spectrolaminar motif in diverse cortical areas using data from multiple research groups (who joined us in this rebuttal) as well as Mackey et al.s own dataset. Additionally, we introduce vFLIP2, an improved version of our tool that addresses their comments. It reliably identified and localized the motif in our data and Mackey et al.s data. Our findings reaffirm the motifs ubiquity. We value Mackey et al.s comments, which helped refine our tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Major, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdaltawab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenfeld, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrasekaran, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saalmann, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desimone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Halliday, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ubiquitous spectrolaminar motif across independent studies, including in the Mackey et al. dataset]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrative genomic and chemical similarity approach linking fungal secondary metabolites and biosynthetic gene clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fungi are well known to biosynthesize structurally complex secondary metabolites (SMs) with diverse bioactivities. These fungal SMs are frequently produced by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Linking SMs to their BGCs is key to understanding their chemical and biological functions. Reasoning that structural similarity of SMs arises from similarities in the genes involved in their biosynthesis, we developed an integrative approach that leverages known BGC-SM pairs to predict global links across SMs and BGCs in fungi. As proof of concept, we systematically interrogated metabolomes and genomes of 16 strains of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fischeri, detecting a total of 60 metabolites. Of those, we were able to assign 22 to known BGC-SM pairs and propose specific hypotheses for the remaining 38 metabolites. These results suggest that coupling genomic similarity and chemical structure-based similarity is a straightforward and high-throughput approach for linking fungal SMs to their BGCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steffen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Grimaldo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauters, T. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rinker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raja, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graf, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumilang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riedling, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlies, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrative genomic and chemical similarity approach linking fungal secondary metabolites and biosynthetic gene clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 expression in Rett syndrome: consequences for pharmacotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We have reported that levels of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) are dramatically decreased in brain samples from Rett syndrome patients carrying truncation mutations in the Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Additionally, we identified decreases in mGlu7 levels in Mecp2+/- female mice and demonstrated that administration of a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with activity at mGlu7 corrected deficits in cognitive, social, and respiratory domains. Here, we expanded our studies to a larger cohort of RTT samples covering a range of mutations and evaluated expression of the three widely expressed group III mGlu receptors (mGlu4,7 and 8). We found significant decreases in mGlu7, but not mGlu4 or mGlu8, mRNA expression across this larger cohort; additionally, we identified a previously unknown and robust correlation in the expression of mGlu4 and mGlu8 in control individuals. Stratification of RTT patients into individuals with mutations that are clinically correlated with severe versus mild disease revealed statistically significant decreases in mGlu7 expression only in patients with mutations that induce more severe symptoms. We then administered the PAM VU0422288 to mice modeling the mild R306C mutation (Mecp2R306C/+) and found a significant reduction in apneas induced by VU0422888 administration despite no decreases in mGlu7 expression in the brainstem or cortex. These results provide the first evidence of potentially broad utility for mGlu7 PAMs in reducing apneas in RTT patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vermudez, S. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogliotti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niswender, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 expression in Rett syndrome: consequences for pharmacotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BrainVAE: Exploring the role of white matter BOLD in preclinical Alzheimer disease classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.07.652697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONLike gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) BOLD functional signals change in preclinical AD. However, the potential of WM BOLD for identifying preclinical AD remains underexplored.

METHODSWe developed BrainVAE, a transformer-based variational autoencoder with interpretability, to classify preclinical AD and normal controls using resting-state fMRI data. We benchmarked BrainVAE against nine alternative models under three input configurations: WM-only, GM-only, and combined WM+GM. Interpretability analysis was also performed to investigate each brain regions contribution to the classification task.

RESULTSBrainVAE outperformed other models and performed well (accuracy = 83.42%, F1-score = 91.62%, AUC = 64.50%) using the combined input compared to WM-only and GM-only. Specific WM bundles--including corpus callosum, fornix, and corticospinal tract--were among the most influential features contributing to the classification.

DISCUSSIONIncorporating WM BOLD signals improves the distinction of preclinical AD from controls, underscoring the potential role of WM BOLD features for detecting early-stage AD.

HighlightsO_LIBrainVAE integrates white and gray matter BOLD signals for classification of pre-AD and controls.
C_LIO_LIBrainVAE achieves high accuracy (83.42%) and F1-score (91.62%) in identifying pre-AD.
C_LIO_LIModels using combined WM+GM inputs outperform those using WM-only or GM-only inputs.
C_LIO_LIWM regions, such as corpus callosum and fornix, contribute significantly to model predictions.
C_LIO_LIResults suggest WM BOLD signals are informative markers for early AD detection.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.07.652697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BrainVAE: Exploring the role of white matter BOLD in preclinical Alzheimer disease classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652978v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smooth muscle LRRC8A knockout preserves vascular function in AngII hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.08.652978v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Angiotensin II (AngII) causes hypertension and vascular inflammation both directly and indirectly via cytokines. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) AngII and TNF activate NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) to produce superoxide. TNF receptors associate with Nox1 and Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 8A (LRRC8A) anion channels to modulate inflammation, as well as contractility in a RhoA-dependent manner. VSMC-specific LRRC8A knockout (KO) mesenteric arteries are protected from TNF-induced injury and vasodilated better. We hypothesized that LRRC8A KO would preserve vascular function and decrease blood pressure (BP) in AngII-infused mice. Wild type (WT) and LRRC8A KO mice received AngII infusions for 14 days. Systolic BP was not different, but KO mice had more BP "dipping" during inactive periods and dipping was preserved after AngII. Contraction of KO mesenteric vessels to AngII itself was not altered, however after AngII exposure the function of KO aortic and mesenteric vessels was less impaired as reflected by less augmented contraction to norepinephrine and serotonin and preserved relaxation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. Western blotting revealed increased soluble guanylate cyclase alpha and reduced CPI-17 in hypertensive KO aortae. Consistent with the presence of lower Rho kinase activity in KO VSMCs, phosphorylation of Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) and Cofilin was reduced. Aortic wall/lumen was not different between hypertensive WT and KO mice, but AngII caused less proliferation (lower PCNA), and less induction of antioxidant enzymes and senescence markers in KO vessels. Thus, while AngII-induced contraction does not require LRRC8A, these channels support the associated inflammatory response which modifies BP dipping.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.08.652978</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smooth muscle LRRC8A knockout preserves vascular function in AngII hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Methionine-triggered growth arrest reveals activation of Gcn2 by methionine transporter endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.12.653625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell growth checkpoints require coordination between multiple sensing and signaling systems to ensure that cells only proceed with growth and division when conditions are favorable and adequate resources are available. This coordination between nutrient sensing and growth signaling is fundamental to understanding how nutrient supply regulates the cellular metabolic economy. Much of our current understanding is driven by studies that examine the cellular response to nutrient deprivation. For example, TORC1 activity promotes cell growth when amino acids are available, but amino acid deprivation decreases TORC1 activity resulting in activation of catabolic activities. In this study, we examine how cells respond to stimulation with excess amino acids. We report that stimulation with excess Ile, Phe and Met slows cell growth and triggers a G1 cell cycle arrest. Similar to a starvation response, surplus Ile, Phe and Met induce autophagy and trigger decreased TORC1 activity. In the case of stimulation with excess Met, the Gcn2 pathway is required for growth arrest, autophagy induction, and TORC1 dampening. Unexpectedly, Gcn2 is activated by stimulation with excess Met, and this activation requires endocytosis of the methionine transporter Mup1. These results indicate that endocytosis of an amino acid transporter is required to activate the Gcn2 pathway, providing an example for how nutrient transporter trafficking may function as a sensor contributing to cell growth control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hepowit, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singkhek, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacGurn, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.12.653625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Methionine-triggered growth arrest reveals activation of Gcn2 by methionine transporter endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deregulated Myt3 translation predisposes islet β-cells to dysfunction under obesity-induced metabolic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.11.653323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In response to obesity-related metabolic stress, islet {beta}-cells adapt (or compensate) by increasing their secretory function and mass. Yet, for unknown reasons, this compensation is reversed in some individuals at some point to induce {beta}-cell failure and overt type 2 diabetes (T2D). We have previously shown that transcription factor Myt3 (St18) and its paralogs, Myt1 and Myt2, prevent {beta}-cell failure. Myt3 was induced at post-transcriptional levels by obesity-related stress in both mouse and human {beta} cells and its downregulation accompanied {beta}-cell dysfunction during T2D development. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in MYT3 were associated with an increased risk of developing human diabetes. We now demonstrate that Myt3 translation is regulated by an upstream open-reading frame that overlaps with the main Myt3 open-reading frame in mice. Disrupting this overlap enhances Myt3 translation in mouse {beta} cells without metabolic stress but decreases it under high-fat-diet challenges. Consequently, this deregulation results in {beta}-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance in mice, accompanied by compromised expression of several {beta}-cell function genes. These findings suggest that stress-induced Myt3 translation is part of the compensation mechanism that prevents {beta}-cell failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.11.653323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deregulated Myt3 translation predisposes islet β-cells to dysfunction under obesity-induced metabolic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The accumulation of RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribed short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) retrotransposon RNA is a hallmark of various cellular stressors, including DNA virus infection. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the induction of these normally repressed loci are largely undefined. Here, we reveal that in addition to Pol III transcriptional induction, gammaherpesvirus infection stimulates mRNA-like 3 end processing of SINE RNAs that leads to their stabilization. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model that identified a polyadenylation-associated motif as the key hallmark of infection-induced SINEs. Indeed, mRNA polyadenylation machinery is recruited in a Pol III-dependent manner to virus-induced loci, including B2 SINE and tRNA genes. Infection causes enhanced polyadenylation of SINE ncRNA, which is required for its stable accumulation. This virus-host interaction therefore highlights an inducible, coupled relationship between Pol III transcription and mRNA-like polyadenylation. It also reveals that co-option of the polyadenylation machinery by Pol III is a mechanism to increase the abundance of noncoding RNA during pathogenic stress.

SIGNIFICANCEShort interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are hyperabundant and transcribed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) to produce noncoding retrotransposons. Although generally not detectable in healthy somatic cells, SINE RNA expression is upregulated during stress, including viral infection and inflammatory diseases. We used gammaherpesvirus infection to uncover pathways leading to increased SINE RNA expression. Using a newly developed deep learning model and genomics analyses, we reveal that infection-induced accumulation of SINEs is driven by increased Pol III transcription and Pol III-dependent recruitment of polyadenylation machinery. This stimulates polyadenylation of SINEs, which is a known stabilizer of these noncoding transcripts. Our findings suggest that inducible alterations to Pol III transcript 3 end processing modulate the abundance of noncoding retrotransposons during pathogenic stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanghrajka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karijolich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lareau, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glaunsinger, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-canonical EGFR signaling is essential for MAPK-mediated apical extrusion of epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.654585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individual epithelial cells that acutely express oncogenes such as Ras or Src are extruded apically from monolayers of wildtype cells. Multiple signaling networks have been implicated but the extrusion mechanism is still not fully understood. We examined extrusion of mammary epithelial cells caused by acute induction of oncogenic Ras(Q61L). As reported by others, Ras-dependent extrusion requires downstream activation of ERK but not AKT. Unexpectedly, however, extrusion was completely blocked by Erlotinib, which inhibits Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity, or by deletion of the receptor. In pancreatic and lung cancers, EGFR is required for full activation of Ras and consequent ERK activation. However, inhibition or deletion of EGFR had no impact in our system on Ras(Q61L)-GTP levels or ERK phosphorylation. Importantly, receptor function was cell autonomous, because EGFR expression was not required in surrounding WT cells but was essential in the Ras(Q61L) cells, yet did not act through the canonical ERK signaling pathway. Deletion of Ras exchange factors Sos1/2 did not block cell extrusion. Moreover, expression of a constitutively active MEK mutant, instead of Ras, was sufficient to drive extrusion, and EGFR inhibition or knockout in these cells blocked extrusion, with no change in phospho-ERK levels. Notably, acute expression of Ras triggered internalization of E-cadherin, which was partially blocked by inhibition of EGFR. Knockout of E-cadherin was alone sufficient to promote extrusion. Together, these data demonstrate an unanticipated requirement for noncanonical EGFR signaling in cancer cell extrusion, which may act in part through the promotion of E-cadherin endocytosis.

Statement of SignificanceApical extrusion of cells acutely expressing oncogenic Ras requires EGFR activity through a noncanonical pathway, independent of ERK and AKT signaling, that promotes E-cadherin internalization from adherens junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MACARA, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-canonical EGFR signaling is essential for MAPK-mediated apical extrusion of epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling Immunosenescence on-a-chip: a platform for cancer vaccine efficacy assessment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.14.654059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunosenescence dramatically reduces cancer vaccine efficacy in elderly patients, who represent the majority of cancer cases. Despite this clinical reality, age-related immune decline is rarely considered in preclinical testing. Therefore, novel in vitro models to test cancer vaccine efficacy, considering immunosenescence, are needed. Our novel lymph node paracortex on-a-chip (LNPoC) platform addresses this gap by recapitulating age-dependent immune responses against cancer vaccines, specifically antigen presentation, antigen-specific T cell activation, and antitumoral responses. Using this platform, we demonstrated that bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from young mice (6-7 weeks) displayed significantly enhanced ovalbumin (OVA) peptide presentation compared to APCs from older mice (35-36 weeks). This age-dependent difference translated to significantly greater OVA-specific CD8+ T cell activation and increased cytotoxicity against B16-OVA cancer cells. These age-dependent differences are unique to our LNPoC and undetectable in traditional 2D cultures, confirming that our LNPoC was more effective than 2D cultures at recapitulating immunosenescence-mediated immune responses against cancer vaccines in vitro. The in vivo validation confirms these findings, as young mice demonstrated higher OVA-specific CD8+ T cell responses and smaller tumors than older mice. Our LNPoC is a valuable tool for assessing immunosenescences impact on cancer vaccines, potentially guiding more effective therapies for older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maity, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani Najafabadi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawakita, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khorsandi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilgor, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jewell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohaghegh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokmeci, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khademhosseini, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jucaud, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.654059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling Immunosenescence on-a-chip: a platform for cancer vaccine efficacy assessment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654661v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo CRISPR screening identifies NF1/RASA1/TP53 co-mutations and downstream MEK signaling as a common key mechanism of sinonasal tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654661v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic alterations driving tumorigenesis in sinonasal malignancies remain largely unexplored. Here, we perform an in vivo loss-of-function screen using a pooled custom single-guide library delivered to the sinonasal cavity by adeno-associated virus vector to identify cancer driver genes across diverse sinonasal malignancies. This approach yielded sinonasal malignancies with diverse histologies, including sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated sinonasal carcinoma, and sinonasal neuroendocrine tumors characteristic of olfactory neuroblastoma. Surprisingly, rather than observing distinct sgRNA profiles across sinonasal tumor subtypes, common recurrent mutations were identified in Nf1 (79%), Rasa1 (74%), and Trp53 (68%) across malignancies with distinct histologies. Utilizing an orthogonal approach, we confirmed that Nf1/Trp53 were required for sinonasal tumorigenesis. Given that loss-of-function in NF1 and RASA1 may lead to increased Ras activity and downstream MEK signaling, we tested small molecule targeting of the RAS-MAPK pathway in sinonasal malignancies. Indeed, both tumor cell lines derived from our loss-of-function approach as well as from human sinonasal malignancies displayed significant sensitivity to MEK inhibition in standard in vitro culture and organoid models. These findings demonstrate that loss of NF1 and RASA1-mediated Ras-GAP activity leads to Ras activation and downstream MEK signaling which is a potential common target throughout major sinonasal tumor subtypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vu, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viswanathan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramolia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoke, A. T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbosa, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallia, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rooper, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floudas, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Notaro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raziuddin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraji, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lechner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comoglio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edmondson, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>London, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.19.654661</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo CRISPR screening identifies NF1/RASA1/TP53 co-mutations and downstream MEK signaling as a common key mechanism of sinonasal tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ALPHA/BETA HYDROLASE DOMAIN CONTAINING 5 SUPPORTS GLUCOSE-STIMULATED-LIPOLYSIS AND INSULIN SECRETION IN PANCREATIC BETA CELLS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.21.655350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PNPLA2 (aka adipose triglyceride lipase) is the rate limiting enzyme of triglyceride (TG) catabolism at the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). Lipolysis by PNPLA2 increases with glucose in pancreatic beta cells and produces metabolites that support glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Upregulation of lipolysis by glucose is blunted in human islets affected by type 2 diabetes. Here, we aim to determine how glucose regulates lipolysis in beta cells.

We found that glucose recruits alpha/beta hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5), a co-activator of PNPLA2 to LDs where lipolysis occurs. ABHD5 recruitment to LDs was reduced by the addition of H-89 and the expression of a mutant ABHD5 that is resistant to phosphorylation by a cAMP dependent kinase (PKA) indicating partial dependence of recruitment on PKA. Importantly, ABHD5 was indispensable for glucose responsiveness of lipolysis in INS-1 832/13 (INS-1) cells. Downregulation of ABHD5 increased LDs and TG content in INS-1 cells and human islets indicating that ABHD5 is highly active in beta cells. Additionally, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was impaired in ABHD5 downregulated INS-1 and human pseudoislets, which agrees with impaired GSIS in ATGL downregulated beta cells. Thus, ABHD5 plays an important role in conferring glucose responsiveness of lipolysis and supporting insulin secretion in beta cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peachee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richtsmeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jun, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gianna, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vikram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freshly, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.21.655350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ALPHA/BETA HYDROLASE DOMAIN CONTAINING 5 SUPPORTS GLUCOSE-STIMULATED-LIPOLYSIS AND INSULIN SECRETION IN PANCREATIC BETA CELLS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.653758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic background influences the heterogeneous phenotypes driven by the MAFAS64F MODY variant in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.20.653758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic {beta}-cells require the coordinated expression of transcription factors such as MAFA to dynamically secrete insulin to maintain euglycemia. A naturally occurring mutation in MAFA (MAFAS64F) produces a long-lived variant protein which predisposes carriers to dichotomous conditions of either maturity (adult)-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) or hypoglycemia in a sex-dependent manner. Here we show that genetic background modulates disease penetrance in MafAS64F/+ male mice. Specifically, MafAS64F/+ males backcrossed to a C57/Bl6J ("C57") background prevented dysglycemia, while C57 MafAS64F/+ males bred one generation to an SJL/J background ("mixed") manifested overt diabetes, impaired insulin secretion, and accelerated {beta}-cell senescence. MafA protein levels, phosphorylation status, and target gene expression in C57 MafAS64F/+ male islets were more comparable to wildtype males. RNA sequencing of C57 MafAS64F/+ male islets revealed fewer differentially expressed genes than mixed background male islets, including transcriptional signatures of {beta}-cell senescence. In addition, retinoic acid signaling, another signature of cellular aging, was uniquely downregulated in C57 MafAS64F/+ male islets. Indeed, core retinoic acid signaling receptor RAR and known target genes were downregulated in C57 MafAS64F/+ male islets. CUT&RUN mapping revealed that MafA directly impacted retinoic acid receptor alpha Rara expression. In sum, these data show that genetic factors can impact unique pathways to modulate disease penetrance in mice modeling MAFA-MODY.

Article HighlightsO_LIGenetic background in mice or ancestry in humans can profoundly influence diabetes susceptibility.
C_LIO_LIWe asked whether diabetes penetrance in our robust mouse model of MAFA-MODY on a mixed genetic background was impacted when backcrossed to C57/Bl6J ("C57").
C_LIO_LIHere we show that C57 MafAS64F/+ males have wildtype glucose-sensing properties, compared to overt diabetes which could be reproducibly re-created on a mixed background. Further analysis disclosed more muted gene expression changes in C57 MafAS64F/+ male islets including unique downregulation of senescence and retinoic acid signaling.
C_LIO_LIThese results illustrate the influence of genetic landscape on {beta}-cell function in response to a pathogenic MODY variant.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loyd, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maurer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.20.653758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic background influences the heterogeneous phenotypes driven by the MAFAS64F MODY variant in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655812v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Density and mRNA Expression of Inhibitory Interneurons in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655812v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic inhibitory interneurons have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the nature and extent of the deficits across brain areas and interneuron subtypes. To address these questions, we conducted a systematic search for immunohistochemistry and mRNA studies that examined parvalbumin, somatostatin, calbindin, and calretinin interneuron density or expression in schizophrenia patients and carried out a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Data from 25 immunohistochemistry studies (311 control participants, 281 individuals with schizophrenia) revealed that the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were characterized by GABAergic interneuron deficits; parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron density was reduced in the hippocampus, while data from 21 mRNA studies (546 control participants, 551 individuals with schizophrenia) indicated reduced parvalbumin and somatostatin expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Cortical layer-specific analyses demonstrated that parvalbumin interneuron density and somatostatin mRNA expression were most affected in superficial layers 2 and 3 of prefrontal cortex. We also identified significant reductions in subcortical calretinin interneuron density. Together, these data have important implications for the pathophysiology and computational models of circuit deficits in the disorder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mulvey, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabhart, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grent-T-Jong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlhaas, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655812</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Density and mRNA Expression of Inhibitory Interneurons in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Scaled multidimensional assays of variant effect identify sequence-function relationships in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAn estimated 1 in 500 people live with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a disease for which genetic diagnosis can identify family members at risk, and increasingly guide therapy. Mutations in the myosin binding protein C3 (MYBPC3) gene account for a significant proportion of HCM cases. However, many of these variants are classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS), complicating clinical decision-making. Scalable methods for variant interpretation in disease-specific cell types are crucial for understanding variant impact and uncovering disease mechanisms.

MethodsWe developed a scaled multidimensional mapping strategy to evaluate the functional impact of variants across a critical domain of MYBPC3. We incorporate saturation base editing at the native MYBPC3 locus, a long-read RNA sequencing-enabled assay of variant splice effects, and measurements of HCM-relevant phenotypes, including MYBPC3 abundance, hypertrophic signaling, and ubiquitin-proteasome function in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs).

ResultsOur multidimensional mapping strategy enabled high-resolution functional analysis of MYBPC3 variants in iPSC-CMs. Targeted transient base editing generated a comprehensive variant library at the native locus, capturing diverse variant effects on cellular HCM-relevant phenotypes. Our massively parallel splicing assay identified novel splice-disrupting variants. Integration of functional assays revealed that decreased MYBPC3 abundance is a key driver of HCM-related phenotypes. In parallel, downregulation of protein degradation was observed as a compensatory response to MYBPC3 loss of function, and novel disease mechanisms were identified for missense variants near a critical binding domain, underscoring their contribution to pathogenesis. Bayesian estimates of variant effects enable the reclassification of clinical variants.

ConclusionsThis work provides a platform for extending genome engineering in iPSCs to multiplexed assays of variant effects across diverse disease-relevant cellular phenotypes, enhancing the understanding of variant pathogenicity and uncovering novel biological mechanisms that could inform therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrasse, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirillova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floyd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadisch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabet, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staudt, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorzynski, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tapales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roden, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roth, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glazer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parikh, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Scaled multidimensional assays of variant effect identify sequence-function relationships in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing Brain-Behavior Relationships Across Dimensional, Tail-Sampled, and Propensity-Matched Models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.23.655740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large population cohorts are needed to perform brain-wide association studies (BWAS), with evidence that sampling from the tails of a distribution increases effect sizes and improves reproducibility. However, studies rarely compare how variability in sample sociodemographic characteristics relates to imaging or behavioral phenotypes within BWAS. To address this gap, we derived estimates for brain-behavior associations using multivariate regression models, comparing effect sizes for dimensional, tail-sampled, and propensity matched groups. Data were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study(R). The independent variables were brain structural imaging phenotypes, with a range of biological and psychological outcomes as dependent variables. We found expected increases in the magnitude of effect sizes moving from full-sample dimensional models to tail-sampled group-based models. However, findings for the propensity-matched group models suggested a non-uniform impact on BWAS (i.e., both increased and decreased effect sizes). Results suggest that sampling from the tails of the distribution of measures of brain structure generally increases effect sizes across biological, clinical, and cognitive outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murtha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfschmidt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.23.655740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing Brain-Behavior Relationships Across Dimensional, Tail-Sampled, and Propensity-Matched Models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptive-like NK cell responses to influenza correlate with humoral immunity and are influenced by age and sex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza remains a global health threat, infecting approximately one billion people annually and causing significant mortality, particularly among older adults. While hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers are a standard correlate of immunity against influenza, they do not reliably predict protection in high-risk populations. Using multiomic single-cell profiling, we identified a distinct subset of adaptive-like NK cells that respond to influenza antigen, predominantly in younger females. These TNFSF10+LGALS9+ NK cells exhibit features of adaptive NK cells but lack classical cytomegalovirus-driven markers observed in previous studies. Notably, their increased frequency correlates with high pre-existing HAI titers, suggesting a link between adaptive-like NK responses and humoral immunity. Together, our findings identify an NK subset influenced by age and sex that may contribute to influenza protection, expanding the known diversity of adaptive-like NK cells. These insights could inform future vaccine strategies, particularly for aging populations, by integrating NK responses into assessments of vaccine efficacy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alves, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currenti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coudert, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halasa, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talbot, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castilho, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaudieri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.24.655902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptive-like NK cell responses to influenza correlate with humoral immunity and are influenced by age and sex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Robust Serum Proteomic Signatures of APOE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.24.655950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We previously identified a signature of 16 serum proteins that highlighted a role of the e2 allele of APOE in lipid regulation via apolipoprotein B (APOB) and apolipoprotein E (APOE), and in inflammation. The serum proteins were profiled using the aptamer-based Somalogic technology. Here, we validate and expand the serum protein signature of APOE using a combination of mass-spectrometry, ELISA, Luminex, antibody-based Olink proteomics, and blood transcriptomics. We replicate the association between APOB and the e2 allele of APOE, we correct the pattern of association between APOE genotypes and serum level of APOE, and we detect new associations between APOE genotypes and the complex of apolipoproteins APOC1, APOC4, APOC2, APOC3, APOE, APOF and APOL1. In addition, we discover 13 new proteins that correlate with APOE genotypes. This extended signature includes granule proteins CAMP, CTSG, DEFA3, and MPO secreted from neutrophils and points to olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) as a new target for the prevention of Alzheimers disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sebastiani, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandler, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lords, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costello, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Au, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pflieger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Funk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rappaport, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nygaard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen-Toomey, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perls, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.24.655950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Robust Serum Proteomic Signatures of APOE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney cystogenesis in embryonic- and adult-onset ADPKD is suppressed from lack of adenylyl cyclase targeting to cilia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple cellular pathways are dysregulated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), but mechanisms initiating cyst formation are unknown. ADPKD is caused by mutations in Pkd1/Pkd2 genes that encode for polycystins that localize to primary cilia. The primary cilium is a miniscule subcellular compartment for generating signaling outputs that profoundly affect cellular function. Severe cystogenesis from polycystin loss is mostly cilia dependent. However, the polycystin-repressed ciliary signals that promote cyst growth are unknown and have been challenging to uncouple from downstream cystogenic pathways. Here we aimed at differentiating ciliary adenylyl cyclase signaling from total cellular changes in second messenger cAMP implicated in cystogenesis. We studied an Ankyrin repeat and MYND domain protein, ANKMY2 that we previously implicated in maturation and ciliary localization of adenylyl cyclases in fibroblasts. We studied kidney-specific conditional knockout mouse models of Ankmy2/Pkd1 and ciliary localization of adenylyl cyclases in kidney epithelial cells. We found suppression of early postnatal renal cystogenesis and prolonged survival in an embryonic onset Pkd1 deletion model from ANKMY2 loss. Phosphorylated CREB formation, from elevated cellular cAMP levels, remained unaffected. Cyst load in male mice in an adult inducible conditional Pkd1 deletion model was suppressed from ANKMY2 loss. Mechanistically, ANKMY2 determined ciliary trafficking of adenylyl cyclases in kidney epithelial cells without disrupting cilia. Further, ANKMY2 loss prevented ciliary length increase in ADPKD mouse models irrespective of cyst load or sex. Cilia length increase was seen preceding cystogenesis. Our results suggest that targeting of adenylyl cyclases to renal epithelial cilia promotes PC1/2-inhibited cilia-dependent cyst activation distinct from cyst progression involving cellular cAMP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badgandi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukhopadhyay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.27.656198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney cystogenesis in embryonic- and adult-onset ADPKD is suppressed from lack of adenylyl cyclase targeting to cilia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Implications of the Conformational Landscape of a Multidrug Transporter Revealed by Structures of Zebrafish Abcb4 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hallmark of multidrug resistance conferred by human ABC transporter ABCB1 (hP-gp) is the recognition and efflux of diverse range of drugs, though the precise mechanism of polyspecificity remains unresolved. In aquatic animals such as zebrafish, Abcb4, a functional homolog to hP-gp, plays a vital role in surviving environmental toxicants. Here, we show that Abcb4 exhibits comparable basal and drug-stimulated ATPase activity to hP-gp. Using cryo-EM, we captured five inward-facing Abcb4 conformations with varying separations between its two lobes, illustrating its open-and- close motion. The range of separation exceeds that seen in published P-gp structures that appear to be conformationally restricted. This global open-and-close motion is coupled with individual helix movement, resulting in a highly fluid substrate-binding pocket. These dynamic changes, likely underlying the polyspecificity of substrate recognition, predict unconventional protein-ligand interactions that are supported by structures of Abcb4 bound to the P-gp inhibitors tariquidar and elacridar, and the substrate vincristine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsieh, C.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esser, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, Z. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robey, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ambudkar, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.656806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Implications of the Conformational Landscape of a Multidrug Transporter Revealed by Structures of Zebrafish Abcb4]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dynamics driving phenotypic divergence among KRAS mutants in pancreatic tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.28.656689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammation in the pancreas drives acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), a progenitor-like state that can be hijacked by mutant Kras in the formation of pancreatic cancer (PDAC). How these cell fate decisions vary according to KRAS mutation remains poorly understood. To define mutation-specific lineage reversion and tumor initiation, we implement novel Ptf1a-TdTomato mice and multiple KRAS mutants across an array of genetic, pharmacologic, and inflammatory perturbations in vivo. Whereas KRASG12D co-opts injury to enable lineage reversion, enhancer reprogramming, and tumor initiation, KRASG12R/V can initiate but not sustain dedifferentiated and neoplastic transcriptional and epigenetic programs. We find the KRASG12R/V defects consist of a failure to invoke robust EGFR signaling and activate Rac1/Vav1, with constitutive Akt activation in vivo sufficient to rescue the tumorigenic potential of KRASG12R. As the marked heterogeneity among KRAS variants begins early in tumorigenesis, these data are crucial to understanding mutation-specific oncogenic trajectories and directing the implementation of KRAS-directed therapeutics.

SIGNIFICANCEDefining how KRAS mutants drive distinct outcomes in human pancreatic cancer is critical for developing allele-specific therapeutic approaches. This study unveils a hierarchy among KRASG12D, KRASG12V, and KRASG12R to drive tumor initiation, owing to heterogeneous activation of EGFR, PI3K/AKT, and RAC1 signaling, thus revealing mutation-specific evolutionary paths in pancreatic tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grimont, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falvo, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisso, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleveland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaron, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osterhoudt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zafra, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fall, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rendeiro, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hissong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yantiss, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnuson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leach, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rustgi, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dow, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandwani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.28.656689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dynamics driving phenotypic divergence among KRAS mutants in pancreatic tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biocompatible Multi-functional Polymeric Material for Mineralized Tissue Adhesion 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study developed a biocompatible multifunctional thiol-ene resin system for adhesion to dentin mineralized tissue. Adhesive resins maintain the strength and longevity of dental composite restorations through chemophysical bonding to exposed dentin surfaces after cavity preparations. Dental pulp cells are exposed to residual monomers transported through dentinal tubules. Monomers of conventional adhesive systems may result in inhomogeneous polymer networks and the release of residual monomers that cause cytotoxicity. In this study, we develop a one-step multi-functional polymeric resin system by incorporating trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (BMEP) to enhance both mechanical properties and adhesion to dentin. Molecular dynamics simulations identified an optimal triacylate:trithiol ratio of 2.5:1, which was consistent with rheological and mechanical tests that yielded a storage modulus of ~30 MPa with or without BMEP. Shear bond tests demonstrated that the addition of BMEP significantly improved dentin adhesion, achieving a shear bond strength of 10.8 MPa, comparable to the commercial primer Clearfil SE Bond. Nanoindentation modulus mapping characterized the hybrid layer and mechanical gradient of the adhesive resin system. Further, the triacrylate-BMEP resin showed biocompatibility with fibroblasts in vitro. These findings suggest the triacrylate-trithiol crosslinking and chemophysical bonding of BMEP provide enhanced bond strength and biocompatibility for dental applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fulco, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tertuliano, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vining, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.656989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biocompatible Multi-functional Polymeric Material for Mineralized Tissue Adhesion]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657097v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
VGLL3-centered network connects placental, vascular, and immune defects in preeclampsia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657097v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Preeclampsia affects approximately 1 in 10 pregnancies, leading to severe complications and long-term health risks for both mother and offspring. While the etiology remains unclear, preeclampsia has been linked to both autoimmunity and the timing of menarche. Through human single-cell and spatial analyses, coupled with in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models, we demonstrate that VGLL3, a transcription co-regulator in the Hippo pathway, is upregulated in preeclamptic placentas. VGLL3 promotes immune activation, impairs trophoblast differentiation, and induces endothelial dysfunction, all of which contribute to pregnancy-related hypertension, fetal growth restriction, and offspring mortality. Our data reveal that VGLL3 acts upstream of preeclampsia-associated processes, including the production of sFLT1, a key biomarker of the disease. Notably, targeting VGLL3--either by genetic deletion in mouse placentas or through therapeutic inhibition in human placentas--protects against preeclampsia and alleviates disease pathology. These findings position VGLL3 as a promising novel therapeutic target for preeclampsia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Plazyo, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chopp, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peela, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergin, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Syu, L.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erba, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swindell, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahlenberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billi, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dlugosz, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoi, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudjonsson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657097</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[VGLL3-centered network connects placental, vascular, and immune defects in preeclampsia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657099v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The interferon response signature links to increased expression of transposable elements in neutrophils of systemic lupus erythematosus patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.657099v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a spontaneous systemic auto-immune condition for which the inciting factors and genetic basis are generally unknown. Although heterogeneous in its manifestations and severity, SLE involves chronic inflammation along with sustained autoantibody production. The root causes and pathophysiology of the inflammation and breaches of tolerance are incompletely understood, but neutrophils are thought to be important elements of the pathophysiology. Type I interferons (IFN) in the bloodstream and an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) signature in circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils, are common features in many patients. Earlier work has provided evidence of increased levels of transcripts derived from transposable elements (TEs) in peripheral blood cells of SLE patients. Using six leukocyte types, including neutrophils, we tested the correlation of TE expression with disease severity and explored the relationships between increased ISG and TE expression with attention to the genomic locations of the expressed TEs.

ResultsWe reanalysed previously published data from neutrophils and other leukocytes of SLE patients sub-divided into ISG-high (termed IFNpos, n=12) and ISG-low (termed IFNneg, n=11) patients in the original study, examining RNA-seq data from B and T lymphocytes, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC), monocytes and PMN of IFNpos and IFNneg SLE patients compared to healthy controls. SLE patients pre-stratified as IFNneg showed no significant increase in TE expression. All IFNpos cell types had similar amounts of total TE-encoded RNA, but among the 6 cell types, PMN had the highest number of differentially expressed TEs and ISGs in IFNpos SLE patients compared to healthy controls. There was a strong correlation between expression of several specific TE families and disease activity assessed at the time of the visit. Most upregulated TEs ([~]80%) were present in introns of upregulated genes, and [~]67% of these were ISGs. By mapping expressed TEs in ISGs, we found that high intronic TE expression correlated strongly with increased ISG expression as well as with splicing alterations in annotated exons flanking expressed TEs. Consistent with autonomous TE expression, upregulated TEs were also observed at intergenic sites distant from annotated genes, perhaps due to weakening of heterochromatin integrity.

ConclusionsOur findings show a strong association and suggest mechanistic relationships between increased TE expression and IFN responses in multiple types of leukocytes centrally involved in SLE pathogenesis. Although limited by short-read RNA-seq technology, our analyses support selective upregulation of some TEs independent from the regulation of conventional genes, concurrent with many intron-localized TEs whose expression tracks with ISGs. The data emphasize the need for long-reads sequencing to understand the causes and consequences of high TE expression in SLE and other autoimmune/inflammatory disorders. Important questions include whether TE expression in introns of ISGs and other genes is independently regulated or reflects exonization or partial intron retention, and how frequently it correlates with splicing variations in adjacent exons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arteaga-Vazquez, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepulveda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalobos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalunian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ay, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boothby, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.30.657099</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The interferon response signature links to increased expression of transposable elements in neutrophils of systemic lupus erythematosus patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657183v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing Attentiveness and Cognitive Engagement across Tasks using Video-based Action Understanding in Non-Human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.31.657183v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDistractibility and attentiveness are cognitive states that are expressed through observable behavior. The effective use of behavior observed in videos to diagnose periods of distractibility and attentiveness is still not well understood. Video-based tools for classifying cognitive states from behavior have high potential to serve as versatile diagnostic indicators of maladaptive cognition.

New methodWe describe an analysis pipeline that classifies cognitive states using a 2-camera set-up for video-based estimation of attentiveness and screen engagement in nonhuman primates performing cognitive tasks. The procedure reconstructs 3D poses from 2D labeled DeepLabCut videos, reconstructs the head/yaw orientation relative to a task screen, and arm/hand/wrist engagements with task objects, to segment behavior into an attentiveness and engagement score.

ResultsPerformance of different cognitive tasks were robustly classified from video within a few frames, reaching >90% decoding accuracy with [&le;]3min time segments. The analysis procedure allows setting subject-specific thresholds for segmenting subject specific movements for a time-resolved scoring of attentiveness and screen engagement.

Comparison with existing methodsCurrent methods also extract poses and segment action units; however, they havent been combined into a framework that enables subject-adjusted thresholding for specific task contexts. This integration is needed for inferring cognitive state variables and differentiating performance across various tasks.

ConclusionThe proposed method integrates video segmentation, scoring of attentiveness and screen engagement, and classification of task performance at high temporal resolution. This integrated framework provides a tool for assessing attention functions from video.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, S.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.31.657183</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing Attentiveness and Cognitive Engagement across Tasks using Video-based Action Understanding in Non-Human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657384v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synapse assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657384v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural circuits composed of multitudes of diverse synaptic connections self-organize during mammalian brain development. A balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic function is required for information processing by these neural circuits. Despite the importance of this balance, the interplay between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic assembly during circuit establishment remains unclear due to a lack of means to monitor both processes simultaneously. Here, we develop imaging approaches to visualize and track excitatory and inhibitory synapses concurrently. By applying these approaches, we find that despite continual dynamics, excitatory and inhibitory synaptic density remain at synchronized levels during synaptogenesis. These results support coordinated excitatory and inhibitory synapse assembly to maintain functional balance despite continual synaptic turnover.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657384</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synapse assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.656433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatial transcriptomic atlas of acute neonatal lung injury across development and disease severity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.656433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A molecular understanding of lung organogenesis requires delineation of the timing and regulation of the cellular transitions that ultimately form and support a surface capable of gas exchange. While the advent of single-cell transcriptomics has allowed for the discovery and identification of transcriptionally distinct cell populations present during lung development, the spatiotemporal dynamics of these transcriptional shifts remain undefined. With imaging-based spatial transcriptomics, we analyzed the gene expression patterns in 17 human infant lungs at varying stages of development and injury, creating a spatial transcriptomic atlas of [~]1.2 million cells. We applied computational clustering approaches to identify shared molecular patterns among this cohort, informing how tissue architecture and molecular spatial relationships are coordinated during development and disrupted in disease. Recognizing that all preterm birth represents an injury to the developing lung, we created a simplified classification scheme that relies upon the routinely collected objective measures of gestational age and life span. Within this framework, we have identified cell type patterns across gestational age and life span variables that would likely be overlooked when using the conventional "disease vs. control" binary comparison. Together, these data represent an open resource for the lung research community, supporting discovery-based inquiry and identification of targetable molecular mechanisms in both normal and arrested human lung development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mallapragada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams-Katek, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mee, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilgendorff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldredge, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.656433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatial transcriptomic atlas of acute neonatal lung injury across development and disease severity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanical force-mediated cellular crosstalk maintains the integrity of the lung gas exchange niche 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory motion imposes a constant mechanical strain that has important but poorly defined impact on tissue niches in the lung. We developed a reversible bronchial ligation model to induce and reverse unilateral blockade of lung mechanical motion in vivo and show that this leads to transcriptomic changes in multiple cell lineages that are not normalized upon reinitiation of respiratory motion. Perturbation of mechanosignaling specifically in alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells alters the transcriptomic state and fate of their niche neighbors, demonstrating that AT1 cells act as a node that propagates a mechanical cascade throughout the lung alveolus. Mechanically perturbed AT1 cells induce a distinct capillary endothelial cell state that persists after reactivation of respiratory motion, which is mediated by an integrin/TGF-{beta} network within the alveolus that is vulnerable to pharmacological intervention. Importantly, AT1 mechanosignaling and intercellular communication are altered in chronic human lung diseases, highlighting the critical role of an AT1-driven mechanosensing network in lung disease biology. Thus, mechanosensing cells propagate biophysical signals that regulate tissue function and program tissue responses in disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planer, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chembazhi, U. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ying, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallquist, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basil, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrisey, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanical force-mediated cellular crosstalk maintains the integrity of the lung gas exchange niche]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657914v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calorie restriction suppresses aging alpha cell pro-inflammatory signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.04.657914v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging increases risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), partly through loss of beta cell identity and function driven by metabolic stress and islet inflammation. While calorie restriction (CR) promotes beta cell longevity in young animals, its impact on cellular aging and inflammatory burden in older individuals is unclear. Using SCENIC regulon and multiomic analyses, we find that aging human alpha cells adopt a coordinated inflammatory phenotype marked by IFN-{gamma} signaling to increase major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation, and CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation towards islets. In T2D, CD8+ T cells further progress towards an effector memory state. CR reduces alpha cell MHC-I expression while subsequently suppressing CD8+ effector status and accompanied by reduced islet inflammation and immune cell infiltration in mice. Together, these findings highlight an alpha cell-immune signaling axis in aging and T2D that may underlie fibrosis and disease pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambraia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.04.657914</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calorie restriction suppresses aging alpha cell pro-inflammatory signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life environments shape adult cardiometabolic health during rapid lifestyle change 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.658350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early life environments can have long-lasting impacts on health and fitness, but the evolutionary significance of these effects remains debated. Two major classes of explanations have been proposed: developmental constraints (DC) explanations posit that early life adversity limits optimal development, leading to long-term costs, while predictive adaptive response (PAR) explanations posit that organisms use early life cues to predict adult conditions, resulting in detriments when adult environments do not match expectations. We tested these hypotheses using anthropological and biomedical data for the Orang Asli--the Indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia--who are undergoing a rapid but heterogenous transition from non-industrial, subsistence-based livelihoods to more industrialized, market-integrated conditions.

Using questionnaire data, we show that this shift creates natural variation in the degree of similarity between early life and adult environments. Using anthropometric and health data, we find that, more rural, subsistence-based early life environments are associated with shorter stature but better adult cardiometabolic health. Applying a quadratic regression framework, we find support for DC but not PAR in explaining adult cardiometabolic health, echoing findings and conclusions from other long-lived species. Overall, our results suggest that early life conditions can provide additive protection against common health issues associated with urban, industrialized lifestyle exposure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tennyson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A/P Tan Boon Huat, T. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solhaimi bin Fadzil, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>bin Mohd Sayed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seong Ng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A L Lim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.06.658350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life environments shape adult cardiometabolic health during rapid lifestyle change]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Layer 6 is a hub for cholinergic modulation in the mouse auditory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractBasal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) densely innervate auditory cortex (ACtx), conveying signals linked to internal brain states and external sensory cues. Several studies have shown that acetylcholine (ACh) rapidly modifies local cortical circuits via nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) on layer 1 (L1) inhibitory neurons. BFCN terminals are also abundant in L6, though the mechanisms and functional consequences of cholinergic modulation in deeper cortical layers has received less attention. Here, we performed multi-plex in situ labeling across cortical layers and cell types and found that L6 pyramidal neurons (L6-PNs) were highly enriched in diverse nAChR subunit and muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) transcripts. In vivo optogenetic activation of BFCN axons revealed persistent modulation of regular spiking (RS) units in L2-6 but a rapid phasic activation only in L6. In acute slices, optogenetic activation of BFCN axons elicited fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials via nAChRs in L6-PNs, comparable to responses in L1-INs, and slower inhibitory responses mediated by mAChRs. These findings identify L1 inhibitory neurons and L6 excitatory neurons as two hubs that mediate BFCN modulation of cortical circuits. Transcriptional, synaptic, and local circuit connectivity differences between L1 and L6 hubs may allow BFCN inputs to shape perception and plasticity on distinct timescales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vattino, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takesian, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Layer 6 is a hub for cholinergic modulation in the mouse auditory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658730v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A reversible feedback mechanism regulating mitochondrial heme synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658730v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proper heme biosynthesis is essential for numerous cellular functions across nearly all life forms. In humans, dysregulated heme metabolism is linked to multiple blood diseases, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Erythroid heme production begins with the rate-limiting enzyme Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase (ALAS2) in the mitochondrion. Although prior studies discuss the regulation of ALAS2 in the nucleus and cytoplasm, its modulation as a mature mitochondrial matrix enzyme remains poorly understood. We report that heme binds mature human ALAS2 with high affinity, acting as a reversible mixed inhibitor that reduces enzymatic activity. Structure-based modeling reveals two flexible regions of ALAS2 interact with heme, locking the enzyme in an inactive conformation and occluding the active site. Our work reveals a negative feedback mechanism for heme synthesis, offering insights into the spatial regulation of ALAS2 and the maturation of the essential heme cofactor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chitrakar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayres-Galhardo, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658730</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A reversible feedback mechanism regulating mitochondrial heme synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658375v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing Fair and Explainable Machine Learning for Neuroimaging Dementia Pattern Classification in Multi-Ethnic Populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.09.658375v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dementia, a degenerative disease affecting millions globally, is projected to triple by 2050. Early and precise diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and improved quality of life. However, current diagnostic approaches frequently demonstrate inconsistent precision and impartiality, particularly among diverse cultural groups. This study investigates performance discrepancies in dementia classification among White American, African American, and Hispanic populations. We reveal significant cross-group bias, particularly when models trained on one group are tested on another. To address this, we introduce a novel combination of few-shot learning and domain alignment to improve model adaptability across underrepresented populations. Our results show that these techniques substantially reduce inter-group performance gaps, especially between White American and Hispanic cohorts. This finding highlights the crucial need for fairness-aware strategies and the inclusion of diverse populations in training data to ensure accurate and equitable dementia diagnoses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, N.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charisis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Honnorat, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandigampala, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckbert, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seshadri, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davatzikos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658375</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing Fair and Explainable Machine Learning for Neuroimaging Dementia Pattern Classification in Multi-Ethnic Populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unbiased recording of clonal potency reveals species-specific regulation of mammalian intestine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The mammalian intestine regenerates rapidly after damage, yet the clonal dynamics and species-specific regulation of different populations remain poorly understood. Here we used synthetic or naturally occurring DNA alterations to reconstruct clonal histories of the mouse and human intestinal epithelium at single-cell resolution. In mice, we uncovered the clonal architecture of different cell types and their roles in regeneration, supporting a hierarchical regenerative response model. We identified a rare embryonic precursor population that persisted in the adult and was crucial for regeneration after irradiation. This population was marked by Tob2, which is required for nuclear transport of Ascl2. A parallel clonal analysis of 65 human colonic biopsies revealed secretory lineage bias and an age-associated decline in clonal diversity in the distal colon. Unlike highly proliferative murine Lgr5+ stem cells, human LGR5+ cells were found largely quiescent, revealing species-specific difference in clonal potency, and suggesting a distinct regulation of intestinal stemness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bechard, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasneem, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glass, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markham, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revetta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Solano, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franklin, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unbiased recording of clonal potency reveals species-specific regulation of mammalian intestine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.656227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integration of Audiovisual Motion in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortical Neurons 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.656227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is well recognized for its role in cognitive functions and activating action plans. In contrast, the properties of prefrontal neurons with respect to multisensory processing are less well studied. To address this question, we recorded single units from areas 8a and 46 of two female rhesus macaques while they were presented with visual, auditory, and audiovisual motion stimuli. The majority of dorsolateral prefrontal neurons responded to these sensory stimuli, with similar percentages of auditory-only, visual-only and audiovisual neurons. Approximately one third of responsive neurons exhibited significant super- or sub-additive interactions in response to the pairing of auditory and visual stimuli, revealing significant nonlinearities in their response profiles. Decoding motion signals from the population activity robustly differentiated multisensory from unisensory trials and also unisensory auditory and visual trials from each other. These results demonstrate that dorsolateral prefrontal neurons integrate auditory and visual motion signals, extending multisensory computations beyond sensory cortices into prefrontal circuits that support higher-order cognition.

New & NoteworthyWe recorded single neurons in macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during visual, auditory, and audiovisual motion. Nearly half of responsive neurons were multisensory and a third displayed significant super- or sub-additive interactions, while ensemble activity reliably decoded stimulus modality. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date that DLPFC performs rapid, nonlinear audiovisual integration, extending multisensory computations beyond classical posterior regions into the prefrontal circuits that support cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Karimi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mozumder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenhaut, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.656227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integration of Audiovisual Motion in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortical Neurons]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reversible Antagonism of Dopamine D1 Receptor using a Photoswitchable Remotely Tethered Ligand 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) plays key roles in health and disease. D1R is broadly expressed throughout the brain and body and is dynamically activated in response to endogenous dopamine, making it difficult to target this receptor with sufficient precision. We previously developed a robust light-activatable, tetherable agonist for D1R, wherein a temporally precise photo-switch (the P compound) binds to a genetically-encoded membrane anchoring protein (the M protein) in specific brain locations and cell types. Here we extended our approach by developing a complementary antagonist P compound that could be used to block specific populations of D1R in the brain with precise timing. Together, we have generated a robust toolkit for interrogating D1R function in the brain with unprecedented precision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hetzler, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donthamsetti, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolesensky, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isacoff, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trauner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reversible Antagonism of Dopamine D1 Receptor using a Photoswitchable Remotely Tethered Ligand]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision targeting of C3+ reactive astrocyte subpopulations with endogenous ADAR in an iPSC-derived model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes play pivotal roles in maintaining neural architecture and function. However, their pronounced heterogeneity, especially in reactive states where distinct subtypes can adopt potentially opposing functions (e.g., neuroprotective vs. neuroinflammatory), complicates our understanding of their net contributions to neurological disorders. A critical challenge arises because these functionally distinct subpopulations often coexist, and the lack of precise tools to separately monitor or manipulate them has significantly hindered efforts to dissect their specific roles in disease progression. Here, we address this gap by developing and optimizing fluorescent RNA sensors mediated by endogenous adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) for application in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes. We employed a streamlined screening methodology to enhance sensor specificity and functionality for complement component 3 (C3), a key marker predominantly associated with neuroinflammatory astrocytes, thus enabling subtype-specific tracking and providing a crucial tool for distinguishing these cells within heterogeneous populations. By integrating the biological complexity of astrocytes with the technological precision of ADAR-mediated sensing, this study establishes a robust framework for investigating astrocyte dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Embalabala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision targeting of C3+ reactive astrocyte subpopulations with endogenous ADAR in an iPSC-derived model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing scale and complexity of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple study sites present substantial analytic challenges, as existing statistical analysis tools struggle to handle missing voxel-data, suffer from limited computational speed and inefficient memory allocation, and are restricted in the types of statistical designs they are able to model. We introduce Image-Based Meta- & Mega-Analysis (IBMMA), a novel software package implemented in R and Python that provides a unified framework for analyzing diverse neuroimaging features, efficiently handles large-scale datasets through parallel processing, offers flexible statistical modeling options, and properly manages missing voxel-data commonly encountered in multi-site studies. IBMMA produced stronger effect sizes and revealed findings in brain regions that traditional software overlooked due to missing voxel-data resulting in gaps in brain coverage. IBMMA has the potential to accelerate discoveries in neuroscience and enhance the clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rektor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.657725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multisensory integration for active mechanosensation in Drosophila flight 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To support robust behaviors in highly variable environments, animals rely on active sampling of their sensory surroundings. Here, we use tethered, flying Drosophila melanogaster and a multisensory behavioral apparatus simulating forward flight to determine how visual and mechanosensory information are integrated and control active movements of an important multimodal sensory organ, the antennae. We found that flies perform active antennal movements in response to varying airflow, and that the direction of these movements changes depending on the visual environment. Next, we found that antennal movements are amplified in the presence of visual motion, but only when the fly was flying. Through mechanical and optogenetic manipulation of mechanosensory input, we found that mechanosensory feedback is vital to antennal positioning at flight onset. Additionally, we observed unexpected changes in wingbeat frequency when the antenna was mechanically stabilized, suggesting that multiple antennal mechanosensors contribute to flight regulation. Finally, we show that integration of mechanosensory and visual cues for controlling antennal motion follows in a "winner-takes-all" paradigm dependent on the stimulus frequency, mirroring visuo-mechanosensory guided behaviors in other species. Together, these results reveal novel behavioral gating of sensory information and expand our understanding of the efferent control of active sensing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suver, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multisensory integration for active mechanosensation in Drosophila flight]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exosomes are specialized vehicles to induce fibronectin assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.23.661091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibronectin is a key stromal matrix molecule whose assembly into fibrils is thought to require cells. In contrast, we find that small exosome-type extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical initiators of fibronectin assembly. Fibroblasts engineered to be deficient in exosome secretion showed greatly reduced assembly of fibronectin and other stromal matrix molecules in 2D, 3D, and in vivo environments, and led to reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis by breast cancer cells. Furthermore, transgenic mice with defects in exosome secretion had greatly reduced lung fibrosis after treatment with bleomycin. In a direct test of exosome function, we find that the addition of purified small EVs to purified soluble fibronectin in a cell-free system is sufficient to induce fibronectin assembly. The EV-induced fibronectin assembly requires the presence of fibronectin-binding integrins and Syndecan-1 in the EVs. We propose a new model in which secreted exosomes directly drive stromal matrix assembly and tissue fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sung, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmanuel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virumbrales-Munoz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapraeger, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ponik, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.23.661091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exosomes are specialized vehicles to induce fibronectin assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.22.660966v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellSpliceNet: Interpretable Multimodal Modeling ofAlternative Splicing Across Neurons in C. elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.22.660966v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing profoundly diversifies the transcriptome and proteome, but decoding its regulatory mechanisms remains a challenge. We introduce CellSpliceNet, an interpretable transformer-based multimodal deep learning framework designed to predict splicing outcomes across the neurons of C. elegans. By integrating four complementary data modalities, namely long-range genomic sequence, local regions of interest (ROIs) in the RNA sequence, secondary structure, and gene expression, CellSpliceNet captures the complex interplay of factors that influence splicing decisions within the cellular context. CellSpliceNet employs modality-specific transformer embeddings, incorporating structural representations guided by mutual information and scattering graph embeddings. To this end, a novel and carefully designed multimodal multi-head attention mechanism preserves the integrity of each modality while facilitating selective cross-modal interactions, notably allowing gene expression data to inform sequence and structural predictions. Attention-based pooling within each modality highlights biologically critical elements, such as canonical intron-exon splice boundaries and accessible single-stranded RNA loop structures within the exon. Quantitative comparisons with current state-of-the-art methods demonstrated CellSpliceNet s superior predictive accuracy (Spearman{rho} = 0.88) and high accuracy across diverse neuron subtypes. Furthermore, CellSpliceNet elucidates a hierarchical, neuron-specific splicing code by preferentially weighting upstream enhancer motifs (e.g., GGAAGAAC) and identifying neuron-class-specific splicing-factor signatures, including smu-1, unc-75, and hrp-1. Thus, CellSpliceNet not only advances the frontiers of alternative splicing predictive capabilities but also provides mechanistic insights into the multimodal regulation of alternative splicing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afrasiyabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovalic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.22.660966</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellSpliceNet: Interpretable Multimodal Modeling ofAlternative Splicing Across Neurons in C. elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nutrient-Responsive Formation of Mitochondrial-Derived Structures in Caenorhabditis elegans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial morphology is dynamically regulated through remodeling processes essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and ensuring cellular and metabolic homeostasis. While classical models of mitochondrial dynamics center on cycles of fragmentation and elongation, emerging evidence highlights additional membrane remodeling mechanisms, including the formation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) and mitochondrial-derived compartments (MDCs). These mitochondrial-derived structures, however, have been predominantly characterized in cultured cells and unicellular organisms, leaving their relevance in multicellular systems largely unexplored. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized class of mitochondrial-derived structures in Caenorhabditis elegans muscle cells that are induced in response to intermittent fasting. We show that these structures appear specifically during the refeeding phase-- coinciding with mitochondrial elongation --and are absent during fasting. Consistent with MDCs, the structures, approximately 1 {micro}m in size, are enriched in outer mitochondrial membrane markers such as TOMM-20aa1-49 and TOMM-70, but notably lack components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Their formation requires the microtubule-associated MIRO-1/2 proteins, and their size is modulated by the mitochondrial dynamics machinery. Together, our findings reveal a nutritionally regulated mitochondrial remodeling event in C. elegans muscle that may play a role in mitochondrial quality control and adaptation to metabolic cues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valera-Alberni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanjuin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Sanz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mair, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nutrient-Responsive Formation of Mitochondrial-Derived Structures in Caenorhabditis elegans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal and cell-specific changes to cellular iron sequestration and lipid peroxidation in a murine model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIron accumulation and lipid peroxidation are pathophysiologic mechanisms that drive neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Characterization of spatiotemporal changes in these processes will help elucidate their role in ischemic neuronal injury as an initial step towards developing targeted interventions.

MethodsHI was induced in post-natal day 9 mice using the modified-Vannucci model. Hippocampal tissue from ipsilateral HI exposed, contralateral hypoxia exposed and sham animals was collected at 6h, 24h, 72h and 7d post-HI. Tissue was subsequently evaluated for markers of cell death (TUNEL), intracellular iron changes (FerroOrange, fluorescent in situ and immunofluorescence), and lipid peroxidation (real time PCR, Gpx4 immunofluorescence and mass spectrometry). Mass spectrometry measured isoprostanes (15-F2t-IsoP) and neuroprostanes (4-F4t-NP) as lipid peroxidation markers of arachidonic (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively.

ResultsCompared to sham, the HI hippocampus showed increased intracellular labile iron levels that was maximal at 6h post-HI with subsequent elevation in only neuroprostanes at 24h post-HI. TUNEL labeling peaked at 24h post-HI. At 72h, labile iron levels and lipid peroxidation declined corresponding with peak infiltration of ferritin positive microglia/macrophages and the start of TUNEL staining decline. In addition, surviving neurons had increased expression of Gpx4 peaking at 72h post-HI that normalized by 7d post-HI.

ConclusionsThese findings suggest that following HI, an acute increase in labile iron and DHA peroxidation are correlated with markers of cell death that peak at 24h post-HI. Microglial/macrophage iron sequestration and neuronal antioxidant responses may ameliorate further injury and represent targets for neuroprotective therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vithayathil, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shankar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milne, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talos, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunaief, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal and cell-specific changes to cellular iron sequestration and lipid peroxidation in a murine model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662840v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of Region-specific Fiber Damage within Injured Spinal Cord Using Advanced Diffusion MRI 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662840v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study aimed to evaluate diffusion parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and spherical mean technique (SMT) for detecting region-specific, fine-grained tissue damage and white matter (WM) tract disruptions following spinal cord injury (SCI). Diffusion MRI data were acquired from the cervical spinal cord of monkeys before and after a unilateral dorsal column lesion at the C5 level, using a 9.4T scanner. Parametric maps derived from DTI and SMT effectively detected regional fiber damage around 16 weeks post-injury. Post-mortem silver staining served as the ground truth for assessing region-specific fiber damage. Diffusion MRI maps aligned well with histological measures and captured the severity of WM damage at the lesioned segment (in an order of dorsal > ventral > lateral WM tracts) and along the dorsal column tract across segments (in an order of lesion center > rostral > caudal). Among the diffusion parameters, fractional anisotropy (FA), axonal volume fraction (Vax), radial diffusivity (RD), and extra axonal transverse diffusivity (Dex) showed most significant changes at and around the lesion site where severe tissue damage occurred. FA, Vax, and axial diffusivity (AD) exhibited marked changes in dorsal column proximal to the lesion center, where moderate axonal damage occurred. Additionally, AD and FA showed the greatest sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) to mild fiber disruption and demyelination in regions distal to the lesion. Overall, FA provided the highest sensitivity and specificity for detecting fiber degeneration and demyelination, while Vax demonstrated the strongest spatial correlation with histologic markers of regional fiber damage. The combination of DTI and SMT thus offers reliable biomarkers for assessing SCI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662840</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of Region-specific Fiber Damage within Injured Spinal Cord Using Advanced Diffusion MRI]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662878v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Detection of Neuroinflammation and White Matter Damage Following Dorsal Spinal Nerve Root Sectioning in a Nonhuman Primate Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.02.662878v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeDorsal rhizotomy, or spinal dorsal nerve root lesioning, is a surgical procedure used to treat intractable nerve pain by selectively severing sensory afferent nerve roots. This study aimed to evaluate whether multiparametric MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT), and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), can sensitively detect structural and biochemical changes in the intact spinal cord following a focal dorsal nerve root section in a non-human primate model.

MethodsIn four squirrel monkeys, unilateral dorsal nerve roots at cervical segments C4 and C5 were surgically transected. MRI data were collected using a 9.4 T scanner with a custom saddle-shaped transmit-receive quadrature coil before and one week after lesioning. DTI-derived fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD); qMT-derived pool size ratio (PSR); and CEST and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effects were quantified across seven spinal cord regions of interest (ROIs). CEST and NOE effects were extracted using five-pool Lorentzian fitting of Z-spectra.

ResultsAt the lesioned dorsal nerve root bundles, FA, PSR, and NOE (-1.6 ppm) values decreased, while RD and CEST (3.5 ppm) increased, consistent with fiber degeneration, demyelination, and inflammation. Similar, though less pronounced, changes were observed in the dorsal root entry zone, particularly within the first week post-lesion.

ConclusionMultiparametric MRI enables region-specific detection of early spinal cord pathology as soon as one week following dorsal nerve root injury. These findings support its potential as a noninvasive tool for monitoring secondary degeneration due to spinal nerve damage and for evaluating outcomes of therapeutic interventions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.02.662878</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Detection of Neuroinflammation and White Matter Damage Following Dorsal Spinal Nerve Root Sectioning in a Nonhuman Primate Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662249v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MarkerMatch: A Proximity-Based Probe-Matching Algorithm for Joint Analysis of Copy-Number Variants from Different Genotyping Arrays 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662249v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationCopy-number variants (CNVs) are a form of genetic structural variation with increasing importance in complex human disorders. Both DNA sequencing and microarray data can be used to call CNVs, which can be used in association tests, such as association between CNV number and disease status. Unlike genotypes, CNV detection in microarrays requires the use of observed intensity signals at each probe, which limits the imputability for analyses that span multiple array types. Thus far, a consensus set of probes (the intersection encompassing the probes that occur in common on all arrays) has been used to circumvent the problem of differing array-specific sensitivities. This has, however, led to excessive reduction in overall sensitivity of CNV calls as arrays can have an undesirably low overlap of probe sets. To overcome this limitation, we developed MarkerMatch, a proximity-based algorithm that matches probes across different genotyping microarrays to maximize the number of probes considered in the CNV calling algorithm, thereby increasing the resolution and sensitivity while preserving precision.

ResultsBy analyzing CNV calls from 4,906 individuals genotyped across three different arrays (Global Screening Array, Omni2.5 array, and Omni Express Exome array), we show that the MarkerMatch approach improves sensitivity by increasing the density of probes available for CNV calling while maintaining precision or improving it relative to the current practice (e.g., use of consensus probes only). We further demonstrate that MarkerMatch exceeds the output from current practice in terms of F1 score, Fowlkes-Mallows index, and Jaccard index. We also optimize MarkerMatch parameters, DMAX and Method, and find an optimal DMAX setting at 10kb, with no clear optimal candidate based on Method, indicating that parameters for this metric should be determined on a use case basis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ivankovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niarchou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaylor, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenech, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller-Fleming, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porras, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662249</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MarkerMatch: A Proximity-Based Probe-Matching Algorithm for Joint Analysis of Copy-Number Variants from Different Genotyping Arrays]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662587v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Morning Elevation in Insulin Enhances Afternoon Postprandial Insulin Action and Glucose Effectiveness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.01.662587v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The second-meal phenomenon refers to the improved glycemic response to a subsequent identical meal. Postprandial net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) is governed by the combined effects of three regulatory factors: insulin action (IA), initiated by hyperinsulinemia; glucose effectiveness (GE), driven by hyperglycemia; and the portal glucose signal (PGS), activated by glucose delivery into the hepatoportal circulation. Previous studies demonstrated that morning (AM) hyperinsulinemia primes the liver, causing substantially enhanced NHGU later in the day; however, it remained unclear which component of the afternoon (PM) response is augmented. To address this, we assessed how AM insulin elevation influences PM IA, GE, and the PGS. Dogs underwent an AM clamp with either a 4h hyperinsulinemic prime (Prime, n=8) or basal insulin delivery (No Prime, n=8). After a 1.5-hour rest, both groups underwent a PM hyperglycemic clamp (with portal glucose delivery) under basal insulin conditions. During the PM clamp, NHGU was significantly greater in the Prime versus No Prime group (2.2{+/-}0.3 vs. 0.1{+/-}0.3 mg/kg/min, P<0.005), indicating priming enhanced GE and/or PGS effects. In prior experiments with all three stimuli present in the PM (IA, GE, and PGS), AM insulin priming increased PM NHGU by 3.8 mg/kg/min. Thus, while AM insulin priming alone enhanced GE and/or PGS, the full effect requires an elevation in PM insulin, suggesting that morning insulin exposure primes the liver by augmenting both afternoon insulin action and glucose action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Waterman, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farmer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yankey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherrington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edgerton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662587</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Morning Elevation in Insulin Enhances Afternoon Postprandial Insulin Action and Glucose Effectiveness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662976v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endogenous glucocorticoids moderate the gastric inflammatory response to Helicobacter infection and protect from autoimmunity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.03.662976v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and AimsImmune responses to infection must balance pathogen clearance with minimizing tissue damage and autoimmunity. Chronic gastric inflammation caused by H. pylori damages the gastric mucosa and promotes carcinogenesis. Glucocorticoids are immunoregulatory hormones that limit immune activation in the stomach. This study aimed to determine how endogenous glucocorticoids regulate the gastric immune response to Helicobacter infection and their impact on preneoplastic lesion development.

MethodsWe examined the role of endogenous glucocorticoids in shaping the gastric immune response to Helicobacter felis colonization. Gastric immune cell infiltration, atrophy, metaplasia, and preneoplastic lesion development were evaluated in adrenal-intact control mice and adrenalectomized (ADX) mice. Auto-reactive IgG antibodies were assessed using a mouse self-antigen array and by measuring their binding to healthy gastric tissue.

ResultsLoss of endogenous glucocorticoids led to significantly increased H. felis-induced gastric T cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression compared to intact-infected controls. While all intact mice maintained chronic infection for up to 12 months, nearly all ADX mice eradicated H. felis within 2-3 weeks. Despite bacterial clearance, ADX mice continued to exhibit chronic gastric inflammation and developed dysplasia. Autoantibody profiling showed that both intact and ADX groups generated self-reactive IgG during active infection. However, only ADX mice sustained autoantibody production following bacterial eradication.

ConclusionsEndogenous glucocorticoids attenuate gastric inflammation during Helicobacter infection, supporting bacterial persistence while maintaining immune tolerance. These findings suggest that heightened immune responses to H. pylori may trigger autoimmune gastritis (AIG) development, which can persist after H. pylori clearance and continue to drive gastric cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Druffner, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascoe, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abner, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peek, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiPaolo, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busada, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.03.662976</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endogenous glucocorticoids moderate the gastric inflammatory response to Helicobacter infection and protect from autoimmunity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic tail composition modulates the G protein and arrestin-3 signaling bias of the adhesion GPCR LPHN2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.04.663222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The class B2 Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) combine cell adhesion with GPCR signaling to control diverse developmental and physiological processes. How aGPCRs interact with and integrate distinct groups of effectors including G proteins, arrestins, and G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) remains unclear. Here, we find that diversity in the aGPCR C-terminal intracellular tail modulates G protein activation, arrestin-3 recruitment, and utilization of selective GRKs in LPHN2, a postsynaptic aGPCR essential for synapse formation. The C-terminal tail of LPHN2 is required for G protein activation and arrestin-3 recruitment. LPHN2 with an intact tail recruits arrestin-3 in the absence of G protein activation, suggesting constitutive arrestin-3-biased signaling. Alternative splicing of the LPHN2 tail modulates G protein activation and arrestin-3 binding independently, supporting that it controls G protein vs arrestin-3 bias. GRKs are important but not essential for arrestin-3 recruitment to LPHN2. Moreover, GRK2 increases arrestin-3 recruitment only in a subset of LPHN2 variants. Collectively, these results show that the mechanisms of the interactions of class B2 aGPCRs and arrestin are distinct from those of class A GPCRs and that splicing of the LPHN2 C-terminal tail determines G protein vs arrestin bias.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garbett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurevich, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sando, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.04.663222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cytoplasmic tail composition modulates the G protein and arrestin-3 signaling bias of the adhesion GPCR LPHN2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Niche Environment via Integrative Analysis of Single Cell Multiomics and Spatial Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive lung disease characterized by cystic destruction and metastatic growth of smooth muscle-like cells. Despite advances in understanding its genetic basis, the cellular heterogeneity, regulatory mechanisms, and microenvironmental interactions driving LAM progression remain poorly defined. In this study, we employed an integrative multi-omics approach combining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-nucleus ATAC sequencing (snATAC-seq), and high-resolution spatial transcriptomics (Visium, Visium HD, and Xenium) to decode the LAM niche in its native environment. We identified two spatially and functionally distinct LAM subtypes: LAMCORE1 and LAMCORE2. LAMCORE1 cells exhibited a uterine smooth muscle-like phenotype, expressing associated markers (ACTA2, MYH11) and were enriched in MTORC1 signaling and myogenic pathways, supporting a uterine origin. In contrast, LAMCORE2 cells displayed fibroblast-like features, with upregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling genes (COL1A1, MMP11) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways, suggesting a role in niche formation. Pseudotime and regulon analyses revealed dynamic transitions between these subtypes, driven by distinct transcriptional networks (e.g., HOX/PBX in LAMCORE1, TWIST/ZEB in LAMCORE2). The presence of the two distinct LAM subtypes was further validated by RNAscope and immunofluorescence microscopy.

We identified LAM-associated fibroblasts (LAFs) as activated stromal cells expressing canonical markers (FAP, S100A4, VIM, IGFBP7, SPARC) and localized within LAM lesions. Subpopulations of LAFs, LAF-seed (proximal to LAMCORE1) and LAF-niche (surrounding LAM niches), exhibited unique functional profiles, including ECM deposition, TGF-{beta} signaling, and myofibroblast activation. Regulatory network analysis pinpointed EGR1 as a central hub governing LAF phenotype. Our comprehensive spatial profiling revealed niche structures dominated by LAMCORE1 cells and surrounded by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), LAFs, scattered LAMCORE2 cells, macrophages, and reprogrammed alveolar epithelial cells (AT2). ECM remodeling and aberrant organization of cable-like structures (-smooth muscle actin+) of the LAM niches were further validated by second harmonic generation microscopy.

These findings provide a high-resolution blueprint of LAM pathogenesis, highlighting the interplay between uterine-derived LAMCORE cells, activated fibroblasts, and the remodeled lung microenvironment. They significantly enhance our understanding of the LAM niche microenvironment and offer insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies for managing this complex disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reza, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakar, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wikenheiser-Brokamp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perl, A.-K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinner, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Niche Environment via Integrative Analysis of Single Cell Multiomics and Spatial Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.662476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of natural killer cell tumor homing and effector function in response to CDK4/6 and AURKA inhibition in a melanoma tumor-on-a-chip platform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.662476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as an important clinical tool cellular immunotherapy. Whereas immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (CAR-T) therapy have been adopted as a first line treatments in different malignancies, such as melanoma, these approaches do not work for all patients. T cells require proper antigen presentation on tumor cells for recognition and to carry out their corresponding cytotoxic functions. Deficiency of tumor antigens, or high variability in those present, make T cell-based CAR-T and ICB ineffective. By contrast, NK cells are not limited by antigen presentation deficiencies, offering a potential alternative approach, yet their efficacy can suffer from immunosuppressive signals. Herein, we sought to develop in vitro and on-chip platforms to identify strategies for enhance, rather than suppress, NK cell homing to tumor cells. We explored the use of inhibition of kinases such as CK4/6 and AURKA to induce tumor cell production of chemokines that NK cells migrate towards in aggressive melanoma models. We evaluated chemokine-aided NK cell migration-homing capabilities and their therapeutic efficacy and found that treatment of both melanoma cell line and patient-tumor constructs (PTCs) with CDK4/6 and AURKA generally resulted in improved NK cell homing to tumor cells and accompanying tumor cell killing. Interestingly, this chemokine-guided NK cell migration did not generate as effective outcomes in models using a mildly aggressive melanoma cell line. For our studies, we used 3D tumor constructs in both static Transwell models and then in a bioengineered NK cell-functionalized tumor-on-a-chip (NK-TOC) platform.

Graphical abstract

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chakraborty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durham, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capece, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilgelm, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skardal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.662476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of natural killer cell tumor homing and effector function in response to CDK4/6 and AURKA inhibition in a melanoma tumor-on-a-chip platform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KIASORT: Knowledge-Integrated Automated Spike Sorting for Geometry-Free Neuron Tracking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.10.664175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern high-density neural recordings demand spike sorting algorithms that can handle diverse probe geometries and complex, neuron-specific drift, yet existing methods often rely on rigid geometric assumptions and one-dimensional drift models. Here, we introduce KIASORT (Knowledge-Integrated Automated Spike Sorting), a geometry-free approach for per-neuron drift tracking. KIASORT trains channel-specific classifiers in a hybrid linear-nonlinear embedding space, capturing waveform features often missed by conventional linear methods. These classifiers then sort spikes by independently tracking each neuron, unconstrained by probe layout. Biophysical simulations showed that even sub-micron probe displacements induce neuron-specific waveform distortions that standard drift models cannot correct. In ground-truth benchmarks with heterogeneous, neuron-specific drift, KIASORT significantly outperformed Kilosort4 in recovering high-quality units, while maintaining real-time performance on standard CPUs. Its robustness was further validated on both primate and mouse data. KIASORT combines automated sorting with manual curation in a unified graphical interface, offering a complete and user-friendly spike sorting platform. The software is freely available at https://kiasort.com.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Boroujeni, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kastner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.10.664175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KIASORT: Knowledge-Integrated Automated Spike Sorting for Geometry-Free Neuron Tracking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A versatile enzymatic pathway for modification of peptide C-termini 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in bioinformatics have enabled the discovery of unique enzymatic reactions, particularly for ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). The recently discovered daptides, peptides with their C-terminus replaced by an amine, represent one such case, but the diversity, requirements, and engineering potential of daptide biosynthesis remain to be established. Using the daptide biosynthetic gene clusters from Thermobifida fusca and Streptomyces azureus, we reconstituted daptide biosynthesis in vitro, revealing the enzymatic requirements for successive oxidative decarboxylation, transamination, and N,N-dimethylation. In vitro and in vivo studies showed a tailoring family of YcaO enzymes convert a secondary amine intermediate to a C-terminal imidazoline. We further demonstrated enzymatic activity toward shortened, leader peptide-free, and non-native core peptides, highlighting a broad substrate tolerance. Using these insights, we directed the daptide pathway to install new C-termini, including a bioconjugation-compatible aminoacetone, on various peptide and protein substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dommaraju, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandy, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujiki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarlah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chekan, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A versatile enzymatic pathway for modification of peptide C-termini]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Adapted Omicron BA.5 Induces A Fibrotic Lung Disease Phenotype in BALB/c Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, subsequent Omicron sub-lineages have continued to emerge, challenging the development of intervention and prevention strategies, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. To better understand the pathogenic effects caused by Omicron BA.5 infection, we developed a mouse-adapted virus with overt disease burden in BALB/c mice. Acute disease was characterized by significant weight loss and lung dysfunction following high-dose challenges. In survivor animals that were followed through 107 days post-infection, subpleural fibrosis with associated tertiary lymphoid structures was noted. Serum from these mice demonstrated potent neutralization against BA.5, with substantially reduced neutralization titers against early epidemic, zoonotic, and more recent contemporary XBB.1.5 variants. Intervention with pre-clinical monoclonal antibodies revealed that robust protection from BA.5-induced lung disease was possible after prophylactic administration. Together, this model enables the investigation of therapeutic approaches for both acute and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.

ImportanceIn order to best combat the evolving landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and variants of concern the development of effective small animal models is of critical importance. Herein, we describe the development of a model system in BALB/c mice to study the effects of SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 in both acute and chronic disease manifestations. Intriguingly, we determined that fibrotic lung disease with tertiary lymphoid structures was a prominent feature in the lungs of mice that survived through the acute phase of infection. This is a prominent concern in human patients that survive the initial infection insult. As such, and most critically, the model system presented here provides researchers with an effective pathway in which long COVID manifestations and potential interventions can be studied.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Powers, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leist, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zost, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binshtein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdelgadir, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallory, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gully, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubbard, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zweigart, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheahan, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harkema, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Adapted Omicron BA.5 Induces A Fibrotic Lung Disease Phenotype in BALB/c Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664388v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammaging in aged tissues drives remodeling of the CD8+ T cell compartment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.11.664388v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging profoundly reshapes the immune cell landscape, with particularly strong effects on CD8+ T cells, including a marked decline in naive cells and the emergence of age-associated GZMK+ CD8+ T cells (TAA cells). Although TAA cells make up a significant fraction of the aged CD8+ T cell compartment, the pathway underlying their development remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that TAA cell development is cell-extrinsic and requires antigen exposure within aged non-lymphoid tissues. Using a novel TNF{Delta}69AU/+ mouse model, we show that systemic low-grade inflammation, characteristic of inflammaging, accelerates CD8+ T cell aging and promotes early accumulation of TAA cells. Through detailed analysis of TAA cell heterogeneity, we identified a progenitor subpopulation enriched in the aged adipose tissue. Using heterochronic transplantation, we show that adipose tissue acts as a functional niche, supporting progenitor maintenance and driving the conversion of young CD8+ T cells into the aged phenotype. Taken together, our findings reveal how aging of non-lymphoid tissues orchestrates the reorganization of the CD8+ T cell compartment and highlight adipose tissue as a promising target for therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating immune aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shchukina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Hernandez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleverov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mintz, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mineura, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawardana, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vachova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kossl, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vander Wielen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilenko, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huckstep, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piston, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egawa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreisel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randolph, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artyomov, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664388</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammaging in aged tissues drives remodeling of the CD8+ T cell compartment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spef1 is a microvillar component that limits apical actomyosin contractility and preserves intestinal barrier function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial sheet integrity is established by adherent contacts that form between cells, at the interface between their apical and basolateral domains. Although cell contacts are reinforced by actomyosin contractility, which generates tension that propagates across the apical surface. How epithelial cells tune tension to reinforce junctions without compromising their physical barrier properties remains unclear. Herein, we report that Sperm Flagellar 1 (Spef1) is a microvillar component enriched in the apical domain and terminal web of enterocytes that prevents actomyosin hypercontractility. Loss-of-function in Caco-2 BBE cells showed that Spef1 depletion induced invaginations of the apical domain at tricellular contacts, with a redistribution of the tricellular and tight junction components. These changes, which were paralleled by increased activity of NM2A across the apical surface, compromised intestinal barrier function. These findings highlight Spef1 as a microvillar resident that tunes actomyosin contractility across the apical surface, to a level appropriate for junctional reinforcement and maintenance of epithelial function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tapia Pastrana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales Obregon, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hecht, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spef1 is a microvillar component that limits apical actomyosin contractility and preserves intestinal barrier function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age and early life adversity shape heterogeneity of the epigenome across tissues in macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.13.664445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age and early life adversity (ELA) are both key determinants of health, but whether they target similar physiological mechanisms across the body is unknown due to limited multi-tissue datasets from well-characterized cohorts. We generated DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles across 14 tissues in 237 semi-free ranging rhesus macaques, with records of naturally occurring ELA. We show that age-associated DNAm variation is predominantly tissue-dependent, yet tissue-specific epigenetic clocks reveal that the pace of epigenetic aging is relatively consistent within individuals. ELA effects on loci are adversity-dependent, but a given ELA has a coordinated impact across tissues. Finally, ELA targeted many of the same loci as age, but the direction of these effects varied, indicating that ELA does not uniformly contribute to accelerated age in the epigenome. ELA thus imprints a coordinated, tissue-spanning epigenetic signature that is both distinct from and intertwined with age-related change, advancing our understanding of how early environments sculpt the molecular foundations of aging and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sadoughi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slikas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adjandba, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelsey, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldman, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negron-Del Valle, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surratt, S. E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Compo, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgos-Rodriguez, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayo Biobank Research Unit,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCasien, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lambides, A. V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterner, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, L. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montague, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Platt, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.13.664445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age and early life adversity shape heterogeneity of the epigenome across tissues in macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665213v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sustained Yap/Taz activation promotes aberrant alveolar epithelial cell differentiation and drives persistent fibrotic remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665213v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YAP/TAZ signaling is required for initiation of lung alveolar repair, yet previous studies in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) predicted increased YAP/TAZ signaling in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). We investigated whether persistent YAP/TAZ AEC signaling contributes to failed epithelial repair and persistent fibrotic remodeling. In IPF lungs, we identified increased YAP+/TAZ+ AECs and increased expression of YAP/TAZ transcriptional targets compared to donor control lungs. In human lung organoids, pharmacological YAP/TAZ activation resulted in phenotype shifts of AECs into aberrant transitional states. In mice with Yap/Taz activation (YTactive) resulting from deletion of Hippo-kinases Stk3/4 in alveolar-type 2 (AT2) cells, resulted in persistent fibrotic remodeling at 28- and 56-days post-bleomycin injury. Gene promoter activity associated with transitional cell markers (Krt19, Hopx, and Runx2) was increased in YTactive AT2 cells. Immunofluorescent staining showed a loss of AT2 associated Cebpa and increased Krt19 in YTactive lineage traced AT2 cells 28 days post-injury. Inhibition of Yap/Taz using Verteporfin resulted in improved lung repair in YTactive mouse lungs, including increased Cebpa and decreased Krt19+ transitional cells. These findings demonstrate sustained Yap/Taz activation drives abnormal alveolar repair and persistent fibrotic remodeling. Blocking aberrant persistent Yap/Taz activity promotes adaptive repair and has potential as a therapeutic strategy for PF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaona, I. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geis, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colvard, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DiGiovanni, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singha, U. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutor, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665213</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sustained Yap/Taz activation promotes aberrant alveolar epithelial cell differentiation and drives persistent fibrotic remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oncogenic H-Ras Reprograms Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Cell-derived Midbody Remnant Proteins Following Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved morphogenic process that allows highly polarized, immotile epithelial cells to transform into motile mesenchymal cells: it is a fundamental cellular process involved in embryonic development, tumour cell metastasis, organ fibrosis and tissue regeneration. To assess the contribution of secreted midbody remnants (MBRs) - a new class of membranous extracellular vesicle (EV) molecularly distinct from exosomes/small EVs - to the EMT process, we conducted a proteomic analysis of MBRs released from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, and MDCK cells transformed with oncogenic H-Ras (21D1 cells). MBRs were harvested from cell culture media in milligram quantities using a continuous culture bioreactor device and purified using sequential centrifugation and buoyant density gradient centrifugation (OptiPrep). Gel-MS/MS protein profiling showed MDCK cell-MBRs reflect their epithelial origin (e.g., enriched CDH1, DSP, THBS1, OLCN, EPCAM proteins) and 21D1 cell-MBRs their mesenchymal phenotype (e.g., HRAS, VIM, MMP14, CDH2, WNT5A and enriched invasive and cell motility proteins). Prominent findings were the unique expression of the immune checkpoint protein NT5E/CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase), and ser/thr kinases LIMK1/K2 in 21D1-MBRs (not present in MDCK cell-MBRs), and enrichment in Wnt signalling network proteins. Collectively, our findings suggest MBRs might play a previously unrecognized role in the EMT process.

SignificanceO_LIEpithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical cell biological process that occurs during normal embryonic development and cancer progression. Our study describes, for the first time, the large-scale sequential purification of secreted midbody remnants (MBRs) and exosomes/sEVs from the in vitro cell line EMT model Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and MDCK cells transformed with oncogenic H-Ras (21D1 cells): GeLC-MS/MS protein profiling identified the repertoire of enriched MDCK-MBR proteins following EMT.
C_LIO_LIMBRs display a proteome profile distinct from sEVs that is enriched with factors of the centralspindlin complex (KIF23.1, KIF4A, INCENP, CEP55, PLK1) and further include components of the mitochondrial network, cytokinesis, microtubule movement, and intercellular connection.
C_LIO_LIIn the context of EMT, our data reveal simultaneous activation of EMT signalling pathways in MBRs including signalling receptor binding, regulation of cell differentiation, and Wnt, VEGF and PDGF signalling.
C_LIO_LIWe identify several mesenchymal enriched networks in MBRs associated with focal adhesion, cell matrix, kinase activity, and cell shape/organisation, while epithelial derived MBRs are show enriched networks predominately associated with mitochondrial (processing/transport), midbody, and plasma membrane annotation.
C_LIO_LIOur study sheds light on the signalling architecture of MBRs following oncogenic H- Ras-induced EMT: collectively, our data informs ongoing efforts to delineate oncogenic drivers of cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suwakulsiri, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oncogenic H-Ras Reprograms Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Cell-derived Midbody Remnant Proteins Following Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sphingomyelinase Licensing of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Alters Lipid and Protein Metabolites for Immunomodulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.17.665406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are widely studied for their immunomodulatory and tissue reparative capabilities, but clinical translation has been hampered by inconsistent efficacy and limited standardization in manufacturing. While cytokine-based priming methods, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) stimulation, have shown promise in enhancing MSC potency, alternative approaches targeting distinct biological metabolism integral to secretome and membrane architecture have not been explored in MSCs. In this study, we investigate sphingomyelinase (SMase), an enzyme that generates ceramide from sphingomyelin, as a novel lipid-based priming strategy to modulate MSC function. Here, human MSCs were treated with SMase and high-content imaging and morphological profiling revealed that SMase-treated cells adopted a phenotype overlapping with IFN-{gamma}-licensed MSCs, including increased cell compactness and solidity. Lipidomic analysis showed broad alterations in sphingolipid species, and dynamic flux estimation (DFE) modeling predicted distinct metabolic shifts in SMase-treated cells compared to untreated controls. These changes were sustained up to 35 hours post-stimulation, indicating stable metabolic reprogramming. SMase priming also altered the MSC secretome, enriching for factors implicated in immune regulation. Functionally, SMase-primed MSCs retained the ability to suppress T-cell activation and promote anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SMase stimulation induces a durable, immunomodulatory-like state in MSCs through coordinated changes in lipid metabolism and secretory activity. This lipid-centric priming approach represents a promising alternative to cytokine-based licensing strategies and may support therapeutic MSC products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeVeaux, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappa, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ONeill, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mortensen, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sphingomyelinase Licensing of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Alters Lipid and Protein Metabolites for Immunomodulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665987v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal input-driven plasticity of prefrontal interneurons reveals a circuit basis for impaired spatial working memory. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.21.665987v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dynamic functional connectivity between the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is essential for spatial working memory (SWM). Interactions between vHPC projections and mPFC interneurons, and their plasticity, are uniquely positioned to influence SWM, yet the nature of these interactions remains unclear. Here, we combined in vivo optical stimulation of vHPC inputs to mPFC with calcium recordings of discrete mPFC interneuron populations in mice, revealing class-specific response profiles and plasticity. Repeated vHPC input stimulation persistently depressed activity in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing interneurons and potentiated activity in somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Ex vivo whole-cell electrophysiology and computational modeling revealed that these divergent effects likely arise from a primary weakening of monosynaptic vHPC input onto VIP interneurons. Leveraging this plasticity to inform the circuit interactions that support SWM, we found that mice with prior vHPC input stimulation displayed elevated VIP interneuron activity during the delay epoch in early SWM task training, and this enhanced activity correlated with poorer training performance. Accordingly, mice modeling the schizophrenia-predisposing 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with known SWM learning deficits recapitulated this aberrant VIP interneuron activity profile and showed reduced vHPC targeting of mPFC VIP interneurons. Together, these findings reveal novel cell-type-specific plasticity in cognition-supporting circuits and illustrate how reweighting of inputs to VIP interneurons may contribute to working memory dysfunction.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=190 SRC="FIGDIR/small/665987v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (61K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@29a326org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1964208org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c94e4corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1336edb_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG IN BRIEFSilverstein et al. investigated how ventral hippocampus (vHPC) inputs to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interact with mPFC interneuron populations to support spatial working memory (SWM) in mice. They show that repeated vHPC input stimulation that reduces vHPC drive onto vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons also elevates delay-related VIP interneuron activity in early SWM task training, and this enhanced activity correlates with poorer training performance. Mice modelling the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome--known to have SWM learning deficits--recapitulate this altered VIP interneuron activity and show reduced vHPC input targeting of VIP interneurons.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIRepeated stimulation of vHPC inputs to mPFC persistently depresses VIP interneuron activity and enhances SST interneuron activity in mice
C_LIO_LIBlunted monosynaptic drive onto mPFC VIP interneurons by repeated vHPC input stimulation plausibly reproduces in vivo activity changes
C_LIO_LIStimulated mice show heightened VIP interneuron activity during the delay epoch in early SWM task training that correlates with poorer training performance
C_LIO_LIMice modeling the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with known SWM task learning deficits mirror this aberrant VIP interneuron activity profile and show reduced vHPC input targeting of VIP interneurons
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Silverstein, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarity, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarur, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikofsky, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loewinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohal, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejeda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kupferschmidt, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665987</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal input-driven plasticity of prefrontal interneurons reveals a circuit basis for impaired spatial working memory.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RAD52 and RPA act in a concert promoting inverse RNA strand exchange 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies in eukaryotes have revealed an important role of RNA in DNA repair and identified the RAD52 protein as a central player in RNA-dependent repair of DNA. In vitro, RAD52 promotes inverse RNA strand exchange between dsDNA and homologous RNA. This reaction is strongly stimulated by the RAD52 partner, replication protein A (RPA). Here, using NMR and biochemical methods we investigated the mechanism of this stimulation. We identified two RPA-binding sites in the unstructured RAD52 C-terminal domain (CTD), which mediate interaction with RPA70 and RPA32 subunits.

These interactions are critical for stimulation of inverse RNA strand exchange. Furthermore, we showed that stimulation of inverse RNA strand exchange requires formation of an RPA-RNA complex that strengthens the RPA-RAD52 interaction and serves to deliver RNA to the RAD52-dsDNA complex for strand exchange. These results elucidate the mechanism of novel inverse RNA strand exchange activity of RAD52 and the role of RAD52-RPA interaction in RNA-dependent DNA repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DiDomenico, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossi, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baudin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekhon, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Libich, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RAD52 and RPA act in a concert promoting inverse RNA strand exchange]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous investigations of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes in post-trauma psychopathology have been sparse, limited in scope, and yielded inconsistent results. To address this, volumetric estimates of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei were obtained from structural brain MRI scans from 2,058 participants across 20 worldwide sites in the ENIGMA PTSD working group. Thalamic volumes were compared between trauma-exposed participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n=238), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=184), comorbid PTSD+MDD (n=618), and trauma-exposed control participants (n=1,018). PTSD and MDD symptom severity, PTSD symptom clusters, and childhood trauma were similarly examined for associations with thalamic volume. Participants with PTSD only compared to controls had smaller thalamic nuclei volumes in sensorimotor nuclei, including the parafascicular (Pf), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), medial pulvinar (PuM), and anterior pulvinar (PuA) nuclei of the thalamus. MDD only and comorbid PTSD+MDD participants exhibited smaller mediodorsal thalamus volumes compared to controls. Overall PTSD and MDD symptom severity negatively correlated with the volume of the mediodorsal thalamus. A significant interaction between PTSD and MDD severity was found, such that MDD severity was positively associated with thalamic volume only among individuals with high PTSD severity. Avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with thalamic volume, while re- experiencing and negative mood/cognition symptoms were negatively associated with thalamic volume. Childhood physical and emotional abuse were positively and negatively associated with thalamic volume, respectively. Whole thalamus volume and volumes of the sensorimotor and limbic thalamus may play an important role in the development of PTSD and MDD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. The interaction between PTSD and MDD symptoms and contrasting effects across PTSD symptom clusters and types of childhood adversity suggests multiple neurobiological mechanisms are involved in shaping thalamic volume post-trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herringa, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olatunji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bidirectional Crosstalk Between Sleep and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiopulmonary disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling due to vascular cells dysfunction. Among other clinical signs, emerging data suggest poor sleep quality in patients with PAH; however, how poor sleep impacts hemodynamic burden, symptom severity, and pulmonary vascular remodeling during PAH progression remains unknown.

MethodsWe used two models of sleep disturbances (sleep fragmentation and chronic jet lag) and different mouse models of PAH to determine the effects of poor sleep on PAH. We carried out timepoint quantitative RT-PCR analyses to define the clock gene oscillations in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) isolated from non-PAH and PAH patients. Bulk RNA-sequencing analysis, immunostaining, and proliferation assays were used to explore the mechanisms by which poor sleep impacts PAH. Electroencephalogram and Electromyogram recordings (EEG/EMG) were used to determine whether PAH affects sleep in mice.

ResultsPoor sleep exacerbated right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and PAH. RNA-seq and immunostaining analyses showed that poor sleep induces lung inflammation. Inflammation affected the pulmonary vascular molecular clock to drive PASMC hyperproliferation and increased migration. SMC-specific deletion of Bmal1 protected mice from RV dysfunction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and PAH. EEG/EMG measurements demonstrated that PAH causes poor sleep quality in mice. Lastly, we showed that improving sleep via melatonin delivery and blunting inflammation with clodronate inhibited pulmonary vascular remodeling and PAH.

ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that PAH causes poor sleep which in turn induces inflammation, increases PASMC proliferation, and exacerbates PAH. This suggests that the relationship between PAH and poor sleep is a self-amplifying cycle, and that a combination of hypnotic and anti-inflammatory drugs may give PAH patients better clinical outcomes.

Clinical PerspectiveO_ST_ABSWhat is New?C_ST_ABSO_LIPAH causes poor sleep quality which in turn induces lung inflammation, PASMC proliferation, and exacerbated PAH.
C_LIO_LIBmal1 rhythmicity is disrupted, and its expression is increased in lungs of patients with PAH.
C_LIO_LISMC-specific deletion of Bmal1 protects from PAH.
C_LIO_LIImproving sleep quality and blunting inflammation attenuates PAH.
C_LI

What Are the Clinical Implications?O_LIBmal1 represents a promising disease-modifying agent with potential for clinical translation in the treatment of PAH.
C_LIO_LIA combination of hypnotic and anti-inflammatory drugs has therapeutic potential to treat PAH.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Imani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halouani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sassi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bidirectional Crosstalk Between Sleep and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666320v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What is memorable across the Pacific Ocean shows evidence of prior learning on the memorability of new visual inputs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666320v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It has been proposed that certain objects in our environment are inherently memorable due to fundamental similarities in how the human brain stores this visual information. Here we tested this hypothesis by having two groups of participants from opposite sides of the planet remember pictures of objects shown individually from several seconds each. We found that the specific objects that were more memorable varied across groups, with fine-grained analysis of the nonoverlapping objects indicating that participants have greater facility storing objects that are familiar to them as they occur in their cultural context. Thus, the present findings demonstrate that the memorability of a stimulus is jointly determined by its features and the learning history of the human brain in which it is being stored.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.23.666320</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What is memorable across the Pacific Ocean shows evidence of prior learning on the memorability of new visual inputs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667256v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial type II topoisomerases cleave DNA in a species-specific manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667256v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The type II topoisomerases, gyrase and topoisomerase IV, are essential enzymes in nearly all bacteria and are the targets of fluoroquinolones, which are some of the most widely prescribed broad-spectrum antibacterials in clinical use. As part of their catalytic cycle, gyrase and topoisomerase IV transiently cleave DNA in a sequence-dependent manner. However, it is unclear whether this sequence-dependence is species-specific. Therefore, using our recently developed SHAN-seq method, we mapped and compared cleavage sites for type II topoisomerases from three different pathogenic bacterial species, Escherichia coli, Bacillus anthracis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the presence of the fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin. We found that the enzymes have substantially different DNA cleavage specificities that vary between gyrase and topoisomerase IV, across species, with supercoil chirality, and in response to ciprofloxacin. Our results demonstrate that bacterial species fine-tune the DNA cleavage specificity of their type II topoisomerases. This finding suggests that cleavage specificity may play important physiological roles and, in turn, may affect the susceptibility of bacteria to fluoroquinolone antibacterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Morgan, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osheroff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>neuman, k. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667256</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial type II topoisomerases cleave DNA in a species-specific manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chronic semaglutide treatment reveals stage-dependent changes to feeding behavior and metabolic adaptations in male mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (Glp1r) agonists have transformed obesity treatment, but weight loss responses to these drugs vary widely. Elucidating behavioral and metabolic phenotypes throughout Glp1r agonist treatment could identify mechanisms underlying this response spectrum. We characterized food intake, meal patterns, energy expenditure (EE), and substrate oxidation during chronic semaglutide treatment and post-treatment recovery in obese male mice at room temperature (RT) and thermoneutral temperature (TN). Semaglutide-induced weight loss and post-treatment weight regain were similar at RT and TN. Weight loss was divided into three stages at both temperatures: 1) rapid initial weight loss, 2) slower gradual weight loss, and 3) weight maintenance. Initial weight loss was marked by reduced food intake, smaller and less frequent meals, and increased lipid oxidation. Food intake gradually returned to pre-treatment levels through increased meal frequency, while meal size remained suppressed. Lipid oxidation gradually decreased while carbohydrate oxidation increased. Weight-adjusted EE and locomotor activity increased throughout semaglutide treatment. Mice rapidly regained weight after treatment cessation, and this was associated with increased food intake, meal size and frequency, carbohydrate oxidation, EE, and activity. These findings reveal that semaglutide-induced weight loss and regain after treatment cessation involve dynamic, stage-specific changes in feeding behavior, EE, and substrate oxidation.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAlthough many studies demonstrate acute behavioral and metabolic effects of glucagon- like peptide-1 receptor (Glp1r) agonists, few have assessed chronic effects of these drugs on these phenotypes.
C_LIO_LIWe wanted to assess changes to various behavioral and metabolic phenotypes throughout a chronic treatment regimen with semaglutide and post-treatment.
C_LIO_LIWeight loss in response to chronic semaglutide treatment can be divided into distinct phases, and each phase is characterized by different effects on food intake, meal patterns, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation.
C_LIO_LIOur findings suggest that differences in behavioral changes and/or metabolic adaptations may underlie the degree of weight loss responsiveness to Glp1r agonists.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayala, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chronic semaglutide treatment reveals stage-dependent changes to feeding behavior and metabolic adaptations in male mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ADCY3 Ser107Pro links difficulty awakening in the morning to adiposity through circadian regulation of adipose thermogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Modern lifestyles often disturb circadian rhythms, yet the genetic circuits that convert this stress into metabolic dysfunction remain poorly defined. Here, we identify a missense variant in ADCY3 (rs11676272; Ser107Pro) as a pleiotropic regulator of circadian preference and adiposity. Using genome-wide pleiotropy analysis in [~]480,000 UK Biobank participants, we show that the G risk allele (Pro107) increases morningness, BMI, and fat mass in European (N=451,324) and African (N=8,738) ancestry groups, with behavioral amplification by morning difficulty awakening observed in Europeans, power limited interaction modeling in other populations. Structural modeling and transcriptomic analysis suggest this allele destabilizes ADCY3 and alters adipose-specific splicing and expression. In mice, Adcy3 is rhythmically expressed in adipose tissue, with the conserved Pro107 site showing BMAL1 binding and cold-inducible activation. Human adipose ADCY3 expression also increases after weight loss. Together, these findings reveal a genotype-dependent, behaviorally modifiable axis linking difficulty awakening to adipose thermogenesis and obesity risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tchio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moth, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saxena, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ADCY3 Ser107Pro links difficulty awakening in the morning to adiposity through circadian regulation of adipose thermogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666903v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent lifestyle change impacts sleep and circadian rhythms among the Indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.26.666903v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sleep disorders are rising globally, but their lifestyle causes remain unclear. We recorded sleep-wake patterns via actigraphy from 1036 Orang Asli adults across 12 communities in Peninsular Malaysia undergoing market integration, marked by changes in permanent infrastructure (electricity and housing), digital technologies (smartphones), and labor practices (i.e., wage labor). We evaluated associations with sleep timing (onset, offset and regularity), quality (nighttime awakenings and waking after sleep onset) and quantity (sleep duration), while accounting for age and sex. Delayed and destabilized sleep timing was observed in communities with powerline access, also resulting in shorter sleep duration; paradoxically, it also improved sleep quality, suggesting increased homeostatic pressure. Age and sex were strong and consistent predictors of sleep variation: older adults had earlier, shorter, and more consistent, consolidated sleep patterns. Men displayed later and shorter sleep patterns than women, likely reflecting gendered divisions of labor among the Orang Asli. Despite averaging relatively few hours slept (6 hrs), Orang Asli exhibited relatively efficient sleep, potentially challenging the notion that longer sleep is universally beneficial. These findings underscore the complex interplay of biology, ecology, and culture in shaping sleep and circadian rhythms.

SignificanceA comprehensive cross-sectional study of sleep across a pronounced lifestyle gradient among Malaysias Indigenous Orang Asli populations reveals new insights into the drivers of human sleep and circadian rhythms. Lifestyle changes with market integration, particularly access to electricity, resulted in delayed bedtime and shortened sleep duration, yet enhanced sleep consolidation. Consistent with cross-cultural evidence, aging resulted in earlier bedtimes, earlier rising times, and less sleep. Our findings contribute to debates about the adaptability of human circadian rhythms and challenge universal models of optimal sleep duration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reinhardt, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huat, T. b. T. A. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S. K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I. b. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fadzil, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antle, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.26.666903</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent lifestyle change impacts sleep and circadian rhythms among the Indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667043v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Historical Contingency Limits Adaptive Diversification in a Spatially Structured Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667043v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding how genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions influence evolutionary trajectories and contribute to historical contingency is key to predicting evolution. In spatially structured, heterogeneous environments, populations often diversify into ecotypes, resulting in niche specialization. However, the ability to specialize depends not only on ecological opportunity but also on whether genetic variation permits access to novel niches, as genetic disruptions may inhibit adaptation unless alternative trajectories or compensatory mutations are subsequently accessible. Previously, we demonstrated that Escherichia coli populations rapidly diversify into two co-existing ecotypes in a nutrient-rich, spatially structured environment. The adaptation of both ecotypes results in benefits only perceived in the spatially structured culture tube environment. Here, diversification is initiated by first-step mutations associated with the overexpression of genes encoding the type 1 fimbria, the major attachment pilus involved in biofilm development, enabling range expansion and allowing E. coli to occupy the surface-air interface of the culture tube.

To investigate how first-step mutations shape evolutionary trajectories, we experimentally evolved wild-type and fimbrial-deficient ({Delta}fimA) E. coli for 91 days in both structured (tube) and unstructured (flask) environments. While a fimA deletion initially confers a fitness benefit by avoiding the cost of insufficient biofilm formation, it ultimately prevents range expansion in structured environments and is not compensated by expression of cryptic fimbriae by the end of experimental evolution. As a result, {Delta}fimA populations show constrained adaptation in tubes compared to wild-type. Alternatively, both genotypes perform similarly in flasks, where biofilm formation is not advantageous and whole population sequencing reveals that flask-evolved populations similar early mutational trajectories. Our results highlight the ruggedness of the adaptive landscape in structured environments and show how an initially beneficial mutation can trap a lineage on a local fitness peak, underscoring the importance of GxE interactions and early mutational events in shaping the predictability and contingency of evolutionary outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patton, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meraz, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthan, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behringer, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.27.667043</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Historical Contingency Limits Adaptive Diversification in a Spatially Structured Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distributed control circuits across a brain-and-cord connectome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Just as genomes revolutionized molecular genetics, connectomes (maps of neurons and synapses) are transforming neuroscience. To date, the only species with complete connectomes are worms1-3 and sea squirts4 (103-104 synapses). By contrast, the fruit fly is more complex (108 synaptic connections), with a brain that supports learning and spatial memory5,6 and an intricate ventral nerve cord analogous to the vertebrate spinal cord7-11. Here we report the first densely reconstructed adult fly connectome that unites the brain and ventral nerve cord, and we leverage this resource to investigate principles of neural control. We show that effector neurons (motor neurons, endocrine cells and efferent neurons targeting the viscera) are primarily influenced by sensory neurons in the same body part, forming local feedback loops. These local loops are linked by long-range circuits involving ascending and descending neurons organized into behavior-centric modules. Single ascending and descending neurons are often positioned to influence the voluntary movements of multiple body parts, together with the endocrine cells or visceral organs that support those movements. Brain regions involved in learning and navigation supervise these circuits. These results reveal an architecture that is distributed, parallelized and embodied, reminiscent of distributed control architectures in engineered systems12,13.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bates, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsliah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajabi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perlman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salmon, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gager, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silverman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renauld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collie, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacheco, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serratosa Capdevilla, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munnelly, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griggs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moya-Llamas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.-c.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kruk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serafetinidis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhawan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuerner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klemm, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesser, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce-Lundgren, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKim, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kophs, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falt,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distributed control circuits across a brain-and-cord connectome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ubiquitous predictive processing in the spectral domain of sensory cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.31.667946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The appearance at the anatomical level of a canonical laminar microcircuit suggests that each six-layer column of granular cortex may mediate a canonical computation. Hypotheses for such computations include predictive coding, predictive routing, efficient coding, and others. However, single-neuron recordings capture only the individual elements of the hypothesized laminar microcircuit, while local field potentials (LFPs) from a laminar probe offer insight into the broader population activity. Through the Allen Institutes OpenScope Brain Observatory, data in mice performing a visual oddball task during multi-area laminar recording was used to test predictive processing hypotheses in the spectral domain. Histological labeling of the cortical laminae enabled a fine-grained examination of their roles in the task, and frequency bands capturing both feedforward and feedback effects were analyzed. {gamma}-band local-field potential (LFP) oscillations conveyed feedforward prediction errors in lower sensory areas of cortex; /{beta}-band oscillations weakened in unpredictable conditions compared to predictable ones; and {theta}-band oscillations additionally signalled slower, longer-scale temporal prediction errors. In combination with the previous findings, predictive routing explains these experiments where neither ubiquitous predictive coding nor feedforward adaptation can.

SignificanceCortical columns robustly signal perceptual features through the firing rates of spiking neurons. In accordance with this rate coding, predictive processing theories hypothesized that neuronal firing rates ubiquitously signal surprise. However, a recent large-scale study of spike rates did not support this conjecture. An alternate model, predictive routing, suggests that neuronal oscillations rather than spike rates could encode surprise. These neuronal oscillations, which can affect the timing but not rate of spiking, formed coherent {gamma} rhythms which consistently signaled both simpler and more complex forms of surprise in mouse visual cortex. Together with the findings on spike-rates in the same experiment, our findings suggest that cortical circuits encode surprise in the rhythmic timing of spikes rather than in their rate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sennesh, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spencer-Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastos, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.667946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ubiquitous predictive processing in the spectral domain of sensory cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B inhibit toxin-specific adaptive immune responses through glucosyltransferase-dependent activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.30.667646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Clostridioides difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and secretes two virulence factors: toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Protective immunity against C. difficile infection is limited as patients are susceptible to multiple rounds of recurrent infections. The factors determining whether immunity to TcdA and TcdB is generated remain incompletely defined. We determined that C. difficile-infected mice generate antibody and IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cell responses to TcdA, but not TcdB. To determine the mechanism of the failed anti-TcdB immunity, C. difficile mutant strains expressing glucosyltransferase inactive (GTX) TcdA, and/or glucosyltransferase inactive TcdB were used. Infection with TcdBGTX or dual mutant (TcdAGTX TcdBGTX) restored TcdB-specific antibody responses, while infection with TcdAGTX or TcdAGTX TcdBGTX led to an earlier induction of TcdA-specific antibodies. Finally, infection with the dual GTX mutant enhanced TcdA and TcdB-specific CD4+ T cell responses. These data demonstrate that the glucosyltransferase activity of TcdA and TcdB hinders the antigen-specific adaptive immune response to itself and may be a mechanism that underlies high recurrence rates following C. difficile infection in patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maslanka, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Londregan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denny, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulit, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mdluli, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peritore-Galve, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alameh, M.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zackular, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abt, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B inhibit toxin-specific adaptive immune responses through glucosyltransferase-dependent activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.667271v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patient-derived Cellular Models of Polygenic Scores: Application to Long QT Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.667271v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores (PGS) have emerged as important modifiers of disease risk, drug response, and rare variant penetrance, but the biological mechanisms underlying these associations remain poorly understood. To experimentally investigate these relationships, we derived induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from individuals at the 1st, 50th, and 99th percentiles of a genome-wide QT interval polygenic score (QT-PGS). We examined baseline repolarization, drug response to the hERG inhibitor E4031, and penetrance of two KCNH2 variants (p.Arg148Trp and p.Arg823Trp) in these cellular models. While baseline field potential durations (FPDs) did not differ across PGS levels, high-PGS iPSC-CMs showed exaggerated prolongation in response to E4031 and increased phenotypic expression of both KCNH2 variants. These findings provide the first experimental demonstration that polygenic background can shape cardiac electrophysiologic phenotypes and modulate the functional impact of both pharmacologic and genetic perturbations. This work establishes a scalable platform for mechanistic studies of polygenic risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Neill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanags, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strickland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davogustto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shoemaker, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salem, J.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroncke, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.667271</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patient-derived Cellular Models of Polygenic Scores: Application to Long QT Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.669015v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional deletion of human STN1 leads to telomere dysfunction and telomerase-dependent genome instability and proliferation defects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.669015v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) is a heterotrimeric, RPA-like complex that binds single-stranded DNA, stimulates DNA polymerase -primase, and functions in several genome maintenance pathways, including telomere maintenance and DNA replication/repair. During telomere replication, CST prevents telomerase from overextending the G-rich single-stranded overhang (G-OH) and promotes fill-in of the C-rich strand by stimulating DNA polymerase -primase. Previous work characterized the effects of CST loss by deleting CTC1 or TEN1. Interestingly, CTC1 knockout (KO) caused severe proliferation defects and telomeric damage signaling, whereas these phenotypes were absent following TEN1 KO. Molecular analysis revealed that, while loss of CTC1 or TEN1 leads to defective C-strand fill-in, only CTC1 KO exhibited excessive G-OH lengthening. Here, we characterized conditional STN1 KO cells and determined that STN1 KO leads to proliferation defects and telomeric damage signaling. Moreover, STN1 KO caused genome instability in the form of anaphase bridges and micronuclei. Interestingly, these phenotypes and growth inhibition were largely dependent on telomerase activity. Our findings indicate that STN1 KO closely resembles CTC1 versus TEN1 KO and that excessive G-OH extension underlies the genome instability caused by STN1 deletion.

SUMMARY STATEMENTThe STN1 subunit of the single-stranded DNA binding protein CST prevents telomeric damage signaling, genome instability, and proliferation defects by limiting telomerase activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holbrooks, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loveless, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romney, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.669015</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional deletion of human STN1 leads to telomere dysfunction and telomerase-dependent genome instability and proliferation defects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dehydration promotes intracellular lipid synthesis and accumulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipids can be considered a water reservoir used to offset dehydration stress as their oxidation by the mitochondria generates water. However, whether dehydration and the ensuing hypertonic stress directly regulate lipid synthesis is unknown. We found that hypertonic stress decreases cellular oxygen consumption, increases intracellular lipid synthesis, and favors glutamine oxidation as a carbon precursor for lipid synthesis via remodeling mitochondrial metabolism. These findings provide a mechanism whereby cellular dehydration leads to intracellular lipid accumulation, functionally linking water availability to lipid storage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carty, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvasingh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuchowski, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nam, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penalva, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanayakkara, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennings, E. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adame, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tossberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melzer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viquez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotrowski, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bessho, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leaptrot, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrimpe-Rutledge, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Codreanu, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrod, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLean, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trapani, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cottam, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrivastava, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delker, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassenour, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haase, V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, J.-P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kosma, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris,, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terker,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.669190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dehydration promotes intracellular lipid synthesis and accumulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generalized brain-state modeling with KenazLBM 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.10.669538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The large-scale functional state of a human brain remains difficult to characterize, much less predict. Regardless, techniques have been engineered to electrically neuromodulate the brain to treat a subset of neurologic and psychiatric disorders with moderate efficacy. Accurate characterization of a brains instantaneous functional state has stymied the development of more effective neuromodulation paradigms. Advanced computational methods are required to address this gap and enable large-scale neuroscience. Here we define the concept of generalized brain-state modeling across humans as Large Brain-State Modeling (LBM) and present KenazLBM as the worlds first example. KenazLBM can instantaneously characterize the functional state of a persons brain with raw iEEG data, and predict future brain-states. KenazLBM was trained on over 17.9 billion unique multichannel tokens from people undergoing intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings, and has learned to interrelate brain-states between people into a common interpretable topology. Most importantly, the model generalizes to unseen subject data with significant recording channel heterogeneity from the training set. We offer KenazLBM as a first generalized brain-state model to serve as a new paradigm of basic neuroscience inquiry and potential translation into neuromodulation therapeutics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makhoul, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doss, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Withers, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavender, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obiri-Yeboah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensah-Brown, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerezoudis, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reddy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberson, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crudele, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naftel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkes, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bydon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanzino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bick, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Gompel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zadeh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worrell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.10.669538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generalized brain-state modeling with KenazLBM]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669714v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteostasis and Unfolded Protein Response Dynamics in Human Neuron and Mouse Glia Co-culture Reveal Cell-Specific Aging Responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.11.669714v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proteostasis, or protein homeostasis, is a tightly regulated network of cellular pathways essential for maintaining proper protein folding, trafficking, and degradation. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to proteostasis collapse due to their post-mitotic and long-lived nature and thus represent a unique cell type to understand the dynamics of proteostasis throughout development, maturation, and aging. Here, we utilized a dual-species co-culture model of human excitatory neurons and mouse glia to investigate cell type- specific, age-related changes in the proteostasis network using data-independent acquisition (DIA) LC-MS/MS proteomics. We quantified branch-specific unfolded protein response (UPR) activation by monitoring curated effector proteins downstream of the ATF6, IRE1/XBP1s, and PERK pathways, enabling a comprehensive, unbiased evaluation of UPR dynamics during neuronal aging. Species-specific analysis revealed that aging neurons largely preserved proteostasis, although they showed some signs of collapse, primarily in ER-to-Golgi transport mechanisms. However, these changes were accompanied by upregulation of proteostasis-related machinery and activation of the ATF6 branch, as well as maintenance of the XBP1s and PERK branches of the UPR with age. In contrast, glia exhibited broad downregulation of proteostasis factors and UPR components, independent of neuronal presence. Furthermore, we quantified stimulus-specific modulation of select UPR branches in aged neurons exposed to pharmacologic ER stressors. These findings highlight distinct, cell-type-specific stress adaptations during aging and provide a valuable proteomic resource for dissecting proteostasis and UPR regulation in the aging brain.

SignificanceUnderstanding how the unfolded protein response (UPR) and proteostasis network change with age is often studied in model organisms, where pathways are assessed across mixed cell types. Such systems can obscure cell-type-specific regulation. Here, we evaluate age-associated remodeling of the UPR and proteostasis network in a dual-species co-culture of human neurons and mouse glia using DIA proteomics. This approach enables species-specific proteomic profiling without physical separation, supported by a customizable data analysis pipeline. We show that neurons and glia exhibit divergent age-related responses, with neurons maintaining adaptive proteostasis and glia showing broader declines. The analytical framework presented here supports future studies to uncover additional cell-type-specific aging phenotypes or to probe the effects of pharmacologic or physical manipulation of biological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barny, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houcek, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzay, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.11.669714</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteostasis and Unfolded Protein Response Dynamics in Human Neuron and Mouse Glia Co-culture Reveal Cell-Specific Aging Responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.669717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unmasking Pathogen Traits for Chronic Colonization in Neurogenic Bladder Patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.669717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with neurogenic bladder are particularly susceptible to both chronic bacterial colonization of the bladder and urinary tract infections (UTIs). Neurogenic bladder can arise from a variety of diseases such as diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and spina bifida. To study the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of the microbiome in neurogenic bladder, we developed a longitudinal cohort of 77 children and young adults with spina bifida from two medical centers. We used enhanced urine culture, 16S rRNA sequencing, and whole genome sequencing to characterize the microbial composition of urine and fecal samples. In addition to prospective sample collection, we retrieved prior bacterial isolates from enrolled patients from Vanderbilts clinical microbial biobank, MicroVU. This allowed us to compare bacterial isolates from the same patients over a period of five years. Urine samples were characterized by high abundance of urinary pathogens, such as E. coli and Klebsiella. From longitudinal isolates from individual patients, we identified two common patterns of urinary tract colonization. We observed either the rapid cycling of strains and/or species, often following antibiotic treatment, or we observed the persistence of a single strain across timepoints. Neither persistence of a strain nor colonization with a new strain or species was associated with increased antibiotic resistance. Rather, in paired longitudinally collected strains from the same patients, mutations were identified in genes that code for cell envelope components associated with immune or phage evasion. Experimental testing revealed that O-antigen/LPS biosynthesis mutations confer protection from the immune system while altering susceptibility to phage predation, reflecting a fitness trade-off. We argue that this unparalleled cohort offers the opportunity to identify mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to the urinary tract that can be exploited in future therapeutic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reasoner, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frainey, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hale, O. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borden, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brenes, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soderstrom, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laub, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadjifrangiskou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.669717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unmasking Pathogen Traits for Chronic Colonization in Neurogenic Bladder Patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-ancestry information transfer framework improves protein abundance prediction and protein-trait association identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetics-informed proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) provide an effective way to map the complex molecular landscape of biological mechanisms for complex diseases. PWAS relies on an ancestry-matched reference panel to model protein expression using genetic variants as features and determine the proteins impact on phenotype. However, reference panels from underrepresented populations remain relatively limited. In this study, we developed an analytic framework that borrows information from potentially multiple ancestries to boost the protein abundance prediction accuracy in an underrepresented population. We illustrate the frameworks utility and reproducibility through application to PWAS in East Asians: BioBank Japan (BBJ), Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), and Taiwan Biobank (TWB). An ensemble of information-sharing approaches was integrated to build the Multi-Ancestry-based Best-performing Model (MABM). MABM substantially improved the prediction performance with higher performance observed in both cross-validation and an external validation dataset (Tongji-Huaxi-Shuangliu Birth Cohort). Leveraging the BBJ, we identified three times as many significant PWAS associations with MABM as with the baseline Lasso model. Notably, 47.5% of the MABM specific associations were reproduced in independent East Asian datasets with concordant effect sizes. Furthermore, MABM enhanced gene/protein prioritization for downstream functional validation by (1) confirming a greater number of well-established gene/protein-trait associations and (2) identifying previously uncharacterized trait-associated genes. The benefits of MABM were further validated in additional ancestries and demonstrated in brain tissue-based PWAS, underscoring its broad applicability. Our findings close critical gaps in multi-omics research, develop a new reference resource of genetic models of protein abundance, and facilitate trait-relevant protein discovery in underrepresented populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, X.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-ancestry information transfer framework improves protein abundance prediction and protein-trait association identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.16.670669v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural rationalization of IPMK inhibitor potency. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.16.670669v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a kinase linked to several cancers, recent development of a large panel of ATP-competitive inhibitors has reinvigorated enthusiasm for targeting IPMK. However, the structural basis for how these inhibitors achieve high potency is unknown. Here, we report 14 novel co-crystal structures (1.7[A] - 2.0[A] resolution) of human IPMK kinase domain with these inhibitors. We also apply a radiolabeled assay and isothermal titration calorimetry that permit high-confidence IC50 and KD value determinations. The structures reveal a pocket in the ATP-binding site engaged by the most potent inhibitors. Two ordered waters also participate in hydrogen-bonding networks associated with the most potent inhibitors. In addition to providing the molecular basis for observed increases in potency and selectivity, the data presented here provide a toolbelt of 14 novel inhibitor-bound structures of human IPMK that can serve as a reference for all future IPMK structure-based inhibitor development efforts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shears, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blind, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.16.670669</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural rationalization of IPMK inhibitor potency.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct Electrophysiological Signatures Define Neuronal Subtypes in the Fasciola Cinereum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fasciola cinereum (FC) is a small, conserved hippocampal subregion whose function has remained largely unexplored. Anatomically situated between dorsal CA1 and the third ventricle in rodents, the FC receives diverse cortical and subcortical inputs yet is often omitted from hippocampal circuit models. There remains a fundamental knowledge gap regarding the cell types and intrinsic properties of neurons in FC and whether they are distinct from neighboring hippocampal subregions. Here, we performed ex vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in mouse hippocampal slices to characterize FC neurons. We found that FC cells are functionally distinct from neighboring CA1 pyramidal cells, exhibiting significantly reduced excitability, delayed spike initiation, and enhanced afterhyperpolarization (AHP) currents, consistent with strong potassium conductance. Notably, we identified two electrophysiologically distinguishable FC neuron excitatory cell subtypes, differing in excitability and potassium channel activity. Pharmacological analyses demonstrated that Kv2.1 and Kv7 potassium channels play a key role in shaping the intrinsic properties of FC neurons, underlying their reduced excitability. These findings suggest that the FC is a heterogeneous structure, molecularly and functionally specialized for gating excitability within the hippocampal circuit.

Significance statementThe fasciola cinereum (FC) is a small and often overlooked hippocampal subregion whose physiological properties remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that FC neurons display distinct intrinsic electrophysiological signatures that set them apart from the neighboring hippocampal area CA1. We find that FC excitatory neurons have low excitability and can be segregated into two subgroups with differing potassium channel activity. These findings establish a physiological baseline for FC function and provide a fundamental framework for future studies on its role in normal and pathological brain states.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Incontro, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandoval-Burnside, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dryden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazimuddin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct Electrophysiological Signatures Define Neuronal Subtypes in the Fasciola Cinereum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDS-associated SF3B1 mutations promote aberrant fate choice of hematopoietic stem cell via mis-splicing of mediator kinase module component CDK8 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in RNA splicing factor SF3B1 are among the most common in MDS and are strongly associated with MDS with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS). While aberrant splicing of terminal erythroid regulators has been implicated in MDS pathogenesis, the impact of SF3B1 mutations on early hematopoietic progenitor function remains unclear. Here, we identify CDK8, a key kinase of the mediator complex involved in transcriptional regulation, as a recurrent mis-spliced target in SF3B1-mutant MDS. Mutant SF3B1 induces cryptic 3' splice site selection in CDK8, leading to loss of CDK8 mRNA and protein. Using primary human HSPCs, our study identifies CDK8 as an important regulator of HSPC homeostasis and cell fate determination. CDK8 depletion results in expansion of HSPCs and shifts differentiation toward the erythroid and myeloid lineages, mirroring phenotypes observed in SF3B1-mutant MDS. Lastly, functional restoration of CDK8 rescues early erythroid phenotypes in SF3B1-mutant cells. These findings implicate CDK8 mis-splicing as a mechanistic driver of altered progenitor fate and dysplasia in SF3B1-mutant MDS, linking aberrant splicing to transcriptional dysregulation and hematopoietic lineage commitment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bonner, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsueh, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriaga-Gomez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welner, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stirewalt, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doulatov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDS-associated SF3B1 mutations promote aberrant fate choice of hematopoietic stem cell via mis-splicing of mediator kinase module component CDK8]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TrueProbes: Quantitative Single-Molecule RNA-FISH Probe Design Improves RNA Detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.14.670355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smRNA-FISH) is a widely used method for visualizing and quantifying RNA molecules in cells and tissues at high spatial resolution. The technique relies on fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes that hybridize to target RNA. Accurate quantification depends on high probe specificity to ensure fluorescent signals reflect target RNA binding rather than off-target interactions. Numerous factors, including genome sequence complexity, secondary probe structure, hybridization conditions, and gene expression variability across cell types and lines, influence smRNA-FISH probe efficacy. Existing smRNA-FISH probe design tools have limitations, including narrow heuristics, incomplete off-target assessment, and reliance on "trial-and-error approaches. To address these challenges, we developed TrueProbes, a probe design software platform that integrates genome-wide BLAST-based binding analysis with thermodynamic modeling to generate high-specificity probe sets. TrueProbes ranks and selects probes based on predicted binding affinity, target specificity, and structural constraints. It also incorporates a thermodynamic-kinetic simulation model to provide predictive design metrics and optimize probe performance under user-defined conditions. We benchmarked TrueProbes against several widely used smRNA-FISH design tools and found that it consistently outperformed alternatives across multiple computational metrics and experimental validation assays. Probes designed with TrueProbes showed enhanced target selectivity and superior experimental performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hughes, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesler, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hospelhorn, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neuert, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.14.670355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TrueProbes: Quantitative Single-Molecule RNA-FISH Probe Design Improves RNA Detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.670374v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imaging cellular activity simultaneously across all organs of a vertebrate reveals body-wide circuits 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.670374v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
All cells in an animal collectively ensure, moment-to-moment, the survival of the whole organism in the face of environmental stressors1,2. Physiology seeks to elucidate the intricate network of interactions that sustain life, which often span multiple organs, cell types, and timescales, but a major challenge lies in the inability to simultaneously record time-varying cellular activity throughout the entire body.

We developed WHOLISTIC (WHole Organism Live Imaging System for recording Tissue and IntraCellular activity), a method to image second-timescale, time-varying intracellular dynamics across cell-types of the vertebrate body. By advancing and integrating volumetric fluorescence microscopy, machine learning, and pancellular transgenic expression of calcium sensors in transparent young Danio rerio (zebrafish) and with proof of concept in adult Danionella, the method enables real-time recording of cellular dynamics across the organism. Calcium is a universal intracellular messenger, with a large array of cellular processes depending on changes in calcium concentration across varying time-scales, making it an ideal proxy of cellular activity3.

Using this platform to screen the dynamics of most cells in the body, we discovered unexpected responses of specific cell types to stimuli, such as chondrocyte reactions to cold, meningeal responses to ketamine, and state-dependent activity, such as oscillatory ependymal-cell activity during periods of extended motor quiescence. At the organ scale, the method uncovered pulsating traveling waves along the kidney nephron. At the multi-organ scale, we uncovered muscle synergies and independencies, as well as muscle-organ interactions. Integration with optogenetics allowed us to all-optically determine the causal direction of brain-body interactions. At the whole-organism scale, the method captured the rapid brainstem-controlled redistribution of blood flow across the body.

Finally, we advanced Whole-Body Expansion Microscopy4 to provide ground-truth molecular and ultrastructural anatomical context, explaining the spatiotemporal structure of activity captured by WHOLISTIC. Together, these innovations establish a new paradigm for systems biology, bridging cellular and organismal physiology, with broad implications for both fundamental research and drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruetten, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siwanowicz, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mensh, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eddison, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lemire, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadobianskyi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lelek-Greskovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ihrke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petruncio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engert, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judkewitz, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satou, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillberg, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.670374</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imaging cellular activity simultaneously across all organs of a vertebrate reveals body-wide circuits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Roles of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Retinal Patterning and Neurogenesis During Mammalian Eye Development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is essential for the patterning, growth, and morphogenesis of many tissues. During early eye development, Shh is critical for the formation of the two optic vesicles, which give rise to the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and optic stalk. It also regulates the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation during retinal histogenesis, a key process in shaping the cellular architecture of the mature retina. Despite these well-established roles, the temporal dynamics, region-specific functions, and downstream consequences of Shh signaling during retinal development remain poorly understood. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Shh signaling across multiple stages of retinal development using temporally and spatially controlled deletion of Smoothened (Smo), an essential transducer of the pathway. This approach reveals previously unrecognized requirements for Shh signaling in specifying optic nerve head identity and maintaining nasal-temporal polarity. We also show that Shh signaling coordinates neurogenesis by sustaining the retinal progenitor pool while also regulating progenitor competence, ensuring appropriate proportions of retinal cell types. Our data indicate that both proliferative capacity and the timing of cell fate specification are shaped by Shh pathway activity. Together, these findings establish new mechanistic links between Shh signaling, regional patterning, and temporal regulation of neurogenesis, providing novel insights into how morphogen signaling is repurposed across developmental time to orchestrate complex tissue architecture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Krueger, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheema, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La Torre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.671114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Roles of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Retinal Patterning and Neurogenesis During Mammalian Eye Development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Co-evolved Partners of Immunity: A Trait-Based Map of Human Keystone Organisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.19.671142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent human-adapted microbes can act as immunological "keystones," organizing host defense across tissues and shaping vulnerability under immune perturbation. More generally, tissue immunity is calibrated by persistent niche-resident organisms that tune compartment-specific thresholds of cytotoxicity and peripheral tolerance; keystone organisms represent the apex subset with multi-niche scope. Here we operationalize keystone organisms as pathogens whose containment requires coordinated engagement of multiple immune arms and whose residence is structured across anatomical niches. Using 18 curated immunological and evolutionary traits across 43 organisms, unsupervised analyses resolved four reproducible archetypes and identified a compact keystone set dominated by persistent herpesviruses and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We then translated the clinical literature into a pathogenximmune-perturbationxniche tensor capturing where and when each organism emerges under defined immune deficits. We quantified "diagnostic breadth" with two complementary summaries: immune breadth (diversity of perturbations associated with emergence) and niche breadth (diversity of anatomical sites). Clinical emergence patterns perfectly separated trait-defined keystones from all other organisms and highlighted expanded niche breadth as the primary discriminator, whereas immune breadth showed no significant group separation. Finally, a mechanistic model integrating barrier disruption, latent reservoir activation, and tissue-resident immune control predicted clinical emergence from first principles--without fitting parameters to individual pathogens--and ranked true emergences 2.9-fold above chance among its highest-confidence predictions. Together, these results link evolutionary adaptation to clinically readable patterns of reactivation, motivate archetype-aware surveillance under immunosuppression, and provide a framework for immunogen design that prioritizes conserved, functionally constrained targets. Because the clinical tensor is literature-curated and sparse, "perfect separation" refers to keystone-vs-other discrimination within this dataset and is not a claim of universal out-of-sample performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.19.671142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Co-evolved Partners of Immunity: A Trait-Based Map of Human Keystone Organisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671126v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal Decoding of Decisions in Multidimensional Feature Space Using a Gated Recurrent Variational Autoencoder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671126v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in neuroscience enable recording neuronal signals across hundreds of channels while subjects perform complex tasks involving multiple stimulus dimensions. In this study, we developed a novel encode-decode-classify framework employing a gated recurrent variational autoencoder (VAE) to decode decision-making processes from over 300 simultaneously recorded neuronal channels in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia of monkeys performing a multidimensional feature-learning task. Using hierarchical stratified sampling and balanced accuracy, we trained and evaluated the models ability to predict behavioral choices based on neuronal population dynamics. The results revealed distinct neural coding roles, with anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) channels encoding decision variables collectively and prefrontal cortex (PFC) channels contributing individually to decoding accuracy. This approach demonstrated decoding accuracy for decisions in multi-dimensional feature space that is comparable to single-label decoding accuracy for lower dimensional problems, highlighting the potential of machine learning frameworks to capture complex spatiotemporal neuronal interactions involved in multidimensional cognitive behaviors. The code has been released in https://github.com/cgerrity/Neural-Data-Reading
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gerrity, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Treuting, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671126</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal Decoding of Decisions in Multidimensional Feature Space Using a Gated Recurrent Variational Autoencoder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exogenous Delivery of Sphingomyelinase Mediates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Alters Cargo Sorting, and Therapeutic Potency in vitro 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exert regenerative and immunomodulatory effects largely through secreted paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Lipid composition critically influences EV stability, uptake, and bioactivity. Sphingomyelinase (SMase), an enzyme that hydrolyzes sphingomyelin into ceramide, regulates EV biogenesis by inducing membrane curvature and initiating inward membrane budding. Here, MSCs were treated with SMase, and EVs were isolated and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, miRNA sequencing, lipidomics, and proteomics. SMase treatment increased EV yield and altered lipid, protein, and miRNA cargo linked to TNF- signaling, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Functionally, SMase-EVs suppressed TNF- in macrophages, showed trending increased HUVEC tubular formation, and altered T-cell populations following local delivery in a critical murine oral wound defect model. These findings highlight how enzymatic lipid remodeling modifies MSC-EVs, enhancing their therapeutic potential and informing strategies for optimized EV-based therapies and scalable production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVeaux, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adedipe, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiappa, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goudy, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulchek, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botchwey, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.21.671536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exogenous Delivery of Sphingomyelinase Mediates Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Alters Cargo Sorting, and Therapeutic Potency in vitro]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672210v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Distinct Monocyte Subtypes and Immune Features Associated with HIV, Tuberculosis, and Coronary Artery Disease in a Ugandan Cohort Using Mass Cytometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672210v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronary artery disease (CAD), tuberculosis (TB), and HIV represent major global health burdens. Individuals affected by one or more of these conditions often exhibit chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, with monocytes playing a central role in these processes. Monocyte subsets are known to expand in individuals with HIV, TB, or CAD. However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells contribute to inflammation and immune responses in the context of these conditions remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed high-dimensional mass cytometry to characterize monocyte heterogeneity in 61 Ugandan adults with varying combinations of HIV, latent TB, and subclinical or overt CAD. Through an integrative approach combining manual gating, unsupervised clustering, and elastic net penalization, we identified distinct monocyte phenotypes associated with CAD and TB. Importantly, individuals with CAD, especially those with more extensive disease (Segment Involvement Score >2), showed reduced surface expression of the anti-inflammatory scavenger receptor CD163 on non-classical monocytes. Notably, unsupervised clustering further revealed two distinct non-classical monocyte subsets associated with disease states: A CD86dim CX3CR1dim CD45RA+ GPR56+ CXCR3+ subset significantly depleted in individuals with CAD, and a CD86+ CX3CR1++ CD45RA++ GPR56- CD38- CXCR3- subset enriched in individuals with TB. These findings underscore the complexity of the monocyte landscape in CAD progression, particularly within settings of HIV and TB co-endemicity. We hope this work motivates further research and offers insights for the development of new precision biomarkers and immune-targeted therapies to prevent or treat CAD, TB, and HIV in populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyes, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feria, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nochowicz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arafat, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kityo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longenecker, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andorf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huaman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672210</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Distinct Monocyte Subtypes and Immune Features Associated with HIV, Tuberculosis, and Coronary Artery Disease in a Ugandan Cohort Using Mass Cytometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.671106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Efficient Lasso Framework for Admixture-Aware Polygenic Scores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.671106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polygenic scores (PGS) have promising clinical applications for risk stratification, disease screening, and personalized medicine. However, most PGS are trained on predominantly European ancestry cohorts and have limited portability to external populations. While cross-population PGS methods have demonstrated greater generalizability than single-ancestry PGS, they fail to properly account for individuals with recent admixture between continental ancestry groups. GAUDI is a recently proposed PGS method which overcomes this gap by leveraging local ancestry to estimate ancestry-specific effects, penalizing but allowing ancestry-differential effects. However, the modified fused LASSO approach used by GAUDI is computationally expensive and does not readily accommodate more than two-way admixture. To address these limitations, we introduce HAUDI, an efficient LASSO framework for admixed PGS construction. HAUDI re-parameterizes the GAUDI model as a standard LASSO problem, allowing for extension to multi-way admixture settings and far superior computational speed than GAUDI. In extensive simulations, HAUDI compares favorably to GAUDI while dramatically reducing computation time. In real data applications, HAUDI uniformly out-performs GAUDI across 18 clinical phenotypes, including total triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and shows substantial benefits over an ancestry-agnostic PGS for white blood cell count (WBC) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ockerman, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kharitonova, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loos, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooperberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haessler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reiner, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nassir, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buyske, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, D. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkens, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lange, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffield, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.671106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Efficient Lasso Framework for Admixture-Aware Polygenic Scores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structural brain abnormalities in psychosis are well-replicated but heterogenous posing a barrier to uncovering the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of psychosis. To parse neurostructural heterogeneity and assess for the presence of anatomically-derived subtypes, we applied a data-driven method, similarity network fusion (SNF), to structural neuroimaging data in a broad cohort of individuals with psychosis (schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) n=280; bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BD) n=101). SNF identified two transdiagnostic subtypes in psychosis (subtype 1: n=158 SSD, n=75 BD; subtype 2: n=122 SSD, n=26 BD) that exhibited divergent patterns of abnormal cortical surface area and subcortical volumes. Compared to controls (n=243), subtype 1 showed moderate enlargement of surface area in frontal and parietal areas and larger dorsal striatal volumes, whereas subtype 2 demonstrated markedly smaller surface areas in frontal and temporal areas and subcortical volumes, including hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and ventral striatum. When comparing subtypes on clinical characteristics, subtype 2 had more severe negative symptoms, greater neuropsychological impairment, and lower estimated premorbid intellectual functioning compared to subtype 1. Integrating cell-type data imputed from gene expression in the Allen Human Brain Atlas revealed an association between interregional reductions in surface area and layer 5 glutamatergic neuron abundance, critical for corticostriatal network connectivity and cognitive function, whereas reductions in cortical thickness spatially coupled with glia cell and interneuron abundance, in subtype 2. These outcomes indicate that regional variations in surface area, linked to different cell-types than cortical thickness, may be an important biomarker for understanding the pathophysiological trajectories of psychotic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hill, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feola, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heckers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodward, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subtyping psychotic disorders using a data-driven approach reveals divergent cortical and cellular signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BCL6 in T cells promotes type 1 diabetes by redirecting fates of insulin-autoreactive B lymphocytes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Currently approved type 1 diabetes (T1D) immunotherapies broadly target T cells and delay but do not fully prevent diabetes development, highlighting the need for more selective targets. Anti-insulin germinal center B cells are uniquely able to present pathogenic insulin epitopes and drive anti-insulin T cells to adopt a T follicular helper fate. T cell expression of BCL6, a key transcriptional repressor in the germinal center response, is essential for spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, the impact of T cells on pro-pathogenic anti-insulin B cell activity is still poorly understood. Here, we show that VH125SD.NOD mice with T cell loss of BCL6 still produce peripheral anti-insulin B cells yet are protected against diabetes (relative to Bcl6-sufficient controls). This protection was associated with reduced activation, proliferation, germinal center differentiation, and pancreatic infiltration of insulin-binding B cells. Minimally supervised analysis revealed insulin-binding B cells skew towards atypical memory B cell subsets specifically in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes, which was reduced by Bcl6{Delta}CD4 loss. Overall, this work suggests BCL6-expressing T cells are pivotal to license pathogenic insulin-binding B cells. Our findings support BCL6 inhibition as a promising T1D immunotherapy, even after insulin autoimmunity is established in the B cell repertoire.

Article Highlights- Loss of floxed Bcl6 via Cd4-Cre protects against type 1 diabetes even when an insulin-skewed B cell repertoire is present
- BCL6 loss in T cells reduces anti-insulin B cell upregulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules, proliferation, and IgG class switching in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes in VH125SD.NOD mice
- Anti-insulin B cells skew towards atypical and atypical memory B cell phenotypes compared to non-insulin binding B cells in pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes, only some of which are reduced by T cell loss of Bcl6
- This study highlights the translational potential of targeting BCL6, even after the establishment of insulin-reactive B cells, in line with typical intervention points for at-risk individuals


Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/671997v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clark, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAninch, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNitt, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padgett, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bass, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonami, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BCL6 in T cells promotes type 1 diabetes by redirecting fates of insulin-autoreactive B lymphocytes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.670302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modified tau leads to neuronal and global ribosome dysfunction in C. elegans model of tauopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.670302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by an early loss of memory formation which requires protein synthesis. Tau is an intrinsically disordered protein and is subject to extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs). Some PTMs have been shown to alter localization of tau and allow tau to disrupt protein translation. Protein interactome studies indicate that tau might interact with ribosomal proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that tau is causing ribosomal dysfunction as an early event and this interaction is dependent on taus PTMs. To test this, we used a C. elegans strain expressing single copy insertion of human tau as well as two of the most frequent modified versions of tau in mechanosensory neurons. With our assay to measure translation, we showed that in our T231 phosphorylation mimetic strain, there was a significant decrease in neuronal translation. This mimetic strain also showed a significant decrease in median lifespan and locomotion. Unexpectedly, in all our Tau-expressing strains, we detected a significant decrease in whole worm translation, suggesting a possible role of tau to influence translation in other tissues in worm. Our in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo efforts to demonstrate tau-ribosome association via fluorescent polysome profiling have shown that there is no direct association between tau and the ribosome. Ribosome dysfunction caused by modified tau could be an early event in AD pathology before the pathological hallmarks appear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ata, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somers, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuqua, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.670302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modified tau leads to neuronal and global ribosome dysfunction in C. elegans model of tauopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672683v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of Deep Learning Algorithms to Predict Multiple Dementia-Related Neuropathologies from Brain MRI, Clinical and Genetic Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.27.672683v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease and related dementias (ADRD) involve overlapping neurodegenerative and vascular pathologies--such as amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}), tau, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), TDP-43, and alpha-synuclein--that complicate diagnosis and treatment. While PET and CSF biomarkers are useful for detecting A{beta} and tau, they are invasive, expensive, and not widely available. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is non-invasive and widely accessible, offering an opportunity for pathology prediction when combined with deep learning. Most prior studies have focused on single-pathology detection, but there remains a need for models that can jointly predict multiple co-occurring pathologies. In this work, we evaluate deep learning models that integrate structural MRI with demographic, clinical, and genetic data to classify six autopsy-confirmed neuropathologies: A{beta}, tau, CAA, TDP-43, hippocampal sclerosis, and dementia with Lewy bodies. We compare our hybrid deep learning model to AutoGluon, an automated machine learning framework. Our findings support the potential of multimodal AI to enable non-invasive, comprehensive neuropathological profiling in ADRD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chattopadhyay, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kush, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senthilkumar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens-Walton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gleave, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mormino, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.27.672683</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of Deep Learning Algorithms to Predict Multiple Dementia-Related Neuropathologies from Brain MRI, Clinical and Genetic Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parallel Belief States account for Learning and Updating of Attentional Priorities in Multidimensional Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.674042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the behavioral relevance of visual features is difficult in multidimensional environments as many features could be important. One solution could involve tracking the experience with multiple features and using attentional control to decide which subset of features to explore and chose. Here, we characterize this attentional control process with a model of parallel belief states and test it with a task requiring the learning and updating of attention to features with varying selection histories and motivational costs. We found that exploring and exploiting features was accounted for by a model that tracks the latent beliefs about the relevance of multiple features in parallel. These parallel belief states accounted for the fast learning of feature-based attention, for perseverative selection history effects for features that were previously relevant, and for enhanced learning performance when the motivational costs of making errors increased. Taken together, these results quantify how multiple parallel belief states guide exploration and exploitation of feature-based attention during learning. We suggest parallel belief states represent attentional priorities that are read out by a competitive attentional control process to explore and exploit those visual objects in multidimensional environments that are believed to be relevant.

Significance statementDuring goal-directed behavior attention is allocated to features relevant for the behavioral goal. But in real-world settings with multidimensional objects, it is often unknown which features are maximally relevant and should be attentionally prioritized. We found a solution to this problem by quantifying the hidden beliefs about the relevance of multiple features in parallel. By tracking belief states about feature relevance we found that subjects consider multiple features in parallel during the learning of feature-based attention. These belief states correspond to attentional priorities and explained when attention is biased towards previously relevant but now irrelevant features, and when learning about relevant features is enhanced by motivational incentives. These findings quantify the parallel hidden beliefs that guide attention in complex environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.674042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parallel Belief States account for Learning and Updating of Attentional Priorities in Multidimensional Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672970v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetically-based sperm discrimination in the vaginal tract of a primate species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.672970v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Females influence offspring paternity through diverse pre- and post-copulatory mechanisms. Sperm discrimination--the differential physiological response to ejaculates based on male or sperm characteristics--can bias fertilization outcomes, but in vivo evidence of this process in large-bodied mammals is lacking. Here, we tested whether two aspects of female physiology that affect sperm survival-vaginal immune response and pH-are modulated by male genetic makeup in a nonhuman primate. We observed post-copulatory differences in vaginal gene expression and pH, with the strongest immune responses and largest pH decreases, harmful to sperm, exhibited by females mating with genetically similar males. These findings support genetically based post-copulatory mate discrimination in primates, shedding light on the interaction between male gametes and the female reproductive tract and potentially explaining variation in conception probability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nonnamaker, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.672970</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetically-based sperm discrimination in the vaginal tract of a primate species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Natural killer cell TGF- signaling regulates senolytic activity and vascular patterning in the postnatal lung 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.29.673190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a disease of neonatal lung development that is linked to impaired pulmonary vascularization, dysregulated transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF-{beta}) signaling and the accumulation of senescent cells. Despite the established role for TGF-{beta} signaling in promoting vascular remodeling and suppressing the senolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells, the contribution of NK cell TGF-{beta} signaling to postnatal lung patterning and the pathogenesis of BPD remains unclear.

MethodsMice bearing an NK cell-selective deletion of the type-II TGF-{beta} receptor (Tgfbr2NK-/-) were analyzed for vascular and alveolar structure, lung NK cell infiltration, senescence markers and lung function testing across neonatal and adult timepoints. Single-cell RNA sequencing of lung tissue from both neonatal mice and human infants with BPD was performed. The effect of enhanced NK cell activity in a hyperoxia-induced model of BPD was assessed in Tgfbr2NK-/-neonates, as well as pharmacologically, using the TGF-{beta} ligand trap/IL-15 superagonist, HCW9218.

ResultsNeonatal Tgfbr2NK-/- mice exhibited a baseline reduction in distal arteriolar density, impaired alveolarization, and sex-specific deficits in long-term lung function. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified the excessive clearance of senescent endothelial cells by TGF-{beta} insensitive NK cells in the lungs of Tgfbr2NK-/- neonates, which served as a contributor of the BPD-like phenotype observed in naive animals. Tgfbr2NK-/- mice were protected from impaired lung development in the hyperoxia model. Sequencing from lung tissue from infants with BPD confirmed excessive TGF-{beta} signaling and cytotoxic impairment in NK cells. Treatment with HCW9218 prevented senescent cell accumulation and rescued lung development in the hyperoxia mouse model.

ConclusionsThese findings identify TGF-{beta} as a tunable regulator of NK cell senolytic activity that is essential to normal postnatal lung development. Excessive NK cell TGF-{beta} signaling contributes to impaired lung development following exposure to neonatal hyperoxia and may serve as a viable therapeutic target for human BPD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gainer, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rätsep, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quilty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skebo, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VandenBroek, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laverty, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brady, H. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vivier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domnik, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ormiston, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.29.673190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Natural killer cell TGF- signaling regulates senolytic activity and vascular patterning in the postnatal lung]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673265v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
InsP3R signaling mediates mitochondrial stress-induced longevity through actomyosin-dependent mitochondrial dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.30.673265v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Certain forms of mitochondrial impairment confer longevity, while mitochondrial dysfunction arising from aging and disease-associated mutations triggers severe pathogenesis. The adaptive pathways that distinguish benefit from pathology remain unclear. Here we reveal that longevity induced by mitochondrial Complex I/nuo-6 mutation in C. elegans is dependent on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channel, InsP3R. We find that the InsP3R promotes mitochondrial respiration, but the mitochondrial calcium uniporter is dispensable for both respiration and lifespan extension in Complex I mutants, suggesting InsP3R action is independent of matrix Ca2+ flux. Transcriptomic profiling and imaging reveal a previously unrecognized role for the InsP3R in regulating mitochondrial scaling, where InsP3R impairment results in maladaptive hyper-expansion of dysfunctional mitochondrial networks. We reveal a conserved InsP3R signaling axis through which calmodulin and actomyosin remodeling machineries, including Arp2/3, formin FHOD-1, and MLCK, constrain mitochondrial expansion and promote longevity. Disruption of actin remodeling or autophagy mimics InsP3R loss. Conversely, driving fragmentation ameliorates mitochondrial expansion and rescues longevity, supporting a model in which InsP3R-dependent actin remodeling sustains mitochondrial turnover. These findings establish an inter-organelle signaling axis by which ER calcium release orchestrates mitochondrial-based longevity through cytoskeletal effectors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruark, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulligan, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, E. K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquet-Cribe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.30.673265</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[InsP3R signaling mediates mitochondrial stress-induced longevity through actomyosin-dependent mitochondrial dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calorie Restriction modulates beta cell IP3R activity to regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and cell network connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calorie restriction (CR) promotes beta cell longevity by regulating cell identity, organelle and protein homeostasis, and metabolism pathways. CR beta cells have higher cAMP levels and mitochondria with an elevated potential to generate ATP. However, CR beta cells have reduced insulin secretion due to increased peripheral insulin sensitivity. How CR impacts beta cell Ca2+ homeostasis to regulate beta cell insulin release remains unknown. We investigated this question using acute pancreatic tissue slices prepared from ad-libitum (AL) or CR mice loaded with a low affinity Ca2+ indicator and recorded cytosolic Ca2+ gradients with fast confocal imaging. We exposed these slices to increasing glucose concentrations and applied our semi-automatic analysis pipeline to detect thousands of individual beta cells followed by identification of individual Ca2+ spiking events. We observed that CR beta cells have fast short-amplitude Ca2+ oscillations that correlate with largely disconnected beta cell networks across the islet. Using acetylcholine stimulation, we found that faster IP3R-driven Ca2+ oscillations linked to higher cytosolic cAMP levels protect beta cells against acute depletion of ER Ca2+ stress. Therefore, this study provides new mechanistic insight into adaptation of beta cell and of beta cell networks to CR interventions.

Article highlightsO_LIBeta cells from calorie restricted (CR) mice have decreased insulin release, however the mechanisms underlying this adaptive response remain unknown.
C_LIO_LICR beta cells have elevated basal cytosolic cAMP ([cAMP]cyt) compared to beta cells in control ad libitum fed (AL) mice, and they operate with faster and shorter cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations.
C_LIO_LIWhile AL beta cells form interconnected activity networks, CR beta cells are largely disconnected and fire more independently of each other.
C_LIO_LIIslets of CR mice can sustain prolonged activity during ER stressing conditions due to elevated IP3R activity and improved Ca2+ homeostasis.
C_LI

Why did we undertake this study?We have previously shown that calorie restriction (CR) promotes beta cell longevity by enhancing beta cell identity and organelle homeostasis mechanisms. This long-lived phenotype correlated with the onset of enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity and reduced beta cell insulin release in vivo despite higher cAMP levels and increased potential for mitochondrial ATP generation. However, the mechanisms underlying the reduced cell insulin release phenotype of CR beta cells remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the underlying Ca2+ homeostasis mechanisms regulating insulin release in AL and CR beta cells.

What is the specific question(s) we wanted to answer?We were interested in determining what are the cell Ca2+ activity patterns during basal and glucose-stimulated conditions in AL and CR beta cells. In addition, we also investigated how CR beta cells respond to epinephrine inhibition and supra-stimulatory concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh), which drive acute beta cell stress by disrupting normal cAMP and ER Ca2+ signaling, respectively. Finally, we investigate whether CR beta cells formed more interconnected beta cell networks driven by changes in Ca2+ activity patterns.

What did we find?We found that CR beta cells are more active with significantly higher rates of Ca2+ oscillation at basal and high glucose concentrations. In fact, CR beta cells have shorter inter-Ca2+ event intervals that are more resistant to depletion of cAMP by epinephrine application. In contrast, stimulation of IP3R activity (to force depletion of ER Ca2+ stores) by supraphysiological ACh concentrations revealed that CR beta cells were able to sustain a prolonged Ca2+ activity versus AL beta cells. Surprisingly, this enhanced beta cell activity profile reduced beta cell activity network connectivity.

What are the implications of our findings?Our work demonstrates that CR beta cells have higher baseline and glucose-stimulated Ca2+ activity due to higher cAMP levels. These cells also have dominant IP3R activity that grants improved ER Ca2+ homeostasis and significantly reduces beta cell network connectivity to tone down insulin secretion. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of how beta cells adapt to CR and to CR-associated enhanced insulin sensitivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pfabe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Acree, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habashy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambraia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slak Rupnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calorie Restriction modulates beta cell IP3R activity to regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and cell network connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.672354v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of combined prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal stress on social behavior and oxytocin and vasopressin systems in male and female mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.672354v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prenatal exposures to air pollution and maternal psychosocial stress are each associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and epidemiological work suggests that concurrent exposure to these risk factors may be particularly harmful. This is important given that the same populations often bear the brunt of both toxicant and psychosocial stress burdens. Social impairments are a defining symptom in ASD. Previous work modeling combined prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and maternal stress (MS) in rodents has found male-biased social deficits in offspring, as well as changes to neuroimmune processes and the gut microbiome. However, the precise neural circuits on which these exposures converge to impact social behavior is unclear. Oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) are neuropeptides critical to the regulation of social behavior across species, signaling primarily at the oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) and vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) in the brain. Here, we hypothesized that OXT and/or AVP expression would be reduced in the brain following DEP/MS exposure. Following prenatal exposure to DEP/MS or the vehicle/control condition (VEH/CON), we measured maternal and offspring outcomes during the perinatal period, social and anxiety-like behavior during adolescence, OXT and AVP cell/fiber density and Oxtr and Avpr1a mRNA expression in early adulthood in several brain regions in both males and females. We observed a decrease in interaction time in DEP/MS males as compared to VEH/CON in the sociability assay and a decrease in social novelty preference in DEP/MS females as compared to VEH/CON. No effects of sex or treatment were observed on OXT or AVP cell number or fiber density in the hypothalamic regions assessed. However, numerous sex differences were observed in Oxtr and Avpr1a mRNA. Moreover, Avpr1a mRNA was significantly increased following DEP/MS exposure in the nucleus accumbens in both sexes and tended to increase in the dorsal hippocampus. Conversely, Avpr1a mRNA tended to decrease in the amygdala in both sexes following DEP/MS exposure. Together, these findings suggest that DEP/MS exposure has a stronger impact on female social behavior than previously observed. Moreover, while DEP/MS exposure does not appear to impact OXT or AVP expression in the brain, V1aR expression is modulated by DEP/MS exposure in several brain regions.

HighlightsO_LIPrenatal DEP/MS reduces social novelty preference in females
C_LIO_LIPrenatal DEP/MS does not alter OXT or AVP cell number in the PVN
C_LIO_LIPrenatal DEP/MS does not alter OXT or AVP fiber density in the LH, AH, or MPOA
C_LIO_LIPrenatal DEP/MS increases Avpr1a mRNA in the NAc
C_LIO_LIPrenatal DEP/MS tends to decrease Avrp1a mRNA in the AMY and increase in dHipp
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stoehr, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babalola, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagwagar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.672354</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of combined prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal stress on social behavior and oxytocin and vasopressin systems in male and female mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673952v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NASP functions in the cytoplasm to prevent histone H3 aggregation during early embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.03.673952v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
From their molecular birth until their incorporation into chromatin, histones are bound by specific chaperones that serve unique functions in histone trafficking, stability and chromatin deposition. The H3-specific chaperone NASP binds directly to H3 and is required to prevent degradation of soluble H3 in vivo. Where NASP functions and how NASP affects H3 dynamics and stability is unknown. Using the Drosophila early embryo as a model system to understand NASP function in vivo, we show that NASP does not directly affect H3 nuclear import or export rates. Rather, reduced H3 levels in NASP-deficient embryos indirectly affect nuclear import and the amount of H3 deposited into chromatin. Crucially, we find that cytoplasmic NASP prevents H3 aggregation in vivo and that H3 aggregation and degradation are developmentally separable events. Thus, we propose the main function of NASP in vivo is to prevent H3 aggregation, thereby indirectly protecting H3 from degradation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Das, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coronado-Chavez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tirgar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amodeo, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.03.673952</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NASP functions in the cytoplasm to prevent histone H3 aggregation during early embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NERV: A Comprehensive Framework for Rapid, Reproducible, and Hardware-Synchronized Neuroscience Experiment Design and Execution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBehavioral neuroscience experiments require precise stimulus control, millisecond timing, hardware integration, and robust data provenance. Increasing use of 3D environments and multimodal recordings adds challenges for development, accessibility, and reproducibility. Fragmented tools often separate presentation, synchronization, and logging, leading to inefficiencies.

New MethodThe Neuroscience Experimental Runtime by Vanderbilt (NERV) is a Unity-based framework that unifies experiment design, execution, and data logging. It enables rapid, no-code prototyping by automating scene and script generation, event timing, state management, hardware-synchronized data acquisition, and archival of code and experimental configurations. The modular, open-source framework implements a "low floor, high ceiling" design that lowers barriers for non-programmers while remaining extensible for advanced customization.

ResultsAcross 500 trials, Unity-to-TTL delay was 2.10 {+/-} 1.21 ms, TTL-to-photodiode delay was 28.93 {+/-} 0.76 ms, and Unity-to-screen delay was 31.04 {+/-} 1.41 ms. These results confirm stable millisecond precision and frame-locked timing, enabling reliable alignment of neural, behavioral, and visual events.

Comparison with existing methodsExisting frameworks involve trade-offs. Some achieve precise timing but require advanced coding, while others improve accessibility but struggle with hardware or 3D graphics. Commercial platforms offer polish yet remain costly, closed-source, and inflexible. NERV combines millisecond precision, modular open-source design, and provenance in a single platform, reducing workflow fragmentation and enabling reproducible, scalable experiments.

ConclusionNERV is an accessible yet extensible framework that unites rapid development, robust data provenance, and millisecond precision. It accelerates development, ensures reproducibility, and establishes a scalable foundation for next-generation neuro-science research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coutray, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NERV: A Comprehensive Framework for Rapid, Reproducible, and Hardware-Synchronized Neuroscience Experiment Design and Execution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.671934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
peakScout - a user-friendly and reversible peak-to-gene translator for genomic peak calling results 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.671934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SummarypeakScout is a command line and web-based bioinformatics tool designed to quickly and easily bridge the gap between genomic peak data and gene annotations, enabling researchers to understand the relationship between measurements of regulatory elements and their target genes. At its core, peakScout processes genomic peak files obtained through various means chromatin profiling and maps them to nearby genes using reference genome annotations. The workflow begins with input processing, where peak files are standardized and reference GTF files are decomposed into chromosome-specific feature collections. The core analysis modules then perform bidirectional mapping: peak-to-gene identifies which genes are potentially regulated by specific genomic regions, while gene-to-peak reveals which regulatory elements might influence particular genes of interest. Throughout this process, nearest-feature detection algorithms handle the complex spatial relationships between genomic elements, considering factors like distance constraints and feature overlaps. Finally, the results are formatted into researcher-friendly CSV and Excel outputs, providing a comprehensive view of the genomic landscape that connects regulatory elements to their potential gene targets.

Availability and implementationThe web version of peakScout is available at https://vandydata.github.io/peakScout/. The command line version is available at https://github.com/vandydata/peakScout and archived on Zenodo (URL to be provided upon version 1.0 release) under the GNU Affero General Public License v3.0. Installation instructions, example datasets, and detailed usage examples are provided in the GitHub repository README file. peakScout is implemented in Python and is platform independent, but the web version is implemented in Amazon Web Services and thus uses proprietary infrastructure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.07.671934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[peakScout - a user-friendly and reversible peak-to-gene translator for genomic peak calling results]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.672848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An RNA regulates iron homeostasis and host mucus colonization in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.672848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiotic bacteria in the human intestinal microbiota provide many pivotal functions to human health and occupy distinct biogeographic niches within the gut. Yet the molecular basis underlying niche-specific colonization remains poorly defined. To address this, we conducted a time-resolved dual RNA-seq experiment to simultaneously monitor the transcriptional co-adaptations of human commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and human gut epithelial cells in an anaerobe-epithelium co-culture system. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of mucus-associated versus supernatant Bacteroides populations unveiled small RNAs (sRNAs) that are differentially regulated between spatially segregated subpopulations. Among these, we identified IroR as a key sRNA that facilitates B. thetaiotaomicron adaptation to the mucus-rich, iron-limiting niche, partly by modulating expression of bacterial capsule genes. This work provides new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of gut colonization and underscores a previously underappreciated role for bacterial sRNAs in shaping mutualistic interactions between the human microbiota and the gut epithelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prezza, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fansler, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guest, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maedler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westermann, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.672848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An RNA regulates iron homeostasis and host mucus colonization in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of Regulator of telomere elongation helicase (Rtel1) impairs alveolar epithelial cell progenitor function but does not exacerbate experimental fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.04.674361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inherited loss-of-function mutations in the replication-associated helicase Regulator of telomere elongation helicase (RTEL1) are among the most frequent monogenic causes of familial pulmonary fibrosis (FPF), but the specific functional role of RTEL1 in lung development, homeostasis, and injury-repair has not been determined. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing to define the cellular diversity and molecular programs following intratracheal bleomycin injury in mice, we observed that Rtel1 was most highly expressed in the lung epithelium, and its expression was reduced in PF epithelial cells compared to nonfibrotic controls. While global deletion of Rtel1 leads to embryonic lethality, constitutive deletion of Rtel1 in the lung epithelium (Rtel{Delta}epi) led to normal lung structure and architecture. Rtel1{Delta}epi mice exhibited accelerated telomere attrition and impaired AEC progenitor potential ex-vivo. Despite decreased AEC progenitor function, no differences in lung fibrosis were observed in Rtel{Delta}epi mice compared to controls following single-dose or repetitive intratracheal bleomycin. Together, these data implicate RTEL1 as a regulator of AEC progenitor function but this level of progenitor dysfunction is not alone sufficient to cause or exacerbate experimental lung fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, N. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCall, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamga Gninzeko, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nichols, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosukhin, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gokey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of Regulator of telomere elongation helicase (Rtel1) impairs alveolar epithelial cell progenitor function but does not exacerbate experimental fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674437v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identification of a broad and potent V3 glycan site bNAb targeting anN332gp120 glycan-independent epitope 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.05.674437v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 can suppress viremia in vivo and inform vaccine development. Here, we characterized 007, a V3 glycan site bNAb exhibiting high levels of antiviral activity against multiclade pseudovirus panels1-3 (GeoMean IC50 = 0.012 {micro}g/mL, breadth = 69%, 217 virus strains) by targeting a N332gp120 glycan-independent V3 epitope, a site of Env vulnerability to which only weakly neutralizing antibodies had previously been identified. Functional analyses demonstrated distinct binding and neutralization profiles compared to classical V3 glycan site bNAbs. A 007 Fab-Env cryo-EM structure revealed contacts with the V3 324GD/NIR327 motif and interactions with N156gp120 and N301gp120 glycans. In contrast to classical V3 bNAbs, 007 binding to Env does not depend on the N332gp120 glycan, rendering it resistant to common escape mutations. Structures of 007 IgG-Env trimer complexes showed two Env trimers crosslinked by three bivalent IgGs, and bivalent 007 IgG was up to [~]300-fold more potent than monovalent 007 IgG heterodimer, suggesting a role for avidity in potent neutralization. Finally, in HIV-1ADA-infected humanized mice, 007 caused transient decline of viremia and overcame classical V3 escape mutations, highlighting 007s potential for HIV-1 prevention, therapy, functional cure, and vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gieselmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeLaitsch, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worczinski, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Momot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadov, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havenar-Daughton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deshpande, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giovannoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corti, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ercanoglu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schommers, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knuefer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stumpf, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kroidl, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geldmacher, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maganga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ntinginya, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoelscher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Gils, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gristick, H. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloom, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorkman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.05.674437</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identification of a broad and potent V3 glycan site bNAb targeting anN332gp120 glycan-independent epitope]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intravital Two-Photon Imaging of Touch Sensory Axon Morphology in Mouse Skin 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) are somatosensory neurons that detect innocuous light touch stimuli such as vibration, hair deflection, and pressure. They form subtype-specific terminals in the periphery and project axons centrally to the spinal cord to transmit tactile information. Current understanding about LTMR development and organization comes from fixed-tissue studies that cannot reveal the dynamic and temporal processes of neuronal wiring and remodeling. Here, we demonstrate a two-photon imaging method for visualizing LTMR axon morphology in the mouse right forepaw during development and in young adults. Two-photon microscopy can achieve high-resolution imaging within intact skin, allowing repeated imaging of the same axon terminals over postnatal timepoints. These approaches provide an in vivo system for the study of the cellular mechanisms that regulate LTMR patterning and plasticity. Its application to longitudinal analyses will make it possible to observe the assembly of touch circuits and their repair following injury. This technique may provide essential information about somatosensory axon structure and function in the skin.

SummaryThis study presents an in vivo two-photon imaging approach to visualize the structures of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) axon terminals in the forepaw skin in mice. By enabling repeated, high-resolution imaging of individual axons, the method provides a new platform for studying the sensory circuit structure and function during development and in adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelliah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.08.674093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intravital Two-Photon Imaging of Touch Sensory Axon Morphology in Mouse Skin]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675677v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early life adversity shapes life history trade-offs between growth and reproduction in free-ranging rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675677v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Life history theory predicts that organisms allocate resources across physiological processes to maximize fitness. Under this framework, early life adversity (ELA)--which often limits energetic capital--could shape investment in growth and reproduction, as well as trade-offs between them, ultimately contributing to variation in evolutionary fitness. Using long-term demographic, behavioral, and physiological data for 2,100 females from a non-human primate population, we tested whether naturally-occurring ELA influences investment in the competing physiological demands of growth and reproduction. By analyzing ELA, growth, and reproduction in the same individuals, we also assessed whether adversity intensifies trade-offs between life history domains. We found that ELA influenced life history patterns, and was associated with modified growth, delayed reproductive maturity, and small adult body size. Different types of ELA sometimes had distinct reproductive outcomes--e.g., large group size was linked to faster reproductive rates, while low maternal rank predicted slower ones. Adversity also amplified trade-offs between growth and reproduction: small body size was a stronger predictor of delayed and reduced reproductive output in females exposed to ELA, compared to those not exposed. Finally, we examined how traits modified by ELA related to lifetime reproductive success. Across the population, starting reproduction earlier and maintaining a moderate reproductive rate conferred the greatest number of offspring surviving to reproductive maturity. These findings suggest that ELA impacts key life history traits as well as relationships between them, and can constrain individuals from adopting the most optimal reproductive strategy.

Significance StatementEarly life adversity (ELA) can have lasting effects on evolutionary fitness (e.g., the number of surviving offspring an animal produces); however, the paths connecting ELA to fitness--for example by influencing growth, reproductive timing or rate, or trade-offs between these processes--remain unclear. Leveraging long-term behavioral, physiological, and demographic data from 2,100 female rhesus macaques, we found that ELA-exposed females exhibited growth and reproductive schedules associated with less-optimal lifetime fitness outcomes. Further, ELA intensified trade-offs between growth and reproduction, suggesting that affected individuals face steeper energetic constraints. Our findings highlight the long-lasting impacts of ELA on traits of evolutionary and biomedical importance in a non-human primate model with relevance to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widdig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turcotte, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauman Surratt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz Lambides, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Cayo Biobank Research Unit,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snyder-Mackler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brent, L. J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higham, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675677</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early life adversity shapes life history trade-offs between growth and reproduction in free-ranging rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trsp is required by regulatory T cells to prevent lethal autoimmunity in mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.09.675163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selenoproteins are involved in immune cell metabolism, yet the roles of these proteins in T cell development and function remain largely unknown. The Trsp gene encodes the selenocysteine tRNA (tRNASec) required for translation of all selenoproteins. In this study, we found that Trsp was required for thymopoiesis, with the majority of tRNASec-deficient T cells not progressing beyond double negative 3 stage, with egressed thymocytes undergoing peripheral homeostatic expansion. Trsp-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibited impairments in TCR and IL-2 signaling and did not cause inflammation in experimental models. On the other hand, Trsp-deficient regulatory T (Treg) cells exhibited defects in suppressive function ex vivo and Treg-specific Trsp deletion using Trspfl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre (Trsp!{iota}Treg) mice caused fatal autoimmunity similar to FOXP3-deficient mice. Reducing oxidative stress via 2-HOBA administration prolonged survival in these Trsp!{iota}Treg mice. These findings indicate that tRNASec is required for T cell homeostasis and may be therapeutic targets in inflammation.

One sentence summaryTrsp, a gene required for translation of all selenoproteins, is essential for all T cell development and function, especially regulatory T cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jacobse, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilat, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwag, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aziz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buendia, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pahnke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Washington, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rings, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Short, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samsom, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goettel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.09.675163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trsp is required by regulatory T cells to prevent lethal autoimmunity in mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676631v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exploring metalloproteome remodeling in calprotectin-stressed Acinetobacter baumannii using chemoproteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676631v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The growth of bacterial pathogens is limited by nutritional immunity, where the infected host deploys metal scavenging proteins to starve the pathogen of essential transition metals. An important transition metal-sequestering protein is the S100A8-S100A9 heterotetramer, calprotectin (CP). Prior work reveals that CP induces a significant Zn- and Fe- starvation response in the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii, in liquid culture. Here, we employ a quantitative chemoproteomics platform to pinpoint changes in abundance-corrected cysteine reactivity, and by extension cellular metal occupancy in metalloenzymes, that occur when A. baumannii is challenged with physiological CP in liquid culture relative to an untreated WT control. Changes in protein abundance with CP stress reveal a pronounced Zn-limitation and Fe-starvation response and reciprocal regulation of three enzymes of central carbon metabolism, including aconitase. A majority of the 2645 quantifiable Cys-containing peptides that show an increase in abundance-corrected Cys reactivity (150) are derived from known Zn-, Fe- and Fe-S-cluster proteins, revealing a significant decrease in metal occupancy (undermetalation) across the proteome. Myriad cell processes are compromised by undermetalation of the metalloproteome, including enzymes that function in the TCA cycle and respiration, GTP metabolism, ribosome remodeling, tRNA charging, and proteostasis. A direct comparison of a strain lacking the candidate metallochaperone ZigA ({Delta}zigA) with the wild-type strain reveals that the loss of ZigA is effectively silent in this assay. We conclude that CP induces a widespread, negative impact on the metalation status of the metalloproteome that results in a significant nutrient limitation response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osterberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bak, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreini, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Critchlow, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trinidad, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akizuki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chazin, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weerapana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giedroc, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676631</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exploring metalloproteome remodeling in calprotectin-stressed Acinetobacter baumannii using chemoproteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative Spatial Omics for Systems-Level Mapping of Pathological Niches 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.12.675904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial omics technologies are a powerful tool for mapping the relationship between cellular organization and molecular distributions in healthy and diseased tissue microenvironments. Here, we describe a novel multimodal pipeline that represents experimental and computational advances for spatiomolecular analysis of tissue samples across molecular classes. This adaptable method integrates matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry spatial lipidomics, spatial transcriptomics, protein imaging via multiplexed immunofluorescence microscopy, and histopathological staining to uncover spatiomolecular profiles associated with unique cellular niches and pathological features. We demonstrate the power of this approach using two different complex human disease systems: Alzheimers disease in human brain tissue and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the human pancreas. This work establishes and demonstrates a generalizable framework for multimodal spatial integration, enabling precise mapping of molecular mechanisms that underlie complex tissue pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kruse, A. R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lardenoije, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malek, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eskaros, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aamodt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura-Antunes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.12.675904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative Spatial Omics for Systems-Level Mapping of Pathological Niches]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.13.676027v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A role of extracellular vesicle-mediated inter-organ communication in obesity-related arrhythmia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.13.676027v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity contributes to the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show visceral adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (VAT EVs) from individuals with obesity prolong action potential duration (APD) and impair calcium handling in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, in addition to activating fibroblasts and macrophages towards a pro-fibrotic/inflammatory state, thereby creating pro-arrhythmic substrate. Adipose-derived EVs target the heart in obese mice, suggesting the potential for direct communication. Transcriptome-wide genetic association (TWAS) and epigenetic studies anchored on genes differentially expressed in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages after VAT-EV exposure identified genes significantly associated with QT interval and atrial fibrillation. Finally, as a proof-of-principle, we pharmacologically blocked TRPC3 (a VAT-EV-induced ion channel) in cardiomyocytes, restoring the APD towards normality. This molecular genetic evidence supports an EV-mediated direct communication pathway between adipose tissue and the heart in arrhythmogenesis, offering a new paradigm to identify mediators of cardiovascular disease in obesity.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=192 SRC="FIGDIR/small/676027v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (74K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@114b230org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1be7926org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3d6b0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3ef15_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Limpitikul, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Contreras, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betti, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spangler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pabel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sossalla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellinor, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamazon, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.13.676027</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A role of extracellular vesicle-mediated inter-organ communication in obesity-related arrhythmia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microwear variability in a spatially and temporally constrained elephant population: Implications for interpreting the diets of extant and extinct proboscideans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Proboscideans, including mammoths, played a crucial role in past herbivore communities, where resource partitioning helped reduce competition and promote coexistence. Stable carbon isotopes are frequently employed to differentiate between the consumption of C3 and C4 plants in the fossil record. However, as geographic variability influences {delta}13C values, dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is often used in tandem to infer dietary preferences among extinct taxa (e.g., the consumption of grass vs. browse). Interpreting the dietary ecology of proboscideans, like mammoths, rests on our ability to compare fossil specimens to modern taxa with known diets. Here, we established a modern reference for interpreting mammoth DMTA by analyzing teeth from 11 African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana) culled in 1993 from Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa (CITES permit certificate no. 780873). These specimens, housed at the Illinois State Museum, originated from the arid bushveld of northern KNP and were collected during the beginning of the dry season. Previous studies indicate that modern elephants in this region consume a mixed diet, consisting of [~]40% grass in the dry season and 50% grass in the wet season. The well-documented dietary and environmental context of these individuals provides an opportunity to assess dental microwear patterns in a modern analog and compare individuals with known diets to extinct mammoths. Specifically, we compared newly acquired modern African bush elephants DMTA to published DMTA data from fossil specimens of Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi). Comparisons with fossil assemblages reveal few statistically significant differences in microwear between mammoth and KNP elephants, with the exception of mammoths from Leisey Shell Pit 1A having significantly lower complexity values than modern African bush elephants--indicative of some mammoth populations eating softer foods and/or less woody browse. Variation and breadth of DMTA from mammoths are similar to the temporally and geographically constrained population of L. africana. Despite potential time averaging in fossil assemblages, the variation in mammoth DMTA aligns with that of a geographically and temporally constrained modern population, indicating that microwear variability in fossil taxa is not necessarily greater than that observed in extant species and is consistent with the highly varied diets of modern African elephants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barrett, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, L. R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.676112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microwear variability in a spatially and temporally constrained elephant population: Implications for interpreting the diets of extant and extinct proboscideans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Social observation influences the trajectory of performance monitoring across trials: evidence from single-trial estimates of the ERN and CRN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The error-related negativity (ERN) and correct-related negativity (CRN) are event-related potentials (ERPs) that reflect performance monitoring following error and correct responses, respectively. Prior work demonstrates the ERN is sensitive to the motivational significance of errors, which increases under social observation. However, most studies testing how social observation impacts performance monitoring rely on trial-averaged ERPs, potentially obscuring meaningful fluctuations in ERN/CRN over time. Here, we had participants complete a Flanker task twice (social observation vs. alone) and employed mixed-effects modeling of single-trial ERPs to test if social observation impacts ERN/CRN trajectories over short (within blocks) or long (between blocks) timescales. We found that social observation selectively influenced ERN/CRN trajectories over short timescales: for blocks performed under social observation (but not alone), ERN magnitudes increased across trials and CRN magnitudes decreased. At longer timescales, ERN/CRN significantly decreased across all blocks, regardless of social observation and consistent with a vigilance decrement. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that social observation influences performance monitoring trajectories over short timescales. Results highlight the importance of analyzing ERN/CRN trajectories over relatively short timescales to fully characterize the impact of social observation on performance monitoring dynamics. These findings lay the groundwork for future investigation into whether social observation interacts with individual differences in motivation/affect to differentially impact performance monitoring dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzzell, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Social observation influences the trajectory of performance monitoring across trials: evidence from single-trial estimates of the ERN and CRN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of Speed Regulation and Speed Modulation in Velocity-Field Based Control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The velocity vector field (flow) controller is a well-established control strategy for lower limb exoskeletons. In this paper, we analyze this controller and propose modifications to improve its performance. We demonstrate that flow control acts as a variable proportional-derivative error regulator, where the parameter {Gamma} represents the desired norm of the hip-knee joint velocity vector (path speed). Based on this, we introduce two modifications to {Gamma}: (1) a constant {Gamma} set to the mean desired path speed, and (2) a variable {Gamma} that mimics natural path speed during unassisted walking. We compared the modified flow controllers with a slow-{Gamma} version in experiments involving seven participants walking on a treadmill at 0.6m/s, 0.8m/s, and 1.0m/s. Compared to the slow-{Gamma} controller, the RMS tracking error decreased by 30.7{+/-} 11.3% and the range of motion of the knee increased by 48.2 {+/-} 5.5% for the mean-{Gamma} controller, while the variable-{Gamma} controller had 32.4 {+/-} 14.7% smaller RMS error and 50.5 {+/-} 6.5% larger range of motion of the knee. Additionally, the slow-{Gamma} controller consistently applied resistive power, whereas participants reported more comfortable and natural gait with the modified controllers. We also compared them with the original tuning of flow controller, with results indicating superior performance from the proposed modifications. These findings demonstrate effectiveness across different walking speeds and offer a tuning strategy for future flow controller use.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nasiri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldfarb, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arami, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of Speed Regulation and Speed Modulation in Velocity-Field Based Control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676660v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infants who develop BPD have an airway endotype defined by vimentin expression and ciliary loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676660v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RationaleBronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) results from abnormal lung development after preterm birth, with structural deficits at every respiratory tree level. BPD with lower airway disease is emerging as a clinically significant phenotype with increased mortality, and there is a significant knowledge gap in the molecular mechanisms whereby preterm birth disrupts normal airway development.

ObjectivesTo develop a human model of lower airway disease after preterm birth and to characterize a molecular endotype of evolving BPD (eBPD) at baseline and in response to injury.

MethodsWe used a combination of an ex vivo organotypic Airway Epithelial Cell (AEC models) and well-characterized pathologic and transcriptomic patient samples for quantitative immunohistochemistry and RNA sequencing analyses.

Measurements and Main ResultsCompared to AECs from healthy patients, eBPD- derived AECs have a molecular endotype of reduced proliferation, impaired differentiation to ciliated epithelium, and an expanded vimentin-positive population with a transcriptional shift toward stromal cell-associated genes. With hyperoxia exposure, eBPD-derived AECs exhibited a pronounced vimentin response ex vivo, which parallels the increased vimentin expression of airway cells observed in lung tissue from human infants with BPD.

ConclusionsIn this organotypic model of neonatal airway differentiation, we find that infants with eBPD have impaired differentiation, increased expression of vimentin, and concomitant loss of cilia, with an exaggerated increase in vimentin expression after hyperoxia injury, findings that mimic the effects of prematurity in airway cells in human patients. These data provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies interrogating the role of intermediate filaments in epithelial differentiation and repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eldredge, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pribitzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reeves, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanderwall, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debley, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676660</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infants who develop BPD have an airway endotype defined by vimentin expression and ciliary loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677503v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Two Distinct Attentional Priorities Guide Exploratory and Exploitative Gaze in Parallel 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.20.677503v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gaze is directed to visual objects that are informative, reward-predictive, or novel. These gaze preferences may reflect the parallel influence of two separable attention systems: Exploratory attention prioritizing uncertainty and exploitative attention prioritizing learned information about reward. We tested this hypothesis in nonhuman primates learning feature-based attention to objects that had either previously learned reward associations or were novel. The reward history of features slowed down learning by attracting fixations of non-rewarded distractors that were previously targets. This reward history bias persisted in fixations used to choose objects even after choice accuracy stabilized. In contrast, fixational sampling that preceded a choice showed negligible history biases that were overcome quickly in favor of wider exploratory sampling. Quantifying the exploratory value object features with a Parallel Belief States model of attention confirmed that exploratory fixational sampling was unaffected by reward history, while exploitative fixations that committed to a decision showed persistent target history biases. These findings suggest that gaze is guided by two separable attentional priorities in parallel. Exploratory attention prioritizes uncertain items and instantiates information sampling, while exploitative attentional priority guides gaze to current and previously goal-relevant features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassani, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiesinga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.20.677503</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Two Distinct Attentional Priorities Guide Exploratory and Exploitative Gaze in Parallel]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677394v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Kidney kallikrein-1 contributes to cleavage of gamma-ENaC in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.677394v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is essential for sodium reabsorption and potassium homeostasis in the distal nephron, where its activity is controlled by mineralocorticoid signaling and downstream proteolytic processing of channel subunits. While cleavage of the {gamma}-ENaC subunit has been implicated in aldosterone-mediated sodium transport, the identity of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-regulated proteases responsible for this process remains uncertain. Here, we investigated the role of kallikrein-1 (encoded by Klk1), a serine protease expressed in the connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct (CNT/CCD), as a mediator of ENaC activation. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated a conditional Klk1-floxed allele and established mice with CNT/CCD-specific deletion of Klk1 by crossing with Calb1-Cre (CNT-Klk1-/-). On a low sodium, high potassium diet, CNT-Klk1-/- mice exhibited [~]85% less renal kallikrein-1 expression, yet maintained normal serum electrolytes, urinary potassium excretion, and aldosterone responses. Western blot analysis revealed significantly less cleavage of {gamma}-ENaC and -ENaC in CNT-Klk1-/- kidneys, accompanied by more total NCC abundance. Despite impaired ENaC proteolysis, amiloride-sensitive sodium excretion was preserved, indicating intact ENaC function. These findings identify renal kallikrein-1 as a protease that contributes to ENaC subunit processing in vivo. However, the absence of overt sodium or potassium handling defects in CNT-Klk1-/- mice suggests that kallikrein-1 deficiency is not sufficient to disrupt overall ENaC function, likely due to compensatory mechanisms from redundant proteolytic or non-proteolytic pathways. Together, our results refine the role of kallikrein-1 as a modulator, rather than a sole determinant, of ENaC activation and highlight the complexity of aldosterone-dependent sodium transport in the distal nephron.

New & NoteworthyUsing a novel connecting tubule / cortical collecting duct specific kallikrein-1 knockout model, we show that {gamma}- and -ENaC cleavage is impaired by loss of renal kallikrein-1 without major disturbances in sodium or potassium handling. These findings highlight redundancy among ENaC regulatory pathways and suggest that proteolytic cleavage, while biochemically evident, may not be an accurate marker of ENaC-mediated sodium transport under physiological stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Curry, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, X.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maeoka, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delpire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welling, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellison, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677394</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Kidney kallikrein-1 contributes to cleavage of gamma-ENaC in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing smart spatial omics experiments with S2Omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial omics technologies have transformed biomedical research by enabling high-resolution molecular profiling while preserving the native tissue architecture. These advances provide unprecedented insights into tissue structure and function. However, the high cost and time-intensive nature of spatial omics experiments necessitate careful experimental design, particularly in selecting regions of interest (ROIs) from large tissue sections. Currently, ROI selection is performed manually, which introduces subjectivity, inconsistency, and a lack of reproducibility. Previous studies have shown strong correlations between spatial molecular patterns and histological features, suggesting that readily available and cost-effective histology images can be leveraged to guide spatial omics experiments. Here, we present S2Omics, an end-to-end workflow that automatically selects ROIs from histology images with the goal of maximizing molecular information content in the ROIs. Through comprehensive evaluations across multiple spatial omics platforms and tissue types, we demonstrate that S2Omics enables systematic and reproducible ROI selection and enhances the robustness and impact of downstream biological discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumoulin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levinsohn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemenceau, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furth, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lubo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soto, L. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing smart spatial omics experiments with S2Omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.676818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alpha Parvin Promotes Glucose Uptake and Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle with Minimal Influence on Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.676818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle and liver insulin resistance are early features in the sequelae of type 2 diabetes. Integrins are extracellular matrix receptors expressed on skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes and have been implicated in modulating obesity-associated insulin resistance. Integrins regulate cell function through intracellular proteins including the ILK-PINCH-Parvin (IPP) complex. ILK promotes skeletal muscle and liver insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity in mice but the role of Parvin is unexplored. Here we demonstrate that hepatocyte specific deletion of -Parvin had only minimal influence on endogenous glucose production or whole-body insulin sensitivity. In contrast, deletion of -Parvin in skeletal muscle caused a striking reduction in muscle glucose uptake during an insulin clamp in lean mice which was not exacerbated by diet-induced obesity. Insulin-mediated GLUT4 membrane recruitment was impaired in mutant muscles which displayed significant morphological abnormalities due to actin cytoskeleton dysfunction. Consistent with severe muscular dysfunction, mitochondrial oxidative capacity and aerobic exercise capacity were blunted in muscle -Parvin-null mice. Thus, -Parvin has a minor role in liver insulin action but is required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle due to its role in actin cytoskeleton regulation. These data suggest that individual IPP complex proteins link cell structure to metabolism via distinct mechanisms in a tissue-specific fashion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bock, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cappel, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deaver, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lark, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozzani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Printz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasserman, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zent, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winn, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.676818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alpha Parvin Promotes Glucose Uptake and Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle with Minimal Influence on Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omic screening identifies RBMXL3 as a primate-specific RNA-binding protein and candidate regulator of RNA metabolism in human spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RBMXL3 is a primate-specific gene localized on the X chromosome, which expression is detectable mainly in the male gonad. So far, very little is known about the RBMXL3 protein function and its molecular interactions. Still, recent reports mention the RBMXL3 gene in the context of human spermatogenesis, cancer, and a breathing disorder that affects newborns. In this study, we investigate the RBMXL3s molecular network on a genome-wide scale using the human seminoma cell line (TCam-2) as a male germline in vitro model. By using transcriptomic (RNAseq, eCLIP) and proteomic (Co-IP coupled with MS) approaches we show RBMXL3 importance in RNA metabolism. Moreover, we report for the first time that primate-specific RBMXL3 protein restricts human LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition. Our data suggest that RBMXL3 may contribute to the regulation of transcriptome dynamics in germ cells, while its broader functional implications remain to be determined.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barszcz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tutak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zyprych-Walczak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dassi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ilaslan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dabrowska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malcher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olszewska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cysewski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolanowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madeja, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hrab, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yatsenko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurpisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warkocki, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozwadowska, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.677621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omic screening identifies RBMXL3 as a primate-specific RNA-binding protein and candidate regulator of RNA metabolism in human spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677755v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring Dynamic Information from Protein Structures by Gaussian Integrals and Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677755v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein conformational flexibility underlies a wide range of biological functions, yet experimentally probing dynamics at atomic resolution remains costly and low-throughput. Here, we present a deep learning framework that predicts protein flexibility directly from static structural descriptors, bypassing the need for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Using the ATLAS database of standardized all-atom MD trajectories, we encoded 1,374 protein chains as 30-dimensional Gaussian integral (GI) vectors--global shape and topology invariants of the protein backbone. Principal component analysis of GI profiles revealed four structural clusters with distinct secondary structure compositions and flexibility distributions. We trained an attention-based one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) to classify proteins as flexible or non-flexible based on their root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) relative to the dataset-wide mean. The classifier achieved an AUC of 0.772 (95% CI: 0.712-0.826) on an independent test set, with balanced sensitivity and specificity, and identified a small subset of GI components as the most predictive. In a regression setting, a recurrent neural network outperformed other architectures, attaining an R2 of 0.537, though high-flexibility values were systematically underestimated. Cluster-specific analyses indicated that coil-rich and {beta}-sheet-dominated proteins were more amenable to flexibility prediction than -helical proteins, likely due to greater structural heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that compact GI descriptors preserve sufficient information to recover MD-derived flexibility trends, offering a computationally efficient complement to simulation-based approaches. This framework enables large-scale screening of protein dynamics from structural data alone, with potential applications in structural bioinformatics, drug design, and functional annotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vilicich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677755</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring Dynamic Information from Protein Structures by Gaussian Integrals and Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678325v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages during the early phases of intracellular infection, but not the late phases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.24.678325v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a highly virulent pathogen responsible for chronic infections such as osteomyelitis. Although its interaction with the host immune system has been widely studied, the specific role of inflammasomes in regulating the infection within macrophages remains unclear. We investigated this question using bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with S. aureus and observed a significant reduction in intracellular bacterial load beginning at 18 hours post-infection (hpi), which continued through 96 hpi. Notably, robust activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome--including inflammasome assembly, IL-1{beta} and GSDMD maturation, and pyroptosis--occurred only after 18 hpi. This led us to hypothesize that S. aureus suppresses inflammasome activation during early infection. Supporting this, infected BMDMs failed to respond robustly to LPS and nigericin up to 18 hpi, with partial recovery at later timepoints, suggesting that S. aureus initially inhibits NLRP3 signaling to persist within macrophages but is later counteracted by the host response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhagat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarnkar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbalaviele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.24.678325</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages during the early phases of intracellular infection, but not the late phases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678856v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanopore-based sequencing of active DNA replication reveals key principles of metazoan replication fork progression, origin and termination sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678856v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Balancing replication fork progression and origin usage is essential to maintain genome stability, but measuring replication fork progression rates and origin usage throughout the genome has been challenging. Here, we use nanopore sequencing combined with DNAscent to measure replication fork progression together with origin and termination site usage with single-molecule precision throughout the Drosophila genome with nearly full genome coverage. We find that replication fork progression rates are not uniform throughout the genome. Rather, fork progression is slowest in euchromatin, and this is not correlated with active transcription. Replication origins are also influenced by chromatin, but the exact position of initiation is highly variable and are often several kilobases away from ORC binding sites. Termination sites lack any chromatin or sequence motifs and appear nearly random throughout the genome. By measuring DNA replication dynamics at near full genome coverage, our work reveals key principles of metazoan replication dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benton, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordman, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678856</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanopore-based sequencing of active DNA replication reveals key principles of metazoan replication fork progression, origin and termination sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beta bursts mediate amygdala gating of hippocampal emotional encoding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The amygdala and hippocampus are key structures in emotional processing, yet the transient neural dynamics coordinating their interaction remain poorly understood. We simultaneously recorded single-neuron activity and local field potentials from these regions in epilepsy patients performing an emotional image-rating task. Neurons in both areas exhibited firing rate changes predictive of subjective emotional valence. While conventional spectral analysis revealed no valence-specific patterns, beta bursts (13-30 Hz)-transient, high- power events-were uniquely modified by task features. In both regions, beta bursts were associated with increased gamma amplitude and enhanced phase coherence, with beta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling capturing emotion-related dynamics. Critically, amygdala beta bursts were associated with strong suppression of hippocampal firing, coinciding with interneuron activation, during negative valence/highest arousal processing, whereas hippocampal bursts showed no reciprocal influence. These findings suggest that beta bursts may represent a temporally precise neural correlate of emotional appraisal and a candidate mechanism for targeted neuromodulation in mood disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittaro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zareian, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aljishi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zibly, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Obaid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sivaraju, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpaz-Rotem, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaye, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheth, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pittenger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damisah, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beta bursts mediate amygdala gating of hippocampal emotional encoding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678886v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics integration at cell type resolution uncovers gene-metabolite mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678886v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic dysregulation is an important factor for osteoarthritis pathogenesis, but comprehensive studies of underlying mechanisms and pathways are rare. We analyzed newly generated metabolomics data on bone marrow from 119 osteoarthritis patients, along with single-cell transcriptomics data to reconstruct networks of gene-metabolite associations at cell type resolution. Hubs of these networks - cell type-specific as well as pan-cell type hubs - revealed key molecular factors of osteoarthritis heterogeneity. Systems-level analysis of hubs revealed major roles for glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid and sphingolipid metabolism pathways, along with lipid signaling. We used Machine Learning models of gene-metabolite relationships to discover cell types most relevant to each metabolite. Integrative analysis of disease severity scores along with multi-omics data revealed a shift in specific immune cell subtypes in low versus high grade disease. We conclude that leveraging gene-metabolite covariation in a patient cohort can uncover underlying molecular mechanisms, overcoming the challenges posed by high dimensionality of multi-omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ojha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatterjee, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kippner, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeago, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drissi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mautner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.26.678886</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics integration at cell type resolution uncovers gene-metabolite mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.679049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MDR1 promotes CD8 T cell persistence in tumors and protects against cytotoxic chemotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.679049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multidrug transporters, including multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1), are recognized chiefly for effluxing chemotherapeutic drugs out of tumor cells. However, they are also expressed in many normal cells and tissues, including lymphocytes, but their physiological role is less well-understood. Here, we investigated the role of MDR1 in tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST), which are critical in antitumor immunity and key targets of immunotherapies. Using a clinically-relevant genetic liver cancer mouse model, we investigated the efflux dynamics of TST as they underwent activation, proliferation, and differentiation to dysfunctional states in tumor-bearing hosts. Surprisingly, we found that late-stage/terminally dysfunctional TST had the highest efflux capacity in both murine and human liver tumors. TST upregulated transcription of Abcb1a, encoding MDR1. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate MDR1-deficient TST, which persisted poorly in tumor-bearing mice as compared to MDR1-sufficient TST. MDR1 expression improved TST viability and reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation. Loss of MDR1 made T cells more susceptible to cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced cell death. Our findings demonstrate a role for MDR1 in regulating TST persistence and oxidative stress, with implications for antitumor T cell therapies in patients and immune regulation following cytotoxic chemotherapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favret, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDavid, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roetman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewell, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smithwick, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goemann, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.679049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MDR1 promotes CD8 T cell persistence in tumors and protects against cytotoxic chemotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.678806v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lifespan Trajectories of Asymmetry in White Matter Tracts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.678806v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Asymmetry in white matter is believed to give rise to the brains capacity for specialized processing and is involved in the lateralization of various cognitive processes, such as language and visuo-spatial reasoning. Although studies of white matter asymmetry have been previously documented, they have often been constrained by limited age ranges, sample sizes, or the scope of the tracts and structural features examined. While normative lifespan charts for brain structures are emerging, comprehensive charts detailing white matter asymmetries across numerous pathways and diverse structural measures have been notably absent.

This study addresses this gap by leveraging a large-scale dataset of 35,120 typically developing and aging individuals, ranging from 0 to 100 years of age, from 50 primary neuroimaging studies. We generated comprehensive lifespan trajectories for 30 lateralized association and projection white matter tracts, examining 6 distinct microstructural and macrostructural features of these pathways.

Our findings reveal that: (1) asymmetries are widespread across the brains white matter and are present in all 30 pathways; (2) for a given pathway, the degree and direction of asymmetry differ between features of tissue microstructure and pathway macrostructure; (3) asymmetries vary across and within pathway types (association and projection tracts); and (4) these asymmetries are not static, following unique trajectories across the lifespan, with distinct changes during development, and a general trend of becoming more asymmetric with increasing age (particularly in later adulthood) across pathways.

This study represents the most extensive characterization of white matter asymmetry across the lifespan to date, charting how lateralization patterns emerge, mature, and change throughout life. It provides a foundational resource for understanding the principles of white matter organization from early to late life, its relation to functional specialization and inter-individual variability, and offers a key reference for interpreting deviations during healthy development and aging as well as those associated with clinical populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kanakaraj, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramadass, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudravaram, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newlin, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roche, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Resnick, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Held, L. L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barquero, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Archangel, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinci-Booher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascio, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The HABS-HD Study Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The BIOCARD Study Team,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forkel, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.29.678806</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lifespan Trajectories of Asymmetry in White Matter Tracts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.678116v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of combined prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal stress on immune and dopaminergic gene expression in the gut-brain axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.678116v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Air pollution and maternal stress during pregnancy are both risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders and often converge on the same communities. Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that maternal psychosocial stress may worsen the effects of air pollutants on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Previous work utilizing a mouse model of combined prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and maternal stress (MS) has found numerous sex-specific effects of DEP/MS exposure on neuroimmune outcomes, dopamine receptors, the gut-brain axis, and social behavior. However, it is unclear how broadly the immune landscape is shifted in the brain and intestinal epithelium following DEP/MS. Here, we analyzed immune gene expression in 5 brain regions important for social behavior and in 3 regions of the intestinal epithelium in both male and female offspring following either DEP/MS or control exposure. We found several interesting overall patterns. First, changes in expression of immune genes such as CD11b and Tlr4 were concentrated in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Tlr4 and Il-17ra mRNA also increased in the jejunum and colon following DEP/MS, but only in females. Second, in the nucleus accumbens, catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (Comt) and dopamine transporter 1 (Slc6a3) gene expression were increased following DEP/MS indicating increased dopamine degradation at and reuptake from the synapse, respectively. Additionally, Drd2 mRNA was decreased following DEP/MS in males. Finally, we observed numerous sex differences in immune gene expression regardless of treatment in both the brain and gut. Together, these findings suggest the nucleus accumbens is a key site for neuroimmune and dopaminergic changes following DEP/MS exposure and indicate persistent female-specific changes in intestinal immunity following these prenatal exposures.

HighlightsO_LICd11b and Tlr4 mRNA is altered in the NAc and Hipp following DEP/MS
C_LIO_LISeveral genes indicate reduced dopamine signaling in the NAc following DEP/MS in both sexes
C_LIO_LIIntestinal Tlr4 and IL-17ra mRNA is increased in females only following DEP/MS
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morales, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stoehr, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kern, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winters, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.678116</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of combined prenatal exposure to air pollution and maternal stress on immune and dopaminergic gene expression in the gut-brain axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural basis for fork reversal and RAD51 regulation by the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex of F-box helicase 1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Replication fork reversal helps maintain genomic stability during replication stress. F-box helicase 1 (FBH1) catalyzes fork reversal and is an SCF (SKP-CUL1-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase that limits RAD51 association with chromatin. Here, we show that preferential binding of SCFFBH1 to the lagging strand template at DNA fork structures stimulates helicase activity and is required for fork reversal. A cryo-EM structure of SCFFBH1 bound to DNA representing a stalled fork reveals an intimate interaction between FBH1 and the fork junction. Disruption of this interface severely curtails fork reversal in vitro and replication progression in cells, providing a model for how ssDNA translocation by FBH1 facilitates annealing of parental DNA by a fundamentally different mechanism than the fork remodelers SMARCAL, HLTF, and ZRANB3. The structure also provides a model for SCFFBH1 disassembly of RAD51 filaments through translocation and ubiquitination, and implies that RAD51 is associated with the lagging strand at stalled forks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Greer, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendia-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullins, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigh, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aicart-Ramos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiltz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno Herrero, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural basis for fork reversal and RAD51 regulation by the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex of F-box helicase 1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.678393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota as a modulator of circadian neural development in the honey bee model. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.678393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Disruption in gut microbiota during the early postnatal period can disrupt normal neural development and result in long-term behavioral alterations1. Similar to other neural systems, the circadian clock mechanism continues to mature after birth2, yet how microbial disturbances in the early period influence the onset of circadian rhythms and the development of central clock mechanisms remains poorly understood. Here we studied whether early-life gut dysbiosis affects the ontogeny of behavioral circadian rhythms and the maturation of clock neurons using the honey bee (Apis mellifera), a model organism that shares features of postnatal development of behavioral circadian rhythm and clock system3-5 with humans6. Our findings demonstrate that antibiotic-treated and gnotobiotic-reared bees display reduced rhythmicity compared to controls. These treatments also impair the development of the circadian pacemaker, marked by fewer Pigment-Dispersing Factor (PDF)-expressing neurons. Additionally, antibiotic exposure increased the expression of the Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein Acid Labile Subunit (IGFALS) in early ages, which stabilizes the IGF-1/27, a hormone important for neurodevelopmental processes42. Together, these results identify gut microbiota as a modulator of circadian development. Our work provides an understanding of how early-life microbial disruptions influence the development of circadian rhythms, providing information that may extend to other animals, including humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>KORU, Y. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggieri, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Cordero, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aviles-Rios, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Citron-Rodriguez, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montes-Mercado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Jesus-Cortes, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannoni-Guzman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez Claudio, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtney, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andujar-Sierra, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strubbe-Nieves, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Alvarado, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doke, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Zuazaga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghezzi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheiner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giray, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agosto-Rivera, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.678393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota as a modulator of circadian neural development in the honey bee model.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679300v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AlveolEye: Rapid and precise lung morphometry guided by computer vision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679300v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rigorous and reproducible evaluation of lung tissue under different conditions is necessary to interpret development, injury, and pharmacologic interventions. Common histological measurements in the distal lung include mean linear intercept (MLI) as a metric of alveolarization and airspace volume density (ASVD) as a metric of airspaces relative to tissue. Historically, these have been performed manually in a time-intensive process, with reproducible trends, but a high degree of variability between individuals. To improve the reproducibility and throughput of lung morphometry, we developed AlveolEye, an open source, semi-automated, computer vision-assisted tool that rapidly and reproducibly calculates MLI and ASVD from images of standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections. AlveolEye-assisted MLI calculation closely aligns with manually-derived measurements for corresponding images, with preservation of trends in measurements between non-injured controls and neonatal mice subjected to two different injury models. Analyzing human tissue of varying ages suggests that the approach developed in AlveolEye is generalizable across species. Notably, AlveolEye markedly reduced the average variation across individual analyzers, with the greatest improvement in precision among individuals with the least experience in performing lung morphometry. The design of AlveolEye is intentionally semi-automated, preserving the investigators ability to assess and adjust parameters based on sample characteristics. AlveolEye facilitates efficient lung morphological measurements on larger sample sizes, allowing for greater statistical power for preclinical studies, and improves precision across individual observers, allowing for improved rigor in experimental design and execution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirazi, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hirsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierre-Louis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jetter, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharkey, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamin, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Negretti, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679300</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AlveolEye: Rapid and precise lung morphometry guided by computer vision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine-Learning-Guided Video Analysis Identifies Sound-Evoked Pain Behaviors from Facial Grimace and Body Cues in Mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans can experience sound-evoked pain, either from extremely loud sounds or in cases of pain hyperacusis from typically tolerable sounds. However, the mechanisms underlying sound-evoked pain remain poorly understood. Developing behavioral methods to measure sound-evoked pain in animal models is critical for elucidating these mechanisms. Here, a machine learning-based approach was developed to measure sound-evoked pain in freely moving mice by analyzing facial grimace and body position from video recordings during sound exposure. Facial grimace, a commonly used method to detect pain in mice, and body position, which can be used to measure postural and movement changes that also indicate pain, were both quantified using a deep neural network model trained to extract established facial and body features from video recorded by a single camera. To validate the models capability to detect pain, a known painful state, migraine induced by the injection of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), was used. Using this machine learning-based approach, the ability to quantify a pain response from CGRP-induced migraine, distinct from baseline behavior, was demonstrated, resulting in a defined pain threshold. Sound exposures at high intensities elicited significant changes in facial grimace and body position, in comparison, surpassing the pain threshold calculated from CGRP-induced migraine. These behavioral changes were absent in Tmie-knockout mice, which lack functional sound transduction in the cochlea. This automated, high-throughput framework enables objective and sensitive analysis of pain providing a foundation for future studies investigating the peripheral and central mechanisms of sound-evoked pain.

SignificanceThis study introduces a quantitative framework for assessing pain using a single-camera setup and machine learning guided analysis to capture and analyze mouse behavior. By integrating two established pain metrics, facial grimace and attenuated movement, this method enables precise, non-invasive quantification of pain-related behaviors. The approach was validated with a well-characterized pain model, migraine, induced by injection of the neuropeptide CGRP, demonstrating the ability to quantify a pain response distinct from baseline behavior. By applying this framework to sound-evoked pain, the data revealed that exposure to intense sound triggers significant pain behavioral responses. These novel findings provide insights into the behavioral manifestations and neural underpinnings of sound-evoked pain, offering a robust tool for studying the mechanisms of pain perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seicol, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valles, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glowatzki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine-Learning-Guided Video Analysis Identifies Sound-Evoked Pain Behaviors from Facial Grimace and Body Cues in Mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent evolution of aerobic fermentation through divergent mechanisms acting on key shared glycolytic genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As the tree of life becomes increasingly accessible to molecular investigations, describing mechanisms underlying evolutionary convergence and constraint will be crucial to understanding diversification. The lineage including the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae evolved aerobic fermentation in part through an ancient whole genome duplication and retention of glycolytic genes. To evaluate the glycolytic rates across diverse yeasts, we developed and deployed an extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) assay on 299 species that span more than 400 million years of evolution and identified a clade in the genus Saturnispora that convergently evolved aerobic fermentation. Through comparative genomics and transcriptomics, we found that several glycolytic genes had higher expression and novel cis-regulatory elements in aerobically fermenting Saturnispora species. When the transcription factor required for their activation was deleted in Saturnispora dispora, the mutants had reduced glycolytic rates and increased respiration. Intriguingly, many of the upregulated genes are orthologous to duplicated glycolytic genes in S. cerevisiae. These divergent genetic mechanisms suggest that there are strong evolutionary constraints on how some traits like aerobic fermentation can arise convergently.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horianopoulos, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent evolution of aerobic fermentation through divergent mechanisms acting on key shared glycolytic genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A regulatory region that controls Wnt gene expression following tissue injury is required for proper muscle regeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The capacity to detect and respond to injury is critical for the recovery and long-term survival of many organisms. Wnts are commonly induced by tissue damage but how they become activated transcriptionally is not well understood. Here, we report that mouse Wnt1 and Wnt10b are induced following injury in both lung and muscle. These Wnts occupy the same chromosome and are transcribed in opposite directions with 12kb between them. We identified a highly conserved cis-acting regulatory region (enhancer) residing between Wnt1 and Wnt10b that, when fused to a LacZ reporter, is activated post-injury. This enhancer harbors putative AP-1 binding sites that are required for reporter activity, a feature observed in other injury-responsive enhancers. Injured muscles in mice carrying a germ-line deletion of the enhancer region display reduced Wnt1 and Wnt10b expression and show elevated intramuscular adipogenesis--a hallmark of impaired regenerative capacity--revealing a requirement of this enhancer for proper regeneration. Enhancer redundancy is common in development, but our in vivo analysis shows that loss of a single injury-responsive regulatory region in adult tissues can produce a detectable regenerative phenotype.

SummaryA new, previously unknown shared regulatory region residing between two Wnts, Wnt1 and Wnt10b, is induced by tissue damage and required for muscle regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Logan, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fish, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizutani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swain, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nusse, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A regulatory region that controls Wnt gene expression following tissue injury is required for proper muscle regeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679872v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell cycle-regulated tug-of-war between microtubule motors positions major trafficking organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679872v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The morphology and integrity of the Golgi apparatus, which are critical for protein processing and sorting, undergo significant changes during interphase in proliferating mammalian cells. Initially compact during G1, the Golgi dissociates from the centrosomes in S-phase and transitions into an extended perinuclear ribbon in G2. The mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. Golgi positioning can be influenced by microtubule (MT)-dependent motors and membrane exchange with endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES). We employ loss-of-function approaches and live-cell microscopy to demonstrate that CDK1-dependent signaling modulates the tug-of-war between plus- and minus-end-directed motors, resulting in differential positioning of the Golgi and ERES in G1 versus S/G2 phases. In G1, the Golgi and ERES are compacted by the minus-end-directed activity of dynein and KIFC3, respectively. In S/G2, organelle-specific combinations of kinesin-1 heavy and light chains overpower minus-end-directed motors. Our findings reveal a novel, cell cycle-regulated mechanism that coordinates organelle positioning via motor switching.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawant, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaverina, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679872</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell cycle-regulated tug-of-war between microtubule motors positions major trafficking organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680438v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catch and release of sialoglycoRNAs enables sequencing-based profiling across cellular and extracellular material 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680438v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Glycosylated RNAs (glycoRNAs) represent a recently discovered class of small RNAs, but their systematic characterization has been limited by reliance on metabolic chemical reporters and high RNA input requirements. Here we present rPAL sequencing (rPAL-seq), a sensitive and selective platform for de novo discovery of sialoglycoRNAs. rPAL-seq combines enhanced periodate oxidation of sialic acids with a capture-release workflow and optimized library construction using poly(A) extension coupled with template-switching reverse transcription. The method enabled reproducible profiling from less than 100 ng of input RNA, corresponding to less than 2% of the material required by previous approaches. When applied across 13 human cell lines, rPAL-seq identified lineage-associated glycoRNA patterns alongside a conserved core dominated by uridine-rich snRNAs and snoRNAs, with modification signatures implicating glycosylation on acp3U or related uridine-based modifications. Extending to extracellular vesicles and non-vesicular nanoparticles, rPAL-seq revealed secreted glycoRNA profiles distinct from those of the cellular fraction. rPAL-seq provides a robust, scalable strategy for glycoRNA profiling, opening new avenues for studying this emerging biopolymer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flynn, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rai, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffey, R. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeppesen, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Higginbotham, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680438</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catch and release of sialoglycoRNAs enables sequencing-based profiling across cellular and extracellular material]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Archetype analysis of lung adenocarcinoma premalignancy links heterogeneity in premalignant lesions to diverging features of invasive disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTLung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common form of lung cancer, is a heterogeneous disease with highly variable histopathologic features and clinical outcomes. LUAD premalignant lesions (PMLs) are localized proliferative lesions of atypical pneumocytes that proliferate along the alveolar walls. In this study, we characterized the molecular heterogeneity across PMLs, regardless of histologic designation, and identified four unique groups or "archetypes" of PMLs using bulk RNA and exome sequencing data from laser captured microdissected PMLs, normal, and tumor tissue from LUAD resection cases. The archetypes were defined based on expression of recurrent gene co-expression modules discovered using the LUAD PMLs we profiled and three publicly available datasets. One PML archetype, termed "proliferation", was associated with increased expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, a pro-tumor immune environment, and enrichment for EGFR driver mutations. Another archetype, termed "normal-like", was associated with similar features to normal tissue, an anti-tumor immune response, and lacked enrichment for driver mutations compared to other archetypes. We projected the PML archetypes into independent gene expression datasets profiling LUAD and found that tumors closest to the proliferation archetype were enriched for multiple features of aggressive LUAD, including high tumor grade and lymph node invasion, and had significantly lower disease-free survival. Proliferation archetype PMLs may represent a subset of lesions with more aggressive features that could improve patient stratification and suggest novel targets for lung cancer interception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krysan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kefella, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fishbein, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabihkhani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanko, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spira, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinett, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burks, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzilli, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenburg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beane, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Archetype analysis of lung adenocarcinoma premalignancy links heterogeneity in premalignant lesions to diverging features of invasive disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680461v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
V1 interlaminar coherence decreases with interocular conflict 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.04.680461v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resolving conflicting input from the two eyes is a fundamental challenge for the visual system. In the primary visual cortex (V1), such interocular conflict induces modest suppression of single neuron spiking, but the accompanying population-level dynamics remain poorly understood. Here we examined laminar multi-unit activity and interlaminar local field potential (LFP) coherence in macaque V1 during dichoptic stimulation and binocular rivalry flash suppression (BRFS). From laminar microelectrode recordings, we found that interocular conflict reliably reduces interlaminar coherence, particularly between granular and infragranular layers, suggesting altered temporal coordination across the cortical column. Strikingly, during BRFS, coherence remained reduced even when firing rates were unchanged. Moreover, interlaminar coherence is higher for perceptually dominant BRFS stimuli, indicating that coherence across V1 layers covaries with perceptual outcome in the absence of significant firing-rate differences. These findings show that the temporal dynamics of population coherence are a more stable signal of interocular conflict than spike rate modulation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThese findings suggest that V1 processes interocular conflict not only through modest rate changes but also through temporal coordination of population activity across cortical layers. Interlaminar coherence therefore offers a complementary perspective on V1s role during binocular rivalry, providing insight into population dynamics that may shape how visual signals are relayed to subsequent stages of visual processing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carlson, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerberg, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poggi, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.680461</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[V1 interlaminar coherence decreases with interocular conflict]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680655v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-division TCF1 drop determines long-term CD8 T cell fates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680655v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T Cell Factor 1 (TCF1) is a master transcription factor controlling T cell development and peripheral T cell differentiation during infection, cancer, and autoimmunity. TCF1 is highly expressed in naive CD8 T cells but must be downregulated as T cells proliferate to become effectors. If and how TCF1 plays a role during T cell priming prior to cell cycle entry is unknown. Surprisingly, we found that TCF1 expression is rapidly downregulated within hours after antigen encounter in both murine and human CD8 T cells, even before T cells enter cell cycle. TCF1 then rebounds to high levels upon cell cycle entry, ultimately declining again with proliferation and effector differentiation. This rapid pre-division drop and rebound occurs in diverse settings, including infection and cancer. The magnitude of the pre-division TCF1 drop is modulated by TCR signal strength and inflammatory cytokines and strikingly, regulates long-term effector and memory fates. Paired transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses revealed that TCF1-regulated chromatin regions were remodeled within hours following antigen encounter, activating effector and inflammatory cytokine signaling modules and poising T cells for effector differentiation. Remarkably, transient siRNA-mediated TCF1 downmodulation during the pre-division priming phase was sufficient to induce long-term population effector skewing. We have uncovered a novel mechanism whereby pre-division dynamic TCF1 regulation determines long-term CD8 T cell fate commitment, potentially serving as a critical checkpoint regulating T cell responses in infection, cancer, and autoimmunity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Favret, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astorkia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudloff, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDavid, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erwin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roetman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detres-Roman, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewell, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zumbo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betel, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680655</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-division TCF1 drop determines long-term CD8 T cell fates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and genomic analysis of secondary metabolism in cave Actinomycetota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report the isolation and genomic sequencing of nine Actinomycetota obtained from both cave biofilms and trogloxenic Ceuthophilus (cave crickets). Strains were isolated from samples via actinomycetota-selective media and sequenced using nanopore sequencing. Provisional taxonomic inference of strains was performed by whole genome phylogenetic analysis, revealing a broad range of genera, with most strains clustering with known genera with digital DNA-DNA hybridization values less than 70%, and one strain not clustering with known genera. An analysis of secondary metabolism reveals the quantity and diversity of secondary metabolism in cave Actinomycetota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, B. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.06.680698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and genomic analysis of secondary metabolism in cave Actinomycetota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A TLR7/9-IFNα-LDHB axis drives vital NET release and compromises antibacterial defense. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are susceptible to bacterial infections, but the underlying dysfunction remains unclear. We found that Staphylococcus aureus triggers mitochondria-dependent suicidal NETosis via lactate sensing in healthy neutrophils, but this response is defective in SLE. Herein, we show that chronic Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/9 signaling represses mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), thereby impairing lactate sensing and downstream suicidal NETosis. Instead, SLE neutrophils default to vital NET release; a less bactericidal, type I interferon (IFN)-driven process amplified by staphylococcal pore-forming toxins and sustained by elevated systemic IFN levels observed in SLE. Combined treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and interferon-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) blockade restores LDHB expression, NET homeostasis, and bacterial clearance in lupus-prone mice. Neutrophils from SLE patients exhibit similar defects, which are reversed by HCQ and the IFNAR-blocking antibody anifrolumab. These findings identify a clinically actionable immunometabolic checkpoint linking chronic autoimmune signaling to defective antibacterial defense in SLE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>TenBarge, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wise, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzel, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoover, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esfandiari, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holder, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belevska, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mennen, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDaniel, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaccaro, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucca, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sparer, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crofford, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bieber, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteith, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.680928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A TLR7/9-IFNα-LDHB axis drives vital NET release and compromises antibacterial defense.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Engineering substrate selectivity in the human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Iodide (I-) uptake mediated by the Na/I- symporter (NIS) is the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones, of which I- is an essential constituent. NIS couples the inward transport of I- against its electrochemical gradient to the inward translocation of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient. NIS also transports oxyanions (XO4-s), such as perrhenate (ReO4-) and the environmental pollutant perchlorate (ClO4-). Furthermore, NIS is the basis for radioiodide ({superscript 1}3{superscript 1}I-) therapy for thyroid cancer (administered after thyroidectomy), the most effective targeted internal radiation cancer therapy available. 131I- selectively targets remnant malignant cells and metastases expressing NIS, causing only minor side effects. There is great interest in expressing NIS exogenously, by gene transfer, in extrathyroidal cancers to render them susceptible to destruction by 131I-. This approach, however, would also harm patients thyroids. Therefore, a strategy is needed for killing non-thyroidal cancer cells exogenously expressing NIS while protecting the thyroid. Addressing this need, we present here an engineered double mutant, L253P/V254F (PF)-NIS, which selectively transports XO4-s but not I-. We used cryo-EM to determine the structure of PF-NIS with ReO4- and Na+ ions bound to it at a 2.58 [A] resolution, and showed that high concentrations of non-radioactive I- protect WT-NIS-expressing cells from radioactive 186ReO4-, whereas PF-NIS-expressing cells are killed. Thus, PF-NIS could potentially be used, together with 186/188ReO4- and non-radioactive I-, to treat non-thyroidal cancers while safeguarding the thyroid. This study establishes a framework for developing therapies using NIS molecules engineered to have selective substrate specificities to extend the clinical use of NIS beyond thyroid cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Llorente-Esteban, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabbineni, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffsmith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manville, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Gonzalez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reyna-Neyra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leyva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchet, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrasco, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.07.681042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Engineering substrate selectivity in the human sodium/iodide symporter (NIS)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681184v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Home range is not constrained by number of hippocampal neurons across mammals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681184v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numbers of hippocampal neurons vary by over three orders of magnitude across mammalian species. What evolutionary pressures shape this diversity? Given the role of the hippocampus in spatial mapping, the greater spatial navigation demands of larger home ranges may drive selection for more hippocampal neuron. Using data from 379 species, we crossed home range and population density data with cortical and hippocampal neuron counts predicted from clade-specific brain scaling laws to examine whether home range scales universally with estimated hippocampal neuron numbers across mammals. We confirm that home range scales universally with the inverse of population density across species and increases with body mass and metabolic rate. However, home range scaling with hippocampal or cortical neuron numbers differs by clade, such that bats, carnivorans and cetartiodactyls traverse home ranges over 1,000-fold larger than other mammals with equivalent hippocampal neuron numbers. These findings persist across data subsets controlling for study method, duration, and temporal scope. Numbers of hippocampal neurons are thus not limiting to spatial navigation in the wild, calling into question adaptationist explanations for the evolution of more hippocampal neurons based on a supposed need for increased spatial processing capacity. We propose that home range is determined primarily by population density, mediated by field metabolic rate and diet. The diversity in hippocampal neuron numbers across mammals, in turn, arises as a byproduct of clade-specific scaling of numbers of cortical neurons which we suggest is contingent on energetic opportunity, not on navigational or other cognitive demands.

Significance StatementWhy do some animals have so many more brain neurons than others? One explanation is evolution through selection for more neurons as needed for instance to navigate their environments to find food. However, this study finds that bats, carnivorans and whales traverse distances more than 1,000-fold larger than other mammals with similar numbers of neurons in the hippocampus, the brain structure required for spatial navigation. The authors question the traditional need-based explanation for brain diversity in favor of an opportunity-based account of the evolution of numbers of brain neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elbon, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casalino, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herculano-Houzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.08.681184</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Home range is not constrained by number of hippocampal neurons across mammals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asynchronous firing and off-states in working memory maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.681904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Persistent spiking activity and activity-silent mechanisms have been proposed as neural correlates of working memory. To determine their relative contribution, we recorded neural activity from the lateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex of two male macaques using high-density microelectrode probes. We found that, when averaged across all neurons, persistent delay activity was observable throughout the duration of single trials in populations of prefrontal neurons with silent periods that did not deviate significantly from chance. However, temporal fluctuations in activity-dependent mnemonic information were present and weakly correlated between the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices, suggesting at least partial, long-distance synchronization of off-states. Decoding accuracy of neurons recorded simultaneously was also reduced relatively to pseudo-populations constructed by splicing different trials together. Our results support an asynchronous state of working memory, maintained by the distributed pattern of persistent discharges across cortical neurons, which is subject to widely distributed fluctuations in information representation fidelity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mozumder, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.681904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asynchronous firing and off-states in working memory maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High Throughput Screening Identifies a Small Molecule Trafficking Corrector for Long-QT Syndrome Associated KCNQ1 Variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) promotes risk for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death in children and young adults. Pathogenic variants in the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ1 are the most frequently discovered genetic cause. Most LQTS-associated KCNQ1 variants cause loss-of-function secondary to impaired trafficking of the channel to the plasma membrane. There are currently no therapeutic approaches that address this underlying molecular defect. Using a high throughput screening paradigm, we identified VU0494372, a small molecule that increases total and cell surface expression, and trafficking efficiency of wildtype (WT) KCNQ1 as well as three LQTS-associated variants. Additionally, 16-hour treatment of cells with VU0494372 increased current density for WT KCNQ1 and the LQTS-associated variant V207M. VU0494372 had no impact on KCNQ1 transcription, degradation, or thermal stability. We identified a potential direct interaction site with KCNQ1 at or near the binding site of the KCNQ1 potentiator ML277. Together, these findings demonstrate that small molecules can increase the expression levels and cell surface trafficking of KCNQ1 and introduce a potential new pharmacological approach for treating LQTS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clowes Moster, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanoye, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Gonzalez, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romaine, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stefanski, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkinson, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasaka, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Days, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desai, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butcher, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sulikowksi, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waterson, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ledwitch, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High Throughput Screening Identifies a Small Molecule Trafficking Corrector for Long-QT Syndrome Associated KCNQ1 Variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682148v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computer Vision Methods for Spatial Transcriptomics: A Survey 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682148v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables the simultaneous measurement of gene expression and spatial localization within tissue sections, providing unprecedented opportunities to dissect tissue architecture and functional organization. As a relatively new omics technology, bioinformatics has driven much of the innovation in ST. However, within these frameworks, "spatial" information is often reduced to locations and relationships between molecular profiles, without fully leveraging the wealth of submicron morphological detail and histological knowledge available. Advances in computer vision-based artificial intelligence (AI) are opening exciting new avenues beyond conventional bioinformatics approaches by modeling complex histological patterns and linking morphology to molecular states. More excitingly, they bring fresh perspectives to potentially address key limitations of ST, including its high cost, limited clinical applicability, and reliance on twodimensional (2D) analysis of inherently three-dimensional (3D) tissues. For instance, models that predict ST directly from histology images enable "virtual sequencing," drastically reducing costs while integrating morphological insights from pathology with molecular biomarkers, thus accelerating clinical translation. Moreover, computer vision techniques can reconstruct pixel-aligned 3D tissue models, overcoming the technical barriers of 2D acquisition and advancing 3D spatial omics analytics. In this paper, we present the first systematic survey of computer vision AI models for ST analytics, categorizing approaches across architectures, learning paradigms, tasks, and datasets, and tracing their technological evolution. We highlight key challenges and future directions, offering a panoramic perspective on vision-driven ST and its potential to transform both basic research and clinical practice. The curated collection of vision-driven spatial transcriptomics papers is available at https://github.com/hrlblab/computer_vision_spatial_omics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionts, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682148</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computer Vision Methods for Spatial Transcriptomics: A Survey]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ampyrone (4-Aminoantipyrine) is a Direct Agonist of Human Tyrosinase and Potential Therapeutic for Oculocutaneous Albinism and Disorders of Hypopigmentation. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant loss of pigmentation can increase visual disability, skin cancer risk, and psychosocial stress. Tyrosinase (TYR) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of melanin synthesis. Inhibitors of TYR are well established and are currently used in clinical settings; however, there is a dearth of direct activators of TYR. Here, using a unique human TYR construct, high-throughput screening, and computational analysis techniques, we identified ampyrone as a TYR activator. Ampyrone increased the in vitro catalytic activity of the intramelanosomal domain of human TYR (hTYR) and its hypomorphic variant, P406L, a cause of oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). Moreover, ampyrone induced melanin synthesis in both wild-type and OCA1B human melanocytes, as well as 3-dimension (3D) human skin cultures. Our results reveal ampyrone as a lead compound for first-in-class TYR activators, potentially accelerating the discovery of novel therapies for patients with genetic and acquired diseases of hypopigmentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dolinska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coussens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalaskar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eraslan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grondin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonica, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boxer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarwala, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jittayasothorn, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deyoung, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sha, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cogliati, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sergeev, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zippin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.682036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ampyrone (4-Aminoantipyrine) is a Direct Agonist of Human Tyrosinase and Potential Therapeutic for Oculocutaneous Albinism and Disorders of Hypopigmentation.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Yeast-Based High-Throughput Screening Platform for the Discovery of Novel pre-mRNA Splicing Modulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pre-mRNA splicing is a crucial process in eukaryotic gene expression, and splicing dysregulation has been linked to various diseases. However, very few small molecules have been discovered that can modulate spliced mRNA formation or inhibit the splicing machinery itself. This study presents a novel high-throughput screening (HTS) platform for identifying compounds that modulate splicing. Our platform comprises a two-tiered screening approach: a primary screen measuring growth inhibition in sensitized in S. cerevisiae (yeast) strains and a secondary screen that relies on production of a fluorescent protein as a readout for splicing inhibition. Using this approach, we identified 4 small molecules that cause accumulation of unspliced pre-mRNA in vivo in yeast. In addition, cancer cells expressing a myelodysplastic syndrome-associated splicing factor mutation (SRSF2P95H) are more sensitive to one of these compounds than those expressing the wild-type version of the protein. Transcriptome analyses showed that this compound causes widespread changes in gene expression in sensitive SRSF2P95H-expressing cells. Our results demonstrate the utility of using a yeast-based HTS to identify compounds capable of changing pre-mRNA splicing outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Love, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vollmer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrocci, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paulson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jurica, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoskins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Yeast-Based High-Throughput Screening Platform for the Discovery of Novel pre-mRNA Splicing Modulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683426v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sensory Neural Noise as a Limiting Factor in Visual Working Memory Precision in Neurotypicals and Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683426v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neural mechanisms that determine the capacity limits of working memory (WM) are not well understood, with traditional views identifying prefrontal circuitry as the main source of WM limits. Sensory noise, however, remains an underexplored explanation for WM limits despite its unavoidable influence on brain systems that encode and relay sensory information. Here, we show that individual differences in internal sensory noise during visual processing predict visual WM capacity. We further demonstrate that the well-documented WM deficits observed in schizophrenia can be associated with atypically high levels of visual sensory noise, offering a new explanatory framework for these deficits. By experimentally manipulating sensory noise via transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the visual cortex, we also show that changes in sensory noise led to corresponding changes in visual WM precision in individuals with schizophrenia. Finally, a computational model demonstrates that the same sensory noise measured during visual perception can limit WM precision during WM maintenance. These findings show that sensory noise may explain a significant amount of variance in WM function in both neurotypical adults and individuals with schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ichinose, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tadin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683426</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sensory Neural Noise as a Limiting Factor in Visual Working Memory Precision in Neurotypicals and Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Interactomics of SARS-CoV-2 Macrodomain 1 Reveals Putative Clients of ADP-ribosyl Hydrolase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has greatly impacted public health due to high rates of transmissibility and mutation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Macrodomain 1 (Mac1) of non-structural protein 3 remained well-conserved across variants and is critical for suppression of host immune response to infection, making Mac1 a promising target for therapeutic development. Mac1 binds and cleaves the post-translational modification ADP-ribose and is hypothesized to have a downstream effect on host interferon response, but the exact cellular targets of Mac1 are still unknown. Characterizing the substrates of Mac1 ADP-ribosyl hydrolase activity using a catalytically inactive mutant N40D can reveal critical virus-host interactions to identify protein targets of Mac1 and reveal mechanisms of host interferon suppression. Here, we co-immunoprecipitated WT Mac1 and Mac1 N40D from HEK293T and A549 cell lines and quantified changes in protein interactions by TMT-multiplexed tandem mass spectrometry. We identified interactions between Mac1 and ADP-ribosylated substrates involved in DNA damage response, cytoskeletal components, and cell cycle regulation. Additionally, several members of the TRiC complex involved in protein folding were selectively enriched with mutant Mac1 from A549 cells. These findings suggest a novel role of Mac1 in regulating host protein folding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cameron, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.21.683784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Interactomics of SARS-CoV-2 Macrodomain 1 Reveals Putative Clients of ADP-ribosyl Hydrolase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683760v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bridging Histology and Tractography: First Visualization of the Short-Range Prefrontal Connections in the Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683760v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Decades of histological research in non-human primates have revealed a dense web of short-range connections underpinning prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. However, translating this anatomical ground-truth to the living human brain has been a major challenge, leaving our understanding of the PFCs intrinsic wiring incomplete. These short-range fibers are difficult to resolve with non-invasive methods like diffusion tractography, which are often hampered by false positives. Here, we provide the first systematic in-vivo visualization of these pathways in the human brain. By informing high-resolution probabilistic tractography with established tract-tracing findings, we mapped 91 histologically-defined short-range connections within and between five major PFC subdivisions in 1,003 individuals (547 F, 456 M). Our anatomically-informed approach successfully reconstructed these intricate connections with high precision (>80%) and accuracy (>70%) relative to histological findings. The resulting tracts not only captured broad organizational principles but also replicated fine-grained patterns previously only seen in invasive studies. Furthermore, these connections showed high test-retest reliability within individuals alongside significant variability between them, highlighting a stable yet unique anatomical fingerprint. Ultimately, this study shows how linking histology to tractography provides a powerful framework to advance our understanding of the human connectome and opens avenues to investigate local circuitry that underpins cognition and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Amandola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rheault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.683760</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bridging Histology and Tractography: First Visualization of the Short-Range Prefrontal Connections in the Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684199v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reovirus recombination is highly selective, and its profiles are primarily dictated by viral gene segment identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684199v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recombination facilitates the generation of defective viral genomes (DVGs), truncated derivatives of the parental genome that require a helper virus to replicate. Recombination mechanisms are poorly understood for viruses with double-stranded RNA genomes. Two strains of the double-stranded RNA virus reovirus differ in the pattern of packaged DVGs during serial passage. To determine whether the polymerase complex or gene segment sequence contributes to these differences, we exchanged polymerase complexes between the two reovirus strains. We identified DVG patterns using RT-PCR and recombination junction profiles using ClickSeq. Reoviruses synthesized DVGs that maintained the 5' and 3' termini and contained large central deletions. The polymerase complex did not detectably affect DVG pattern following reovirus serial passage or viral recombination junction profiles. Instead, recombination junction profiles correlated with the identity of viral RNA gene segments, even in the presence of a non-native polymerase complex or virus background. Reovirus recombination junction start and stop sites often occur in regions of sequence microhomology. While we observed many instances of short stretches of identical nucleotides within a viral gene segment, only a select few positions were incorporated into recombination junctions. Overall, these data suggest that recombination events that can mediate reovirus DVG formation are highly selective, and properties of viral gene segments primarily dictate where recombination occurs. These observations suggest a model for double-stranded RNA virus recombination in which the polymerase pauses RNA synthesis and re-initiates further along the same template at a specific junction stop site that has sequence homology to the junction start site.

IMPORTANCEViral infection gives rise to defective viral genomes, which cannot complete a full replication cycle. Recombination facilitates defective viral genome generation but is understudied for RNA viruses with double-stranded genomes. We found that for a double-stranded RNA virus, reovirus, recombination occurs preferentially at specific sites in the genome that correspond with the identity of the gene segment. Recombination tends to initiate and terminate at sites sharing identical sequences. However, even if these short nucleotide sequences appear multiple times in a gene segment, only specific sites are used for recombination. Our results indicate that reovirus recombination is a highly orchestrated event in which individual gene segments contain the characteristics that drive recombination. These findings suggest that RNA properties, such as sequence and structure, drive recombination for double-stranded RNA viruses, likely through reinitiation after re-hybridization of the newly formed RNA product with the same RNA template molecule at a different location.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flores, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Routh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogden, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684199</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reovirus recombination is highly selective, and its profiles are primarily dictated by viral gene segment identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A toolbox for navigating and analyzing the spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The precise development of the visual system is driven by retinal waves, which are bursts of spontaneous activity that propagate across retinal neurons in a wave-like fashion. In mice, retinal waves begin embryonically and continue until eye opening at the end of the second postnatal week. During this time, the mechanisms for generating and propagating retinal waves are changing, thus causing retinal waves to exhibit highly dynamic spatiotemporal properties from one day to the next. Critically, the spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves have been shown to instruct the development of the visual system, including eye-specific segregation, retinotopic mapping, direction selectivity, and potentially retinal vascularization. Currently, there is no method for the automatic detection and high-throughput analysis of the spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves. To overcome this barrier, we have created a toolbox to automatically detect retinal waves and analyze their spatiotemporal properties from data collected using multielectrode arrays or calcium imaging. We apply this toolbox to enrich our understanding of retinal waves. First, we recapitulate and uncover novel dynamic spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves in the first two postnatal weeks. Second, we apply this toolbox on ultra long physiological recordings to demonstrate that the spatiotemporal properties of waves change throughout the day in an age-dependent manner. Third, we demonstrate that this toolbox can detect waves in the presence of pharmacological agents that increase the baseline firing of neurons, potentially enabling the discovery of novel factors that perturb retinal waves and visual development. Our toolbox is an intuitive interface that provides a systemized method to segregate and analyze retinal waves and other wave-like data.

One Sentence SummaryWe present a toolbox for the automatic detection and analysis of retinal waves, which accurately captures their spatiotemporal dynamics across development and reveals new insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yeager, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisch, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orsi, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A toolbox for navigating and analyzing the spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684449v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Encoded cell-material interactions to reroute cytokine signaling for regenerative medicine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684449v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regenerative engineering harnesses materials science and stem cell biology to develop strategies to repair damaged and diseased tissue. Despite advances in designer materials, few techniques effectively provide auto-regulated feedback mechanisms that govern how cells sense and respond to discrete microenvironmental changes. Here, we demonstrate that the artificial, juxtacrine-like receptor synthetic Notch (synNotch) can be activated by endogenous multimeric cytokines in solution, without immobilizing materials, revealing a previously unreported activation modality and yielding up to 24-fold dynamic range. To broaden synNotch sensing to monomeric cytokines, we developed nMATRIX, a co-engineered material-cell platform that detects endogenous, soluble ligands and routes them to programmed gene circuits with spatially confined effects. nMATRIX can be tuned to recognize the interleukins IL-1{beta} and IL-6 using synNotch receptors plus cognate biomaterials, yielding up to 68-fold dynamic range and converting these inflammatory inputs into orthogonal outputs that reprogram nearby cell phenotypes. nMATRIX functions across multiple cell types and can incorporate the synNotch-related SNIPR synthetic receptor platform. nMATRIX repurposed inflammatory signals and converted them into anti-inflammatory cues to polarize macrophages (increased CD163, CD206; decreased CD86). Thus, nMATRIX couples native soluble cues to customized cellular responses with tunable sensitivity, offering a flexible materials-based approach for self-regulating regenerative therapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eidman, Z. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brien, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunger, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.684449</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Encoded cell-material interactions to reroute cytokine signaling for regenerative medicine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Warmer temperature accelerates senescence by modifying the aging-dependent changes in the mosquito transcriptome, altering immunity, metabolism, and DNA repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGlobal environmental temperatures are rising, which is increasing the body temperature of mosquitoes. This increase in body temperature is accelerating senescence, thereby weakening immune responses and reproductive processes, and shortening lifespan. To determine how warmer temperature and aging, individually and interactively, shape the transcriptome of the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, we conducted RNA-sequencing and network-analysis in naive and immune-induced mosquitoes that had been reared at 27C, 30C or 32C and were 1, 5, 10 or 15 days into adulthood. Results: We demonstrate that immune induction, warmer temperature, and aging alter the transcriptome. Notably, the transcriptome of 1-day-old mosquitoes is pronouncedly different from older mosquitoes, and importantly, warmer temperature modifies the aging-dependent changes to accelerate senescence. For example, warmer temperature amplifies the aging-dependent decrease in immune gene expression but dampens both the aging-dependent decrease in metabolic gene expression and the aging-dependent increase in DNA repair gene expression.

ConclusionsAltogether, warmer temperature accelerates senescence, shaping the transcriptome in ways that alter the mosquitos ability to fight infection and survive in a warming environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estevez-Lao, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillyer, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Warmer temperature accelerates senescence by modifying the aging-dependent changes in the mosquito transcriptome, altering immunity, metabolism, and DNA repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRISPR-engineered deletion of POGZ alters transcription factor binding at promoters of genes involved in synaptic signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One of the seminal discoveries from genetic studies of autism spectrum disorder and related neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) has been that loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in many genes that impact chromatin and transcriptional regulation confer substantial liability to NDD. Haploinsufficiency of the epigenetic regulator POGZ represents one of the strongest such associations; however, little is known about the direct or indirect regulatory targets of POGZ, or the mechanisms by which loss of this chromatin modifier alters early neuronal development and synaptic functions. Here, we created an allelic series of CRISPR-engineered human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) clones harboring mono- and biallelic POGZ deletions. In hiPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSC) and Neurogenin 2-induced neurons (iN), POGZ LoF altered the expression of genes associated with critical cellular processes and neuronal functions, including synaptic and intracellular signaling and extracellular matrix organization. Our multiomics profiling also showed altered footprinting of critical transcription factors (e.g., activator protein 1 complexes) that were enriched at promoters of differentially expressed genes associated with synaptic function. To further interrogate the shared molecular changes in neuronal development associated with NDD and POGZ regulation, we compared our results to deletions of the transcription factor MEF2C and the sodium channel gene SCN2A that we generated in these same isogenic iN. These analyses revealed strong enrichment of extracellular matrix and intracellular signaling disruption associated with POGZ and MEF2C deletion, whereas POGZ and SCN2A haploinsufficiency exhibited shared transcriptional effects on gene modules enriched for NDD-associated genes with opposing regulatory effects. Notably, we also observed alterations to synaptic firing rate and neurite extension with biallelic deletions, but not heterozygous lines, suggesting subtle effects in neuronal development associated with haploinsufficiency. Overall, these shared molecular consequences suggest key points of convergence that connect epigenetic regulation to neuronal function in the etiology of neurodevelopmental pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhavsar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohajeri, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Keefe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boone, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucente, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currall, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Esch, C. E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, D. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruderfer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brennand, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusella, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Talkowski, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRISPR-engineered deletion of POGZ alters transcription factor binding at promoters of genes involved in synaptic signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial Dependence and Heterogeneity in Molecular Imaging: Moran Quadrant Maps Enable Advanced Spatial-Statistical Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed molecular imaging, such as imaging mass spectrometry, provides spatially-contextualized insights that are transforming biomedical research by advancing our understanding of tissue organization and disease mechanisms. However, the spatial-statistical properties of molecular imaging data are often underutilized, and scalable computational tools to analyze them are lacking. Here, we demonstrate how local and global spatial autocorrelation (SAC) metrics can be used to quantify spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, properties that violate the common assumption of independent and identically distributed measurements. We develop mathematically rigorous methods for SAC-based exploratory analysis. Furthermore, we introduce a novel spatial feature extractor, the Moran quadrant map, and develop two advanced workflows based on it: Moran-Felsenszwalb segmentation for tissue domain segmentation and Moran-HOG clustering for colocalization-based image analysis. Finally, our open-source Moran Imaging toolbox (https://github.com/vandeplaslab/Moran_Imaging) provides scalable Python implementations, including a novel parallelized spatial lag algorithm, unlocking SAC-based analyses and biological insights for large-scale imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tideman, L. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spathies, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djambazova, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial Dependence and Heterogeneity in Molecular Imaging: Moran Quadrant Maps Enable Advanced Spatial-Statistical Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684319v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inflammatory Biomarkers of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Tuberculosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684319v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A large proportion of individuals with tuberculosis (TB) are asymptomatic. The biological and inflammatory underpinnings of asymptomatic TB are unknown and may differ from symptomatic TB. We characterised blood transcriptomic and proteomic profiles in South African community screening vs. health facility-based triage cohorts. Asymptomatic TB shared core transcriptomic and proteomic features with symptomatic TB, including upregulation of innate, interferon and inflammatory pathways and downregulation of T and B cell pathways. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data from asymptomatic TB individuals identified two distinct sub-clusters characterized by higher or lower bacterial burden, blood IFN-{gamma} responses, BMI, and chest radiographic abnormalities, suggesting different disease severity. We identified a new blood transcriptomic signature of asymptomatic TB. However, diagnostic performance of transcriptomic and proteomic markers was weaker for asymptomatic TB than symptomatic TB, suggesting that policy development for community-based, asymptomatic TB screening should not adopt biomarkers developed for symptomatic TB triage without further optimization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awany, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariefdien, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendelsohn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozot, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulenga, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyangu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tameris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moloantoa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katona, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maruri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panchiar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlongwane, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van der Heijden, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadley, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiore-Gartland, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Innes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumskine, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dheda, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaumdally, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perumal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fourie, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiemstra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malherbe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walzl, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidoo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchyard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chegou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatherill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scriba, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684319</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inflammatory Biomarkers of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Tuberculosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A trait syndrome ties cell morphology to glycolysis across the yeast subphylum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traits that co-vary across species can provide fundamental insights into the trade-offs and constraints that govern their evolution. In a recent article in Current Biology, Li et al.1 reported that glucose uptake rates (GUR) are inversely correlated with the cell surface area-to-volume (SA:V) ratio across 11 yeast species. Here we substantially expand this analysis to 282 species to test whether the GUR-SA:V correlation generalizes across the ancient Saccharomycotina yeast subphylum and to determine the contribution of shared evolutionary history to the co-variation of these two traits. Using regression models that account for co-variation due to phylogeny, we found that extracellular acidification rates (ECAR, which we used as a proxy for GUR) had a significant correlation with SA:V across Saccharomycotina. In contrast to Li et al.1, our increased sample sizes provided statistical power to reveal additional significant correlations of ECAR with genome sizes and growth rates. Our findings dramatically extend and expand those of Li et al.1 and suggest that a trait syndrome governs several metabolic, genomic, and morphological traits across yeasts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Horianopoulos, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.27.684252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A trait syndrome ties cell morphology to glycolysis across the yeast subphylum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685281v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unmixing of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Measurements Using Microscopy-Informed Constraints 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685281v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) provides spatially resolved molecular information of organic tissue but can be limited by pixel signals mixing contributions from adjacent biological structures, e.g. of single cells and multicellular functional tissue units (FTUs). This paper proposes computational methods to predict mass spectral profiles of biological structures on the basis of IMS data by "unmixing" pixel-level signals, leveraging microscopy-based boundary information of these structures. By modeling each biological structure as having a unique mass spectrum, we formulate a linear mixing model and solve the corresponding inverse problem that unmixes blended signals. In particular, we cover both overdetermined and underdetermined linear system scenarios and compare ordinary least squares, nonnegative least squares, and singular value thresholding to a custom algorithm, coined Tissue-informed Unmixing of Labeled regions by Inverse Problem (TULIP), specifically tailored to IMS data. Validation on a synthetic in-situ single cell dataset and demonstration on a largescale kidney FTU dataset illustrate the potential of these methods for enhanced in-situ tissue structure analysis, e.g. in cellular and tissue studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moens, R. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patterson, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esselman, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685281</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unmixing of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Measurements Using Microscopy-Informed Constraints]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structure-based Predictions of Conformational B Cell Epitopes by Protein Language Model and Deep Learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping conformational B-cell epitopes remains a central challenge for antibody discovery: experiments are costly and most computational tools trained on generic protein-protein interfaces transfer poorly to antibody-antigen recognition. We introduce a patch-centric framework that predicts epitopes directly on antigen structures. Each surface "patch" is defined as a triad of neighboring residues, capturing the smallest local unit that encodes both shape and chemistry. We evaluate two classifiers: (i) a protein language model (PLM) approach that averages ESM-2 embeddings over each triad and scores them with a small multilayer perceptron [1], and (ii) a convolutional baseline that consumes a hand-crafted 15x20 feature matrix summarizing amino-acid identity, secondary structure, solvent accessibility, and shape index. Trained with five-fold cross-validation on 1,151 AbDb antibody-antigen complexes, the PLM model markedly outperforms the CNN at the patch level (e.g., F1{approx} 0.986, ROC-AUC{approx} 0.998). Aggregating patch scores to residues with an ensemble over all folds yields robust residue-wise performance, surpassing the CNN (ROC-AUC 0.689{+/-}0.072 vs. 0.548{+/-}0.018). Against widely used sequence- and structure-based tools on AbDb, our PLM achieves the best summary metrics (ROC-AUC 0.67, PR- AUC 0.56) with full coverage of all antigens. On five external complexes unseen during development, the model generalizes well (ROC-AUC 0.663) and accurately localizes binding regions qualitatively. The method converts PLM representations into interpretable epitope likelihood maps, offering a practical aid for antigen prioritization, antibody engineering, and vaccine design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vilicich, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structure-based Predictions of Conformational B Cell Epitopes by Protein Language Model and Deep Learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Wnt5a-mediated Adipo-Cardiac Interorgan Communication in HFpEF 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.685456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundObesity is an important risk factor in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but the precise mechanisms that drive obesity-associated cardiac remodeling are not well understood. Our previous work has shown that increased expression of the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (Nprc) may drive cardiac remodeling in response to high fat diet. In this study, we hypothesized that Nprc plays a central role in preventing and reversing experimental HFpEF.

MethodsNprc knockout mice were generated to induce global, cardiomyocyte-specific, or adipocyte-specific disruption of the Nprc (Npr3) gene. HFpEF was induced by the 2-hit stress of L-NAME and high fat diet. Outcomes measured included echocardiography, exercise endurance, invasive catheterization, and histologic assessment. Differential gene expression in adipocyte Nprc knockout visceral adipose tissue was investigated via bulk RNA sequencing and validated by RT-qPCR and culture of H9C2 cells with or without Wnt5a treatment. Adipocyte-mediated Wnt ligand release was interrupted in vivo via LGK974 injection in mice subjected to HFpEF conditions.

ResultsGlobal inducible Nprc knockout prevented and reversed structural, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and exercise tolerance features of HFpEF. This effect was found to be driven by adipocyte-specific, not cardiomyocyte-specific Nprc expression. Bulk RNA sequencing of adipocyte-specific Nprc knockout in peri-gonadal visceral adipose tissue identified downregulation of several secretory pathways, including Wnt pathways. Wnt5a was identified as one of the most downregulated genes by RNA sequencing and specifically validated by qPCR. Wnt5a exposure increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro, and LGK974 (PORCN inhibitor) treatment in vivo decreased circulating Wnt5a levels and improved cardiac remodeling in HFpEF.

ConclusionsOur study identifies a novel crosstalk mechanism between cardiomyocytes and adipocytes in obesity-associated HFpEF driven by natriuretic peptide-mediated inhibition of release of Wnt5a from adipocytes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fatima, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abusharkh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanetta, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobeck, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fortune, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subati, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachmann, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wassenaar, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brittain, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hemnes, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.685456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Wnt5a-mediated Adipo-Cardiac Interorgan Communication in HFpEF]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A spatiotemporal analysis of the effect of urbanization on birdsong 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rising population density and human activities have caused an increase in low-frequency ambient noise, which disrupts auditory communication systems, such as birdsong. In oscine songbirds, birdsong is a learned behavior that functions in territory defense, species recognition, and mate attraction. Increased noise levels in urban areas can reduce signal efficacy, which can have negative impacts on fitness. However, many species have persisted in urban settings by singing at less noisy times of day, singing at higher amplitudes, or changing aspects of their song to reduce masking by low-frequency ambient noise. Previous studies have often focused on modern populations of single species in rural and urban settings; here, we conduct a spatiotemporal analysis of the effects of urbanization on the birdsongs of nine species across [~]60 years. We use machine learning to assess distinguishability between songs from historic and modern timepoints. Additionally, we assess whether variation within modern songs is associated with urbanization, and whether song differences over time are associated with changes in urbanization levels. We find that while there are some song-feature differences between historic and modern songs, and between modern songs along a rural-urban gradient, these differences are not consistent across species. These results reinforce the notion that species respond differently to urbanization by altering different aspects of their songs. For the vocal-learning songbird species studied, historic and modern songs were not distinguishable using dimensionality reduction techniques and machine learning, and some modern songs differed in more urban settings. However, the non-vocal-learning (suboscine) species showed an overall increase in its lower song frequencies in modern songs, but showed no systematic differences in song features along an urbanization gradient, suggesting more dynamic changes in the vocal learners and population-level changes in the non-learners. This spatiotemporal study is the first to compile and analyze historic and modern songs from multiple species alongside urbanization data, bringing new insights to the effects of urbanization on birdsong.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creanza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hourihan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A spatiotemporal analysis of the effect of urbanization on birdsong]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685636v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reciprocal regulation of the H3 histamine receptor in Rett syndrome and MECP2 Duplication 1 syndrome: implications for therapeutic development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685636v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rett syndrome (RTT) and MECP2 Duplication syndrome (MDS) are disorders caused by reciprocal decreases and increases in the expression of the transcriptional regulator, Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2). We previously performed an mRNA expression profiling study of the temporal cortex region from patients diagnosed with RTT and corresponding age, postmortem interval, and sex-matched controls. These studies identified a significant reduction in the expression of the histamine H3 receptor (HRH3). In the current manuscript, we expanded this H3 receptor profiling to additional RTT patient brain samples representing distinct MECP2 mutations and confirmed significantly reduced levels of H3 receptor expression in the majority of patients compared to controls. Using mouse models of RTT and MDS, we observed antiparallel changes in H3 receptor expression across various brain areas, with Hrh3 expression being reduced in RTT model animals and increased in a mouse model of MDS. We then evaluated both a small molecule agonist of the H3 receptor, (R)--methylhistamine (RAMH), and the H3 receptor inverse agonist, pitolisant (Wakix(R)), in RTT and MDS models, respectively, to determine impacts on phenotypes in these disease models. Our results show that RAMH significantly impacted an anxiety phenotype in mice modeling RTT (MecpNull/+), but pitolisant had no effect on the behaviors examined here in MDS animals (MECP2Tg1).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weiss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermudez, S. A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freitas, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dogra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meadows, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogliotti, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niswender, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685636</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reciprocal regulation of the H3 histamine receptor in Rett syndrome and MECP2 Duplication 1 syndrome: implications for therapeutic development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combinatorial multiomic analysis from a pedigree of Sox10Dom Hirschsprung mice implicates Dach1 as a modifier of Enteric Nervous System development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.02.686123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is characterized by absence of enteric ganglia (aganglionosis) along variable lengths of the distal intestine. This disorder results from deficient colonization of fetal intestine by enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs). HSCR exhibits complex, multifactorial inheritance with penetrance and severity varying widely even within a family. SOX10 is among causal genes that predispose to aganglionosis. Yet, how gene interactions influence severity of HSCR aganglionosis is not understood. We previously used an F1-intercross strategy to map genetic modifiers of aganglionosis in the Sox10Dom HSCR mouse. Here we employ an extended pedigree mapping approach and complementary omics analyses of the developing Enteric Nervous System (ENS) to identify modifier loci that affect severity of HSCR aganglionosis.

ResultsTo identify loci that modify aganglionosis extent we undertook genome-wide association study (GWAS) of an extended pedigree of Sox10Dommice on a mixed C57BL/6J x C3HeBFeJLe-a/a background. GWAS uncovered genetic modifiers of aganglionosis severity in this cohort. Within each modifier interval, we prioritize candidate genes based on gene expression in the developing ENS, proximity to open chromatin regions in ENCDCs, and presence of conserved SOX10 binding motifs. This strategy identified known genes in ENS development as well as multiple novel genes. Dach1 emerged as a top priority gene for modifying ENCDCs migration and thus influencing aganglionosis severity.

ConclusionsThis study identifies genome intervals and intrinsic genes that modify Sox10Dom aganglionosis severity and that are candidate modifiers of human HSCR severity.

AUTHOR SUMMARYHirschsprung disease is a complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that causes loss of neurons in the distal bowel. The length of gut lacking neurons, called "aganglionosis", in HSCR patients can vary widely even between affected siblings. Multiple genes are Mendelian causative for HSCR, but little is known about the gene interactions responsible for the notable variation in aganglionosis severity. In this study, we use a mouse model of HSCR to identify genomic regions, "modifiers", associated with length of aganglionosis. Genes active within these regions are then identified in RNA-sequencing and open chromatin data from progenitor cells, which form the enteric nervous system. These omics approaches identify both known and novel genes that can affect enteric neuron development and may underly HSCR severity in patients. Dach1, already known for effects on neuronal progenitor proliferation and migration in other aspects of the nervous system, emerged as the top priority gene. The findings greatly expand the gene network that influences HSCR aganglionosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Benthal, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Southard-Smith, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.02.686123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combinatorial multiomic analysis from a pedigree of Sox10Dom Hirschsprung mice implicates Dach1 as a modifier of Enteric Nervous System development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-ancestry Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Reveals Shared and Population-Specific Genetic Effects in Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) risk differs across ancestral populations, yet most genetic studies have focused on Non-Hispanic White (NHW) cohorts. We conducted a multi-population transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using whole-blood RNA-seq and genotype data from reported NHW (n=235), African American (AA; n=224), and Hispanic (HISP; n=292) participants in MAGENTA. Using SuShiE for multi-population fine-mapping, we identified credible sets of eQTLs for 8,748 genes and improved fine-mapping precision relative to analyses using fewer populations. eQTL effects were largely shared across populations, with population-specific regulation for a subset of genes. Population-stratified TWAS and sample size-weighted meta-analysis (FUSION + MAFOCUS) prioritized and and fine-mapped nine genes (FDR<0.05, PIP>0.8), including established AD loci (BIN1, PTK2B, DMPK) with consistent effects across populations. Importantly, at BIN1 we fine-mapped regulatory variants associated with gene expression and AD risk beyond the GWAS index SNP--most notably rs11682128, which is only in modest LD with rs6733839 (r^2{approx}0.34)--demonstrating that multi-population TWAS can implicate additional functional variants not captured by single-SNP GWAS signals. We also discovered a novel association between COG4 expression and AD in NHW, implicating Golgi apparatus function. Using independent SuShiE-derived models from TOPMed MESA (PBMC), several associations replicated directionally across ancestries, with statistical significance most evident in NHW. Our results show that multi-population fine-mapping improves eQTL resolution and TWAS interpretability, reveals regulatory variants beyond GWAS index SNPs, and underscores the need to expand non-European AD cohorts to resolve shared and population-specific mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mews, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benchek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reitz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naj, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Below, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tosto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo-Olivas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrd, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feliciano-Astacio, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajabli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pericak-Vance, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haines, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griswold, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bush, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-ancestry Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Reveals Shared and Population-Specific Genetic Effects in Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686570v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Distinct patterns of de novo coding variants contribute to Tourette Syndrome etiology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686570v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a highly heritable childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent motor and vocal tics. While both common and rare variants contribute to TS susceptibility, the role of rare de novo mutations (DNMs) remains incompletely characterized. Here, we report findings from the largest TS whole-exome sequencing study to date, analyzing 1,466 TS trios alongside 6,714 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trios and 5,880 unaffected sibling controls from the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and SPARK cohorts. Leveraging a trio-based design across these cohorts enabled calibrated assessment of DNM burden while controlling for background mutation rates. We observed a significant exome-wide enrichment of protein-truncating DNMs in TS probands, particularly within genes intolerant to loss-of-function variation (pLI [&ge;] 0.9), with little contribution from damaging missense variants. Notably, TS probands did not exhibit enrichment in previously implicated ASD or developmental delay (DD) genes, but elsewhere in the genome, suggesting a distinct rare variant architecture. Using a Bayesian statistical framework that integrates both de novo and rare inherited coding variants, we identified three candidate TS risk genes with FDR [&le;] 0.05: PPP5C, EXOC1, and GXYLT1. Literature shows that they have prior links to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. These findings reveal a rare variant burden in TS that is genetically distinguishable from ASD, underscore the importance of loss-of-function mutations in TS risk, and nominate novel candidate genes for future functional investigation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivankovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niarchou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domenech-Salgado, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benarroch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budman, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cath, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freimer, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grados, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross-Tsur, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herrera-Amighetti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurlan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leckman, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyon, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauls, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollak, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouleau, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandor, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singer, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ophoff, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686570</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Distinct patterns of de novo coding variants contribute to Tourette Syndrome etiology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BASSL-MI: Batch-Agnostic Self-Supervised Learning Uncovers Clinically Relevant Tumor Niches in Multiplexed Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.04.686632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed imaging enables rich, high-resolution characterization of the tumor microenvironment but relies on labor-intensive and error-prone cell segmentation and phenotyping pipelines. We present BASSL-MI, a batch-agnostic, self-supervised framework for discovering tissue niches directly from multiplexed imaging data. BASSL-MI operates directly on image patches, eliminating the need for explicit cell segmentation while mitigating image-, sample-, or batch-specific artifacts. Built on a modified contrastive block disentanglement architecture, BASSL-MI learns dual latent representations that separate biologically informative features from batch-dependent factors through spatially guided augmentations and batch-invariance objectives. Applied to a 56-marker colorectal cancer CODEX dataset, BASSL-MI-trained embeddings markedly reduce image-specific variability and recover biologically interpretable spatial niches. Notably, it uncovers CD20-rich follicular regions associated with improved survival, outperforming published findings from cell segmentation-driven clustering. This work demonstrates that self-supervised, patch-based learning can capture clinically relevant spatial organization within tumor microenvironments, advancing toward automated, non-cell-based analysis of multiplexed imaging data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lin, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.04.686632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BASSL-MI: Batch-Agnostic Self-Supervised Learning Uncovers Clinically Relevant Tumor Niches in Multiplexed Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686656v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immature olfactory sensory neurons provide complementary input in the healthy olfactory system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686656v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adult neurogenesis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) provides the unique opportunity to understand how new neurons functionally integrate into existing circuitry and contribute to behaviors. Previous studies have shown that immature OSNs express odorant receptors, form dendritic knobs with short cilia, and project their axons into the olfactory bulb (OB) to form functional synapses. Furthermore, a previous study found that immature OSNs respond selectively to odorants and exhibit graded responses in a higher odorant concentration range than mature OSNs. Finally, this study also showed that, in mice that lack mature OSNs, sensory input from immature OSNs can mediate odor detection and discrimination. What remains unknown is how these immature OSNs contribute to odor-guided behavior in the healthy, intact olfactory system. Here we show that chemogenetically silencing immature OSNs impairs odor detection ability in a buried food assay. Furthermore, immature OSN silencing reduces the amplitude of odor-evoked dendritic calcium responses in OB neurons in vivo. Together, these findings suggest that immature OSNs provide distinct odor input that complements mature OSN input to contribute to odor-guided behaviors in the healthy, intact olfactory system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marar, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheetham, C. E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686656</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immature olfactory sensory neurons provide complementary input in the healthy olfactory system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atomistic TCR-ligand interactions instruct memory T-cell differentiation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Memory CD8 T cells provide durable protection against recurrent infection and cancer, but how distinct memory fates are specified remains unclear. Here, we define the functional landscape of 242 murine CD8 TCR{beta} clonotypes specific for influenza NP366-374/H-2D ligand (pMHC) by integrating single-cell transcriptomics and TCR sequencing with force-dependent biophysics, structural analysis, and in vivo investigation of memory development. Fate essentially tracks with TCR mechanotransduction: TCM-associated clonotypes preferentially engage pMHC through TCR{beta}, whereas TEM-associated clonotypes preferentially engage through TCR. Clonotypes with balanced, bipolar signaling generate both memory subsets, optimize expansion, and display broad heterosubtypic crossreactivity but with exhaustion susceptibility. In contrast, diverse TCM clonotypes are largely clonal singlets with considerable mutant-epitope recognition in aggregate and stemness preservation, revealing complementary strategies for immunodefense coverage. Atomistically, subtle pMHC contact differences and load transmission through the TCR holoreceptor appear to tune phosphorylation, memory differentiation, and functional durability, features applicable to adoptive T-cell immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akitsu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke-Cohan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazin, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parkins, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aryal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinella, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uberoy, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biddle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messier, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizotte, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolstorukov, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinherz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atomistic TCR-ligand interactions instruct memory T-cell differentiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human coronavirus HKU1 neutralization by glycan receptor mimicry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Entry of seasonal human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) into host cells is facilitated by sequential binding to sialoglycans and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors. However, the neutralizing capacity of antibodies disrupting these receptor interactions have not been examined. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) HKU1-2 that recognizes the HCoV-HKU1 spike protein and exhibits dose-dependent neutralization of the virus. Epitope mapping and structural analysis revealed that HKU1-2 mAb targets the sialoglycan binding site in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein. A cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the spike-Fab complex further demonstrated the ability of HKU1-2 to mimic sialic acid binding thereby effectively blocking sialoglycan receptor engagement. HKU1-2 binding is primarily mediated by CDRH3 recognition of NTD residues K80 and W89 that are known to be critical for sialic acid engagement. Overall, our results demonstrate antibody recognition and neutralization of HCoV-HKU1 by receptor mimicry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kose, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimpel, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryadevara, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gern, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vries, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baric, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bangaru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human coronavirus HKU1 neutralization by glycan receptor mimicry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687435v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Increased levels of HAPLN2, which anchors dense extracellular matrix, in the hippocampus of APOE4 targeted replacement mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.687435v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 2 (HAPLN2) / Brain link protein-1 (Bral1) is important for the binding of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) to hyaluronan and thus for the formation of specific types of brain extracellular matrix (ECM). It is also significantly increased with aging. Moreover, machine learning has identified it as a brain-derived protein most predictive of Alzheimers disease (AD). HAPLN2 binds to CSPGs that may sequester aggregation-prone proteins and also restrict neuronal plasticity. Because the apolipoprotein 4 (APOE4) allele increases AD risk, in the present study we have examined hippocampal lysates from APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement (TR) mice using unbiased proteomics, Western blot and hippocampal immunostaining. With proteomics, we observe that HAPLN2 is among the most significantly upregulated proteins in APOE4 mice. Prior work suggests HAPLN2 is particularly important to the assembly of perinodal matrix, and herein we show that it also co-localizes with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs represent a dense form of ECM that can increase GABAergic neurotransmission to alter overall excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance and neuronal oscillations important to mood and memory. Proteomics also detected elevated levels of high temperature requirement peptidase-1 (HTRA1), which accumulates in cerebral blood vessels harboring amyloid, in APOE4 mice. In Western blot studies, lysates from APOE4 mice also showed significantly reduced levels chondroitin-6 sulfated proteoglycans, which makes PNNs more susceptible to proteolysis and less inhibitory. In addition, immunostaining studies showed that levels of the PNN component aggrecan were increased in the hippocampus of APOE4 animals. Overall, these findings contribute to an emerging body of literature suggesting that brain extracellular matrix may be altered with aging and other risk factors for AD, and suggest that future studies should assess PNNs, peri-nodal structure and axonal conduction in the background of APOE4.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deasy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amontree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colon, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorland, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hummel, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greco, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maguire-Zeiss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.687435</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Increased levels of HAPLN2, which anchors dense extracellular matrix, in the hippocampus of APOE4 targeted replacement mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687672v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diffusion MRI Processing in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study: Innovations and Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.10.687672v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The landmark ongoing HEALthy Brain and Cognitive Development (HBCD) study will longitudinally chart brain development in a large sample (projected n=7,200) of infants through age 10 years with multimodal neuroimaging that includes an advanced diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition. Here, we detail advances in dMRI image processing developed for HBCD, incorporated into the widely used QSIPrep pipeline. Major changes to preprocessing include improvements in infant brain extraction, distortion correction, and normalization to infant-specific templates. Additionally, we describe a new software package - QSIRecon - that yields rich derived data including diverse maps of tissue microstructure as well as person-specific white matter bundles. Using dMRI data from a subset of the HBCD 1.0 release where age information was available (n=529 sessions across two time points), we observe critical improvements in data quality with preprocessing and see expected developmental patterns. Moving forward, the publicly-available data from HBCD will rapidly grow to become the largest study of brain development in infancy and early childhood using dMRI. QSIPrep and QSIRecon are openly available and can be applied to other infant and pediatric dMRI datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cieslak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irfanoglu, M. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meisler, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raikes, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smyser, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harms, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisnowski, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.10.687672</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diffusion MRI Processing in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study: Innovations and Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLC11A2 affects nutritional immunity in the gastrointestinal epithelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.12.688034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a constant tug-of-war for transition metals at the pathogen-host interface. A goal of the vertebrate host is to modulate the availability of metals to pathogens, in a process known as nutritional immunity, but pathogens have evolved numerous countermeasures to regulate intracellular trace metal levels. The bioavailability of trace metals therefore shapes the outcome of disease. In the human body, epithelial cells lining the intestine are a major site of metal absorption. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are also a target for invading enteric pathogens but the contribution of epithelium-intrinsic factors towards nutritional immunity has been understudied. Using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) harboring metal-responsive fluorescent reporters in a bovine ligated intestinal loop infection model, we mapped the spatiotemporal nature of metal competition during enteric salmonellosis. We show that STm experiences a temporal, cell-specific restriction of iron, manganese, and zinc in the intestinal mucosa during the early stages of infection. We have further studied the contribution of the broad specificity metal cation transporter, SLC11A2, in IECs to nutritional immunity against STm. Knockout of SLC11A2 in IECs leads to enhanced replication of STm, indicating a protective role for this transporter. Using fluorescence-based biosensors and bacterial gene deletion mutants, we pinpoint manganese and iron restriction as the mechanism by which SLC11A2 limits bacterial proliferation. We conclude that SLC11A2-mediated sequestration of metals is an intrinsic defense mechanism of the intestinal epithelium against enteric bacteria.

Significance statementThere is limited source of trace metals in the gut that invading pathogens and the infected host must compete for. Using Salmonella enterica as a model enteric pathogen, along with fluorescent reporters that respond to metal ion availability, we traced the sites of metal ion limitation in the intestinal mucosa to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and phagocytes in the underlying lamina propria. We further show that SLC11A2 (NRAMP2), which is the sole SLC11 family member expressed in IECs and localizes to the apical membrane and endosomal network, limits the intracellular proliferation of Salmonella enterica by withholding iron and manganese. Therefore SLC11A2-mediated nutritional immunity is an IEC-intrinsic defense mechanism that protects against microbial pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Norberg, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westerman, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bushman, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elfenbein, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knodler, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.12.688034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLC11A2 affects nutritional immunity in the gastrointestinal epithelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Denoising image-based spatial transcriptomics data with DenoIST 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.13.688387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image-based spatial transcriptomics (IST) technologies provide unprecedented resolution of gene expression in tissue sections, but suffer from contamination of cells gene expression profiles due to imperfect cell segmentation. We present DenoIST (Denoising Image-based Spatial Transcriptomics data), a new computational tool that accurately identifies and removes contaminating transcripts from IST datasets. DenoIST models the observed transcript counts using a Poisson mixture model that explicitly accounts for local neighbourhood contamination. Applied to multiple real IST datasets of varying cell densities, DenoIST restores gene expression specificity and clarifies local biological structures by identifying and filtering transcripts spilt over from neighbouring cells. The denoised data enable more consistent and interpretable cell type annotation by minimising conflicting gene expression profiles, reducing the prevalence of hybrid or ambiguous cell types, and enhancing the contrast between distinct functional compartments. Overall, we demonstrate that DenoIST can be integrated to existing IST analysis workflows to improve biological interpretability and robustness of IST data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwok, A. W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vannan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.13.688387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Denoising image-based spatial transcriptomics data with DenoIST]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688497v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cochlear histopathology in macaques after noise-induced temporary threshold shifts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688497v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noise exposures causing transient hearing loss were previously considered benign. However, recent work has revealed that temporary noise-induced threshold shifts may be associated with long-lasting cochlear histopathology. One such effect is cochlear synaptopathy, i.e. changes to the afferent synapse between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers. Noise-induced synaptopathy has been extensively characterized in several rodent models, and temporal bone studies suggest similar age-related changes in humans. However, it remains unclear how noise-induced temporary threshold shifts affect cochlear structures in humans and nonhuman primates, which show greater resistance to noise exposure than other animals. Additionally, the long-term sequelae of temporary threshold shifts are largely unknown. Here, we characterized the effects of a noise exposure causing temporary hearing loss on cochlear histopathology in macaque monkeys at long post-exposure survival times. Overall, cochlear histopathology was variable across subjects, similar to the variable susceptibility observed in humans. At 2 and 10 months post-exposure, macaques had no significant loss of hair cells, inner hair cell synapses, or cholinergic efferent innervation. However, enlargement of ribbons in both inner and outer hair cells was observed. Together, these findings provide insight into the cochlear effects of single-exposure temporary threshold shifts in nonhuman primates.

HIGHLIGHTS- Macaques exposed to 120 dB SPL noise for 4h showed temporary threshold shifts
- Cochlear histopathology was evaluated at 2 and 10 months post-exposure
- Macaques had no significant loss of hair cells or inner hair cell synapses
- Chronic enlargement of inner and outer hair cell ribbons was observed
- Transient loss of outer hair cell ribbons was also observed
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mondul, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alek, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitchford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688497</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cochlear histopathology in macaques after noise-induced temporary threshold shifts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688058v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A zebrafish seizure model of cblX syndrome reveals a dose-dependent refractory response to mTor inhibition. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688058v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in the transcriptional cofactor HCFC1 cause methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinemia, cblX type (cblX) (MIM#309541), non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability (XLID), and focal epilepsy. Zebrafish studies have revealed increased activation of the Akt/mTor signaling pathway after mutation of hcfc1a, one ortholog of HCFC1. mTOR hyperactivation is linked to seizures and its inhibition alleviates epilepsy in other preclinical models. We hypothesized that mTor overactivity in hcfc1a mutant zebrafish increases seizure susceptibility and/or severity. We employed a two-concentration model of the seizure inducing agent, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), with or without pretreatment of the mTor inhibitor, torin1. Mutation of hcfc1a did not increase seizure susceptibility at sub-optimal concentrations of PTZ and the pharmaceutical inhibition of mTor reduced seizure severity when utilized at a dose of 250nM. Higher doses of torin1 treatment exacerbated seizure response in mutant larvae but not in wildtype siblings. These data suggest that in an hcfc1a deficient background, moderate inhibition of mTor signaling may partially alleviate seizure phenotypes, however, over-inhibition of the pathway causes a refractory response to PTZ. Collectively, we present a model that can be used to test dose response and for the development of combinatorial treatment approaches in a high throughput manner.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gil, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinales, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castro, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perucho, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masenga, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintana, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688058</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A zebrafish seizure model of cblX syndrome reveals a dose-dependent refractory response to mTor inhibition.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into the Datasets, Tools, and Training Needs of the AnVIL Community: 2024 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The NHGRI Genomic Data Science Analysis, Visualization, and Informatics Lab-space (AnVIL) provides a secure cloud-based environment where research and education communities can analyze genomic and biomedical data. The platform supports a wide range of data analysis as well as the ability to safely store and access data in compliance with NIH policies. Work on the AnVIL platform can be easily shared to promote reproducible science and collaboration. The purpose of this study is to better understand the current user base of the AnVIL platform. The AnVIL Community Poll aimed to collect baseline information, identify development opportunities, guide the prioritization of user support strategies, and succinctly but comprehensively describe the current AnVIL Community. The AnVIL Team disseminated the inaugural AnVIL Community Poll by sharing it broadly on social media and through AnVIL and related consortia mailing lists. We categorized respondents as either returning or potential users of the AnVIL platform (based on their provided usage description) and examined user experiences: specifically user backgrounds, technological comfort, research interests, computational needs, and preferences for training and support. Our sample of the AnVIL community found opportunities for platform adoption beyond the current user base and identified areas where training should be enhanced, training preferences, and user computational needs. Specifically, while most respondents were involved in human genomics research, there may be potential for growth in adoption of the platform by prioritizing materials to support clinical researchers. All respondents felt availability of specific tools or datasets was a key feature of the platform. The broader community may also benefit from further development or showcasing of resources to facilitate cost management, finding and incorporating analysis tools, and data import. Our sample greatly preferred virtual training opportunities and returning users of the platform foresaw needing large amounts of storage. This poll provided an insightful snapshot of the current state of the AnVIL and demonstrated areas where the AnVIL Team can take specific steps to address barriers related to platform adoption and further support the existing and varied AnVIL Community. This work can be built upon through user interviews, community discussion, and coordinating a recurring poll.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isaac, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, K. E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kucher, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leek, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schatz, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into the Datasets, Tools, and Training Needs of the AnVIL Community: 2024]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biosynthesis of peptidic thiooxazole metallophores installed by multinuclear nonheme iron enzymes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.18.689057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant effort has been directed toward characterization of nonheme iron enzymes owing to their breadth of unique reactivity. Through genome mining, we identified a conserved biosynthetic gene cluster within Pseudomonadota encoding one such family, the multinuclear nonheme iron-dependent oxidative enzymes (MNIO, formerly DUF692). Using a representative gene cluster from Fontimonas thermophila, we heterologously produced the post-translationally modified peptide fontiphorin, and detailed spectral analysis revealed MNIO-catalyzed installation of seven 5-thiooxazole (5TO) moieties. During our work, additional MNIO products were reported with conflicting structural assignments, so we investigated the related biosynthetic gene clusters from Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Using alkylation-assisted HMBC correlations, we demonstrated that these products also contain 5TO resulting in a revision of the structure of oxazolin. We further provide evidence supporting a role for 5TO-containing peptides in copper detoxification and recommended this emerging class of Cu-associated peptidic thiooxazole metallophores be referred to as captophorins. To further explore the captophorins, we reconstituted fontiphorin biosynthesis in vitro and investigated its enzymatic requirements. Using cell-free production of single-site, double-site, and naturally occurring variants, we examined enzyme-substrate interactions to determine key sites governing catalysis by 5TO-forming MNIOs. Through our detailed spectroscopic approach for 5TO assignment and investigation of enzyme-substrate interactions, our work unifies tens of thousands of MNIOs in the biosynthesis of captophorins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gadgil, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dommaraju, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battiste, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bregman, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.18.689057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biosynthesis of peptidic thiooxazole metallophores installed by multinuclear nonheme iron enzymes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T-cell Multiomic Analysis Identifies Subsets and Mechanisms of Interaction with Epithelial Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.19.689037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by progressive scarring and respiratory failure, with a median survival of 3-5 years. While T-cell numbers are elevated in IPF lungs, their contributions to fibrosis beyond inflammation remain poorly understood. Here, we performed multiplex imaging and single-cell RNA and protein profiling on [~]90,000 CD3 T-cells from control and fibrotic lungs, revealing eleven distinct subsets of CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Among these, we identified a rare CD56 regulatory T-cell subset that is highly activated in fibrosis and exhibits a sustained immunosuppressive phenotype. CXCR4/MIF signaling emerged as a central axis mediating T-cell-epithelial interactions, while epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and TGF{beta} pathways dominated in multiple T-cell subsets. Our findings demonstrate that T-cells in IPF adopt nonclassical activation patterns, driven by epithelial interactions and the fibrotic microenvironment. These studies provide a foundation for exploring novel therapeutic strategies in IPF lungs by modulating T-cell behavior and communication networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Serezani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzano, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascoalino, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dietrich, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrill, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvi, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Ericsson, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilfong, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacchetta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaver, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ware, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salisbury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Kaer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackwell, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.19.689037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T-cell Multiomic Analysis Identifies Subsets and Mechanisms of Interaction with Epithelial Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A gene expression atlas of a juvenile nervous system 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the fundamental architecture of metazoan nervous systems is typically established in the embryo, substantial numbers of neurons are added during post-natal development while existing neurons expand in size, refine connectivity, and undergo additional differentiation. To reveal the underlying molecular determinants of post-embryonic neurogenesis and maturation, we have produced gene expression profiles of all neuron types and their progenitors in the first larval stage (L1) of C. elegans. Comparisons of the L1 profile to the embryo and to the later L4 larval stage identified thousands of differentially expressed genes across individual neurons throughout the nervous system. Key neuropeptide signaling networks, for example, are remodeled during larval development. Gene regulatory network analysis revealed potential transcription factors driving the temporal changes in gene expression across the nervous system, including a broad role for the heterochronic gene lin-14. We utilized available connectomic data of juvenile animals in combination with our neuron-specific atlas to identify potential molecular determinants of membrane contact and synaptic connectivity. These expression data are available through a user-friendly interface at CeNGEN.org for independent investigations of the maturation, connectivity and function of a developing nervous system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Taylor, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Sanchez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valperga, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McWhirter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barney, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinreb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rolfson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merritt, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eroglu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majeed, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grundvig, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Child, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vertes, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varol, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammarlund, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hobert, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A gene expression atlas of a juvenile nervous system]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Early Host-Virus RNA Interactions Reveal SPEN-Driven m6A Regulation as a Major Determinant of Henipavirus Infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early interactions between viral RNA and host-encoded RNA-binding proteins are pivotal in shaping the trajectory of RNA virus infection. Henipaviruses are emerging, highly lethal BSL-4 pathogens whose mechanisms of pathogenesis remain largely elusive. To illuminate the earliest moments of host-virus interplay, we employed Viral Cross-linking and Solid-phase Purification (VIR-CLASP) to capture host proteins bound to the incoming henipavirus genome within the first hour of infection. This approach establishes the first henipavirus RNA-host protein interactome, revealing 146 human proteins directly associated with the primary viral RNA. Among these, SPEN, RBM15, and RBM15B - canonical regulators of lncRNA Xist - emerged as key host factors that actively promote viral infection. Direct RNA sequencing further uncovered that SPEN depletion induces widespread hypomethylation, affecting ~98% of differentially modified m6A sites, ~87% of which localize to the L mRNA transcript encoding the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Collectively, these findings expose a critical layer of host dependency at the very onset of infection and reveal a previously unappreciated role for SPEN family proteins in facilitating henipavirus infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ascura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trotman, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haigh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malek, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Early Host-Virus RNA Interactions Reveal SPEN-Driven m6A Regulation as a Major Determinant of Henipavirus Infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Public Cohort Analysis Identifies Thyroglobulin Variants as Hypothyroidism Risk Factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypothyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone (T3T4) production. Thyroglobulin (Tg) serves as the prohormone for T3 and T4 production, with many variants of uncertain clinical significance due to genetic diversity in the Tg gene. We leveraged the large-scale All of Us biobank to investigate the disease association of prevalent yet undercharacterized Tg variants. We related variant presence to thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and levothyroxine (LT4) usage as proxies for thyroid function. This identified R152H, Q870H, A993T, P1012L, and P1494L variants linked to increased LT4 usage and decreased thyroid function, while the R320C variant was associated with decreased thyroid function. Molecular characterization in Fisher rat thyroid cells revealed decreased secretion efficiency of R152H, Q870H, and R320C variants. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry demonstrated that secretion-deficient variants showed higher engagement with the protein homeostasis network, indicating protein quality control defects as the pathophysiology mechanism. In contrast, secretion-competent A993T and P1494L variants showed elevated interactions with degradation and antigen-presentation pathways, suggesting an alternative pathophysiology possibly linked to Hashimotos disease, an autoimmune condition with overproduction of autoantibodies that target thyroid proteins. In support, participants carrying the A993T or P1494L variants had elevated anti-TPO antibody levels. We estimate [~]150,000 US individuals currently taking levothyroxine could benefit from precision medicine targeting these variants, with [~]100,000 carrying Q870H. Our findings highlight the power of combining large public biobank data with molecular characterization to understand Tg genotype-to-phenotype relationships. Q870H represents a candidate for molecular therapies to restore secretion, offering precision medicine beyond LT4 replacement therapy.

Significance StatementHypothyroidism affects millions of Americans who typically receive levothyroxine hormone replacement therapy, yet some patients continue experiencing symptoms despite treatment. Correlating genomic and health data from the large-cohort All of Us biobank identified specific variants in the thyroglobulin gene, which produces thyroid hormones, that contribute to thyroid dysfunction through distinct biological pathways. Molecular characterization and interactomics revealed that some variants impair hormone secretion due to protein misfolding, while others associate with immune presentation that may link to autoimmune thyroid disease. The Q870H variant emerged as a promising target for precision medicine, potentially benefiting [~]100,000 Americans currently taking levothyroxine. This research demonstrates how combining large-scale genomic data with molecular characterization can identify new therapeutic targets beyond standard hormone replacement therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hermanson, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plate, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Public Cohort Analysis Identifies Thyroglobulin Variants as Hypothyroidism Risk Factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689770v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-based Transcriptomics Reveal Sex- and Amyloid-Modulated Biology of Plasma pTau217 in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.21.689770v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plasma pTau217, an emerging Alzheimers disease (AD) biomarker, may reflect a synaptic response to {beta}-amyloid (A{beta}) plaques before cortical tangle formation, but the broader biological processes at play remain unclear. Using whole blood RNAseq, we sought to identify gene expression associated with plasma pTau217 and to determine whether APOE{varepsilon}4, sex, and neocortical A{beta}-PET burden further amplify these associations in 724 participants from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimers (A4) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN) Studies. 1,540 genes were moderated by A{beta}-PET, and 772 genes were moderated by both A{beta}-PET and sex. Our findings include genes previously associated with AD (e.g., TREML2) and implicate biological functions such as chromatin remodeling, lipid signaling, and RNA processing that interact with A{beta}-PET and sex to impact plasma pTau217. Our results underscore the complexity of molecular mechanisms that can be linked to plasma pTau217, particularly in the context of elevated A{beta}-PET.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klinger, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janve, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birkenbihl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coughlan, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Townsend, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Properzi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanseeuw, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhatwal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rissman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aisen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cuppels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donohue, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumitrescu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohman, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.21.689770</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-based Transcriptomics Reveal Sex- and Amyloid-Modulated Biology of Plasma pTau217 in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690267v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biophysical constraints on mRNA decay rates shape macroevolutionary divergence in steady-state abundances 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690267v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary changes to gene expression are understood to be a major driver of phenotypic divergence between species. Researchers have investigated the drivers of this divergence by fitting evolutionary models to multi-species  omic datasets. It is now apparent that steady-state mRNA expression levels show patterns consistent with evolutionary constraints, likely as a consequence of stabilizing selection. However, as all previous work has used bulk RNA measurements, it has been impossible to determine which of the many cellular processes that contribute to steady-state abundances underlie the divergence between species. Here we develop a novel paradigm for addressing this open problem. Using multi-species single-cell expression data and biophysical models, we estimate mRNA transcriptional burst sizes, splicing rates and decay rates across multiple species. We then derive phylogenetic models that describe the divergence of these rates under alternative evolutionary scenarios and fit these to the comparative data. We find evidence for biophysical constraints on the rates of mRNA decay, such that macroevolutionary divergence in expression is primarily a consequence of variation in transcriptional bursting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Felce, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cope, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schraiber, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pachter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690267</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biophysical constraints on mRNA decay rates shape macroevolutionary divergence in steady-state abundances]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calibration of MRI-based reference intervals to new samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reference intervals, defined as intervals containing a new observation with a specified probability relative to reference data, would be clinically useful in assessing brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brain charts, which are estimates of MRI phenotypes across covariates such as age and sex, can be used to construct reference intervals. However, the reference data used to fit intervals often differs from a new sample in terms of study design, MRI acquisition, and image preprocessing. Application of MRI reference intervals to new samples remains a challenging problem. Here, we propose a new method called Reference interval calibration via conFormal prediction (ReForm) that adjusts reference intervals for a new sample. Our method builds on recent work in conformal prediction, which yields intervals with guaranteed coverage for new observations. Through resampling experiments in Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium cortical thickness data, we compare ReFormed reference intervals to refitting intervals, statistical harmonization methods, and model-based adjustment of intervals. Notably for patient privacy concerns, ReForm does not require sharing of reference data. Yet, our empirical results demonstrate that ReForm controls FPR similarly or better than alternative methods which require sharing reference data. Finally, we provide recommendations for practical applications of ReForm and an R package (https://github.com/andy1764/ReForm) for calibrating reference intervals using ReForm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bethlehem, R. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorfschmidt, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafadar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lifespan Brain Chart Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterthwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calibration of MRI-based reference intervals to new samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Crystallographic Ensembles Reveal the Structural Basis of Binding Entropy in SARS-CoV2 Macrodomain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structure-based drug design has traditionally focused on optimizing static, enthalpic interactions between ligands and proteins or on displacing binding site solvent molecules to entropically favor binding. A potentially large contributor to binding thermodynamics is the difference in conformational entropy of the protein upon binding a ligand; however, this has been difficult to quantify especially in high throughput. Here, through multiconformer ensemble modeling of hundreds of ligand-bound SARS-CoV-2 Macrodomain (Mac1) X-ray structures, we show how ligand binding reorganizes both protein conformational entropy and water molecules. By applying an optimal transport-based clustering algorithm, we show how specific protein-ligand interactions patterns drive the magnitude and spatial redistribution of conformational entropy and solvent networks. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we demonstrate a correlation between experimental binding thermodynamics and conformational entropy estimated from structural ensemble models, showing that increased conformational heterogeneity and a less connected hydrogen-bonded water network lead to more entropic binding. These results establish a framework for extracting thermodynamically meaningful information from crystallographic ensembles, enabling the integration of entropic effects into prospective, ensemble-aware drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farran, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aslam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaishankar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renslo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wankowicz, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Crystallographic Ensembles Reveal the Structural Basis of Binding Entropy in SARS-CoV2 Macrodomain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690719v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Macroevolution of Filamentation Morphology Across the Saccharomycotina Yeast Subphylum 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690719v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Saccharomycotina yeasts are a highly diverse and widely distributed subphylum of ascomycete fungi that exhibit diversity in their asexual growth morphologies; the human commensal yeast Candida albicans exhibits both unicellular and filamentous growth, whereas the bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grows unicellularly by budding. Filamentous growth (and the production of hyphae) can comprise linear and branched budding cells that do not undergo cell separation, termed pseudohyphae, or of tubular filaments with septa that perforate allowing movement of organelles, termed true hyphae. We integrated phenotypic, genomic, metabolic, and isolation environment data from 1,154 strains from 1,051 Saccharomycotina species to examine the variation and evolutionary history of filamentation across Saccharomycotina and determine the extent to which genes, metabolic traits, and environments can predict filamentation types. We found that 63.37% of strains can form filaments; 6.56% can form true hyphae, 42.40% can form pseudohyphae, and 14.39% can form both true hyphae and pseudohyphae. We found that the distributions of species that can produce true hyphae or that can filament were more strongly correlated with the yeast phylogeny than the distribution of species with pseudohyphae. Ancestral state reconstruction suggested that the ability to form true hyphae and/or pseudohyphae evolved several times in yeast evolution. We infer that most yeast ancestors likely produced pseudohyphae or lacked filaments, while the Saccharomycotina last common ancestor likely produced pseudohyphae but not true hyphae. Machine learning models trained on genomic and metabolic features predicted filament morphologies with about 70% accuracy. Connecting the evolution of Saccharomycotina morphologies to their genomic, metabolic, and ecological characteristics will enrich our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of lifestyles observed in this lineage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chavez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, M.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hittinger, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690719</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Macroevolution of Filamentation Morphology Across the Saccharomycotina Yeast Subphylum]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brush border intermicrovillar adhesion limits bacterial attachment to the small intestine brush border 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Enterocytes present a continuous array of uniform, tightly packed, apical microvilli known as the "brush border". Adjacent microvilli tips are linked by an intermicrovillar adhesion complex (IMAC) composed of cadherins that are required for microvillar packing, length uniformity, and junctional integrity, with disruption linked to intestinal autoimmune disease and infections. We found that IMAC-deficient mice have dysbiosis with increased adherent (actin-dependent) and mucosal (actin-independent) bacteria in the terminal ileum. The bacteria are primarily commensals without differences in diversity between groups. Primary segments of Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) recruit the microvilli-associated proteins EPS8 and IRTKS, as well as the Arp2/3 complex, to remodel actin. SFB not only anchor adjacent to epithelial cell junctions but also incorporate ZO-1 into their attachment structures. Together, these data reveal maturation of the SFB-host interface that mirrors the complex SFB lifecycle. Our work indicates a previously unrecognized role for the brush border as a key component of host defense against luminal microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cowell, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bickart, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shashi, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brackman, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdel-Dayem, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystofiak, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Essalki, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gross, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Algood, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyska, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meenderink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brush border intermicrovillar adhesion limits bacterial attachment to the small intestine brush border]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690532v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mammary Fibroblasts Secrete Damage Associated Molecular Patterns through Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Ionizing Radiation 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690532v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an integral component of cancer therapy. Cellular exposure to IR typically leads to major biological consequences including cell death and senescence. Furthermore, tissue injury in known to involve the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) into the extracellular space, which trigger inflammation and wound healing. However, DAMP release in the context of radiation injury remains to be fully characterized. Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion and associated cargo components are part of the cellular response to IR, but the mechanisms integrating cellular damage and EV secretion post-IR are largely unexplored. In this study, we show that acute IR-induced damage in mammary fibroblasts results in a senescence-like phenotype and substantially increased EV secretion. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that IR-induced EVs are enriched with extracellular and intracellular DAMPs, along with other pro-inflammatory mediators. We show that knockdown of the GTPase Rab27a abrogates IR-induced EV secretion and inhibits the enrichment of key DAMPs in EVs. By examining the integration of cellular damage and senescence with the release of inflammatory signals, this study elucidates a potentially critical role for EV-associated proteins in the radiation response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Crase, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafat, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690532</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mammary Fibroblasts Secrete Damage Associated Molecular Patterns through Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Ionizing Radiation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690467v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BeadBuddy: user-friendly, nanometer-scale registration of single-molecule imaging data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690467v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) captures nanoscale detail with fluorescence imaging. As large-area cameras and multiplex imaging become standard, chromatic errors are growing more complex, challenging precise analysis. To address this challenge, we present BeadBuddy, an open-source, user-friendly software that uses images of fluorescent beads to model and correct 3D, spatially varying chromatic errors. BeadBuddy achieves sub-voxel resolution in DNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and is applicable across SMLM modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lionnet, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitney, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saiz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziarno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690467</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BeadBuddy: user-friendly, nanometer-scale registration of single-molecule imaging data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cancers modulate p53 truncal neoantigen display to evade T cell detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary paragraphTP53 mutations are early truncal events across cancers1,2. These are perceived to encode tumour-specific neoantigens representing prime cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) targets3,4. However, studies systematically examining the physical cell surface display of p53 peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC), their relative antigenicity, and resultant immunogenicity have yet to be conducted. Here, we develop an epitope discovery platform using p53-reconstituted lung cancer cells as well as various tumour cells as pMHC sources. Combining data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (MS), nanoscale chromatography, and peptide detection based on probabilistic measure and three-dimensional ion visualization techniques allows attomole sensitivity identification of pMHCs. This approach excluded [~]97% of algorithm-based virtual p53 immunopeptidomes, highlighting that only a few p53 pMHCs can be presented by common human MHC (human leukocyte antigen, [HLA]) alleles. Strikingly, surface expressed neoantigens are restricted to the corresponding set of such limited self-p53 peptide arrays and unaffected by enhancing p53 proteasomal turnover. Further curtailment of MS-validated, high affinity p53 neoepitopes that are structurally deviant from self-pMHC occurs in established tumours due to immune selection against the antigen presenting MHC allele or by a novel mechanism involving p53 neoepitope destruction by endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1). In contrast, given the extremely weak MHC affinity and resultant short-lived cell surface pMHC expression, the common p53 neoepitope R175H/HLA-A*02:01 escapes immune selection despite CTL with high quality T-cell receptors. Rigorous tumour-protective immunoediting makes effective truncal neoepitope targeting a challenge, requiring attentive MS analysis and functional vetting to focus protective cytolytic responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Haratani, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhold, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duke-Cohan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahey, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallis, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gusev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehl, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holliday, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masi, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karmazyn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zienkiewicz, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hennessey, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blasco, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thai, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kivlehan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizotte, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paweletz, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligon, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiarle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lang, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbie, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinherz, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cancers modulate p53 truncal neoantigen display to evade T cell detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improved Estimation of Correlation Accuracy for Machine Learning Brain-Phenotype Associations 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.26.690778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Machine learning is used in neuroscience to examine brain-phenotype associations and facilitate individual prediction from high-dimensional brain imaging. For continuous phenotypes, Pearsons correlation between the observed and predicted phenotype is used to quantify model accuracy in testing data. However, recent research suggests millions of samples may be needed to reliably estimate the maximum achievable predictive accuracy (MAPA). We formally define the MAPA and show that Pearsons estimator is biased for this quantity and its confidence intervals fail to capture the target. We develop a semiparametric (double machine learning) one-step estimator that more accurately estimates the MAPA and yields valid confidence intervals across flexible machine learning settings. Analyzing data from the Reproducible Brain Charts dataset, we show that this estimator has smaller bias when estimating brain-phenotype associations of neuroimaging data with age and psychopathology phenotypes. We show that MAPA for psychopathology factor scores using machine learning models built on structural and functional imaging measures is not better than using demographic and nuisance covariates alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gadiyar, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.26.690778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improved Estimation of Correlation Accuracy for Machine Learning Brain-Phenotype Associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691136v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capturing Multi-Scale Dynamics of Aortic Valve Calcification With a Coupled Fluid Structure and Systems Biology Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.28.691136v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) arises from coupled interactions between blood flow, tissue mechanics, and cellular signaling. Hemodynamic forces influence endothelial and interstitial cell behavior, while the resulting tissue remodeling alters valve motion and flow patterns. Capturing this two-way feedback requires models that integrate fluid-structure mechanics with biochemical regulation, yet such multiscale coupling remains technically challenging. Previous computational models have focused on isolated aspects of the disease: fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations reproduce valve deformation and flow, and systems biology (SB) models describe molecular signaling that drives fibrosis and calcification. However, without coupling, these approaches cannot predict how mechanical dysfunction initiates biochemical remodeling or how biochemical changes feed back on mechanics. Here, we present a proof-of-principle, multi-physics computational framework that couples three-dimensional FSI simulations of aortic valve dynamics with a mechanistic SB model of calcification signaling. The FSI module resolves pulsatile blood flow and leaflet deformation, yielding local wall shear stresses and tissue strains throughout the cardiac cycle. These mechanical quantities are used as inputs to the SB module, which comprises key biochemical pathways governing inflammation, TGF-{beta}/SMAD signaling, and nitric-oxide (NO)-mediated inhibition within valvular cells. Simulations predict long-term calcification trajectories for valves of varying thickness, showing that fibrosis-induced stiffening lowers shear stress, reduces NO synthesis, and enhances TGF-{beta} activation, thereby accelerating calcification. While the current one-way coupling implementation is not intended yet for clinical applications, the framework is modular and extensible, allowing for future enhancements that will advance towards this goal. These include the incorporation of additional biological pathways in the SB model and implementation of a fully two-way coupling scheme between the FSI and SB models that will increase accuracy and predictive capability of the framework. By integrating physics-based hemodynamics with systems-level biochemistry, this study demonstrates the utility of a next-generation, multi-scale modeling platform for studying cardiovascular disease that unites blood flow dynamics and biochemical signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Quan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.28.691136</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capturing Multi-Scale Dynamics of Aortic Valve Calcification With a Coupled Fluid Structure and Systems Biology Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IsoSpace: Chemistry-Informed Dimensionality Reduction and Automated Isotope Candidate Detection in Imaging Mass Spectrometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.11.30.691393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) experiments simultaneously map thousands of ion species throughout tissue. Its high-dimensionality makes human interpretation difficult and dimensionality reduction (DR) methods are common to facilitate exploration. Traditional DR methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA), are general approaches, designed to work across application domains. They are usually unaware of, and unable to exploit correlations specific to a particular measurement type. Compression-focused, such  blind methods often deliver physically impossible latent patterns or make feature combinations that confuse rather than aid human understanding. We introduce a novel chemistry-informed DR method, IsoSpace, with built-in awareness of mass spectrometry-relevant patterns. Although generalizable, IsoSpace substantiates  chemistry-informed as sensitive to potential isotopic relation-ships. Like traditional DR methods, IsoSpace groups mass-over-charge (m/z)-features to deliver a low-dimensional representation of IMS data. Unlike traditional methods, IsoSpace ensures that retrieved latent patterns constitute potential isotopic families. IsoSpaces decomposition facilitates IMS interpretation at the molecular species rather than ion species level, implicitly automating isotope candidate detection. Most de-isotoping techniques ignore spatial relationships or rely on molecular class assumptions, making them less suitable for molecularly diverse tissue environments. IsoSpace avoids such assumptions, integrating spatial and spectral cues to empirically detect potential isotopic peaks. IsoSpace uses non-negative matrix factorization and an m/z -pattern matrix to uncover isotopic-like sequences, evaluating them by intra-pattern correlation. In a mouse pup example with 879 m/z -peaks, IsoSpace identified 71 potential isotopic patterns, substantially reducing data complexity while preserving chemical un-derstanding. IsoSpace o!ers chemical-interpretation-permissive DR with unsupervised isotope candidate detection for heterogeneous samples.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=83 SRC="FIGDIR/small/691393v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (24K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5e8977org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@93150eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4b7aa4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@160aa43_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOFigure 0:C_FLOATNO Graphical abstract for IsoSpace, chemistry-informed dimensionality reduction and au-tomated isotope candidate detection in imaging mass spectrometry.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meenakshi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djambazova, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.11.30.691393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IsoSpace: Chemistry-Informed Dimensionality Reduction and Automated Isotope Candidate Detection in Imaging Mass Spectrometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691603v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BioLACE: unifying spatial geometry and marker priors for cohesive cell-type clustering in spatial transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691603v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) provides high-dimensional gene expression profiles together with spatial coordinates, enabling the reconstruction of tissue architecture at cellular resolution. While recent graph-based deep learning methods have advanced spatial clustering in ST, many rely on complex architectures that obscure interpretability and rarely integrate biological priors such as marker gene information. We introduce BioLACE, a scalable framework that unifies spatial structure, transcriptomic variation, and curated marker gene profiles within a shared Variational Autoencoder (VAE) latent space. BioLACEjointly optimizes three complementary objectives: (1) a VAE reconstruction loss to preserve transcriptional structure, (2) a graph Laplacian regularizer to enforce spatial smoothness, and (3) a temperature-scaled InfoNCE contrastive loss guided by marker-informed similarities. Applied to MERFISH hypothalamus, mouse spinal cord, and Slide-seq mouse cerebellum datasets, BioLACE achieves superior cell type clustering accuracy, well-defined biologically consistent boundaries, and interpretable latent representations, highlighting its generality and scalability for modern ST analysis. The source code and tutorials for BioLACE are publicly available at https://github.com/maiziezhoulab/BioLACE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691603</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BioLACE: unifying spatial geometry and marker priors for cohesive cell-type clustering in spatial transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691651v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FET proteins and PARylation-dependent condensates promote replication fork reversal and genome stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691651v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Targeting replication-associated DNA repair mechanisms, including those regulated by PARP1/2 and PARG control of ADP-ribosylation is a powerful cancer therapeutic approach. However, the mechanisms by which PARG inhibition impacts DNA replication remain unclear. Here we combined isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (iPOND) with quantitative proteomics and functional assays to investigate replication fork dynamics upon acute PARG inhibition. We found that FET family proteins (FUS, EWS, and TAF15) are recruited to replication forks in a PAR-dependent manner, forming condensates that slow fork progression and promote fork reversal. FET proteins control fork dynamics in response to some, but not all, replication stresses. FUS inactivation leads to unrestrained fork progression via RECQ1 and PRIMPOL, increased single-stranded DNA gaps, genome instability, and synthetic lethality with BRCA1 deficiency. These findings reveal that FET protein condensates modulate replication stress responses, influencing genome stability and the cellular response to cancer therapeutics targeting PARylation pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Giansanti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vindigni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cortez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691651</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FET proteins and PARylation-dependent condensates promote replication fork reversal and genome stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.687254v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Advancing High-Resolution 7T Diffusion MRI: Evaluating Phase-Encoding Correction Strategies for Distortion Correction from Basic to Four-Way Acquisitions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.687254v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
PurposeHigh-resolution 7T diffusion MRI (dMRI) is limited by image artifacts that compromise anatomical accuracy. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate phase-encoding (PE) acquisition and correction strategies to determine which methods best mitigate geometric distortions and improve data reproducibility.

MethodsFive healthy adults were each scanned twice on a 7T MRI scanner (0.9 mm isotropic resolution), using a highly oversampled dMRI protocol with four PE directions (AP, PA, RL, LR). From this dataset, we created and processed eleven time-equivalent, 10-minute acquisitions, ranging from uncorrected single-PE data to comprehensive 4-way PE schemes. These strategies were quantitatively compared on their geometric alignment with T1-weighted images and on the scan-rescan reproducibility of DTI-derived metrics.

Results(1) All distortion-corrected schemes significantly improved geometric accuracy over uncorrected data; (2) Strategies correcting with a full set of reversed-PE (2-way) diffusion weighted images (DWIs) outperformed the common approach of using only a single reversed b=0 image; and (3) a 4-way PE acquisition consistently provided the highest image fidelity and reproducibility. The optimized acquisition enabled high-quality reconstruction of both long-range and fine-scale superficial white matter pathways.

ConclusionFor high-resolution 7T dMRI, multi-PE acquisition is essential to achieve accurate geometry and stable microstructural estimates (i.e., less residual EPI distortion and better scan-rescan agreement). A 4-way PE scheme provides the most accurate and reproducible results for microstructural and connectivity modeling.

Data statementData will be made available in BIDS format upon acceptance of the manuscript. To be updated with DOI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckett, A. J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amandola, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feinberg, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bunge, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.687254</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Advancing High-Resolution 7T Diffusion MRI: Evaluating Phase-Encoding Correction Strategies for Distortion Correction from Basic to Four-Way Acquisitions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691680v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smooth muscle LRRC8A knockout reduces superoxide influx, inflammation, senescence and atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.01.691680v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLeucine Rich Repeat Containing 8A (LRRC8A) anion channels (VRACs) associate with NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and support extracellular superoxide (O2{middle dot}-) production, inflammation, and contractility in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We proposed previously that VRACs also support influx of O2{middle dot}- to localize cytoplasmic redox signals.

MethodsWe assayed O2{middle dot}- influx, assessed changes in mRNA expression (RNAseq), and tested multiple phenotypes of cultured LRRC8A knockout (KO) VSMCs. Aortic atherosclerotic burden and inflammation, and mesenteric vascular reactivity were compared between wild type (WT) apolipoprotein E null (ApoE-/-) mice and VSMC-specific LRRC8A KO, ApoE-/- mice.

ResultsKO cells were less permeable to extracellular O2{middle dot}-, produced less mitochondrial O2{middle dot}-, and experienced less oxidant stress (GSH/GSSG, lipid peroxidation, Nrf2 activity) than WT. RNAseq and reporter assays demonstrated reduced pro-inflammatory (NF-{kappa}B and Hif1) transcription. KO cells also under-expressed multiple senescence markers and had longer telomeres. Inflammation causes a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OCR) to glycolysis (ECAR). Both pathways were less active in KO cells, as was expression of glycolytic enzymes. Mitochondrial membrane potential was lower in KO cells, but ADP/ATP and NADP+/NADPH were unaltered, suggesting lower energy demand. Consistent with this, proliferation and migration were both reduced in KO cells. Protein-protein interaction analysis of RNAseq data (PPI Hub) identified Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling. Resting phosphorylation of EGFR (pY1068) and AKT (pS473 and pT308) were all reduced in KO cells, as was and EGF-induced pY1068 and pS308. Following 15 weeks of exposure to a high fat diet (42%) VSMC-specific LRRC8A-/- and 8A+/-, ApoE-/- mice had reduced atherosclerotic lesion area, aortic senescence ({beta}-Gal), inflammation (ICAM, VCAM) and proliferation marker (PCNA) expression compared to WT, ApoE-/- controls. Mesenteric artery vasomotor function was also preserved, and the abundance of MYPT1 and CPI17 was lower in KO vessels. Uptake of oxidized LDL (OxLDL) was significantly reduced in KO VSMCs and impaired by VRAC block in WT cells.

ConclusionsLoss of LRRC8A reduced O2{middle dot}- influx, oxidative stress, inflammation and senescence, lowers energy demand, and in the setting of hypercholesterolemia impaired uptake of oxidized LDL and abrogated atherosclerosis. VSMC VRACs may be novel targets of vascular anti-inflammatory therapy.

Novelty and SignificanceO_ST_ABSWhat Is Known?C_ST_ABSO_LIChronically inflamed vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are critical drivers of atherosclerotic plaque development.
C_LIO_LIIn VSMCs, Nox1-derived superoxide drives redox signaling that promotes inflammation, phenotypic switching, and senescence.
C_LIO_LILRRC8A family volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) physically associate with Nox1 and support TNF-induced ROS production, receptor endocytosis, NF-{kappa}B activation, and proliferation.
C_LIO_LIHypercholesterolemia causes VSMC inflammation via oxidized LDL (OxLDL) activation of scavenger receptors (e.g., LOX-1, CD36) that stimulate oxidant production and EGFR/PI3K-Akt-NF-{kappa}B signaling.
C_LI

What New Information Does This Article Contribute?O_LILRRC8A channels support influx of extracellular superoxide which impacts cytosolic redox status, metabolism and Nrf2, HIF-1, and NF-{kappa}B activity.
C_LIO_LILoss of LRRC8A reprograms VSMCs into a low-oxidative-stress, low-energy-demand state, characterized by diminished proliferation and migration, attenuated senescence, and preservation of telomere length.
C_LIO_LILoss of LRRC8A inhibits EGF-stimulated EGFR and Akt phosphorylation and uncouples oxidant-dependent growth factor signaling from downstream inflammatory and metabolic remodeling.
C_LIO_LIVSMC-specific LRRC8A knockout or heterozygosity in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice reduces aortic inflammation and senescence, reduces atherosclerotic lesion burden, and preserves mesenteric artery vasomotor function.
C_LIO_LILRRC8A/VRAC activity is necessary for uptake of oxidized but not native LDL in VSMCs.
C_LIO_LILRRC8A is a novel regulator of scavenger receptor-dependent lipoprotein handling and a potential therapeutic target to uncouple oxidant signaling from VSMC lipid overload and inflammation in the vessel wall.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panja, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russolillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dikalov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.01.691680</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smooth muscle LRRC8A knockout reduces superoxide influx, inflammation, senescence and atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691910v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Loss of ABC transporters, White, Brown, and Scarlet, prevents increase in mitotic divisions of germline stem cells in response to mating in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691910v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The replenishment of specialized cells depends on the activity of stem cells. Recent advances in stem cell research have shown that the germline stem cells (GSCs) in Drosophila melanogaster can increase their mitotic activity in response to mating. Here, we show that this ability to respond to mating is eliminated if the males are mutant for either of the ABC transporters, White (W), Brown (Bw) or Scarlet (St), which are known for their role in eye pigmentation and amine production. However, reducing the expression of w specifically from the germline cells also caused a failure to increase GSC mitotic activity upon mating, suggesting a role of w in cellular fitness. The w gene is a common genetic background for genetic experiments and frequently used as a control. Our findings underline the importance of careful experimental design and control choice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vladimirova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aston, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malpe, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691910</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Loss of ABC transporters, White, Brown, and Scarlet, prevents increase in mitotic divisions of germline stem cells in response to mating in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691857v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ovarian Hormones and Obesity Drive Th17-mediated Airway Inflammation through Estrogen Receptor Signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691857v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is a risk factor for increased prevalence and severity of asthma, particularly in females. As adults, females have increased prevalence of asthma compared to males. Yet, the mechanisms remain unclear on how sex hormones and obesity increase airway inflammation. We hypothesize that estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-) in T cells increased airway inflammation in the context of obesity. To test our hypothesis, we utilized a high fat (HFD) on female and male mice that underwent ovariectomy or gonadectomy or in Esr1fl/fl X Cd4Cre+ male and female mice. As controls, mice in similar groups were fed normal chow. After 8-12 weeks on diets, house dust mite (HDM) sensitization and challenge occurred in all mice. Lungs and BAL fluid were harvested 24 hours after the last challenge. Ovarian hormones and ER- signaling in T cells increased eosinophils, neutrophils, and Th17-mediated airway inflammation in the lungs of obese female mice. Additionally, using PBMCs from a well-characterized obese asthma cohort, we determined that obese women with asthma had increased Th17 cells compared to obese men with asthma. Our results show that ER- signaling in T cells increases Th17-mediated airway inflammation in obese mice and that Th17 cells circulate at higher frequencies in women with asthma compared to men with asthma. Further research into the interplay between hormonal signaling and immune responses in asthma is essential for developing personalized treatments.

One Sentence SummaryEstrogen receptor-alpha signaling, in the context of obesity, increases allergen-induced Th17-mediated airway inflammation in female mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henriquez-Pilier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cephus, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuehnle, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tannous, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomasello, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKernan, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peebles, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newcomb, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691857</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ovarian Hormones and Obesity Drive Th17-mediated Airway Inflammation through Estrogen Receptor Signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691956v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cannabidiol Reduces D1 and D2 Medium Spiny Neuron Excitability in the Nucleus Accumbens Core 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.02.691956v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid constituent of the cannabis plant that shows promise for the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain region in the etiologies of these disorders and is actively modulated by CBD. Prior research has established that CBD alters the molecular composition of the NAc, but none have assessed how CBD affects NAc neuronal function. In this study, we demonstrate that CBD significantly decreases D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron membrane excitability, broadens action potentials, and has no effect on spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission in the NAc core. These data enhance our understanding of CBDs physiological effects and provide mechanistic insight into its therapeutic potential.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jarrett, Z. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grueter, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.02.691956</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cannabidiol Reduces D1 and D2 Medium Spiny Neuron Excitability in the Nucleus Accumbens Core]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain-AI Alignment in Naturalistic Movies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.692164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naturalistic paradigms offer a powerful window into human cognition, but it remains difficult to link rich, continuous movie content to distributed brain activity in an interpretable way. In this study, I use a multimodal large language model (Gemini) as an automated "semantic annotator" to bridge naturalistic movie stimuli, brain responses, and cognitive performance. Using the Human Connectome Project movie-watching dataset, I segmented the film into 293 overlapping clips, prompted Gemini to rate each clip on 11 psychologically interpretable dimensions, and simultaneously extracted clip-wise BOLD activation patterns from the fMRI images in 360 cortical parcels. In this way, the AI and the brain effectively "watch" the same movies in parallel. For each parcel, I then fit linear regression models to predict clip-to-clip variation in movie-evoked responses from these features. Gemini-derived features robustly predicted movie-evoked responses in temporal, medial parietal, and lateral frontal association cortex, but explained little variance in unimodal somatosensory, dorsal parietal, insular, and piriform regions. Feature-weight maps recapitulated known functional specializations, and features with the largest global influence overlapped with the most explainable parcels. Partial least squares analysis revealed that individual differences in resting-state connectivity strength and semantic explainability covaried along an asymmetric intrinsic axis: strongly integrated sensory-opercular systems at rest were associated with poorer AI predictability, whereas a smaller set of dorsal and medial association regions showed enhanced alignment. Finally, regional AI explainability in medial parietal and left perisylvian association areas was positively related to fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities. Together, these findings demonstrate that prompt-defined, interpretable features from foundation models provide a simple and scalable framework for quantifying brain-AI alignment in naturalistic settings, offering a practical bridge between biological and artificial semantic representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain-AI Alignment in Naturalistic Movies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting CREB remodels the immune microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy responses in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenging disease in need of improved treatments. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein 1 (CREB) is an emerging therapeutic target whose oncogenic effects in PDAC have been largely attributed to a key molecular interplay between oncogenic KrasG12D/+ (Kras*) and chronic inflammation driving irreversible acinar to ductal reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate that CREB activation fosters tumor associated macrophage (TAM) mediated immunosuppression and promotes PDAC growth in an aggressive LSL-KrasG12D/+;Trp53R172H/+;Pdx1Cre/+(KPC) genetically engineered mouse model. Selective deletion of CREB (Crebfl/fl) in KPC(KPCC-/-) mice attenuates primary disease burden. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis and validation using diverse molecular, genetic and pharmacological approaches in vitro and in vivo identify CREB-mediated transcriptional regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) as one of the potential mediators of tumor cell-macrophage crosstalk promoting a pro-tumor polarization of TAMs, thereby attenuating the infiltration of effector T cells. Mechanistically, cancer cell derived LIF facilitates an immunosuppressive, pro-tumorigenic state. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of the CREB-LIF signaling axis between cancer cells and macrophages, using a CREB-specific inhibitor (CREBi), significantly suppresses tumor growth and sensitizes PDAC to immunotherapy, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this treatment combination to improve outcomes in this aggressive disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mehra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jinka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnamoorthy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, V. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amirian, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivelo, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajkumar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khurana, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Box, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ban, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, O. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Datta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DelGiorno, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merchant, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goswami, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dosch, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagathihalli, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.691935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting CREB remodels the immune microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy responses in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691704v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RNY1 partitions into extracellular vesicles and ribonucleoprotein particles during airway inflammation to regulate macrophage programming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691704v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
YRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that are abundant in both cells and biofluids. Prior research has shown that the secretion of extracellular YRNAs (exYRNAs) changes in response to inflammatory stimuli. However, the mechanisms by which exYRNA packaging and dynamics in biofluids regulate inflammation remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that one YRNA species, RNY1, increased in airway fluid during allergen-induced lung inflammation and correlated with neutrophil infiltration. Using RNase sensitivity assays and size exclusion chromatography, we determined that RNY1 was present in airway fluid extracellular vesicles (EVs) and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), while another YRNA species, RNY3, was present only in EVs. Both the EV and RNP-containing fractions of airway fluid had a unique ability to program cellular inflammation. Airway fluid EVs increased expression of an alternative activation program in macrophages including Arg1, Ym1, Il10, and Il6, while RNPs induced gene expression more consistent with a classic pro-inflammatory phenotype. RNY1 contributed to the programming of macrophages by airway EVs, as macrophages treated with EVs isolated from RNY1-/- mice demonstrated lower induction of Arg1 and Ym1. Together, these results define the form and function of exYRNAs in lung biofluid and support their role in communicating signals during inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saffold, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.691704</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RNY1 partitions into extracellular vesicles and ribonucleoprotein particles during airway inflammation to regulate macrophage programming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
White-Matter BOLD Mediates Time-Varying Cortico-Cortical Functional Connectivity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.04.691728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Functional connectivity (FC) measurements in the brain using BOLD fMRI have largely focused on correlations between gray-matter (GM) BOLD signals, ignoring the possible relevance of white-matter (WM) in delineating neural networks. We first employed a tract-informed mediation framework to test whether WM pathways contribute indirect, bundle-specific effects to cortico-cortical coupling. Using resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project, we quantified pathway-level mediation effects across GM-WM-GM units and found that WM BOLD signals significantly mediated GM-GM associations, with clear tract-dependent heterogeneity. Building upon this, we examined how dynamic features of WM BOLD signals relate to time-varying intra-cortical FC. We found that temporal variability of WM signals, rather than their mean amplitudes, more closely tracked fluctuations in GM-GM dynamic connectivity, with correlations reaching approximately 0.4 across specific tracts. Together, these results indicate that WM BOLD signals are related to how cortical regions interact, underscoring their integral role in large-scale brain network organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gore, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.04.691728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[White-Matter BOLD Mediates Time-Varying Cortico-Cortical Functional Connectivity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unraveling the Dual Immunomodulatory and Immunogenic Roles of the Central Conserved Cysteine-Rich Region in Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.692521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory disease in infants and high-risk adults, in part by subverting host immunity. The RSV G glycoproteins central conserved cysteine-rich domain (CCD) contains a CX3C motif implicated in immune modulation, but the relationship between CCD redox state, structure and function is unresolved. We recombinantly expressed a CCD peptide (Gpep, residues 149-196) and combined structural and biophysical characterizations with cellular immunology and human serology to define how redox-dependent conformations govern immunogenicity and immunomodulation. Reduced Gpep is compact and rapidly folds via a dominant intermediate into an oxidized, extended monomer; at higher concentrations intermolecular disulfide isomerization produces covalent oligomers. Functionally, monomeric Gpep potently suppresses innate and adaptive activation inhibiting LPS- or UV-inactivated RSV-induced maturation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, reducing antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-{gamma} production, and attenuating multiple human neutrophil responses (chemotaxis, CD11b upregulation, ROS, MPO release and NET formation), without cytotoxicity. Oligomerized Gpep lacks these suppressive activities. To link molecular mechanism and human exposure, analysis of sera from an ambulatory pediatric cohort (0-72 months) showed a progressive transient increase in the anti-F/anti-G IgG ratio with repeated early RSV exposures, maturating into a functional 2 to 3 ratio. This serologic shift is consistent with previously reported enrichment of F-directed neutralizing immunity. We propose a redox-dependent immune-evasion model in which soluble, monomeric G mediates transient immunosuppression that is removed by disulfide-driven oligomerization, which may occur in membrane-bound G. This may impact therapeutic strategies that commonly favor F-focused responses.

ImportanceRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a leading cause of severe respiratory disease in young children and high-risk adults. This study identifies a chemical switch in a small conserved region of the RSV attachment protein that changes its shape and immune activity: when the region is present as a soluble, single chain, it transiently suppresses key innate and adaptive immune cells, but this activity is lost upon disulfide-mediated oligomerization. We also show that repetitive RSV exposures in early life bias the antibody response, initially boosting antibody responses toward the Fusion protein, rather than this conserved central region. Together, these results may uncover a mechanism by which RSV shapes the host immune response explaining the features of antibody development in children. Understanding this redox-dependent balance between immune evasion and antigenicity will inform safer vaccine and antibody strategies against RSV.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gutman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paletta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnberg-Weiss, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prato, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudgouste, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldin, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sastre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakciarz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polack, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dvorkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caballero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tribulatti, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Paggi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esperante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.06.692521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unraveling the Dual Immunomodulatory and Immunogenic Roles of the Central Conserved Cysteine-Rich Region in Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Incoming Influenza Genome Assembles a Host RBP Network that Orchestrates Viral RNA Synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Influenza A virus (IAV) replication initiates within minutes of entry, yet the earliest host determinants acting on the incoming viral genome remain undefined. Here, using VIR-CLASP to capture protein interactions with progenitor vRNA prior to any detectable viral transcription, we map the first host-viral RNA interface and identify [~]700 human RNA binding proteins (RBPs) proactively recruited by the negative-sense genome. These factors are enriched in pathways essential for RNA metabolism, chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation, and nuclear condensate organization, revealing that the vRNA engages a far broader host network than previously appreciated. Functional interrogation of top candidates demonstrates that GMPS, TOP2A, SRRM2, and SPEN serve as critical proviral factors operating at distinct stages of the IAV synthesis program: GMPS and SPEN are required for efficient production of vRNA, cRNA, and mRNA; TOP2A promotes mRNA capping and early transcript accumulation; and SRRM2, together with SR-proteins, coordinates splicing of viral M and NS transcripts. These findings support a model in which the incoming vRNA acts not merely as a transcriptional template but as a scaffold that initiates assembly of nuclear machinery required for productive viral replication. By defining the pre-replicative viral RNA interactome and its functional consequences, this work exposes an unrecognized layer of host control over IAV permissivity and establishes new points of vulnerability for antiviral intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascura, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiser, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennise, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisy, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ascano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Incoming Influenza Genome Assembles a Host RBP Network that Orchestrates Viral RNA Synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB1 leads to aberrant myelination in development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a widespread role in the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Cannabinoid receptors like CB1 and CB2 can be activated with exogenous cannabinoids most popularly known as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD). The components of the ECS are expressed early in fetal development, and prenatal exposure to cannabis can lead to structural changes in white matter. White matter is composed of neuronal axons ensheathed in myelin, a lipid-rich insulation that facilitates saltatory conduction and maintains axon integrity. In the CNS, myelin is made by specialized glial cells called oligodendrocytes (OLs), which in addition to neurons also express components of the ECS. However, while several studies have focused on how the ECS regulates neuronal development, there is a limited understanding of its impact on OL development or myelin formation.

Therefore, our current study set out to understand how pharmacological activation of the ECS alters OL differentiation and myelin formation in vivo. We administered WIN 55,212-2 (WIN 55), a CB1 and CB2 agonist, to larval zebrafish and longitudinally analyzed OL development and myelination in vivo. Interestingly, we observed an increase in non-axonal ensheathments in the spinal cord, which appeared to be surrounding neuronal cell bodies. These non-axonal ensheathments were dependent on CB1, as the addition of WIN 55 in a global CB1 mutant prevented this phenotype. Furthermore, this ectopic cell body ensheathment occurred independently from normal myelination processes, as individual OLs did not exhibit changes in the number of myelin sheaths, sheath length, or total myelin output. This study shows that activation of CB receptors in vivo leads to increased non-axonal ensheathment without significantly changing OL differentiation or normal myelin formation. Future studies can further investigate the pathways that drive this phenotype to better understand how exogenous cannabinoid activation can regulate the precision of oligodendrocyte ensheathment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miramontes, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamling, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emery, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Call, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Activation of cannabinoid receptor CB1 leads to aberrant myelination in development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A subject-specific reversible folding model reveals geometry-driven white-matter organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tractography currently relies almost exclusively on diffusion data and seed maps, which alone remain insufficient for anatomically accurate fiber reconstruction. During brain development, white-matter fibers elongate alongside cortical folding, suggesting a close mechanistic link between cortical geometry and fiber organization. To investigate this link, we introduce a subject-specific cortical folding simulation framework that reconstructs an individuals folding trajectory using only a structural T1-weighted image. The quasi-static, constraint-based model reverses folding to generate an unfolded, fetal-like configuration and then refolds to map the resulting volumetric deformation onto fiber organization. Vali-dation with longitudinal fetal MRI shows that simulated folds follow biologically plausible developmental paths. Applied to adult data, deformation of simple radial fibers reproduces diffusion-derived orientation patterns across the white matter and achieves high regional correspondence. The deformation model also generates characteristic short-range U-fibers as well as long-range association and commissural pathways, all without any diffusion in-put or machine learning. This approach provides a new, anatomically grounded source of subject-specific fiber orientation derived solely from cortical geometry, opening avenues for geometry-informed tractography.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vink, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalba, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chamberland, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A subject-specific reversible folding model reveals geometry-driven white-matter organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693514v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Presynaptic GABAB autoreceptors suppress neurotransmitter release during repetitive stimulation via the Gβγ-SNARE pathway. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.10.693514v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GABAergic signaling provides the brains primary inhibitory mechanism with defects linked to epilepsy, anxiety, depression, insomnia, schizophrenia and neurodegeneration. A key regulatory mechanism is autoinhibition of GABA release during repetitive activity via presynaptic Gi/o-coupled GABAB receptors, supporting synaptic tuning and memory formation, and limiting neurotransmitter spillover. Exogenous GABAB receptor agonists reduce presynaptic Ca2+ entry by inhibiting calcium channels. However, using transgenic mice expressing a mutant SNAP25 with diminished ability to bind G{beta}{gamma} (SNAP25{Delta}3), we show that suppression by GABAB autoreceptors requires intact G{beta}{gamma}-SNARE interactions. Imaging of presynaptic Ca2+ transients in GABAergic axons showed no GABA-mediated autoreceptor suppression of Ca2+ entry during stimulus trains. In contrast, application of the exogenous GABAB receptor agonist baclofen profoundly inhibited Ca2+ entry, which could be partially reversed by exogenously elevating cAMP, indicating a complementary role of inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Baclofen reduced spontaneous IPSC frequency and amplitude and both effects were diminished in SNAP25{Delta}3 mice, consistent with inhibition at Ca2+ channels and SNARE complexes. Physiological GABA-mediated and exogenous GABAB receptor activation thus produce distinct outcomes on GABAergic neurotransmission, indicating that synthetic drug application to neurons does not faithfully recapitulate endogenous signaling pathways. We conclude that endogenous rapid GABAB autoreceptor signaling inhibits neurotransmitter release primarily by G{beta}{gamma}-mediated inhibitions of SNARE mechanisms, whereas prolonged agonist application additionally suppresses Ca2+ influx via cAMP signaling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zurawski, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potcoava, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delbove, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>hamm, h. e.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.10.693514</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Presynaptic GABAB autoreceptors suppress neurotransmitter release during repetitive stimulation via the Gβγ-SNARE pathway.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.692455v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tryptophan Chemistry Driven by a Widespread Cytochrome P422 Enzyme Family 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.692455v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tryptophan serves as a versatile biosynthetic precursor across living organisms. While heme-binding proteins (HBPs) mediate key reactions in tryptophan transformation, the full diversity of HBPs remains largely unexplored. Here, we developed the novel Cofactor-Integrative Structural Inspector (CISSspector) to systematically identify HBPs in the extensive extant microbial genomic sequence database, which revealed several uncharacterized HBP families. We experimentally characterized one of the most prominent families, the cytochrome P422 (formerly DUF6875) family, distributed throughout the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Strikingly, we discovered that this enzyme family orchestrates four chemically distinct and biochemically unprecedented transformations, with regioselectivity, including N1-, C6-, and C7-hydroxylations and intramolecular C-S bond formations. Notably, the discovery of enzymes capable of Trp N1- and C7-hydroxylation addresses a long-standing gap in the natural enzyme arsenal. Structural analysis of the representative cytochrome P422 enzyme Mc170 revealed a structurally unique HBP fold in which conserved residues form a substrate "clamp" that positions the tryptophan indole ring for selective modification. Our work unveils a hidden enzymatic repertoire of HBPs, expands the known landscape of tryptophan metabolism, and establishes an artificial intelligence-augmented framework for discovering cryptic enzymes with broad implications for synthetic biology and natural product discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>MA, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>YANG, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>TENG, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>HAN, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>SANG, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WANG, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FENG, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHONG, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ZHANG, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>WEI, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>JIANG, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GUENGERICH, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.692455</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tryptophan Chemistry Driven by a Widespread Cytochrome P422 Enzyme Family]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA binding and lesion recognition by the bacterial interstrand DNA crosslink glycosylase AlkX 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs) are a highly toxic form of DNA damage. ICL repair in both eukaryotes and bacteria involves unhooking of the two strands by specialized DNA glycosylases. We recently established that the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii contains an ICL glycosylase (AlkX) that facilitates pathogenesis and protects the bacteria from DNA damage and acid stress. However, the physical basis for glycosylase-catalyzed ICL unhooking is unknown. Here, we describe a crystal structure of AlkX bound to DNA representing a product of the ICL unhooking reaction. Mutational analysis of ICL unhooking in vitro and A. baumannii sensitivity to the crosslinking agent mechlorethamine enabled identification of several AlkX motifs critical for ICL repair. We also found that a genetic variant from an antibiotic-resistant strain of the human pathogen Salmonella enterica significantly reduced AlkX activity in vitro and increased A. baumannii sensitivity to DNA crosslinking. This work provides a structural basis for how bacterial ICL glycosylases recognize and repair DNA adducts and contributes additional evidence that ICL repair is important for fitness of human pathogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kunkle, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edinbugh, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skaar, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichman, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA binding and lesion recognition by the bacterial interstrand DNA crosslink glycosylase AlkX]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Varied monoamine reuptake inhibitors reduce parvalbumin expression; implications for pyramidal cell disinhibition and enhanced neuroplasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.693967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
First-line antidepressants are effective in a significant percent of individuals but a full understanding of how these therapeutics target specific endpoints is lacking. Prior work has shown that depression is associated with hippocampal atrophy and that antidepressants can increase neurotrophin levels to increase hippocampal neurogenesis as well as hippocampal pyramidal cell (PC) spine density and arbor. These effects likely contribute to amelioration of symptoms. A less well-explored possibility is that antidepressants concomitantly disinhibit hippocampal PC activity, which could also facilitate increased PC arbor, spinogenesis and/or activity. In accordance, previous studies have shown antidepressants can attenuate stress-induced upregulation of perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are predominantly localized to parvalbumin (PV) expressing GABAergic interneurons and increase PV expression and neuronal activity. Though specific antidepressants have been explored for effects on regional PNN expression, the question of whether hippocampal PNN/ECM remodeling is a shared feature of varied antidepressant drugs and more importantly, of whether it is associated with significant hippocampal PV inhibition, has not been well-addressed. Herein we examine three monoamine reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine, venlafaxine and viloxazine, in animal models for effects on PNN remodeling and PV expression, a proxy for PV activity. We observe shared effects of these therapeutics including the ability to increase PNN degrading effectors that can downregulate PV activity. Consistent with this, we observe shared effects of these drugs in terms of their ability to significantly reduce PV levels. These findings highlight the possibility that ECM remodeling and associated hippocampal PC disinhibition represent a shared feature of varied antidepressant medications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hummel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shautidze, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorland, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amontree, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wonnenberg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conant, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.693967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Varied monoamine reuptake inhibitors reduce parvalbumin expression; implications for pyramidal cell disinhibition and enhanced neuroplasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694056v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological inhibition of MCL-1 disrupts mitochondrial cristae and depletes the human neural progenitor cell pool 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694056v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myeloid Cell Leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is canonically an anti-apoptotic protein that is crucial for early neurodevelopment. Loss of MCL-1 results in embryonic-lethal neurodevelopmental defects that cannot be rescued by other anti-apoptotic proteins of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family. Here, we pharmacologically inhibit MCL-1 in human neural stem cells and find non-apoptotic roles for MCL-1 in sustaining mitochondrial cristae integrity, fatty acid oxidation, and neural progenitor identity. MCL-1 inhibition disrupts mitochondrial ultrastructure, leading to swollen mitochondria with disorganized cristae and destabilization of the OPA1-MICOS machinery that maintains inner membrane architecture. These structural defects are accompanied by impaired lipid droplet accumulation and altered expression of {beta}-oxidation enzymes, revealing a tight link between cristae architecture and metabolic competence. Functionally, in the absence of caspase-mediated cell death, MCL-1 inhibition selectively depletes intermediate progenitor cells without affecting proliferation, indicating a direct role in lineage progression. Together, our findings identify MCL-1 as a modulator of cristae organization, linking lipid metabolism to neural progenitor fate. This work establishes mitochondrial inner membrane architecture as an instructive determinant of human neurogenesis and highlights the non-canonical MCL-1 functions as critical regulators of human brain development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanna, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yarbrough, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costanzo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694056</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological inhibition of MCL-1 disrupts mitochondrial cristae and depletes the human neural progenitor cell pool]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693589v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scCotag: Diagonal integration of single-cell multi-omics data via prior-informed co-optimal transport and regularized barycentric mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.11.693589v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in high-throughput single-cell technologies have enabled characterization of cellular states across distinct omics layers, yielding complementary insights into the organization of biological systems. To jointly leverage these disparate modalities, computational methods have been developed to align non-overlapping cell populations profiled in different omics layers, a task known as diagonal integration, thereby facilitating more fine-grained biological interpretations. However, existing integration approaches unrealistically assume that all cells are alignable and treat prior-knowledge-derived feature correspondences as fully reliable, retaining them unrefined throughout the alignment process. In this work, we introduce scCotag, a co-optimal transport (COOT)-based deep learning frame-work for diagonal integration of single-cell multi-omics data, to address these limitations. scCotag first infers cell alignment and feature correspondence with prior-informed COOT in an iterative manner, and then leverages the resulting transport plans to jointly learn cell and feature embeddings via regularized barycentric mapping and graph reweighting. Systematic benchmarking on human brain, bone marrow, and blood single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq datasets demonstrates the overall superior performance of scCotag over state-of-the-art methods in both cell alignment accuracy and embedding accuracy. In particular, scCotag excels in simulated imbalance scenarios where not all cells are alignable. Applying scCotag to data in postmortem brains of Alzheimers disease (AD) and non-AD (NoAD) patients further yields more fine-grained biological interpretation of regulatory mechanisms. Together, these results demonstrate that scCotag provides a robust framework for single-cell diagonal integration and regulatory inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiwari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malin, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693589</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scCotag: Diagonal integration of single-cell multi-omics data via prior-informed co-optimal transport and regularized barycentric mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteostasis Remodeling Across Development Defines Fetal, Neonatal, and Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell States 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.12.694052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must preserve protein homeostasis (proteostasis) despite dramatic changes in proliferative and biosynthetic demands during development, yet how proteostasis is regulated across these transitions is poorly understood. Here, we show that fetal and neonatal HSCs operate through distinct, stage-specific proteostasis programs that differ fundamentally from those in adulthood. Using quantitative in vivo assays spanning embryonic through adult stages, we uncover an unanticipated decoupling between protein synthesis and protein quality control during development, revealing that fetal and neonatal HSCs employ specialized mechanisms to safeguard proteome integrity under developmental stress. Developing HSCs experience a distinctive proteostasis landscape characterized by elevated protein synthesis, increased unfolded protein burden, and selective engagement of stress-buffering and protein degradation pathways that are largely dispensable in young adult HSCs. Disruption of these pathways compromises early life HSC function and long-term fitness, establishing proteostasis control as a key regulator of stem cell maturation. These findings define previously unrecognized mechanisms by which HSCs manage the proteome during early life and reveal fundamental principles governing stem cell proteostasis across ontogeny.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, A. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunshine, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Signer, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.12.694052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteostasis Remodeling Across Development Defines Fetal, Neonatal, and Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell States]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.693635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of MICOS in modulating mitochondrial dynamics and structural changes in vulnerable regions of Alzheimer's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.13.693635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complexes are critical for maintaining the mitochrondrial architecture, cristae integrity, and organelle communication in neurons. MICOS disruption has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer disease (AD), yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of MICOS-associated neuronal alterations during aging remain unclear. Using three-dimensional reconstructions of hypothalamic and cortical neurons, we observed age-dependent fragmentation of mitochondrial cristae, reduced intermitochondrial connectivity, and compartment-specific changes in mitochondrial size and morphology. Notably, these structural deficits were most pronounced in neurons vulnerable to AD-related pathology, suggesting a mechanistic link between MICOS disruption and the early mitochondrial dysfunction observed in patients with AD. Our findings indicate that the loss of MICOS integrity is a progressive feature of neuronal aging, contributing to impaired bioenergetics and reduced resilience to metabolic stress and potentially facilitating neurodegenerative processes. MICOS disruption reduced neuronal firing and synaptic responsiveness, with miclxin treatment decreasing mitochondrial connectivity and inducing cristae disorganization. These changes link MICOS structural deficits directly to impaired neuronal excitability, highlighting vulnerability to AD-related neurodegeneration. These results underscore the importance of MICOS as a critical determinant of neuronal mitochondrial health and as a potential target for interventions aimed at mitigating AD-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kula, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkhatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chittaranjan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thapilyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalpana, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nivedya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roszczyk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killion, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St. John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigiuez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wyckoff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philips, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomeau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanco, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reasonover, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santisteban, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheairs, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mesenga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMillan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez, C. P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paing, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodwin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.13.693635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of MICOS in modulating mitochondrial dynamics and structural changes in vulnerable regions of Alzheimer's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694586v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HnRNPA2B1 tunes antimycobacterial immune responses in macrophages through alternative splicing of Irgm1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694586v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Onset and progression of active tuberculosis disease result from upsetting the delicate balance between Mtb virulence and host defenses. Because it dynamically tunes the functional output of protein expression in cells, alternative splicing, a process by which different mRNAs can be gen-erated from a single gene, is positioned to play a critical role in maintaining an equilibrated Mtb-macrophage host-pathogen interface. To gain insight into how alternative splicing shapes anti-mycobacterial immune responses, we used RNA-sequencing and splicing-aware computational pipelines to quantify alternative splicing in Mtb-infected bone marrow-derived murine macro-phages. We found that [~]5% of expressed macrophage genes exhibit one or more splicing changes at 8h post-Mtb infection, highlighting alternative splicing as a key regulatory node in the macrophage response to Mtb. We next sought to identify RNA binding proteins that play an out-sized role in shaping the macrophage transcriptome during Mtb infection. We discovered that the splicing factor heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) promotes the early induction of inflammatory genes while dampening several type I interferon-stimulated genes in response to Mtb. HnRNPA2B1 also controls alternative splicing of many genes during Mtb infection, including Irgm1, a critical immunity-related GTPase. The balance of Irgm1-long vs. -short is differentially regulated in response to diverse inflammatory cues and macrophages overexpressing Irgm1-short are defective in autophagosomal targeting, lysosomal homeostasis, and restriction of Mtb replication. These data highlight a key role for AS in shaping the macro-phage transcriptome and pinpoint hnRNPA2B1 as a novel restriction factor in the cell-intrinsic response to Mtb.

IMPORTANCEAlthough the process of making proteins from RNAs requires many steps (transcription, cap-ping/polyadenylation, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, mRNA modifications, etc.), we know very little about how post-transcriptional steps contribute to host immune defenses. Here, we show that alternative splicing, the process of making different mature RNAs from a single pre-cursor RNA, is a prominent and dynamic feature of macrophage infection with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We identify the splicing regulator hnRNPA2B1 as a key coordinator of early gene expression during Mtb infection, influencing pathways that pro-mote inflammation and help restrict bacterial growth. Notably, we report that hnRNPA2B1 con-trols the splicing of the antimycobacterial protein Irgm1 to generate different flavors of the pro-tein. Since only one Irgm1 flavor can restrict Mtb growth inside macrophages, maintaining the balance of these proteins in response to diverse inflammatory cues is important. By revealing how RNA processing shapes the macrophage response to Mtb, our work highlights an often-overlooked layer of immune regulation and opens new avenues for splicing-targeted therapies designed to boost Mtb killing in macrophages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patrick, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huskey, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armijo, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spellman-Reliford, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mabry, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>carpenter, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.16.694586</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HnRNPA2B1 tunes antimycobacterial immune responses in macrophages through alternative splicing of Irgm1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.693452v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluating the effects of aging on biodistribution and gene silencing activity of lipid-siRNA conjugates delivered into cerebrospinal fluid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.17.693452v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is the primary risk factor for chronic neurodegenerative diseases and is associated with alterations to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and clearance. CSF delivery is currently the most clinically advanced route of administration for oligonucleotide therapeutics, but it remains poorly understood how aging, which is rarely incorporated into clinical trials, impacts biodistribution, gene silencing activity, and potential toxicity of these compounds. Here, we evaluated a lipid-siRNA conjugate (L2-siRNA) for potential age-related changes to CSF-mediated delivery, mRNA silencing, and safety. We found that L2-siRNA exhibited comparable biodistribution and on-target silencing of Huntingtin (Htt) between young and aged mice in all tested regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and across extended time points. Examining transport along CSF efflux routes revealed uptake in deep cervical lymph nodes and dura. Further, L2-siRNA did not generate detectable toxicity in the CNS or periphery of aged mice. A subset of studies benchmarked L2-siRNA against a C16 lipid-siRNA conjugate that recently entered clinical trials. Collectively, these results provide valuable insight into siRNA conjugate biodistribution and activity in the CNS in the context of aging and further establish the performance of L2-siRNA under conditions relevant to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ligocki, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sorets, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulrahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francini, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritsch, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamantia, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.17.693452</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluating the effects of aging on biodistribution and gene silencing activity of lipid-siRNA conjugates delivered into cerebrospinal fluid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computational design and experimental characterization of mini-protein binders targeting Nipah, Langya and Measles virus receptor-binding domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A lack of reagents represents a major bottleneck in pandemic preparedness and rapid vaccine development. It is therefore important to enable the design of reagents for use in the treatment and diagnosis of emerging viral diseases. Ideally, the design and identification platform is fast, can be performed by testing only a small number of candidates and enables a generally applicable strategy. In this study, we assessed the ability of recently developed computational protein design tools to establish such a workflow for validating paramyxovirus receptor-binding protein de novo binders as such reagents. The family Paramyxoviridae includes various members that cause severe disease and exhibit re-occurring zoonotic spillover events, with documented human infections over the past decades. We successfully designed, identified, and characterized mini-proteins targeting the receptor binding proteins of Nipah virus, Langya virus, and Measles virus while screening as few as 10-16 designs per target. The resulting functional binders have moderate to low nanomolar affinities and display high on-target specificity. We further showed that our most promising Nipah virus receptor-binding protein binder is able to inhibit human receptor binding in vitro and competes for an epitope that overlaps with that of the neutralizing antibody HENV-117. However, despite these promising results, this Nipah binder is only weakly neutralizing, preventing therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, we established a platform, applicable to rapidly generate diagnostically relevant proteins from only a small number of candidates, and developed novel reagents for the Paramyxoviridae family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rieger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruediger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlegel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junker, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiesewetter, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beining, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pipatpadungsin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stass, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diederich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeder, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.20.695652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computational design and experimental characterization of mini-protein binders targeting Nipah, Langya and Measles virus receptor-binding domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695544v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FHIR as a Unifying Format for Genomic Research Data Tracking, Aggregation, and Integration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695544v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing complexity of genomic research demands standardized data sharing and integration. The Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) specification has become a well-established standard for exchanging data among health data systems. While designed primarily for clinical and patient data in health care environments, it also has applicability to represent genomic research data and offers a path for aggregating and integrating extremely rich datasets that have traditionally remained siloed and disparate. To study this potential, we developed FHIR Aggregator, an integration of seven major biomedical repositories, including the Genomic Data Commons, GTEx, HTAN, and DepMap, that covered 142334 patients, 819251 specimens, 1096491 observations and 711166 documents. We explore the various ways the FHIR standard can be applied to structure genomic research data and enable new possibilities. We demonstrate how FHIR can be used, where it succeeds or falls short, and which concepts must be extended to better support large-scale clinical and genomics research projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanati, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charbonneau, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellrott, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695544</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FHIR as a Unifying Format for Genomic Research Data Tracking, Aggregation, and Integration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696608v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Connections of early visual areas with posterior parietal and temporal cortex in galagos, a strepsirrhine primate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696608v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To better understand the cortical connections and organization of visual areas in galagos, we examined the interconnections among cortical visual fields and their relationships with posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and temporal regions associated with dorsal and ventral streams of visual processing. In five galagos, two to four distinguishable tracers were injected into different visual areas, allowing direct comparison of connection patterns within the same cases. To reveal distributions of labeled neurons for each injection, labeled cells were plotted from serial brain sections cut parallel to the flattened cortical surface and summed across sections to generate surface reconstructions. Alternate sections processed for cytoarchitectonic features were used to identify cortical borders, especially those of V1 and middle temporal visual area (MT). Overall, our results support the conclusion that regions of V2 and V3 represent the contralateral visual hemifield in parallel with V1 and with each other. However, dorsal V3, representing the lower visual hemifield, includes at least one discontinuity where representations of the upper visual field extend to the dorsal border of V2. This portion of V3 appears to belong to the dorsomedial visual area (DM), which extends rostrally from V2 into PPC. The dorsal part of the DL-V4 region receives projections from other parts of dorsolateral visual area (DL), central V1, V2 and V3, inferotemporal (IT) cortex, the MT complex, and PPC regions surrounding the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). More central portions of DL-V4 receive inputs from central representations of V1, V2, and V3, as well as from PPC regions lateral to the IPS, the MT complex, and upper IT cortex. The ventral part of DL receives projections from central V2, caudal PPC adjoining DM and ventral PPC, and from IT cortex. These patterns indicate that the DL-V4 region serves as a major node linking dorsal and ventral streams and likely includes more than one functionally distinct visual area. In addition, areas MT and DM show strong reciprocal connections with PPC, while the connections of IT cortex indicate that much of this region is visual in nature having strong connections with higher order visual areas and it is composed of multiple functionally specialized visual domains.

Key pointsO_LIOrganization of the visual cortex in galagos is much like that in New World and Old Word monkeys.
C_LIO_LIPatterns of cortical connections of early visual areas V1 and V2 support the view that dorsal V3 has a gap in the representation of the lower visual field that is occupied by the proposed dorsomedial visual area (DM).
C_LIO_LIVisual areas DM and middle temporal visual area (MT) provide the major visual inputs to posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of the dorsal stream of visual processing for actions.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stepniewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.27.696608</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Connections of early visual areas with posterior parietal and temporal cortex in galagos, a strepsirrhine primate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coronavirus membrane protein with a fluorescent protein tag enables tracking of virus particles in live cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.29.696688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Coronavirus particles assemble at endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membranes and exit from host cells via secretory organelles that are not well defined. The interplay between viral components and intracellular transport pathways that facilitate assembly and egress are not fully understood and recent studies suggest that multiple pathways maybe involved. Reverse genetics was used to develop a model system to further understand the assembly and egress processes. Mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV-A59) was genetically engineered to express the membrane (M) protein fused to green fluorescent protein (M-GFP), with the chimeric gene cloned in place of the open reading frame (ORF) 4 coding region in the RNA genome. The recovered M-GFP virus also expresses wild-type (WT) M protein (M WT) from its native ORF. The M-GFP virus exhibited morphology and growth properties like WT virus. M-GFP and WT M proteins colocalized early in infection, but less M-GFP trafficked toward the cell surface at later times, suggesting that the fusion protein is incorporated less efficiently into virus particles. M-GFP was stably expressed through at least four virus passages. Early passage virus M-GFP virus particles were visualized by confocal and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy in live cells. The fluorescently labeled virus particles represent a new tool for coronavirus intracellular trafficking and egress studies. Such studies can also help provide a more detailed understanding of infection and disease processes to provide new insight for development of new therapeutic strategies.

IMPORTANCECoronavirus assembly, intracellular transport, egress, and the virus-host interactions involved in these processes are not fully understood. The M protein is the most abundant virion structural component, which forms the scaffold for assembly of the viral envelope. It facilitates incorporation of the viral nucleocapsid and the other viral membrane proteins, spike (S) and envelope (E). In this study we engineered M protein tagged with GFP, which is expressed along with wild-type (WT) M from the viral genome. M-GFP interacted with WT M protein and co-assembled into virus particles. The resulting fluorescently labeled coronavirus particles open opportunities to use state of the art microscopy to monitor virus assembly, trafficking, and egress in live cells to facilitate deeper understanding of the molecular and cell biology of these processes. The ability to visualize particles also opens opportunities to help further understanding of steps in viral replication and pathogenesis for potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stefanos, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, N. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadig, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lapierre, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldenring, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, I. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glenn, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogue, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.29.696688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coronavirus membrane protein with a fluorescent protein tag enables tracking of virus particles in live cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and application of nbLIBRA-seq for high-throughput discovery of antigen-specific nanobodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.30.697047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanobodies are of high interest in many fields of medicine and biotechnology due to their high stability, tissue penetration, and engineering adaptability compared to monoclonal antibodies. However, nanobody discovery has been limited by technologies that rely on laborious library generation, panning, and clone screening techniques. Here, we demonstrate the successful adaptation of Linking B-Cell Receptor to Antigen Specificity through Sequencing (LIBRA-seq) to immunized alpacas for the rapid identification of antigen-specific nanobodies, derived from heavy-chain antibodies. We validated for nanobody discovery (nbLIBRA-seq) in two different disease settings. First, we identified over 300 antigen-specific heavy chain antibodies against human Transferrin Receptor (TfR1), also known as CD71, from a single alpaca blood sample. Experimental validation showed nbLIBRA-seq was able to identify nanobodies that exhibit specific binding to CD71, with two nanobodies also showing receptor internalization on human T cells. In a separate experiment, we tested the ability of nbLIBRA-seq to perform nanobody discovery with multiple antigens in the antigen screening library. Using fusion glycoproteins from the related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 1,125 antigen-specific heavy-chain expressing B cells were recovered via nbLIBRA-seq. A subset of these nanobodies was validated experimentally to possess the target antigen specificity. Together, our results illustrate the potential of nbLIBRA-seq to rapidly identify antigen-specific heavy chain antibodies for a range of diverse targets, a capability that will be of critical significance for the effective and efficient development of novel nanobody-based therapeutics against targets of biomedical significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leonard, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wasdin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlashi, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathmell, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiller, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wadzinski, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiev, I. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.30.697047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and application of nbLIBRA-seq for high-throughput discovery of antigen-specific nanobodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small Extracellular Vesicle Cargoes Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy in which cervical lymph node metastasis critically determines patient prognosis. Despite advances in clinical staging based on tumor size, depth of invasion, and nodal status, these parameters fail to capture the biological heterogeneity of HNSCC, leading to overtreatment or undertreatment, and significant morbidity. Emerging evidence implicates small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) as key mediators of tumor progression and promising biomarkers for metastatic potential. In this study, we performed iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling of SEVs from metastatic (MOC2) and nonmetastatic (MOC1) HNSCC mouse cell lines and identified multiple cargoes associated with metastatic processes, including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune modulation, and perineural invasion. Further, we employed an immune-competent orthotopic mouse oral carcinoma (MOC) model to investigate how exosome biogenesis affects HNSCC metastasis. Loss of the exosome/SEV biogenesis protein HRS in MOC2 HNSCC cells impaired SEV formation in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Consistent with the SEV cargoes enriched in MOC2 EVs, immunohistochemical analyses of MOC2 tumors revealed reduced blood vessel and nerve density in HRS-deficient tumors. Analysis of candidate biomarker SEV cargoes in the circulating EVs from HPV-negative HNSCC patients revealed significant correlations of these proteins with metastatic status. Collectively, these findings identify SEV cargoes as potential functional mediators of metastasis and liquid biopsy biomarkers in HNSCC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shafiq, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sato, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weaver, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small Extracellular Vesicle Cargoes Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Biological signatures of history: Examination of composite biomes and Y chromosome analysis from da Vinci-associated cultural artifacts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.06.697880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cultural heritage objects can accumulate DNA from materials, environments, and repeated human contact, but biomolecular profiling of such items is constrained by nondestructive sampling requirements, ultra-low biomass, and high contamination risk. Here we present a minimally invasive workflow that integrates gentle swab collection, low- input whole-metagenome sequencing, taxonomic profiling, and Y-chromosome analyses to recover "biological signatures of history" from Renaissance-era artwork and archival correspondence associated with ancestors of Leonardo da Vinci. Across artifacts, we recovered heterogeneous mixtures of microbial and eukaryotic DNA (including bacteria, fungi, plants, and viruses) consistent with composite "biomes" that reflect differences in substrate, storage, conservation treatments, and handling. Multivariate comparisons show reproducible sample-to-sample separations. In parallel, we assessed human Y-chromosome signal using a panel of [~]90,000 phylogenetically informative markers and partial Y-STR profiling where feasible. Across multiple independent swabs from Leonardo da Vinci-associated items, the obtained Y chromosome marker data suggested assignments withing the broader E1b1/E1b1b clade. However, the control samples also indicate mixed contributions consistent with modern handling and other sources. Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility as well as limitations of combining metagenomics and human DNA marker analysis for cultural heritage science, providing a baseline workflow for future conservation science studies and hypothesis-driven investigations of provenance, authentication and handling history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopala, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallast, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loftus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiscovitch-Russo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrad, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thaler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinar, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aberg, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenzi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorente, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ausubel, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sakmar, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roby, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Juarbe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Biological signatures of history: Examination of composite biomes and Y chromosome analysis from da Vinci-associated cultural artifacts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698201v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fishing with Two Lines: A Hybrid Approach to Spatial Transcriptomic Discovery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.07.698201v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics faces a trade-off between the number of genes assayed and depth of per-gene sensitivity. We developed a  dual chemistry method that combines the high sensitivity of a 10X Genomics Xenium V1 custom panel (up to 480 genes) with the broad coverage of the Prime 5K panel (5001 genes) on a single tissue section. This involved co-hybridizing Prime and V1 probes and sequentially running the V1 and Prime decoding chemistries. Applied to a human lung tissue microarray, we observed high concordance between the V1 and Prime chemistries when run independently (on serial sections) and the dual chemistry runs. Overlapping genes (profiled on both V1 and Prime chemistries) showed similar expression patterns in the dual run demonstrating the fidelity of the assay. By combining information from both the V1 and Prime chemistries within the same cell, we retain more cells, gain valuable additional information, and enable both high sensitivity profiling and discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams-Katek, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallapragada, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mee, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldredge, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kropski, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucre, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banovich, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.07.698201</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fishing with Two Lines: A Hybrid Approach to Spatial Transcriptomic Discovery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698794v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Hybrid Gag Lattice as a Structural Intermediate in HIV-1 Maturation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698794v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
HIV-1 maturation converts the spherical immature Gag lattice into the conical mature capsid required for infectivity, yet the structural route linking these two lattice endpoints remains unclear. Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography on reconstituted assemblies and virus-like particles (VLPs), we identify a distinct hybrid lattice in which the capsid protein (CA) N-terminal domain adopts a mature-like conformation, whereas the CA C-terminal domain-SP1 layer remains immature. This architecture is observed in native, enveloped VLPs produced in human cells, demonstrating formation under physiologically relevant conditions. The hybrid lattice engages three myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) molecules per CA-SP1 hexamer, underscoring IP6-dependent stabilization; accordingly, excess IP6 enriches the hybrid population. Tomographic mapping shows that hybrid regions coexist with the immature lattice within the same particle and are enriched near lattice discontinuities, consistent with edge-localized remodeling that can accommodate conformational rearrangements and partial disassembly and reassembly. Disrupting a hybrid-specific inter-hexamer contact preserves immature lattice assembly and particle release but abrogates infectivity, compromises core integrity, and prevents mature lattice formation, implicating the hybrid architecture as an on-pathway intermediate. Molecular dynamics simulations further support coordinated rearrangements that bias the system away from the immature configuration toward hybrid and then mature organizations. Together, these results support a maturation model in which localized displacive remodeling and partial disassembly/reassembly act in concert, with IP6 tuning the balance among lattice states. This study provides new insight into HIV-1 maturation and identifies the hybrid lattice as a potential therapeutic target.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meuser, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macke, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freniere, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perilla, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698794</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Hybrid Gag Lattice as a Structural Intermediate in HIV-1 Maturation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698734v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics reveals organizational properties of mouse spinal cord and alterations in neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.10.698734v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spinal cord integrates diverse somatosensory inputs and executes motor outputs through anatomically and functionally distinct circuits. Here, we employed spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the adult mouse spinal cord to gain insights into the organizational logic of the spinal cord. Our results reveal distinct spatial and laminar distributions of neuronal subtypes, including axial level and sex-specific differences. Many neuronal subtypes exhibit close spatial proximity, implicating regionally specific patterns of connectivity and circuit functions. Additionally, neuronal subtypes within the dorsal horn exhibit a wide range of predicted cell-cell communication motifs, as assessed by the spatial distribution of neuropeptide-and other ligand-receptor pairs. Finally, we identified several neuronal subtypes with altered transcriptomic and predicted cell-cell communications in a model of neuropathic pain. This spatially resolved cellular and molecular map of the spinal cord will facilitate the decoding of circuit mechanisms underlying somatosensory and motor functions in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osei-Asante, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chelliah, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobanko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginty, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meltzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.10.698734</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial transcriptomics reveals organizational properties of mouse spinal cord and alterations in neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The microtubule GTP-tubulin cap size is modulated during cell division 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.13.699367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microtubule dynamics change during cell division to enable rapid microtubule network remodeling. The switching from microtubule growth to shrinkage is attributed to the loss of a stabilizing GTP-cap structure at the growing microtubule end. The size of the GTP-cap is a result of a balance between GTP-tubulin addition to the microtubule end and subsequent GTP-hydrolysis in the microtubule lattice. Whether the cell-cycle-dependent changes in microtubule dynamics are supported by concurrent modulation of the stabilizing GTP-cap size is not known. Here, we use high spatiotemporal resolution live-cell imaging of EB1, an established marker for the GTP-cap, to directly determine the relationship between GTP-cap size and microtubule growth rate throughout the cell cycle. Our data reveal that GTP-cap size for matching growth rates is reduced during mitosis. Comparison of EB1 comets on astral versus spindle microtubules reveals that the scaling between the GTP-cap size and microtubule growth rate is not spatially regulated in mitosis. We find that these regulatory patterns are conserved across epithelial cells from two different species. Taken together, our findings reveal modulation of GTP-cap size as a cell-cycle-regulated mechanism for tuning microtubule stability.

Significance StatementMicrotubule dynamics are altered during the cell cycle to enable rapid microtubule network remodeling and accurate chromosome segregation. By comparing EB1 comets on microtubule ends during different cell cycle stages, the authors find that microtubule GTP-cap size is subject to global differential regulation during specific cell cycle stages. These results identify modulation of microtubule stabilizing GTP-cap size as a previously underappreciated, cell-cycle-regulated mechanism for tuning microtubule stability throughout the cell cycle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cassidy, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnette, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.13.699367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The microtubule GTP-tubulin cap size is modulated during cell division]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signal Strength Aware Latent Spaces Reveal Molecularly Distinct Substructures within Human Kidney Tissue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As datasets grow increasingly high-dimensional and complex, distinguishing a condensed set of interpretable underlying factors becomes essential. In spatial omics, for example, hundreds to thousands of molecular features per observation promise unprecedented biological insight. However, without meaningful latent representations, that potential remains markedly untapped. We propose a new approach based on the beta-variational autoencoder and kernel density estimation to dissect data along independent, uncertainty-aware, and interpretable (yet non-linear) latent axes. We include a novel comparative-latent-traversal algorithm to translate latent findings back into the original measurement context. Demonstrating on imaging mass spectrometry-based molecular imaging of human kidney, the approachs disentangling properties are shown to impress a latent space structure that separates signal strength from relative signal content, offering exceptional chemical insight. Our approach uncovers unexpected subdivisions within kidney proximal tubules, confirmed to be biological, and reveals hereto-unknown lipid species differentiating them. This confirms our workflows potential as an interpretation-and-hypothesis-generating discovery tool.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Delacour, P.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fogo, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.15.699686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signal Strength Aware Latent Spaces Reveal Molecularly Distinct Substructures within Human Kidney Tissue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699973v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SSNA1 mechanically reinforces the damaged microtubule lattice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699973v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SSNA1 (Sjogrens Syndrome Nuclear Autoantigen 1) is a microtubule-associated protein involved in key cellular processes, including cell division, intraflagellar transport, and axonal branching. SSNA1 specifically localizes to sites of damage along the microtubule lattice, thus acting as a microtubule damage sensor. However, the effects of SSNA1 on microtubule mechanics or on the process of microtubule self-repair, which involves the incorporation of soluble tubulin dimers into lattice damage sites, are not known. Here, we use in vitro reconstitution with purified proteins and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to probe SSNA1s effects on microtubule mechanics and self-repair. We apply two distinct sources of force to investigate microtubule mechanics: kinesin-driven gliding assays and microfluidic flow. We find that SSNA1 binding increases microtubule rigidity and resistance to breakage under the physiological and controlled forces in our assays. Interestingly, SSNA1s localization to microtubule damage sites prevents the incorporation of new tubulin dimers and thus inhibits lattice self-repair. Conversely, we find that SSNA1 does not recognize damage sites that have been repaired by tubulin incorporation. Together, our findings demonstrate that SSNA1 reinforces the mechanical strength of microtubules without promoting self-repair, suggesting an alternative mechanism for restoring microtubule integrity in the absence of tubulin-mediated repair and providing new insights into SSNA1s mechanism of microtubule stabilization.

Significance StatementMicrotubules are cytoskeletal polymers that experience mechanical stress during essential cellular processes such as cargo transport, cell division, and ciliary beating. To maintain their integrity, microtubules rely on both stabilizing proteins and repair mechanisms. Here, we show that microtubule-associated protein SSNA1 strengthens microtubules by increasing their rigidity and resistance to force-induced breakage, while simultaneously blocking tubulin-mediated lattice repair at sites of damage. By distinguishing between damaged and repaired microtubule lattices, SSNA1 enforces a stabilization strategy that favors mechanical reinforcement over self-repair. These findings reveal a new mode of microtubule regulation that decouples mechanical stability from lattice repair and provide insight into how cells preserve cytoskeletal integrity under force.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinjakan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699973</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SSNA1 mechanically reinforces the damaged microtubule lattice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Persistent impairment of spatial hearing and neural binaural interaction after temporary noise-induced hearing loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many people have trouble understanding speech in noisy environments despite normal audiometric thresholds, a condition referred to as "hidden hearing loss." A leading hypothesis attributes this deficit to inner hair cell synaptic pathology (cochlear synaptopathy), which can persist after recovery from noise-induced temporary elevation of audiometric thresholds. This pathology impairs the temporally precise sound encoding necessary for spatial hearing, but direct evidence in primates, human or nonhuman, is lacking. Here, we show that a single noise exposure, producing only a temporary threshold elevation, induced long-lasting alterations in synaptic morphology, without synapse loss, resulting in persistent spatial hearing deficits for up to 11 months post-exposure in nonhuman primates of both sexes. These perceptual deficits were accompanied by a reduction in a neurophysiological measure of binaural processing - the binaural interaction component (BIC) of the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Both behavioral and neural deficits persisted despite full recovery of audiometric thresholds. Together, these findings provide the first evidence in primates that noise exposure disrupts spatial hearing and binaural neural circuit function without loss of hair cells or synapses. Because spatial hearing tests and the ABR/BIC are clinically accessible, this work also establishes translational biomarkers for early neural dysfunction underlying hidden hearing loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mackey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondul, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benson, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tollin, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Persistent impairment of spatial hearing and neural binaural interaction after temporary noise-induced hearing loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fully genetically encoded low-molecular-weight protein tags with defined shapes for direct molecular identification by cryo-electron tomography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.700029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) enables three-dimensional visualization of cells in near-native states, but direct identification of specific proteins in situ remains challenging due to crowded cellular environments and the low intrinsic contrast of most proteins smaller than [~]500 kDa. Consequently, molecular identification often relies on indirect labeling strategies or bulky probes that can perturb native structures. Here we present a "shape-as-signal" strategy that uses fully genetically encoded protein tags with defined shapes as a molecular signal for direct identification by cryo-ET. We designed two single-chain, monomeric, low-molecular-weight tags: an extended V-shaped tag (62 kDa) and a compact triangular tag (85 kDa). Both adopt rigid geometries validated by cryo-electron microscopy and remain compatible with fluorescence microscopy when fused to fluorescent proteins. Their characteristic shapes are readily recognized and computationally detected in vitro. In cells, the V-shaped tag yields clear, non-disruptive signals at native locations. These results demonstrate that low-molecular-weight protein tags can be unambiguously detected and assigned in situ within crowded cellular environments. This single-step genetic tagging strategy enables seamless dual fluorescence and electron microscopy without exogenous probes, challenging the assumption that small protein tags are unsuitable for direct cryo-ET identification. More broadly, this approach establishes a scalable and minimally perturbative framework for visual proteomics and paves the way for multiplexed, shape-encoded molecular mapping in intact cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalkley, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.700029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fully genetically encoded low-molecular-weight protein tags with defined shapes for direct molecular identification by cryo-electron tomography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700276v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Light Microscopy-Based Organelle Quantification: A Comprehensive Protocol 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.19.700276v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cellular organelles are not just static structures; they are highly dynamic and directly linked to cellular functions. Changes in their morphology can be early indicators of diseases. Recent advancements in light microscopy techniques have transformed organelle research from qualitative descriptions to precise, quantitative measurements, enabling nanoscale resolution, high-throughput image analysis, and live-cell compatibility. This enables accurate measurement of organelle morphology, dynamics, and spatial organization using modern imaging and analysis techniques. By quantifying organelles, we go beyond simply visualizing to measuring and statistically comparing cellular features across different samples. This protocol addresses a wide range of cellular organelles across all major experimental systems, specifically mentioning mitochondria, myofibers, actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, by integrating experimental design, optimized sample preparation, high-resolution imaging, and validated Fiji/ImageJ-based analysis workflows. For each organelle, step-by-step methods specify reagents, equipment, acquisition parameters, and expected results. While recent advances, such as expansion microscopy, correlative light-electron microscopy, and AI-powered segmentation, offer gains in throughput and resolution, this workflow demonstrates that Fiji-based analysis remains fully capable of delivering high-precision organelle quantification. The entire workflow can be completed within 2-4 weeks, from initial design through validation and the production of measurements suitable for cross-study comparisons. Overall, this protocol establishes a flexible approach to standardize organelle quantification to understand multiple organelles simultaneously in their cellular contexts.

Basic Protocol 1: Mitochondrial Quantification

Basic Protocol 2: Myofibril Quantification

Basic Protocol 3: Golgi Apparatus Morphometry

Basic Protocol 4: Endoplasmic Reticulum Network Analysis

Alternate Protocol 1: Super-Resolution Imaging Protocol
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thapliyal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalpana, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ronald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkhatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pujala, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glancy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700276</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Light Microscopy-Based Organelle Quantification: A Comprehensive Protocol]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700120v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TCF1lo CD8 T cells proliferate and persist autonomously in tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700120v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancers develop in humans over months to years, and tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST) can interact with cancer cells throughout tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the long-term population dynamics of TST, especially within progressing tumors, are not well understood. A paradigm first established in chronic viral infection and applied to tumors describes a population hierarchy among exhausted T cells. Progenitor/stem-like exhausted T cells, which express the transcription factor T cell factor 1 (TCF1), maintain the population through self-renewal and by giving rise to terminally differentiated TCF1lo progeny. This has led to a focus on TCF1hi T cells, and though TCF1lo CD8 T cells are the predominant tumor-infiltrating/tumor-reactive subtype in patients, they have been largely overlooked. We leveraged our autochthonous liver cancer model to analyze TST differentiation and proliferation throughout tumorigenesis. Dual EdU/BrdU labeling studies revealed that throughout tumorigenesis, a subset of TCF1lo TST in the liver stochastically entered and exited cell cycle, and at later time points there was no evidence of a TCF1hi progenitor-like population. Moreover, TCF1-knockout TST proliferated and persisted robustly in tumors. Using liver cancer and melanoma models, we showed that tumor-resident TCF1lo TST proliferate and persist autonomously, even when new TST influx into tumors is inhibited. The prevailing notion is that only TCF1hi TST self-renew but we now demonstrate, using a clinically relevant mouse cancer model, that TCF1lo TST stochastically proliferate to achieve long-term population maintenance. Future studies to understand and harness this mechanism to improve T cell persistence in tumors could lead to novel immunotherapies for patients with cancer.

SYNOPSISWe show that tumor-specific T cells with little/no expression of TCF1, previously considered incapable of self-renewal, can proliferate stochastically and persist long-term. As TCF1lo CD8 T cells are often the predominant tumor-reactive T cells found in tumors, future studies should be aimed at reprogramming these proliferating T cells within tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Erwin, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favret, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDavid, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewell, Z. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roetman, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudloff, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Detres Roman, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philip, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700120</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TCF1lo CD8 T cells proliferate and persist autonomously in tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700615v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accumulation of Extracellular GABA, Impaired GABAergic Neurotransmission and 4-Phenylbutyrate Rescue in Mice of SLC6A1 Variant-Mediated Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700615v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in SLC6A1 encoding GABA transporter 1 are a leading monogenic cause of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, severe neurodevelopmental disorders lacking effective treatments. We previously demonstrated that 4-phenylbutyrate restored molecular and functional deficits, and reduced seizures in a Slc6a1 loss-of-function mouse, motivating a promising ongoing clinical trial. Here, we show this mouse exhibits accumulation of extracellular GABA, impaired neurotransmission, and reduced GABA uptake; and demonstrate that 4-phenylbutyrate rescues these abnormalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zavalin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Randhave, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, J.-Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700615</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accumulation of Extracellular GABA, Impaired GABAergic Neurotransmission and 4-Phenylbutyrate Rescue in Mice of SLC6A1 Variant-Mediated Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Gata4-Loxl2 Axis Controls ECM Remodeling to Enable Scar-Free Spinal Cord Regeneration in Zebrafish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal cord injury in mammals causes permanent loss of sensory and motor function due to scar formation obstructing axon regrowth. In contrast, zebrafish fully regenerate their spinal cord without lasting fibrosis. Here, we identify the transcription factor Gata4 as a key positive regulator of regeneration. After injury, gata4 expression is predominantly upregulated in ependymo-radial glial cells and in glial cells extending processes toward sites of tissue bridging. Gata4 preserves glial identity and orchestrates regenerative extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Gata4 loss biases glial cells toward a fibroblast-like state with upregulated Loxl2b, a collagen cross-linking enzyme, and can also increase Loxl2b in nearby non-glial cells. Excess Loxl2b activity promotes pathological crosslinking and formation of a rigid, fibrotic matrix impairing glial and axonal bridging across the lesion, greatly reducing motor recovery. Pharmacological inhibition of Loxl2b in gata4 mutants substantially rescues ECM organization, tissue bridging, and functional recovery. Injury-induced gata4 expression depends, at least in part, on Hif1 signaling and activation of a short injury-responsive enhancer. We identify the Gata4-Loxl2b axis as a central regulator of and potential therapeutic target for scar-free spinal cord repair.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noel, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandes, V. F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfotenhauer, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sefogbe, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akam-Baxter, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lippmann, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cigliola, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Gata4-Loxl2 Axis Controls ECM Remodeling to Enable Scar-Free Spinal Cord Regeneration in Zebrafish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal and multi-region distance model for neuroimaging: Application to ABCD study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.700689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale neuroimaging studies often collect multiple modalities, such as task and resting-state functional MRI, diffusion MRI, and structural MRI. Joint inference across these modalities uses shared variation to improve statistical efficiency, increase replicability, and provide a more integrated view of brain-phenotype associations. In practice, however, such analyses are limited because complex cross-modality covariance cannot be flexibly modeled, which makes the resulting joint effects difficult to interpret. A recent distance-based ANOVA extension allows multimodal analysis and increases power for detecting group differences, but it cannot easily distinguish location from scale effects in distance space, offers only an omnibus pseudo-F test without interpretable parameters, and requires computationally intensive permutation inference. We propose a novel semiparametric, U-statistics-based Generalized Estimating Equation (UGEE) framework that unifies univariate and multivariate distance models. By regressing pairwise dissimilarities on covariates, this method yields interpretable regression coefficients that disentangle location and scale effects and quantify inter-modality differences, while flexibly accounting for correlations among modality distances. The estimator is based on efficient influence functions, ensuring asymptotic efficiency, robustness to misspecification, and computational scalability for large-scale data analysis. We evaluate the proposed method through extensive simulations and analyses of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset. Results show that UGEE accurately estimates modality, group, and interaction effects and achieves a 100-fold speed-up compared with permutation-based approaches. This framework provides a general and computationally efficient tool for semiparametric inference on multimodal data, particularly suited for large neuroimaging applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidlitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexander-Bloch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.21.700689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal and multi-region distance model for neuroimaging: Application to ABCD study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701012v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FrustraMPNN: An ultra-fast deep learning tool for proteome-scale analysis of deep mutational single-residue local energetic frustration in proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701012v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Energetic frustration, characterized by conflicting local interactions, is a key determinant of protein dynamics, allostery, protein-protein interactions, enzyme catalysis, and overall protein function. Although the principle of minimal frustration describes an evolutionary bias towards a reduction of energetic conflicts for efficient protein folding, local violations are selectively embedded to encode the complex energy landscapes necessary for protein functions. However, the computational cost of traditional single-residue frustration analysis has prevented the calculation of these energetic conflicts at the proteome scale, creating a significant bottleneck in structural biology. Here, we introduce FrustraMPNN, a message-passing neural network retrained via transfer learning that predicts a complete per-residue frustration-index mutation profile (full mutational scanning per position for a whole protein) orders-of-magnitude faster than existing methods while maintaining high accuracy. This is demonstrated by calculating the single-residue frustration of the E. coli proteome, reducing the calculation time from years to 12 hours. We validate FrustraMPNN on a diverse external set of over 3,400 human protein structures, achieving a Spearman correlation of up to 0.80 across all frustration categories, demonstrating robust generalizability. By conducting a thorough dataset ablation study, we find that the models performance improves when trained on a broader range of protein sizes, highlighting an inherent limitation of datasets like Megascale. We provide FrustraMPNN as an open-source tool, expecting it will enable exploration of new hypotheses in fields such as personalized structural biology and allow analysis of local energetic frustration patterns involved in protein function at an unprecedented proteomic scale.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beining, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliaga, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parra, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoeder, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Sarmiento, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meiler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701012</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FrustraMPNN: An ultra-fast deep learning tool for proteome-scale analysis of deep mutational single-residue local energetic frustration in proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701128v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oxidant-mediated activation and inhibition of LRRC8C and LRRC8D channel currents require N-terminal and Transmembrane 1 pore domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.22.701128v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 8C (LRRC8C) anion channels modulate NADPH oxidase 1 activity and allow extracellular superoxide influx promoting inflammatory signaling. Here we studied chimeric 8C/8D channels and identified oxidant-dependent current modulation within the N-terminus (NT) and first transmembrane domain (TM1). Chloramine-T (ChlT) elicited inhibitory and activating current responses, whereas other redox agents had comparatively little impact. ChlT moderately inhibited wild-type (WT) 8C current and abrogated block by DCPIB. Substitution of the 8D NT (8D1-22) conferred ChlT-dependent current activation, as did 8D2-4, 8D5-11, I2F, and I2Y substitution. M48T (distal TM1) substitution enhanced WT 8C current inhibition and impaired activation in NT mutants. An M48D mutation diminished 8C current block by DCPIB by [~]50%. WT 8D currents were potently inhibited by ChlT. Substitution of the 8C first extracellular loop (EL1) weakened inhibition, while 8C EL1 + TM145-49 substitution produced ChlT-mediated current activation. 8C45-49 or T48M substitutions in 8D resulted in rapid disruption and loss of initial current inhibition, and a progressive increase of non-rectifying current. These results provide evidence that NT2-4, particularly I2/F2, in combination with M48 are primary determinants of activating vs. inhibitory current modulation by ChlT. M48 oxidation limits 8C inhibition and is required for activating responses, while T48 and 8D EL1 promote 8D signature current inhibition. ChlT exposure disrupts subsequent or preexisting channel block by DCPIB, consistent with a common site of interaction. Thus, factors that alter NT pore stability and mobility may regulate inhibition vs. activation of LRRC8C by redox stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rohrbough, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamb, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.22.701128</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oxidant-mediated activation and inhibition of LRRC8C and LRRC8D channel currents require N-terminal and Transmembrane 1 pore domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.699790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid Assessment of Target-Binding Fractions in Theranostic and Imaging Agents Using Size-Exclusion HPLC 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.23.699790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe clinical translation of molecularly targeted therapeutics and imaging agents represents a cornerstone of precision oncology, with the global theranostics market projected to exceed $25 billion by 2030. However, the development of theragnostic agents or diagnostic companions remains constrained by analytical bottlenecks in quality control, such as target-binding specificity, which are increasingly required by regulatory agencies as product release criteria during the translation process. Current methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which require specialized resources or external CROs, or bead-based assays for radiolabeled compounds, which involve complex multi-step protocols; these limitations and others hamper their practical implementation in clinical manufacturing environments. Assay delays can postpone clinical trial initiation, increase development costs, and delay patient access to these agents.

ResultsWe have developed and validated a rapid, size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) method for the determination of target-binding fractions of labeled biologics. The method separates the unbound biologic from the larger antigen-bound complex, allowing for rapid quantification. We validated the method using a panel of fluorescently labeled antibodies (panitumumab-IRDye800CW, nivolumab-IRDye800CW) and radiolabeled biologics ([18F]GEH200521, [18F]NOTA-ABY-030), assessing linearity, specificity, and concentration independence.

The SE-HPLC method achieved excellent separation of bound and unbound species with a resolution (Rs) of 3.2. A strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.999) was observed between the antigen-to-antibody ratio and the measured binding fraction. The method demonstrated high specificity, with no binding detected with non-target antigens. The total assay and analysis time was less than 35 minutes, a significant improvement over traditional methods.

ConclusionsSE-HPLC provides a rapid, specific, and cost-effective alternative to traditional binding fraction assessment methods, reducing quality control timelines from weeks/hours to minutes. The methods compatibility with both fluorescent and radiolabeled biologics and integration with existing HPLC infrastructure represents a significant advancement in development workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McAdoo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jouad, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.23.699790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid Assessment of Target-Binding Fractions in Theranostic and Imaging Agents Using Size-Exclusion HPLC]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702386v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tail Flaring as an Agonistic Signal in Hummingbirds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702386v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tail of birds contributes substantially to flight aerodynamics through lift generation, reduction of pressure drag, and pitch stabilization. Hummingbirds are powerful flyers, able to sustain hovering in still air, generate lift in both the up- and downstroke, and takeoff due to substantial developmental investment in their wings and corresponding musculature. Given the abundance of wing power, it is possible that tails are less essential to the aerodynamics of hummingbird flight than they are in other birds, freeing them for non-locomotor functions. Hummingbird tails are well known for their morphological elaboration as sexually selected ornaments, including sound generation. Our observations, and brief descriptions in the literature, led us to hypothesize that tail flaring may serve as another form of sexual signaling, used by males during male-male fighting. To test this, we used high-speed video to record agonistic encounters among seven species of hummingbird the field and found 95% of inter- and intra-sexual and specific contests included tail flaring. We measured kinematics of this flaring during male-male fighting of calliope hummingbirds (Selasphorus calliope, n = 5) indoors. Consistent with our hypothesis, captive males exhibited greater angles of tail flare when engaged in a fight (26.9 {+/-} 42.9{degrees}, mean {+/-} sd) than when performing solitary landing (-12.7 {+/-} 8.6 {degrees}) and takeoff (-11.1 {+/-} 6.6 {degrees}) maneuvers. We evaluate these results in the context of signaling during animal contests and propose future tests of whether tail flaring is an honest signal of individual quality and Resource Holding Potential (RHP).

Summary StatementMale-male fighting is common in hummingbirds with competition over food and mates. During these competitions, tail flaring and waggle maneuvers are used as a signal of aggressive intent.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Elting, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powers, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobalske, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702386</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tail Flaring as an Agonistic Signal in Hummingbirds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HistoSweep enables cellular-resolution tissue quality control for gigapixel images in digital pathology and spatial omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-resolution histology images are indispensable for pathology and increasingly serve as the structural backbone for spatial omics. Yet whole-slide images (WSIs) frequently contain artifacts, acellular voids, and background regions that, when included in computational workflows, introduce noise, degrade model accuracy, and compromise biological interpretation. Existing tools provide only coarse foreground-background separation, leaving a gap in fine-grained quality control (QC). Here we present HistoSweep, a scalable framework that generates morphology-aware tissue masks at cellular resolution. By integrating density filtering, texture descriptors, and adaptive thresholding, HistoSweep systematically removes non-informative tissue regions while preserving biologically meaningful microstructures. It processes billion-pixel WSIs in minutes on standard CPUs, requiring no GPU acceleration, and is deployable across research and clinical settings. Across 25 WSIs spanning distinct tissues, disease states, and spatial omics platforms, HistoSweep consistently outperformed existing methods. It enhanced visualization and segmentation, improved virtual cell type predictions, and safeguarded spatial transcriptomics integrity by detecting transcript leakage and transcript-histology misalignment. By enabling fine-grained, scalable QC, HistoSweep provides a foundational preprocessing step for reliable and reproducible digital pathology and spatial omics analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachs, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumoulin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, G. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadara, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maegdefessel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HistoSweep enables cellular-resolution tissue quality control for gigapixel images in digital pathology and spatial omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic Profiling of Diabetic Porcine Wound Healing Model Identifies Key Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.30.702870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) remain a major clinical challenge as diabetes prevalence rises, emphasizing the need for improved therapeutics and relevant preclinical models. Common rodent wound-healing models poorly recapitulate human skin anatomy and repair. Although porcine skin is comparable to human skin, many studies employ young, healthy pigs that do not reflect typical chronic human wounds. Here, we evaluated wound healing in full-thickness skin wounds in non-diabetic and diabetic Yucatan minipigs. RNA sequencing identified key transcriptional differences in wounds of diabetic versus non-diabetic animals, including pathways linked to increased inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as decreased metabolism and extracellular matrix organization, known hallmarks of DFUs. These findings support this preclinical model as a powerful approach for discovery and therapeutic testing in diabetic wounds and provide a novel data set for further mining of potential gene targets for diabetic wound intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCune, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezold, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.30.702870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic Profiling of Diabetic Porcine Wound Healing Model Identifies Key Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune checkpoint inhibitors amplify type 2 immune mediated repair bypro-regenerative scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.31.703034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds induce type 2 immunity to promote repair. Here, we show that immune cells recruited to ECM-treated murine muscle injuries and clinical soft tissue defects express immune checkpoints. Specifically, TH2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) increase LAG3 expression, while macrophages express PDL2. TCR analysis and a triple-reporter strain for interleukin (IL)-13 and Treg fate-mapping suggest that Tregs in ECM-treated wounds transition into TH2-like exTregs that express LAG3. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) significantly stimulated type 2 immunity in ECM-treated wounds, including increased TH2 cells, Treg transition to TH2-like exTregs, and pro-regenerative macrophages. Moreover, ICI enhanced muscle repair and reduced fibrosis in ECM-treated wounds. Collectively, these findings show Treg/TH2 plasticity in wound healing and introduce a novel ICI application to enhance immune-mediated regeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutkowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubois, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stivers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fertig, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anders, r.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellisseeff, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.31.703034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune checkpoint inhibitors amplify type 2 immune mediated repair bypro-regenerative scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue Injury and Biomaterial Treatment Modulate Tumor Growth and Response to Immunotherapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunotherapies have transformed cancer care; however, tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to high variability in therapeutic responses. While tissue injuries can impact cancer recurrence and metastatic spread, little is known about their potential to effect immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response. In this study, we reveal that distal traumatic muscle injury accelerated progression and impaired adjuvant ICB response of multiple murine tumors. This injury-induced accelerated tumor growth coincided with decreased intra-tumoral density and effector phenotype of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells and relied on communication through a shared draining lymph node. Enhancing injury repair using a biological scaffold abrogated the injury-induced accelerated tumor growth in an interleukin-4-dependent manner and improved ICB response. In a retrospective cohort analysis of breast cancer patients undergoing ICB treatment, biological scaffold implantation following mastectomy was associated with increased overall survival. This work suggests that injury-driven immune dysfunction may contribute to cancer progression and ICB resistance, but enhancing wound healing with pro-regenerative biomaterials may offer a viable strategy for mitigating adverse cancer outcomes, particularly in the setting of adjuvant and neoadjuvant ICB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ruta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray-Gaillard, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport Huyer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathkour, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherry, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patatanian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejias, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestas, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardoll, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elisseeff, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue Injury and Biomaterial Treatment Modulate Tumor Growth and Response to Immunotherapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACE-2-like Enzymatic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.02.703244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many people are affected by post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC/long COVID, LC). LC has severely affected public health. Features of LC including blood pressure dysregulation, coagulopathies, hyperinflammation, and neuropsychiatric complaints. Mechanisms responsible for LC pathogenesis are not clear. The receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which binds SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to initiate infection. We hypothesized that some people produce anti-RBD antibodies that sufficiently resemble ACE2 structure to have ACE2-like catalytic activity. Those antibodies, ACE2-like abzymes, may contribute to LC pathogenesis. We previously showed that ACE2-like activity was associated with immunoglobulin in some people with acute and convalescent COVID-19. ACE2-like catalytic activity correlated with blood pressure changes following moderate exercise challenge in convalescents. We screened human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from 4 sources. We identified 4 human mAbs with ACE2-like catalytic activity. The activity was not inhibited by MLN-4760, a compound that inhibits native human ACE2, nor by EDTA, unlike native ACE2, a Zinc metalloprotease, but was inhibited by an overlapping pool of Spike peptides. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that the mAbs had lower Vmax and Km values than ACE2. The data suggested that the antibodies cleave angiotensin II via a different mechanism than ACE2. Identification of mAbs with ACE2-like catalytic activity supports the hypothesis that antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection could help mediate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and LC, and more generally, the hypothesis that catalytic antibodies induced by infectious agents can contribute to disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>No, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livingston, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quintero Barbosa, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serrero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bortz, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowe, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, D. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeichner, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.02.703244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACE-2-like Enzymatic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704456v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Large Animal Model of Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension UsingGene-edited BMPR2 Sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.06.704456v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare vascular disorder characterized by elevated pressure in pulmonary arteries, eventually leading to right ventricular failure. Approximately 50% of pediatric disease and 20% of adult disease can be linked to a genetic mutation, with nearly 70% of these cases involving mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) locus. Investigations using rodent models have made significant advances in our understanding of BMPR2 signaling; however, limited data exist regarding the onset and course of PAH, and etiologies for phenotypic expression in these patients remain unknown. In this work, we describe the development of a novel ovine model of heritable PAH. Because homozygous disruption of BMPR2 is embryonic lethal, we developed heterozygous BMPR2 sheep by using a PAM-disrupting synonymous single stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotide alongside a single guide RNA and Cas9 mediated gene editing strategy. The resulting BMPR2(+/-) lambs demonstrated cardiac and pulmonary vascular pathology that are consistent with BMPR2 mutation-driven PAH observed in humans. Given the genetic and physiological similarities of BMPR2(+/-)sheep to humans with heritable PAH, this large animal model will serve as a vital platform for mechanistic molecular studies and will provide a much-needed pre-clinical model for extensive treatment evaluations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Datar, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werry, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falade, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trott, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutchings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawaytou, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deutsch, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzales Viera, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bishop, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Urbino, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNabb, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fineman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Eenennaam, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704456</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Large Animal Model of Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension UsingGene-edited BMPR2 Sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Widespread data leakage inflates performance estimates in cancer drug response prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drug response prediction models are widely used to nominate biomarkers and guide preclinical drug prioritization. However, their reported performance hinges on rigorous separation of training and test data during cross-validation (CV). Here we show that a commonly used pattern--supervised feature screening performed on the full dataset before CV--introduces data leakage that systematically underestimates prediction error. Analyzing 265 drugs across 1,462 cancer cell lines, we find that leakage-free CV increases mean squared error (MSE) by 16.6%, with low feature-set overlap between leaked and leakage-free pipelines (mean Jaccard 0.18). A manual audit of 12 recent deep learning and classical methods found confirmed leakage in 10. Such inflated performance estimates likely contribute to computational predictions that fail during independent validation or experimental follow-up. We provide an audit guide and reference implementation to prevent leakage, and introduce a tissue-aware Data Shared Elastic Net (DSEN) that, under correct evaluation, improves prediction for 65.7% of drugs while yielding sparser, more targeted biomarker sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strauch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azinfar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombes, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Widespread data leakage inflates performance estimates in cancer drug response prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A shape-constrained regression and wild bootstrap framework for reproducible drug synergy testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High-throughput drug combination screens require methods to identify synergistic pairs, yet widely used synergy scores lack statistical inference and can fail when parametric dose-response fits do not converge. We present SIR (Synergy via Isotonic Regression), a nonparametric framework that defines interaction as deviation from a monotone-additive null, fit by 2D isotonic regression. A degrees-of-freedom-corrected wild bootstrap yields calibrated p-values for each dose-response matrix. On DrugCombDB, SIR interaction surfaces achieve higher replicate concordance (median correlation 0.91 across 1,839 replicate pairs) than all baselines (0.53-0.74), while avoiding Loewes 20.9% and ZIPs 3.6% failure rates. The fitted surface also predicts missing wells (median holdout RMSE 0.040). By replacing heuristic scores with calibrated effect sizes and p-values, SIR enables principled hit calling and error-rate control in large screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asiaee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pua, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coombes, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A shape-constrained regression and wild bootstrap framework for reproducible drug synergy testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704102v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrical stimulation combined with p27Kip1 inactivation drives proliferative neurogenic reprogramming of Mueller glia in the adult mouse retina 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704102v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mueller glial reprogramming studies demonstrate that mammalian Mueller glia can be induced to proliferate and/or engage in neural differentiation, as occurs naturally in teleost fish. A major objective is the identification of combined strategies that promote both robust proliferation and neurogenesis. These studies would benefit from a translatable screening platform that enables controlled perturbation, maintained tissue context and longitudinal analysis, such as 3D culture for first tier analysis of reprogramming strategies. Here, we validate a 3D retinal culture for Mueller glial reprogramming studies by recapitulating key signatures of an in vivo reprogramming paradigm. Next, we find that electrical stimulation (E-stim) as a tunable, extrinsic cue is sufficient to activate endogenous Ascl1 expression, indicating a state transition favorable for neurogenesis, while Mueller glia-specific p27Kip1 inactivation promotes robust, prolonged proliferation. Utilization of the lineage-tracing proliferation-history reporter H3.1-iCOUNT enabled longitudinal proliferation analysis and assessment of reprogramming outcomes within the proliferative, Mueller-derived population. With this model, we find that E-stim and p27Kip1 inactivation in combination (ESPI) increases proliferation, endogenous Ascl1 expression, and neurogenesis of Mueller-derived cells across modalities. Together, this work establishes a 3D culture framework for discovery of combinatorial reprogramming strategies within a proliferative context and identifies ESPI as an efficient approach to proliferative, neurogenic Mueller glial reprogramming.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stone, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LEVINE, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704102</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrical stimulation combined with p27Kip1 inactivation drives proliferative neurogenic reprogramming of Mueller glia in the adult mouse retina]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.702109v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific control of feeding and defensive behaviors by MC3R neurons in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.702109v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) is a nuclear complex that coordinates neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses associated with maintaining homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) neurons in the BST (BSTMC3R) play a key role in modulating feeding behaviors and responses to stressful events. BSTMC3R neurons are primarily GABAergic and colocalize with neuropeptides known to regulate feeding and affective behaviors. Chemogenetic activation of BSTMC3R neurons causes reduced feeding, particularly in males. BSTMC3R neurons are also robustly activated by stress and can control responses to stress and defensive behaviors in both sexes. Whole-brain monosynaptic rabies tracing identified multiple sexually dimorphic inputs to BSTMC3R neurons that may contribute to observed functional sexual dimorphisms. Altogether, these data reveal that BSTMC3R neurons participate in sexually dimorphic circuits that influence feeding and defensive behaviors, responses to stress, and may represent a potential therapeutic target for stress- and eating-related disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bedenbaugh, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srisai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas-Low, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Romero, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vardy, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winder, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simerly, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.702109</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific control of feeding and defensive behaviors by MC3R neurons in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704470v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intercellular Communication via Mitotic Nanotubes is Influenced by Connexin-43 Trafficking and Actin Remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.08.704470v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gap junction communication is reduced during mitosis as the junction protein connexin-43 (Cx43) is redistributed from gap junction plaques on the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic annular vesicles and actin-based mitotic nanotubes that transiently connect mitotic cells to neighboring cells. However, the dynamic details of Cx43 redistribution during cell entry into and exit from mitosis, and the roles of mitotic nanotubes and associated Cx43 in intercellular communication, remain poorly understood. Here, using confocal live-cell imaging, we show that as cells enter mitosis, plaque-derived Cx43 structures are transferred to mitotic nanotubes. Over time, these structures fragment and migrate along the length of the nanotubes, either being transferred to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells or being positioned at the nanotube ends where they could potentially enable communication. Functionally, mitotic nanotubes indeed facilitate gap junction-dependent intercellular communication, though at reduced rates compared interphase cells. Interestingly, knockdown of Cx43 resulted in impaired nanotube formation and intercellular communication while inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) with Y-27632 prevented mitotic cell rounding and nanotube elongation, and increased cell-cell communication during mitosis, suggesting that nanotube function is influenced by Cx43 expression and trafficking as well as actin remodeling via ROCK. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms that regulate Cx43 and mitotic nanotube dynamics and reveal a novel role for mitotic nanotubes in facilitating cell-cell communication during cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin-Ferra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yonosh, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faeder, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.08.704470</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intercellular Communication via Mitotic Nanotubes is Influenced by Connexin-43 Trafficking and Actin Remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704742v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal quantitative streamline tractography: robust estimation of white matter connectivity differences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704742v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longitudinal probing of structural connectivity via diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is experiencing uptake. However, the detection of biological effects is significantly hampered by the limitations of cross-sectional streamline tractography, where even small changes in the dMRI signal can produce drastically different trajectories and therefore quantitative parameterisation; if not properly dealt with, such effects will manifest as spurious longitudinal change, which can obscure subtle biological differences. To overcome this challenge, we here introduce a novel quantitative streamline tractography framework tailored for longitudinal analysis, wherein an individuals streamline trajectories remain fixed throughout the analysis, allowing only their ascribed density weights to vary between sessions. We present two strategies by which these quantitative streamline weights can be determined, both extensions of the widely adopted SIFT2 method. The performance of this framework is benchmarked against cross-sectional reconstruction with and without SIFT2 optimisation, in both in silico dMRI phantoms with known ground truths and three distinct human in vivo cohorts with clear a priori expectations of biological effects. We demonstrate that the proposed framework drastically reduces methodological imprecisions in synthetic dMRI phantoms and enhances statistical sensitivity and specificity to biological effects in human cohorts, enabling robust longitudinal quantification of structural connectivity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pruckner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schilling, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704742</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal quantitative streamline tractography: robust estimation of white matter connectivity differences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705431v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hyperglycemia promotes maladaptive Dectin-1 signaling and impairs skin antifungal host defense. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.11.705431v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
People with chronic hyperglycemia are more susceptible to fungal skin infections, but the mechanisms underlying their worse clinical outcomes remain unclear. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we explored how hyperglycemia influences skin antifungal defenses and how GLP1 agonists might restore host defense in diabetic conditions. Hyperglycemic mice showed increased susceptibility to Candida albicans skin infections, with larger lesions and higher fungal loads at all time points tested. Histology revealed larger abscesses, more extensive myeloid cell infiltration, and poorer control of fungal invasion, associated with increased chemoattractant production on day 1 post-infection. Despite heightened inflammatory responses, macrophages and keratinocytes exposed to high glucose exhibit markedly impaired fungal ingestion. RNAseq analysis of C. albicans-infected dermal macrophages cultured in high glucose showed enrichment of genes related to antimicrobial effectors and the C-type lectin receptor pathway, including Clec7a (Dectin-1), while suppressing downstream signaling pathways required for effective phagocytosis. Pharmacologic blockade or genetic deletion of Dectin-1 restored fungal uptake under high-glucose conditions and improved host defense in vivo. Mechanistically, Dectin-1 signaling in hyperglycemia promoted increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production via induction of microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 (mPGES-1), and inhibition of PGE2 synthesis rescued deficient phagocytic function. Finally, treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide reduced lesion size, fungal burden, inflammation, and tissue damage in diabetic mice, linking metabolic control to restoration of innate immune function. These findings identify maladaptive innate immune sensing as a key mechanism underlying susceptibility to fungal infection in diabetes and reveal how metabolic stress converts antifungal recognition pathways into drivers of inflammatory dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reyna, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Barricarte, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Serezani, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.11.705431</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hyperglycemia promotes maladaptive Dectin-1 signaling and impairs skin antifungal host defense.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705842v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the cell biology of PEX11β deficiency during human neurogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705842v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Peroxisomes are highly specialized organelles that are important for various metabolic functions, including {beta}-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and the synthesis of plasmalogens. Mutations in peroxisomal biogenesis proteins cause Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD), rare multisystem disorders often associated with neurological phenotypes. Unlike other peroxisome biogenesis proteins, PEX11{beta} regulates peroxisomal fission, and PEX11{beta} mutations result in milder metabolic phenotypes but persistent neurodevelopmental abnormalities, suggesting a role for PEX11{beta} in neurodevelopment. To model PEX11{beta} deficiency during human neurogenesis, we generated PEX11{beta} knockout human iPSCs and differentiated them into neural progenitors and neural rosettes. PEX11{beta} loss caused elongated peroxisomal morphology, reduced fission, and impaired recruitment of fission proteins, without affecting mitochondrial morphology or respiration. Elongated peroxisomal morphology was independent of the peroxisome-endoplasmic reticulum tether. Lipidomic analysis revealed reduced ether-linked phospholipids in PEX11{beta}-deficient neural progenitors, suggesting impaired peroxisomal function. Finally, PEX11{beta} deficiency led to increased neural rosette lumen size and neural progenitor number.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bodnya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theart, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gama, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705842</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the cell biology of PEX11β deficiency during human neurogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.15.705935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Calorie Restriction Up-regulates Islet PD-L1 Signaling and Decreases the Risk of Auto-immune Diabetes Onset in NOD Mice. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.15.705935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease where beta cells are destroyed by cytotoxic T cells. Calorie restriction (CR) enhances glucose homeostasis and promotes beta cell longevity and was used as therapeutic strategy for T1D prior to the discovery of insulin. However, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding its effects on beta cells during the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. We demonstrate that CR enhances glucose homeostasis, reduces beta cell load, and delays T1D onset in NOD mice. CR induced a largely post-mitotic beta cell state marked by selective loss of beta cell identity markers, reduced DNA damage and beta cell senescence, and increased PD-L1 within the islet microenvironment. This beta cell phenotype correlates with anti-inflammatory and exhausted immune cell states in the NOD islet. Together, these findings indicate that CR improves glucose homeostasis and remodels the islet microenvironment to promote beta cell longevity via a pro-tolerogenic immune microenvironment that reduces the risk for autoimmune diabetes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cambraia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cutler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>dos Santos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Many, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakayasu, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogilenko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arrojo e Drigo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.15.705935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Calorie Restriction Up-regulates Islet PD-L1 Signaling and Decreases the Risk of Auto-immune Diabetes Onset in NOD Mice.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anatolution, an online platform for consensus morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionSupervised statistical learning for cell-level segmentation and morphometry in optical microscopy is limited less by algorithmic capacity than by the scarcity of reliable, expert-validated ground truth. In comparative neuroscience and quantitative histology, where classical stains such as Nissls method remain the primary means to study cellular morphology, this bottleneck is acute: manual annotation is expensive, subject to individual bias, and rarely performed at the scale or consistency that computational approaches demand. No existing platform integrates a stain-specific bioimage segmentation protocol, a structured multi-annotator workflow, and consensus-based quality control into a single pipeline from image ingestion to machine-readable training data.

MethodsWe present Anatolution, an open-source, web-based platform designed to address the gap of quality annotations at https://anatolution.herokuapp.com/public-tool/. Anatolution organizes microscopy images, including 2D arrays or 3D volumes, into project workspaces where multiple annotators independently label cellular structures against a shared computer vision catalogue. This design enables systematic inter-rater and intra-rater reliability assessment, with consensus derived from agreement across annotators rather than from any single experts judgment. The platform enables the export of aggregated labels or annotation datasets for downstream statistical learning methods. We describe the systems architecture, its Nissl-specific segmentation pipeline, the consensus annotation workflow, and validation of inter-rater reliability.

ConclusionAcross 20+ histological annotation containers annotated by up to 15 independent raters, consensus boundary agreement increased monotonically with annotator count, reaching a median Dice of 0.79 against the full-rater reference at seven annotators, with top-tier containers achieving leave-one-out ceiling values of 0.621-0.769 for cell-body segmentation. The segmentation pipeline provided effective spatial anchoring, with 88% of consensus-annotated polygons containing at least one algorithmically detected seed. Anatolution provides open-source infrastructure for producing consensus-validated training data from classical histological preparations, addressing the primary bottleneck limiting supervised learning for cell-level morphometry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LeBlanc, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anatolution, an online platform for consensus morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Computational Model of Tumor Interactions with Bone-Resident Cells Predicts Tumor-Type-Specific Responses to Perturbations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD) arises from a complex interplay between metastatic cancer cells and the bone microenvironment, creating a self-reinforcing "vicious cycle" of bone destruction and tumor growth. Experimental evidence from our group (Buenrostro et al., Bone 113:77-88, 2018) suggests that tumor cells in the bone microenvironment early in disease rely more heavily on bone-derived growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF-{beta}), to sustain proliferation than tumor cells late in disease, which may grow independently of these factors. Here, we integrate a mechanistic, population-dynamics model of tumor-bone interactions with in vivo data to test the hypothesis that inhibiting bone resorption suppresses growth of non-adapted but not bone-adapted tumors. The model includes key regulators of TIBD, including TGF-{beta}-driven tumor proliferation, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion, and osteoblast (OB)-osteoclast (OC) coupling. Parameter calibration using data from mice injected intratibially with parental (non-adapted) and bone-adapted breast cancer cells reveals distinct parameter values for each tumor type. Bone-adapted cells exhibit a higher basal division rate and reduced sensitivity to TGF-{beta}-mediated stimulation, whereas parental-derived tumor cells depend more strongly on TGF-{beta} and secrete PTHrP at higher rates to compensate for their slower growth. Model simulations reproduce the greater bone loss observed experimentally for bone-adapted tumors and predict that, for non-adapted tumors, bone destruction results from a slower but meaningful rise in OC activity and a possible moderate decline in OBs. Simulated treatment of bone-adapted tumors with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid stabilizes bone density but has limited or highly variable effects on tumor growth. These results suggest that OC inhibition alone may be insufficient to restrain tumor expansion once tumors have adapted to the bone microenvironment. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that tumor adaptation to the bone microenvironment governs dependence on bone-derived growth factors and response to OC-targeted therapy, underscoring the value of mechanistic modeling for elucidating tumor-bone interactions and guiding tumor-type-specific treatment strategies for TIBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vega, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beadle, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alshafeay, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitturi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarimadugu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villur, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaiswal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoades, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Computational Model of Tumor Interactions with Bone-Resident Cells Predicts Tumor-Type-Specific Responses to Perturbations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706220v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of tumor proliferation by unlocking silent synapses on metastatic cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.16.706220v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Several studies have revealed deleterious synapse formation onto cancer cells within the brain tumor microenvironment, yet these synapses are [~]100-fold weaker in presynaptic release rates and postsynaptic strength relative to bona fide synapses formed between neurons. Here, we find that most of the functional synapses on tumor cells are kept dormant and can be unlocked by overcoming GABAB receptor-mediated metabotropic signaling in neurons. Scavenging G{beta}{gamma} signaling in neurons increased presynaptic release probability on tumor cells and augmented cancer cell proliferation. Optical analysis of the tumor microenvironment revealed regulated secretion of neurotransmitters from tumor cells in response to GABAB receptor inhibition or electrical stimulation. These results reveal how cancer cells with a high propensity for brain metastasis leverage precise moments of aberrant excitation between neurons to engage reciprocal interactions that ultimately fuel cancer proliferation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houcek, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzay, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteggia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linkous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fingleton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706220</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of tumor proliferation by unlocking silent synapses on metastatic cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulation of spontaneous neurotransmission and homeostatic synaptic plasticity by synaptotagmin-1 disease variants at the SNARE primary interface. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
De novo mutations in synaptotagmin-1 (syt1) cause a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, manifesting in global developmental delay, ophthalmic abnormalities, infantile hypotonia, facial dysmorphisms, absent speech, EEG abnormalities, and hyperkinetic movements, ranging from moderate to severe. Here, we evaluate eleven patient-relevant mutations spanning the Ca2+ binding domains of syt1--C2A and -C2B impact neurotransmission. We found that the mutation causing the most severe impact on neurotransmission, p.N341S, triggers aberrant spontaneous neurotransmission and occludes homeostatic synaptic plasticity signaling pathways. Our results suggest that potential phosphorylation of this newly introduced Ser residue underlies the functional change. A serine missense mutation creates a novel phosphorylation site as a broad spectrum protein kinase inhibitor rescues spontaneous neurotransmission. We identify key residues, localized to the primary interface between syt1 and SNAP-25, responsible for this shift in syt1 function in synaptic vesicle release. Substituting neutral amino acids at residue 341 alters the interaction of the Ser mutation, with double mutations in the surrounding amino acids in the primary interface rescuing synaptic function. These results provide a framework for how a syt1 point mutation introduces a substrate for phosphorylation and disrupts intermolecular interactions at the primary interface with SNAP-25 altering spontaneous neurotransmission and homeostatic plasticity.

AUTHOR SUMMARYMutations in synaptotagmin-1 (SYT1), a protein essential for communication between neurons, cause a rare neurodevelopmental disorder marked by developmental delay, low muscle tone, abnormal movements, vision problems, and disrupted brain electrical activity. Disease severity varies, and how specific syt1 mutations alter brain signaling remains unclear. In this study, we examined 11 disease-associated syt1 mutations that affect regions of the protein responsible for sensing calcium, a key trigger for neurotransmitter release. Using a range of electrophysiological approaches, we measured how these mutations influence different modes of synaptic communication within neuronal networks. We found that one mutation, N341S, produced the most severe disruption. Neurons carrying this mutation released neurotransmitters abnormally at rest and were unable to engage normal homeostatic plasticity mechanisms that stabilize brain activity. These effects suggest a fundamental breakdown in how synapses regulate signaling strength.

We investigated the molecular basis of this dysfunction and identified a likely explanation: the N341S mutation introduces a new serine residue that can be phosphorylated, a common regulatory modification in cells. Our data indicate that this newly created phosphorylation site alters syt1 function, as blocking phosphorylation pathways could modify the mutants effects. Importantly, we also show that N341 residue lies within a critical interaction interface between syt1 and another synaptic protein, SNAP-25. Adjusting nearby amino acids to neutralize this interaction restores wild-type levels of synaptic signaling.

Together, these findings reveal how a single disease-associated mutation can rewire synaptic regulation by introducing a phosphorylation site, offering new insight into the underpinning of syt1-related neurodevelopmental disorders and potential therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bagatelas, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, O.-h. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Q. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavalali, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.17.706274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulation of spontaneous neurotransmission and homeostatic synaptic plasticity by synaptotagmin-1 disease variants at the SNARE primary interface.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706439v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Glucan Synthase-Remodeler Module Organizes Branched Glucan Assembly in the Fungal Cell Wall 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.18.706439v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungal cell wall is an essential extracellular matrix that underpins growth, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis, and its assembly requires the coordinated action of poorly understood enzyme networks. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we find that Ghs2, a glycoside hydrolase 16 (GH16) domain containing protein, localizes and functions in strict partnership with the {beta}-1,3-glucan synthase Bgs3 at sites of polarized growth. Ghs2 and Bgs3 physically associate and structural models position the Ghs2 catalytic domain proximal to the Bgs3 glucan extrusion pore. Solid-state NMR analyses show that Ghs2 and Bgs3 are required for {beta}-1,6-glucan production, and pharmacological and genetic evidence suggests that Ghs2 acts directly on nascent Bgs3-produced {beta}-1,3-glucan to generate {beta}-1,6-linked branch points. Together, our findings provide the first example of a glucan synthase physically coupled to a remodeling enzyme for branched glucan generation. Further we establish a new principle of fungal cell wall assembly in which synthase-modifier modules operate as inseparable units.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsanad, A. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.18.706439</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Glucan Synthase-Remodeler Module Organizes Branched Glucan Assembly in the Fungal Cell Wall]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706769v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential effects of two common GVHD prophylaxis regimens on the gut microbiome: Results from the BMT CTN 1801 study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706769v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for many hematological malignancies, but graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common complication. Low gut microbiome diversity is associated with higher GVHD risk and shorter survival in multiple studies.

Recently, the BMT CTN 1703 clinical trial demonstrated superiority of a GVHD-prophylaxis regimen including post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) compared to the standard prophylaxis (tacrolimus and methotrexate, Tac/MTX) in terms of GVHD-free, relapse-free survival at one year among reduced intensity conditioning allo-HCT recipients. However, the effect of PTCy on the gut microbiome and its association with clinical outcome have not been described. Here, we report on a companion randomized clinical controlled trial (BMT CTN 1801), which collected 2575 longitudinal stool samples from 304 study participants. Samples were obtained up to weekly up to day 84 post allo-HCT and at less frequent intervals thereafter, up to 2 years.

Microbiome diversity and absolute microbial load were lower in the PTCy group compared to the Tac/MTX group on days 14-28 post-HCT. However, diversity at the timepoint closest to neutrophil engraftment was not significantly associated with non-relapse mortality after one year or other clinical outcomes, contrary to expectations from previous studies. Microbial domination events, when a single species exceeds 30% relative abundance, were comparable across treatment arms and reflected both pathogen blooms as well as less severe disruptions of the microbial community. Clostridium scindens and secondary bile acid metabolism pathways were less prevalent in the PTCy arm than in the Tac/MTX arm post-HCT, yet presence of secondary bile acid metabolism pathways was associated with a lower risk of chronic GVHD.

Given that PTCy was associated with a greater disruption of the microbiome as measured by diversity, absolute microbial abundance, and bile acid metabolism capability, but better clinical outcomes overall, these data suggest that the importance of the microbiome in modulating the host immune systems after allo-HCT is specific to different types of GVHD prophylaxis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wirbel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saber, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martens, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peled, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andermann, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pincus, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenq, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolanos-Meade, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bratrude, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhabra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elmariah, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooptu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holtan, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logan, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Malki, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murthy, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashidi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rezvani, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riches, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Runaas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spahn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sung, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Brink, M. R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horowitz, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamadani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kean, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perales, M.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatt, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706769</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential effects of two common GVHD prophylaxis regimens on the gut microbiome: Results from the BMT CTN 1801 study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prediction of ligand-dependent conformational sampling of ABC transporters by AlphaFold3 and correlation to experimental structures and energetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AlphaFold3 architecture represented an important leap relative to Alphafold2 by enabling the inclusion of protein ligands in the prediction network. Ligand-dependent structural rearrangements are inherently difficult to predict computationally as they imply transitions between states separated by large energy differences. Here we apply AlphaFold3 to predict nucleotide-dependent changes in the conformational cycle of representative ABC transporters that have been extensively investigated by experimental structural biology techniques. We show that under similar conditions, AlphaFold3 predictions sample experimentally observed conformations. Moreover, the heterogeneity of these predictions correlates with experimental measures of dynamics obtained from multiple techniques. For couple of the tested transporters, the implied relative energetics of the conformations mirror their experimental counterpart. Remarkably, AlphaFold3 predicts previously unobserved conformations that have been implied to be sampled by ABC transporters. Finally, we report preliminary results showing that postulated sequence determinants of conformational changes modify the predictions of AlphaFold3. Although hundreds of ABC transporter structures have been determined and were included in the training data of AF3, we propose that aspects of its predictions reflect extrapolation of principles learned from these structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mchaourab, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soubasis, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prediction of ligand-dependent conformational sampling of ABC transporters by AlphaFold3 and correlation to experimental structures and energetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706880v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovering macroscale functional organization on the structure of brain-like recurrent neural networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706880v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Linking structure and function is a central topic in both neurobiology and artificial intelligence. Human brain functions are organized across the macroscale cortex into parcellations, modules, and hierarchies that can be inferred from intrinsic structural architecture, providing an interpretable and clinically meaningful framework for linking structure to function. While artificial neural networks have been successfully aligned with human cognition at the representational level, it remains unclear whether the structural principles linking brain anatomy and function can extend to artificial neural networks, and whether imposing brain-like structural constraints can induce comparable functional organization to that observed in the human brain. Here, we introduce BrainRNN, a brain-like recurrent neural network architecture inspired by macroscale human cortical structure. We show that under structural constraints, BrainRNNs selectively regulate the distribution of connectivity and recruit more activated units in association regions for higher-order cognitive capacity. Moreover, we demonstrate structure-function coupling in BrainRNNs and show that structural constraints enable macroscale functional organization, including functional modules and gradients, to emerge along topographic and topological axes, closely mirroring empirical findings in the human cortex. Together, these results demonstrate how multiple brain-like structural constraints jointly shape functional organization and enable function to be inferred from structure, highlighting the potential of structurally grounded artificial intelligence for neuroscientific research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706880</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovering macroscale functional organization on the structure of brain-like recurrent neural networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707065v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Collagen IV of basement membrane: V. Bromide-mediated sulfilimine bonds interlock the quaternary structure of NC1-hexamer of scaffolds enabling metazoan evolution. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707065v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Collagen-IV (Col-IV) scaffolds, a primordial basement membrane component, enabled animal multicellularity, evolution and adaptation. These scaffolds provide tensile strength and tether macromolecules, forming supramolecular complexes that interact with cell-surface receptors and influence cell-behavior. Triple-helical Col-IV protomers, composed of three -chains, with a trimeric globular NC1-domain at the C-terminus, oligomerize forming a NC1-hexamer structure that connects adjoining protomers of Col-IV121, Col-IV556--121, and Col-IV345 scaffolds. Hexamer formation and stability are driven by the extracellular chloride concentration-"chloride pressure". Hexamer structure is reinforced by six sulfilimine bonds forming covalent crosslinks that weld together trimeric NC1-domains of adjoining protomers. We recently found evidence that sulfilimine bonds, independent of chloride, stabilize the quaternary structure of the Col-IV345 hexamer of the Col-IV345 scaffold. Here, we sought to determine whether this function also pertains to the Col-IV121 scaffold that occurs ubiquitously across the animal kingdom, and whether bromine, a cofactor of peroxidasin in bond formation, are evolutionary conserved. We found that sulfilimine bonds stabilized the quaternary structure of the Col-IV121 hexamer of bovine, mouse and a basal cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, and that the mechanism of bond formation mediated by peroxidasin and bromide is evolutionary conserved. Analyses of the crystal structure of the NC1-hexamer revealed that sulfilimine bonds covalently fasten a clasp-motif across the trimer-trimer interface, interlocking the domain-swapping region of neighboring subunits, which reinforces the hexamer quaternary structure imposed by chloride conformational constraints. Collectively, our findings reveal that the sulfilimine-bond reinforcement is a critical event in Col-IV scaffold assembly enabling multicellularity, evolution and adaptation of metazoans, beginning with ancient cnidarians.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clarke, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedchenko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallone, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Darris, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhave, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page-McCaw, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudko, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707065</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Collagen IV of basement membrane: V. Bromide-mediated sulfilimine bonds interlock the quaternary structure of NC1-hexamer of scaffolds enabling metazoan evolution.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconstructing multi-scale tissue spatial architecture from single-cell RNA-seq with REMAP 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding spatial organization of cells is critical for deciphering tissue function and disease. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles transcriptomes at scale but loses spatial context, while spatial transcriptomics (ST) preserves spatial information but is constrained by cost and gene coverage. Here, we present REMAP, a deep learning framework that integrates gene expression with neighborhood-level gene-gene covariance to reconstruct multi-scale spatial organization of scRNA-seq data using one or multiple ST references. Across 2D and 3D mouse brain, human fetal cortex, and seven human cancer types, REMAP consistently outperformed existing approaches. Applied to a human multiple sclerosis atlas, REMAP resolved microglial neighborhood heterogeneity, and identified a rare pro-inflammatory microglia-astrocyte subpopulation. Across diverse cancers, REMAP recovered conserved spatially-defined cancer-associated fibroblast subtypes with known prognostic significance. By transforming cost-efficient single-cell datasets into spatially interpretable tissue maps, REMAP enables spatial hypothesis generation, microenvironment discovery, and population-scale inference of conserved and perturbed architectural principles in human disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconstructing multi-scale tissue spatial architecture from single-cell RNA-seq with REMAP]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CellAwareGNN: Single-Cell Enhanced Knowledge Graph Foundation Model for Drug Indication Prediction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.20.707076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Graph foundation models have emerged as powerful tools for drug repurposing by enabling the prediction of novel drug-disease indications from large biomedical knowledge graphs. A representative example is TxGNN, which was previously developed and trained on PrimeKG, a comprehensive biomedical knowledge graph covering over 17,000 diseases. While TxGNN demonstrates strong performance, existing biomedical knowledge graphs largely lack fine-grained, cell-type-specific genomic context. It limits their ability to capture disease mechanisms driven by dysregulated cellular programs, such as immune cell-specific pathways in autoimmune diseases. Moreover, prior evaluations typically test only randomly selected subsets of diseases, leaving many diseases unexamined and limiting conclusions about model performance across the full disease spectrum.

To address these limitations, we first update PrimeKG to PrimeKG-U by incorporating expanded and curated biomedical knowledge and then develop TxGNN-U as a stronger graph-based baseline. Building on this foundation, we introduce CellAwareGNN, a graph foundation model that integrates single-cell genomics into PrimeKG-U. We construct a single-cell-enhanced knowledge graph, scPrimeKG, by incorporating cell-type-specific genetic associations from the OneK1K dataset, expanding PrimeKG from approximately 8.1 million edges and 129k nodes to over 14 million edges and 140k nodes. CellAwareGNN is pre-trained on all relation types in scPrimeKG and evaluated on drug indication prediction with explicit coverage of all diseases in the knowledge graph.

CellAwareGNN consistently outperforms TxGNN and TxGNN-U. For drug indication prediction, CellAwareGNN achieves an AUPRC of 0.826, representing a 1.2% improvement over TxGNN-U (0.816) and a 3.4% improvement over TxGNN (0.799). Notably, for autoimmune diseases, CellAwareGNN attains an AUPRC of 0.864, improving by 2.0% over TxGNN-U (0.847) and 6.0% over TxGNN (0.815). Importantly, CellAwareGNN prioritizes promising repurposing candidates, including Ocrelizumab for Pemphigus via CD20-expressing B cells, Methotrexate for Pemphigus through DHFR and ATIC activity in T and B cells, and Rosiglitazone for Rheumatoid Arthritis through PPAR-{gamma} activation. These results demonstrate the value of incorporating cell-type-specific genomic context to improve both predictive performance and biological interpretability in graph-based drug repurposing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jeong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.20.707076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CellAwareGNN: Single-Cell Enhanced Knowledge Graph Foundation Model for Drug Indication Prediction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pixel2Gene enables histology-guided reconstruction and prediction of spatial gene expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) have fundamentally transformed our understanding of tissue biology by enabling gene expression profiling within intact spatial contexts and uncovering tissue organization and microenvironmental interactions. However, current high-resolution ST platforms remain constrained by high costs, limited tissue coverage, and technical artifacts, often yielding noisy, sparse, and incomplete data that compromise analytical accuracy, biological interpretation, and clinical utility. To address these challenges, we introduce Pixel2Gene, a deep learning framework that integrates co-registered histology images with ST data to enable histology-guided reconstruction and prediction of spatial gene expression. Pixel2Gene enhances existing expression measurements by denoising low-confidence data and reconstructing coherent expression patterns, while also predicting gene expression in unmeasured tissue regions and new samples lacking direct transcriptomic profiling. We systematically evaluated Pixel2Gene across multiple high-resolution ST platforms, including Visium HD, Xenium, and CosMx, spanning diverse tissue types and disease contexts using downsampling simulations and cross-platform comparisons in clinical samples. Across all settings, Pixel2Gene consistently improved data consistency, mitigated dropout effects, restored biologically meaningful spatial structure, and enabled accurate downstream analyses. By leveraging the scalability and ubiquity of routine histology, Pixel2Gene facilitates comprehensive, cost-effective ST profiling at whole-tissue scale, supporting large cohort studies, translational research, and next-generation biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumoulin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.21.707168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pixel2Gene enables histology-guided reconstruction and prediction of spatial gene expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.22.707291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endocrine-metabolic decoupling drives stress vulnerability in dystrophin deficiency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.22.707291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle orchestrates systemic metabolism, dynamically coordinating glucose uptake and fuel use to match energy demand. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, loss of dystrophin derails this control, exposing a hidden metabolic weakness. In the mdx mouse, we show that physiological stress exposes a primary failure in insulin-stress axis integration: unchecked glucocorticoid signalling outpaces insulin secretion, driving systemic hyperglycaemia despite preserved muscle insulin sensitivity. These data support multi-tissue dystrophinopathy driving endocrine-metabolic decoupling. Skeletal muscle glycogen accumulates excessively and resists mobilisation under stress. The heart maintains high glucose uptake, whereas the brain remains glucose-limited, defining tissue-specific vulnerabilities. Acute insulin supplementation normalises systemic glucose uptake and rescues stress-induced behavioural deficits. Likewise, empagliflozin-mediated glucose offloading stabilises blood glucose and enhances muscle function to levels comparable with standard care prednisolone. These findings identify endocrine-metabolic decoupling as a central driver of metabolic fragility in DMD, correctable though insulin restoration or targeted glucose redirection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Major, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timpani, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalunio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boatner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giourmas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kourakis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Berg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salimova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eliades, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhangu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendis, T. V. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merry, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemeyer, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalieri, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caeyenberghs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Veer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rybalka, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najt, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.22.707291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endocrine-metabolic decoupling drives stress vulnerability in dystrophin deficiency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Alport variant illuminates the bioactivity of the collagen IV α565- α121 scaffold in Bowman's capsule. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alport syndrome (AS) is a major cause of chronic kidney failure and affects millions of people worldwide. Pathogenic variants in COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5, which encode the collagen IV 345 scaffold, compromise glomerular basement membrane (GBM) structure and function. However, the molecular mechanisms linking the >5,000 reported variants to disease pathology remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we previously examined a distinctive variant, an 8-amino acid "Z-appendage", added to the NC1 domain of the 3 chain. Knock-in mice carrying this variant developed GBM abnormalities and proteinuria, implicating the NC1 hexamer as a critical determinant of GBM function and suggesting that the hexamer surface contains bioactive sites that may mediate signaling and/or organization of macromolecular complexes. Given that approximately 80% of AS cases are associated with COL4A5 variants, including many within the NC1 hexamer, we asked whether relocating the Z-appendage from the 3 NC1 subunit to the 5 subunit produces similar pathology. Strikingly, Col4a5-Z mice did not develop proteinuria and showed only minor changes in GBM morphology. In contrast, the variant induced marked thickening of Bowmans capsule, accompanied by increased deposition of the collagen IV 121 scaffold, increased fibrillar collagen, and cellular deposits. Structural modeling predicts that the collagen IV 565-121 scaffold bearing two Z-appendages adopts an aberrant secondary structure that may stiffen the scaffold and occlude binding sites. Together, these findings reveal a bioactive role for the collagen IV 565-121 scaffold in the Bowmans capsule basement membrane, with potential implications for other 565-121containing tissues such as the aorta and bladder.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pokidysheva, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koirala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delpire, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boudko, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Alport variant illuminates the bioactivity of the collagen IV α565- α121 scaffold in Bowman's capsule.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibitory Control, Shifting, and Working Memory Updating Domains form Cognitive Phenotypes in Non-human Primates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.707708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Executive functions comprise at least four major subdomains: Inhibitory Control, Updating, Shifting, and Working Memory. Cognitive abilities in these subdomains are partially separable and partially unified in a common cognitive control factor in humans, but how these functions are organized in the nonhuman primate (NHP) is largely unknown. Here, we used a multi-task assessment approach and found that NHPs show within single sessions reliable cognitive markers of Inhibitory Control in an antisaccade task, (ii) Updating abilities in a multidimensional continuous updating task, (iii) Working Memory in a delayed matching task, and (iv) Shifting abilities in a feature-based rule learning task. First, we found that subjects performance fell into three separable cognitive phenotypes with unique strengths and weaknesses across cognitive subdomains. Second, the most reliable cognitive metrics gave rise to four latent cognitive factors that quantify the relative independence of shifting/learning and working memory updating as well as independent variance explaining the abilities in inhibitory control of exogeneous versus endogenous interference. These findings support a 4-factor cognitive organization of executive functions in NHPs, with inter-subject differences of these factors forming cognitive phenotypes.

Significance StatementCognitive abilities in Inhibitory Control, Shifting, Updating and Working Memory reflect four main executive functions (EFs). How independent these four subdomains are organized in nonhuman primates (NHPs) is unknown and has remained challenging to measure. We validated a multi-task assessment approach for NHPs that shows first, robust inter-individual differences of abilities in these subdomains that group subjects into cognitive phenotypes. Secondly, performance separated four latent cognitive factors underlying EFs supporting working memory updating, and shifting/learning, as well as two inhibitory control of interference from external or internal mental representations. These results suggest a 4-factor cognitive architecture of EFs in NHP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malchin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womelsdorf, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.707708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibitory Control, Shifting, and Working Memory Updating Domains form Cognitive Phenotypes in Non-human Primates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.704410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bradykinin Contributes to Vasogenic Edema in Murine Experimental Cerebral Malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.704410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral malaria (CM) due to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection is a major cause of death in African children. Bradykinin (BK) is a mediator of vasogenic edema. It could contribute to the pathogenesis of central nervous system malaria in Kenyan children and P. berghei ANKA (PbA) infected C57BL/6J mice with experimental cerebral malaria. Cleaved plasma high molecular weight kininogen (cHK) is a marker for prior BK release. 40% of children with central nervous system malaria had plasma cHK versus 18% of children with uncomplicated malaria. Wild-type PbA-infected mice had circulating plasma cHK, elevated BK levels, and reduced HK and prekallikrein levels. HK null (Kng1-/-), combined BK B1 and B2 receptor null (Bdkrb1-/- / Bdkrb2-/-), BK B2 (Bdkrb2-/-) or BK B1 (Bdkrb1-/-) receptor null mice were protected from neurologic deterioration and brain edema compared to wild-type mice. F12-/-mice were not protected from neurological deterioration.

Prekallikrein null (Klkb1-/-), prolylcarboxypeptidase hypomorphs (Prcpgt/gt), and brain endothelial cell conditional knockout of PRCP (Prcpfl/fl Cre) mice had reduced neurologic deterioration and brain edema. Adjuvant plasma kallikrein inhibition combined with artesunate treatment of PbA-infected mice reversed neurologic deterioration and brain edema and prolonged survival relative to artesunate alone. BK-induced vasogenic edema contributes to human and murine CM.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, A. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva-Aguiar, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merkulova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silbak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skomorovska-Prokvolit, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Midem, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogolla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burckhardt, B. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangnus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharfstein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caruso-Neves, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarty, O. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gailani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bader, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenthal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dent, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janse, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCrae, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinheiro, A. A. d. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazura, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaier, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.704410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bradykinin Contributes to Vasogenic Edema in Murine Experimental Cerebral Malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.705389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Wnt Crosstalk Directs Planar Cell Polarity in the Developing Cochlea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.705389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cochlear hair cells are crucial for sound transduction and are precisely oriented by planar cell polarity (PCP). Wnt proteins direct PCP in vertebrates, but their roles in regulating cochlear PCP remain unclear. Here, we inhibited Wnt secretion by ablating Wntless in the cochlear epithelium and found shortened cochlea, mild hair cell misorientation and mislocalization of PCP proteins, Fzd6 and Dvl2, representing defects less severe than classic PCP mutants. Computational cell-communication analysis predicted that candidate Wnts from the cochlear epithelium (Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Wnt7b) and surrounding periotic mesenchyme (Wnt5a) act on developing hair cells. Deletion of Wnt5a, Wnt7a, and Wnt7b additively shortened the cochlea without causing hair cell misorientation or mislocalization of PCP proteins. Moreover, deletion of Wnt5a alone in the periotic mesenchyme failed to cause PCP defects. However, ablating both epithelial and mesenchymal Wnts caused a severely shortened cochlea with apically malrotated hair cells devoid of polarized core PCP proteins. Thus, Wnts serve as global instructive cues directing cochlear outgrowth and hair cell polarization, with remarkable redundancy of distinct Wnts across epithelial and mesenchymal compartments to ensure a fail-safe developmental program.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kishimoto, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narasimhan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Efron, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Billings, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jan, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertzano, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.705389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial-Mesenchymal Wnt Crosstalk Directs Planar Cell Polarity in the Developing Cochlea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.706846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.24.706846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The apolipoprotein {varepsilon}4 (APOE {varepsilon}4) isoform directly alters cholesterol and immune biology and is associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative and cardiometabolic disease in industrialized settings; nevertheless, APOE {varepsilon}4--which is ancestral in humans--has persisted over evolutionary time. One potential explanation is that the costs and benefits of APOE {varepsilon}4 were significantly different in the environments in which humans evolved compared to those we experience today. In support, previous work has suggested that living in a high pathogen environment, engaging in high levels of physical activity, or eating a low fat diet can dampen the detrimental effects of APOE {varepsilon}4, and has revealed positive effects for fertility. However, direct tests of whether APOE isoforms are associated with different biological outcomes in non-industrial versus industrialized contexts are lacking. Working with the Turkana of Kenya and the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia--two Indigenous groups in which individuals of shared ancestry span a continuum of subsistence, non-industrial to urban, industrialized lifestyles--we investigated how APOE genotypes impact cholesterol, immunological, and reproductive traits and tested for genotype x environment (GxE) interactions. First, we confirmed established genotype effects across lifestyles, showing that more APOE {varepsilon}4 alleles are associated with higher total cholesterol, higher LDL cholesterol, and lower HDL cholesterol. Second, we tested for lifestyle interactions, finding lifestyle-dependent effects of genotype on innate immune biomarkers in the Orang Asli but not Turkana. Finally, we show that more APOE {varepsilon}4 alleles are correlated with an extended reproductive lifespan, however this effect is relatively weak, is not consistent across populations, and does not correspond with a higher reproductive output. Together, our study provides evidence that industrialized environments can modify the biology of APOE {varepsilon}4; however, we find that APOE {varepsilon}4 is not universally beneficial in non-industrial contexts, highlighting the role of local environmental variation in determining its specific costs and benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watowich, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petersen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassington, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodenberg, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huat, T. B. T. A. T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schellenberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sayed, I. b. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahumbu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muhoya, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trumble, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Njeru, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.24.706846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent Biological Consequences of APOE Isoforms Across Industrialized and Non-Industrial Environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708313v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A universal regulatory mechanism for prevention of replication restart from RNA:DNA hybrids 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708313v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA:DNA hybrids form across all genomes. In vitro studies showed that these structures can be used to restart stalled replication forks, especially upon replication-transcription conflicts, however, this has not been tested in vivo. Here, we identify a mechanism that prevents replication restart from hybrids within cells. We identified the tRNA ligase, AsnRS, as a regulator of replication restart from hybrids at conflict regions in Bacillus subtilis. We determined that the DNA translocase Mfd and DNA polymerase PolA play key roles in this pathway. We unraveled a mechanism whereby Mfd removes RNA Polymerases, exposing 3 ends of the RNAs within hybrids. These 3 ends are then capped by AsnRS, preventing restart by PolA. Remarkably, the mammalian homologs of AsnRS, NARS1 and NARS2, fully complement the AsnRS phenotypes in bacteria. We propose that this is a universally conserved mechanism that prevents untimely replication initiation outside of origins from bacteria to humans.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sensoy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heyza, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiggins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708313</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A universal regulatory mechanism for prevention of replication restart from RNA:DNA hybrids]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Derlin-mediated ERAD of lipid regulator ORMDL3 safeguards mitochondrial function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.27.708653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian Derlin proteins (Derlin-1, Derlin-2, and Derlin-3) are conserved components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery that mediate the retrotranslocation and proteasomal degradation of misfolded ER-resident proteins. However, their paralog-specific contributions to cellular homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Derlin deficiency disrupts mitochondrial architecture and results in mitochondrial fragmentation and tightening of ER-mitochondria contact sites (MERCs) in HEK293 cells. Mechanistically, we identify ORMDL proteins, evolutionarily conserved negative regulators of sphingolipid biosynthesis, as substrates of Derlin-2- and Derlin-3-dependent ERAD. Derlin deficiency leads to selective accumulation of ORMDL3 and its dose-dependent enrichment at MERCs, where it drives mitochondrial dysfunction in respiration and calcium handling. Reducing ORMDL3 levels restores mitochondrial function, establishing ORMDL3 as a key effector downstream of Derlin loss. Our work establishes ERAD as a critical mechanism of protein quantity control that safeguards organelle homeostasis by preventing aberrant accumulation and mislocalization of ER clients at inter-organelle contact sites. Given that ORMDL family members are central regulators of sphingolipid metabolism and are genetically linked to inflammation, cancer, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, these findings connect ERAD-dependent spatial control to sphingolipid homeostasis and a broad spectrum of human pathologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scott, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baskerville, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prasad, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Som de Cerff, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whisenant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomar, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neal, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.27.708653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Derlin-mediated ERAD of lipid regulator ORMDL3 safeguards mitochondrial function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708850v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multiscale confidence quantification for virtual spatial transcriptomics with UTOPIA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.01.708850v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Virtual spatial transcriptomics (ST) methods predict gene expression or cell types from histology images, extending molecular readouts beyond the limited regions or samples directly measured by ST platforms. However, the statistical reliability of these predictions remains unclear. Here, we present UTOPIA, a model-agnostic framework for multiscale confidence quantification in virtual ST. UTOPIA assigns statistically calibrated confidence scores to predictions across spatial resolutions and biological granularities, ranging from single genes to metagenes and from specific cell types to broader cell classes. UTOPIA controls false discovery rates for detecting genes, metagenes, or cell types while accounting for local tissue context. We show that prediction confidence depends critically on both spatial resolution and biological granularity, with reliable inference often emerging only at coarser, biologically meaningful scales. Across multiple ST platforms and in both in-sample and out-of-sample settings, UTOPIA enhances interpretability, prevents false biological conclusions, and enables more trustworthy downstream analyses of virtual ST.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dumoulin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susztak, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.01.708850</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multiscale confidence quantification for virtual spatial transcriptomics with UTOPIA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708257v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Signatures of selection in pleiotropic genes involved in insect neuronal and immune systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708257v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pleiotropy, where a single gene contributes to multiple biological functions, plays a central role in shaping evolutionary constraints. The nervous and immune systems are tightly integrated both functionally and genetically, but it is not clear whether pleiotropy constrains adaptation in each system or contributes to disease. Building on evidence that genes that are pleiotropic between development and immunity in Drosophila melanogaster evolve slower than immune-specific genes, we tested whether pleiotropic neuro-immune genes likewise exhibit reduced evolutionary rates compared to genes functioning solely in neuronal or immune processes, and whether such evolutionary constraint is associated with human neurological disease. We identified immune, neuronal, and neuro-immune genes in D. melanogaster using Gene Ontology annotations, estimated their evolutionary rates across 12 Drosophila species, and investigated the breadth of their expression across developmental stages as a complementary proxy for pleiotropy. We further curated associations between the human orthologs for these genes and neurological disease and tested whether their evolutionary rates and pleiotropic status predicted disease involvement. We found that pleiotropic genes exhibited significantly lower dN/dS values and were less stage-specific than non-pleiotropic immune genes. Slower-evolving genes were more likely to be associated with human neurological diseases but this pattern was strongest for non-pleiotropic neuronal genes, suggesting that pleiotropy alone is not the strongest predictor of disease. Our results therefore indicate that dN/dS could be a stronger predictor of disease association than pleiotropy, raising new questions about the maintenance of pleiotropy in evolutionarily dynamic physiological systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Senthilkumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708257</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Signatures of selection in pleiotropic genes involved in insect neuronal and immune systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transient Magnetic Resonance Elastography: a method to measure the mechanics of the active heart 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.02.708995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myocaridum biomechanics are a biomarker for multiple cardiac pathologies. However the rapid and complex heart motion hampers accurate measurements of the tissue stiffness. Current in vivo methods for the evaluation of myocardium mechanical health are either highly invasive or can only provide with a global surrogate of heart function as they suffer from poor spatiotemporal resolution. We propose a new in vivo technique, transient magnetic resonance elastography (tMRE), to assess the dynamic cardiac biomechanics. tMRE is able to quantify local shear wave speed as a proxy for myocardial stiffness at user-defined times within the cardiac cycle. We report proof-of-concept results where we probe the septum of 4 different healthy rat specimens at 3 physiologically distinct cardiac phases. We provide with apparent speed measurements for early systole, mid-late systole and early diastole that match the expected values from the cardiac cycle physiological mechanics. We correct for non-negligible geometrical biases using literature results and report true stiffness values where possible. Finally, we validate tMRE in phantom experiments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbero-Mota, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Annio, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rucher, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martorell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.708995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transient Magnetic Resonance Elastography: a method to measure the mechanics of the active heart]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709330v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-repository analysis reveals a drug-activating function of microbial bile acid conjugation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709330v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbially modified bile acids shape host physiology by regulating nutrient absorption, glucose homeostasis, circadian rhythms and thermoregulation. Here we identify a previously unrecognized drug-activating function of microbial bile acid conjugation. By systematically mining human LC-MS/MS datasets across public repositories and linking uncharacterized bile acid spectra to health-associated metadata, we discovered conjugates of the >75-year-old anti-inflammatory drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) with primary and secondary bile acids, including cholic, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids. These bile acid-drug conjugates were detected specifically in individuals treated with 5-ASA or its prodrugs. Multiple gut bacteria, including members of the Bacteroidota and Bacillota, generated cholyl-5-ASA in vitro, and bile salt hydrolase-associated transaminase activity was required for conjugate formation. In a mouse model of colitis, cholyl-5-ASA was associated with reduced intestinal inflammatory pathology and showed markedly enhanced activation of PPAR-{gamma} in cell-based reporter assays compared with 5-ASA alone. Consistent with this activity, cholyl-5-ASA elicited selective immunophenotypic changes in CD4 T cells in vitro, including increased Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Together with prior evidence that 5-ASA efficacy depends on the microbiome, these findings support a model in which microbial bile acid conjugation represents a key activation step for 5-ASA therapy. More broadly, this work demonstrates how pan-repository metabolomics can uncover previously unrecognized microbiome-dependent chemical functions with direct therapeutic relevance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charron-Lamoureux, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuffa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala-Climent, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xing, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouda, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agongo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reilly, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sallam, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shore, S. F. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoshal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harpavat, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murugesan, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Versalovic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orlovsky, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Abiead, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kvitne, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markle, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo Terrazas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zong, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarrinpar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffatellu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devkota, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svolos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gkikas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rattray, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siegel,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709330</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-repository analysis reveals a drug-activating function of microbial bile acid conjugation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710155v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of coinfection on population stability and chaos 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.06.710155v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites play an outsized role in mediating the persistence and stability of host populations. Flour beetles (Tribolium spp.) have long served as classic examples of population dynamics under both disease-free and infected conditions, with elegant combinations of theory and experiments demonstrating, for example, that cannibalism rates can push populations from stability to chaos. As with most organisms in nature, however, flour beetles rarely face just one parasite species, and co-infecting parasites can antagonize or facilitate each other through resources and immunity. To test the prediction that non-neutral interactions would qualitatively alter population stability, we first raised flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) in infection-free, single-infection, or coinfection microcosms and quantified relative prevalence and parasite intensity. Next, we reworked a classic stage-structured discrete-time model to include single and multiple infections and performed sensitivity and bifurcation analyses to identify the most important (co)infection-associated parameters for population stability. The model predicts that stability is highly sensitive to parasite transmission mode regardless of infection multiplicity, but facilitation among parasites rapidly drives populations into oscillations and chaos under realistic conditions. This study identifies an important mechanism for explaining population variability and highlights the importance of within-host mechanisms for driving dynamics at higher levels of biological organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barahona, F. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.06.710155</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of coinfection on population stability and chaos]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Esophageal epithelial cell-state transitions underlie the severity of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.07.710295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a leading cause of chronic esophageal dysfunction driven by immune-mediated inflammation. Peak eosinophil count (PEC) in esophageal biopsies is routinely used to assess disease activity, and its associated molecular mechanisms have been well studied. However, PEC only partially captures overall disease severity, which is comprehensively captured by the Index of Severity for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (I-SEE). In contrast to PEC, the molecular and cellular programs associated with the I-SEE-defined disease severity, particularly in children, remain poorly understood. We integrated bulk transcriptomic profiling of pediatric esophageal biopsies with clinical severity metrics and a matched single-cell transcriptomic reference. Increasing severity was associated with a shift from type 2 inflammatory activation toward epithelial stress, cytoskeletal and junctional disruption, metabolic dysfunction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Single-cell-informed analyses identified that proliferating and transitional epithelial cell states were strongly associated with higher I-SEE scores and exhibited impaired differentiation, heightened metabolic and oxidative stress responses, and structural remodeling programs not captured by bulk transcriptomic analyses alone. These findings reposition epithelial remodeling, rather than eosinophil burden alone, as a central molecular correlate of disease severity in pediatric EoE and provide a framework for improved disease stratification and therapeutic intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinha, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghattas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilat, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choksi, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, H.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rothenberg, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheng, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopala, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.07.710295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Esophageal epithelial cell-state transitions underlie the severity of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arousal state alters brain network switching and moderates cognitive task performance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.09.710652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Arousal relates to cognitive performance, but the neural underpinnings of this relationship remain unclear. One candidate marker is switching rate, a dynamic measure that has been linked to cognition and has been speculated to be sensitive to arousal. However, whether switching rate is altered across arousal states has not been directly tested. Here, using fMRI together with concurrent eye monitoring and EEG, we examined how the switching rates of the default mode, salience, and central executive networks are altered across arousal states. Default mode and anterior salience networks exhibited significant differences in switching rates across arousal states determined with eye tracking. Notably, thalamic subregions showed arousal-dependent changes in switching rate that were replicated across independent datasets and arousal measures. Additionally, arousal moderated the relationship between average network switching and performance on a relational processing task. Together, these findings suggest that switching rate may index neural underpinnings of arousal-dependent cognition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kundert-Obando, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pourmotabbed, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez Lagandara, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodale, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Englot, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uddin, L. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubinov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.09.710652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arousal state alters brain network switching and moderates cognitive task performance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711355v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel C57BL/6 mouse model for the study of severe Citrobacter rodentium infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711355v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of human enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC) has been limited by the inability of these pathogens to effectively colonize murine models without prior antibiotic treatment. Because it mimics key features of human EPEC and EHEC infection, Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen that colonizes the lower intestine, has become the primary model for investigating these organisms. C57BL/6 mice are most commonly used for C. rodentium research, however, unless they carry specific genetic mutations, they typically develop only mild disease and clear the infection within weeks. As a result, models of severe disease in genetically unmodified hosts are lacking. Here, we describe the development of a non-genetically modified C57BL/6 mouse line with an undisturbed intestinal microbiota, highly susceptible to severe C. rodentium infection. Early infection in these mice was marked by significantly elevated cecal bacterial burdens and tissue pathology. Immune profiling revealed broad reductions in multiple lymphoid subsets, indicating impaired early mucosal activation. Although overall cytokine expression patterns were similar between groups, ceca of susceptible mice exhibited elevated baseline and early post-infection IL-18, as well as increased G-CSF at day 1. Microbiota analyses showed broadly comparable communities with wildtype controls, with some altered groups, such as Lachnospiraceae, Prevotellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae. Together, these findings characterize a robust C57BL/6 model that reproducibly develops severe C. rodentium-induced disease. This phenotype is driven by microbiota-associated alterations and impaired early cecal immunity, providing a valuable system for studying host-microbiota interactions in enteric infections.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McClanahan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spiga, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazuelo, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaddy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olivares-Villagomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711355</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel C57BL/6 mouse model for the study of severe Citrobacter rodentium infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.708862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomic data and biomedical literature synergize in finding pharmacologic gene regulators 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.708862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Most Mendelian disorders caused by a deficiency or excess of one gene product lack targeted therapies. Since these disorders can be modeled with a gene overexpression, knockout, or knockdown, drugs that oppose the transcriptomic effects of such perturbations may be promising therapeutic candidates. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) studies can fuel this drug-prioritization, but their labels, written in plain language, must be annotated manually. Hence, we introduce Signature-based Networks from Automatically Curated Knockout, Knockdown, and Small-molecule Studies (SNACKKSS), which automatically curates gene-disruption and drug studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus and, in partnership with uniformly computed read count datasets, feeds the labels and RNA-Seq data directly into regulatory relationship predictions. Through cross-validation, we show that SNACKKSS predictions (specifically, from a variation called "SA4") make a unique contribution to finding protein-inhibiting compounds, even alongside existing predictors. We demonstrate the benefit of aggregating multiple predictive tools, and provide this powerful ensemble alongside SNACKKSS. Importantly, we advise researchers to test complex machine learning models on multiple devices. Even with code packages kept consistent, they can run deterministically within a machine, but inconsistently on different ones. Nonetheless, the downstream predictive ability was striking, and leveraging multiple sources of information, RNA-Seq data included, will vastly improve drug-repurposing screens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Deisseroth, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazelton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaik, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoghbi, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.708862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomic data and biomedical literature synergize in finding pharmacologic gene regulators]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
UniST: A Unified Computational Framework for 3D Spatial Transcriptomics Reconstruction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.12.711362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables the measurement of gene expression in its native spatial context, yet most ST datasets are acquired as two-dimensional (2D) sections. Consequently, the underlying three-dimensional (3D) organization of tissues is only partially observed, and 3D ST data generated from serial sections are typically sparse and heterogeneous, with substantial tissue loss and missing measurements. These limitations pose major analytical challenges for reconstructing coherent 3D tissue architecture, rather than issues of experimental scalability alone. Here, we present UniST, a unified generative artificial intelligence (AI) framework designed to computationally reconstruct dense and continuous 3D ST landscapes from sparse serial sections, without altering the underlying experimental ST technologies. UniST integrates three complementary modules: kernel point convolution with cross-attention layers for point cloud upsampling, optical flow-based interpolation for continuous slice reconstruction, and a graph autoencoder with implicit neural representations for gene expression imputation. Together, these components densify sparse slices, resolve discontinuities, and map spatial coordinates to high-dimensional transcriptomics. Across multiple ST platforms and tissue contexts, UniST accurately restored structural continuity and biologically meaningful expression patterns. In a mouse embryo dataset, UniST reconstructed a dense 3D heart architecture from sparsely sampled slices. In two 3D human cancer tissues, UniST recovered critical spatial features, including tumor-immune boundaries and tertiary lymphoid structures, that were fragmented in the original data. By providing a generalizable computational solution that complements existing ST acquisition protocols, UniST facilitates cost-efficient and scalable reconstruction of 3D ST landscapes, enabling more faithful investigation of tissue organization and disease biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Julio, I. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemenceau, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoi, X. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roemer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colbert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maitra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wintermark, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansfield, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solis Soto, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>LI, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[UniST: A Unified Computational Framework for 3D Spatial Transcriptomics Reconstruction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711741v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Molecular Mapping of the Vasculature in Human Cortex Reveals Lipid Markers of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711741v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) commonly co-occurs with Alzheimers disease (AD), yet the molecular changes that accompany vascular {beta}-amyloid deposition in human tissue remain incompletely defined. Herein, we use a novel imaging approach that combines matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) with immunofluorescence microscopy on the same sections of postmortem human frontal cortex to map the lipid microenvironment of leptomeningeal vasculature in cases with and without CAA. Autofluorescence-guided regions-of-interest were imaged by IMS in both negative and positive ion modes and registered to post-IMS-acquired microscopy images. Immunofluorescence microscopy using collagen IV, -smooth muscle actin (SMA), and thiazine red enabled automated segmentation of total, amyloidpositive, and amyloid-negative vasculature regions. A CAA index, the ratio of amyloid-positive area to total vasculature area in a region imaged by IMS, was used to define vasculature and classify each case into having CAA, or CAA-present and not having CAA, or CAA-absent. An interpretable machine learning approach (XGBoost models with Shapley additive explanations for interpretation) was trained on pixel-level spectra and identified lipid signatures of vascular identity shared across groups as well as class-specific marker candidates that distinguished CAA-present from CAA-absent vasculature. CAA-present vessels were enriched for gangliosides (e.g., GM1), whereas CAA-absent vessels were characterized by higher contributions from phosphatidylserines (e.g., long-chain polyunsaturated PS species). Univariate differences were inconsistent between the two groups, but multivariate models in negative mode yielded stable discriminatory features. These results define spatial lipid correlates of vascular amyloid pathology in the human brain and establish a multimodal framework for mechanistically linking lipid metabolism, vascular integrity, and CAA in AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marshall, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moser, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ventura-Antunes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romero-Fernandez, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Migas, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tideman, L. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dufresne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schrag, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van de Plas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spraggins, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711741</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Molecular Mapping of the Vasculature in Human Cortex Reveals Lipid Markers of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.711715v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microvascular architecture and dynamics of the choroid plexus brain barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.16.711715v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The choroid plexus is a specialized blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that supports cerebrospinal fluid production, immune surveillance, and molecular exchange between the circulation and the central nervous system, yet its vascular bed remains poorly understood. Here, we combine whole-tissue clearing and light-sheet imaging, single-nucleus transcriptomic reanalysis, and live calcium imaging of intact murine explants to define the structural and functional organization of choroid plexus endothelial networks across development. Three-dimensional imaging and reconstruction highlights a dense, epithelial-ensheathed vascular plexus that is continuous with the broader cerebrovasculature and organized into anatomically distinct inflow and ventricular margin regions. Transcriptomic analysis identified developmentally stratified endothelial subtypes, with embryonic populations enriched for proliferative, motor, and membrane remodeling programs and adult and aged populations enriched for adhesion, extracellular matrix, transport, and mechanosensory pathways. Endothelial subsets across stages expressed genes linked to flow sensing and calcium-dependent mechanotransduction, including Piezo1, Piezo2, and Trpv4. Consistent with these signatures, intact explants exhibited spontaneous, spatially graded calcium oscillations, and pharmacologic activation by Piezo1, triggered robust network-wide calcium responses in embryonic and adult tissue with distinct temporal dynamics. Piezo1 activation also promoted stabilization of PECAM1-associated endothelial adhesion under ex vivo flow conditions. Together, these findings establish the choroid plexus endothelium as a structurally specialized, developmentally dynamic, and mechanosensitive vascular network and provide a framework for investigating endothelial contributions to blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kuszynski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brand, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pfotenhauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maldonado, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cartailler, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiriac, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.16.711715</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microvascular architecture and dynamics of the choroid plexus brain barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The osteoclast intracellular environment fosters bacterial growth during Staphylococcus aureus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.712565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bone infections, which are predominantly caused by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, can be difficult to treat and have high rates of chronicity and reoccurrence. We previously identified that osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone matrix, may contribute to disease progression by allowing S. aureus to replicate intracellularly. There we identified that this bacteriums ability to grow intracellularly is tied to the maturation of osteoclasts. In this study we addressed whether osteoclast differentiation supports intracellular growth by changing the host cells response to infection or by altering the host cell environment to better support S. aureus. Using dual species RNA-sequencing we analyzed host and bacterial transcripts of infected osteoclast and precursor bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cultures. Host transcript analysis suggests that infected osteoclasts are slow to upregulate bacterial response genes compared to BMMs. We also identify that the S. aureus transcriptional response is primarily determined by the host cell type, and that bacteria in osteoclasts upregulate carbon metabolism genes compared to those inside BMMs. By utilizing intracellular survival assays on S. aureus mutants deficient in carbon metabolism and related pathways we determine that S. aureus require glycolysis, acetyl-CoA synthesis, and aspartate biosynthesis for proliferation inside osteoclasts, although bacteria can survive without them. With differentiation, osteoclasts increase glutamine uptake, and this metabolite is required for S. aureus intracellular growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that osteoclasts support S. aureus intracellular growth by providing nutrients required to replicate in the context of a blunted antimicrobial response.

IMPORTANCEInfectious osteomyelitis, bone infection, is frequently caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Intracellular infection of cells that build bone, osteoblasts, and cells that resorb bone, osteoclasts, have been implicated in disease progression by providing a niche for immune evasion. While S. aureus in osteoblasts are largely quiescent, bacteria in osteoclasts proliferate and therefore may be a source of reemergent infection. Factors that promote this growth in osteoclasts are poorly characterized. In this study we find that osteoclasts have a diminished transcriptional response to infection and show that S. aureus acquire glucose and glutamine, which have high flux in osteoclasts, to support intracellular growth. We further observe that S. aureus in osteoclasts require aspartate synthesis to grow intracellularly. This work highlights the importance of host cellular metabolism for the intracellular fate of S. aureus as an added factor beyond the direct antimicrobial response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhagat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohatgi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbalaviele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassat, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The osteoclast intracellular environment fosters bacterial growth during Staphylococcus aureus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.711941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and assessment of tailored illustrations to enhance community understandings of genetics topics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.17.711941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesEffective communication about genetics concepts is essential for collaborative anthropological genetics research. However, communication can be challenging because many ideas are abstract and may be especially unfamiliar to communities with limited access to formal education. Indeed, there are no widely adopted models for communicating such information, nor a clear understanding of the social factors that may shape participant engagement. Here, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative, community-driven study to understand how illustrations can be useful to support concept sharing with two Indigenous groups--the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia and the Turkana of Kenya.

MethodsWe used a two phase approach to create and evaluate how illustrations can bolster communication about genetics concepts. First, we created images illustrating answers to frequently asked questions about genetics, iteratively updating the illustrations based on participant feedback. Second, we conducted 92 interviews to evaluate the finalized illustrations effectiveness. Finally, we analyzed the interview data using thematic analyses, multivariable modeling, and multiple correspondence analyses to identify patterns in participant understanding and feedback, including age, sex, market integration, and schooling.

ResultsParticipants reported high interest in genetics research (92%) and broadly positive perceptions of the illustrations. Familiar, locally-grounded imagery was preferred and associated with greater perceived clarity, while more technical illustrations were more frequently reported as confusing. Quantitative analyses showed strong internal consistency across measures of engagement and understanding, with modest variation by degree of market-integration, schooling, and sex.

DiscussionOur findings demonstrate that community-specific visualizations, co-developed through iterative feedback, can effectively support engagement with genetics research in participant communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arner, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCabe, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seyler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zamri, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>A/P Tan Boon Huat, T. B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinyua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngoci Njeru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurven, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayroles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkataraman, V. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraft, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lea, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.17.711941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and assessment of tailored illustrations to enhance community understandings of genetics topics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.713164v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Processing of Reversed Replication Forks is Required for the Resolution of Replication-Transcription Conflicts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.713164v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA replication and transcription occur simultaneously on the same template, leading to conflicts between the two machineries. Conflicts stall replication forks, lead to genome instability, mutagenesis, and the formation of deleterious R-loop structures.

There are two types of conflicts: depending on the strand where a gene is encoded, the two machineries either meet head-on or co-directionally. The adverse outcomes of conflicts in the head-on orientation are significantly more detrimental to cells compared to co-directional conflicts. Despite many studies across various organisms, how the replication fork structure is impacted by these encounters remains unclear. Here, we performed an unbiased genetic screen using a transposon library to identify factors essential for surviving head-on conflicts in Bacillus subtilis. Our screen identified three hits: RNase HIII, AddA and AddB. Our prior work had shown that RNase HIII, which processes R-loops, is essential for surviving head-on conflicts. However, AddA and AddB, which function together as a complex to process blunt DNA ends, have not been previously identified as essential conflict resolution factors. Through follow-up genetic and biochemical analyses, we found that the helicase activity but not the nuclease activity of this complex is required for conflict resolution. Based on the fundamental properties of DNA at replication fork structures, our work collectively indicates that upon head-on conflicts, the nascent strands form a reversed fork structure, which is then unwound by AddAB, which leads to re-annealing to the parental strands. This process re-establishes an intact replication fork that can be used to restart replication after conflicts with transcription.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carvajal-Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merrikh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.20.713164</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Processing of Reversed Replication Forks is Required for the Resolution of Replication-Transcription Conflicts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Novel Eukaryotic Ribosome Factor Enables Translation Restart Following Cellular Dormancy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.21.713407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dormancy is a survival strategy employed by all domains of life to withstand prolonged nutrient deprivation and environmental stress that is marked by a global shutdown of protein synthesis. However, the molecular mechanisms driving ribosome inactivation and reactivation during and after dormancy in eukaryotes remain poorly understood. Here, we identify SNOR, a novel SBDS-like ribosome-associated factor in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that is upregulated and associates with ribosomes during induced dormancy triggered by glucose depletion. SNOR contributes to protein synthesis repression by binding the ribosome to probe the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), block tRNA-binding sites, and cap the polypeptide exit tunnel (PET). Importantly, we show that SNOR is essential for the restart of protein synthesis upon glucose reintroduction and exit from dormancy. SNOR is evolutionarily conserved and specifically upregulated in response to glucose stress in fungi. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized ribosome-associated factor that links glucose stress and cellular dormancy to surveillance of protein synthesis and highlight the power of in situ structural biology to uncover stress-responsive regulators of translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gluc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosa, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bozko, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prince, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peskova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feaga, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gould, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattei, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jomaa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.21.713407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Novel Eukaryotic Ribosome Factor Enables Translation Restart Following Cellular Dormancy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The importance of M1 muscarinic receptor phosphorylation in learning and memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 (mAChR1, M1) has been identified as a primary target for Alzheimers disease (AD) and better understanding of the receptor biology, especially in regard to biased signalling of the receptor, will allow for the development of improved drugs targeting cholinergic dysfunction in AD. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of phosphorylation of M1 to the learning and memory (LM) effects of M1 agonism.

The contribution of M1 phosphorylation dependent signalling in LM was assessed using the mAChR1 positive allosteric modulator, VU0486846, in a scopolamine (1.5 mg/kg) induced LM deficit model in mice expressing HA-tagged M1 (M1-WT), phosphorylation deficient HA-tagged M1 (M1-PD), or mice deficient in M1 (M1-KO). LM was assessed using a fear conditioning (FC) testing paradigm where context and cued memory retrieval was measured 24 hrs after training and a higher level of freezing indicated intact memory. Results demonstrated that scopolamine induced a significant LM deficit in both context and cued retrieval in M1-WT mice which was partially rescued by VU0486846 confirming a contribution of M1 signalling in LM. The scopolamine induced deficit in contextual retrieval in M1-KO mice was not rescued by VU0486846, which is an M1 selective ligand, while scopolamine did not induce a deficit in cued retrieval in M1-KO mice. In M1-PD mice, scopolamine induced a LM deficit in contextual retrieval, however this was also not rescued by VU0486846 treatment. Similarly to M1-KO animals, M1-PD mice did not display a scopolamine induced deficit in cued retrieval. When freezing responses were compared across strains, M1-PD mice displayed a deficit compared to M1-WT and M1-KO mice in contextual retrieval, while both M1-PD and M1-KO mice displayed a deficit compared to M1-WT mice in cued retrieval. These results demonstrate that although M1 agonism can restore a LM deficit in both contextual and cued testing paradigms, only the cued retrieval response is dependent on the M1. Additionally, biased Gq M1 signalling is not sufficient to restore contextual memory and requires phosphorylation of the receptor. Furthermore, biased M1 signalling results in LM deficits not seen with KO of the receptor. Overall, these results reiterate the importance of considering the bias of ligands when developing M1 agonists for dementia in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McFall, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobin, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The importance of M1 muscarinic receptor phosphorylation in learning and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.666038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strand-independent degradation of uncoupled forks by EXO1 activates ATR and restrains synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.666038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The degradation of nascent DNA at stalled replication forks is critical for genome integrity, yet the specific mechanisms of degradation at uncoupled forks and the resulting functional consequences remain poorly understood. We induced site-specific replication fork uncoupling using Xenopus egg extracts in order to examine how degradation affected the different DNA structures formed, compare degradation of leading and lagging strands, and interrogate the resulting functional consequences. We found that EXO1 is critically important for degradation of uncoupled forks, independent of any degradation at reversed forks. Lagging strands are rapidly degraded from their native 5 end by EXO1, while the nascent leading strand 3 end is not detectably degraded. Sequences distal to the leading 3 end are also degraded by EXO1 due to degradation arising from the lagging strand of the diverging sister fork. Importantly, impaired leading strand degradation does not impact lagging strand degradation at the same locus, indicating that degradation of the two strands is independent. Degradation by EXO1 has two major functional consequences: it is required to generate the signal that activates the ATR checkpoint at uncoupled forks; and it restrains fork progression. Overall, our results show that replication fork uncoupling causes degradation of 5 ends that is crucial for ATR signaling and fork slowing, while 3 ends are highly stable.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grogan, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ozua, O. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavlashvili, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conwell, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dewar, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.666038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strand-independent degradation of uncoupled forks by EXO1 activates ATR and restrains synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Physiological, Histological, and Cognitive Characterization of a Macaque Model of Presbycusis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.24.714040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbycusis, is one of the most prevalent sensory deficits in older adults and has been increasingly implicated in cognitive decline and dementia. This study characterizes ARHL in a rhesus macaque model by combining histological, physiological, and cognitive assessments. Aged macaques exhibited progressive cochlear degeneration, with marked outer hair cell loss at mid-to-high frequencies, elevated auditory thresholds, reduced distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and impaired auditory brainstem responses including amplitude reduction, latency prolongation, and diminished temporal precision. Despite modest reductions in inner hair cell ribbon synapse counts, hypertrophic changes were observed. These auditory deficits correlated with subtle impairments in visual working memory, as measured by a delayed match-to-sample task, underscoring a potential sensory-cognitive link. By capturing cross-domain aging markers in a translationally relevant primate model, this work lays a foundation for mechanistic studies and therapeutic interventions targeting both hearing and cognition in aging populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conner, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rausis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitchford, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batchu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberman, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantinidis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramachandran, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.24.714040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Physiological, Histological, and Cognitive Characterization of a Macaque Model of Presbycusis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TRaP: An Open-source, Reproducible Framework for Raman Spectral Preprocessing across Heterogeneous Systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Raman spectroscopy offers a uniquely rich window into molecular structure and composition, making it a powerful tool across fields ranging from materials science to biology. However, the reproducibility of Raman data analysis remains a fundamental bottleneck. In practice, transforming raw spectra into meaningful results is far from standardized: workflows are often complex, fragmented, and implemented through highly customized, case-specific code. This challenge is compounded by the lack of unified open-source pipelines and the diversity of acquisition systems, each introducing its own file formats, calibration schemes, and correction requirements. Consequently, researchers must frequently rely on manual, ad hoc reconciliation of processing steps. To address this gap, we introduce TRaP (Toolbox for Reproducible Raman Processing), an open-source, GUI-based Python toolkit designed to bring reproducibility, transparency, and portability to Raman spectral analysis. TRaP unifies the entire preprocessing-to-analysis pipeline within a single, coherent framework that operates consistently across heterogeneous instrument platforms (e.g., Cart, Portable, Renishaw, and MANTIS). Central to its design is the concept of fully shareable, declarative workflows: users can encode complete processing pipelines into a single configuration file (e.g., JSON), enabling others to reproduce results instantly without reimplementing code or reverse-engineering undocumented steps. Beyond convenience, TRaP integrates configuration management, X-axis calibration, spectral response correction, interactive processing, and batch execution into a workflow-driven architecture that enforces deterministic, repeatable operations. Every transformation is explicitly recorded, making the full processing history transparent, inspectable, and reproducible. This eliminates ambiguity in how results are generated and ensures that identical protocols can be applied consistently across datasets and experimental contexts. Through representative use cases, we show that TRaP enables seamless, reproducible preprocessing of Raman spectra acquired from diverse platforms within a unified environment. We hope TRaP can empower Raman data processing as a reproducible, shareable, and systematized scientific practice, aligning it with modern standards for computational research. TRaP is released as an open-source software at https://github.com/hrlblab/TRaP
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lionts, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haugen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voss, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grow, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKee, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locke, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiremath, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahadevan-Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TRaP: An Open-source, Reproducible Framework for Raman Spectral Preprocessing across Heterogeneous Systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.711344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acute degron-mediated RUNX1 loss reprograms enhancer activity to epigenetically drive epithelial destabilization and initiate cancer hallmarks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.711344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The RUNX1 transcription factor mediates cell-type specific gene expression. RUNX1 suppression and perturbations are recurrently associated with breast tumor initiation and progression. However, the mechanisms governing the dual roles of RUNX1 in sustaining the mammary epithelial phenotype while epigenetically suppressing initiation of cancer-compromised gene expression are poorly understood. To address this, we used the power of degron-mediated acute, selective, and complete RUNX1 ablation in human mammary epithelial cells. RUNX1 mediates promoter and distal enhancer-driven expression of a gene cohort. Dynamic epigenomic responsiveness upon RUNX1 ablation reveals a rapid and selective decrease in chromatin accessibility and H3K27ac at RUNX1-bound enhancers, but not promoters. While differentially initiated and expressed genes contacted by RUNX1-bound enhancers are enriched in pathways involved in epithelial maintenance and stemness, genes with RUNX1-promoter occupancy support DNA damage responsiveness. Modified cell morphology, metabolic control, increased breast cancer stemness, plasticity, anchorage-independent survival, chemoresistance, and perturbed DNA damage reactivity are observed upon RUNX1 ablation. Together, these findings define RUNX1 as an epigenetic tumor suppressor that maintains epithelial cell state by preserving enhancer activity and preventing gene expression associated with hallmarks of cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fritz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenyer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillac, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavarkar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pacht, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Person, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zotkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korzec, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abuarqoub, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Del Porto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perelman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montecino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Wijnen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghule, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frietze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stengal, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, K. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misteli, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.711344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acute degron-mediated RUNX1 loss reprograms enhancer activity to epigenetically drive epithelial destabilization and initiate cancer hallmarks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.711928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ATF4 Coordinates Transcriptomic and Structural Adaptations in Aging Muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.711928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle function, known as sarcopenia; however, the molecular mechanisms coordinating cellular stress responses and structural adaptations permissive of sarcopenia remain incompletely understood. In our previous studies, we found aging differentially impacted mitochondrial networks by muscle, suggesting unique stress thresholds and response activation. Here, we investigate the role of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a master regulator of the integrated stress response (ISR), in aged quadriceps muscle using complementary patient and aging mouse models. Older adults exhibited a marked decrease in aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and endurance when compared with young participants. These results paralleled findings in aged mice, with significant loss of muscle mass across multiple hindlimb muscles. Ultrastructural analysis revealed substantial age-related changes in mitochondrial morphology, including increased volume, surface area, and branching index, as well as a shift toward larger, more complex mitochondria. Our data indicate that ATF4 binds directly to the promoter region of the gene encoding TFAM, suggesting a transcriptional regulatory relationship to support DNA stability. These structural and transcriptional changes likely impair oxidative capacity and drive a feed-forward cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction and ISR activation. Our findings indicate that ATF4 coordinates transcriptomic and structural adaptations in aging muscle, identifying the ISR pathway as a potential therapeutic target for preserving muscle function in older adults.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Crabtree, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scudese, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez Perez, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkhatesh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza Lopez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochayi, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dantas, E. H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baffi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scartoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mungai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neikirk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolabi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobley, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wanjalla, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schafer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Katti, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McReynolds, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirabo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masenga, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.711928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ATF4 Coordinates Transcriptomic and Structural Adaptations in Aging Muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714572v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting Protease-activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Protects Against Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714572v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and common clinical syndrome that currently has no effective treatment. Emerging evidence links coagulation pathways to kidney injury, particularly through coagulation proteases. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by proteolytic cleavage of their N termini, exposing a tethered ligand that initiates receptor signaling. PARs have been shown to play a major role in inflammation, vascular regulation, and tissue injury. PARs play key roles in inflammation, vascular regulation, and tissue injury. Previous work from the Hamm laboratory demonstrated that PAR4 contributes to AKI progression, as PAR4 knockout mice were protected in both unilateral ureteral obstruction and ischemia-reperfusion-based models of kidney disease.

In this study, we investigated the potential of a PAR4 antagonist, VU6073819, at mitigating AKI progression in an ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) mouse model. PAR4 antagonism not only alleviated kidney injury and inflammatory response, but it significantly improved the survival. These findings identify PAR4 as a promising therapeutic target for AKI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Webb, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boutaud, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsley, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamm, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714572</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting Protease-activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) Protects Against Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714891v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Treatment of murine autoimmune myocarditis with a novel monoclonal antibody that targets multiple inflammatory pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714891v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe forms of inflammation-induced acute and chronic myocarditis have a poor prognosis. Promising therapeutic efforts focused on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibiting inflammation-inducing molecules. However, most mAbs target only one or a limited number of such molecules. Since inflammation involves multiple redundant pathways, we postulated that an mAb inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways would be a potent therapeutic agent. We initially tested the commercially available anti-natural killer (NK) cell mAb (anti-NK1.1), which binds a receptor expressed on NK cells and depletes them. Since NK cells are key cellular orchestrators of inflammation, by reducing their number, we aimed to inhibit multiple inflammatory pathways. Our initial studies demonstrated that administration of this antibody significantly improved myocardial outcomes in mouse models of acute myocardial infarction and of heart failure. Since NK1.1 is not expressed in human cells, we built on these promising preclinical results by developing a novel mAb targeting CD160 on human NK cells for evaluation as an immunosuppressive therapy. We found that the anti-CD160 mAb depletes both murine and human NK cells. We also found that, while CD160+ cells were largely present in the NK population, they also occurred among CD8+ and {gamma}/{delta} T cell subsets in human cells. Anti-CD160 therapy entirely prevented the deterioration of the myocardial function of mice with autoimmune-induced acute myocarditis. This outcome suggests our novel approach for inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways may provide a potent strategy for improving outcomes of inflammation-driven myocarditis, as well as of other inflammation-driven diseases.

Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSCan the depletion of CD160+ cells prevent autoimmune-induced myocarditis?

FindingsIn this study we found that CD160 is expressed by mouse and human natural killer cells and other subtypes of cytotoxic T cells, and that a monoclonal antibody targeting CD160 depletes NK cells. In a preclinical model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis, administration of the anti-CD160 monoclonal antibody prevented myocardial dysfunction and systemic inflammation.

MeaningOur results are compatible with the hypothesis that early autoimmune-induced myocardial dysfunction is promoted by CD160+ cells, which elevate inflammation-induced circulating factors (or factors released by tissue-resident cytotoxic immune cells) that cause myocardial dysfunction in the absence of myocardial necrosis or fibrosis, and further, that targeting CD160+cells with a mAb that depletes NK cells (and probably CD160 expressing cytotoxic T cells) entirely prevents the deterioration of myocardial function in such mice. This outcome suggests our novel approach for inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways may provide a potent strategy for improving outcomes of inflammation-driven myocarditis, as well as of other inflammation-driven diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toldo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luger, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vozenilek, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbate, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezzaroma, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shibao, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abd-ElDayem, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klenerman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waksman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Virmani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maynard, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flugelman, M. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Epstein, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714891</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Treatment of murine autoimmune myocarditis with a novel monoclonal antibody that targets multiple inflammatory pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multidimensional MRI reveals cellular-scale microstructural phenotypes in human brain aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.29.715117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain aging is accompanied by profound cellular and microstructural changes that precede overt tissue loss, yet in vivo MRI studies largely emphasize macroscopic measures or isolated diffusion and relaxation metrics, providing limited insight into how cellular-scale tissue architecture is altered across the adult lifespan. Here, we apply multidimensional diffusion-relaxation MRI (MD-MRI) to map voxel-wise microstructural phenotypes in cognitively unimpaired adults spanning early adulthood to late life (23-77 years). Rather than relying on predefined compartment models, MD-MRI resolves continuous voxel-wise distributions in a joint diffusion-relaxation space, enabling an integrated, model-free description of how cellular shape, size, restriction, and chemical environment vary with age. Using this approach, we reveal age-related multilateral shifts within a complex microstructural landscape, marked by increasing heterogeneity and disorder across brain tissue. With age, cellular-scale features showed a systematic transition from small to larger length-scale structures accompanied by reduced microscopic restriction, indicating a loss of fine cellular barriers and expansion of extracellular space. In parallel, we show tissue-dependent alterations in fast-relaxing properties aligned with known gray- and white-matter aging processes, including iron accumulation and myelin loss. Together, these findings indicate that normative brain aging involves progressive reorganization of structure and composition at the cellular level, rather than uniform shifts in bulk tissue properties. By decoupling cellular-scale shape, size, restriction, and chemical environment in vivo, MD-MRI identifies increasing cellular heterogeneity and breakdown of microscopic restriction as central features of human brain aging and provides a biologically interpretable framework for linking microstructural reorganization to age-related functional decline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Park, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manninen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landman, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benjamini, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.29.715117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multidimensional MRI reveals cellular-scale microstructural phenotypes in human brain aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.714548v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
5-Azacytidine incorporation into mRNAs disrupts translation and induces ribosome collisions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.714548v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC) is a cytidine analog and is widely used to treat myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although its therapeutic activity is primarily attributed to hypomethylation resulting from DNA incorporation, the majority of 5-AzaC is incorporated into RNA. However, the functional consequences of 5-AzaC incorporation into RNA have been unknown. Here, we show that 5-AzaC treatment of cells leads to inhibition of protein synthesis. Ribo-seq, Disome-seq, and RNA-seq in cells treated with 5-AzaC exhibit a time-dependent C-to-G transversion signature in mRNAs within 2 h of treatment. These transversion events are enriched within footprint positions corresponding to the A-site of monosomes or leading stalled ribosome in a disome complex. Consistently, ribosome and disome footprints are accumulated at sites with C-rich codons in the A-site, specifically with the codons containing a C in the second position. 5-AzaC activates the integrated stress response (ISR) and the ribotoxic stress response (RSR) in a GCN2- and ZAK-dependent manner, consistent with disome-mediated signaling. Furthermore, loss of the Ribosome Quality Control (RQC) factor, ZNF598, sensitizes cells to 5-AzaC. Collectively, our results support a model where 5-AzaC is rapidly incorporated into mRNAs, disrupts decoding, and triggers disome-mediated signaling pathways, which contribute to its cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that translation disruption represents an additional layer of 5-AzaCs mechanism of action, alongside its known DNA-mediated effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberson, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marks, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitts, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamilselvam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieb, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tansey, W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meydan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.714548</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[5-Azacytidine incorporation into mRNAs disrupts translation and induces ribosome collisions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.712626v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein modulates IL-6 induction and inflammatory cell death in macrophages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.712626v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA-binding proteins are key players in determining the fate of mRNA. One such RNA binding protein, Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP), has an established role in RNA transcription, metabolism, translation, and degradation in the brain and reproductive system. Although FMRP is expressed in immune cells, little is known about how FMRP influences immune cell mRNA transcript outcomes. Here, we show that macrophage infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes induces FMRP translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. We show that infected macrophages lacking FMRP have impaired Il6 induction in response to L. monocytogenes infection. Finally, we show that macrophages lacking FMRP have increased susceptibility to inflammatory cell death. Together, these data implicate FMRP in modulating proinflammatory gene expression during bacterial infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Macha, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weindel, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, R. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vail, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.712626</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein modulates IL-6 induction and inflammatory cell death in macrophages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715466v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo Folding Mechanisms of Lasso Peptides 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715466v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lasso peptides adopt a distinctive rotaxane conformation, yet the principles governing the folding of this kinetically trapped structure have remained elusive. Here, we integrated extensive molecular dynamics simulations and deep learning to elucidate the de novo folding mechanism of 20 lasso peptides lacking secondary post-translational modifications. We constructed Multi-Ensemble Markov Models for each lasso peptide and uncovered a universal uphill folding landscape with spontaneous folding probabilities consistently below 0.8%. Loop stability strongly correlated with folding propensity, and targeted experiments further validated that enhancing loop {beta}-hairpin formation promotes folding of microcin J25, the well-studied lasso peptide extensively characterized as an in vitro model. Additionally, the substantial entropy cost opposed lasso peptide folding. Simulations mimicking enzymatic spatial confinement reduced this penalty and stabilize folding. Leveraging Variational AutoEncoder-based pathway clustering, we resolved distinct pathway channels and representative folding pathways. Together, these findings establish representative folding models and fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic principles for rational engineering of lasso peptides.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715466</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo Folding Mechanisms of Lasso Peptides]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.714892v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-resolution mass spectrometry-based method for quantifying insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mice following an intraperitoneal injection of tracer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.714892v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Objective: A catheter-free, non-radiolabeled method that permits in vivo measurement of tissue-specific glucose uptake does not exist. To address this gap, we sought to develop and validate a new, higher throughput mass spectrometry (MS)-based method that combines an injection of insulin with a non-radiolabeled glucose tracer, 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (2FDG), to determine insulin-stimulated tissue-specific glucose clearance in conscious, unrestrained mice. Methods: Injections of saline or insulin with 2FDG were coupled with LC-Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap (LC) MS-based measures of plasma 2FDG and tissue (2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate) 2FDGP to determine glucose clearance in mice under several different conditions. Results: The newly developed method was first applied to a dose response experiment in mice. Next, the ability of this method to quantify changes in glucose clearance in response to an insulin stimulus was assessed, and glucose clearance was compared between chow and high fat fed mice. Results from these studies showed that insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle and heart glucose clearance can be estimated following a bolus injection of tracer, and these fluxes are blunted in diet-induced obese mice. The broad applicability of this approach was then demonstrated by assessing glucose clearance in a mouse model with anticipated changes in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Conclusions: The results validated a new LC-MS method to quantify insulin-stimulated tissue-specific glucose clearance in vivo without the use of catheters or radiolabeled tracers. The method offers great potential because it is designed for application to pre-clinical studies seeking high throughput tests and/or assays that can be coupled with discovery technologies such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, G.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slentz, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lantier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGuinness, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muoio, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.714892</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-resolution mass spectrometry-based method for quantifying insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mice following an intraperitoneal injection of tracer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715740v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ER discontinuities are common in C. elegans neurons, revealing a genetically tractable model for ER network maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715740v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) extends from the soma into axons and dendrites to coordinate protein trafficking, lipid metabolism, inter-organelle organization, and calcium homeostasis. Conserved genes involved in shaping the tubular ER are implicated in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, suggesting that ER structure and dynamics influence neuronal health and drive pathogenesis. However, the links between ER morphology and neuronal function and resilience remain incompletely understood. While models typically depict the neuronal ER as a fully continuous network, here we show that micron-scale ER discontinuities in neurites are unexpectedly common in young, unstressed C. elegans. These discontinuities occur in both axonal and dendritic compartments with a consistent frequency that varies between motor and mechanosensory neuron types. Using live imaging and photokinetic assays of endogenously tagged markers of the ER, we confirm that these gaps reflect true loss of ultrastructural continuity. Subpopulations of ER tubule tips are highly motile, and the majority of ER discontinuities are resolved in less than an hour. Suggesting the formation of discontinuities is linked to cellular damage, their frequency increases with both age and environmental stress. Finally, in agreement with prior observations across models, discontinuities are exacerbated by impairment of certain ER shaping factors involved in hereditary spastic paraplegia, such as reticulon. These findings reveal a model where ER discontinuities are not uncommon in healthy animals, and provide a tractable system in C. elegans to dissect the molecular mechanisms maintaining ER structural homeostasis in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mabry, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donahue, E. K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Orgel, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keuchel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kushner, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkewitz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715740</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ER discontinuities are common in C. elegans neurons, revealing a genetically tractable model for ER network maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716270v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
nELAVL phosphorylation by CDKL5 regulates inter-condensates composition and communication to promote experience-dependent maturation of the visual cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.03.716270v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mutations in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5 (CDKL5) cause CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), an X-linked neurodevelopmental condition. Through a phosphoproteomic screen, we identified the neuron-specific nELAVL family of RNA-binding proteins as direct activity-dependent substrates of CDKL5. In support of this regulatory axis, single-nuclei transcriptomics of Cdkl5 knockout (KO) cortices revealed an enriched reduction in activity-dependent mRNAs. Mechanistically, we show that nELAVL proteins undergo phase separation to form biomolecular condensates, the size of which is gated by CDKL5 phosphorylation. Loss of CDKL5 leads to enlarged nELAVL condensates, which exhibit reduced binding affinity for the target mRNA Fos, resulting in its accelerated degradation. This disruption extends to inter-condensate communication: phosphodeficient nELAVL show diminished interaction with P-bodies, which themselves become enlarged in CDD mutant iNeurons. Functionally, the absence of nELAVL phosphorylation recapitulates the deficits in experience-dependent visual function observed in Cdkl5 KO mice. Our findings establish a critical molecular mechanism by which CDKL5-mediated phosphorylation governs mRNA metabolism by tuning the properties of nELAVL condensates and their communication with other biomolecular condensates, ultimately promoting experience-dependent maturation of the visual cortex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yip, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, M. S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenks, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsimring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zepeda, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Celotto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, S.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, C. W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, H. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, A. K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, B. W.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fung, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsui, S. K.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ku, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colarusso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lasker, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, J. P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.03.716270</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[nELAVL phosphorylation by CDKL5 regulates inter-condensates composition and communication to promote experience-dependent maturation of the visual cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
