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<title>bioRxiv Channel: University of New South Wales</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
<description>
This feed contains articles for bioRxiv Channel "University of New South Wales"
</description>

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<prism:publicationName>bioRxiv</prism:publicationName>
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<title>bioRxiv</title>
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<link>https://biorxiv.org</link>
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<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model adequacy and the macroevolution of angiosperm functional traits 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/004002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Making meaningful inferences from phylogenetic comparative data requires a meaningful model of trait evolution. It is thus important to determine whether the model is appropriate for the data and the question being addressed. One way to assess this is to ask whether the model provides a good statistical explanation for the variation in the data. To date, researchers have focused primarily on the explanatory power of a model relative to alternative models. Methods have been developed to assess the adequacy, or absolute explanatory power, of phylogenetic trait models but these have been restricted to specific models or questions. Here we present a general statistical framework for assessing the adequacy of phylogenetic trait models. We use our approach to evaluate the statistical performance of commonly used trait models on 337 comparative datasets covering three key Angiosperm functional traits. In general, the models we tested often provided poor statistical explanations for the evolution of these traits. This was true for many different groups and at many different scales. Whether such statistical inadequacy will qualitatively alter inferences draw from comparative datasets will depend on the context. Regardless, assessing model adequacy can provide interesting biological insights -- how and why a model fails to describe variation in a dataset gives us clues about what evolutionary processes may have driven trait evolution across time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew Pennell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard G FitzJohn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William K Cornwell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luke J Harmon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2014-04-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/004002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model adequacy and the macroevolution of angiosperm functional traits]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2014-04-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A simple approach for maximizing the overlap of phylogenetic and comparative data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/024992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIBiologists are increasingly using curated, public data sets to conduct phylogenetic comparative analyses. Unfortunately, there is often a mismatch between species for which there is phylogenetic data and those for which other data is available. As a result, researchers are commonly forced to either drop species from analyses entirely or else impute the missing data.nC_LIO_LIHere we outline a simple solution to increase the overlap while avoiding potential the biases introduced by imputing data. If some external topological or taxonomic information is available, this can be used to maximize the overlap between the data and the phylogeny. We develop an algorithm that replaces a species lacking data with a species that has data. This swap can be made because for those two species, all phylogenetic relationships are exactly equivalent.nC_LIO_LIWe have implemented our method in a new R package phyndr, which will allow researchers to apply our algorithm to empirical data sets. It is relatively efficient such that taxon swaps can be quickly computed, even for large trees. To facilitate the use of taxonomic knowledge we created a separate data package taxonlookup; it contains a curated, versioned taxonomic lookup for land plants and is interoperable with phyndr.nC_LIO_LIEmerging online databases and statistical advances are making it possible for researchers to investigate evolutionary questions at unprecedented scales. However, in this effort species mismatch among data sources will increasingly be a problem; evolutionary informatics tools, such as phyndr and taxonlookup, can help alleviate this issue.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matthew W. Pennell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richard G. FitzJohn</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William K. Cornwell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/024992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A simple approach for maximizing the overlap of phylogenetic and comparative data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
General methods for evolutionary quantitative genetic inference from generalised mixed models. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/026377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methods for inference and interpretation of evolutionary quantitative genetic parameters, and for prediction of the response to selection, are best developed for traits with normal distributions. Many traits of evolutionary interest, including many life history and behavioural traits, have inherently non-normal distributions. The generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) framework has become a widely used tool for estimating quantitative genetic parameters for non-normal traits. However, whereas GLMMs provide inference on a statistically-convenient latent scale, it is sometimes desirable to express quantitative genetic parameters on the scale upon which traits are expressed. The parameters of a fitted GLMMs, despite being on a latent scale, fully determine all quantities of potential interest on the scale on which traits are expressed. We provide expressions for deriving each of such quantities, including population means, phenotypic (co)variances, variance components including additive genetic (co)variances, and parameters such as heritability. We demonstrate that fixed effects have a strong impact on those parameters and show how to deal for this effect by averaging or integrating over fixed effects. The expressions require integration of quantities determined by the link function, over distributions of latent values. In general cases, the required integrals must be solved numerically, but efficient methods are available and we provide an implementation in an R package, QGglmm. We show that known formulae for quantities such as heritability of traits with Binomial and Poisson distributions are special cases of our expressions. Additionally, we show how fitted GLMM can be incorporated into existing methods for predicting evolutionary trajectories. We demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting method for evolutionary prediction by simulation, and apply our approach to data from a wild pedigreed vertebrate population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pierre de Villemereuil</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holger Schielzeth</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shinichi Nakagawa</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Morrissey</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/026377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[General methods for evolutionary quantitative genetic inference from generalised mixed models.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027995v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling the role of immunity in reversion of viral antigenic sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/027995v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antigenic sites in viral pathogens exhibit distinctive evolutionary dynamics due to their role in evading recognition by host immunity. Antigenic selection is known to drive higher rates of non-synonymous substitution; less well understood is why differences are observed between viruses in their propensity to mutate to a novel or previously encountered amino acid. Here, we present a model to explain patterns of antigenic reversion and forward substitution in terms of the epidemiological and molecular processes of the viral population. We develop an analytical three-strain model and extend the analysis to a multi-site model to predict characteristics of observed sequence samples. Our model provides insight into how the balance between selection to escape immunity and to maintain viability is affected by the rate of mutational input. We also show that while low probabilities of reversion may be due to either a low cost of immune escape or slowly decaying host immunity, these two scenarios can be differentiated by the frequency patterns at antigenic sites. Comparison between frequency patterns of human influenza A (H3N2) and human RSV-A suggests that the increased rates of antigenic reversion in RSV-A is due to faster decaying immunity and not higher costs of escape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Carmen H. S. Chan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd P. Sanders</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mark M. Tanaka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2015-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/027995</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling the role of immunity in reversion of viral antigenic sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2015-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A universal model for carbon dioxide uptake by plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/040246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rate of carbon uptake by land plants depends on the ratio of leaf-internal to ambient carbon dioxide partial pressures1, here termed{chi} . This quantity is a key determinant of both primary production and transpiration and the relationship between them. But current models for{chi} are empirical and incomplete, contributing to the many uncertainties afflicting model estimates and future projections of terrestrial carbon uptake2,3. Here we show that a simple evolutionary optimality hypothesis4,5 generates functional relationships between{chi} and growth temperature, vapour pressure deficit and elevation that are precisely and quantitatively consistent with empirical{chi} values from a worldwide data set containing > 3500 stable carbon isotope measurements. A single global equation embodying these relationships then unifies the empirical light use efficiency model with the standard model of C3 photosynthesis1, and successfully predicts gross primary production as measured at flux sites. This achievement is notable because of the equation's simplicity (with just two parameters, both independently estimated) and applicability across biomes and plant functional types. Thereby it provides a theoretical underpinning, grounded in eco-evolutionary principles, for large-scale analysis of the CO2 and water exchanges between atmosphere and land.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han Wang</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iain Colin Prentice</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Cornwell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trevor Keenan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyler Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ian Wright</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley Evans</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Changhui Peng</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/040246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A universal model for carbon dioxide uptake by plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/044412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87x10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53x10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liping Hou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarah E Bergen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nirmala Akula</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jie Song</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christina M Hultman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikael Landen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazda Adli</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin Alda</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raffaella Ardau</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbara Arias</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Michel Aubry</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lena Backlund</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judith A Badner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas B Barrett</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael Bauer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernhard T Baune</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank Bellivier</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonio Benabarre</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susanne Bengesser</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade H Berrettini</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abesh Kumar Bhattacharjee</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanna M Biernacka</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Birner</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cinnamon S Bloss</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clara Brichant-Petitjean</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elise T Bui</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Byerley</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pablo Cervantes</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caterina Chillotti</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sven Cichon</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francesc Colom</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William Coryell</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>David W Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cristiana Cruceanu</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piotr M Czerski</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tony Davis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandre Dayer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franziska Degenh</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/044412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide association study of 40,000 individuals identifies two novel loci associated with bipolar disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056671v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional connectivity in neuromuscular system underlying bimanual muscle synergies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/056671v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neural synchrony has been suggested as mechanism for integrating distributed sensorimotor systems involved in coordinated movement. To test the role of corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence in the formation of bimanual muscle synergies, we experimentally manipulated the degree of coordination between hand muscles by varying the sensitivity of the visual feedback to differences in bilateral force. In 16 healthy participants, cortical activity was measured using 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) and muscle activity of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle of both hands using 8x8-channel high-density electromyography (HDsEMG). Using the uncontrolled manifold framework, coordination between bilateral forces was quantified by the synergy index RV in the time and frequency domain. Functional connectivity was assed using corticomuscular coherence between muscle activity and cortical source activity and intermuscular coherence between bilateral EMG activity. As expected, bimanual synergies were stronger in the high coordination condition. RV was higher in the high coordination condition in frequencies between 0 and 0.5 Hz, and above 2 Hz. For the 0.5-2 Hz frequency band this pattern was inverted. Corticomuscular coherence in the beta band (16-30 Hz) was maximal in the contralateral motor cortex and was reduced in the high coordination condition. In contrast, intermuscular coherence was observed at 5-12 Hz and increased with bimanual coordination. Within-subject comparisons revealed a negative correlation between RV and corticomuscular coherence and a positive correlation between RV and intermuscular coherence. Our findings suggest two distinct neural pathways: (1) Corticomuscular coherence reflects direct corticospinal projections involved in controlling individual muscles; (2) intermuscular coherence reflects diverging pathways involved in the coordination of multiple muscles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingmar E. J. de Vries</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas Daffertshofer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dick F. Stegeman</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjeerd W. Boonstra</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/056671</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional connectivity in neuromuscular system underlying bimanual muscle synergies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081091v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Putting bandits into context: How function learning supports decision making 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081091v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce the contextual multi-armed bandit task as a framework to investigate learning and decision making in uncertain environments. In this novel paradigm, participants repeatedly choose between multiple options in order to maximise their rewards. The options are described by a number of contextual features which are predictive of the rewards through initially unknown functions. From their experience with choosing options and observing the consequences of their decisions, participants can learn about the functional relation between contexts and rewards and improve their decision strategy over time. In three experiments, we explore participants behaviour in such learning environments. We predict participants behaviour by context-blind (mean-tracking, Kalman filter) and contextual (Gaussian process and linear regression) learning approaches combined with different choice strategies. Participants are mostly able to learn about the context-reward functions and their behaviour is best described by a Gaussian process learning strategy which generalizes previous experience to similar instances. In a relatively simple task with binary features, they seem to combine this learning with a "probability of improvement" decision strategy which focuses on alternatives that are expected to lead to an improvement upon a current favourite option. In a task with continuous features that are linearly related to the rewards, participants seem to more explicitly balance exploration and exploitation. Finally, in a difficult learning environment where the relation between features and rewards is non-linear, some participants are again well-described by a Gaussian process learning strategy, whereas others revert to context-blind strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schulz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konstantinidis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Speekenbrink, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081091</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Putting bandits into context: How function learning supports decision making]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Frequency Tagging reveals neural markers of predictive coding under varying uncertainty 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/081349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the integration of top-down and bottom-up signals is essential for the study of perception. Current accounts of predictive coding describe this in terms of interactions between state units encoding expectations or predictions, and error units encoding prediction error. However, direct neural evidence for such interactions has not been well established. To achieve this, we combined EEG methods that preferentially tag different levels in the visual hierarchy: Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP at 10Hz, tracking bottom-up signals) and Semantic Wavelet-Induced Frequency Tagging (SWIFT at 1.3Hz tracking top-down signals). Importantly, we examined intermodulation components (IM, e.g., 11.3Hz) as a measure of integration between these signals. To examine the influence of expectation and predictions on the nature of such integration, we constructed 50-second movie streams and modulated expectation levels for upcoming stimuli by varying the proportion of images presented across trials. We found SWIFT, SSVEP and IM signals to differ in important ways. SSVEP was strongest over occipital electrodes and was not modified by certainty. Conversely, SWIFT signals were evident over temporo- and parieto-occipital areas and decreased as a function of increasing certainty levels. Finally, IMs were evident over occipital electrodes and increased as a function of certainty. These results link SSVEP, SWIFT and IM signals to sensory evidence, predictions, prediction errors and hypothesis-testing - the core elements of predictive coding. These findings provide neural evidence for the integration of top-down and bottom-up information in perception, opening new avenues to studying such interactions in perception while constraining neuronal models of predictive coding.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere is a growing understanding that both top-down and bottom-up signals underlie perception. But how do these signals interact? And how does this process depend on the signals probabilistic properties?  Predictive coding theories of perception describe this in terms how well top-down predictions fit with bottom-up sensory input. Identifying neural markers for such signal integration is therefore essential for the study of perception and predictive coding theories in particular. The novel Hierarchical Frequency Tagging method simultaneously tags top-down and bottom-up signals in EEG recordings, while obtaining a measure for the level of integration between these signals. Our results suggest that top-down predictions indeed integrate with bottom-up signals in a manner that is modulated by the predictability of the sensory input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig-Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>vanBoxtel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohwy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/081349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Frequency Tagging reveals neural markers of predictive coding under varying uncertainty]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CORTICAL MAPS OF THE TASMANIAN TIGER AND COMPARISON TO THE TASMANIAN DEVIL 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/083592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The last known Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus) - aka the thylacine - died in 1936. Because its natural behavior was never documented, we are left to infer aspects of its behavior from museum specimens and unreliable historical recollections. Recent advances in brain imaging have made it possible to scan postmortem specimens of a wide range of animals, even more than a decade old. Any thylacine brain, however, would be more than 100 years old. Here, we show that it is possible to reconstruct white matter tracts in two thylacine brains. For functional interpretation, we compare to the white matter reconstructions of the brains of two Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). We reconstructed the cortical projection zones of the basal ganglia and major thalamic nuclei. The basal ganglia reconstruction showed a more modularized pattern in the cortex of the thylacine, while the devil cortex was dominated by the putamen. Similarly, the thalamic projections had a more orderly topography in the thylacine than the devil. These results are consistent with theories of brain evolution suggesting that larger brains are more modularized. Functionally, the thylacines brain may have had relatively more cortex devoted to planning and decision-making, which would be consistent with a predatory ecological niche versus the scavenging niche of the devil.nnSIGNIFICANCEThe Tasmanian tiger - aka the thylacine - was a carnivorous marsupial and apex predator in Tasmania until the last one died in 1936. Very little is known about its natural behavior. Only four intact brain specimens are known to have survived. We used diffusion-weighted MRI to reconstruct the white matter pathways in two of these specimens, and for comparison, the brains of two Tasmanian devils. By comparing the maps of these projections in the cortex, we show that the thylacines brain is consistent with a more complex predatory strategy than the scavenging strategy of the Tasmanian devil.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berns, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashwell, K. W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/083592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CORTICAL MAPS OF THE TASMANIAN TIGER AND COMPARISON TO THE TASMANIAN DEVIL]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089698v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perfluorooctane sulfonate affects proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent human teratocarcinoma cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/089698v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perfluorinated compounds have raised concern due to their potential association with detrimental postnatal outcomes in animals and humans. We tested the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on a human pluripotent teratocarcinoma (known as NCCIT) cells as an in vitro prototype for developmental toxicity in mammals. NCCIT contains stem-cells able to differentiate into endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. We tested our cell model using a teratogenic compound, retinoic acid (RA), a cytotoxin, nocodazole (ND), and PFOS. We assayed cells proliferation, morphology and expression of stem cell and germ layer marker genes. PFOS reduced NCCIT cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and induced morphological changes in cell cultures that resembled ectodermal phenotypes. A tendency towards a differentiated state in NCCIT was confirmed by real-time gene expression. PFOS triggered up-regulation of the gene nestin, indicative of ectodermal lineage differentiation, and interfered with the expression of the pluripotency stem-cell marker TERT. PFOS produced effects on both cells proliferation and differentiation, although not as severe as those observed for RA and ND, at levels that fall within the range of concentrations found in animal and human plasma. We discuss our findings in the context of possible interference of PFOS with the processes governing the early development of mammalian tissues.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neilan, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomati, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/089698</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perfluorooctane sulfonate affects proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent human teratocarcinoma cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090100v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 regulates centriolar satellite stability and primary cilia formation via ubiquitylation of CSPP-L. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090100v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cilia are crucial for signal transduction in a variety of pathways, including Hedgehog and Wnt. Disruption of primary cilia formation (ciliogenesis) is linked to numerous developmental disorders (known as ciliopathies) and diseases, including cancer. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) component UBR5 was previously identified as a putative modulator of ciliogenesis in a functional genomics screen. UBR5 is an E3 Ubiquitin ligase that is frequently deregulated in tumours, but its biological role in cancer is largely uncharacterised, partly due to a lack of understanding of interacting proteins and pathways. We validated the effect of UBR5 depletion on primary cilia formation using a robust model of ciliogenesis, and identified CSPP1, a centrosomal and ciliary protein required for cilia formation, as a UBR5-interacting protein. We show that UBR5 ubiquitylates CSPP1, and that UBR5 is required for cytoplasmic organization of CSPP1-comprising centriolar satellites in centrosomal periphery. Hence, we have established a key role for UBR5 in ciliogenesis that may have important implications in understanding cancer pathophysiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shearer, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frikstad, K.-A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCloy, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patzke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saunders, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090100</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 regulates centriolar satellite stability and primary cilia formation via ubiquitylation of CSPP-L.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding the nonconscious dynamics of thought generation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/090712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Much of economics, psychology and neuroscience have focused on thought dynamics and how they control our behavior, from individual moral choices to the irrationality of market dynamics. However, how much of our thoughts we actually control when we feel we make deliberate choices remains unknown. Here we show that the content of thoughts can be decoded from activity patterns as early as 11 seconds before individuals report having formed the volitional thought. Participants freely chose which of two differently oriented and colored gratings to think about. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and pattern classification methods, we consistently classified the contents of thoughts using activity patterns recorded before and after the thought was reported. We found that activity patterns were predictive as far as 11 seconds before the conscious thought, in visual, frontal and subcortical areas. These predictive patterns contained similar information to the responses evoked by unattended perceptual gratings and were evident in individual visual areas. Interestingly, neural information present before the decision was associated with the vividness of future thoughts, suggesting that preceding nonconscious sensory-like representations can impact the content and strength of future conscious thoughts. Our results suggest that thoughts and their strength can be biased by prior spontaneous nonconscious perception-like representations, advancing theories of free will and models of intrusive and repetitive thought production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koenig-Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/090712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding the nonconscious dynamics of thought generation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A meta-analysis of bioinformatics softwarebenchmarks reveals that publication-bias undulyinfluences software accuracy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/092205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundComputational biology provides widely used and powerful software tools for testing and making inferences about biological data. In the face of rapidly increasing volumes of data, heuristic methods that trade software speed for accuracy may be employed. We are have studied these trade-offs using the results of a large number of independent software benchmarks, and evaluated whether external factors are indicative of accurate software.

MethodWe have extracted accuracy and speed ranks from independent benchmarks of different bioinformatic software tools, and evaluated whether the speed, author reputation, journal impact, recency and developer efforts are indicative of accuracy.

ResultsWe found that software speed, author reputation, journal impact, number of citations and age are all unreliable predictors of software accuracy. This is unfortunate because citations, author and journal reputation are frequently cited reasons for selecting software tools. However, GitHub-derived records and high version numbers show that the accurate bioinformatic software tools are generally the product of many improvements over time, often from multiple developers.

DiscussionWe also find that the field of bioinformatics has a large excess of slow and inaccurate software tools, and this is consistent across many sub-disciplines. Meanwhile, there are few tools that are middle-of-road in terms of accuracy and speed trade-offs. We hypothesise that a form of publication-bias influences the publication and development of bioinformatic software. In other words, software that is intermediate in terms of both speed and accuracy may be difficult to publish - possibly due to author, editor and reviewer practices. This leaves an unfortunate hole in the literature as the ideal tools may fall into this gap. For example, high accuracy tools are not always useful if years of CPU time are required, while high speed is not useful if the results are also inaccurate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashari Ghomi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umu, S. U. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGimpsey, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlik, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/092205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A meta-analysis of bioinformatics softwarebenchmarks reveals that publication-bias undulyinfluences software accuracy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical excitability controls the strength of mental imagery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/093690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mental imagery provides an essential simulation tool for remembering the past and planning the future, with its strength affecting both cognition and mental health. Research suggests that neural activity spanning prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and visual areas supports the generation of mental images. Exactly how this network controls the strength of visual imagery remains unknown. Here, brain imaging and transcranial magnetic phosphene data show that lower resting activity and excitability levels in early visual cortex (V1-V3) predict stronger sensory imagery. Electrically decreasing visual cortex excitability using tDCS increases imagery strength, demonstrating a causative role of visual cortex excitability in controlling visual imagery. These data suggest a neurophysiological mechanism of cortical excitability involved in controlling the strength of mental images.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Keogh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergmann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/093690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical excitability controls the strength of mental imagery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coefficient of determination R2 and intra-class correlation coefficient ICC from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/095851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIThe coefficient of determination R2 quantifies the proportion of variance explained by a statistical model and is an important summary statistic of biological interest. However, estimating R2 for (generalized) linear mixed models (GLMMs) remains challenging. We have previously introduced a version of R2 that we called R2GLMM for Poisson and binomial GLMMs, but not for other distributional families.nC_LIO_LISimilarly, we earlier discussed how to estimate intra-class correlation coefficients ICC (also known as repeatability in the field of ecology and evolution) using Poisson and binomial GLMMs, but not for other distributional families. ICC is related to R2 because they are both ratios of variance components.nC_LIO_LIIn this article we expand our method to additional non-Gaussian distributions, namely quasi-Poisson, negative binomial and gamma GLMMs. However, in theory, our extension could be applied to any distribution and we include an explanatory calculation for the Tweedie distribution.nC_LIO_LIWhile expanding our approach, we highlight two useful concepts, Jensens inequality and the delta method, both of which help in understanding the properties of GLMMs. Jensens inequality has important implications for the interpretation GLMMs while the delta method allows a general derivation of distribution-specific variances. We also discuss some special considerations for binomial GLMMs with binary or proportion data.nC_LIO_LIWe illustrate the implementation of our extension by worked examples in the R environment. However, our method can be used regardless of statistical packages and environments. We finish by referring to two alternative methods to our approach along with a cautionary note.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schielzeth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2016-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/095851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coefficient of determination R2 and intra-class correlation coefficient ICC from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2016-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associative Learning from Replayed Experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/100800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We develop an extension of the Rescorla-Wagner model of associative learning. In addition to learning from the current trial, the new model supposes that animals store and replay previous trials, learning from the replayed trials using the same learning rule. This simple idea provides a unified explanation for diverse phenomena that have proved challenging to earlier associative models, including spontaneous recovery, latent inhibition, retrospective revaluation, and trial spacing effects. For example, spontaneous recovery is explained by supposing that the animal replays its previous trials during the interval between extinction and test. These include earlier acquisition trials as well as recent extinction trials, and thus there is a gradual re-acquisition of the conditioned response. We present simulation results for the simplest version of this replay idea, where the trial memory is assumed empty at the beginning of an experiment, all experienced trials are stored and none removed, and sampling from the memory is performed at random. Even this minimal replay model is able to explain the challenging phenomena, illustrating the explanatory power of an associative model enhanced by learning from remembered as well as real experiences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ludvig, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mirian, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kehoe, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/100800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associative Learning from Replayed Experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103390v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual reproduction as bet-hedging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/103390v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In evolutionary biology, bet-hedging refers to a strategy that reduces the variance of reproductive success at the cost of reduced mean reproductive success. In unpredictably fluctuating environments, bet-hedgers benefit from higher geometric mean fitness despite having lower arithmetic mean fitness than their specialist competitors. We examine the extent to which sexual reproduction can be considered a type of bet-hedging, by clarifying past arguments, examining parallels and differences to evolutionary games, and by presenting a simple model examining geometric and arithmetic mean payoffs of sexual and asexual reproduction. Sex typically has lower arithmetic mean fitness than asex, while the geometric mean fitness can be higher if sexually produced offspring are not identical. However, asexual individuals that are heterozygotes can gain conservative bet-hedging benefits of similar magnitude while avoiding the costs of sex. This highlights that bet-hedging always has to be specified relative to the payoff structure of relevant competitors. It also makes it unlikely that sex, at least when associated with significant male production, evolves solely based on bet-hedging in the context of frequently and repeatedly occupied environmental states. Future work could usefully consider bet-hedging in open-ended evolutionary scenarios with de novo mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, X.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehtonen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kokko, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/103390</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual reproduction as bet-hedging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bird interactions with drones, from individuals to large colonies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/109926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Drones are rapidly becoming a key part of the toolkit for a range of scientific disciplines, as well as a range of management and commercial applications. This presents a number of challenges in context of how drone use might impact nearby wildlife. Interactions between birds and drones naturally come to mind, since they share the airspace. This paper details initial findings on the interactions between drones and birds for a range of waterbird, passerine and raptor species, across of a range of scientific applications and natural environments. The primary aims of this paper are to provide guidance for those planning or undertaking drone monitoring exercises, as well as provide direction for future research into safe and effective monitoring with drones. Our study sites we all located within Australia and spanned a range of arid, semi-arid, dunefield, floodplain, wetland, woodland, forest, coastal heath and urban environments. We particularly focus on behavioral changes towards drones during breeding season, interactions with raptors, and effects on nesting birds in large colonies - three areas yet to be explored in published literature. In over 70 hours of flight, there were no incidents with birds. Although some aggressive behavior was encountered from solitary breeding birds. Several large breeding bird colonies were surveyed, and included in our observations is monitoring and counting of nests in a colony of over 200,000 Straw-necked Ibis, the largest drone-based bird monitoring exercise to date. In addition to providing observations of interactions with specific bird species, we recommend procedures for flight planning, safe flying and avoidance. This paper also provides a basis for a number of critical and emerging areas of research into bird-drone interactions, most notably, territorial breeding birds, safety around large raptors, and the effect of drones on the behaviour of birds in large breeding colonies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Callaghan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryall, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/109926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bird interactions with drones, from individuals to large colonies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The functional anatomy of self-generated and predictable speech 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/119644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sensory attenuation refers to the cortical suppression of self-generated sensations relative to externally-generated sensations. This attenuation of cortical responsiveness is the result of internal forward models which make precise predictions about forthcoming sensations. Forward models of sensory attenuation in the auditory domain are thought to operate along auditory white matter pathways such as the arcuate fasciculus and the frontal aslant. The aim of this study was to investigate whether brain regions that are structurally connected via these white matter pathways are also effectively connected during overt speech, as well as as when listening to externally-generated speech that is temporally predictable via a visual cue. Using Electroencephalography (EEG) and Dynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) we investigated network models that link the primary auditory cortex to Wernickes and Brocas area either directly or indirectly through Geschwinds territory, which are structurally connected via the arcuate fasciculus. Connections between Brocas and supplementary motor area, which are structurally connected via the frontal aslant, were also included. Our results revealed that bilateral areas interconnected by indirect and direct pathways of the arcuate fasciculus, in addition to regions interconnected by the frontal aslant best explain the EEG responses to both self-generated speech, and speech that is externally-generated but temporally predictable. These findings indicate that structurally connected brain regions thought to be involved in auditory attenuation are also effectively connected. Critically, our findings expand on the notion of internal forward models, whereby sensory consequences of our actions are internally predicted and reflected in reduced cortical responsiveness to these sensations.nnHighlightsO_LIEffective connectivity of auditory attenuation to self-generated and predictable speechnC_LIO_LIEEG and DCM were used to investigate several plausible network modelsnC_LIO_LIStructurally connected brain areas of auditory attenuation are effectively connectednC_LIO_LIInternal forward models modulate self-generated and predictable speechnC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oestreich, L. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitford, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/119644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The functional anatomy of self-generated and predictable speech]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121376v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Response Of Microbial Community Function To Fluctuating Geochemical Conditions Within A Legacy Radioactive Waste Trench Environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/121376v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the 1960s, small quantities of radioactive materials were co-disposed with chemical waste at the Little Forest Legacy Site (Sydney, Australia) in three-metre-deep, unlined trenches. Chemical and microbial analyses, including functional and taxonomic information derived from shotgun metagenomics, were collected across a six-week period immediately after a prolonged rainfall event to assess how changing water levels impact upon the microbial ecology and contaminant mobility. Collectively, results demonstrated that oxygen-laden rainwater rapidly altered the redox balance in the trench water, strongly impacting microbial functioning as well as the radiochemistry. Two contaminants of concern, plutonium and americium, were shown to transition from solid-iron-associated species immediately after the initial rainwater pulse, to progressively more soluble moieties as reducing conditions were enhanced. Functional metagenomics revealed the potentially important role that the taxonomically-diverse microbial community played in this transition. In particular, aerobes dominated in the first day followed by an increase of facultative anaerobes/denitrifiers at day four. Towards the mid-end of the sampling period, the functional and taxonomic profiles depicted an anaerobic community distinguished by a higher representation of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and methanogenesis pathways. Our results have important implications to similar near-surface environmental systems in which redox cycling occurs.nnImportanceThe role of chemical and microbiological factors in mediating the biogeochemistry of groundwaters from trenches used to dispose of radioactive materials during the 1960s is examined in this study. Specifically, chemical and microbial analyses, including functional and taxonomic information derived from shotgun metagenomics, were collected across a six-week period immediately after a prolonged rainfall event to assess how changing water levels influence microbial ecology and contaminant mobility.nnResults demonstrate that oxygen-laden rainwater rapidly altered the redox balance in the trench water, strongly impacting microbial functioning as well as the radiochemistry. Two contaminants of concern, plutonium and americium, were shown to transition from solidiron-associated species immediately after the initial rainwater pulse, to progressively more soluble moieties as reducing conditions were enhanced. Functional metagenomics revealed the important role that the taxonomically-diverse microbial community played in this transition. Our results have important implications to similar near-surface environmental systems in which redox cycling occurs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Campos, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsela, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bligh, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/121376</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Response Of Microbial Community Function To Fluctuating Geochemical Conditions Within A Legacy Radioactive Waste Trench Environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coordinated Shifts In Allocation Among Reproductive Tissues Across 14 Coexisting Plant Species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/141473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Plant species differ in the amounts of energy allocated to different reproductive tissues, driving differences in their ecology and energy flows within ecosystems. While it is widely agreed that energy allocation is key to reproductive outcomes, few studies have estimated how reproductive effort (RE) is partitioned among different pools, for multiple species in a community. In plants, RE can be partitioned in several meaningful ways: seed versus non-seed tissues; into flowers that form seeds and those that fail to develop; into pre-versus post-pollination tissues, and into successful versus aborted ovules. Evolutionary theory suggests several hypotheses about how these tissues should be coordinated across species. To quantify variation in allocation to different reproductive tissues, we collected detailed RE measurements for a year from 14 perennial species in a recurrent-fire coastal heath community in eastern Australia. Overall we found that total accessory costs - the proportion of RE not directly invested in provisioning the seed - were very large, varying from 95.8% to 99.8% across the study species. These results suggest that studies using seed or fruit production as measures of RE may underestimate it by 10-to 500-fold. We propose a suitable alternative that well-approximates true RE. When comparing species, we found strong support for three evolutionary trade-offs that are predicted to arise when a given energy pool is divided into different tissue masses and counts across species: 1) between successful pollen-attraction costs and mature ovule count, 2) between total reproductive costs and seed count, and 3) between seedset and relative investment in pollen-attraction costs. As a result of these trade-offs, species were also predicted to show coordinated shifts in the amounts invested in floral construction, in seedset and seed size. These shifts in investment were indeed observed, with the amount allocated to discarded tissues increasing with seed size and the amount allocated to pollen-attraction decreasing with seed size. It is already well-established that the seed size axis aligns with the colonization-competition life history spectrum; here we show that relative construction costs of pollen-attraction versus provisioning tissues and seedset are also part of this trajectory, expanding our understanding of the relatives sizes of floral and fruiting structures observed across angiosperms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenk, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramowicz, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westoby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/141473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coordinated Shifts In Allocation Among Reproductive Tissues Across 14 Coexisting Plant Species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Male coercion, female resistance, and the evolutionary trap of sexual reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/146076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent theory suggests that male coercion could contribute to the maintenance of obligate sex. However, it is unclear how sexually antagonistic coevolution might interact with mate scarcity to influence the probability of invasions of obligately sexual populations by mutants capable of parthenogenetic reproduction. Furthermore, if invasion does occur, it is unclear which factors promote or prevent the complete loss of sex. Using individual-based models, we show that male coercion cannot prevent the invasion of a mutant allele that gives virgin females the ability to reproduce parthenogenetically because mutants always benefit by producing at least some offspring asexually prior to mating. Indeed, the likelihood of invasion generally increases as sexual conflict intensifies, and the effects of sexual conflict and mate scarcity can interact in complex ways to promote invasion. Nonetheless, we find that coercion prevents the complete loss of sex unless linkage disequilibrium can build up between the mutant allele and alleles for effective female resistance. Our findings clarify how costs and limitations of female resistance can promote the maintenance of sexual reproduction, turning sex into an evolutionary trap. At the same time, our results highlight the need to explain why facultative reproductive strategies so rarely evolve in nature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/146076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Male coercion, female resistance, and the evolutionary trap of sexual reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
More Highly Myelinated White Matter Tracts are Associated with Faster Processing Speed in Healthy Adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/152546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the myelin content of white matter tracts is predictive of cogni-tive processing speed and whether such associations are modulated by age. Associations between myelin content and processing speed was assessed in 570 community-living individuals (277 middle-age, 293 older-age). Myelin content was measured using the mean T1w/T2w magnetic resonance ratio, in six white matter tracts (anterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata, pontine crossing tract, anterior limb of the internal capsule, genu of the corpus callosum, and splenium of the corpus callosum). Processing speed was estimated by extracting a principal component from 5 sep-arate tests of processing speed. It was found that myelin content of the bilateral anterior limb of the internal capsule and left splenium of the corpus callosum were significant predictors of processing speed, even after controlling for socio-demographic, health and genetic variables and correcting for multiple comparisons. A 1 SD increase in the myelin content of the anterior limb of the internal capsule was associated with 2.53% increase in processing speed and within the left splenium of the corpus callosum with a 2.20% increase in processing speed. In addition, significant differences in myelin content between middle-age and older participants were found in all six white matter tracts. The present results indicate that myelin content, estimated in vivo using a neuroimaging approach in healthy older adults is sufficiently precise to predict variability in processing speed in behavioural measures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chopra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherbuin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/152546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[More Highly Myelinated White Matter Tracts are Associated with Faster Processing Speed in Healthy Adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158816v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Facultative adjustment of paternal care in the face of female infidelity in dunnocks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/158816v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A much-debated issue is whether or not males should reduce parental care when they lose paternity (i.e. the certainty of paternity hypothesis). While there is general support for this relationship across species, within-population evidence is still contentious. Among the main reasons behind such problem is the confusion discerning between-from within-individual patterns. Here, we tested this hypothesis empirically by investigating the parental care of male dunnocks (Prunella modularis) in relation to paternity. We used a thorough dataset of observations in a wild population, genetic parentage, and a within-subject centring statistical approach to disentangle paternal care adjustment within-male and between males. We found support for the certainty of paternity hypothesis, as there was evidence for within-male adjustment in paternal care when socially monogamous males lost paternity to extra-pair sires. There was little evidence of a between-male effect overall. Our findings show that monogamous males adjust paternal care when paired to the same female partner. We also show that - in monogamous broods - the proportion of provisioning visits made by males yields fitness benefits in terms of fledging success. Our results suggest that socially monogamous females that engage in extra-pair behaviour may suffer fitness costs, as their partners reduction in paternal care can negatively affect fledging success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, E. S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/158816</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Facultative adjustment of paternal care in the face of female infidelity in dunnocks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162040v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Harmonic brain modes: a unifying framework for linking space and time in brain dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/162040v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A fundamental characteristic of spontaneous brain activity is coherent oscillations covering a wide range of frequencies. Interestingly, these temporal oscillations are highly correlated among spatially distributed cortical areas forming structured correlation patterns known as the resting state networks, although the brain is never truly at  rest. Here, we introduce the concept of "harmonic brain modes" - fundamental building blocks of complex spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity. We define these elementary harmonic brain modes as harmonic modes of structural connectivity; i.e. connectome harmonics, yielding fully synchronous neural activity patterns with different frequency oscillations emerging on and constrained by the particular structure of the brain. Hence, this particular definition implicitly links the hitherto poorly understood dimensions of space and time in brain dynamics and its underlying anatomy. Further we show how harmonic brain modes can explain the relationship between neurophysiological, temporal and network-level changes in the brain across different mental states; (wakefulness, sleep, anaesthesia, psychedelic). Notably, when decoded as activation of connectome harmonics, spatial and temporal characteristics of neural activity naturally emerge from the interplay between excitation and inhibition and this critical relation fits the spatial, temporal and neurophysiological changes associated with different mental states. Thus, the introduced framework of harmonic brain modes not only establishes a relation between the spatial structure of correlation patterns and temporal oscillations (linking space and time in brain dynamics), but also enables a new dimension of tools for understanding fundamental principles underlying brain dynamics in different states of consciousness.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Atasoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kringelbach, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/162040</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Harmonic brain modes: a unifying framework for linking space and time in brain dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170621v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Population and conservation genomics of the world's rarest hyena species, the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/170621v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With an estimated population size of less than 10,000 individuals worldwide, the brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) has been listed as  near threatened by the IUCN. Despite this rank, studies involving DNA analyses of the brown hyena are limited. Little consideration has been focussed towards population structure within the brown hyena, which could provide valuable insights about its evolutionary history and aid in conservation efforts of the species. Here we report both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of wild-caught brown hyena individuals from across southern Africa. Mitochondrial DNA shows little to no phylogeographic structure, whereas low-coverage nuclear genomes reveal several potential sub-populations. Moreover, we find that brown hyenas harbour the lowest genetic diversity for a species on both the mitochondrial and nuclear level when compared to a number of mammalian species for which such information is currently available. Our data also reveal that at least on the nuclear DNA level, this low diversity could be the result of a continuous and ongoing decline in effective population size that started about one million years ago and dramatically accelerated towards the end of the Pleistocene. Moreover, our findings also show that the correlation between genetic diversity and the perceived risk of extinction is not particularly strong, since many species with higher genetic diversity than the brown hyena are considered to be at greater risk of extinction. Taken together, our results have important implications for the conservation status and conservation approaches of the brown hyena.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Westbury, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiesel, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leo, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Welch, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sicks, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludwig, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofreiter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/170621</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Population and conservation genomics of the world's rarest hyena species, the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/173831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions, and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in over 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and the UK-Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 25 significantly associated loci (20 novel). Annotation of these loci utilizing gene expression, methylation, and neuropathological data identified 62 candidate genes implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H. H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Lee, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eicher, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arias-Vasquez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauhan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Athanasiu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renteria, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kloszewska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimm, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abramovic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axelsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roi</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/173831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Architecture of Subcortical Brain Structures in Over 40,000 Individuals Worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/176511v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
General cognitive function is a prominent human trait associated with many important life outcomes1,2, including longevity3. The substantial heritability of general cognitive function is known to be polygenic, but it has had little explication in terms of the contributing genetic variants4,5,6. Here, we combined cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N=280,360; age range = 16 to 102). We found 9,714 genome-wide significant SNPs (P<5 x 10-8) in 99 independent loci. Most showed clear evidence of functional importance. Among many novel genes associated with general cognitive function were SGCZ, ATXN1, MAPT, AUTS2, and P2RY6. Within the novel genetic loci were variants associated with neurodegenerative disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, brain structure, and BMI. Gene-based analyses found 536 genes significantly associated with general cognitive function; many were highly expressed in the brain, and associated with neurogenesis and dendrite gene sets. Genetic association results predicted up to 4% of general cognitive function variance in independent samples. There was significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function and information processing speed, as well as many health variables including longevity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davies, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trampush, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagenaars, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritchie, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marioni, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawns-Ritchie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okely, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahola-Olli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, C. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christoforou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRosse, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Djurovic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espeseth, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giakoumaki, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giddaluru, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustavson, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayward, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikram, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlsson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knowles, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melle, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldmeadow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazoki, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrovic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynolds, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/176511</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ninety-nine independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function include genes associated with brain health and structure (N = 280,360)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of corticospinal motor control during overground and treadmill walking in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/177915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence suggests cortical involvement in the control of human gait. However, the nature of corticospinal interactions remains poorly understood. We performed time-frequency analysis of electrophysiological activity acquired during treadmill and overground walking in 22 healthy, young adults. Participants walked at their preferred speed (4.2, SD 0.4 km h-1), which was matched across both gait conditions. Event-related power, corticomuscular coherence (CMC) and inter-trial coherence (ITC) were assessed for EEG from bilateral sensorimotor cortices and EMG from the bilateral tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Cortical power, CMC and ITC at theta, alpha, beta and gamma frequencies (4-45 Hz) increased during the double support phase of the gait cycle for both overground and treadmill walking. High beta (21-30 Hz) CMC and ITC of EMG was significantly increased during overground compared to treadmill walking, as well as EEG power in theta band (4-7 Hz). The phase spectra revealed positive time lags at alpha, beta and gamma frequencies, indicating that the EEG response preceded the EMG response. The parallel increases in power, CMC and ITC during double support suggest evoked responses at spinal and cortical populations rather than a modulation of ongoing corticospinal oscillatory interactions. The evoked responses are not consistent with the idea of synchronization of ongoing corticospinal oscillations, but instead suggest coordinated cortical and spinal inputs during the double support phase. Frequency-band dependent differences in power, CMC and ITC between overground and treadmill walking suggest differing neural control for the two gait modalities, emphasizing the task-dependent nature of neural processes during human walking.nnNew & NoteworthyWe investigated cortical and spinal activity during overground and treadmill walking in healthy adults. Parallel increases in power, CMC and ITC during double support suggest evoked responses at spinal and cortical populations rather than a modulation of ongoing corticospinal oscillatory interactions. These findings identify neurophysiological mechanisms that are important for understanding cortical control of human gait in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roeder, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/177915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of corticospinal motor control during overground and treadmill walking in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in different population groups: systematic review and meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/180422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMycoplasma genitalium is a common cause of non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. Testing of asymptomatic populations has been proposed, but prevalence rates in asymptomatic populations are not well established. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of M. genitalium in adults in the general population, in clinic-based samples, pregnant women, men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW).nnMethodsWe searched Embase, Medline, IndMED, AIM and LILACS from 1 January 1991 to 12 July 2016 without language restrictions. We included studies with 500 participants or more. We screened and selected studies and extracted data in duplicate. We examined eligible studies in forest plots and conducted random effects meta-analysis to estimate prevalence, if appropriate. Between study heterogeneity was examined using the I2 statistic and meta-regression.nnResultsOf 3,316 screened records, 63 were included. In randomly selected samples from the general population, the summary prevalence estimate was 1.3% (95% confidence intervals, CI 1.0 to 1.8%, I2 41.5%, 3 studies) in countries with higher levels of development and 3.9% (95% CI 2.2 to 6.7, I2 89.2%, 3 studies) in countries with lower levels. Prevalence estimates were similar in women and men (p=0.47). In clinic-based samples prevalence estimates were higher, except in asymptomatic patients (0.8%, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.4, I2 0.0%, 3 studies). Summary prevalence estimates were: pregnant women 0.9% (95% CI 0.6 to 1.4%, I2 0%, 4 studies); MSM in the community 3.2% (95% CI 2.1 to 5.1, I2 78.3%, 5 studies); FSW in the community 15.9% (95% CI 13.5 to 18.9, I2 =79.9%, 4 studies).nnDiscussionThis systematic review can inform testing guidelines for M. genitalium infection. The low estimated prevalence of M. genitalium in the general population, pregnant women and asymptomatic attenders at clinics does not support expansion of testing to asymptomatic people in these groups.nnRegistration NumbersnnPROSPERO: CRD42015020420
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baumann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli-Gany, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goutaki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbeisen, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lohrer, G.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/180422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in different population groups: systematic review and meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Network structure of the human musculoskeletal system shapes neural interactions on multiple timescales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/181818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human motor control requires the coordination of muscle activity under the anatomical constraints imposed by the musculoskeletal system. Interactions within the central nervous system are fundamental to motor coordination, but the principles governing functional integration remain poorly understood. We used network analysis to investigate the relationship between anatomical and functional connectivity amongst 36 muscles. Anatomical networks were defined by the physical connections between muscles and functional networks were based on intermuscular coherence assessed during postural tasks. We found a modular structure of functional networks that was strongly shaped by the anatomical constraints of the musculoskeletal system. Changes in postural tasks were associated with a frequency-dependent reconfiguration of the coupling between functional modules. These findings reveal distinct patterns of functional interactions between muscles involved in flexibly organising muscle activity during postural control. Our network approach to the motor system offers a unique window into the neural circuitry driving the musculoskeletal system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerkman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daffertshofer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breakspear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/181818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Network structure of the human musculoskeletal system shapes neural interactions on multiple timescales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184069v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Catch-slip behavior observed upon rupturing membrane-cytoskeleton bonds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/184069v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cells are capable of cytoskeleton remodeling in response to environmental cues at the plasma membrane. The propensity to remodel in response to a mechanical stimulus is reflected in part by the lifetime of the membrane-cytoskeleton bonds upon application of a tensile loading rate. We measure the lifetime and force to rupture membrane-cytoskeleton linkages of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line, HN-31 by applying a tensile loading rate (< 60 pN/s) with a handle bound to a cell, while monitoring the displacement of the handle at 2 kHz after averaging. We observe the lifetime increases with loading rate, rf to a maximum after which it decreases with further increase in rf. This biphasic relationship appears insensitive to drugs that target microtubule assembly, but is no longer detectable, i.e., lifetime is independent of rf in cells with reduced active Rho-GTPases. The loading rate-time relationship resembles catch-slip behavior reported upon applying tensile loads to separate protein complexes. Under small loads the bonds catch to increase lifetimes, under larger loads their lifetime shortens and they dissociate in a slip-like manner. Our data conforms to a model that considers the membrane-cytoskeleton bonds exhibit a load-dependent conformational change and dissociate via two pathways. We also find the membrane-cytoskeleton linkages strengthen with stationary compressive load, FSC (|FSC| < 40 pN), and conclude this metastatic cell line responds to small mechanical stimuli by promoting cytoskeleton remodeling as evident by observing F-actin within the membrane nanotube (10 {micro}m length) formed after bond rupture.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rajasekharan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, V. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereira, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/184069</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Catch-slip behavior observed upon rupturing membrane-cytoskeleton bonds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190165v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Association between alcohol consumption and Alzheimer’s disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/190165v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONObservational studies have suggested that light-moderate alcohol consumptions decreases the risk of Alzheimers disease, but it is unclear if this association is causal.nnMETHODSTwo-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to examine whether alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence or Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scores were causally associated with the risk of Late Onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD) or Alzheimers disease age of onset survival (AAOS). Additionally, {gamma}-glutamyltransferase levels were included as a positive control.nnRESULTSThere was no evidence of a causal association between alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence or AUDIT and LOAD. Alcohol consumption was associated with an earlier AAOS and increased {gamma}-glutamyltransferase blood concentrations. Alcohol dependence was associated with a delayed AAOS.nnDISCUSSIONMR found robust evidence of a causal association between alcohol consumption and an earlier AAOS, but not alcohol intake and LOAD risk. The protective effect of alcohol dependence is potentially due to survivor bias.nnResearch in ContextO_ST_ABSSystematic ReviewC_ST_ABSThe authors reviewed the literature using online databases (e.g. PubMed). Previous research links light-moderate alcohol consumption to a decreased risk of Alzheimers disease (AD), however, prior studies based on observational study designs may be biased due to unmeasured confounders influencing both alcohol consumption and AD risk.nnInterpretationWe used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to evaluated the causal relationship between alcohol intake and AD. MR uses genetic variants as proxies for environmental exposures to provide an estimate of the causal association between an intermediate exposure and a disease outcome. MR found evidence of a causal association between alcohol consumption and an earlier AD age of onset, suggesting that light-moderate alcohol consumption does not reduce risk of Alzheimers disease.nnFuture DirectionsFuture studies should use alterative study designs and account for additional confounders when evaluating the causal relationship between alcohol consumption and AD.nnHighlightsO_LIWe evaluated causal relationships between alcohol intake and Alzheimers diseasenC_LIO_LIAlcohol consumption is causally associated with an earlier Alzheimers age of onsetnC_LIO_LINo evidence of causal assocations between alcohol intake and Alzheimers risknC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Andrews, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstey, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/190165</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Association between alcohol consumption and Alzheimer’s disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of tDCS Dosage on Working Memory in Healthy Participants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/192419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been found to improve working memory (WM) performance in healthy participants following a single session. However, results are mixed and the overall effect size is small. Interpretation of these results is confounded by heterogeneous study designs, including differences in tDCS dose (current intensity) and sham conditions used.nnAimsWe systematically investigated the effect of tDCS dose on working memory using behavioural and neurophysiological outcomes.nnMethodsIn a single-blind parallel group design, 100 participants were randomised across five groups to receive 15 minutes of bifrontal tDCS at different current intensities (2mA, 1mA, and three sham tDCS conditions at 0.034mA, 0.016mA, or 0mA). EEG activity was acquired while participants performed a WM task prior to, during, and following tDCS. Response time, accuracy and an event-related EEG component (P3) were evaluated.nnResultsWe found no significant differences in response time or performance accuracy between current intensities. The P3 amplitude was significantly lower in the 0mA condition compared to the 0.034mA, 1mA and 2mA tDCS conditions. Changes in WM accuracy were moderately correlated with changes in the P3 amplitude following tDCS compared to baseline levels (r = 0.34).nnConclusionsWorking memory was not significantly altered by tDCS, regardless of dose. The P3 amplitude showed that stimulation at 1mA, 2mA and a sham condition (0.034mA) had biological effects, with the largest effect size for 1mA stimulation. These findings indicate higher sensitivity of neurophysiological outcomes to tDCS and suggests that sham stimulation previously considered inactive may alter neuronal function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/192419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of tDCS Dosage on Working Memory in Healthy Participants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/196634v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hemispheric asymmetry is a cardinal feature of human brain organization. Altered brain asymmetry has also been linked to some cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here the ENIGMA consortium presents the largest ever analysis of cerebral cortical asymmetry and its variability across individuals. Cortical thickness and surface area were assessed in MRI scans of 17,141 healthy individuals from 99 datasets worldwide. Results revealed widespread asymmetries at both hemispheric and regional levels, with a generally thicker cortex but smaller surface area in the left hemisphere relative to the right. Regionally, asymmetries of cortical thickness and/or surface area were found in the inferior frontal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. These regions are involved in lateralized functions, including language and visuospatial processing. In addition to population-level asymmetries, variability in brain asymmetry was related to sex, age, and brain size (indexed by intracranial volume). Interestingly, we did not find significant associations between asymmetries and handedness. Finally, with two independent pedigree datasets (N = 1,443 and 1,113, respectively), we found several asymmetries showing modest but highly reliable heritability. The structural asymmetries identified, and their variabilities and heritability provide a reference resource for future studies on the genetic basis of brain asymmetry and altered laterality in cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders.nnSignificance StatementLeft-right asymmetry is a key feature of the human brain's structure and function. It remains unclear which cortical regions are asymmetrical on average in the population, and how biological factors such as age, sex and genetic variation affect these asymmetries. Here we describe by far the largest ever study of cerebral cortical brain asymmetry, based on data from 17,141 participants. We found a global anterior-posterior 'torque' pattern in cortical thickness, together with various regional asymmetries at the population level, which have not been previously described, as well as effects of age, sex, and heritability estimates. From these data, we have created an on-line resource that will serve future studies of human brain anatomy in health and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kong, X.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathias, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guadalupe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abe, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batalla, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biederman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blaine, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boedhoe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bröhl, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canive, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caparelli, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavalleri, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cendes, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chant</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/196634</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping Cortical Brain Asymmetry in 17,141 Healthy Individuals Worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural signatures of dynamic emotion constructs in the human brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/200873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
How is emotion represented in the brain: is it categorical or along dimensions? In the present study, we applied multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study the brains temporally unfolding representations of different emotion constructs. First, participants rated 525 images on the dimensions of valence and arousal and by intensity of discrete emotion categories (happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and sadness). Thirteen new participants then viewed subsets of these images within an MEG scanner. We used Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) to compare behavioral ratings to the unfolding neural representation of the stimuli in the brain. Ratings of valence and arousal explained significant proportions of the MEG data, even after corrections for low-level image properties. Additionally, behavioral ratings of the discrete emotions fear, disgust, and happiness significantly predicted early neural representations, whereas rating models of anger and sadness did not. Different emotion constructs also showed unique temporal signatures. Fear and disgust - both highly arousing and negative - were rapidly discriminated by the brain, but disgust was represented for an extended period of time relative to fear. Overall, our findings suggest that 1) dimensions of valence and arousal are quickly represented by the brain, as are some discrete emotions, and 2) different emotion constructs exhibit unique temporal dynamics. We discuss implications of these findings for theoretical understanding of emotion and for the interplay of discrete and dimensional aspects of emotional experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grootswagers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Most, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/200873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural signatures of dynamic emotion constructs in the human brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.896951v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age-related changes of Peak width Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity (PSMD) across the adult life span: a multi-cohort study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.07.896951v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parameters of water diffusion in white matter derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD and RD), and more recently, peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD), have been proposed as potential markers of normal and pathological brain ageing. However, their relative evolution over the entire adult lifespan in healthy individuals remains partly unknown during early and late adulthood, and particularly for the PSMD index. Here, we gathered and meta-analyzed cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 10 population-based cohort studies in order to establish the time course of white matter water diffusion phenotypes from post-adolescence to late adulthood. DTI data were obtained from a total of 20,005 individuals aged 18.1 to 92.6 years and analyzed with the same pipeline for computing DTI metrics. For each individual MD, AD, RD, and FA mean values were computed over their FA volume skeleton, PSMD being calculated as the 90% peak width of the MD values distribution across the FA skeleton. Mean values of each DTI metric were found to strongly vary across cohorts, most likely due to major differences in DWI acquisition protocols as well as pre-processing and DTI model fitting. However, age effects on each DTI metric were found to be highly consistent across cohorts. RD, MD and AD variations with age exhibited the same U-shape pattern, first slowly decreasing during post-adolescence until the age of 30, 40 and 50, respectively, then progressively increasing until late life. FA showed a reverse profile, initially increasing then continuously decreasing, slowly until the 70s, then sharply declining thereafter. By contrast, PSMD constantly increased, first slowly until the 60s, then more sharply. These results demonstrate that, in the general population, age affects PSMD in a manner different from that of other DTI metrics. The constant increase in PSMD throughout the entire adult life, including during post-adolescence, indicates that PSMD could be an early marker of the ageing process.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beaudet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petit, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tzourio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schreiber, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pausova, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paus, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirpamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodathy, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trollor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warlaw, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniega, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>During, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.896951</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age-related changes of Peak width Skeletonized Mean Diffusivity (PSMD) across the adult life span: a multi-cohort study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tissue engineered model of hepatic breast cancer micrometastasis shows host-dependent colonization patterns and drug responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.898163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Early stages of colonization of distant organs by metastatic cancer cells (micrometastasis) remain almost inaccessible to study due to lack of relevant experimental approaches. Here, we show the first 3D tissue engineered model of hepatic micrometastasis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). It reproduces characteristic histopathological features of the disease and reveals that metastatic TNBC cells colonize liver parenchymal and stromal extracellular matrix with different speed and by different strategies. These engineered tumors induce the angiogenic switch when grafted in vivo, confirming their metastatic-specific behaviour. Furthermore, we proved feasibility and biological relevance of our model for drug and nanoparticle testing and found a down-regulatory effect of the liver microenvironment of the sensitivity of TNBC cells to chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin in free and nanoformulated forms. The convenient and affordable methodology established here can be translated to other types of metastatic tumors for basic cancer biology research and adapted for high-throughput assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guller, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozova, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuschnerus, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khabir, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadort, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Bennett, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qian, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zvyagin, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.898163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tissue engineered model of hepatic breast cancer micrometastasis shows host-dependent colonization patterns and drug responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899278v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A silent disco: Persistent entrainment of low-frequency neural oscillations underlies beat-based, but not memory-based temporal expectations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.08.899278v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The brain uses temporal structure in the environment, like rhythm in music and speech, to predict the timing of events, thereby optimizing their processing and perception. Temporal expectations can be grounded in different aspects of the input structure, such as a regular beat or a predictable pattern. One influential account posits that a generic mechanism underlies beat-based and pattern-based expectations, namely entrainment of low frequency neural oscillations to rhythmic input, while other accounts assume different underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we addressed this outstanding issue by examining EEG activity and behavioral responses during silent periods following rhythmic auditory sequences. We measured responses outlasting the rhythms both to avoid confounding the EEG analyses with evoked responses, and to directly test whether beat-based and pattern-based expectations persist beyond stimulation, as predicted by entrainment theories. To properly disentangle beat-based and pattern-based expectations, which often occur simultaneously, we used non-isochronous rhythms with a beat, a predictable pattern, or random timing. In Experiment 1 (N = 32), beat-based expectations affected behavioral ratings of probe events for two beat-cycles after the end of the rhythm. The effects of pattern-based expectations reflected expectations for one interval. In Experiment 2 (N = 27), using EEG, we found enhanced spectral power at the beat frequency for beat-based sequences both during listening and silence. For pattern-based sequences, enhanced power at a pattern-specific frequency was present during listening, but not silence. Moreover, we found a difference in the evoked signal following pattern-based and beat-based sequences. Finally, we show how multivariate pattern decoding and multi scale entropy - measures sensitive to non-oscillatory components of the signal - can be used to probe temporal expectations. Together, our results suggest that the input structure used to form temporal expectations may affect the associated neural mechanisms. We suggest climbing activity and low-frequency oscillations may be differentially associated with pattern-based and beat-based expectations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bouwer, F. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fahrenfort, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millard, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slagter, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.08.899278</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A silent disco: Persistent entrainment of low-frequency neural oscillations underlies beat-based, but not memory-based temporal expectations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905216v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Analysis of a Filamentous Chaperonin from Sulfolobus solfataricus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.13.905216v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chaperonins are biomolecular complexes that assist protein folding. Thermophilic Factor 55 (TF55) is a group II chaperonin found in the archaeal genus Sulfolobus that has , {beta} and {gamma} subunits. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we have determined the structure of the {beta}-only complex of S. solfataricus TF55 complexes to 3.6-4.2 [A] resolution and a filamentous form to 5.2 [A] resolution. The structures of the TF55{beta} complexes formed in the presence of ADP or ATP highlighted an open state in which nucleotide exchange can occur before progressing in the refolding cycle. The structure of the filamentous state indicates how helical protrusions facilitate end-on-end interactions.

SynopsisThe isolated complex and filamentous forms of TF55{beta} chaperonin from the thermophilic archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus are reported. Using cryo-EM, nucleotide-bound complexes of TF55{beta} at 3.6-4.2 [A] resolution reveal an open conformation, while a 5.2 [A] reconstruction of the filamentous chaperonin reveals contacts at the apical domain similar to crystal-packed structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sobti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.13.905216</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Analysis of a Filamentous Chaperonin from Sulfolobus solfataricus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909408v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the nanoscale lipid profile of caveolae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.16.909408v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolae are specialized domains of the vertebrate cell surface with a well-defined morphology and crucial roles in cell migration and mechanoprotection. Unique compositions of proteins and lipids determine membrane architectures. The precise caveolar lipid profile and the roles of the major caveolar structural proteins, caveolins and cavins, in selectively sorting lipids have not been defined. Here we used quantitative nanoscale lipid mapping together with molecular dynamic simulations to define the caveolar lipid profile. We show that caveolin1 (CAV1) and cavin1 individually sort distinct plasma membrane lipids. Intact caveolar structures composed of both CAV1 and cavin1 further generate a unique lipid nano-environment. The caveolar lipid sorting capability includes selectivities for lipid headgroups and acyl chains. Because lipid headgroup metabolism and acyl chain remodelling are tightly regulated, this selective lipid sorting may allow caveolae to act as transit hubs to direct communications among lipid metabolism, vesicular trafficking and signalling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bademosi, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-01-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.01.16.909408</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the nanoscale lipid profile of caveolae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-01-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931352v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding non-conscious thought representations during successful thought suppression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.02.931352v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Controlling our own thoughts is central to mental wellbeing and its failure is at the crux of a number of mental disorders. Paradoxically, behavioural evidence shows that thought-suppression often fails. Despite the broad importance of understanding the mechanisms of thought control, little is known about the fate of neural representations of suppressed thoughts. Using functional MRI, we investigated the brain areas involved in controlling visual thoughts and tracked suppressed thought representations using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA). Participants were asked to either visualize a vegetable/fruit or suppress any visual thoughts about those objects. Surprisingly, the content (object identity) of successfully suppressed thoughts was still decodable in visual and executive areas with algorithms trained on perception or imagery. This suggests that pictorial representations of the suppressed thoughts are still present despite individuals reporting they are not. Thought generation was associated with the left hemisphere, whereas thought suppression with right hemisphere engagement. Further, GLM analyses showed that subjective success in thought suppression was correlated with engagement of executive areas, while thought-suppression failure was associated with engagement of visual and memory related areas. These results reveal that the content of suppressed thoughts exist hidden from awareness, seemingly without an individuals knowledge, providing a compelling reason why thought suppression is so ineffective. These data inform models of unconscious thought production and could be used to develop new treatment approaches to disorders involving maladaptive thoughts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koenig-Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.02.931352</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding non-conscious thought representations during successful thought suppression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Form and function: diverse homeostatic and immunomodulatory roles of immune cells in the developing lung revealed at single cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.10.942359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At birth, the lungs experience a sudden transition from a pathogen-free, hypoxic, fluid-filled environment to a pathogen-rich, rhythmically distended air-liquid interface. While many studies focus on adult tissue, the heterogeneity of immune cells in the perinatal lung remains unexplored. Here, we combine single cell transcriptomics with in situ hybridization to present an atlas of the murine lung immune compartment during a critical period of lung development. We show that the late embryonic lung is dominated by specialized proliferative macrophages with a surprising physical interaction with the developing vasculature. These macrophages disappear after birth and are replaced by a complex and dynamic mixture of macrophage subtypes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and lymphocytes. Detailed characterization of macrophage diversity revealed a precise orchestration of five distinct subpopulations across postnatal development to fill context-specific functions in tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and immunity. These data both broaden the putative roles for immune cells in the developing lung and provide a framework for understanding how external insults alter immune cell phenotype during a period of rapid lung growth and heightened vulnerability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Domingo-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swift, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornfield, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvira, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.942359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Form and function: diverse homeostatic and immunomodulatory roles of immune cells in the developing lung revealed at single cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.945170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Regulated unbinding of ZAP70 at the T cell receptor by kinetic avidity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.945170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein-protein binding domains are critical in signalling networks. Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are binding domains that interact with sequences containing phosphorylated tyrosines. A subset of SH2 domain-containing proteins have tandem domains, which are thought to enhance binding affinity and specificity. However, a trade-off exists between long-lived binding and the ability to rapidly reverse signalling, which is a critical requirement of noise filtering mechanisms such as kinetic proofreading. Here, we use modelling to show that the unbinding rate of tandem, but not single, SH2 domains can be accelerated by phosphatases when tandem domains bind by a kinetic, but not a static, avidity mode. We use surface plasmon resonance to show that ZAP70, a tandem SH2 domain-containing kinase, binds kinetically to biphosphorylated peptides from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and that the unbinding rate can be accelerated by the phosphatase CD45. An important functional prediction of regulated unbinding is that the intracellular ZAP70/TCR half-life in T cells will be correlated to the extracellular TCR/antigen half-life and we show that this is the case in both cell lines and primary T cells. The work highlights that binding by kinetic avidity breaks the trade-off between signal fidelity (requiring long half-life) and signal reversibility (requiring short half-life), which is a key requirement for T cell antigen discriminated mediated by kinetic proofreading.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goyette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Depoil, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dustin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dushek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.12.945170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Regulated unbinding of ZAP70 at the T cell receptor by kinetic avidity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.943688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Causal dynamical modelling predicts novel regulatory genes of FOXP3 in human regulatory T cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.13.943688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), characterized as a CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ subset of T cells, are vital to the induction of immune tolerance and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. While target genes of Treg master regulator FOXP3 have been identified, the upstream regulatory machinery of FOXP3 still remains largely unknown. Here we dynamically model causal relationships among genes from available time-series genome-scale datasets, to predict direct or indirect regulatory genes of FOXP3 in human primary Tregs. From the whole genome, we selected five top ranked candidates for further experimental validation. Following knockdown, three out of the five candidates indeed showed significant effects on the mRNA expression of FOXP3. Further experiments showed that one out of these three predicted candidates, namely nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2), also affected FOXP3 protein expression. These results open new doors to identify potential new mechanisms of immune related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sawlekar, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magni, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capelle, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mombaerts, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, F. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.943688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Causal dynamical modelling predicts novel regulatory genes of FOXP3 in human regulatory T cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952010v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.952010v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in health and disease. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever mega-analysis of sex differences in variability of brain structure, based on international data spanning nine decades of life. Subcortical volumes, cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in MRI data of 16,683 healthy individuals 1-90 years old (47% females). We observed significant patterns of greater male than female between-subject variance for all subcortical volumetric measures, all cortical surface area measures, and 60% of cortical thickness measures. This pattern was stable across the lifespan for 50% of the subcortical structures, 70% of the regional area measures, and nearly all regions for thickness. Our findings that these sex differences are present in childhood implicate early life genetic or gene-environment interaction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences within the sexes, that may underpin sex-specific vulnerability to disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wierenga, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anticevic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrod, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conzelmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van 't Ent, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouche, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes-</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.952010</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953463v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clustering of CD3ζ is sufficient to initiate T cell receptor signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.953463v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
T cell activation is initiated when ligand binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers intracellular phosphorylation of the TCR-CD3 complex. However, it remains unknown how biophysical properties of TCR engagement result in biochemical phosphorylation events. Here, we constructed an optogenetic tool that induces spatial clustering of CD3{zeta} chains in a light controlled manner. We showed that spatial clustering of the CD3{zeta} intracellular tail alone was sufficient to initialize T cell triggering including phosphorylation of CD3{zeta}, Zap70, PLC{gamma}, ERK and initiated Ca2+ flux. In reconstituted COS-7 cells, only Lck expression was required to initiate CD3{zeta} phosphorylation upon CD3{zeta} clustering, which leads to the recruitment of tandem SH2 domain of Zap70 from cell cytosol to the newly formed CD3{zeta} clusters at the plasma membrane. Taken together, our data suggest that clustering of the TCR can initialize proximal TCR signaling and thus constitute a biophysical mechanism of TCR triggering.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.953463</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clustering of CD3ζ is sufficient to initiate T cell receptor signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive real-time imaging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using multispectral auto-fluorescence imaging technique: a novel tool for redox biology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a critical role as redox modulators and signalling molecules in biological systems currently requires invasive methods such as ROS - specific indicators for imaging and quantification. We developed a non-invasive, real-time, label-free imaging technique for assessing the level of ROS in live cells and thawed cryopreserved tissues that is compatible with in-vivo imaging. The technique is based on autofluorescence multispectral imaging (AFMI) carried out in an adapted fluorescence microscope with an expanded number of spectral channels spanning specific excitation (365 nm-495 nm) and emission (420 nm-700 nm) wavelength ranges. We established a strong quantitative correlation between the spectral information obtained from AFMI and the level of ROS obtained from CellROX staining. The results were obtained in several cell types (HeLa, PANC1 and mesenchymal stem cells) and in live kidney tissue. Additioanly, two spectral regimes were considered: with and without UV excitation (wavelengths > 400 nm); the latter being suitable for UV-sensitive systems such as the eye. Data were analyzed by linear regression combined with an optimization method of swarm intelligence. This allowed the calibration of AFMI signals to the level of ROS with excellent correlation (R= 0.84, p=0.00) in the entire spectral range and very good correlation (R= 0.78, p=0.00) in the limited, UV-free spectral range. We also developed a strong classifier which allowed us to distinguish moderate and high levels of ROS in these two regimes (AUC= 0.91 in the entire spectral range and AUC = 0.78 for UV-free imaging). These results indicate that ROS in cells and tissues can be imaged non-invasively, which opens the way to future clinical applications in conditions where reactive oxygen species are known to contribute to progressive disease such as in ophthalmology, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habibalahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dashtbani Moghari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosnell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>saad, s.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive real-time imaging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using multispectral auto-fluorescence imaging technique: a novel tool for redox biology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The transcriptional landscape of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.18.955393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is a major biothreat agent that naturally causes outbreaks in humans and horses particularly in tropical areas of the western hemisphere, for which no antiviral therapy is currently available. The host response to VEEV and the cellular factors this alphavirus hijacks to support its effective replication or evade cellular immune responses are largely uncharacterized. We have previously demonstrated tremendous cell-to-cell heterogeneity in viral RNA (vRNA) and cellular transcript levels during flaviviral infection using a novel virus-inclusive single-cell RNA-Seq approach. Here, we used this unbiased, genome-wide approach to simultaneously profile the host transcriptome and vRNA in thousands of single cells during infection of human astrocytes with the live-attenuated vaccine strain of VEEV (TC-83). Host transcription was profoundly suppressed, yet "superproducer cells" with extremely high vRNA abundance emerged during the first viral life cycle and demonstrated an altered transcriptome relative to both uninfected cells and cells with high vRNA abundance harvested at later time points. Additionally, cells with increased structural-to-nonstructural transcript ratio exhibited upregulation of intracellular membrane trafficking genes at later time points. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments confirmed pro- and antiviral activities in both vaccine and virulent VEEV infections among the products of transcripts that positively or negatively correlated with vRNA abundance, respectively. Lastly, comparison with single cell transcriptomic data from other viruses highlighted common and unique pathways perturbed by infection across evolutionary scales. This study provides a high-resolution characterization of the VEEV (TC-83)-host interplay, identifies candidate targets for antivirals, and establishes a comparative single-cell approach to study the evolution of virus-host interactions.

Author SummaryLittle is known about the host response to Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) and the cellular factors this alphavirus hijacks to support effective replication or evade cellular immune responses. Monitoring dynamics of host and viral RNA (vRNA) during viral infection at a single-cell level can provide insight into the virus-host interplay at a high resolution. Here, a single-cell RNA sequencing technology that detects host and viral RNA was used to investigate the interactions between TC-83, the vaccine strain of VEEV, with the human host during the course of infection of U-87 MG cells (human astrocytoma). Virus abundance and host transcriptome were heterogeneous across cells from the same culture. Subsets of differentially expressed genes, positively or negatively correlating with vRNA abundance, were identified and subsequently in vitro validated as candidate proviral and antiviral factors, respectively, in TC-83 and/or virulent VEEV infections. In the first replication cycle, "superproducer" cells exhibited rapid increase in vRNA abundance and unique gene expression patterns. At later time points, cells with increased structural-to-nonstructural transcript ratio demonstrated upregulation of intracellular membrane trafficking genes. Lastly, comparing the VEEV dataset with published datasets on other RNA viruses revealed unique and overlapping responses across viral clades. Overall, this study improves the understanding of VEEV-host interactions, reveals candidate targets for antiviral approaches, and establishes a comparative single-cell approach to study the evolution of virus-host interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panpradist, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muniz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.02.18.955393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The transcriptional landscape of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979468v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A ventral striatal-orexin/hypocretin circuit modulates approach but not consumption of food. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979468v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Reward-seeking involves the engagement and computation of multiple physiological and motivational parameters. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a necessary node in the circuits that control food-seeking and motivation. One group of cells that plays an important yet incompletely understood role in these processes are the orexin/hypocretin (OX/HT) neurons. OX/HT cells are located exclusively within the LH and are implicated in feeding, arousal, and reward-seeking behavior. Importantly, the role of OX/HT neurons in consummatory versus reward-seeking actions is not fully defined, nor are the circuits that control the activity of these neurons under different behavioral states. Here we show that OX/HT neurons respond in real time to food presentation and that this response is modulated by differences in metabolic state. We observed increased OX/HT neuron activity on approach to food, but this activity trended towards pre-approach levels by the start of the consummatory phase. Next, we studied ventrostriatopallidal (VSP) inputs to the OX/HT neurons. Using optogenetics and cell type-specific electrophysiology, we found that ventral pallidum inputs onto OX/HT neurons exert strong inhibitory (and weak excitatory) effects whereas the lateral nucleus accumbens shell provides weaker direct inhibitory connections with OX/HT neurons. These findings reveal that the activity of OX/HT neurons is strongly modulated by metabolic and hedonic state. Further, OX/HT neurons is primarily associated with food approach and that the effect of VSP-terminal output is to suppress OX/HT activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeoh, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearl, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bains, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayas, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979468</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A ventral striatal-orexin/hypocretin circuit modulates approach but not consumption of food.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An Endocytic Capture Model for Skeletal Muscle T-tubule Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.05.979666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The skeletal muscle T-tubule is a specialized membrane domain essential for coordinated muscle contraction that shows dysmorphology in a number of genetically inherited muscle diseases. However, in the absence of genetically tractable systems the mechanisms involved in T-tubule formation are unknown. Here, we have used the optically transparent and genetically tractable zebrafish system to probe T-tubule development in vivo. By combining live imaging with three-dimensional electron microscopy we derived a four-dimensional quantitative model for T-tubule formation. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in T-tubule formation in vivo we developed a quantitative screen for proteins that associate with and modulate early T-tubule formation including an overexpression screen of the entire zebrafish Rab protein family. We propose a new endocytic capture model involving i) formation of dynamic endocytic tubules at transient nucleation sites on the sarcolemma ii) stabilization by myofibrils/sarcoplasmic reticulum and iii) delivery of membrane from the recycling endosome and Golgi complex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.979666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An Endocytic Capture Model for Skeletal Muscle T-tubule Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional repeatability and the variance explained by reaction norm variation in random slope models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.11.987073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals differ in average phenotypes and in sensitivity to environmental variation. Such context-sensitivity can be modelled as random-slope variation. Random-slope variation implies that the proportion of between-individual variation varies across the range of a covariate (environment/context/time/age) and has thus been called  conditional repeatability. We propose to put conditional repeatabilities in perspective of the total phenotypic variance and suggest a way of standardization using the random-slope coefficient of determination [Formula]. Furthermore, we illustrate that the marginalized repeatability Rmar averaged across an environmental gradient offers a biologically relevant description of between-individual variation. We provide simple equations for calculating key descriptors of conditional repeatabilities, clarify the difference between random-intercept variation and average between-individual variation and make recommendations for comprehensive reporting. While we introduce the concept with individual variation in mind, the framework is equally applicable to other type of between-group/cluster variation that varies across some (environmental) gradient.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schielzeth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.11.987073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional repeatability and the variance explained by reaction norm variation in random slope models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.984559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global shortfalls in extinction risk assessments for endemic flora 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.984559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) ambitiously calls for an assessment of extinction risk for all recognised plant taxa by 20201. It is now clear that this target will not be met in the short-term; only 21-26% of known plant species have been assessed2 - a monumental shortfall in anticipated knowledge. Yet the need for risk assessments has never been more urgent. Plants are rapidly going extinct3,4 and face threats such as climate change5 and permanent deforestation6. Extinction risk assessments continue to provide the critical foundation to inform protection, management and recovery of plant species7,8, the loss of which will have clear consequences for maintaining planetary systems and human well-being9. Here, we rank countries of the world based on progress towards assessing the extinction risk to their endemic flora. Overall, 67% of country-based endemic species do not have an extinction risk assessment completed (143,294 species). We show that some of the worlds wealthiest nations, which also have relatively strong species protections, are failing to protect their unique flora by not systematically assessing risks to their endemic species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rivers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butt, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auld, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enquist, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Possingham, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Espinosa-Ruiz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitrova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.984559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global shortfalls in extinction risk assessments for endemic flora]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Varicella zoster virus encodes a viral decoy RHIM to inhibit cell death 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.12.988659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Herpesviruses are known to encode a number of inhibitors of host cell death, including Rip Homotypic Interaction Motif (RHIM)-containing proteins. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily and is responsible for causing chickenpox and shingles. We have identified a novel viral RHIM in the VZV capsid triplex protein open reading frame (ORF) 20 that acts as a host cell death inhibitor. Like the human cellular RHIMs in RIPK1 and RIPK3 that stabilise the necrosome in TNF-induced necroptosis, and the viral RHIM in M45 from murine cytomegalovirus that inhibits cell death, the ORF20 RHIM is capable of forming fibrillar functional amyloid complexes. Notably, the ORF20 RHIM forms hybrid amyloid complexes with human ZBP1, a cytoplasmic sensor of viral nucleic acid. Although VZV can inhibit TNF-induced necroptosis, the ORF20 RHIM does not appear to be responsible for this inhibition. In contrast, the ZBP1 pathway is identified as important for VZV infection. Mutation of the ORF20 RHIM renders the virus incapable of efficient spread in ZBP1-expressing HT-29 cells, an effect which can be reversed by the inhibition of caspases. Therefore we conclude that the VZV ORF20 RHIM is important for preventing ZBP1-driven apoptosis during VZV infection, and propose that it mediates this effect by sequestering ZBP1 into decoy amyloid assemblies.

Author SummaryRip homotypic interaction motifs (RHIMs) are found in host proteins that can signal for programmed cell death and in viral proteins that can prevent it. Complexes stabilized by intermolecular interactions involving RHIMs have a fibrillar amyloid structure. We have identified a novel RHIM within the ORF20 protein expressed by Varicella zoster virus (VZV) that forms amyloid-based complexes with human cellular RHIMs. Whereas other herpesvirus RHIMs inhibit TNF-driven necroptosis, this new VZV RHIM targets the host RHIM-containing protein ZBP1 to inhibit apoptosis during infection. This is the first study to demonstrate the importance of the ZBP1 pathway in VZV infection and to identify the role of a viral RHIM in apoptosis inhibition. It broadens our understanding of host defense pathways and demonstrates how a decoy amyloid strategy is employed by pathogens to circumvent the host response.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. O. D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McSharry, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slobedman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abendroth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.12.988659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Varicella zoster virus encodes a viral decoy RHIM to inhibit cell death]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.998104v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of ThinPrep-PreservCyt against four non-volatile transport media for HPV testing at or near the point of care. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.18.998104v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionThe Xpert HPV Test (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) is used at point-of-care for cervical screening in a number of low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). It is validated for use with ThinPrep-PreservCyt (Hologic, Marlborough, MA) transport medium which has a high methanol content and is therefore classified as a dangerous good for shipping; making cost, transportation and use challenging within LMIC. Therefore, we compared the performance of ThinPrep against four non-volatile commercially available media for HPV point-of-care testing.

MethodsTen-fold serial dilutions were prepared using three HPV cell lines each positive for 16, 18 or 31 and with each suspended in five different media types. The media types consisted of Phosphate Buffered Saline (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), Sigma Virocult (Medical Wire & Equipment, Wiltshire, England), MSwab (Copan, Brescia BS, Italy) Xpert Transport Media (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, USA) and ThinPrep-PreservCyt (Hologic Inc., Marlborough, MA).

ResultsA total of 105 HPV Xpert tests were conducted in a laboratory setting, with 7 ten-fold dilutions of each of the 3 HPV genotypes tested in all 5 media types. The lowest HPV ten-fold dilution detected for any media, or cell line was the fifth dilution. Mswab was the only media to detect HPV to the 5th dilution across all three cell types.

DiscussionMswab transport media may be a suitable alternative to ThinPrep for Xpert HPV point of care testing and increase HPV detection. A field-based, head to head comparison of both media types using the Xpert HPV assay is warranted to confirm these laboratory-based findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallely, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pardo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mhango, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornall, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaldor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whiley, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.998104</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of ThinPrep-PreservCyt against four non-volatile transport media for HPV testing at or near the point of care.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999441v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An inverted Caveolin-1 topology defines a novel exosome secreted from prostate cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.19.999441v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolin-1 (Cav1) expression and secretion is associated with prostate cancer (PCa) disease progression but the mechanisms underpinning Cav1 release remain poorly understood. Numerous studies have shown Cav1 can be secreted within exosome-like vesicles, but antibody-mediated neutralization can mitigate PCa progression; this is suggestive of an inverted (non-exosomal) Cav1 topology. Here we show that Cav1 can be secreted from specific PCa types in an inverted vesicle-associated form consistent with the features of bioactive Cav1 secretion. Characterization of the isolated vesicles by electron microscopy, single molecule fluorescent microscopy and proteomics reveals they represent a novel class of exosomes [~]40 nm in diameter containing [~]50-60 copies of Cav1 and strikingly, are released via a non-canonical secretory autophagy pathway. This study provides novel insights into a mechanism whereby Cav1 translocates from a normal plasma membrane distribution to an inverted secreted form implicated in PCa disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teasdale, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.19.999441</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An inverted Caveolin-1 topology defines a novel exosome secreted from prostate cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Are there Physical Linkages between Genes that have Synergistic Fitness Effects? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.23.004630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many of the effects on fitness in population genetics are due not to single locations in the genome, but to the interaction of genetic variants at multiple locations in the genome. Of particular interest are  completely epistatic interactions, where a combination of genetic variants is required to produce an effect, and the effect cannot occur with any other combination. In diploids, epistasis is strongly connected to meiotic recombination, a process which can both assemble and destroy beneficial combinations of genetic variants. Additionally, epistatic interactions can be hard to detect in empirical studies, and mathematical models of epistasis and recombination are challenging to analyse, so despite their ubiquity epistatic interactions are regularly not considered. As a result, there is little consensus on when high levels of recombination might be expected, or how strongly recombination affects beneficial or deleterious fitness effects controlled by epistatic interactions. We address this question by conducting a meta-analysis and simulations. The meta-analysis used data drawn and curated from Drosophila melanogaster studies in Flybase. We extracted studies relating genetic combinations and phenotypically detectable effects on fitness, then analysed the relationship between the rate of recombination and effect on fitness with a statistical model. We also ran simulations under a two-locus Wright-Fisher model with recombination and epistatic selection. The results of both approaches indicated a tendency for genetic combinations with an epistatic effect on fitness to occur in an environment of reduced meiotic recombination. Two possible explanations for this are that the variants controlling such interactions are selected for in regions where there is little recombination, or that such interactions lead to selection for lower rates of recombination in the regions where those variants appear.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Byrnes, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellanto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cayetano, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-03-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.03.23.004630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Are there Physical Linkages between Genes that have Synergistic Fitness Effects?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-03-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020958v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.020958v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Changes in the sequence of an organisms genome, i.e. mutations, are the raw material of evolution1. The frequency and location of mutations can be constrained by specific molecular mechanisms, such as Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs)2-4. DGRs introduce mutations in specific target genes, and were characterized from several cultivated bacteria and bacteriophages2. Whilst a larger diversity of DGR loci has been identified in genomic data from environmental samples, i.e. metagenomes, the ecological role of these DGRs and their associated evolutionary drivers remain poorly understood5-7. Here we built and analyzed an extensive dataset of >30,000 metagenome-derived DGRs, and determine that DGRs have a single evolutionary origin and a universal bias towards adenine mutations. We further identified six major lineages of DGRs, each associated with a specific ecological niche defined as a genome type, i.e. whether the DGR is encoded on a viral or cellular genome, a limited set of taxa and environments, and a distinct type of target. Finally, we leverage read mapping and metagenomic time series to demonstrate that DGRs are consistently and broadly active, and responsible for >10% of all amino acid changes in some organisms at a conservative estimate. Overall, these results highlight the strong constraints under which DGRs diversify and expand, and elucidate several distinct roles these elements play in natural communities and in shaping microbial community structure and function in our environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roux, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagby, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attwood, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavicchioli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chistoserdova, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hernandez, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, W.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Malley, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rich, V. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saleska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eloe-Fadrosh, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.020958</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.021006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancient human genomes reveal a hidden history of strong selection in Eurasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.021006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The role of natural selection in shaping biological diversity is an area of intense interest in modern biology. To date, studies of positive selection have primarily relied upon genomic datasets from contemporary populations, which are susceptible to confounding factors associated with complex and often unknown aspects of population history. In particular, admixture between diverged populations can distort or hide prior selection events in modern genomes, though this process is not explicitly accounted for in most selection studies despite its apparent ubiquity in humans and other species. Through analyses of ancient and modern human genomes, we show that previously reported Holocene-era admixture has masked more than 50 historic hard sweeps in modern European genomes. Our results imply that this canonical mode of selection has likely been underappreciated in the evolutionary history of humans and suggests that our current understanding of the tempo and mode of selection in natural populations may be quite inaccurate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Souilmi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohrlach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gower, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turney, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huber, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.01.021006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancient human genomes reveal a hidden history of strong selection in Eurasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.021790v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An oscillating MinD protein determines the cellular positioning of the motility machinery in archaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.03.021790v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MinD proteins are well studied in rod-shaped bacteria such as E. coli, where they display self-organized pole-to-pole oscillations that are important for correct positioning of the Z-ring at mid-cell for cell division. Archaea also encode proteins belonging to the MinD family, but their functions are unknown. MinD homologous proteins were found to be widespread in Euryarchaeota and form a sister group to the bacterial MinD family, distinct from the ParA and other related ATPase families. We aimed to identify the function of four archaeal MinD proteins in the model archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Deletion of the minD genes did not cause cell division or size defects, and the Z-ring was still correctly positioned. Instead, one of the mutations ({Delta}minD4) reduced swimming motility, and hampered the correct formation of motility machinery at the cell poles. In {Delta}minD4 cells, there is reduced formation of the motility structure and chemosensory arrays, which are essential for signal transduction. In bacteria, several members of the ParA family can position the motility structure and chemosensory arrays via binding to a landmark protein, and consequently these proteins do not oscillate along the cell axis. However, GFP-MinD4 displayed pole-to-pole oscillation and formed polar patches or foci in H. volcanii. The MinD4 membrane targeting sequence (MTS), homologous to the bacterial MinD MTS, was essential for the oscillation. Surprisingly, MinD4 ATPase domain point-mutations did not block oscillation, but they failed to form pole-patches. Thus, MinD4 from H. volcanii combines traits of different bacterial ParA/MinD proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nussbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ithurbide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delpech, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Franco, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curmi, P. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quax, T. E. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albers, S.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.03.021790</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An oscillating MinD protein determines the cellular positioning of the motility machinery in archaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036673v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Changes to the resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone ST308 associated with corneal infection over time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.10.036673v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesThis study compared the resistomes of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone ST308 from 2018 and 1997 from India.

MethodsTwo ocular clonal type ST308 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (198 and 219) isolated in 2018 and five historical isolates (31, 32, 33, 35 and 37) isolated in 1997 at the LV Prasad Eye Institute in India were analysed for their susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, piperacillin, imipenem, ceftazidime and polymyxin B. DNA was extracted using the DNeasy(R) Blood and Tissue. Paired-end library was prepared using Nextera XT DNA library preparation kit. Libraries were sequenced on Illumina(R) MiSeq bench top sequencer generating 300 bp paired-end reads. Spades v3.12.0 was used for assembly, Resfinder v3.1. for acquired resistance genes and Snippy V2 for variants calling. Integron finder v1.5.1 was used to identify the integrons present in the genomes.

ResultsThe recent isolate 219 was resistant to all tested antibiotics except polymyxin while isolate 198 was resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Among historical isolates five were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin, four were resistant to levofloxacin while two were resistant to polymyxin. Twenty-four acquired resistance genes were present in the 2018 isolates compared to 11 in the historical isolates. All isolates contained the following genes encoding for aminoglycoside aph(6)-Id, aph(3')-lIb, aph(3'')-Ib), beta-lactam (blaPAO), tetracycline (tet(G)), fosfomycin (fosA), chloramphenicol (catB7), sulphonamide (sul1), quaternary ammonium (qacEdelta1) and fluoroquinolone (crpP) resistance. Isolate 198 possessed aph(3')-VI, rmtD2, qnrVC1, blaOXA-488, blaPME-1, while 219 possessed aadA1, rmtB, aac(6')-Ib-cr, blaTEM-1B, blaVIM-2, mph(E), mph(A), msr(E). In the isolate 219 genes blaTEM-1b, blaVIM-2, sul1, qnrvc1, rmtB and aadA1 were carried on class 1 integron. While an incomplete class 1 integron was also found in isolate 198 which was located on the genome where gene rmtB, blaPME-1, qnrVC1 and sul1 genes were positioned. There were no notable differences in the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, but recent isolates carried more insertions and deletions in their genes.

ConclusionP. aeruginosa ocular clonal isolates have changed over time, with strains acquiring genes and having more insertions and deletions in their chromosomal genes that confirm resistance to antibiotics.

HighlightsO_LIRecent clonal ocular isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from India have acquired a number of resistance genes compared to historical clones
C_LIO_LIConsequently, resistance to antibiotics particularly fluoroquinolones in recent clones of P. aeruginosa appears to have increased.
C_LIO_LIThe acquired resistance genes found in the recent P. aeruginosa isolates were related to mobile genetic elements.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.10.036673</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Changes to the resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone ST308 associated with corneal infection over time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040527v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal ordering of omics and multiomic events inferred from time series data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.040527v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temporal changes in omics events can now be routinely measured, however current analysis methods are often inadequate, especially for multiomics experiments. We report a novel analysis method that can infer event ordering at better temporal resolution than the experiment, and integrates omic events into two concise visualizations (event maps and sparklines). Testing our method gave results well-correlated with prior knowledge and indicated it streamlines analysis of time-series data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, L. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krycer, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.040527</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal ordering of omics and multiomic events inferred from time series data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.043653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pleiotropy-guided transcriptome imputation from normal and tumor tissues identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast and ovarian cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.23.043653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Familial, genome-wide association (GWAS), and sequencing studies and genetic correlation analyses have progressively unraveled the shared or pleiotropic germline genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. In this study, we aimed to leverage this shared germline genetics to improve the power of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) to identify candidate breast cancer and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. We built gene expression prediction models using the PrediXcan method in 681 breast and 295 ovarian tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 211 breast and 99 ovarian normal tissue samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project and integrated these with GWAS meta-analysis data from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (122,977 cases/105,974 controls) and the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (22,406 cases/40,941 controls). The integration was achieved through novel application of a pleiotropy-guided conditional/conjunction false discovery rate approach for the first time in the setting of a TWAS. This identified 14 new candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes spanning 11 genomic regions and 8 new candidate ovarian cancer susceptibility genes spanning 5 genomic regions at conjunction FDR < 0.05 that were > 1 Mb away from known breast and/or ovarian cancer susceptibility loci. We also identified 38 candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes and 17 candidate ovarian cancer susceptibility genes at conjunction FDR < 0.05 at known breast and/or ovarian susceptibility loci. Overlaying candidate causal risk variants identified by GWAS fine mapping onto expression prediction models for genes at known loci suggested that the association for 55% of these genes was driven by the underlying GWAS signal.

SignificanceThe 22 new genes identified by our cross-cancer analysis represent promising candidates that further elucidate the role of the transcriptome in mediating germline breast and ovarian cancer risk.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Considine, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plummer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezem, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbeira, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajagopal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenow, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chenevix-Trench, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deFazio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doerk, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fountzilas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goode, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillemanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogdall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogdall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huzarski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapdor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebrich, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Permuth, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterlongo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radice, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riggan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saloustros, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szafron, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vierkant, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winha</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.043653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pleiotropy-guided transcriptome imputation from normal and tumor tissues identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast and ovarian cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.031138v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dynamics of Brain Structure and its Genetic Architecture over the Lifespan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.031138v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human brain structure changes throughout our lives. Altered brain growth or rates of decline are implicated in a vast range of psychiatric, developmental, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we identified common genetic variants that affect rates of brain growth or atrophy, in the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of changes in brain morphology across the lifespan. Longitudinal MRI data from 15,640 individuals were used to compute rates of change for 15 brain structures. The most robustly identified genes GPR139, DACH1 and APOE are associated with metabolic processes. We demonstrate global genetic overlap with depression, schizophrenia, cognitive functioning, insomnia, height, body mass index and smoking. Gene-set findings implicate both early brain development and neurodegenerative processes in the rates of brain changes. Identifying variants involved in structural brain changes may help to determine biological pathways underlying optimal and dysfunctional brain development and ageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnack, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teeuw, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprooten, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gogtay, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kremen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panizzon, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olde Loohuis, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alloza, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breukelaar, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buimer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciufolini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damatac, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dazzan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mol, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwarte, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Desrivieres, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz-Caneja, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fröhner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goltermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.031138</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dynamics of Brain Structure and its Genetic Architecture over the Lifespan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.048306v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The case for formal methodology in scientific reform 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.048306v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current attempts at methodological reform in sciences come in response to an overall lack of rigor in methodological and scientific practices in experimental sciences. However, most methodological reform attempts suffer from similar mistakes and over-generalizations to the ones they aim to address. We argue that this can be attributed in part to lack of formalism and first principles. Considering the costs of allowing false claims to become canonized, we argue for formal statistical rigor and scientific nuance in methodological reform. To attain this rigor and nuance, we propose a five-step formal approach for solving methodological problems. To illustrate the use and benefits of such formalism, we present a formal statistical analysis of three popular claims in the metascientific literature: (a) that reproducibility is the cornerstone of science; (b) that data must not be used twice in any analysis; and (c) that exploratory projects imply poor statistical practice. We show how our formal approach can inform and shape debates about such methodological claims.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Devezer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navarro, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandekerckhove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzbas, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.04.26.048306</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The case for formal methodology in scientific reform]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.075606v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and environmental determinants of variation in the plasma lipidome of older Australian twins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.075606v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The critical role of blood lipids in a broad range of health and disease states is well recognised, while an understanding of the complex genetic regulation of lipid homeostasis is emerging. Traditional blood lipids (LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides) are known to be substantially regulated by genetic variation. Less well explored is the interplay of genetics and environment within the broader blood lipidome. Here we use the twin model to examine heritability of the plasma lipidome among healthy older aged twins and explore gene expression and epigenetic (DNA methylation) associations of these lipids. Heritability of 209 plasma lipids quantified by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was assessed in 75 monozygotic and 55 dizygotic twin pairs enrolled in the Older Australian Twins Study (OATS), aged 69-93 years. Only 27/209 lipids (13.3%) were significantly heritable under the classical ACE twin model (h2 = 0.28-0.59). Ceramides (Cer) and triglycerides (TG) were most heritable, while sphingomyelins (SM) and most phospholipids, especially lysophospholipids, were not significantly heritable. Lipid levels correlated with 3731 transcripts. Relative to non-significantly heritable TGs, heritable TGs had a greater number of associations with gene transcripts, which were not directly associated with lipid metabolism, but with immune function, signalling and transcriptional regulation. Genome-wide average DNA methylation (GWAM) levels accounted for a proportion of variability in some non-heritable lipids, especially lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). We found a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on the ageing plasma lipidome, with most of the variation controlled by unique environmental influences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, M. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalamuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braidy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciobanu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.075606</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and environmental determinants of variation in the plasma lipidome of older Australian twins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical Thickness Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.077834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Delineating age-related cortical trajectories in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behaviour. Previous research has shown that deriving robust estimates of age-related brain morphometric changes requires large-scale studies. In response, we conducted a large-scale analysis of cortical thickness in 17,075 individuals aged 3-90 years by pooling data through the Lifespan Working group of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to characterize age-related trajectories in cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma (LMS) method. Inter-individual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Overall, cortical thickness peaked in childhood and had a steep decrease during the first 2-3 decades of life; thereafter, it showed a gradual monotonic decrease which was steeper in men than in women particularly in middle-life. Notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar and anterior cingulate cortices. Inter-individual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results reconcile uncertainties about age-related trajectories of cortical thickness; the centile values provide estimates of normative variance in cortical thickness, and may assist in detecting abnormal deviations in cortical thickness, and associated behavioural, cognitive and clinical outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frangou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.077834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical Thickness Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcortical Volume Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.079475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalised on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine the age-related morphometric trajectories of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum early in life; the volume of the basal ganglia showed a gradual monotonic decline thereafter while the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus remained largely stable (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life followed by a steep decline thereafter. The lateral ventricles showed a trajectory of continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Significant age-related increase in inter-individual variability was found for the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to derive risk predictions for the early identification of diverse clinical phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Papachristou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akudjedu, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albajes-Eizagirre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreasen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bargallo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur-Streubel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonvino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, F. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaim-Avancini, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cl</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.079475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcortical Volume Trajectories across the Lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Method to sort heterogenous cell populations based on migration in 2D and 3D environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.080234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whereas phenotypic assays such as Boyden chambers and wound healing assays can easily be employed to characterize the migratory potential of cells at the population level, few methods exist that can sort subpopulations of cells based on their migratory behaviour from an initial heterogeneous pool. In this paper, we present an approach to sort migratory cancer and immune cells based on their spontaneous migration in 2D and 3D microenvironments. Using this method, which is easy to implement and readily scalable, millions of live cells can be sorted based on their migratory characteristics and then subjected to downstream genomic, molecular and functional tests. We reveal that enrichment of the most migratory cytotoxic T lymphocytes yields a pool of cells with enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This new functional sorting method opens new avenues for the precise characterization of the mechanisms underlying hitherto unexplained heterogeneities in migratory phenotypes within a cell population, and for the targeted enrichment of the most potent migratory leukocytes in immunotherapies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Arora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myaing, M. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arasi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R. Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DasGupta, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viasnoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.080234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Method to sort heterogenous cell populations based on migration in 2D and 3D environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host evolutionary history and ecology shape virome composition in fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.06.081505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Revealing the determinants of virome composition is central to placing disease emergence in a broader evolutionary context. Fish are the most species-rich group of vertebrates and so provide an ideal model system to study the factors that shape virome compositions and their evolution. We characterised the viromes of 19 wild-caught species of marine fish using total RNA sequencing (meta-transcriptomics) combined with analyses of sequence and protein structural homology to identify divergent viruses that often evade characterisation. From this, we identified 25 new vertebrate-associated viruses and a further 22 viruses likely associated with fish diet or their microbiomes. The vertebrate-associated viruses identified here included the first fish virus in the Matonaviridae (single-strand, negative-sense RNA virus). Other viruses fell within the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Arenaviridae, Reoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Hantaviridae, Filoviridae and Flaviviridae and were sometimes phylogenetically distinct from known fish viruses. We also show how key metrics of virome composition - viral richness, abundance and diversity - can be analysed along with host ecological and biological factors as a means to understand virus ecology. Accordingly, these data suggest that that the vertebrate-associated viromes of the fish sampled here are predominantly shaped by the phylogenetic history (i.e. taxonomic order) of their hosts, along with several biological factors including water temperature, habitat depth, community diversity and swimming behaviour. No such correlations were found for viruses associated with porifera, molluscs, arthropods, fungi and algae, that are unlikely to replicate in fish hosts. Overall, these data indicate that fish harbour particularly large and complex viromes and the vast majority of fish viromes are undescribed.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giallonardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Baez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Costa, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaly, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellwood, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.06.081505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host evolutionary history and ecology shape virome composition in fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A comparison of two methods for estimating measurement repeatability in morphometric studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.083428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIMeasurement repeatability is often reported in morphometric studies as an index of the contribution of measurement error to trait measurements. However, the common method of remeasuring a mounted specimen fails to capture some components of measurement error, and could therefore yield inflated repeatability estimates. Remounting specimens between successive measurements is likely to provide more realistic estimates of repeatability, particularly for small structures that are difficult to measure.
C_LIO_LIUsing measurements of 22 somatic and genitalic traits of the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis, we compared repeatability estimates obtained via remeasuring (where a mounted specimen is measured twice) versus remounting (where a specimen is remounted between measurements). We also asked whether the difference in repeatability estimates obtained via the two methods depends on trait size.
C_LIO_LIRepeatability estimates obtained via remounting were lower than estimates obtained via remeasuring for each of the 22 traits, and the difference between estimates obtained via the two methods was generally greater for small structures (genitalic traits) than for large structures (legs, wings).
C_LIO_LIRemounting specimens between successive measurements can provide more accurate estimates of measurement repeatability than remeasuring from a single mount, especially for small structures that are difficult to measure.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wylde, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.07.083428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A comparison of two methods for estimating measurement repeatability in morphometric studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.086694v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Skin protective effects of RM191A, a novel superoxide dismutase mimetic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.086694v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is known to be protective against oxidative stress-mediated skin dysfunction. Here we explore the potential therapeutic activities of RM191A, a novel SOD mimetic, on skin. RM191A is a water soluble, dimeric copper (Cu2+-Cu3+)-centred polyglycine coordination complex. It displays 10-fold higher superoxide quenching activity compared to SOD as well as significant anti-inflammatory activity through beneficial modulation of several significant inflammatory pathways in cells.

We tested the therapeutic potential of RM191A in a topical gel using a human skin explant model and observed that it significantly inhibits UV-induced DNA damage in the epidermis and dermis, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxoG) and 8-nitroguanine (8NGO). RM191A topical gel is found to be safe and non-toxic in mice following month-long daily dosing at 0.19 mL/kg body weight. Moreover, it significantly accelerates excisional wound healing, and reduces 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in mice.

HighlightsO_LISuperoxide dismutase mimetic RM191A is a highly stable copper (Cu2+-Cu3+)-polyglycine coordination complex
C_LIO_LIRM191A exhibits potent antioxidant (10-fold more than that of superoxide dismutase) properties in vitro
C_LIO_LIRM191A exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo
C_LIO_LIRM191A protects human skin explants against UV-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage
C_LIO_LIRM191A is non-toxic and readily bioavailable in mice
C_LIO_LIRM191A attenuates TPA-induced skin inflammation and improves wound healing in mice
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shariev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laos, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcrae, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casbolt, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Combes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, T.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thordarson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.10.086694</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Skin protective effects of RM191A, a novel superoxide dismutase mimetic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.092205v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex Regulates Instrumental Conditioned Punishment, but not Pavlovian Conditioned Fear 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.12.092205v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bidirectionally aberrant medial orbitofrontal cortical (mOFC) activity has been consistently linked with compulsion and compulsive disorders. Although rodent studies have established a causal link between mOFC excitation and compulsive-like actions, no such link has been made with mOFC inhibition. Here we use excitotoxic lesions of mOFC to investigate its role in sensitivity to punishment; a core characteristic of many compulsive disorders. In our first experiment, we demonstrated that mOFC lesions prevented instrumental conditioned punishment learning in a manner that could not be attributed to differences in Pavlovian conditioned fear. We then showed that increasing the frequency of punishing outcomes allowed mOFC-lesioned animals to overcome their initial deficit. Our second experiment demonstrated that the retrieval of instrumental punishment is also mOFC-dependent, as mOFC lesions prevented the extended retrieval of punishment contingencies relative to shams. In contrast, mOFC lesions did not prevent the re-acquisition of conditioned punishment that was learned prior to lesions being administered. Together, these results reveal that the mOFC does indeed regulate punishment learning and retrieval in a manner that is disassociated from any role in Pavlovian fear learning. These results imply that aberrant mOFC activity may contribute to the punishment insensitivity that is observed across multiple compulsive disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roughley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.12.092205</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex Regulates Instrumental Conditioned Punishment, but not Pavlovian Conditioned Fear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Profiling of small non-coding RNAs across cellular and biofluid compartments: implications for multiple sclerosis immunopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.15.097519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is associated with dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNA). We here analyzed all classes of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in matching peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells and cell-free CSF from relapsing-remitting (RRMS, n=12 in relapse, n=11 in remission), secondary progressive (SPMS, n=6) MS patients and non-inflammatory and inflammatory neurological disease controls (NINDC, n=11; INDC, n=5). We show widespread changes in small nuclear, nucleolar, transfer RNAs and miRNAs. In CSF cells, 133/133 and 115/117 differentially expressed sncRNAs are increased in RRMS relapse compared to remission and RRMS compared to NINDC, respectively. In contrast, 65/67 differentially expressed PBMC sncRNAs are decreased in RRMS compared to NINDC. The striking contrast between periphery and CNS suggests that sncRNA-mediated mechanisms, including alternative splicing, RNA degradation and mRNA translation, regulate the transcriptome of pathogenic cells primarily in the target organ.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheleznyakova, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piket, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Needhamsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagemann-Jensen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khademi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Nimer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scicluna, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faridani, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piehl, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagodic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.15.097519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Profiling of small non-coding RNAs across cellular and biofluid compartments: implications for multiple sclerosis immunopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Acquired fluoroquinolone resistance genes in corneal isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.17.100396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fluroquinolones are widely used as an empirical therapy for pseudomonal ocular infections. Based on increasing reports on acquired fluroquinolone resistance genes in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we investigated 33 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from the cornea of microbial keratitis patients in India and Australia between 1992 and 2018 to understand the prevalence of acquired fluroquinolone resistance genes in ocular isolates and to assess whether the possession of those genes was associated with fluoroquinolone susceptibility. We obtained the whole genome sequence of 33 isolates using Illumina MiSeq platform and investigated the prevalence of two fluoroquinolone resistance genes crpP and qnrVC1. To examine the associated mobile genetic elements of qnrVC1 positive strains, we obtained long read sequences using Oxford Nanopore MinION and performed hybrid assembly to combine long reads with Illumina short sequence reads. We further assessed mutations in QRDRs and antibiotic susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin to examine the association between resistance genes and phenotype. Twenty strains possessed crpP in genetic islands characterised by possession of integrative conjugative elements. The qnrVC1 gene was carried by four isolates on class I integrons and Tn3 transposons along with aminoglycoside and beta-lactam resistance genes. We did not observe any evidence of plasmids carrying fluroquinolone resistance genes. Resistance to fluroquinolones was observed in those strains which possessed crpP, qnrVC1 and that had QRDRs mutations. The presence of crpP was not a sole cause of fluroquinolone resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Khan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Summers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.100396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Acquired fluoroquinolone resistance genes in corneal isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.109983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High burden of Mycoplasma genitalium and other reproductive tract infections among pregnant women in Papua New Guinea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.22.109983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is a pressing need for detailed knowledge of the range of pathogens, extent of co-infection and clinical impact of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among pregnant women. Here, we report on RTIs (Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) and other sexual and reproductive health indicators among 699 pregnant women in Papua New Guinea (PNG). We found widespread M. genitalium infection (12.5% of women), the first time this pathogen has been reported in PNG, with no evidence of macrolide resistance. Most pregnant women (76.2%) had at least one RTI, most of which are treatable. Excluding syphilis, sexually-transmitted infections were detected in 37.8% women. Syndromic management of infections is greatly inadequate and there was remarkably little use of contraception; 98.4% report never having used barrier contraception. This work has implications for improving maternal and child health in PNG.

ARTICLE SUMMARY LINEThis first report of Mycoplasma genitalium in Papua New Guinea finds a high burden (12.5%) among 699 pregnant women. Additionally, more than one in two women were positive for a treatable reproductive tract infection associated with poor health outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Scoullar, M. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boeuf, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peach, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fidelis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tokmun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melepia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elijah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradshaw, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehler, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siba, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erskine, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokany, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umbers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luchters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallely, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badman, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vallely, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowkes, F. J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomat, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabb, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeson, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.109983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High burden of Mycoplasma genitalium and other reproductive tract infections among pregnant women in Papua New Guinea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.106146v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex and Power: sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.23.106146v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomedical and clinical sciences are experiencing a renewed interest in the fact that males and females differ in many anatomic, physiological, and behavioral traits. Sex differences in trait variability, however, are yet to receive similar recognition. In medical science, mammalian females are assumed to have higher trait variability due to estrous cycles (the  estrus-mediated variability hypothesis); historically in biomedical research, females have been excluded for this reason. Contrastingly, evolutionary theory and associated data support the  greater male variability hypothesis. Here, we test these competing hypotheses in 218 traits measured in >26,900 mice, using meta-analysis methods. Neither hypothesis could universally explain patterns in trait variability. Sex-bias in variability was trait-dependent. While greater male variability was found in morphological traits, females were much more variable in immunological traits. Sex-specific variability has eco-evolutionary ramifications including sex-dependent responses to climate change, as well as statistical implications including power analysis considering sex difference in variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, S. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooks, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.23.106146</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex and Power: sexual dimorphism in trait variability and its eco-evolutionary and statistical implications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel antioxidant therapy with the immediate precursor to glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), ameliorates LPS-induced cellular stress in an in vitro cystic fibrosis model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.27.119990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionGlutathione deficiency and chronic bacterial inflammation exacerbates the oxidative stress damage to airways in cystic fibrosis. Improvements to current antioxidant therapeutic strategies are needed. Dietary supplement, {gamma}-glutamylcysteine (GGC), the immediate precursor to glutathione, rapidly boosts cellular glutathione levels following a single dose in healthy individuals. Efficacy of GGC against Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a prominent factor in mediating both bacterial virulence and host responses, in CF remains unassessed.

MethodsPrimary F508del/F508del mucociliary differentiated bronchial and nasal epithelial cells were created to model LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation of CF. The proteomic signature of GGC treated cells was resolved by qLC-MS/MS. Parameters including cell redox state (glutathione, ROS), anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-8, IDO-1) and cellular health (membrane integrity, stress granule formation and cell viability) were assayed.

ResultsProteomic analysis identified perturbation of several pathways related to cellular respiration and stress responses upon LPS challenge. Most of these were resolved when cells were treated with GGC. While GGC did not resolve LPS-induced IL-8 and IDO-1 activity, it effectively attenuated LPS-induced ROS and stress granule formation, while significantly increasing intracellular glutathione levels and improving epithelial cell barrier integrity. Moreover, we compared the effect of GGC with thiols NAC and glutathione on cell viability. GGC was the only thiol that increased cell viability; protecting cells against LPS induced cell death. Both therapeutic and prophylactic treatments were successful.

ConclusionTogether, these findings indicate that GGC has therapeutic potential for treatment and prevention of oxidative stress related damage to airways in Cystic Fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hewson, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capraro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, B. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awatade, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart-Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.27.119990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel antioxidant therapy with the immediate precursor to glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), ameliorates LPS-induced cellular stress in an in vitro cystic fibrosis model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Atypical B cells are a normal component of immune responses to vaccination and infection in humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.28.120808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The full diversity of the circulating human B cell compartment is unknown. Flow cytometry analysis suggests that in addition to naive and memory B cells, there exists a population of CD11c+, CD27- CD21- "atypical" B cells, that are associated with chronic or recurrent infection and autoimmunity. We used single cell RNA-seq approaches to examine the diversity of both antigen-specific B cells and total B cells in healthy subjects and individuals naturally-exposed to recurrent malaria infections. This analysis revealed two B cell lineages: a classical lineage of activated and resting memory B cells, and an atypical-like lineage. Surprisingly, the atypical lineage was common in both malaria exposed individuals and non-exposed healthy controls. Using barcoded antibodies in conjunction with our transcriptomic data, we found that atypical lineage cells in healthy individuals lack many atypical B markers and thus represent an undercounted cryptic population. We further determined using antigen specific probes that atypical cells can be induced by primary vaccination in humans and can be recalled upon boosting. Collectively these data suggest that atypical cells are not necessarily pathogenic but can be a normal component of B responses to antigen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sutton, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aye, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idris, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vistein, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nduati, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kai, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwacharo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koutsakos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrasov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milburn, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ethala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KC, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, B. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheatley, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kent, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffman, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyke, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bejon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedzierska, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seder, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ndungu, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.120808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Atypical B cells are a normal component of immune responses to vaccination and infection in humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.120006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Significant functional differences despite morphological and molecular similarity in fully differentiated matched Conditionally Reprogrammed (CRC) and Feeder free dual SMAD inhibited expanded human nasal epithelial cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.29.120006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPatient-derived airway cells differentiated at Air Liquid Interface (ALI) are valuable models for Cystic fibrosis (CF) precision therapy. Advances in culture techniques have improved expansion capacity of airway basal cells, while retaining functional airway epithelium physiology. However, considerable variation in response to CFTR modulators is observed even when using similar ALI culture techniques. We aimed to address if variation in response reflects true biological differences between patients or technical differences as a consequence of different culture expansion methods.

MethodsNasal epithelial brushings from 14 individuals (CF=9; non-CF=5) were collected, then equally divided and expanded under conditional reprogramming culture (CRC) and feeder-serum-free "dual-SMAD inhibition" (SMADi) methods. Expanded cells from each culture were differentiated with proprietary PneumaCult-ALI media. Morphology (Immunofluorescence), global proteomics (LC-MS/MS) and function (barrier integrity, cilia motility, and ion transport) were compared in CRCALI and SMADiALI under basal and CFTR corrector treated (VX-809) conditions.

ResultsNo significant difference in the structural morphology or global proteomics profile were observed. Barrier integrity and cilia motility were significantly different, despite no difference in cell junction morphology or cilia abundance. Epithelial Sodium Channels and Calcium-activated Chloride Channel activity did not differ but CFTR mediated chloride currents were significantly reduced in SMADiALI compare to their CRCALI counterparts.

ConclusionAlteration of cellular physiological function in vitro occurs were more prominent than structural and differentiation potential in airway ALI. Since culture conditions significantly influence CFTR activity, this could lead to false conclusions if data from different labs are compared against each other without specific reference ranges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Awatade, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slapetova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capraro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turgutoglu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fawcett, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaffe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-05-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.120006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Significant functional differences despite morphological and molecular similarity in fully differentiated matched Conditionally Reprogrammed (CRC) and Feeder free dual SMAD inhibited expanded human nasal epithelial cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-05-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimised assembly of DNA-lipid nanostructures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.128686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liposomes are widely used as synthetic analogues of cell membranes and for drug delivery. Lipid-binding DNA nanostructures can modify the shape, porosity and reactivity of liposomes, mediated by cholesterol-modifications. DNA nanostructures can also be designed to switch conformations by DNA strand displacement. However, the optimal conditions to facilitate stable, high-yield DNA-lipid binding while allowing controlled switching by strand-displacement are not known. Here we characterised the effect of cholesterol arrangement, DNA structure, buffer and lipid composition on DNA-lipid binding and strand displacement. We observed that binding was inhibited below pH 4, and above 200 mM NaCl or 40 mM MgCl2, was independent of lipid type, and increased with membrane cholesterol content. For simple motifs, binding yield was slightly higher for double-stranded DNA than single-stranded. For larger DNA origami tiles, 4 - 8 cholesterol modifications were optimal, while edge positions and longer spacers increased yield of lipid-binding. Strand displacement achieved controlled removal of DNA tiles from membranes, but was inhibited by overhang domains, which are used to prevent cholesterol aggregation. These findings provide design guidelines for integrating strand-displacement switching with lipid-binding DNA nanostructures. This paves the way for achieving dynamic control of membrane morphology, enabling broader applications in nanomedicine and biophysics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Darley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, J. K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickham, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.01.128686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimised assembly of DNA-lipid nanostructures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.135699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 proteases cleave IRF3 and critical modulators of inflammatory pathways (NLRP12 and TAB1): implications for disease presentation across species and the search for reservoir hosts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.05.135699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genome of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) encodes for two viral proteases (NSP3/ papain-like protease and NSP5/ 3C-like protease or major protease) that are responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins for successful replication. NSP3 and NSP5 of SARS-CoV (SARS1) are known interferon antagonists. Here, we examined whether the protease function of SARS2 NSP3 and NSP5 target proteins involved in the host innate immune response. We designed a fluorescent based cleavage assay to rapidly screen the protease activity of NSP3 and NSP5 on a library of 71 human innate immune proteins (HIIPs), covering most pathways involved in human innate immunity. By expressing each of these HIIPs with a genetically encoded fluorophore in a cell-free system and titrating in the recombinant protease domain of NSP3 or NSP5, we could readily detect cleavage of cognate HIIPs on SDS-page gels. We identified 3 proteins that were specifically and selectively cleaved by NSP3 or NSP5: IRF-3, and NLRP12 and TAB1, respectively. Direct cleavage of IRF3 by NSP3 could explain the blunted Type- I IFN response seen during SARS-CoV-2 infections while NSP5 mediated cleavage of NLRP12 and TAB1 point to a molecular mechanism for enhanced production of IL-6 and inflammatory response observed in COVID-19 patients. Surprisingly, both NLRP12 and TAB1 have each two distinct cleavage sites. We demonstrate that in mice, the second cleavage site of NLRP12 is absent. We pushed this comparative alignment of IRF-3 and NLRP12 homologs and show that the lack or presence of cognate cleavage motifs in IRF-3 and NLRP12 could contribute to the presentation of disease in cats and tigers, for example. Our findings provide an explanatory framework for in-depth studies into the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and should facilitate the search or development of more effective animal models for severe COVID-19. Finally, we discovered that one particular species of bats, Davids Myotis, possesses the five cleavage sites found in humans for NLRP12, TAB1 and IRF3. These bats are endemic from the Hubei province in China and we discuss its potential role as reservoir for the evolution of SARS1 and SASR2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moustaqil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ollivier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolffi-Soto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Tol, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhumkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Freiberg, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.135699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 proteases cleave IRF3 and critical modulators of inflammatory pathways (NLRP12 and TAB1): implications for disease presentation across species and the search for reservoir hosts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chimeric synthetic reference standards enable cross-validation of positive and negative controls in SARS-CoV-2 molecular tests. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.09.143412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA synthesis in vitro has enabled the rapid production of reference standards. These are used as controls, and allow measurement and improvement of the accuracy and quality of diagnostic tests. Current reference standards typically represent target genetic material, and act only as positive controls to assess test sensitivity. However, negative controls are also required to evaluate test specificity. Using a pair of chimeric A/B RNA standards, this allowed incorporation of positive and negative controls into diagnostic testing for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The chimeric standards constituted target regions for RT-PCR primer/probe sets that are joined in tandem across two separate synthetic molecules. Accordingly, a target region that is present in standard A provides a positive control, whilst being absent in standard B, thereby providing a negative control. This design enables cross-validation of positive and negative controls between the paired standards in the same reaction, with identical conditions. This enables control and test failures to be distinguished, increasing confidence in the accuracy of results. The chimeric A/B standards were assessed using the US Centers for Disease Control real-time RT-PCR protocol, and showed results congruent with other commercial controls in detecting SARS CoV-2 in patient samples. This chimeric reference standard design approach offers extensive flexibility, allowing representation of diverse genetic features and distantly related sequences, even from different organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Madala, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercer, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.143412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chimeric synthetic reference standards enable cross-validation of positive and negative controls in SARS-CoV-2 molecular tests.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.143693v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome modularization reveals overlapped gene topology is necessary for efficient viral reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.10.143693v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ABSTRACTSequence overlap between two genes is common across all genomes, with viruses having high proportions of these gene overlaps. The biological function and fitness effects of gene overlaps are not fully understood, and their effects on gene cluster and genome-level refactoring are unknown. The bacteriophage ϕX174 genome has ∼26% of nucleotides involved in encoding more than one gene. In this study we use an engineered ϕX174 phage containing a genome with all gene overlaps removed, to show that gene overlap is critical to maintaining optimal viral fecundity. Through detailed phenotypic measurements we reveal that genome modularization in ϕX174 causes virion replication, stability, and attachment deficiencies. Quantitation of the complete phage proteome across an infection cycle reveals almost half the proteins display abnormal expression patterns. Taken together, we have for the first time comprehensively demonstrated that gene modularization severely perturbs the coordinated functioning of a bacteriophage replication cycle. This work highlights the biological importance of gene overlap in natural genomes and that reducing gene overlap disruption should be an integral part of future genome engineering projects.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaschke, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.143693</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome modularization reveals overlapped gene topology is necessary for efficient viral reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Red fox viromes across an urban-rural gradient 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.15.153858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has established large populations in Australias urban and rural areas since its introduction following European settlement. Foxes cryptic and highly adaptable nature allows them to invade cities and live among humans while remaining largely unnoticed. Urban living and access to anthropogenic food resources also influences fox ecology. Urban foxes grow larger, live at higher densities and are more social than their rural counterparts. These ecological changes in urban red foxes are likely to impact the pathogens that they harbour, and foxes could pose a disease risk to humans and other species that share these urban spaces. To assess this possibility, we used a meta-transcriptomic approach to characterise the viromes of urban and rural foxes across the Greater Sydney region in Australia. Urban and rural foxes differed significantly in virome composition, with rural foxes harbouring a greater abundance of viruses compared to their urban counterparts. In contrast, urban fox viromes comprised a greater diversity of viruses compared to rural foxes. We identified nine potentially novel vertebrate-associated viruses in both urban and rural foxes, some of which are related to viruses associated with disease in domestic species and humans. These included members of the Astroviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Hepeviridae and Picornaviridae as well as rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus-2 (RHDV2). This study sheds light on the viruses carried by urban and rural foxes and emphasises the need for greater genomic surveillance of foxes and other invasive species at the human-wildlife interface.

ImportanceUrbanisation of wild environments is increasing as human populations continue to expand. Remnant pockets of natural environments and other green spaces in urban landscapes provide invasive wildlife such as red foxes with refuges within urban areas, where they thrive on the food resources provisioned by humans. Close contact between humans, domestic species and foxes likely increases the risk of novel pathogen emergence. Indeed, the vast majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate in wild animals. Here, we explored potential differences in viromes between urban fox invaders and their rural counterparts. Viromes of foxes and their ectoparasites comprise a diversity of viruses including those from the Astroviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Hepeviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae. Microbial surveillance in foxes and other urban wildlife is vital for monitoring viral emergence and for the prevention of infectious diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campbell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giallonardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Baez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahar, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towerton, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillings, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carthey, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geoghegan, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.153858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Red fox viromes across an urban-rural gradient]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.146803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combining genome-wide studies of breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers maps cross-cancer susceptibility loci and identifies new genetic associations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.146803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We report a meta-analysis of breast, prostate, ovarian, and endometrial cancer genome-wide association data (effective sample size: 237,483 cases/317,006 controls). This identified 465 independent lead variants (P<5x10-8) across 192 genomic regions. Four lead variants were >1Mb from previously identified risk loci for the four cancers and an additional 23 lead variant-cancer associations were novel for one of the cancers. Bayesian models supported pleiotropic effects involving at least two cancers at 222/465 lead variants in 118/192 regions. Gene-level association analysis identified 13 shared susceptibility genes (P<2.6x10-6) in 13 regions not previously implicated in any of the four cancers and not uncovered by our variant-level meta-analysis. Several lead variants had opposite effects across cancers, including a cluster of such variants in the TP53 pathway. Fifty-four lead variants were associated with blood cell traits and suggested genetic overlaps with clonal hematopoiesis. Our study highlights the remarkable pervasiveness of pleiotropy across hormone-related cancers, further illuminating their shared genetic and mechanistic origins at variant- and gene-level resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kar, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindstroem, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrenson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glubb, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schildkraut, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang-Claude, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alsulimani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeghly-Fadiel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bjorge, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodelon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brauch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghaus, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carney, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Bois, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekici, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewing, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fasching, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flanagan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gawelko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heitz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hildebrandt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillemanns, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, R.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Imaz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irmejs, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakubowska, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kannisto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karlan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khusnutdinova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiemeney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjaer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapdor, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleiblo</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.146803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combining genome-wide studies of breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers maps cross-cancer susceptibility loci and identifies new genetic associations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.154377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating Transfer Entropy in Continuous Time Between Neural Spike Trains or Other Event-Based Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.16.154377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transfer entropy (TE) is a widely used measure of directed information flows in a number of domains including neuroscience. Many real-world time series in which we are interested in information flows come in the form of (near) instantaneous events occurring over time, including the spiking of biological neurons, trades on stock markets and posts to social media. However, there exist severe limitations to the current approach to TE estimation on such event-based data via discretising the time series into time bins: it is not consistent, has high bias, converges slowly and cannot simultaneously capture relationships that occur with very fine time precision as well as those that occur over long time intervals. Building on recent work which derived a theoretical framework for TE in continuous time, we present an estimation framework for TE on event-based data and develop a k-nearest-neighbours estimator within this framework. This estimator is provably consistent, has favourable bias properties and converges orders of magnitude more quickly than the discrete-time estimator on synthetic examples. We also develop a local permutation scheme for generating null surrogate time series to test for the statistical significance of the TE and, as such, test for the conditional independence between the history of one point process and the updates of another -- signifying the lack of a causal connection under certain weak assumptions. Our approach is capable of detecting conditional independence or otherwise even in the presence of strong pairwise time-directed correlations. The power of this approach is further demonstrated on the inference of the connectivity of biophysical models of a spiking neural circuit inspired by the pyloric circuit of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion, succeeding where previous related estimators have failed.

AUTHOR SUMMARYTransfer Entropy (TE) is an information-theoretic measure commonly used in neuroscience to measure the directed statistical dependence between a source and a target time series, possibly also conditioned on other processes. Along with measuring information flows, it is used for the inference of directed functional and effective networks from time series data. The currently-used technique for estimating TE on neural spike trains first time-discretises the data and then applies a straightforward or "plug-in" information-theoretic estimation procedure. This approach has numerous drawbacks: it is very biased, it cannot capture relationships occurring on both fine and large timescales simultaneously, converges very slowly as more data is obtained, and indeed does not even converge to the correct value. We present a new estimator for TE which operates in continuous time, demonstrating via application to synthetic examples that it addresses these problems, and can reliably differentiate statistically significant flows from (conditionally) independent spike trains. Further, we also apply it to more biologically-realistic spike trains obtained from a biophysical model of the pyloric circuit of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion; our correct inference of the underlying connection structure here provides an important validation for our approach where similar methods have previously failed
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shorten, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lizier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.154377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating Transfer Entropy in Continuous Time Between Neural Spike Trains or Other Event-Based Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159442v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimised cell systems for the investigation ofhepatitis C virus E1E2 glycoproteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.159442v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Great strides have been made in understanding and treating Hepatitis C virus (HCV) thanks in part to the development of the full-length cell-culture system, the pseudoparticle system and soluble envelope glycoproteins. The HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) system is a platform used extensively in studies of cell entry, screening of novel entry inhibitors, assessing the phenotypes of clinically observed E1 and E2 glycoproteins and, most pertinently, in characterising neutralizing antibody breadth induced upon vaccination and natural infection in patients. Nonetheless, some patient-derived clones fail to produce infectious particles or produce particles that exhibit infectivity too low for meaningful phenotyping. The mechanisms governing whether any particular clone produces infectious pseudoparticles are poorly understood. Here we show that endogenous expression of CD81, an HCV receptor and a cognate binding partner of E2, in producer HEK 293T cells is detrimental to the infectivity of recovered HCVpp for most strains. Many HCVpp clones exhibited increased infectivity or had their infectivity rescued when they were produced in HEK 293T cells CRISPR/Cas9 engineered to ablate CD81 expression (293TCD81KO). Clones made in 293TCD81KO cells were antigenically very similar to their matched counterparts made parental cells and appear to honour the accepted HCV entry pathway. Deletion of CD81 did not appreciably increase the recovered titres of soluble E2 (sE2). However, we did, unexpectedly, find that monomeric sE2 made in 293T and 293F exhibit important differences. We found that 293F-produced sE2 harbours mostly complex type glycans whilst 293T-produced sE2 displays a heterogeneous mixture of both complex type glycans and highmannose or hybrid type glycans. Moreover, sE2 produced in HEK 293T cells is antigenically superior; exhibiting increased binding to conformational antibodies and the large extracellular loop of CD81. In summary, this work describes an optimal cell line for the production of HCVpp and reveals that sE2 made in 293T and 293F cells are not antigenic equals. Our findings have implications for functional studies of E1E2 and the production of candidate immunogens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalemera, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capella-Pujol, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chumbe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Underwood, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schinkel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sliepen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.159442</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimised cell systems for the investigation ofhepatitis C virus E1E2 glycoproteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160598v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial dark matter filling the niche in hypersaline microbial mats 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.18.160598v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shark Bay, Australia, harbours one of the most extensive and diverse systems of living microbial mats, that are proposed to be analogs of some of the earliest ecosystems on Earth. These ecosystems have been shown to possess a substantial abundance of uncultivable microorganisms. These enigmatic groups -  microbial dark matter (MDM) - are hypothesised to play key roles in microbial mats. We reconstructed 115 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) affiliated to MDM, spanning 42 phyla within the bacterial and archaeal domains. We classified bacterial MDM from the PVC group, FCB group, Microgenomates, Parcubacteria, and Peregrinibacteria, as well as a high proportion of archaeal MDM under the TACK, DPANN, Altiarchaeales, and Asgard archaea. The latter includes the first putative Heimdallarchaeota MAG obtained from any microbial mat system. This study reports novel microorganisms (Zixibacterial order GN15) putatively taking part in dissimilatory sulfate reduction in surface hypersaline settings, as well as novel eukaryote signature proteins in the Asgard archaea. Despite possessing reduced-size genomes, the MDM MAGs are capable of fermenting and degrading organic carbon, suggesting a role in recycling organic carbon. Several forms of RuBisCo were identified, allowing putative CO2 incorporation into nucleotide salvaging pathways, which may act as an alternative carbon and phosphorus source. High capacity of hydrogen production was found among Shark Bay MDM. Putative schizorhodopsins were also identified in Parcubacteria, Asgard archaea, DPANN archaea, and Bathyarchaeota, allowing these members to potentially capture light energy. Diversity-generating retroelements were prominent in DPANN archaea that likely facilitate the adaptation to a dynamic, host-dependent lifestyle. In light of our findings, we propose H2, ribose and CO/CO2 as the main energy currencies of the MDM community in these mat systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visscher, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.18.160598</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial dark matter filling the niche in hypersaline microbial mats]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.174847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The N-terminus of GPR37L1 is proteolytically processed by matrix metalloproteases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.27.174847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
GPR37L1 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor expressed exclusively in the brain and linked to seizures, neuroprotection and cardiovascular disease. Based upon the observation that fragments of the GPR37L1 N-terminus are found in human cerebrospinal fluid, we hypothesized that GPR37L1 was subject to post-translational modification. Heterologous expression of GPR37L1-eYFP in either HEK293 or U87 glioblastoma cells yielded two cell surface species of approximately equivalent abundance, the larger of which is N-glycosylated at Asn105. The smaller species is produced by matrix metalloprotease/ADAM-mediated proteolysis (shown by the use of pharmacological inhibitors) and has a molecular weight identical to that of a mutant lacking the entire N-terminus, Δ122 GPR37L1. Serial truncation of the N-terminus prevented GPR37L1 expression except when the entire N-terminus was removed, narrowing the predicted site of N-terminal proteolysis to residues 105-122. Using yeast expressing different G protein chimeras, we found that wild type GPR37L1, but not Δ122 GPR37L1, coupled constitutively to Gpa1/Gαs and Gpa1/Gα16 chimeras, in contrast to previous studies. We tested the peptides identified in cerebrospinal fluid as well as their putative newly-generated N-terminal ‘tethered’ counterparts in both wild type and Δ122 GPR37L1 Gpa1/Gαs strains but saw no effect, suggesting that GPR37L1 does not signal in a manner akin to the protease-activated receptor family. We also saw no evidence of receptor activation or regulation by the reported GPR37L1 ligand, prosaptide/TX14A. Finally, the proteolytically processed species predominated both in vivo and ex vivo in organotypic cerebellar slice preparations, suggesting that GPR37L1 is rapidly processed to a signaling-inactive form. Our data indicate that the function of GPR37L1 in vivo is tightly regulated by metalloprotease-dependent N-terminal cleavage.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.View Full Text
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smythe, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleave, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.174847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The N-terminus of GPR37L1 is proteolytically processed by matrix metalloproteases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.169953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Elucidation of global and local epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis through multilevel genome typing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.30.169953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major cause of foodborne Salmonella infections and outbreaks in humans. Effective surveillance and timely outbreak detection are essential for public health control. Multilevel genome typing (MGT) with multiple levels of resolution has been previously demonstrated as a promising tool for this purpose. In this study, we developed MGT with nine levels for S. Enteritidis and characterised the genomic epidemiology of S. Enteritidis in detail. We examined 26,670 publicly available S. Enteritidis genome sequences from isolates spanning 101 years from 86 countries to reveal their spatial and temporal distributions. Using the lower resolution MGT levels, globally prevalent and regionally restricted sequence types (STs) were identified; avian associated MGT4-STs were found that were common in human cases in the USA were identified; temporal trends were observed in the UK with MGT5-STs from 2014 to 2018, revealing both long lived endemic STs and the rapid expansion of new STs. Using MGT3 to MGT6, we identified MDR associated STs at various MGT levels, which improves precision of detection and global tracking of MDR clones. We also found that the majority of the global S. Enteritidis population fell within two predominant lineages, which had significantly different propensity of causing large scale outbreaks. An online open MGT database has been established for unified international surveillance of S. Enteritidis. We demonstrated that MGT provides a flexible and high-resolution genome typing tool for S. Enteritidis surveillance and outbreak detection.

Impact statementSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a common foodborne pathogen that can cause large outbreaks. Surveillance and high-resolution typing are essential for outbreak prevention and control. Genome sequencing offers unprecedented power for these purposes and a standardised method or platform for the interpretation, comparison and communication of genomic typing data is highly desirable. In this work, we developed a genomic typing scheme called Multilevel Genome Typing (MGT) for S. Enteritidis. We analysed 26,670 publicly available genomes of S. Enteritidis using MGT. We characterised the geographic and temporal distribution of S. Enteritidis MGT types as well as their association with multidrug resistance (MDR) and virulence genes. A publicly available MGT database for S. Enteritidis was established, which has the potential facilitate the unified global public health surveillance for this pathogen.

Data SummaryO_LIThe MGT database for S. Enteritidis is available at https://mgtdb.unsw.edu.au/enteritidis/.
C_LIO_LIAll accession numbers of the public available genomes were available in the MGT database and Data Set S1, Tab 1. And there were no newly sequenced data in this study.
C_LIO_LISupplementary material: Supplementary Fig. S1 to S7, supplementary methods and supporting results about the evaluation of potential repeat sequencing bias.
C_LIO_LIData Set S1: Supporting tables of the main results.
C_LIO_LIData Set S2. Supporting tables of the repeat sequencing bias evaluation by removing the potential repeat sequencing isolates. Note outbreak isolates may also be removed.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.169953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Elucidation of global and local epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis through multilevel genome typing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189969v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Decoding ribosomal RNA modification dynamics at single molecule resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.06.189969v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A broad diversity of modifications decorate RNA molecules. Originally conceived as static components, evidence is accumulating that some RNA modifications may be dynamic, contributing to cellular responses to external signals and environmental circumstances. A major difficulty in studying these modifications, however, is the need of tailored protocols to map each modification type individually. Here, we present a new approach that uses direct RNA nanopore sequencing to identify and quantify RNA modifications present in native RNA molecules. First, we show that each RNA modification type results in a distinct and characteristic base-calling  error signature, which we validate using a battery of genetic strains lacking either pseudouridine (Y) or 2-O-methylation (Nm) modifications. We then demonstrate the value of these signatures for de novo prediction of Y modifications transcriptome-wide, confirming known Y-modified sites as well as uncovering novel Y sites in mRNAs, ncRNAs and rRNAs, including a previously unreported Pus4-dependent Y modification in yeast mitochondrial rRNA, which we validate using orthogonal methods. To explore the dynamics of pseudouridylation across environmental stresses, we treat the cells with oxidative, cold and heat stresses, finding that yeast ribosomal rRNA modifications do not change upon environmental exposures, contrary to the general belief. By contrast, our method reveals many novel heat-sensitive Y-modified sites in snRNAs, snoRNAs and mRNAs, in addition to recovering previously reported sites. Finally, we develop a novel software, nanoRMS, which we show can estimate per-site modification stoichiometries from individual RNA molecules by identifying the reads with altered current intensity and trace profiles, and quantify the RNA modification stoichiometry changes between two conditions. Our work demonstrates that Y RNA modifications can be predicted de novo and in a quantitative manner using native RNA nanopore sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, H. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sas-Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.06.189969</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Decoding ribosomal RNA modification dynamics at single molecule resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Examining the boundary sharpness coefficient as an index of cortical microstructure and its relationship to age and sex in autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.09.196212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with atypical brain development. However, the phenotype of regionally specific increased cortical thickness observed in ASD may be driven by several independent biological processes that influence the gray/white matter boundary, such as synaptic pruning, myelination, or atypical migration. Here, we propose to use the boundary sharpness coefficient (BSC), a proxy for alterations in microstructure at the cortical gray/white matter boundary, to investigate brain differences in individuals with ASD, including factors that may influence ASD-related heterogeneity (age, sex, and intelligence quotient). Using a vertex-based meta-analysis and a large multi-center magnetic resonance structural imaging (MRI) dataset, with a total of 1136 individuals, 415 with ASD (112 female; 303 male) and 721 controls (283 female; 438 male), we observed that individuals with ASD had significantly greater BSC in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus indicating an abrupt transition (high contrast) between white matter and cortical intensities. Increases were observed in different brain regions in males and females, with larger effect sizes in females. Individuals with ASD under 18 had significantly greater BSC in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus and right postcentral gyrus; individuals with ASD over 18 had significantly increased BSC in the bilateral precuneus and superior temporal gyrus. BSC correlated with ADOS-2 CSS in individuals with ASD in the right medial temporal pole. Importantly, there was a significant spatial overlap between maps of the effect of diagnosis on BSC when compared to cortical thickness. These results invite studies to use BSC as a possible new measure of cortical development in ASD and to further examine the microstructural underpinnings of BSC-related differences and their impact on measures of cortical morphology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Emily Olafson</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saashi A Bedford</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabriel A Devenyi</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raihaan Patel</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephanie Tullo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Min Tae M Park</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evdokia Anagnostou</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon Baron-Cohen</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edward T. Bullmore</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindsay R. Chura</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael C. Craig</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christine Ecker</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dorothea L. Floris</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosemary J. Holt</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rhoshel Lenroot</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jason P. Lerch</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael V. Lombardo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Declan G. M. Murphy</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armin Raznahan</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amber N. V. Ruigrok</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael D. Spencer</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>John Suckling</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Margot Taylor</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The Medical Research Council Autism Imaging Multicentre Study Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng-Chuan Lai</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M. Mallar Chakravarty</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.09.196212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Examining the boundary sharpness coefficient as an index of cortical microstructure and its relationship to age and sex in autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.191114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic variants for head size share genes and pathways with cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.15.191114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The size of the human head is determined by growth in the first years of life, while the rest of the body typically grows until early adulthood1. Such complex developmental processes are regulated by various genes and growth pathways2. Rare genetic syndromes have revealed genes that affect head size3, but the genetic drivers of variation in head size within the general population remain largely unknown. To elucidate biological pathways underlying the growth of the human head, we performed the largest genome-wide association study on human head size to date (N = 79,107). We identified 67 genetic loci, 50 of which are novel, and found that these loci are preferentially associated with head size and mostly independent from height. In subsequent neuroimaging analyses, the majority of genetic variants demonstrated widespread effects on the brain, whereas the effects of 17 variants could be localized to one or two specific brain regions. Through hypothesis-free approaches, we find a strong overlap of head size variants with both cancer pathways and cancer genes. Gene set analyses showed enrichment for different types of cancer and the p53, Wnt and ErbB signalling pathway. Genes overlapping or close to lead variants - such as TP53, PTEN and APC - were enriched for genes involved in macrocephaly syndromes (up to 37-fold) and high-fidelity cancer genes (up to 9-fold), whereas this enrichment was not seen for human height variants. This indicates that genes regulating early brain and cranial growth are associated with a propensity to neoplasia later in life, irrespective of height. Our results warrant further investigations of the link between head size and cancer, as well as its clinical implications in the general population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knol, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poot, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Auwera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duperron, M.-G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hostettler, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dam-Nolen, D. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamballais, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrion-Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T. G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinbold, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haberg, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kämpe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G. H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avinun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, F.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amod, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchida, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teunissen, M. W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catheline, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecil, C. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dartigues, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCarli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enlund-Cerullo,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.191114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic variants for head size share genes and pathways with cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drone-derived canopy height predicts biomass across non-forest ecosystems globally 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.16.206011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Non-forest ecosystems, dominated by shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, provide ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and forage for grazing, yet are highly sensitive to climatic changes. Yet these ecosystems are poorly represented in remotely-sensed biomass products and are undersampled by in-situ monitoring. Current global change threats emphasise the need for new tools to capture biomass change in non-forest ecosystems at appropriate scales. Here we assess whether canopy height inferred from drone photogrammetry allows the estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB) across low-stature plant species sampled through a global site network. We found mean canopy height is strongly predictive of AGB across species, demonstrating standardised photogrammetric approaches are generalisable across growth forms and environmental settings. Biomass per-unit-of-height was similar within, but different among, plant functional types. We find drone-based photogrammetry allows for monitoring of AGB across large spatial extents and can advance understanding of understudied and vulnerable non-forested ecosystems across the globe.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cunliffe, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boschetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brazier, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Myers-Smith, I. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astor, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cramer, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Encinas-Lara, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escarzaga, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Guisuraga, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gdulov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griebel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanan, N. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanggito, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haselberger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Havrilla, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karl, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirchhoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraushaar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzolff, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mauritz, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntire, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Metzen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Barroso, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prosek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz-Ablanedo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauer, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schulze-Bruninghoff, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simov</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.16.206011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drone-derived canopy height predicts biomass across non-forest ecosystems globally]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212894v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ether lipid and sphingolipid expression patterns are G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1-dependently altered in breast cancer cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212894v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying co-expression of lipid species is challenging, but indispensable to identify novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment. Lipid metabolism is often dysregulated in cancer cells, and changes in lipid metabolism affect cellular processes such as proliferation, autophagy, and tumor development. In addition to mRNA analysis of sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes, we performed liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis in three breast cancer cell lines. These breast cancer cell lines differ in estrogen receptor and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 status. Our data show that sphingolipids and non-sphingolipids are strongly increased in SKBr3 cells. SKBr3 cells are estrogen receptor negative and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 positive. Treatment with G15, a G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 antagonist, abolishes the effect of increased sphingolipid and non-sphingolipid levels in SKBr3 cells. In particular, ether lipids are expressed at much higher levels in cancer compared to normal cells and are strongly increased in SKBr3 cells. Our analysis reveals that this is accompanied by increased sphingolipid levels such as ceramide, sphingadiene-ceramide and sphingomyelin. This shows the importance of focusing on more than one lipid class when investigating molecular mechanisms in breast cancer cells. Our analysis allows unbiased screening for different lipid classes leading to identification of co-expression patterns of lipids in the context of breast cancer. Co-expression of different lipid classes could influence tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells. Identification of co-regulated lipid species is important to achieve improved breast cancer treatment outcome.

HighlightsO_LILC-HRMS analysis allows identification of co-expression between lipid classes
C_LIO_LIPutative co-expression of sphingolipid and non-sphingolipid classes
C_LIO_LIEther lipids are strongly upregulated in SKBr3 cells (ER negative, GPER1 positive)
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hahnefeld, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoemel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattjus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beretta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreiros Bouzas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geisslinger, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wegner, M.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.20.212894</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ether lipid and sphingolipid expression patterns are G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1-dependently altered in breast cancer cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.216119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broad-scale quantitative assessments of biodiversity and the factors shaping it remain particularly poorly explored in insects. Here, we undertook a spatial phylogenetic analysis of North American butterflies via assembly of a time-calibrated phylogeny of the region coupled with a unique, complete range assessment for ~75% of the known species. We utilized a suite of phylodiversity metrics and associated environmental data to test whether climate stability and temperature gradients have shaped North American butterfly phylogenetic diversity and endemism. We also undertook the first direct, quantitative comparisons of spatial phylogenetic patterns between butterflies and flowering plants in North America. We expected concordance between butterflies and angiosperms based on both shared historical environmental drivers and presumed strong butterfly-host plant specializations. We instead found that biodiversity patterns in butterflies are strikingly different from flowering plants in some regions of the continent. In particular, the warm desert regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico showed surprisingly high butterfly phylogenetic diversity and endemism, in contrast to much lower values for angiosperms. Butterflies did not show patterns of phylogenetic clustering as found in flowering plants, suggesting differences in habitat conservation between the two groups. Finally, we found weak relationships and spatially structured biases in relative branching timing between angiosperms and butterflies. These results suggest that shared biogeographic histories and trophic associations do not necessarily assure similar diversity outcomes. The work has applied value in conservation planning, documenting warm deserts as an important North American butterfly biodiversity hotspot.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Earl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belitz, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffan, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barve, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barve, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soltis, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawahara, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guralnick, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.22.216119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.219048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Introgression, hominin dispersal and megafaunal survival in Late Pleistocene Island Southeast Asia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.219048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The hominin fossil record of Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) indicates that at least two endemic  super-archaic species - Homo luzonensis and H. floresiensis - were present around the time anatomically modern humans (AMH) arrived in the region >50,000 years ago. Contemporary human populations carry signals consistent with interbreeding events with Denisovans in ISEA - a species that is thought to be more closely related to AMH than the super-archaic endemic ISEA hominins. To query this disparity between fossil and genetic evidence, we performed a comprehensive search for super-archaic introgression in >400 modern human genomes. Our results corroborate widespread Denisovan ancestry in ISEA populations but fail to detect any super-archaic admixture signals. By highlighting local megafaunal survival east of the Wallace Line as a potential signature of deep, pre-H. sapiens hominin-faunal interaction, we propose that this understudied region may hold the key to unlocking significant chapters in Denisovan prehistory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobs, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stringer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuke, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudjashov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purnomo, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sudoyo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turney, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helgen, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.219048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Introgression, hominin dispersal and megafaunal survival in Late Pleistocene Island Southeast Asia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Surface-bound antigen induces B-cell permeabilization and lysosome exocytosis facilitating antigen uptake and presentation to T-cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.24.220418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen internalization and presentation are essential for humoral memory immune responses. Antigen encountered by B-cells is often tightly associated with the surface of pathogens and/or antigen-presenting cells. Internalization of such antigens requires myosin-mediated traction forces and extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes, but the mechanism triggering lysosomal exocytosis is unknown. Here we show that BCR-mediated recognition of antigen tethered to beads, to planar lipid-bilayers or expressed on cell surfaces causes localized plasma membrane (PM) permeabilization, a process that requires BCR signaling and non-muscle myosin II activity. B-cell permeabilization triggers PM repair responses involving lysosomal exocytosis, and B-cells permeabilized by surface-associated antigen internalize more antigen than cells that remain intact. Higher affinity antigens cause more B-cell permeabilization and lysosomal exocytosis and are more efficiently presented to T-cells. Thus, PM permeabilization by surface-associated antigen triggers a lysosome-mediated B-cell resealing response, providing the extracellular hydrolases that facilitate antigen internalization and presentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maeda, F. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Haaren, J. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langley, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.24.220418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Surface-bound antigen induces B-cell permeabilization and lysosome exocytosis facilitating antigen uptake and presentation to T-cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.222158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cavin3 released from caveolae interacts with BRCA1to regulate the cellular stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.26.222158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolae-associated protein 3 (cavin3), a putative tumor suppressor protein, is inactivated in most cancers. We characterized how cavin3 affects the cellular proteome using genome-edited cells together with label-free quantitative proteomics. These studies revealed a prominent role for cavin3 in DNA repair with BRCA1 and BRCA1 A-complex components being downregulated on cavin3 deletion. Cellular and cell-free expression assays, we show a direct interaction between BRCA1 and cavin3. Association of BRCA1 and cavin3 occurs when cavin3 is released from caveolae that are disassembled in response to UV and mechanical stress. Supporting a role in DNA repair, cavin3-deficient cells were sensitized to the effects of PARP inhibition, which compromises DNA repair, and showed reduced recruitment of the BRCA1 A-complex to UV DNA damage foci. Overexpression and RNAi-depletion revealed that cavin3 sensitized various cancer cells to UV-induced apoptosis. We conclude that cavin3 functions together with BRCA1 in multiple pathways that contribute to tumorigenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stroud, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastiani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polinkovsky, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parat, M.-O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexandrov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.26.222158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cavin3 released from caveolae interacts with BRCA1to regulate the cellular stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of the Hippocampus and Cortex in SUDEP and High-Risk SUDEP Cases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.27.223446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading type of epilepsy-related death. Severely depressed brain activity in these cases may impair respiration, arousal, and protective reflexes, occurring as a prolonged postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES) and resulting in a high-risk for SUDEP. In autopsy hippocampus and cortex, we observed no proteomic differences between SUDEP and epilepsy cases, contrasting our previously reported robust differences between epilepsy and controls. Transcriptomics in hippocampus and cortex from surgical epilepsy cases segregated by PGES identified 55 differentially expressed genes (37 protein-coding, 15 lncRNAs, three pending) in hippocampus. Overall, the SUDEP proteome and high-risk SUDEP transcriptome largely reflected other epilepsy cases in the brain regions analyzed, consistent with diverse epilepsy syndromes and comorbidities associated with SUDEP. Thus, studies with larger cohorts and different epilepsy syndromes, as well as additional anatomic regions may identify molecular mechanisms of SUDEP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leitner, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pires, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faustin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanshin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nayak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askenazi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verducci, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janitz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anink, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baayen, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idema, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vliet, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devore, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diehl, B. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thijs, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wisniewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ueberheide, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thom, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aronica, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devinsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.27.223446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of the Hippocampus and Cortex in SUDEP and High-Risk SUDEP Cases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lipidome profiles of plasma microvesicles differ in experimental cerebral malaria, compared to malaria without neurological complications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cerebral malaria (CM), a fatal complication of Plasmodium infection that affects children in sub-Saharan Africa and adults in South-East Asia, results from incompletely understood pathogenetic mechanisms, which include an excessive release of microvesicles (MV). Plasma MV levels have been found elevated in CM patients and in the experimental mouse model.

We compared lipid profiles in circulating MV purified from CBA mice infected with P. berghei ANKA (PbA), which causes CM, to those from P. yoelii (Py), which does not. Here we show that plasma MV produced at the time of CM differed dramatically from those from non-CM mice, in spite of identical levels of parasitaemia. Using high-resolution LCMS, we identified over 300 lipid species within 12 lipid classes. Total lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) levels were significantly lower in PbA infection compared to uninfected mice, while they were unchanged in Py MV, and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was more significantly reduced in PbA mice compared to the other two groups. These results suggest, for the time, that experimental CM is characterised by specific changes in lipid composition of circulating MV, pointing towards triglycerides (TG) especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 22:6) containing species, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), LPC, LPE, and diacylglycerol (DG) as potential important players in CM pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Batarseh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini-Beheshti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juillard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, N. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grau, G. E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.224170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lipidome profiles of plasma microvesicles differ in experimental cerebral malaria, compared to malaria without neurological complications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225359v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Substrate-induced clustering activates Trim-Away of pathogens and proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.225359v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trim-Away is a powerful new technology that exploits off-the-shelf antibodies and the E3 RING ligase and cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21 to carry out rapid protein depletion. How TRIM21 is catalytically-activated upon substrate engagement during either its normal immune function or when re-purposed for targeted protein degradation is unknown. Here we show that a mechanism of substrate-induced clustering triggers intermolecular dimerization of the RING domain to switch on the ubiquitination activity of TRIM21 and induce an antiviral response or drive Trim-Away. We harness this mechanism to expand the Trim-Away toolbox with highly-active TRIM21-nanobody chimeras that can also be controlled optogenetically. This work provides a mechanism for cellular activation of TRIM RING ligases and has important implications for targeted protein degradation technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukadam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osswald, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luptak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaysburd, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McEwan, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morais-de-Sa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clift, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225359</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Substrate-induced clustering activates Trim-Away of pathogens and proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimation of Three-Dimensional Chromatin Morphology for Nuclear Classification and Characterisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.29.226498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Classification and characterisation of cellular morphological states are vital for understanding cell differentiation, development, proliferation and diverse pathological conditions. As the onset of morphological changes transpires following genetic alterations in the chromatin configuration inside the nucleus, the nuclear texture as one of the low-level properties if detected and quantified accurately has the potential to provide insights on nuclear organisation and enable early diagnosis and prognosis. This study presents a three dimensional (3D) nuclear texture description method for cell nucleus classification and variation measurement in chromatin patterns on the transition to another phenotypic state. The proposed approach includes third plane information using hyperplanes into the design of the Sorted Random Projections (SRP) texture feature. The significance of including third plane information for low-resolution volumetric images is investigated by comparing the performance of 3D texture descriptor with its respective pseudo 3D form that ignores the interslice intensity correlations. Following classification, changes in chromatin pattern are estimated by computing the ratio of heterochromatin and euchromatin corresponding to their respective intensities and image gradient obtained by 3D SRP. The proposed method is evaluated on two publicly available 3D image datasets of human fibroblast and human prostate cancer cell lines in two phenotypic states obtained from the public Statistics Online Computational Resource. Experimental results show that 3D SRP and 3D Local Binary Pattern provide better results than other utilised handcrafted descriptors and deep learning features extracted using a pre-trained model. The results also show the advantage of utilising 3D feature descriptor for classification over its corresponding pseudo version. In addition, the proposed method validates that as the cell passes to another phenotypic state, there is a change in intensity and aggregation of heterochromatin.

Author SummaryAutomated classification and measurement of cellular phenotypic traits can significantly impact clinical decision making. Early detection of diseases requires an accurate description of low-level cellular features to detect small-scale abnormalities in the few abnormal cells in the tissue microenvironment. The challenge is the development of a computational approach for 3D textural feature description that can capture the heterogeneous information in multiple dimensions and characterise the cells in their ultimate and intermediate phenotypic states effectively. Our work has proposed the method and metrics to measure chromatin condensation pattern and classify the phenotypic states. Experimental evaluation on the 3D image set of human fibroblast and human prostate cancer cell collections validates the proposed method for the classification of cell states. Results also signify the credibility of proposed metrics to characterise the cellular phenotypic states and contributes to studies related to early diagnosis, prognosis and drug resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowmya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.226498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimation of Three-Dimensional Chromatin Morphology for Nuclear Classification and Characterisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231076v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.31.231076v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundArboviral diseases including dengue and chikungunya are major public health concern in Bangladesh, with unprecedented levels of transmission reported in recent years. The primary approach to control these diseases is control of Aedes aegypti using pyrethroid insecticides. Although chemical control is long-practiced, no comprehensive analysis of Ae. aegypti susceptibility to insecticides has previously been conducted. This study aimed to determine the insecticide resistance status of Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh and investigate the role of detoxification enzymes and altered target site sensitivity as resistance mechanisms.

MethodsAedes eggs were collected using ovitraps from five districts across the country and in eight neighborhoods of the capital city Dhaka from August to November 2017. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted for permethrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and bendiocarb using 3-5-day old F0-F2 non-blood fed female mosquitoes. Biochemical assays were conducted to detect metabolic resistance mechanisms and real-time PCR was performed to determine the frequencies of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations Gly1016, Cys1534, and Leu410.

ResultsHigh levels of resistance to permethrin were detected in all Ae. aegypti populations, with mortality ranging from 0 - 14.8% at the diagnostic dose. Substantial resistance continued to be detected against higher (2X) doses of permethrin (5.1 - 44.4% mortality). Susceptibility to deltamethrin and malathion varied between populations while complete susceptibility to bendiocarb was observed in all populations. Significantly higher levels of esterase and oxidase activity were detected in most of the test populations as compared to the susceptible reference Rockefeller strain. A significant association was detected between permethrin resistance and the presence of Gly1016 and Cys1534 homozygotes. The frequency of kdr alleles varied across the Dhaka populations, and Leu410 was not detected in any of the tested populations.

ConclusionsThe detection of widespread pyrethroid resistance and multiple mechanisms highlights the urgency for implementing alternate Ae. aegypti control strategies. In addition, implementing routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti in Bangladesh will lead to a greater understanding of susceptibility trends over space and time, thereby enabling the development of improved control strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Al-Amin, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johora, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irish, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hossainey, M. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vizcaino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenhar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.07.31.231076</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236893v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Analytical validity of nanopore sequencing for rapid SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.04.236893v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viral whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides critical insight into the transmission and evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Long-read sequencing devices from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) promise significant improvements in turnaround time, portability and cost, compared to established short-read sequencing platforms for viral WGS (e.g., Illumina). However, adoption of ONT sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance has been limited due to common concerns around sequencing accuracy. To address this, we performed viral WGS with ONT and Illumina platforms on 157 matched SARS-CoV-2-positive patient specimens and synthetic RNA controls, enabling rigorous evaluation of analytical performance. Despite the elevated error rates observed in ONT sequencing reads, highly accurate consensus-level sequence determination was achieved, with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) detected at >99% sensitivity and >99% precision above a minimum ~60-fold coverage depth, thereby ensuring suitability for SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis. ONT sequencing also identified a surprising diversity of structural variation within SARS-CoV-2 specimens that were supported by evidence from short-read sequencing on matched samples. However, ONT sequencing failed to accurately detect short indels and variants at low read-count frequencies. This systematic evaluation of analytical performance for SARS-CoV-2 WGS will facilitate widespread adoption of ONT sequencing within local, national and international COVID-19 public health initiatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bull, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adikari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevanovski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beukers, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naing, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachichi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stelzer-Braid, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlinson, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Hal, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.04.236893</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Analytical validity of nanopore sequencing for rapid SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.233494v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel, dichloromethane-fermenting bacterium in the Peptococcaceae family, 'Candidatus Formamonas warabiya', gen. nov. sp. nov. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.09.233494v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dichloromethane (DCM; CH2Cl2) is a toxic groundwater pollutant that also has a detrimental effect on atmospheric ozone levels. As a dense non-aqueous phase liquid, DCM migrates vertically through groundwater to low redox zones, yet information on anaerobic microbial DCM transformation remains scarce due to a lack of cultured organisms. We report here the characterisation of strain DCMF, the dominant organism in an anaerobic enrichment culture (DFE) that is capable of fermenting DCM to the environmentally benign product acetate. Stable carbon isotope experiments demonstrated that the organism assimilated carbon from DCM and bicarbonate via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Strain DCMF is the first anaerobic DCM-degrading bacterium also shown to metabolise non-chlorinated substrates. It appears to be a methylotroph utilising the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for metabolism of methyl groups from methanol, choline, and glycine betaine, which has implications for the flux of climate-active compounds from subsurface environments. Community profiling and enrichment of the cohabiting taxa in culture DFE to the exclusion of strain DCMF suggest that it is the sole organism in this culture responsible for substrate metabolism, while the cohabitants persist via necromass recycling. Genomic and physiological evidence support placement of strain DCMF in a novel genus,  Candidatus Formamonas warabiya.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holland, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manefield, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.233494</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel, dichloromethane-fermenting bacterium in the Peptococcaceae family, 'Candidatus Formamonas warabiya', gen. nov. sp. nov.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDSex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk.

METHODSWe conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (GxS) interaction of risk for these disorders, using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and iPSYCH.

RESULTSAcross disorders, genome-wide significant SNP-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815; p=3.2x10-8), that interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase enzymes implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p<1x10-6) for cross-disorder GxS interaction (rs7302529, p=1.6x10-7; rs73033497, p=8.8x10-7; rs7914279, p=6.4x10-7) implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified GxS interaction across disorders (p=8.97x10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282; p=1.5x10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509; p=1.1x10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant GxS of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signaling in MDD (pFDR<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIn the largest genome-wide GxS analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development, immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway enrichment levels.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Blokland, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotsapas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobet, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handa, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St Clair, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lencz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Periyasamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tooney, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corvin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riley, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milani, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palotie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrenreich, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steixner-Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sham, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwata, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinberger, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gejman, P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buxbaum, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rujescu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartmann, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pato, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-Dependent Shared and Non-Shared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256750v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myanmar's terrestrial ecosystems: status, threats and conservation opportunities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.18.256750v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myanmar is highly biodiverse, with more than 16,000 plant, 314 mammal, 1131 bird, 293 reptile, and 139 amphibian species. Supporting this biodiversity is a variety of natural ecosystems--mostly undescribed--including tropical and subtropical forests, savannas, seasonally inundated wetlands, extensive shoreline and tidal systems, and alpine ecosystems. Although Myanmar contains some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in Southeast Asia, remaining ecosystems are under threat from accelerating land use intensification and over-exploitation. In this period of rapid change, a systematic risk assessment is urgently needed to estimate the extent and magnitude of human impacts and identify ecosystems most at risk to help guide strategic conservation action. Here we provide the first comprehensive conservation assessment of Myanmars natural terrestrial ecosystems using the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria. We identified 64 ecosystem types for the assessment, and used models of ecosystem distributions and syntheses of existing data to estimate declines in distribution, range size, and functioning of each ecosystem. We found that more than a third (36.9%) of Myanmars area has been converted to anthropogenic ecosystems over the last 2-3 centuries, leaving nearly half of Myanmars ecosystems threatened (29 of 64 ecosystems). A quarter of Myanmars ecosystems were identified as Data Deficient, reflecting a paucity of studies and an urgency for future research. Our results show that, with nearly two-thirds of Myanmar still covered in natural ecosystems, there is a crucial opportunity to develop a comprehensive protected area network that sufficiently represents Myanmars terrestrial ecosystem diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tizard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrer-Paris, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Worthington, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hlaing, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Htut, W. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oo, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ya, K. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.18.256750</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myanmar's terrestrial ecosystems: status, threats and conservation opportunities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274654v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Freeform printing of heterotypic tumor models within cell-laden microgel matrices 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.30.274654v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The tissue microenvironment is comprised of a complex assortment of multiple cell types, matrices, membranes and vessel structures. Emulating this complex and often hierarchical organization in vitro has proved a considerable challenge, typically involving segregation of different cell types using layer-by-layer printing or lithographically patterned microfluidic devices. Bioprinting in granular materials is a new methodology with tremendous potential for tissue fabrication. Here, we demonstrate the first example of a complex tumor microenvironment that combines direct writing of tumor aggregates, freeform vasculature channels, and a tunable macroporous matrix as a model to studying metastatic signaling. Our photocrosslinkable microgel suspensions yield local stiffness gradients between particles and the intervening space, while enabling the integration of virtually any cell type. Using computational fluid dynamics, we show that removal of a sacrificial Pluronic ink defines vessel-mimetic channel architectures for endothelial cell linings. Pairing this vasculature with 3D printing of melanoma aggregates, we find that tumor cells within proximity migrated into the prototype vasculature. Together, the integration of perfusable channels with multiple spatially defined cell types provides new avenues for modelling development and disease, with scope for fundamental research and drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Molley, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalandhra, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemec, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiffany, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, B. A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, T.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.30.274654</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Freeform printing of heterotypic tumor models within cell-laden microgel matrices]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274324v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZNF410 uniquely activates the NuRD component CHD4 to silence fetal hemoglobin expression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.31.274324v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metazoan transcription factors typically regulate large numbers of genes. Here we identify via a CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screen ZNF410, a pentadactyl DNA binding protein that in human erythroid cells directly and measurably activates only one gene, the NuRD component CHD4. Specificity is conveyed by two highly evolutionarily conserved clusters of ZNF410 binding sites near the CHD4 gene with no counterparts elsewhere in the genome. Loss of ZNF410 in adult-type human erythroid cell culture systems and xenotransplant settings diminishes CHD4 levels and derepresses the fetal hemoglobin genes. While previously known to be silenced by CHD4, the fetal globin genes are exposed here as among the most sensitive to reduced CHD4 levels. In vitro DNA binding assays and crystallographic studies reveal the ZNF410-DNA binding mode. ZNF410 is a remarkably selective transcriptional activator in erythroid cells whose perturbation might offer new therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies.

HighlightsO_LIA CRISPR screen implicates ZNF410 in fetal globin gene repression
C_LIO_LIThe CHD4 gene is the singular direct ZNF410 target in erythroid cells
C_LIO_LIThe fetal globin genes are exquisitely sensitive to CHD4 levels
C_LIO_LIFive C2H2 zinc fingers of ZNF410 recognize the major groove of a 14 base pair sequence
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lan, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ly, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboreden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qin, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horton, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grevet, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayuranathan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdulmalik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giardine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardison, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiss, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blobel, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-08-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.08.31.274324</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZNF410 uniquely activates the NuRD component CHD4 to silence fetal hemoglobin expression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-08-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276824v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Combination of photoactivation with lattice light-sheet imaging allows visualizing complex dorsal ruffling dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.276824v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane protrusions that occur on the dorsal surface of a cell are an excellent experimental system to study actin machinery at work in a living cell. Small GTPase Rac1 controls the membrane protrusions that form and encapsulate extracellular volumes to perform pinocytic or phagocytic functions. Here, capitalizing on rapid volumetric imaging capabilities of lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM), we describe optogenetic approaches using photoactivable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) for controlled ruffle generation. We demonstrate that PA-Rac1 activation needs to be continuous, suggesting a threshold local concentration for sustained actin polymerization leading to ruffling. We show that Rac1 activation leads to actin assembly at the dorsal surface of the cell membrane that result in sheet-like protrusion formation without any requirement of a template. Further, this approach can be used to study the complex morpho-dynamics of the protrusions or to investigate specific proteins that may be enriched in the ruffles. Deactivating PA-Rac1 leads to complex contractile processes resulting in formation of macropinosomes. Using multicolour imaging in combination with these approaches, we find that Myo1e specifically is enriched in the ruffles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leyden, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uthistran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moorthi, U. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>York, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petrov, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.276824</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Combination of photoactivation with lattice light-sheet imaging allows visualizing complex dorsal ruffling dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278697v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BonA from Acinetobacter baumannii forms a divisome-localized decamer that supports outer envelope function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.01.278697v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Acinetobacter baumannii is a high-risk pathogen due to the rapid global spread of multi-drug resistant lineages. Its phylogenetic divergence from other ESKAPE pathogens means that determinants of its antimicrobial resistance can be difficult to extrapolate from other widely studied bacteria. A recent study showed that A. baumannii upregulates production of an outer-membrane lipoprotein, which we designate BonA, in response to challenge with polymyxins. Here we show that BonA has limited sequence similarity and distinct structural features compared to lipoproteins from other bacterial species. Analyses through X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy, and multiangle light scattering demonstrate that BonA has a dual BON-domain architecture and forms a decamer via an unusual oligomerization mechanism. This analysis also indicates this decamer is transient, suggesting dynamic oligomerization plays a role in BonA function. Antisera recognizing BonA shows it is an outer membrane protein localized to the divisome. Loss of BonA modulates the density of the outer membrane, consistent with a change in its structure or link to the peptidoglycan, and prevents motility in a clinical strain (ATCC 17978). Consistent with these findings, the dimensions of the BonA decamer are sufficient to permeate the peptidoglycan layer, with the potential to form a membrane-spanning complex during cell division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grinter, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunstan, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belousoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunasinghe, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckham, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peleg, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greening, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lithgow, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.278697</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BonA from Acinetobacter baumannii forms a divisome-localized decamer that supports outer envelope function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A feedback loop between the androgen receptor and 6-phosphogluoconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) drives prostate cancer growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.279356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alterations to androgen receptor (AR) signalling and cellular metabolism are hallmarks of prostate cancer. This study uncovers a novel link between AR and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) through 6-phosphogluoconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), an androgen-regulated gene that is upregulated in prostate cancer. Knockdown of 6PGD impairs growth and elicits death of prostate cancer cells, at least in part due to oxidative stress. Targeting 6PGD using 2 specific inhibitors, physcion and S3, was efficacious in multiple models of prostate cancer, including aggressive castration-resistant models. Importantly, S3 also suppressed proliferation of clinical patient-derived explants (PDEs). Mechanistically, 6PGD decreased expression and activity of AR in cell lines and PDEs, revealing a novel positive feedback loop between these factors. The enhanced efficacy of co-targeting AR and 6PGD further supported the biological relevance of this feedback. This work provides insight into the dysregulated metabolism of prostate cancer and supports investigation of co-targeting AR and the PPP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinneh, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moldovan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shrestha, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, L.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoy, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Centenera, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selth, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.02.279356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A feedback loop between the androgen receptor and 6-phosphogluoconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) drives prostate cancer growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Determination of the molecular reach of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.283341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immune receptor signalling proceeds by the binding (or tethering) of enzymes to their cytoplasmic tails before they catalyse reactions on substrates within reach. This is the case for the enzyme SHP-1 that, upon tethering to the inhibitory receptor PD-1, dephosphorylates membrane substrates to suppress T cell activation. Precisely how tethering regulates SHP-1 activity is incompletely understood. Here, we use surface plasmon resonance to measure binding, catalysis, and molecular reach for PD-1 tethered SHP-1 reactions. We find that the reach of PD-1--SHP-1 complexes is dominated by the 13.0 nm reach of SHP-1 itself. This is longer than an estimate from the structure of the allosterically active conformation (5.3 nm), suggesting that SHP-1 explores multiple active conformations. Using modelling, we show that when uniformly distributed, PD-1--SHP-1 complexes can only reach 15% of substrates but this increases to 90% when they are co-clustered. When within reach, we show that membrane recruitment increases the activity of SHP-1 by a 1000-fold increase in local concentration. The work highlights how molecular reach regulates the activity of membrane-recruited SHP-1 with insights applicable to other membrane-tethered reactions.

Significance statementImmune receptors transduce signals by recruiting (or tethering) cytoplasmic enzymes to their tails at the membrane. When tethered, these enzymes catalyse reactions on other substrates to propagate signalling. Precisely how membrane tethering regulates enzyme activity is incompletely understood. Unlike other tethered reactions, where the enzyme tethers to the substrate, the substrate in this case is a different receptor tail. Therefore, the ability of the receptor-tethered enzyme to reach a substrate can be critical in controlling reaction rates. In this work, we determine the molecular reach for the enzyme SHP-1 and the receptor PD-1 to which it can tether, and show how molecular reach controls receptor signalling.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Clemens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kutuzov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayer, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dushek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.04.283341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Determination of the molecular reach of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vitro study of BromAc on SARS-CoV-2 spike and envelope proteins shows synergy and disintegration at modest concentrations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and objectivesSARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of a worldwide pandemic, currently with limited therapeutic options. Whilst vaccines are at the forefront of the therapeutic initiative, drug repurposing remains a promising approach for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. BromAc (Bromelain & Acetylcysteine) has synergistic action against glycoproteins by the synchronous breakage of glycosidic linkages and disulfide bonds. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, formed of glycoprotein and disulfide bridges for stabilization, represents an attractive target as it is essential for binding to the ACE2 receptor in host cells present in nasal mucosa. We sought to determine the effect of BromAc on the Spike and Envelope proteins and its potential to reduce infectivity in host cells.

DesignRecombinant Spike and Envelope proteins were treated by single agent and combination BromAc at 50 and 100 {micro}g/20mg/mL and analyzed by electrophoresis. Ultraviolet analysis of disulfide bond reduction was performed for both Spike and Envelope proteins after treatment with Acetylcysteine. In vitro whole virus culture inactivation of pre-treated wild type and an S1/S2 Spike mutant SARS-CoV-2 with BromAc from 25 to 250 {micro}g/20mg/mL was measured by cytopathic effect, cell lysis assay, and replication capacity by RT-PCR.

ResultsRecombinant Spike and Envelope SARS-CoV-2 proteins were fragmented by BromAc at both 50 and 100 {micro}g/20mg/mL whilst single agents had minimal effect. Spike and Envelope protein disulfide bonds were reduced by Acetylcysteine. In vitro whole virus culture of both wild type and Spike mutant SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated a concentration-dependent inactivation from BromAc treatment but not from single agents.

ConclusionBromAc disintegrates SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Envelope proteins. In vitro tests on whole virus support this finding with inactivation of its replication capacity most strongly at 100 and 250 {micro}g/20mg/mL BromAc, even in Spike mutant virus. Clinical testing through nasal administration in patients with early SARS-CoV-2 infection is imminent.

Author SummaryThere is currently no suitable therapeutic treatment for early SARS-CoV-2 aimed to prevent disease progression. BromAc is under clinical development by the authors for mucinous cancers due to its ability to alter complex glycoproteins structure. The potential of BromAc on SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Envelope glycoproteins stabilized by disulfide bonds was examined and found to disintegrate recombinant Spike and Envelope proteins whilst reducing disulfide stabilizer bridges. BromAc also showed an inhibitory effect on wild-type and Spike mutant SARS-CoV-2 by inactivation of its replication capacity in vitro. Hence, BromAc may be an effective therapeutic agent for early SARS-CoV-2 infection, despite mutations, and even have potential as a prophylactic in people at high risk of infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akhter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekkawy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vitro study of BromAc on SARS-CoV-2 spike and envelope proteins shows synergy and disintegration at modest concentrations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of guanosine monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) blocks glutamine metabolism and prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer cells increase their uptake of nutrients and metabolize them to provide the necessary building blocks for new cancer cells. Glutamine is a critical nutrient in cancer, however its contribution to purine metabolism in prostate cancer has not previously been determined. Guanosine monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) acts in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, utilizing a glutamine amide to synthesize the guanine nucleotide and replenish the purine pool in proliferative cancer cells. This study demonstrates that GMPS mRNA expression correlates with Gleason score in prostate cancer samples, while high GMPS expression was associated with decreased rates of overall and disease/progression-free survival. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of GMPS significantly decreased cell growth in both LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. GMPS knockdown was rescued by addition of extracellular guanosine to the media, suggesting a direct effect on nucleotide synthesis. We utilized 15N-(amide)-glutamine and U-13C5-glutamine metabolomics to dissect the pathways involved, and intriguingly, despite similar growth inhibition by GMPS knockdown, we show unique metabolic effects across each cell line. PC-3 cells showed a build-up of purine precursors, as well as activation of purine salvage pathways highlighted by significant increases in guanine, adenosine, inosine and cytosine. Both cell lines exhibited increased levels of pyrimidines and prioritized TCA cycle in distinct ways to produce increased aspartate, another important purine precursor. Using a PC-3 xenograft mouse model, tumor growth was also significantly decreased after GMPS knockdown. These data further highlight the importance of glutamine metabolism for prostate cancer cell growth and provide support for GMPS as a new therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guan, Y. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Geldermalsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagarajah, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mak, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.07.286997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of guanosine monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) blocks glutamine metabolism and prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcortical Atlas of the Rhesus Macaque (SARM) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.16.300053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Digitized neuroanatomical atlases are crucial for localizing brain structures and analyzing functional networks identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To aid in MRI data analysis, we have created a comprehensive parcellation of the rhesus macaque subcortex using a high-resolution ex vivo structural imaging scan. The structural scan and its parcellation were warped to the updated NIMH Macaque Template (NMT v2), an in vivo population template, where the parcellation was refined to produce the Subcortical Atlas of the Rhesus Macaque (SARM). The subcortical parcellation and nomenclature reflect those of the 4th edition of the Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (RMBSC4; Paxinos et al., in preparation). The SARM features six parcellation levels, arranged hierarchically from fine regions-of-interest (ROIs) to broader composite regions, suited for fMRI studies. As a test, we ran a functional localizer for the dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) nucleus in three macaques and found significant fMRI activation in this atlas region. The SARM has been made openly available to the neuroimaging community and can easily be used with common MR data processing software, such as AFNI, where the atlas can be embedded into the software alongside cortical macaque atlases.

HighlightsO_LIWe present the Subcortical Atlas of the Rhesus Macaque (SARM).
C_LIO_LISARM provides a neuroanatomical reference frame for neuroimaging analysis.
C_LIO_LIThe entire subcortex is mapped, including the thalamus, basal ganglia, and brainstem.
C_LIO_LIROIs are grouped hierarchically, making SARM useful at multiple spatial resolutions.
C_LIO_LISARM is in the NMT v2 template space and complements the CHARM atlas for the cortex.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logothetis, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paxinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garza-Villarreal, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Messinger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evrard, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.16.300053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcortical Atlas of the Rhesus Macaque (SARM) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.268029v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel genetic variants associated with brain functional networks in 18,445 adults from the UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.17.268029v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This is the first study investigating the genetics of weighted functional brain network graph theory measures from 18,445 participants of the UK Biobank (44-80 years). The eighteen measures studied showed low heritability (mean h2SNP =0.12) and were highly genetically correlated. Genome-wide association studies for these measures observed 14 significant variants associated with strength of somatomotor and limbic networks. These intergenic variants were located near the PAX8 gene on chromosome 2. Gene-based analyses identified five significantly associated genes for five of the network measures, which have been implicated in sleep duration, neuronal differentiation/development, cancer, and susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic correlations with other traits were examined and significant correlations were observed with sleep measures and psychiatric symptoms. Further analysis found that somatomotor network strength was phenotypically associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and gene level associations with functional network measures were identified, which may help uncover novel biological pathways relevant to human brain functional network integrity and diseases that affect it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalamuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.17.268029</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel genetic variants associated with brain functional networks in 18,445 adults from the UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomic insights into ecosystem function in the microbial mats of Blue Holes, Shark Bay 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.18.304444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial mat ecosystems vary in complexity and structure depending on the environmental constraints placed by nature. Here, we describe in detail for the first time the community composition and functional potential of the microbial mats found in the supratidal, gypsum-rich, and hypersaline region of Blue Holes, Shark Bay. This was achieved via high throughput sequencing of total mat community DNA on the Illumina NextSeq platform. Mat communities were mainly comprised of Proteobacteria (29%), followed by Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Group (11%), and Planctomycetes (10%). These mats were found to also harbor a diverse community of potentially novel microorganisms including members from the DPANN and Asgard archaea, Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) and other candidate phyla, with highest diversity indices found in the lower regions of the mat. Major metabolic cycles belonging to sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, and fermentation were detected in the mat metagenomes with the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway being distinctly abundant. Critical microbial interactions were also inferred, and from 117 medium-to-high quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), viral defense mechanisms (CRISPR, BREX, and DISARM), elemental transport, osmoprotection, heavy metal and UV resistance were also detected in the mats. These analyses have provided a greater understanding of these distinct mat systems in Shark Bay, including key insights into adaptive responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kindler, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, H. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larkum, A. W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.18.304444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomic insights into ecosystem function in the microbial mats of Blue Holes, Shark Bay]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306803v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative systems approach reveals dynamics of microbiome-metal-ion axis in mesocosms representing tropical urban freshwater canal ecosystem 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.21.306803v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Freshwater ecosystems of tropical urban canals systems (TrUCS), are highly dynamic and experience constant pressures from interspersed effects of land-use and rain. The dynamic nature of TrUCS ecosystems presents a unique opportunity to unravel the signature interactions between the macro-organisms (top-down), sedimentary microbial communities (SedMICs), their functioning and the geochemical environment (bottom-up). A systems level understanding of the molecular and mechanistic basis of the highly dynamic behaviour that leads to specific ecosystem outcomes, is currently lacking. Therefore, a research framework to identify the direct link between top-down and bottom-up ecological effects on SedMICs in a highly dynamic urban canal sedimentary system is needed. Here, we present a framework of integrated multi-dimensional data across system-level biotic and abiotic ecological descriptors, such as environmental variables and active SedMICs. We followed the ecosystem shifts after a natural disturbance (rain) in two different anthropogenic disturbance (land-use) regimes. Shifts in profiles of metabolically active community were conserved across different land-use types, indicating resilience to perturbation is an intrinsic property of the TrUCs ecosystem. Three distinct phases, which were dominated sequentially by autotrophy, anoxic-heterotrophy and oxic-heterotrophy, were identified within these shifts. The first two phases were influenced by the bottom-up effects of specific metal-ion combinations of nitrates and sulfates with magnesium, aluminum and iron, and the third phase was triggered by top-down influences of bioturbation. This generalized systems-level approach, which provides an ecosystem-centric understanding of TrUCS and integrates them in sustainable management practices, can also be extended to other freshwater ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Saxena, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinelli, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Umashankar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yissue, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajal, V. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjelleberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuertz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarup, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306803</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative systems approach reveals dynamics of microbiome-metal-ion axis in mesocosms representing tropical urban freshwater canal ecosystem]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal silent infarct leads to subtle cognitive decline that is associated with inflammation and gliosis at twenty-four hours after injury in a rat model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.318204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silent infarcts (SI) are subcortical cerebral infarcts that occur in the absence of clinical symptoms commonly associated with ischemia and are linked to dementia development. Little is known about the pathophysiology underlying the cognitive dysfunction associated with SI, and few studies have examined the early cellular responses and neurobiological underpinnings. We induced SI in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats using an infusion of endothelin-1 in the CA1 dorsal hippocampus. Twenty-four hours later, we assessed cognition using the hippocampal-dependent object place recognition task. We also examined whether the resulting cognitive effects were associated with common markers of ischemia, specifically cell and synapse loss, gliosis, and inflammation, using histology and immunohistochemistry. Hippocampal SI led to subtle cognitive impairment on the object place recognition task 24-hours post-injury. This was characterized by a significant difference in exploration proportion relative to a pre-injury baseline and a positive association between time spent with both the moved and unmoved objects. SI did not result in any detectable cell or synaptophysin loss, but did increase apoptosis, gliosis and inflammation in the CA1. Principal component analysis indicated the main variables associated with hippocampal SI included increased time spent with the unmoved object, gliosis, apoptosis and inflammation as well as decreased exploration proportion and CA1 cells. Our data demonstrate that hippocampal SI can lead to cognitive dysfunction 24-hours after injury. Further, this appears to be driven by early degenerative processes including apoptosis, gliosis and inflammation, suggesting that these may be targets for early interventions treating hippocampal SI and its cognitive consequences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finney, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.09.29.318204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal silent infarct leads to subtle cognitive decline that is associated with inflammation and gliosis at twenty-four hours after injury in a rat model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
RESCRIPt: Reproducible sequence taxonomy reference database management for the masses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.05.326504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNucleotide sequence and taxonomy reference databases are critical resources for widespread applications including marker-gene and metagenome sequencing for microbiome analysis, diet metabarcoding, and environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys. Reproducibly generating, managing, using, and evaluating nucleotide sequence and taxonomy reference databases creates a significant bottleneck for researchers aiming to generate custom sequence databases. Furthermore, database composition drastically influences results, and lack of standardizations limits cross-study comparisons. To address these challenges, we developed RESCRIPt, a software package for reproducible generation and management of reference sequence taxonomy databases, including dedicated functions that streamline creating databases from popular sources, and functions for evaluating, comparing, and interactively exploring qualitative and quantitative characteristics across reference databases.

ResultsTo highlight the breadth and capabilities of RESCRIPt, we provide several examples for working with popular databases for microbiome profiling (SILVA, Greengenes, NCBI-RefSeq, GTDB), eDNA, and diet metabarcoding surveys (BOLD, GenBank), as well as for genome comparison. We show that bigger is not always better, and reference databases with standardized taxonomies and those that focus on type strains have quantitative advantages, though may not be appropriate for all use cases. Most databases appear to benefit from some curation (quality filtering), though sequence clustering appears detrimental to database quality. Finally, we demonstrate the breadth and extensibility of RESCRIPt for reproducible workflows with a comparison of global hepatitis genomes.

ConclusionsRESCRIPt provides tools to democratize the process of reference database acquisition and management, enabling researchers to reproducibly and transparently create reference materials for diverse research applications. RESCRIPt is released under a permissive BSD-3 license at https://github.com/bokulich-lab/RESCRIPt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Robeson, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Rourke, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaehler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziemski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dillon, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokulich, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.05.326504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[RESCRIPt: Reproducible sequence taxonomy reference database management for the masses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
APEX-Gold: A genetically-encoded particulate marker for robust 3D electron microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.06.328831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic tags allow rapid localization of tagged proteins in cells and tissues. APEX, an ascorbate peroxidase, has proven to be one of the most versatile and robust genetic tags for ultrastructural localization by electron microscopy. Here we describe a simple method, APEX-Gold, which converts the diffuse oxidized diaminobenzidine reaction product of APEX into a silver/gold particle akin to that used for immunogold labelling. The method increases the signal to noise ratio for EM detection, providing unambiguous detection of the tagged protein, and creates a readily quantifiable particulate signal. We demonstrate the wide applicability of this method for detection of membrane proteins, cytoplasmic proteins and cytoskeletal proteins. The method can be combined with different electron microscopic techniques including fast freezing and freeze substitution, focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy, and electron tomography. The method allows detection of endogenously expressed proteins in genome-edited cells. We make use of a cell-free expression system to generate membrane particles with a defined quantum of an APEX-fusion protein. These particles can be added to cells to provide an internal standard for estimating absolute density of expressed APEX-fusion proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riches, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martel, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christopoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagigas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.328831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[APEX-Gold: A genetically-encoded particulate marker for robust 3D electron microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.327478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ancestral dietary change alters development of Drosophila larvae through MAPK signalling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.07.327478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Increasing evidence in animal species ranging from mammals to insects has revealed phenotypes that are caused by ancestral life experiences including stress and diet. The descendent phenotypes themselves are wide ranging, and include changes to behaviour, disease risk, metabolism, and growth. Ancestral dietary macronutrient composition, and quantity (over- and under-nutrition) have been shown to alter descendent growth, metabolism and behaviour. Several studies have identified inherited molecules in gametes which are altered by ancestral diet and are required for the transgenerational effect. However, there is less understanding of the developmental pathways in the period between fertilisation and adulthood that are altered by the inherited molecules. Here we identify a key role of the MAPK signalling pathway in mediating changes to Drosophila larval developmental timing due to variation in ancestral diet. We exposed grand-parental and great grand-parental generations to defined protein to carbohydrate (P:C) dietary ratios and measured developmental timing. Descendent developmental timing was consistently faster in the period between the embryonic and pupal stages when the ancestor had a higher P:C ratio diet. Transcriptional analysis of embryos, larvae and adults revealed extensive and long-lasting changes to the MAPK signalling pathway which controlled growth rate through regulation of ribosomal RNA transcription. The importance of these processes was supported by pharmacological inhibition of MAPK and rRNA proteins which reproduced the ancestral diet-induced developmental changes. This work provides insight into the role of developmental growth signalling networks in mediating non-genetic inheritance in the period between fertilisation and adult.

Summary statementAncestral, diet-induced descendent developmental timing changes are caused by alteration of MAPK signalling pathways in the period between the embryo and pupal stages in Drosophila.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Towarnicki, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youngson, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corley, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St John, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, J. W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.327478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ancestral dietary change alters development of Drosophila larvae through MAPK signalling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340778v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscape, a data-driven 3D real-time interactive virtual cell environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.15.340778v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Knowledge of cellular and structural biology has reached unprecedented levels of detail. In conjunction with advances in 3D computer visualisation techniques this has allowed exploration of cellular ultrastructure and environments by a virtual user. The extraction and integration of relevant scientific information, along with consideration of the best representation of data, is often a bottleneck in the visualisation process for many 3D biomedical artists. Here we introduce  Nanoscape, a collaborative project between 3D computer artists, computer graphics developers, and cell biologists that enables a user to navigate a cell in a complex 3D computer visualised environment. We combine actual data from various scientific disciplines (including structural biology, cell biology and multiple microscopic techniques) and apply artistic expression and design aesthetics to create a unique new experience where a real-time virtual explorer can traverse a cell surface, observe and interact with a more scientifically accurate cell surface environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kadir, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lilja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hughes, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bailey, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGhee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.340778</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscape, a data-driven 3D real-time interactive virtual cell environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342832v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The role of the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome learning depends on training experience 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.16.342832v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a critical structure in the flexible control of value-based behaviours. OFC dysfunction is typically only detected when task or environmental contingencies change, against a backdrop of apparently intact initial acquisition and behaviour. While intact acquisition following OFC lesions in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome conditioning is often predicted by models of OFC function, this predicted null effect has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we test the effects of lesions and temporary muscimol inactivation of the rodent lateral OFC on the acquisition of a simple single cue-outcome relationship. Surprisingly, pre-training lesions significantly enhanced acquisition after over-training whereas post-training lesions and inactivation significantly impaired acquisition. This impaired acquisition to the cue reflects a disruption of behavioural control and not learning since the cue could also act as an effective blocking stimulus in an associative blocking procedure. These findings suggest that even simple cue-outcome representations acquired in the absence of OFC function are impoverished. Therefore, while OFC function is often associated with flexible behavioural control in complex environments, it is also involved in very simple Pavlovian acquisition where complex cue-outcome relationships are irrelevant to task performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panayi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.342832</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The role of the rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex in simple Pavlovian cue-outcome learning depends on training experience]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343640v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Strain population structure varies widely across bacterial species and predicts strain colonization in unrelated individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343640v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The population structure of strains within a bacterial species is poorly defined, despite the functional importance of strain variation in the human gut microbiota on health. Here we analyzed >1000 sequenced bacterial strains from the fecal microbiota of 47 individuals from two countries and combined them with >150,000 bacterial genomes from NCBI to quantify the strain population size of different bacterial species, as well as the frequency of finding the same strain colonized in unrelated individuals who had no opportunities for direct microbial strain transmission. Strain population sizes ranged from tens to over one-hundred thousand per species. Prevalent strains in common gut microbiota species with small population sizes were the most likely to be harbored in two or more unrelated individuals. The finite strain population size of certain species creates the opportunity to comprehensively sequence the entirety of these species prevalent strains and associate their presence in different individuals with health outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Faith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen Liaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakoush, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramsothy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snitkin, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343640</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Strain population structure varies widely across bacterial species and predicts strain colonization in unrelated individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Subcellular relocalization and nuclear redistribution of the RNA methyltransferases TRMT1 and TRMT1L upon neuronal activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.17.343772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA modifications are dynamic chemical entities that regulate RNA fate, and an avenue for environmental response in neuronal function. However, which RNA modifications may be playing a role in neuronal plasticity and environmental responses is largely unknown. Here we characterize the biochemical function and cellular dynamics of two human RNA methyltransferases previously associated with neurological dysfunction, TRMT1 and its homolog, TRMT1-like (TRMT1L). Using a combination of next-generation sequencing, LC-MS/MS, patient-derived cell lines and knockout mouse models, we confirm the previously reported dimethylguanosine (m 2,2 G) activity of TRMT1 in tRNAs, as well as reveal that TRMT1L, whose activity was unknown, is responsible for methylating a subset of cytosolic tRNA Ala (AGC) isoacceptors at position 26. Using a cellular in vitro model that mimics neuronal activation and long term potentiation, we find that both TRMT1 and TRMT1L change their subcellular localization upon neuronal activation. Specifically, we observe a major subcellular relocalization from mitochondria and other cytoplasmic domains (TRMT1) and nucleoli (TRMT1L) to different small punctate compartments in the nucleus, which are as yet uncharacterized. This phenomenon does not occur upon heat shock, suggesting that the relocalization of TRMT1 and TRMT1L is not a general reaction to stress, but rather a specific response to neuronal activation. Our results suggest that subcellular relocalization of RNA modification enzymes play a role in neuronal plasticity and transmission of information, presumably by addressing new targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jonkhout, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cruciani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, H. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franco, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vauti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camacho, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedini, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Najmabadi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribas de Pouplana, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schonrock, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.17.343772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Subcellular relocalization and nuclear redistribution of the RNA methyltransferases TRMT1 and TRMT1L upon neuronal activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Embrace heterogeneity to improve reproducibility: A perspective from meta-analysis of variation in preclinical research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.26.354274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The reproducibility of research results has been a cause of increasing concern to the scientific community. The long-held belief that experimental standardization begets reproducibility has also been recently challenged, with the observation that the reduction of variability within studies can lead to idiosyncratic, lab-specific results that are irreproducible. An alternative approach is to, instead, deliberately introduce heterogeneity; known as "heterogenization" of experimental design. Here, we explore a novel perspective in the heterogenization program in a meta-analysis of variability in observed phenotypic outcomes in both control and experimental animal models of ischaemic stroke. First, by quantifying inter-individual variability across control groups we illustrate that the samount of heterogeneity in disease-state (infarct volume) differs according to methodological approach, for example, in disease-induction methods and disease models. We argue that such methods may improve reproducibility by creating diverse and representative distribution of baseline disease-state in the reference group, against which treatment efficacy is assessed. Second, we illustrate how meta-analysis can be used to simultaneously assess efficacy and stability (i.e., mean effect and among-individual variability). We identify treatments that have efficacy and are generalizable to the population level (i.e. low inter-individual variability), as well as those where there is high inter-individual variability in response; for these latter treatments translation to a clinical setting may require nuance. We argue that by embracing rather than seeking to minimise variability in phenotypic outcomes, we can motivate the shift towards heterogenization and improve both the reproducibility and generalizability of preclinical research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Usui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macleod, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCann, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.26.354274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Embrace heterogeneity to improve reproducibility: A perspective from meta-analysis of variation in preclinical research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359224v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brunner syndrome associated MAOA dysfunction in human dopaminergic neurons results in NMDAR hyperfunction and increased network activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.28.359224v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMonoamine neurotransmitter abundance affects motor control, emotion, and cognitive function and is regulated by monoamine oxidases. Amongst these, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) catalyzes the degradation of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin into their inactive metabolites. Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked MAOA gene cause Brunner syndrome, which is characterized by various forms of impulsivity, maladaptive externalizing behavior, and mild intellectual disability. Impaired MAOA activity in individuals with Brunner syndrome results in bioamine aberration, but it is currently unknown how this affects neuronal function.

MethodsWe generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from three individuals with Brunner syndrome carrying different mutations, and used CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homologous recombination to rescue MAOA function. We used these lines to characterize morphological and functional properties of DA neuronal cultures at the single cell and neuronal network level in vitro.

ResultsBrunner syndrome DA neurons showed reduced synaptic density but hyperactive network activity. Intrinsic functional properties and -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic transmission were not affected by MAOA dysfunction. Instead, we show that the neuronal network hyperactivity is mediated by upregulation of the GRIN2A and GRIN2B subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and rescue of MAOA results in normalization of NMDAR function as well as restoration of network activity.

ConclusionsOur data suggest that MAOA dysfunction in Brunner syndrome increases activity of dopaminergic neurons through upregulation of NMDAR function, which may contribute to Brunner syndrome associated phenotypes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rhijn, J.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bormann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mossink, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frega, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Recaioglu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hakobjan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klein Gunnewiek, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoenmaker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faivre, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kittel-Schneider, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schubert, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunner, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadif Kasri, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.28.359224</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brunner syndrome associated MAOA dysfunction in human dopaminergic neurons results in NMDAR hyperfunction and increased network activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361451v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Supervised Application of Internal Validation Measures to Benchmark Dimensionality Reduction Methods in scRNA-seq Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.29.361451v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A typical single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) experiment will measure on the order of 20,000 transcripts and thousands, if not millions, of cells. The high dimensionality of such data presents serious complications for traditional data analysis methods and, as such, methods to reduce dimensionality play an integral role in many analysis pipelines. However, few studies benchmark the performance of these methods on scRNA-seq data, with existing comparisons assessing performance via downstream analysis accuracy measures which may confound the interpretation of their results. Here, we present the most comprehensive benchmark of dimensionality reduction methods in scRNA-seq data to date, utilizing over 300,000 compute hours to assess the performance of over 25,000 low dimension embeddings across 33 dimensionality reduction methods and 55 scRNA-seq datasets (ranging from 66-27,500 cells). We employ a simple-yet-novel approach which does not rely on the results of downstream analyses. Internal validation measures (IVMs), traditionally used as an unsupervised method to assess clustering performance, are repurposed to measure how well-formed biological clusters are after dimensionality reduction. Performance was further evaluated using nearly 200,000,000 iterations of DBSCAN, a density-based clustering algorithm, showing that hyperparameter optimization using IVMs as the objective function leads to near-optimal clustering. Methods were also assessed on the extent to which they preserve the global structure of the data, and on their computational memory and time requirements across a large range of sample sizes. Our comprehensive benchmarking analysis provides a valuable resource for researchers and aims to guide best practice for dimensionality reduction in scRNA-seq analyses, and we highlight LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) and PHATE (Potential of Heat-diffusion for Affinity-based Transition Embedding) as high-performing algorithms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koch, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineagu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361451</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Supervised Application of Internal Validation Measures to Benchmark Dimensionality Reduction Methods in scRNA-seq Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364133v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-invasive, label-free optical analysis to detect aneuploidy within the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.364133v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Study questionCan label-free, non-invasive optical imaging by hyperspectral microscopy discern between euploid and aneuploid cells within the inner cell mass of the mouse preimplantation embryo?

Summary answerHyperspectral microscopy shows a variance in metabolic activity which enables discrimination between euploid and aneuploid cells.

What is known alreadyEuploid/aneuploid mosaicism affects up to 17.3% of human blastocyst embryos with trophectoderm biopsy or spent media currently utilised to diagnose aneuploidy and mosaicism in clinical in vitro fertilisation. Based on their design, these approaches will fail to diagnose the presence or proportion of aneuploid cells within the fetal lineage (inner cell mass (ICM)) of some blastocyst embryos.

Study design, size, durationThe impact of aneuploidy on cellular metabolism of primary human fibroblast cells and mouse embryos was assessed by a fluorescence microscope adapted for imaging with multiple spectral channels (hyperspectral imaging). Primary human fibroblast cells with known ploidy were subjected to hyperspectral imaging to record native cell fluorescence (euploid n= 467; aneuploid n= 969). For mouse embryos, 50-70 individual euploid and aneuploid blastomeres (8-cell stage embryo) and chimeric blastocysts (40-50 per group: euploid; aneuploid; or 1:1 and 1:3 ratio of euploid:aneuploid) were utilised for hyperspectral imaging.

Participants/materials, setting, methodsTwo models were employed: (i) Primary human fibroblasts with known karyotype and (ii) a mouse model of embryo aneuploidy where mouse embryos were treated with reversine, a reversible spindle assembly checkpoint inhibitor, during the 4-to 8-cell division. Individual blastomeres were dissociated from reversine treated (aneuploid) and control (euploid) 8-cell embryos and either imaged directly or used to generate chimeric blastocysts with differing ratios of euploid:aneuploid cells. Individual blastomeres and embryos were subjected to hyperspectral imaging. Changes in cellular metabolism were determined by quantification of metabolic cofactors (inferred from their autofluorescence signature): reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H), flavins with the subsequent calculation of the optical redox ratio (ORR: Flavins/[NAD(P)H + Flavins]). Mathematical algorithms were applied to extract features from the autofluorescence signals of each cell/blastomere/inner cell mass to discriminate between euploid and aneuploid.

Main results and the role of chanceAn increase in the relative abundance of NAD(P)H with a decrease in flavins led to a significant reduction in the ORR for aneuploid cells in both primary human fibroblasts and individual mouse blastomeres (P < 0.05). Mathematical algorithms were able to achieve good separation between (i) euploid and aneuploid primary human fibroblast cells, (ii) euploid and aneuploid mouse blastomeres cells and (iii) euploid and aneuploid chimeric blastocysts and (iv) 1:1 and 1:3 chimeric blastocysts. The accuracy of these separations was supported by receiver operating characteristic curves with areas under the curve of 0.85, 0.99, 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. We believe that the role of chance is low as multiple cellular models (human somatic cells and mouse embryos) demonstrated a consistent shift in cellular metabolism in response to aneuploidy as well as the robust capacity of mathematical features to separate euploid and aneuploid cells in a statistically significant manner.

Limitations, reasons for cautionThere would be added value in determining the degree of embryo mosaicism by sequencing the inner cell mass (ICM) of individual blastocysts to correlate with metabolic profile and level of discrimination achieved using the mathematical features approach.

Wider implications of the findingsHyperspectral imaging was able to discriminate between euploid and aneuploid human fibroblasts and mouse embryos. This may lead to the development of an accurate and non-invasive optical approach to assess mosaicism within the ICM of human embryos in the absence of fluorescent tags.

Study funding/competing interest(s)K.R.D. is supported by a Mid-Career Fellowship from the Hospital Research Foundation (C-MCF-58-2019). This study was funded by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CEI40100003). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campugan, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibalahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, D. J. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.01.364133</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-invasive, label-free optical analysis to detect aneuploidy within the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364307v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolomics shows the Australian dingo has a unique plasma profile 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364307v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dingoes have not been artificially selected in the past 3,500 years. They occupy a wide range of the Australian mainland and play a crucial role as an apex predator with a generalist omnivorous feeding behaviour. In contrast, humans have selected breed dogs for novel and desirable traits. First, we explore whether the distinct evolutionary histories of dingoes and domestic dogs can lead to plasma metabolomic differences. We study metabolite composition differences between dingoes (n=15) and two domestic dog breeds (Basenji n= 9 and German Shepherd Dog: GSD n=10). After accounting for within group variation, 62 significant metabolite differences were detected between dingoes and domestic dogs, with a greater number of differences in protein (n= 14) and lipid metabolites (n= 12). Most differences were observed between dingoes and domestic dogs and fewest between the domestic dog breeds. Second, we investigate variation between pure dingoes (n=10) and dingo-dog hybrids (n=10) as hybridisation is common. We detected no significant differences in metabolite levels between dingoes and dingo-dog hybrids after Bonferroni correction. However, power analyses reported that increasing the sample size to 15 could result in differences in uridine 5-diphosphogalactose (UDPgal) levels related to galactose metabolism. We suggest this may be related to an increase in Amylase 2B copy number in hybrids. Our study illustrates that the dingo metabolome is significantly different from domestic dog breeds and hybridisation is likely to influence carbohydrate metabolism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickford, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, J. W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364307</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolomics shows the Australian dingo has a unique plasma profile]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Short-Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) Home Range at Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, NSW. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.02.364687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) are found Australian-wide and appear to be remarkably well-adapted to arid zones, yet, nearly all echidna research has been conducted in temperate, tropical and alpine zones. This study investigated the home range and movement of echidnas in western New South Wales. Radio telemetry tracking was used to locate the echidnas daily during the study period (March-May 2019 and August 2019); the home range was 1.47{+/-} 1.21 km2. This is over twice the reported home range of temperate environments (>0.65 km2) suggesting that echidnas exhibit larger home ranges in arid zones. This study provides insight into the movement and home range of echidnas in arid zones, revealing that desert echidnas have large home ranges, dependent on the availability of resources.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badgery, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leggett, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.02.364687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Short-Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) Home Range at Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station, NSW.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dominant-negative SOX18 mutant disrupts multiple regulatory layers essential to transcription factor activity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.378968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Few genetically dominant mutations involved in human disease have been fully explained at the molecular level. In cases where the mutant gene encodes a transcription factor, the dominant-negative mode of action of the mutant protein is particularly poorly understood. Here, we studied the genome-wide mechanism underlying a dominant-negative form of the SOX18 transcription factor (SOX18RaOp) responsible for both the classical mouse mutant Ragged opossum and the human genetic disorder Hypotrichosis-Lymphedema-Telangiectasia-Renal Syndrome. Combing three single-molecule imaging assays in living cells, we found that SOX18RaOp disrupts the system through an accumulation of molecular interferences which impair several functional properties of the wild-type SOX18 protein, including its chromatin-binding dynamics. The dominant-negative effect is further amplified by recruiting the interactome of its wild-type counterpart, which perturbs regulatory nodes such as SOX7 and MEF2C. Our findings explain in unprecedented detail the multi-layered process that underpins the molecular etiology of dominant-negative transcription factor function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McCann, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moustaqil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontaine, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinde, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.378968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dominant-negative SOX18 mutant disrupts multiple regulatory layers essential to transcription factor activity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.379073v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-length genome assembly and structural variations of the primal Basenji dog (Canis lupus familiaris) genome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.11.379073v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundBasenjis are considered an ancient dog breed of central African origins that still live and hunt with tribesmen in the African Congo. Nicknamed the barkless dog, Basenjis possess unique phylogeny, geographical origins and traits, making their genome structure of great interest. The increasing number of available canid reference genomes allows us to examine the impact the choice of reference genome makes with regard to reference genome quality and breed relatedness.

ResultsHere, we report two high quality de novo Basenji genome assemblies: a female, China (CanFam_Bas), and a male, Wags. We conduct pairwise comparisons and report structural variations between assembled genomes of three dog breeds: Basenji (CanFam_Bas), Boxer (CanFam3.1) and German Shepherd Dog (GSD) (CanFam_GSD). CanFam_Bas is superior to CanFam3.1 in terms of genome contiguity and comparable overall to the high quality CanFam_GSD assembly. By aligning short read data from 58 representative dog breeds to three reference genomes, we demonstrate how the choice of reference genome significantly impacts both read mapping and variant detection.

ConclusionsThe growing number of high-quality canid reference genomes means the choice of reference genome is an increasingly critical decision in subsequent canid variant analyses. The basal position of the Basenji makes it suitable for variant analysis for targeted applications of specific dog breeds. However, we believe more comprehensive analyses across the entire family of canids is more suited to a pangenome approach. Collectively this work highlights the importance the choice of reference genome makes in all variation studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M. A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilwagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hillier, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomwarnicki, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, J. W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.11.379073</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-length genome assembly and structural variations of the primal Basenji dog (Canis lupus familiaris) genome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.382242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid HIV-1 capsid interaction screening using fluorescence fluctuationspectroscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.13.382242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV capsid is a multifunctional protein capsule for delivery of the viral genetic material into the nucleus of the target cell. Host cell proteins bind to a number of repeating binding sites on the capsid to regulate steps in the replication cycle. Here we develop a fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy method using self-assembled capsid particles as the bait to screen for fluorescence-labelled capsid-binding analytes ( prey molecules) in solution. The assay capitalizes on the property of the HIV capsid as a multivalent interaction platform, facilitating high sensitivity detection of multiple prey molecules that have accumulated onto capsids as spikes in fluorescence intensity traces. By using a scanning stage, we reduced the measurement time to 10 s without compromising on sensitivity, providing a rapid binding assay for screening libraries of potential capsid interactors. The assay can also identify interfaces for host molecule binding by using capsids with defects in known interaction interfaces. Two-color coincidence detection using fluorescent capsid as bait further allows quantification of binding levels and determination of binding affinities. Overall, the assay provides new tools for discovery and characterization of molecules used by HIV capsid to orchestrate infection. The measurement principle can be extended for the development of sensitive interaction assays utilizing natural or synthetic multivalent scaffolds as analyte-binding platforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stear, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhumkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.13.382242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid HIV-1 capsid interaction screening using fluorescence fluctuationspectroscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.383240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inherent population structure determines the importance of filtering parameters for reduced representation sequencing analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.14.383240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As technological advancements enhance our ability to study population genetics, we must understand how the intrinsic properties of our datasets influence the decisions we make when designing experiments. Filtering parameter thresholds, such as call rate and minimum minor allele frequency (MAF), are known to affect inferences of population structure in reduced representation sequencing (RRS) studies. However, it is unclear to what extent the impacts of these parameter choices vary across datasets. Here, we reviewed literature on filtering choices and levels of genetic differentiation across RRS studies on wild populations to highlight the diverse approaches that have been used. Next, we hypothesized that choices in filtering thresholds would have the greatest impact when analyzing datasets with low levels of genetic differentiation between populations. To test this hypothesis, we produced seven simulated RRS datasets with varying levels of population structure, and analyzed them using four different combinations of call rate and MAF. We performed the same analysis on two empirical RRS datasets (low or high population structure). Our simulated and empirical results suggest that the effects of filtering choices indeed vary based on inherent levels of differentiation: specifically, choosing stringent filtering choices was important to detect distinct populations that were slightly differentiated, but not those that were highly differentiated. As a result, experimental design and analysis choices need to consider attributes of each specific dataset. Based on our literature review and analyses, we recommend testing a range of filtering parameter choices, and presenting all results with clear justification for ultimate filtering decisions used in downstream analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selechnik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hess, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dodds, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardilini, A. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.14.383240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inherent population structure determines the importance of filtering parameters for reduced representation sequencing analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen protects against subtle cognitive decline and early markers of injury twenty-four hours after hippocampal silent infarct 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.383737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Silent infarcts (SI) are subcortical cerebral infarcts that occur in the absence of typical symptoms associated with ischemia but are linked to cognitive decline and the development of dementia. There are no approved treatments for SI, but one potential treatment is tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator. While SI can have long-term consequences, it is critical to establish whether treatments are able to selectively target its early consequences, to avoid progression to complete injury. We induced SI in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 of rats and assessed whether tamoxifen is protective 24 hours later against cognitive deficits and injury responses to SI including gliosis, apoptosis, inflammation and changes in estrogen receptors (ERs). Hippocampal SI led to subtle cognitive impairment on the object place recognition task, an effect ameliorated by tamoxifen administration. SI did not lead to detectable hippocampal cell loss but did increase apoptosis, astrogliosis, microgliosis and inflammation. Tamoxifen protected against the effects of SI on all measures except microgliosis. SI also increased ER and decreased ER{beta} in the hippocampus, which was again mitigated by tamoxifen. Exploratory data analyses using scatterplot matrices and principal component analysis indicated that the SI rats given tamoxifen were indistinguishable from sham controls. Further, SI rats were significantly different from all other groups, an effect produced by low levels of ER and increased apoptosis, gliosis, inflammation, ER{beta}, and time spent with the unmoved object. The results demonstrate that tamoxifen is protective against the early cellular and cognitive consequences of hippocampal SI as early as 24 hours after injury. This effect is driven by mitigation of apoptosis, gliosis, and inflammation and normalization of ER levels in the CA1, leading to improved cognitive outcomes after hippocampal SI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Finney, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shvetcov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.383737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen protects against subtle cognitive decline and early markers of injury twenty-four hours after hippocampal silent infarct]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.384057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Desert Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) genome provides insights into their role in the Australian ecosystem. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.15.384057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The dingo is Australias iconic top-order predator and arrived on the continent between 5,000-8,000 years ago. To provide an unbiased insight into its evolutionary affiliations and biological interactions, we coupled long-read DNA sequencing with a multiplatform scaffolding approach to produce an ab initio genome assembly of the desert dingo (85X coverage) we call CanLup_DDS. We compared this genome to the Boxer (CanFam3.1) and German Shepherd dog (CanFam_GSD) assemblies and characterized lineage-specific and shared genetic variation ranging from single- to megabase pair-sized variants. We identified 21,483 dingo-specific and 16,595 domestic dog-specific homozygous structural variants mediating genic and putative regulatory changes. Comparisons between the dingo and domestic dog builds detected unique inversions on Chromosome 16, structural variations in genes linked with starch metabolism, and seven differentially methylated genes. To experimentally assess genomic differences 17 dingoes and 15 German Shepherd dogs were fed parallel diets for 14 days. In dingoes, low AMY2B copy number and serum amylase levels are linked with high cholesterol and LDL levels. Gut microbiome analyses revealed enrichment of the family Clostridiaceae, which can utilize complex resistant starch, while scat metabolome studies identified high phenylethyl alcohol concentrations that we posit are linked with territory marking. Our study provides compelling genomic, microbiome, and metabolomic links showing the dingo has distinct physiology from domestic breed dogs with a unique role in the ecosystem.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esvaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilwagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manandhar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bucknall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasmussen, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melvin, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colaric, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E. K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minoche, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilbert, M. T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, J. W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.15.384057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Desert Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) genome provides insights into their role in the Australian ecosystem.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385690v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial function is related to behavior of an invasive anuran 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385690v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gut bacterial communities influence, and are influenced by, the behaviour and ecology of their hosts. Those interactions have been studied primarily in humans and model organisms, but we need field research to understand the relationship between an organisms gut bacteria and its ecological challenges, such as those imposed by rapid range expansion (as in invasive species) and the presence of host-manipulating parasites. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) provide an excellent model system in this respect, because the species ongoing colonization of Australia has enforced major changes in phenotypic traits (including behaviour), and lungworm parasites (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) modify host gut function in ways that enhance the viability of lungworm larvae. We collected female toads from across the species invasive range and studied their morphology, behaviour, parasite infection status and gut bacterial community. Range-core versus range-edge toads differed in morphology, behaviour, gut bacterial composition and predicted gut bacterial function but did not differ in the occurrence of parasite infection nor in the intensity of infection. Toads infected with lungworms differed from uninfected conspecifics in gut bacterial composition and diversity. Our study demonstrates strong associations between gut bacterial community and host ecology and behaviour.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Lopez, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward-Fear, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.385690</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial function is related to behavior of an invasive anuran]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Low Repeatability of Aversive Learning in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.385930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aversive learning - avoiding certain situations based on negative experiences - can profoundly increase fitness in animal species. The extent to which this cognitive mechanism could evolve depends upon individual differences in aversive learning being stable through time, and heritable across generations, yet no published study has quantified the stability of individual differences in aversive learning using the repeatability statistic, R (also known as the intra-class correlation). We assessed the repeatability of aversive learning by conditioning approximately 100 zebrafish (Danio rerio) to avoid a colour cue associated with a mild electric shock. Across eight different colour conditions zebrafish did not show consistent individual differences in aversive learning (R = 0.04). Within conditions, when zebrafish were twice conditioned to the same colour, blue conditioning was more repeatable than green conditioning (R = 0.15 and R = 0.02). In contrast to the low repeatability estimates for aversive learning, zebrafish showed moderately consistent individual differences in colour preference during the baseline period (i.e. prior to aversive conditioning; R ~ 0.45). Overall, aversive learning responses of zebrafish were weak and variable (difference in time spent near the aversive cue <6 seconds per minute), but individual differences in learning ability did not explain substantial variability. We speculate that either the effect of aversive learning was too weak to quantify consistent individual differences, or directional selection might have eroded additive genetic variance. Finally, we discuss how confounded repeatability assays and publication bias could have inflated average estimates of repeatability in animal behaviour publications.

Summary StatementZebrafish exhibit low repeatability (intra-class correlation) in an aversive learning assay possibly due to past selection pressure exhausting genetic variance in this learning trait.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Dea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.16.385930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Low Repeatability of Aversive Learning in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A newly identified prophage-encoded gene, ymfM, causes SOS-inducible filamentation in Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.19.390815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rod-shaped bacteria such as Escherichia coli can regulate cell division in response to stress, leading to filamentation, a process where cell growth and DNA replication continues in the absence of division, resulting in elongated cells. The classic example of stress is DNA damage which results in the activation of the SOS response. While the inhibition of cell division during SOS has traditionally been attributed to SulA in E. coli, a previous report suggests that the e14 prophage may also encode an SOS-inducible cell division inhibitor, previously named SfiC. However, the exact gene responsible for this division inhibition has remained unknown for over 35 years. A recent high-throughput over-expression screen in E. coli identified the e14 prophage gene, ymfM, as a potential cell division inhibitor. In this study, we show that the inducible expression of ymfM from a plasmid causes filamentation. We show that this expression of ymfM results in the inhibition of Z ring formation and is independent of the well characterised inhibitors of FtsZ ring assembly in E. coli, SulA, SlmA and MinC. We confirm that ymfM is the gene responsible for the SfiC+ phenotype as it contributes to the filamentation observed during the SOS response. This function is independent of SulA, highlighting that multiple division inhibition pathways exist during the stress-induced SOS response. Our data also highlight that our current understanding of cell division regulation during the SOS response is incomplete and raises many questions regarding how many inhibitors there actually are and their purpose for the survival of the organism.

ImportanceFilamentation is an important biological mechanism which aids in the survival, pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance of bacteria within different environments, including pathogenic bacteria such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Here we have identified a bacteriophage-encoded cell division inhibitor which contributes to the filamentation that occurs during the SOS response. Our work highlights that there are multiple pathways that inhibit cell division during stress. Identifying and characterising these pathways is a critical step in understanding survival tactics of bacteria which become important when combating the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and their pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ansari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bottomley, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.390815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A newly identified prophage-encoded gene, ymfM, causes SOS-inducible filamentation in Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACTN3 genotype influences skeletal muscle mass regulation and response to dexamethasone 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.20.392282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Homozygosity for the common ACTN3 null polymorphism (ACTN3 577X) results in -actinin-3 deficiency in ~20% of humans worldwide and is linked to reduced sprint and power performance in both elite athletes and the general population. -Actinin-3 deficiency is also associated with reduced muscle mass and strength, increased risk of sarcopenia in the elderly, and altered response to muscle wasting induced by denervation and immobilisation. ACTN3 genotype is also a disease modifier for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), with -actinin-3 deficiency associated with slower disease progression. Here we show that -actinin-3 plays a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and breakdown signalling in skeletal muscle, and its influence on muscle mass begins during early postnatal muscle development. Actn3 genotype also influences the skeletal muscle response to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Following acute dexamethasone exposure, transcriptomic analyses by RT-qPCR and RNA-sequencing show reduced atrophy signalling (Mstn, Tmem100, mRas, Fbxo32, Trim63) and anti-inflammatory response in -actinin-3 deficient mice compared to wild-type. -Actinin-3 deficiency also protects against muscle wasting following prolonged daily treatment with dexamethasone in female, but not male mice. In combination, these data suggest that ACTN3 R577X is a pharmacogenetic variant influencing the anti-inflammatory and muscle wasting response to glucocorticoid therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Seto, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roeszler, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meehan, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bek, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregorevic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houweling, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.20.392282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACTN3 genotype influences skeletal muscle mass regulation and response to dexamethasone]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394007v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Improve Concentration Of Frequency And Time (ConceFT) By Novel Complex Spherical Designs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394007v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWConcentration of frequency and time (ConceFT) is a generalized multitaper algorithm introduced to analyze complicated non-stationary time series. To avoid the randomness in the original ConceFT algorithm, we apply the novel complex spherical design technique to standardize ConceFT, which we coin CQU-ConceFT. The proposed CQU-ConceFT is applied to visualize the spindle structure in the electroencephalogram signal during the N2 sleep stage and other physiological time series.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sourisseau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Womersley, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.-t.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.23.394007</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Improve Concentration Of Frequency And Time (ConceFT) By Novel Complex Spherical Designs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Seeing the forest through the trees: Identifying functional interactions from Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic genomes are highly organised within the nucleus of a cell, allowing widely dispersed regulatory elements such as enhancers to interact with gene promoters through physical contacts in three-dimensional space. Recent chromosome conformation capture methodologies such as Hi-C have enabled the analysis of interacting regions of the genome providing a valuable insight into the three-dimensional organisation of the chromatin in the nucleus, including chromosome compartmentalisation and gene expression. Complicating the analysis of Hi-C data however is the massive amount of identified interactions, many of which do not directly drive gene function, thus hindering the identification of potentially biologically functional 3D interactions. In this review, we collate and examine the downstream analysis of Hi-C data with particular focus on methods that identify significant functional interactions. We classify three groups of approaches; structurally-associated domain discovery methods e.g. topologically-associated domains and compartments, detection of statistically significant interactions via background models, and the use of epigenomic data integration to identify functional interactions. Careful use of these three approaches is crucial to successfully identifying functional interactions within the genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>low, w. y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alinejad-Rokny, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadlon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pederson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.402420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Seeing the forest through the trees: Identifying functional interactions from Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402818v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantitatively Monitoring in situ Mitochondrial Thermal Dynamics by Upconversion Nanoparticles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.29.402818v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Temperature dynamics reflect the physiological conditions of cells and organisms. Mitochondria regulates temperature dynamics in living cells, as they oxidize the respiratory substrates and synthesize ATP, with heat being released as a by-product of active metabolism. Here, we report an upconversion nanoparticles based thermometer that allows in situ thermal dynamics monitoring of mitochondria in living cells. We demonstrate that the upconversion nanothermometers can efficiently target mitochondria and the temperature responsive feature is independent of probe concentration and medium conditions. The relative sensing sensitivity of 3.2% K-1 in HeLa cells allows us to measure the mitochondrial temperature difference through the stimulations of high glucose, lipid, Ca2+ shock and the inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, cells display distinct response time and thermal dynamic profiles under different stimulations, which highlights the potential applications of this thermometer to study in situ vital processes related to mitochondrial metabolism pathways and interactions between organelles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stenzel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Q. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.29.402818</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantitatively Monitoring in situ Mitochondrial Thermal Dynamics by Upconversion Nanoparticles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human major infections: tuberculosis, treponematoses, leprosy - a paleopathological perspective of their evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.30.403675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveThe key to evolution is reproduction. Pathogens can either kill the human host or can invade the host without causing death, thus ensuring their own survival, reproduction and spread. Tuberculosis, treponematoses and leprosy are widespread chronic infectious diseases whereby the host is not immediately killed. These diseases are examples of the co-evolution of host and pathogen. They can be well studied as the paleopathological record is extensive, spanning over 200 human generations.

MethodsThe paleopathology of each disease has been well documented in the form of published synthetic analyses recording each known case and case frequencies in the samples they were derived from. Here the data from these synthetic analyses were re-analysed to show changes in the prevalence of each disease over time. A total of 69,379 skeletons are included in this study.

ResultsThere was ultimately a decline in the prevalence of each disease over time, this decline was statistically significant (Chi-squared, p<0.001). A trend may start with the increase in the diseases prevalence before the prevalence declines, in tuberculosis the decline is monotonic.

ConclusionsIncrease in skeletal changes resulting from the respective diseases appears in the initial period of host-disease contact, followed by a decline resulting from co-adaptation that is mutually beneficial for the disease (spread and maintenance of pathogen) and host (less pathological reactions to the infection). Eventually either the host may become immune or tolerant, or the pathogen tends to be commensalic rather than parasitic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Henneberg, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holloway-Kew, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-11-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.403675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human major infections: tuberculosis, treponematoses, leprosy - a paleopathological perspective of their evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-11-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The pan-cancer lncRNA PLANE regulates an alternative splicing program to promote cancer pathogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.04.412536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic amplification of the distal portion of chromosome 3q, which encodes a number of oncogenic proteins, is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in malignancy. Here we functionally characterise a non-protein product of the 3q region, the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) PLANE, which is upregulated in diverse cancer types through copy number gain as well as E2F1-mediated transcriptional activation. PLANE forms an RNA-RNA duplex with the nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 (NCOR2) pre-mRNA at intron 45, binds to heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNPM) and facilitates the association of hnRNPM with the intron, thus leading to repression of the alternative splicing (AS) event generating NCOR2-202, a major protein-coding NCOR2 AS variant. In consequence, PLANE promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenicity and its upregulation is associated with poor patient outcomes. These results uncover the function and regulation of PLANE and suggest that PLANE may constitute a therapeutic target in the pan-cancer context.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Teng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>La, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thorne, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shao, F.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The pan-cancer lncRNA PLANE regulates an alternative splicing program to promote cancer pathogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.410928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global elongation and high shape flexibility as an evolutionary hypothesis of accommodating mammalian brains into skulls 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.06.410928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Little is known about how the large brains of mammals are accommodated into the dazzling diversity of their skulls. It has been suggested that brain shape is influenced by relative brain size, that it evolves or develops according to extrinsic or intrinsic mechanical constraints, and that its shape can provide insights into its proportions and function. Here, we characterise the shape variation among 84 marsupial cranial endocasts of 57 species including fossils, using 3D geometric morphometrics and virtual dissections. Statistical shape analysis revealed four main patterns: over half of endocast shape variation ranges between elongate and straight to globular and inclined; little allometric variation with respect to centroid size, and none for relative volume; no association between locomotion and endocast shape; limited association between endocast shape and previously published histological cortex volumes. Fossil species tend to have smaller cerebral hemispheres. We find divergent endocast shapes in closely related species and within species, and diverse morphologies superimposed over the main variation. An evolutionarily and individually malleable brain with a fundamental tendency to arrange into a spectrum of elongate-to-globular shapes - possibly mostly independent of brain function - may explain the accommodation of brains within the enormous diversity of mammalian skull form.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Weisbecker, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wroe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macrini, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garland, K. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travouillon, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berlin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, R. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladeveze, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharp, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mardon, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherratt, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.06.410928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global elongation and high shape flexibility as an evolutionary hypothesis of accommodating mammalian brains into skulls]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.411876v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evaluation of optically tailored fluorescent silicon quantum dots for bioimaging of the tear film 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.411876v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This experimental study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using silicon quantum dots doped with transition metals: scandium, copper and zinc as contrast agents for eventual application for the study of the tear film in eyes. Si-QDs were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, absorbance and transient absorption measurements. The fluorescence of Si-QDs was investigated when combined with TheraTears(R) (a balanced electrolyte formula for dry eye therapy). An optical imaging system composed of a modified slit lamp biomicroscope combined with a high-resolution Zyla sCMOS camera, SOLIS software, custom-made optical mounts and emission filters (460 nm, 510 nm and 530 nm) were used for in vitro imaging of Si-QDs with TheraTears(R). The average size of Si-QDs was 2.65 nm. In vitro imaging of Sc-Si-QDs and Cu-Si-QDs indicated their stable and bright fluorescence with TheraTears(R). Sc-Si-QDs were significantly brighter compared to Cu-Si-QDs and Zn-Si-QDs, and the Zn-Si-QDs showed a tendency to clump in TheraTears(R). The fluorescence of the Si-QDs was detected down to a concentration of 0.01 {micro}g/mL within a total volume of 5 {micro}L. Cu-Si-QDs and Sc-Si-QDs showed brighter fluorescence than Zn-Si-QDs. However, Zn-Si-QDs and to a lesser extent, Cu-Si-QDs showed some aggregation at specific concentrations. Sc-Si-QDs are proposed as a better option for further development as an in vivo bioimaging agent to study the tear film dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sarwat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stapleton, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mara, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.411876</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evaluation of optically tailored fluorescent silicon quantum dots for bioimaging of the tear film]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418491v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary and body mass reconstruction of the Miocene neotropical bat Notonycteris magdalenensis (Phyllostomidae) from La Venta, Colombia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.09.418491v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The middle Miocene La Venta bat fauna is the most diverse bat palaeocommunity in South America, with at least 14 species recorded. They include the oldest plant-visiting bat in the New World, and some of the earliest representatives of the extant families Phyllostomidae, Thyropteridae and Noctilionidae. La Ventas Notonycteris magdalenensis is an extinct member of the subfamily Phyllostominae, a group of modern Neotropical animalivorous and omnivorous bats, and is commonly included in studies of the evolution of Neotropical bats, but aspects of its biology remain unclear. In this study, we used a multivariate dental topography analysis (DTA) to reconstruct the likely diet of N. magdalenensis by quantitatively comparing measures of molar complexity with that of 25 modern phyllostomid and noctilionid species representing all major dietary habits in bats. We found clear differences in molar complexity between dietary guilds, indicating that DTA is potentially an informative tool to study bat ecomorphology. Our results suggest N. magdalenensis was probably an omnivore or insectivore, rather than a carnivore like its modern relatives Chrotopterus auritus and Vampryum spectrum. Also, we reconstructed the body mass of N. magdalenensis to be [~]50 g, which is larger than most insectivorous bats, but smaller than most carnivorous bats. Our results confirm that Notonycteris magdalenensis was probably not a specialised carnivore. It remains to be demonstrated that the specialised carnivory ecological niche was occupied by the same lineage of phyllostomines from at least the middle Miocene. Combining our diet and body mass reconstructions, we suggest that N. magdalenensis exhibits morphological pre-adaptations crucial for the evolution of specialised carnivory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Aguirre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Czaplewski, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Link, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.09.418491</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary and body mass reconstruction of the Miocene neotropical bat Notonycteris magdalenensis (Phyllostomidae) from La Venta, Colombia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423727v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Ca2+-activated cation channel TRPM4 is a positive regulator of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.21.423727v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a consequence of pressure overload caused by systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis and is a strong predictor of cardiac failure and mortality. Understanding the molecular pathways in the development of pathological LVH may lead to more effective treatment. Here, we show that the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily melastatin 4 (TRPM4) ion channel is an important contributor to the mechanosensory transduction of pressure overload that induces LVH. In mice with pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for two weeks, cardiomyocyte TRPM4 expression was reduced, as compared to control mice. Cardiomyocyte-specific TRPM4 inactivation reduced by ~50% the degree of TAC-induced LVH, as compared with wild type (WT). In WT mice, TAC activated the CaMKII{delta}-HDAC4-MEF2A but not the calcineurin-NFAT-GATA4 pathway. In TRPM4 knock-out mice, activation of the CaMKII{delta}-HDAC4-MEF2A pathway by TAC was significantly reduced. However, consistent with a reduction in the known inhibitory effect of CaMKII{delta} on calcineurin activity, reduction in the CaMKII{delta}-HDAC4-MEF2A pathway was associated with partial activation of the calcineurin-NFAT-GATA4 pathway. These findings indicate that the TRPM4 channel and its cognate signalling pathway are potential novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of pathological pressure overload-induced LVH.

Significance statementPathological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) occurs in response to pressure overload and remains the single most important clinical predictor of cardiac mortality. Preventing pressure overload LVH is a major goal of therapeutic intervention. Current treatments aim to remove the stimulus for LVH by lowering elevated blood pressure or replacing a stenotic aortic valve. However, neither of these interventions completely reverses adverse cardiac remodelling. Although numerous molecular signalling steps in the induction of LVH have been identified, the initial step by which mechanical stretch associated with cardiac pressure overload is converted into a chemical signal that initiates hypertrophic signalling, remains unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that the TRPM4 channel is a component of the mechanosensory transduction pathway that ultimately leads to LVH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesteven, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iismaa, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pironet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vennekens, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feneley, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.21.423727</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Ca2+-activated cation channel TRPM4 is a positive regulator of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Virtue as the mean: Pan-human consensus genome significantly improves the accuracy of RNA-seq analyses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.423111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Human Reference Genome serves as the foundation for modern genomic analyses. However, in its present form, it does not adequately represent the vast genetic diversity of the human population. In this study, we explored the consensus genome as a potential successor of the current Reference genome and assessed its effect on the accuracy of RNA-seq read alignment. In order to find the best haploid genome representation, we constructed consensus genomes at the Pan-human, Super-population and Population levels, utilizing variant information from the 1000 Genomes project. Using personal haploid genomes as the ground truth, we compared mapping errors for real RNA-seq reads aligned to the consensus genomes versus the Reference genome. For reads overlapping homozygous variants, we found that the mapping error decreased by a factor of ~2-3 when the Reference was replaced with the Pan-human consensus genome. Interestingly, we also found that using more population-specific consensuses resulted in little to no increase over using the Pan-human consensus, suggesting a limit in the utility of incorporating more specific genomic variation. To assess the functional impact, we compared splice junction expression in the different genomes and found that the Pan-human consensus increases accuracy of splice junction quantification for hundreds of splice junctions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaminow, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballouz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2020-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2020.12.22.423111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Virtue as the mean: Pan-human consensus genome significantly improves the accuracy of RNA-seq analyses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2020-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.01.425057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Homology between the flagellar export apparatus and ATP synthetase: evidence from synteny predating the Last Universal Common Ancestor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.01.425057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence of homology between proteins in the ATP synthetase and the bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) has been accumulating since the 1980s. Specifically, the BFMs Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) export apparatus FliH, FliI, and FliJ are considered homologous to FO-b + F1-{delta}, F1-/{beta}, and F1-{gamma}, and have similar structure and interactions. We review the discoveries that advanced the homology hypothesis and then conduct a further test by examining gene order in the two systems and their relatives. Conservation of gene order, or synteny, is often observed between closely related prokaryote species, but usually degrades with phylogenetic distance. As a result, observed conservation of synteny over vast phylogenetic distances can be evidence of shared ancestral coexpression, interaction, and function. We constructed a gene order dataset by examining the order of fliH, fliI, and fliJ genes across the phylogenetic breadth of flagellar and nonflagellar T3SS. We compared this to published surveys of gene order in the F1FO-ATP synthetase, its N-ATPase relatives, and the bacterial/archaeal V- and A-type ATPases. Strikingly, the fliHIJ gene order was deeply conserved, with the few exceptions appearing derived, and exactly matching the widely conserved F-ATPase gene order atpFHAG, coding for subunits b-{delta}--{gamma}. The V/A-type ATPases have a similar conserved gene order shared for homologous components. Our results further strengthen the argument for homology between these systems, and suggest a rare case of synteny conserved over billions of years, dating back to well before the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matzke, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.01.425057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Homology between the flagellar export apparatus and ATP synthetase: evidence from synteny predating the Last Universal Common Ancestor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426002v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The repertoire of testicular extracellular vesicles cargoes and their involvement in inter-compartmental communication required for spermatogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.08.426002v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the epididymis and prostate are involved in sperm functions and epigenetic inheritance. However, the EVs in the testis remains unexplored. Here, we have established a testis dissociation protocol that allows the isolation of testicular EVs by minimizing the disruption of fragile sperm cells. We showed that testicular EVs were specifically and efficiently uptaken by somatic cells and germ cells in both interstitial space and seminiferous tubules compartments, including the spermatozoa. We profiled the proteome of testicular EVs and probed the cell types that release them. Moreover, we sequenced the small RNAs cargos of testicular EVs and identified sets of small non-coding RNAs that were overlooked in the testis transcriptome. Selected miRNA candidates in testicular EVs were found in sperm RNA payload and demonstrated specific resistance towards ribonuclease A independent of the vesicle membrane. Small molecule inhibition of EVs secretion increased the apoptosis of germ cells via inter-compartmental communication. Together, our study has provided valuable resources on the cargoes of testicular EVs and revealed the inter-compartmental communication that regulates spermatogenesis and may implicate in paternal inheritance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choy, K. H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yim, H. C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FOK, E. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.426002</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The repertoire of testicular extracellular vesicles cargoes and their involvement in inter-compartmental communication required for spermatogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anterior insula-associated social novelty recognition: orchestrated regulation by a local retinoic acid cascade and oxytocin signaling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.15.426848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDeficits in social cognition consistently underlie functional disabilities in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that the anterior insula is a  common core brain region that is impaired across neurological and psychiatric disorders, which include social cognition deficits. Nevertheless, neurobiological mechanisms of the anterior insula for social cognition remain elusive.

MethodsTo determine the role of anterior insula in social cognition, we manipulated expression of Cyp26B1, an anterior insula-enriched molecule that is crucial for retinoic acid degradation and involved in the pathology of neuropsychiatric conditions. Social cognition was mainly assayed using the three-chamber social interaction test. We conducted multimodal analyses at the molecular, cellular, circuitry, and behavioral levels.

ResultsAt the molecular/cellular level, anterior insula-mediated social novelty recognition is maintained by proper activity of the layer 5 pyramidal neurons, for which retinoic acid-mediated gene transcription can play a role. We also demonstrate that oxytocin influences the anterior insula-mediated social novelty recognition, not by direct projection of oxytocin neurons, nor by direct diffusion of oxytocin to the anterior insula, which contrasts the modes of oxytocin regulation onto the posterior insula. Instead, oxytocin affects oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus where serotonergic neurons are projected to the anterior insula. Furthermore, we show that serotonin 5HT2C receptor expressed in the anterior insula influences social novelty recognition.

ConclusionsAnterior insula plays a pivotal role in social novelty recognition that is partly regulated by a local retinoic acid cascade, but also remotely regulated by oxytocin via a non-classic mechanism.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>An, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Namkung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rannals, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cash-Padgett, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihaljevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kondo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niwa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sawa, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.15.426848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anterior insula-associated social novelty recognition: orchestrated regulation by a local retinoic acid cascade and oxytocin signaling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.426733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Universal DNA methylation age across mammalian tissues 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.18.426733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aging is often perceived as a degenerative process resulting from random accrual of cellular damage over time. Despite this, age can be accurately estimated by epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation profiles from almost any tissue of the body. Since such pan-tissue epigenetic clocks have been successfully developed for several different species, we hypothesized that one can build pan-mammalian clocks that measure age in all mammalian species. To address this, we generated data using 11,754 methylation arrays, each profiling up to 36 thousand cytosines in highly-conserved stretches of DNA, from 59 tissue-types derived from 185 mammalian species. From these methylation profiles, we constructed three age predictors, each with a single mathematical formula, termed universal pan-mammalian clocks that are accurate in estimating the age (r>0.96) of any mammalian tissue. Deviations between epigenetic age and chronological age relate to mortality risk in humans, mutations that affect the somatotropic axis in mice, and caloric restriction. We characterized specific cytosines, whose methylation levels change with age across most mammalian species. These cytosines are greatly enriched in polycomb repressive complex 2-binding sites, are located in regions that gradually lose chromatin accessibility with age and are proximal to genes that play a role in mammalian development, cancer, human obesity, and human longevity. Collectively, these results support the notion that aging is indeed evolutionarily conserved and coupled to developmental processes across all mammalian species - a notion that was long-debated without the benefit of this new compelling evidence.

SUMMARYThis study identifies and characterizes evolutionarily conserved cytosines implicated in the aging process across mammals and establishes pan mammalian epigenetic clocks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fei, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haghani, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robeck, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zoller, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ablaeva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almunia, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ardehali, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arneson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belov, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blumstein, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bors, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breeze, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brooke, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caulton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavin, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chatzistamou, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiavellini, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, O.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeYoung, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dold, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmons, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faulkes, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finno, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaillard, J.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garde, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladyshev, V. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorbunova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goya, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hales, E. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanson, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haulena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogan, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.426733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Universal DNA methylation age across mammalian tissues]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.427765v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spontaneous adaptation of ion selectivity in a bacterial flagellar motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.427765v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Determining which cellular processes facilitate adaptation requires a tractable experimental model where an environmental cue can generate variants which rescue function. The Bacterial Flagellar Motor (BFM) is an excellent candidate - an ancient and highly conserved molecular complex for propulsion which navigates bacteria towards favourable environments. In most species, rotation is powered by H+ or Na+ ion transit through the torque-generating stator subunit of the motor complex. The ion that drives the rotor has changed over evolutionary timescales but the molecular basis of this selectivity remains unknown.

Here we used CRISPR engineering to replace the native Escherichia coli H+-powered stator with Na+-powered stator genes and report the rapid and spontaneous reversion of our edit in a low sodium environment. We followed the evolution of the stators during their reversion to H+-powered motility and used whole genome and transcriptome sequencing to identify both flagellar- and non-flagellar-associated genes involved in the cells adaptation. Our transplant of an unfit protein and the cells rapid response to this edit demonstrates the adaptability of the stator subunit and highlights the hierarchical modularity of the flagellar motor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.427765</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spontaneous adaptation of ion selectivity in a bacterial flagellar motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428744v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selectivity of Protein Interactions along the Aggregation Pathway of a-Synuclein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.29.428744v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aggregation of -SYN follows a cascade of oligomeric, prefibrillar and fibrillar forms, culminating in the formation of Lewy Bodies (LB), the pathological hallmarks of Parkinsons Disease in neurons. Whilst -synuclein is a major contributor to LB, these dense accumulations of protein aggregates and tangles of fibrils contain over 70 different proteins. However, the potential for interactions between these proteins and the different aggregated species of -SYN is largely unknown. We hypothesized that the proteins present in the Lewy Bodies are trapped or pulled into the aggregates in a hierarchical manner, by binding at specific stages of the aggregation of -SYN.

In this study we uncover a map of interactions of a total of 65 proteins, against different species formed by -SYN. We measured binding to monomeric -SYN using AlphaScreen, a sensitive nano-bead assay for detection of protein-protein interactions. To access different oligomeric species, we made use of the pathological mutants of -SYN (A30P, G51D and A53T), which form oligomeric species with distinct properties. Finally, we used bacterially expressed recombinant -SYN to generate amyloid fibrils and measure interactions with a pool of GFP-tagged potential partners. Binding to oligomers and fibrils was measured by two-color coincidence detection (TCCD) on a single molecule spectroscopy setup. Overall, we demonstrate that LB components are selectively recruited to specific steps in the formation of the LB, explaining their presence in the inclusions. Only a few proteins were found to interact with -SYN monomers at detectable levels, and only a subset recognizes the oligomeric -SYN including autophagosomal proteins. We therefore propose a new model for the formation of Lewy Bodies, where selectivity of protein partners at different steps drives the arrangement of these structures, uncovering new ways to modulate aggregation.

Significance StatementThe molecular complexity of the Lewy Bodies has been a major hindrance to a bottom-up reconstruction of these inclusions, protein by protein. This work presents an extensive dataset of protein-protein interactions, showing that despite its small size and absence of structure, -SYN binds to specific partners in the LB, and that there is a clear selectivity of interactions between the different -SYN species along the self-assembly pathway. We use single-molecule methods to deconvolute number and size of the co-aggregates, to gain detailed information about the mechanisms of interaction. These observations constitute the basis for the elaboration of a global interactome of -SYN.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leitao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudolffi Soto, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chappard, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhumkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.29.428744</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selectivity of Protein Interactions along the Aggregation Pathway of a-Synuclein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cluster-specific gene marker enhance Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in silico serotyping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) cause human bacillary dysentery with similar invasion mechanisms and share similar physiological, biochemical and genetic characteristics. The ability to differentiate Shigella and EIEC from each other is important for clinical diagnostic and epidemiologic investigations. The existing genetic signatures may not discriminate between Shigella and EIEC. However, phylogenetically, Shigella and EIEC strains are composed of multiple clusters and are different forms of E. coli. In this study, we identified 10 Shigella clusters, 7 EIEC clusters and 53 sporadic types of EIEC by examining over 17,000 publicly available Shigella/EIEC genomes. We compared Shigella and EIEC accessory genomes to identify the cluster-specific gene markers or marker sets for the 17 clusters and 53 sporadic types. The gene markers showed 99.63% accuracy and more than 97.02% specificity. In addition, we developed a freely available in silico serotyping pipeline named Shigella EIEC Cluster Enhanced Serotype Finder (ShigEiFinder) by incorporating the cluster-specific gene markers and established Shigella/EIEC serotype specific O antigen genes and modification genes into typing. ShigEiFinder can process either paired end Illumina sequencing reads or assembled genomes and almost perfectly differentiated Shigella from EIEC with 99.70% and 99.81% cluster assignment accuracy for the assembled genomes and mapped reads respectively. ShigEiFinder was able to serotype over 59 Shigella serotypes and 22 EIEC serotypes and provided a high specificity with 99.40% for assembled genomes and 99.38% for mapped reads for serotyping. The cluster markers and our new serotyping tool, ShigEiFinder (https://github.com/LanLab/ShigEiFinder), will be useful for epidemiologic and diagnostic investigations.

Impact statementThe differentiation of Shigella strains from enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) is important for clinical diagnosis and public health epidemiologic investigations. The similarities between Shigella and EIEC strains make this differentiation very difficult as both share common ancestries within E. coli. However, Shigella and EIEC are phylogenetically separated into multiple clusters, making high resolution separation using cluster specific genomic markers possible. In this study, we identified 17 Shigella or EIEC clusters including five that were newly identified through examination of over 17,000 publicly available Shigella and EIEC genomes. We further identified an individual or a set of cluster-specific gene markers for each cluster using comparative genomic analysis. These markers can then be used to classify isolates into clusters and were used to develop an in silico pipeline, ShigEiFinder (https://github.com/LanLab/ShigEiFinder) for accurate differentiation, cluster typing and serotyping of Shigella and EIEC from Illumina sequencing reads or assembled genomes. This study will have broad application from understanding the evolution of Shigella/EIEC to diagnosis and epidemiology.

Data summarySequencing data have been deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information under BioProject number PRJNA692536.

RepositoriesRaw sequence data are available from NCBI under the BioProject number PRJNA692536.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.428723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cluster-specific gene marker enhance Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in silico serotyping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428827v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Manipulation of stimulus waveform and frequency permits targeted fiber activation during vagus nerve stimulation in 2 rodent species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.30.428827v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Afferent and efferent vagal fibers mediate bidirectional communication between the brain and visceral organs. Small, unmyelinated C-afferents constitute the majority of vagal fibers, play critical roles in numerous interoceptive circuits and autonomic reflexes in health and disease and may contribute to the efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Selective engagement of C-afferents with electrical stimuli has not been feasible, due to the default fiber recruitment order: larger fibers first, smaller fibers last. Here, we determine and optimize an electrical stimulus that selectively engages vagal C-afferents. Intermittent KHz-frequency electrical stimulation (KES) activates motor and, preferentially, sensory vagal neurons in the brainstem. During KES, asynchronous activity of C-afferents increases, while that of larger fibers remains largely unchanged. In parallel, KES effectively blocks excitability of larger fibers while moderately suppressing excitability of C-afferents. By compiling selectivity indices in individual animals, we find that optimal KES parameters for C-afferents are >5KHz frequency and 7-10 times engagement threshold (xT) intensity in rats, 15-25xT in mice. These effects can be explained in computational models by how sodium channel responses to KES are shaped by axonal size and myelin. Our results indicate that selective engagement of vagal C-afferents is attainable by intermittent KES.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayaprakash, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mughrabi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gabalski, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daytz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashville, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dokos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Abed, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.01.30.428827</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Manipulation of stimulus waveform and frequency permits targeted fiber activation during vagus nerve stimulation in 2 rodent species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative genomics of Chinese and international isolates of Escherichia albertii: population structure and evolution of virulence and antimicrobial resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.429068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Escherichia albertii is a newly recognized species in the genus Escherichia that causes diarrhea. The population structure, genetic diversity and genomic features has not been fully examined. Here, 169 E. albertii isolates from different sources and regions in China were sequenced and combined with 312 publicly available genomes for phylogenetic and genomic analyses. The E. albertii population was divided into 2 clades and 8 lineages, with lineage 3 (L3), L5 and L8 more common in China. Clinical isolates were observed in all clades/lineages. Virulence genes were found to be distributed differently among lineages: subtypes of the intimin encoding gene eae and the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) gene cdtB were lineage associated, the second type three secretion system (ETT2) island was truncated in L3 and L6. Seven new eae subtypes and 1 new cdtB subtype (cdtB-VI) were found. Alarmingly, 85.9% of the Chinese E. albertii isolates were predicted to be multidrug resistant (MDR) with 35.9% harboured genes capable of conferring resistance to 10 to 14 different drug classes. By in silico multi-locus sequence typing, majority of the MDR isolates belonged to 4 STs (ST4638, ST4479, ST4633 and ST4488). Thirty-four intact plasmids carrying MDR and virulence genes, and 130 intact prophages were identified from 17 complete E. albertii genomes. Ten plasmid replicon types were found to be significantly associated with MDR. The 130 intact prophages were clustered into 5 groups, with group 5 prophages harbouring more virulence genes. Our findings provided fundamental insights into the population structure, virulence variation and MDR of E. albertii.

Impact statementE. albertii is newly recognized foodborne pathogen causing diarrhea. Elucidation of its genomic features is important for surveillance and control of E. albertii infections. In this work, 169 E. albertii genomes from difference sources and regions in China were collected and sequenced, which contributed to the currently limited genomic data pool of E. albertii. In combination with 312 publicly available genomes from 14 additional countries, the population structure of E. albertii was defined. The presence and subtypes of virulence genes in different lineages were significantly different, indicating potential pathogenicity variation. Additionally, the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes was alarmingly high in the Chinese dominated lineages. MDR associated STs and plasmid subtypes were identified, which could be used as sentinels for MDR surveillance. Moreover, the subtypes of plasmids and prophages were distributed differently across lineages, and were found to contribute to the acquisition of virulence and MDR genes of E. albertii. Altogether, this work reveals the diversity of E. albertii and characterized its genomic features in unprecedented detail.

Data SummaryAll newly sequenced data in this work were deposited in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under the BioProject of PRJNA693666, including 6 complete genomes and raw reads of 164 E. albertii isolates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.01.429068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative genomics of Chinese and international isolates of Escherichia albertii: population structure and evolution of virulence and antimicrobial resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.428702v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unravelling the Physiological Correlates of Mental Workload Variations in Tracking and Collision Prediction Tasks: Implications for Air Traffic Controllers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.02.428702v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveWe have designed tracking and collision prediction tasks to elucidate the differences in the physiological response to the workload variations in basic ATC tasks to untangle the impact of workload variations experienced by operators working in a complex ATC environment.

BackgroundEven though several factors influence the complexity of ATC tasks, keeping track of the aircraft and preventing collision are the most crucial.

MethodsPhysiological measures, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), eye activity, and heart rate variability (HRV) data, were recorded from 24 participants performing tracking and collision prediction tasks with three levels of difficulty.

ResultsThe neurometrics of workload variations in the tracking and collision prediction tasks were markedly distinct, indicating that neurometrics can provide insights on the type of mental workload. The pupil size, number of blinks and HRV metric, root mean square of successive difference (RMSSD), varied significantly with the mental workload in both these tasks in a similar manner.

ConclusionOur findings indicate that variations in task load are sensitively reflected in physiological signals, such as EEG, eye activity and HRV, in these basic ATC-related tasks.

ApplicationThese findings have applicability to the design of future mental workload adaptive systems that integrate neurometrics in deciding not just  when but also  what to adapt. Our study provides compelling evidence in the viability of developing intelligent closed-loop mental workload adaptive systems that ensure efficiency and safety in ATC and beyond.

PrecisThis article identifies the physiological correlates of mental workload variation in basic ATC tasks. The findings assert that neurometrics can provide more information on the task that contributes to the workload, which can aid in the design of intelligent mental workload adaptive system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Do, T.-T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eidels, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nalivaiko, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gavgani, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustin, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Double, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleitman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morley, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, C.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.02.428702</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unravelling the Physiological Correlates of Mental Workload Variations in Tracking and Collision Prediction Tasks: Implications for Air Traffic Controllers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430691v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Niche-guided tissue patterning by chemomechanical flow lithography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.10.430691v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem-cell derived tissue models are commonly cultured under globally-delivered stimuli that trigger histogenesis via self-organizing activity. However, the culture of such tissue models is prone to stochastic behavior, limiting the reproducibility of cellular composition and resulting in non-physiological architectures. To overcome these shortcomings, we developed a method for printing cell niche microenvironments with microstructured cues that mediate local histogenic processes, including mechanosensing and differentiation of selected cell types. Microstructured cues include independently tunable mechano-chemical properties, with conjugated peptides, proteins, and morphogens across a range of Youngs moduli. By rationally designing niches, we mediate the structure of tissues derived from stem-cell-progenitor sources, including a bone-fat assembly from stromal mesenchyme, and embryonic tissues derived from hiPSC. We show that microstructured cues can recapitulate mechano-chemical signals resembling early embryonic histogenesis. This outcome includes a role for niche mechanics in human embryonic organization, where soft niche mechanics bias markers of mesendodermal differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), as well as a demonstration of a material-mediated morphogen signaling centers able to induce foci of mesenchymal and EMT differentiation. Thus, microstructured materials can mediate local histogenic processes to enhance the structure and composition of tissue models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Newman, P. L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osteil, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, J. Q. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zreiqat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.430691</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Niche-guided tissue patterning by chemomechanical flow lithography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A covalently crosslinked bioink for multi-materials drop-on-demand 3D bioprinting of three-dimensional cell cultures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.18.431759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell models have been accepted to better recapitulate aspects of in vivo organ environment than 2D cell culture. Currently, the production of these complex in vitro 3D cell models with multiple cell types and microenvironments remains challenging and prone to human error. Here we report a versatile bioink comprised of a 4-arm PEG based polymer with distal maleimide derivatives as the main ink component and a bis-thiol species as the activator that crosslinks the polymer to form the hydrogel in less than a second. The rapid gelation makes the polymer system compatible with 3D bioprinting. The ink is combined with a drop-on-demand 3D bioprinting platform consisting of eight independently addressable nozzles and high-throughput printing logic for creating complex 3D cell culture models. The combination of multiple nozzles and fast printing logic enables the rapid preparation of many complex 3D structures comprising multiple hydrogel environments in the one structure in a standard 96-well plate format. The platform compatibility for biological applications was validated using pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) cells with their phenotypic responses controlled by tuning the hydrogel microenvironment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Utama, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjandra, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mahony, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, J. C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavallaris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A covalently crosslinked bioink for multi-materials drop-on-demand 3D bioprinting of three-dimensional cell cultures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rare genera differentiate urban green space soil bacterial communities in three cities across the world 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.21.432167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vegetation complexity is potentially important for urban green space designs aimed at fostering microbial biodiversity to benefit human health. Exposure to urban microbial biodiversity may influence human health outcomes via immune training and regulation. In this context, improving human exposure to microbiota via biodiversity-centric urban green space designs is an underused opportunity. There is currently little knowledge on the association between vegetation complexity (i.e., diversity and structure) and soil microbiota of urban green spaces. Here, we investigated the association between vegetation complexity and soil bacteria in urban green spaces in Bournemouth, UK; Haikou, China; and the City of Playford, Australia by sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 gene region of soil samples and assessing bacterial diversity. We characterized these green spaces as having  low or  high vegetation complexity and explored whether these two broad categories contained similar bacterial community compositions and diversity around the world. Within cities, we observed significantly different alpha and beta diversities between vegetation complexities; however, these results varied between cities. Rare genera (< 1 % relative abundance individually, on average 35 % relative abundance when pooled) were most likely to be significantly different in sequence abundance between vegetation complexities and therefore explained much of the differences in microbial communities observed. Overall, general associations exist between soil bacterial communities and vegetation complexity, although these are not consistent between cities. Therefore, more in-depth work is required to be done locally to derive practical actions to assist the conservation and restoration of microbial communities in urban areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selway, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyrich, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skelly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weinstein, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marczylo, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breed, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.02.21.432167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rare genera differentiate urban green space soil bacterial communities in three cities across the world]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433689v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Machine Learning Approach to Unmask Novel Gene Signatures and Prediction of Alzheimers Disease Within Different Brain Regions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.03.433689v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose aetiology is currently unknown. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify the genetic risk factor(s) of AD, the interpretability and/or the prediction accuracies achieved by these studies remained unsatisfactory, reducing their clinical significance. Here, we employ the ensemble of random-forest and regularized regression model (LASSO) to the AD-associated microarray datasets from four brain regions - Prefrontal cortex, Middle temporal gyrus, Hippocampus, and Entorhinal cortex- to discover novel genetic biomarkers through a machine learning-based feature-selection classification scheme. The proposed scheme unrevealed the most optimum and biologically significant classifiers within each brain region, which achieved by far the highest prediction accuracy of AD in 5-fold cross-validation (99% average). Interestingly, along with the novel and prominent biomarkers including CORO1C, SLC25A46, RAE1, ANKIB1, CRLF3, PDYN, numerous non-coding RNA genes were also observed as discriminator, of which AK057435 and BC037880 are uncharacterized long non-coding RNA genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.03.433689</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Machine Learning Approach to Unmask Novel Gene Signatures and Prediction of Alzheimers Disease Within Different Brain Regions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recovery of high-qualitied Genomes from a deep-inland Salt Lake Using BASALT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.05.434042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metagenomic binning enables the in-depth characterization of microorganisms. To improve the resolution and efficiency of metagenomic binning, BASALT (Binning Across a Series of AssembLies Toolkit), a novel binning toolkit was present in this study, which recovers, compares and optimizes metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs) across a series of assemblies from short-read, long-read or hybrid strategies. BASALT incorporates self-designed algorithms which automates the separation of redundant bins, elongate and refine best bins and improve contiguity. Evaluation using mock communities revealed that BASALT auto-binning obtained up to 51% more number of MAGs with up to 10 times better MAG quality from microbial community at low (132 genomes) and medium (596 genomes) complexity, compared to other binners such as DASTool, VAMB and metaWRAP. Using BASALT, a case-study analysis of a Salt Lake sediment microbial community from northwest arid region of China was performed, resulting in 426 non-redundant MAGs, including 352 and 69 bacterial and archaeal MAGs which could not be assigned to any known species from GTDB (ANI < 95%), respectively. In addition, two Lokiarchaeotal MAGs that belong to superphylum Asgardarchaeota were observed from Salt Lake sediment samples. This is the first time that candidate species from phylum Lokiarchaeota was found in the arid and deep-inland environment, filling the current knowledge gap of earth microbiome. Overall, BASALT is proven to be a robust toolkit for metagenomic binning, and more importantly, expand the Tree of Life.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mu, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lian, C.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deng, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhuang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.434042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recovery of high-qualitied Genomes from a deep-inland Salt Lake Using BASALT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.13.432212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionCortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are established biomarkers of brain pathology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Structural covariance networks (SCN) constructed from CT and SA may represent developmental associations, or unique interactions between brain regions, possibly influenced by a common causal antecedent. The ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working Group aggregated PTSD and control subjects data from 29 cohorts in five countries (n=3439).

MethodsUsing Destrieux Atlas, we built SCNs and compared centrality measures between PTSD subjects and controls. Centrality is a graph theory measure derived using SCN.

ResultsNotable nodes with higher CT-based centrality in PTSD compared to controls were left fusiform gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus. We found sex-based centrality differences in bilateral frontal lobe regions, left anterior cingulate, left superior occipital cortex and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Comorbid PTSD and MDD showed higher CT-based centrality in the right anterior cingulate gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus and lower SA-based centrality in left insular gyrus.

ConclusionUnlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes ([&le;]318), our study found differences in centrality measures using a sample size of 3439 subjects. This is the first cross-sectional study to examine SCN interactions with age, sex, and comorbid MDD. Although limited to group level inferences, centrality measures offer insights into a nodes relationship to the entire functional connectome unlike approaches like seed-based connectivity or independent component analysis. Nodes having higher centrality have greater structural or functional connections, lending them invaluable for translational treatments like neuromodulation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Bellis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shenton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolff, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winternitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.13.432212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Covariance Networks in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.435772v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning prediction of Antibody-Antigen binding: dataset, method and testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.19.435772v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA sequencing technologies are providing new insights into the immune response by allowing the large scale sequencing of rearranged immunoglobulin gene present in an individual, however the applications of this approach are limited by the lack of methods for determining the antigen(s) that an immunoglobulin encoded by a given sequence binds to. Computational methods for predicting antibody-antigen interactions that leverage structure prediction and docking have been proposed, however these methods require knowledge of the 3D structures.

As a step towards the development of a machine learning method suitable for predicting antibody-antigen binding affinities from sequence data, a weighted nearest neighbor machine learning approach was applied to the problem. A prediction program was coded in Python and evaluated using cross-validation on a dataset of 600 antibodies interacting with 50 antigens. The classification predicting accuracy was around 76% for this dataset. These results provide a useful frame of reference as well as protocols and considerations for machine learning and dataset creation in this area.

Both the dataset (in csv format) and the machine learning program (coded in python) are freely available for download.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaeta, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.435772</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning prediction of Antibody-Antigen binding: dataset, method and testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single dose of amphetamine induces delayed subregional attenuation of striatal cholinergic interneuron activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.22.436417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychostimulants such as amphetamine target dopamine neuron synapses to engender drug-induced plasticity. While dopamine neurons modulate the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) with regional heterogeneity, how amphetamine affects ChI activity has not been elucidated. Here, we applied quantitative fluorescence imaging approaches to map the dose-dependent effects of a single dose of amphetamine on ChI activity at 2.5 and 24 hours after injection across the mouse striatum using the activity-dependent marker phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6). We found that amphetamine did not induce neurotoxic effects on ChIs, as their distribution and morphology were not affected. While low- or high-dose amphetamine did not affect ChI activity after 2.5 hours, ChI activity was significantly reduced in all striatal subregions after 24 hours, with a dose-dependent effect in the nucleus accumbens. Thus, our findings suggest that a single dose of amphetamine has delayed regionally heterogeneous effects on ChI activity.

Significance statementUsing the activity dependent marker phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6), we mapped amphetamine effects on the activity of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) across the striatum. Amphetamine caused a delayed attenuation of ChI activity in all striatal subregions, and a dose-dependent effect in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens, a critical site of psychostimulant action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ztaou, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oh, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tepler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matamales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertran-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chuhma, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayport, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.22.436417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single dose of amphetamine induces delayed subregional attenuation of striatal cholinergic interneuron activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437114v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antidepressants are complex regulators of lipoprotein(a) macropinocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.26.437114v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We recently found that plasminogen receptors regulate the plasma membrane binding and uptake of Lp(a) via macropinocytosis. In this study, we sought to further define lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] macropinocytosis, discovering an unexpected role for antidepressants and serotonin in the regulation of this process. We found that the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine enhanced Lp(a) uptake, in contradiction of its published role as a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Extending these experiments to the commonly used serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) citalopram and sertraline, we found that citalopram stimulated, while sertraline inhibited, Lp(a) uptake. Imipramine and citalopram enhanced cell surface binding of Lp(a) rather than upregulating macropinocytosis. Consistent with imipramine and citalopram boosting extracellular serotonin levels, serotonin itself also enhanced Lp(a) surface binding and uptake. Imipramine and serotonin increased expression of the plasminogen receptor with a C-terminal lysine (PlgRKT), a receptor known to enhance cell surface binding of Lp(a), likely accounting for their effects on Lp(a) uptake. Finally, imipramine and citalopram increased Lp(a) delivery into Rab11 recycling endosomes, but not degradative pathways in the cell. These findings indicate citalopram and imipramine may have utility as a potential Lp(a)-lowering therapeutic in people suffering from depression who often have elevated Lp(a) levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Redpath, G. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapoor-Kaushik, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rutledge, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCormick, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.437114</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antidepressants are complex regulators of lipoprotein(a) macropinocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438038v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thermal oscillations enable reshuffling of genetic material in a primitive cell cycle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.438038v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Self-assembling single-chain amphiphiles available in the prebiotic environment likely played a fundamental role in the advent of primitive cell cycles. However, the instability of prebiotic fatty acid-based membranes to temperature and pH seems to suggest that primitive cells could only host prebiotically-relevant processes in a narrow range of non-fluctuating environmental conditions. Here we propose a novel primitive cell cycle driven by environmental fluctuations, which enable the generation of daughter protocells with reshuffled content. A reversible membrane-to-oil phase transition accounts for the dissolution of fatty acid-based vesicles at high temperatures, and the concomitant release of genetic content. At low temperatures, fatty acid bilayers reassemble and encapsulate reshuffled genetic material in a new cohort of protocells. Notably, we find that our disassembly/reassembly cycle drives the emergence of functional RNA-containing primitive cells from parent non-functional compartments. Thus, by exploiting the intrinsic instability of prebiotic fatty acid vesicles, our results point at an environmentally-driven tunable primitive cell cycle, which supports the release and reshuffle of protocellular genetic and membrane components, potentially leading to a new generation of protocells with superior traits. In the absence of protocellular transport machinery, the environmentally-driven disassembly/assembly cycle proposed herein would have supported genetic content reshuffling transmitted to primitive cell progeny, hinting at a potential mechanism important to initiate Darwinian evolution of early lifeforms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rubio Sanchez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Flaherty, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coscia, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Michele, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cicuta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.01.438038</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thermal oscillations enable reshuffling of genetic material in a primitive cell cycle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438428v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule imaging of cytoplasmic dynein reveals the mechanism of motor activation and cargo capture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438428v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein) is the primary minus end-directed motor protein in most eukaryotic cells. Dynein remains in an inactive conformation until the formation of a tripartite complex comprising dynein, its regulator dynactin and a cargo adaptor. How this process of dynein activation occurs is unclear, since it entails the formation of a three-protein complex inside the crowded environs of a cell. Here, we employed live-cell, single-molecule imaging to visualise and track fluorescently tagged dynein. First, we observed that only ~30% of dynein molecules that bound to the microtubule (MT) engaged in minus end-directed movement, and that too for a short duration of ~0.6 s. Next, using high-resolution imaging in live and fixed cells, and using correlative light and electron microscopy, we discovered that dynactin and endosomal cargo remained in proximity to each other and to MTs. We then employed two-colour imaging to visualise cargo movement effected by single motor binding. Finally, we performed long-term imaging to show short movements are sufficient to drive cargo to the perinuclear region of the cell. We then used these discoveries as the basis for a stochastic model incorporating dynamic motors binding to cargo located along MTs, and also developed a coarse-grained 3-state run- and-tumble particle (RTP) model for the cargo that quantitatively recapitulates the emergent statistics of cargo movement. Taken together, we discovered a search mechanism that is facilitated by dyneins frequent MT binding-unbinding kinetics: (1) in a futile event when dynein does not encounter cargo anchored in proximity to the MT, dynein dissociates and diffuses into the cytoplasm, (2) when dynein encounters cargo and dynactin upon MT-binding, it moves cargo in a short run. Several of these short runs are undertaken in succession for long-range directed movement. In conclusion, we demonstrate that dynein activation and cargo capture are coupled in a step that relies on the reduction of dimensionality to enable minus end-directed transport in cellulo, and that complex cargo behaviour emerges from stochastic motor-cargo interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tirumala, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.05.438428</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule imaging of cytoplasmic dynein reveals the mechanism of motor activation and cargo capture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438753v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcript- and annotation-guided genome assembly of the European starling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.07.438753v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The European starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is an ecologically significant, globally invasive avian species that is also suffering from a major decline in its native range. Here, we present the genome assembly and long-read transcriptome of an Australian-sourced European starling (S. vulgaris vAU), and a second North American genome (S. vulgaris vNA), as complementary reference genomes for population genetic and evolutionary characterisation. S. vulgaris vAU combined 10x Genomics linked-reads, low-coverage Nanopore sequencing, and PacBio Iso-Seq full-length transcript scaffolding to generate a 1050 Mb assembly on 1,628 scaffolds (72.5 Mb scaffold N50). Species-specific transcript mapping and gene annotation revealed high structural and functional completeness (94.6% BUSCO completeness). Further scaffolding against the high-quality zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) genome assigned 98.6% of the assembly to 32 putative nuclear chromosome scaffolds. Rapid, recent advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics software have highlighted the need for evidence-based assessment of assembly decisions on a case-by-case basis. Using S. vulgaris vAU, we demonstrate how the multifunctional use of PacBio Iso-Seq transcript data and complementary homology-based annotation of sequential assembly steps (assessed using a new tool, SAAGA) can be used to assess, inform, and validate assembly workflow decisions. We also highlight some counter-intuitive behaviour in traditional BUSCO metrics, and present BO_SCPLOWUSCOMPC_SCPLOW, a complementary tool for assembly comparison designed to be robust to differences in assembly size and base-calling quality. Finally, we present a second starling assembly, S. vulgaris vNA, to facilitate comparative analysis and global genomic research on this ecologically important species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burt, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmeister, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ball, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchanan, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clayton, D. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Meyer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddle, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.07.438753</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcript- and annotation-guided genome assembly of the European starling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.435530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid appetitive transitions are sculpted by amygdala to accumbens pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.11.435530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Foraging, pursuit, and predation rapidly transition into behavioral quiescence during reward capture and consumption. While appetitive-consummatory dissociations are embedded at both psychological and neural levels, the mechanisms controlling switches or transitions between appetitive seeking and consummatory behaviors remain poorly understood. Here we identify the BLA[-&gt;]AcbSh pathway as critical to these transitions by showing that this pathway inhibits the appetitive seeking response in the presence of consummatory demands. Using an appetitive cue-discrimination task in male rats, we show that reward delivery is a significant driver of seeking inhibition and that a BLA[-&gt;]AcbSh pathway mediates this inhibition. This role in suppressing seeking responses during periods of consumption was not due to a general suppression of behavior because responding to other cues during the same test was unaffected. Moreover, it was specific to the BLA[-&gt;]AcbSh pathway, because the contribution of the BLA[-&gt;]AcbC pathway to appetitive switching was distinct and modest. State-dependent silencing of BLA[-&gt;]AcbSh revealed that the modulation of seeking before and after reward delivery are co-dependent. Finally, we found that BLA terminals in AcbSh have functional connectivity to LH-projecting AcbSh neurons, thereby identifying a BLA[-&gt;]AcbSh[-&gt;]LH pathway as a putative route for the rapid regulation of appetitive behaviors. Taken together, these findings suggest that the BLA[-&gt;]AcbSh pathway is a core component of an appetitive switching system, recruited under conditions requiring rapid or dynamic shifts in appetitive behavior, and that this pathway enables these shifts by actively inhibiting seeking.

Significance statementForaging, pursuit, and predation quickly transition into behavioral quiescence during reward capture and consumption. These transitions are critical for flexible and responsive sequences of behavior. Here we show that behavioral transitions are actively controlled at the limbic-striatal interface. We identify reward receipt as a proximal trigger for transition between reward seeking and taking, we identify active inhibition as the functional operation of this transition, and we identify the basolateral amygdala[-&gt;]accumbens shell pathway as critical to this functional operation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millan, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.11.435530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid appetitive transitions are sculpted by amygdala to accumbens pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439105v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel amiloride derivatives that inhibit bacterial motility across multiple strains and stator types 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.13.439105v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is a protein complex that confers motility to cells and contributes to survival and virulence. The BFM consists of stators that are ion-selective membrane protein complexes and a rotor that directly connects to a large filament, acting as a propeller. The stator complexes couple ion transit across the membrane to torque that drives rotation of the motor. The most common ion gradients that drive BFM rotation are protons (H+) and sodium ions (Na+). The sodium-powered stators, like those in the PomAPomB stator complex of Vibrio spp, can be inhibited by sodium channel inhibitors, in particular, by phenamil, a potent and widely used inhibitor. However, relatively few new sodium-motility inhibitors have been described since the discovery of phenamil. In this study, we characterised two possible motility inhibitors HM2-16F and BB2-50F from a small library of previously reported amiloride derivatives. We used three approaches: effect on rotation of tethered cells, effect on free swimming bacteria and effect on rotation of marker beads. We showed that both HM2-16F and BB2-50F stopped rotation of tethered cells driven by Na+ motors comparable to phenamil at matching concentrations, and could also stop rotation of tethered cells driven by H+ motors. Bead measurements in presence and absence of stators confirmed that the compounds did not inhibit rotation via direct association with the stator, in contrast to the established mode of action of phenamil. Overall, HM2-16F and BB2-50F stopped swimming in both Na+ and H+ stator types, and in pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains.

ImportanceHere we characterised two novel amiloride derivatives in the search for antimicrobial compounds that target bacterial motility. Our two compounds were shown to inhibit flagellar motility at 10 M across multiple strains, from non-pathogenic E. coli with flagellar rotation driven by proton or chimeric sodium-powered stators, to proton-powered pathogenic E. coli (EHEC/UPEC) and lastly in sodium-powered Vibrio alginolyticus. Broad anti-motility compounds such as these are important tools in our efforts control virulence of pathogens in health and agricultural settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelso, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439105</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel amiloride derivatives that inhibit bacterial motility across multiple strains and stator types]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439935v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opposing roles of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum in the acquisition of skilled action sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.15.439935v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The shift in control from dorsomedial to dorsolateral striatum during skill and habit formation has been well established, but whether striatal subregions orchestrate this shift co-operatively or competitively remains unclear. Cortical inputs have also been implicated in the shift towards automaticity, but it is unknown if they mirror their downstream striatal targets across this transition. We addressed these questions using a five-step heterogeneous action sequencing task in rats that is optimally performed by automated chains of actions. By optimising automatic habitual responding, we discovered that loss of function in the dorsomedial striatum accelerated sequence acquisition. In contrast, loss of function in the dorsolateral striatum impeded acquisition of sequencing, demonstrating functional opposition within the striatum. Unexpectedly the medial prefrontal cortex was not involved, however the lateral orbitofrontal cortex was critical. These results shift current theories about striatal control of behavior to a model of competitive opposition, where the dorsomedial striatum acts in a gating role to inhibit dorsolateral-striatum driven behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Turner, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svegborn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langguth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robbins, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.15.439935</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opposing roles of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum in the acquisition of skilled action sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Translational Proteomics for Transfusion Medicine: Resolution of the IVIG Proteomes of Different Geographically Sourced and Prepared IVIG Immunotherapies. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.21.440739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIGs) are prepared from thousands of donor plasmas and as a result comprise an extreme broad mix and depth of Antibody (Ab) specificities. IVIG formulations available in Australia are from both local and overseas donor sources and extracted using a variety of purification methods and immunoglobulin purities, with the Australia-derived and prepared IVIG listed at >98% and the overseas-derived preparations at [&ge;] 95%. Because of these differences it was predicted that the formulations might individually vary in composition and that together with obvious genetic and geographic antigenic (Ag) environment differences may result in notable variability between formulations. Hence a focussed comparative proteomic profiling of IVIG formulations was undertaken to identify notable similarities and differences across products. Comparisons between formulations did reveal marked qualitative differences in 2D-gel Antibody profiling that included parameters of isoelectric charge (pI), as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) monomer to dimer ratio variability between products, including high molecular weight (MW) immunoglobulin multimers for some. These notable differences were in part quite likely a product of the respective purification methods used, and capacity to select (or de-select) for antibodies of such different properties. Furthermore, for identification of non-Ig proteins carried over from plasma through purifications Mass spectrometry was performed. This identified a few such ancillary proteins, and their identities, in general, differed between formulations. Proteins detected included the most abundant protein of plasma, albumin, as well as other mostly large and abundant proteins; RAG1 - V(D)J recombination activating protein1, gelsolin, complement Factor-B, serotransferrin, tetranectin, NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, caspase 3 and VEGFR1. An alternate strategy used commercial Multiplex xMAP assay to detect cytokines, which are small and present in plasma at trace but highly active quantities. This revealed various different cytokine profiles across the formulations studied. The identification of additional proteins, and especially cytokines in IVIGs, is particularly notable, and the positive, negative or null biological relevance for clinical use, needs resolution. Collectively these findings reveal marked differences between Australian and overseas-derived (non-Australian) IVIGs in immunoglobulin composition and biochemical characteristics, and presence of additional carry-over proteins from plasma. These findings prompt the need for further evaluation of the micro-compositions of individual formulations. Perhaps detailed mining and improved comparative understanding of each IVIG formulation, may enable highly tailored and strategic clinical use of certain formulations that are personalised best-fit treatments for particular conditions. Such as in treatment of a neuropathy, as compared to another formulation, more suited for treating a particular infectious disease. The most salient and overarching study conclusion is need for caution in attributing equivalence across IVIGs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lynch, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapitza, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.21.440739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Translational Proteomics for Transfusion Medicine: Resolution of the IVIG Proteomes of Different Geographically Sourced and Prepared IVIG Immunotherapies.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punishment insensitivity in humans is due to failures in instrumental contingency learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.23.441174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Punishment maximises the probability of our individual survival by reducing behaviours that cause us harm, and also sustains trust and fairness in groups essential for social cohesion. However, some individuals are more sensitive to punishment than others and these differences in punishment sensitivity have been linked to a variety of decision-making deficits and psychopathologies. The mechanisms for why individuals differ in punishment sensitivity are poorly understood, although recent studies of conditioned punishment in rodents highlight a key role for punishment contingency detection (Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel et al., 2019). Here we applied a novel "Planets & Pirates" conditioned punishment task in humans, allowing us to identify the mechanisms for why individuals differ in their sensitivity to punishment. We show that punishment sensitivity is bimodally distributed in a large sample of normal participants. Sensitive and insensitive individuals equally liked reward and showed similar rates of reward-seeking. They also equally disliked punishment and did not differ in their valuation of cues that signalled punishment. However, sensitive and insensitive individuals differed profoundly in their capacity to detect and learn volitional control over aversive outcomes. Punishment insensitive individuals did not learn the instrumental contingencies, so they could not withhold behaviour that caused punishment and could not generate appropriately selective behaviours to prevent impending punishment. These differences in punishment sensitivity could not be explained by individual differences in behavioural inhibition, impulsivity, or anxiety. This bimodal punishment sensitivity and these deficits in instrumental contingency learning are identical to those dictating punishment sensitivity in non-human animals, suggesting that they are general properties of aversive learning and decision making.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weidemann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovibond, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.23.441174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punishment insensitivity in humans is due to failures in instrumental contingency learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phenotypic diversity and sensitivity to injury of the pulmonary endothelium during a period of rapid postnatal growth 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.27.441649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
At birth, the lung is still immature, heightening susceptibility to injury but enhancing regenerative capacity. Angiogenesis drives postnatal lung development. Therefore, we profiled the transcriptional ontogeny and sensitivity to injury of pulmonary endothelial cells (EC) during early postnatal life. Although subtype speciation was evident at birth, immature lung EC exhibited transcriptomes distinct from mature counterparts, which progressed dynamically over time. Gradual, temporal changes in aerocyte capillary EC (CAP2), contrasted with more marked alterations in general capillary EC (CAP1) phenotype, including distinct CAP1 present only in the early alveolar lung expressing Peg3, a paternally imprinted transcription factor. Hyperoxia, an injury which impairs angiogenesis, induced both common and unique endothelial gene signatures, dysregulated capillary EC cross-talk, and suppressed CAP1 proliferation while stimulating venous EC proliferation. These data highlight the diversity, transcriptomic evolution, and pleiotropic responses to injury of immature lung EC, possessing broad implications for lung development and injury across the lifespan.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dou, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornfield, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvira, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-04-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.04.27.441649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phenotypic diversity and sensitivity to injury of the pulmonary endothelium during a period of rapid postnatal growth]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-04-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442745v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) alone and in combination with Gemcitabine inhibits subcutaneous deposits of pancreatic cancer after intraperitoneal injection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.442745v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveGemcitabine (GEM) is commonly chosen for treating pancreatic cancer. However, its use is limited by toxicity. Earlier in vitro studies with GEM in combination with Bromelain (Brom) and Acetylcysteine (Ac) indicated a substantial reduction in IC50. Here, we investigated the efficacy and safety of Brom and Ac (BromAc) in the pancreatic cancer model in vivo.

DesignBoth low dose and high dose studies for safety and efficacy of BromAc and GEM were conducted in nude mice. Body weight, wellbeing and tumor volume were monitored. At autopsy, tumor weight, tumor density, percentage of tumor necrosis, expression of Ki67 antigen, and immunohistological evaluation of vital organs were compared between the treatment groups.

ResultsThe low and high doses of BromAc alone and with chemotherapy agents were safe. A very significant reduction in pancreatic tumor volume, weight, and ki67 were seen with BromAc therapy and was equal to treatment with GEM alone and better than treatment with 5-FU. In addition, tumor density was significantly reduced by BromAc.

ConclusionThese encouraging results are the first in vivo evidence of the efficacy of BromAc in pancreatic cancer and provide some mechanistic leads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mekkawy, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Badar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kepenekian, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.05.442745</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) alone and in combination with Gemcitabine inhibits subcutaneous deposits of pancreatic cancer after intraperitoneal injection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444409v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
T Cell Receptor Beta (TRB) Germline Variability is Revealed by Inference From Repertoire Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.17.444409v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundT and B cell receptor (TCR, BCR) repertoires constitute the foundation of adaptive immunity. Adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) is a common approach to study immune system dynamics. Understanding the genetic factors influencing the composition and dynamics of these repertoires is of major scientific and clinical importance. The chromosomal loci encoding for the variable regions of TCRs and BCRs are challenging to decipher due to repetitive elements and undocumented structural variants.

MethodsTo confront this challenge, AIRR-seq-based methods have recently been developed for B cells, enabling genotype and haplotype inference and discovery of undocumented alleles. However, this approach relies on complete coverage of the receptors variable regions, whereas most T cell studies sequence a small fraction of that region. Here, we adapted a B cell pipeline for undocumented alleles, genotype, and haplotype inference for full and partial TCR sequences. The pipeline also deals with gene assignment ambiguities, which is especially important in the analysis of data-sets of partial sequences.

ResultsWe identified 39 undocumented polymorphisms in T cell receptor Beta V (TRBV) and 31 undocumented 5 UTR sequences. A subset of these inferences was also observed using independent genomic approaches. We found that a single nucleotide polymorphism differentiating between the two documented T cell receptor Beta D2 (TRBD2) alleles is strongly associated with dramatic changes in the expressed repertoire.

ConclusionsWe reveal a rich picture of germline variability, and demonstrate how a single nucleotide polymorphism dramatically affects the composition of the whole repertoire. Our findings provide a basis for annotation of TCR repertoires for future basic and clinical studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.17.444409</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[T Cell Receptor Beta (TRB) Germline Variability is Revealed by Inference From Repertoire Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444776v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Progressive Increases in Mesenchymal Cell Diversity Modulate Lung Development and are Attenuated by Hyperoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.19.444776v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lung mesenchymal cells play an essential role in development and at birth, as the lung moves from a fluid-filled to an oxygen-rich environment with a stable gas-liquid interface. The molecular details and cellular changes accompanying this highly coordinated process remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we performed single cell transcriptomics and in-situ imaging of the developing lung in both health and disease to characterize the spectrum of mesenchymal cell states prior to the onset of air-breathing life through late alveolarization to gain insight into their role in orchestrating tissue maturation. We found that cell type diversity in the mesenchymal compartment increases rapidly during normal development but is delayed during neonatal exposure to 80% O2 hyperoxia, a model for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This study identifies the molecular transitions between populations of mesenchymal cells at discrete developmental time points across fibroblast, smooth muscle, and mural compartments and elucidates the global and cell type-specific effects of neonatal hyperoxia, including the emergence of Acta1+ cells which are absent in normoxic neonatal lungs. These granular insights hold the promise of targeted treatment for neonatal lung disease, which remains a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality across the world.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suresh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knutsen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klavina, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domingo-Gonzales, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvira, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornfield, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444776</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Progressive Increases in Mesenchymal Cell Diversity Modulate Lung Development and are Attenuated by Hyperoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.23.445341v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-wide identification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutations show an abundance of variants: Integrated study of bioinformatics and deep neural learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.23.445341v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genomic data analysis is a fundamental system for monitoring pathogen evolution and the outbreak of infectious diseases. Based on bioinformatics and deep learning, this study was designed to identify the genomic variability of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide and predict the impending mutation rate. Analysis of 259044 SARS-CoV-2 isolates identify 3334545 mutations (14.01 mutations per isolate), suggesting a high mutation rate. Strains from India showed the highest no. of mutations (48) followed by Scotland, USA, Netherlands, Norway, and France having up to 36 mutations. Besides the most prominently occurring mutations (D416G, F106F, P314L, and UTR:C241T), we identify L93L, A222V, A199A, V30L, and A220V mutations which are in the top 10 most frequent mutations. Multi-nucleotide mutations GGG>AAC, CC>TT, TG>CA, and AT>TA have come up in our analysis which are in the top 20 mutational cohort. Future mutation rate analysis predicts a 17%, 7%, and 3% increment of C>T, A>G, and A>T, respectively in the future. Conversely, 7%, 7%, and 6% decrement is estimated for T>C, G>A, and G>T mutations, respectively. T>GA, C>GA, and A>TC are not anticipated in the future. Since SARS-CoV-2 is evolving continuously, our findings will facilitate the tracking of mutations and help to map the progression of the COVID-19 intensity worldwide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hossain, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathan, A. Q. M. S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tonmoy, M. I. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakib, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munim, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fariha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al Reza, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahadur, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahaman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.23.445341</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-wide identification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 mutations show an abundance of variants: Integrated study of bioinformatics and deep neural learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals multicellular ecosystem of nucleus pulposus during degeneration progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) is a major contributor to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and low back pain. However, the underlying molecular complexity and cellular heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here, we first reported a comprehensive single-cell resolution transcriptional landscape of human NP. Six novel human nucleus pulposus cell (NPCs) populations were identified by distinct molecular signatures. The potential functional differences among NPC subpopulations were analyzed at the single-cell level. Predictive genes, transcriptional factors, and signal pathways with respect to degeneration grades were analyzed. We reported that fibroNPCs, one of our identified subpopulations, might be a population for NP regeneration. CD90+NPCs were observed to be progenitor cells in degenerative NP tissues. NP-infiltrating immune cells comprise a previously unrecognized diversity of cell types, including granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs). We uncovered CD11b, OLR1, and CD24 as surface markers of NP-derived G-MDSCs. The G-MDSCs were also found to be enriched in mildly degenerated (grade I and II) NP tissues compared to severely degenerated (grade III and IV) NP tissues. Their immunosuppressive function and protective effects for NPCs were revealed. Collectively, this study revealed the NPC type complexity and phenotypic characteristics in NP, providing new insights and clues for IVDD treatment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper-White, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals multicellular ecosystem of nucleus pulposus during degeneration progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neural coding of visual objects rapidly reconfigures to reflect sub-trial shifts in attentional focus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.25.445712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Every day, we respond to the dynamic world around us by flexibly choosing actions to meet our goals. This constant problem solving, in familiar settings and in novel tasks, is a defining feature of human behaviour. Flexible neural populations are thought to support this process by adapting to prioritise task-relevant information, driving coding in specialised brain regions toward stimuli and actions that are important for our goal. Accordingly, human fMRI shows that activity patterns in frontoparietal cortex contain more information about visual features when they are task-relevant. However, if this preferential coding drives momentary focus, for example to solve each part of a task, it must reconfigure more quickly than we can observe with fMRI. Here we used MVPA with MEG to test for rapid reconfiguration of stimulus information when a new feature becomes relevant within a trial. Participants saw two displays on each trial. They attended to the shape of a first target then the colour of a second, or vice versa, and reported the attended features at a choice display. We found evidence of preferential coding for the relevant features in both trial phases, even as participants shifted attention mid-trial, commensurate with fast sub-trial reconfiguration. However, we only found this pattern of results when the task was difficult, and the stimulus displays contained multiple objects, and not in a simpler task with the same structure. The data suggest that adaptive coding in humans can operate on a fast, sub-trial timescale, suitable for supporting periods of momentary focus when complex tasks are broken down into simpler ones, but may not always do so.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolgar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neural coding of visual objects rapidly reconfigures to reflect sub-trial shifts in attentional focus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446082v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sex-specific transcriptome of spinal microglia in neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.27.446082v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies have suggested a sexually dimorphic role of microglia in the maintenance of neuropathic pain in rodents. Here, we utilized RNA sequencing analysis and in vitro primary cultures of microglia to characterize the sex differences in microglia in pain-related regions in nerve injury and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy mouse models. Whilst mechanical allodynia and behavioral changes were observed in all models, transcriptomic analysis revealed a substantial change in microglial gene expression only within the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord 7-days after nerve injury. Both sexes upregulated genes associated with inflammation, phagosome, and lysosome activation, though males revealed a prominent global transcriptional shift not observed in female mice, reflecting acute activation. Further, in vitro studies revealed that only male microglia from nerve-injured mice developed a reactive phenotype with increased phagocytotic activity. This study indicates distinct sex differences in spinal microglia and suggests they contribute to the sex-specific pain processing following nerve injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fiore, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guneykaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gauthier, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DHary, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butovsky, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moalem-Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.05.27.446082</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sex-specific transcriptome of spinal microglia in neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.444084v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromosome-level de novo genome assembly of Telopea speciosissima (New South Wales waratah) using long-reads, linked-reads and Hi-C 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.02.444084v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Telopea speciosissima, the New South Wales waratah, is an Australian endemic woody shrub in the family Proteaceae. Waratahs have great potential as a model clade to better understand processes of speciation, introgression and adaptation, and are significant from a horticultural perspective. Here, we report the first chromosome-level genome for T. speciosissima. Combining Oxford Nanopore long-reads, 10x Genomics Chromium linked-reads and Hi-C data, the assembly spans 823 Mb (scaffold N50 of 69.0 Mb) with 97.8 % of Embryophyta BUSCOs complete. We present a new method in Diploidocus (https://github.com/slimsuite/diploidocus) for classifying, curating and QC-filtering scaffolds, which combines read depths, k-mer frequencies and BUSCO predictions. We also present a new tool, DepthSizer (https://github.com/slimsuite/depthsizer), for genome size estimation from the read depth of single copy orthologues and estimate the genome size to be approximately 900 Mb. The largest 11 scaffolds contained 94.1 % of the assembly, conforming to the expected number of chromosomes (2n = 22). Genome annotation predicted 40,158 protein-coding genes, 351 rRNAs and 728 tRNAs. We investigated CYCLOIDEA (CYC) genes, which have a role in determination of floral symmetry, and confirm the presence of two copies in the genome. Read depth analysis of 180  Duplicated BUSCO genes suggest almost all are real duplications, increasing confidence in protein family analysis using annotated protein-coding genes, and highlighting a possible need to revise the BUSCO set for this lineage. The chromosome-level T. speciosissima reference genome (Tspe_v1) provides an important new genomic resource of Proteaceae to support the conservation of flora in Australia and further afield.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rossetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu-Irving, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, J.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourke, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.02.444084</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromosome-level de novo genome assembly of Telopea speciosissima (New South Wales waratah) using long-reads, linked-reads and Hi-C]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-omics profiling of Earth's biomes reveals that microbial and metabolite composition are shaped by the environment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.04.446988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As our understanding of the structure and diversity of the microbial world grows, interpreting its function is of critical interest for understanding and managing the many systems microbes influence. Despite advances in sequencing, lack of standardization challenges comparisons among studies that could provide insight into the structure and function of microbial communities across multiple habitats on a planetary scale. Technical variation among distinct studies without proper standardization of approaches prevents robust meta-analysis. Here, we present a multi-omics, meta-analysis of a novel, diverse set of microbial community samples collected for the Earth Microbiome Project. We include amplicon (16S, 18S, ITS) and shotgun metagenomic sequence data, and untargeted metabolomics data (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry), centering our description on relationships and co-occurrences of microbially-related metabolites and microbial taxa across environments. Standardized protocols and analytical methods for characterizing microbial communities, including assessment of molecular diversity using untargeted metabolomics, facilitate identification of shared microbial and metabolite features, permitting us to explore diversity at extraordinary scale. In addition to a reference database for metagenomic and metabolomic data, we provide a framework for incorporating additional studies, enabling the expansion of existing knowledge in the form of a community resource that will become more valuable with time. To provide examples of applying this database, we outline important ecological questions that can be addressed, and test the hypotheses that every microbe and metabolite is everywhere, but the environment selects. Our results show that metabolite diversity exhibits turnover and nestedness related to both microbial communities and the environment. The relative abundances of microbially-related metabolites vary and co-occur with specific microbial consortia in a habitat-specific manner, and highlight the power of certain chemistry - in particular terpenoids - in distinguishing Earths environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shaffer, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias, L.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jon, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salido, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvillion, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brejnrod, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lejzerowicz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lutz, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karthikeyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nothias-Esposito, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dührkop, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aksenov, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bittremieux, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minich, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marotz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwartz, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphrey, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasquez-Baeza, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripathi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parida, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrieri, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haiminen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karst, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albertsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ackermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeReus, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petras, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shade, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>St</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.04.446988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-omics profiling of Earth's biomes reveals that microbial and metabolite composition are shaped by the environment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.448749v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
School yard biodiversity determines short-term recovery of disturbed skin microbiota in children 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.448749v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The planting and conservation of biodiverse habitat in urban contexts has been proposed as a public health intervention aimed at reducing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases via microbiome rewilding (Mills et al. 2017; Mills et al. 2019). However, our understanding of the effect of urban biodiversity interventions on the human microbiota remains limited, especially on the skin (Hui et al. 2019; Roslund et al. 2020) and in the context of permanent green spaces (Lehtimaki et al. 2018; Selway et al. 2020). Here, we test the short-term response of experimentally disturbed bacterial communities on the skin of healthy children exposed to different school environments - either a  classroom, a  sports field, or a biodiverse  forest - to understand how exposures to different types of biodiversity may influence skin microbiota. Children exposed to the  forest had significantly increased skin microbiota diversity when compared to pre-exposure, an effect that increased over three days suggesting long-term effects. The microbiota on children exposed to the  forest had the largest structural and compositional community change compared to children exposed to  sports fields, which in turn was larger than those who remained in  classrooms. Children exposed to  sports fields and  forests also acquired new core bacteria after exposure to green spaces, potentially buffering against disturbances to the skin microbiotas diversity, while individuals who remained in the  classroom lost microbes throughout the experiment. Overall, we conclude that urban green spaces can have an enriching influence on the diversity of skin microbiota, including core members shared between all children. These findings have important implications for the design and construction of new school yards and public spaces with respect to biodiversity, health, and human microbiota.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mills, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selway, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weyrich, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.448749</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[School yard biodiversity determines short-term recovery of disturbed skin microbiota in children]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449219v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing neuromodulation effects of theta burst stimulation to the prefrontal cortex using TMS-evoked potentials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449219v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is capable of non-invasively modulating cortical excitability. TBS is gaining popularity as a therapeutic tool for psychiatric disorders such as depression, in which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is the main therapeutic target. However, the neuromodulatory effects of TBS on prefrontal regions remain unclear. An emerging tool to assess neuromodulation in non-motor regions is concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to measure TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs). We assessed twenty-four healthy participants (13 males, mean age 25.2{+/-}9.9 years) following intermittent TBS, continuous TBS, and sham applied to the left DLPFC using a double-blinded crossover design. TEPs were obtained at baseline and 2-, 15-, and 30-min post-stimulation. Four TEP components (N40, P60, N100 and P200) were analysed using mixed effects repeated measures models (MRMM). Results indicate no significant effects for any assessed components (all p>.05). The largest effect size (Cohens d = -0.5) comparing iTBS and sham was obtained for the N100 component at 15 minutes post-stimulation. This result was in the same direction but smaller than found in previous studies, suggesting that the true effect size may be lower than previously reported. Accurate estimates of the effects sizes and inter-individual heterogeneity will critically inform clinical applications using TEPs to assess the neuromodulatory effects of TBS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moffa, A. H. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449219</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing neuromodulation effects of theta burst stimulation to the prefrontal cortex using TMS-evoked potentials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Horizontal transfer and southern migration: the tale of Hydrophiinae's marine journey. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.22.449521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as jumping genes, are sequences able to move or copy themselves within a genome. As TEs move throughout genomes they often act as a source of genetic novelty, hence understanding TE evolution within lineages may help in understanding environmental adaptation. Studies into the TE content of lineages of mammals such as bats have uncovered horizontal transposon transfer (HTT) into these lineages, with squamates often also containing the same TEs. Despite the repeated finding of HTT into squamates, little comparative research has examined the evolution of TEs within squamates. Here we examine a diverse family of Australo-Melanesian snakes (Hydrophiinae) to examine if the previously identified, order-wide pattern of variable TE content and activity holds true on a smaller scale. Hydrophiinae diverged from Asian elapids [~]30 Mya and have since rapidly diversified into six amphibious, [~]60 marine and [~]100 terrestrial species which fill a broad range of ecological niches. We find TE diversity and expansion differs between hydrophiines and their Asian relatives and identify multiple HTTs into Hydrophiinae, including three likely transferred into the ancestral hydrophiine from fish. These HTT events provide the first tangible evidence that Hydrophiinae reached Australia from Asia via a marine route.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Galbraith, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludington, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanders, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adelson, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.22.449521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Horizontal transfer and southern migration: the tale of Hydrophiinae's marine journey.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450255v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SLOW5: a new file format enables massive acceleration of nanopore sequencing data analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.29.450255v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing is an emerging genomic technology with great potential. However, the storage and analysis of nanopore sequencing data have become major bottlenecks preventing more widespread adoption in research and clinical genomics. Here, we elucidate an inherent limitation in the file format used to store raw nanopore data - known as FAST5 - that prevents efficient analysis on high-performance computing (HPC) systems. To overcome this, we have developed SLOW5, an alternative file format that permits efficient parallelisation and, thereby, acceleration of nanopore data analysis. For example, we show that using SLOW5 format, instead of FAST5, reduces the time and cost of genome-wide DNA methylation profiling by an order of magnitude on common HPC systems, and delivers consistent improvements on a wide range of different architectures. With a simple, accessible file structure and a ~25% reduction in size compared to FAST5, SLOW5 format will deliver substantial benefits to all areas of the nanopore community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saadat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-06-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.06.29.450255</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SLOW5: a new file format enables massive acceleration of nanopore sequencing data analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-06-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The blood vasculature instructs lymphatics patterning in a SOX7-dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.02.450967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite a growing catalogue of secreted factors critical for lymphatic network assembly, little is known about the mechanisms that modulate the expression level of these molecular cues in blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs). Here, we show that a BEC-specific transcription factor, SOX7, plays a crucial role in lymphatic vessel patterning by modulating the transcription of lymphangiocrine signals. While SOX7 is not expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), loss of SOX7 function in mouse embryos causes a dysmorphic dermal lymphatic phenotype. We identify novel distant regulatory regions in mice and humans that contribute to directly repressing the transcription of a major lymphangiogenic growth factor (Vegfc) in a SOX7-dependent manner. Further, we show that SOX7 directly binds HEY1, a canonical repressor of the Notch pathway, suggesting that transcriptional repression may also be modulated by the recruitment of this protein partner at Vegfc genomic regulatory regions. Our work unveils a role for SOX7 in modulating downstream signalling events crucial for lymphatic patterning, at least in part via the transcriptional repression of VEGFC levels in the blood vascular endothelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chiang, I. K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschnick, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moustaqil, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lesieur, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoczylas, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kouskoff, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazenwadel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arriola-Martinez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alitalo, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiefer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The blood vasculature instructs lymphatics patterning in a SOX7-dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451923v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic similarity enhances the strength of the relationship between gut bacteria and host DNA methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.10.451923v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Factors such as host age, sex, diet, health status and genotype constitute the environmental envelope shaping microbial communities in the hosts gut. It has also been proposed that gut microbiota may be influenced by host epigenetics. Although the relationship between the hosts genotype/epigenotype and its associated microbiota has been the focus of a number of recent studies, the relative importance of these interactions and their biological relevance are still poorly understood. We used methylation-sensitive genotyping by sequencing to genotype and epigenotype invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) from the species Australian range-core (three sites) and the invasion-front (three sites), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize their gut bacterial communities. We tested the effect of host genotype and epigenotype (i.e., methylome) on gut bacterial communities. Our results indicate that the genotypes, epigenotypes and gut communities of the range-core and invasion-front are significantly different from one another. We found a positive association between host pairwise genetic and epigenetic distances. More importantly, a positive relationship was found between the hosts epigenetic and gut bacterial pairwise distances. Interestingly, this association was stronger in individuals with low genetic differentiation. Our findings suggest that in range-expanding populations, where individuals are often genetically similar, the interaction between gut bacterial communities and host methylome may provide a mechanism through which invaders increase the plasticity of their response to novel environments, potentially increasing their invasion success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tesfamicael, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Lopez, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.10.451923</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic similarity enhances the strength of the relationship between gut bacteria and host DNA methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453269v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling the ecological signal in the dental morphology in the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.21.453269v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Diet has been linked to the diversification of the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea, a group that underwent an impressive ecological adaptive radiation within Mammalia. For decades, studies have explored morphological adaptations and diversity of noctilionoid bats to reveal traits associated with their ecological diversity. Surprisingly, despite such interest and recent application of novel techniques, ecomorphological studies have failed to fully resolve the link between diet and a critical component of the feeding apparatus: dental morphology. Using multivariate dental topographic analysis and phylogenetic comparative methods, we examined the phylogenetic, biological and ecological signal in the dental morphology of noctilionoid bats. Analysing the lower first molars of 110 species, we explored relationships between diet and dental morphology, accounting for three different dimensions of diet (guild, composition and breadth). Phylogenetic and size-dependent structuring of the dental topography data shows it does not correlate only to diet, highlighting the need to account for multiple sources of variation. Frugivorous noctilionoids have sharper molars than other previously reported frugivorous mammals. Nectarivorous noctilionoids showed reduced lower molar crown height and steepness, whereas animalivorous species had larger molars. Dietary composition suggested that the intensity of exploitation of a resource is also linked to different dimensions of dental morphology. Increasing carnivory positively correlated with MA, explaining the highest proportion of its variation, and increasing frugivory explained the highest proportion of variation in all other variables. Dietary breadth showed generalist species have sharper, more topographically-complex molars, whereas specialist herbivores and specialist animalivores fell at opposite ends in the range of tooth steepness and crown height. Together, the results suggest that adaptations affecting different attributes of dental morphology likely facilitated the dietary diversity and specialisation found in Noctilionoidea.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Aguirre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silcox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.453269</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling the ecological signal in the dental morphology in the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453531v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differential mitochondrial protein interaction profile between human translocator protein and its A147T polymorphism variant 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.23.453531v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The translocator protein (TSPO) has been implicated in mitochondrial transmembrane cholesterol transport, brain inflammation, and other mitochondrial functions. It is upregulated in glial cells during neuroinflammation in Alzheimers disease. High affinity TSPO imaging radioligands are utilized to visualize neuroinflammation. However, this is hampered by the common A147T polymorphism which compromises ligand binding. Furthermore, this polymorphism has been linked to increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, and possibly reduces TSPO protein stability. Here, we used immunoprecipitation coupled to mass-spectrometry (IP-MS) to establish a mitochondrial protein binding profile of wild-type (WT) TSPO and the A147T polymorphism variant. Using mitochondria from human glial cells expressing either WT or A147T TSPO, we identified 30 WT TSPO binding partners, yet only 23 for A147T TSPO. Confirming that A147T polymorphism of the TSPO might confer loss of function, we found that one of the identified interactors of WT TSPO, 14-3-3 theta (YWHAQ), a protein involved in regulating mitochondrial membrane proteins, interacts much less with A147T TSPO. Our data presents a network of mitochondrial interactions of TSPO and its A147T polymorphism variant in human glial cells and indicate functional relevance of A147T in mitochondrial protein networks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asih, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plojak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassiou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ke, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453531</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differential mitochondrial protein interaction profile between human translocator protein and its A147T polymorphism variant]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.24.453629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A distinct CD115- erythro-myeloid precursor present at the maternal-embryonic interface and in the bone marrow of adult mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.24.453629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During ontogeny, macrophages develop from CD115+ precursors, including erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP). EMP arise in the embryonic yolk sac, the primary site of early haematopoiesis. In adults, CD115+ bone marrow-derived monocytes represent essential macrophage precursors. Herein, we identify a CD115- macrophage precursor within the adult bone marrow that is unrelated to the classical monocyte lineage but rather shares transcriptomic and functional characteristics of embryonic EMP. These EMPROR (for Erythro Myeloid Precursor) cells are capable of efficiently generating macrophages in disease settings. During early development, EMPROR cells were largely absent from the yolk sac but were instead found at the embryonic-maternal interface in the uterine wall. Unexpectedly, the latter site contains robust haematopoietic activity and harbours defined embryonic haematopoietic progenitor cells, including classical CD115+ EMP. Our data suggest the existence of an alternative pathway of macrophage generation in the adult. Further, we uncover a hitherto unknown site of earliest blood cell development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tikoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wielscher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzetto, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Pacheco, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farlik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weninger, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.24.453629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A distinct CD115- erythro-myeloid precursor present at the maternal-embryonic interface and in the bone marrow of adult mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453293v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Age- and sex-related topological organisation of human brain functional networks and their relationship to cognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453293v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDAge and sex associated with changes in functional brain network topology and cognition in large population of older adults have been poorly understood. We explored this question further by examining differences in 11 resting-state graph theory measures with respect to age, sex, and their relationships with cognitive performance in 17,127 UK Biobank participants (mean=62.83{+/-}7.41 years).

METHODSBrain connectivity toolbox was used to derive the graph theory measures that assessed network integration, segregation, and strength. Multiple linear regression was performed the relationship between age, sex, cognition, and network measures. Subsequently, multivariate analysis was done to further examine the joint effect of the network measures on cognitive functions.

RESULTSAge was associated with an overall decrease in the effectiveness of network communication (i.e. integration) and loss of functional specialisation (i.e. segregation) of specific brain regions. Sex differences were also observed, with women showing more efficient networks which were less segregated than in men (FDR adjusted p<.05). Age-related changes were also more apparent in men than women, which suggests that men may be more vulnerable to cognitive decline with age. Interestingly, while network segregation and strength of limbic network were only nominally associated with cognitive performance, the network measures collectively were significantly associated with cognition (FDR adjusted p[&le;].002). This may imply that individual measures may be inadequate to capture much of the variance in neural activity or its output and need further refinement.

CONCLUSIONThe complexity of the functional brain organisation may be shaped by an individuals age and sex, which ultimately may influence cognitive performance of older adults. Age and sex stratification may be used to inform clinical neuroscience research to identify older adults at risk of cognitive dysfunction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalamuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.25.453293</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Age- and sex-related topological organisation of human brain functional networks and their relationship to cognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454112v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unravelling the effects of disease-associated mutations in TDP-43 protein via molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454112v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the last two decades, the pathogenic aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is found to be strongly associated with several fatal neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD), etc. While the mutations and truncation in TDP-43 protein have been suggested to be responsible for TDP-43 pathogenesis by accelerating the aggregation process, the effects of these mutations on the bio-mechanism of pathologic TDP-43 protein remained poorly understood. Investigating this at the molecular level, we formulized an integrated workflow of molecular dynamic simulation and machine learning models (MD-ML). By performing an extensive structural analysis of three disease-related mutations (i.e. I168A, D169G, and I168A-D169G) in the conserved RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) of TDP-43 and we observed that the I168A-D169G double mutant delineates the highest packing of the protein inner core as compared to the other mutations, which may indicate more stability and higher chances of pathogenesis. Moreover, through our MD-ML workflow, we identified the biological descriptors of TDP-43 which includes the interacting residue pairs and individual protein residues that influence the stability of the protein and could be experimentally evaluated to develop potential therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454112</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unravelling the effects of disease-associated mutations in TDP-43 protein via molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454239v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cortical actin flow activates an alpha-catenin clutch to assemble adherens junctions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.28.454239v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adherens junctions allow cell contact to inhibit epithelial migration. But a long-standing puzzle is how locomotion is downregulated when E-cadherin adhesions form at surfaces perpendicular, but not those parallel, to the direction of migration. We now show that this arises from coupling between E-cadherin adhesions and the retrograde cortical flows of leader cells in migrating epithelia. At interfaces perpendicular to the direction of motion, such flows are antiparallel, which generates a tensile signal that induces the actin-binding domain of -catenin to promote lateral growth of nascent adhesions and inhibit the lamellipodial activity necessary for migration. At interfaces parallel to the direction of motion, by contrast, cortical flows are aligned and no such mechanical inhibition takes place. Therefore, -catenin mechanosensitivity in the clutch between E-cadherin and cortical F-actin allows cells to interpret the direction of motion via cortical flows and trigger the first signal for contact to inhibit locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noordstra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diez Hermoso, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schimmel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonfim-Melo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalappurakkal, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayor, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roca-Cusachs, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.07.28.454239</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cortical actin flow activates an alpha-catenin clutch to assemble adherens junctions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455592v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mesoderm-Derived PDGFRA+ Cells Regulate the Emergence of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Dorsal Aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.455592v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) first emerge at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) on the ventral surface of the dorsal aorta, by endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). We investigated whether cells with mesenchymal stem cell-like activity, which provide an essential niche for long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) in the bone marrow, reside in the aorta- gonad-mesonephros (AGM) and contribute to the structural development of the dorsal aorta and EHT. Using transgenic mice, we demonstrate a lineage hierarchy for AGM stromal cells and traced the E10.5/E11.5 aortic endothelium and HSCs to mesoderm derived (Mesp1) PDGFRA+ stromal cells (Mesp1der PSCs). Mesp1der PSCs dominate the sub-endothelial and ventral stroma in the E10.5-E11.5 AGM but by E13.5 were replaced by neural crest (Wnt1) derived PDGFRA+ stromal cells (Wnt1der PSCs). Co-aggregating non-hemogenic embryonic and adult endothelial cells with Mesp1der PSCs but not with Wnt1der PSCs resulted in activation of a hematopoietic transcriptional program in endothelial cells accompanied by EHT and generation of LT-HSCs. Dose-dependent inhibition of PDGFRA signalling or BMP, WNT, NOTCH signalling interrupted this reprogramming event. This partnership between endothelial cells and AGM Mesp1der PSCs could potentially be harnessed to manufacture LT-HSCs from endothelium.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chandrakanthan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rorimpandey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chacon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knezevic, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unnikrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendez-Ferrer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enikolopov, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taoudi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimanda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.08.455592</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mesoderm-Derived PDGFRA+ Cells Regulate the Emergence of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Dorsal Aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455607v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule fingerprinting reveals different amplification properties of α-synuclein oligomers and preformed fibrils in seeding assay. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.09.455607v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The quantification of -synuclein (-syn) aggregates has emerged as a promising biomarker for synucleinopathies. Assays that amplify and detect such aggregates have revealed the presence of seeding-competent species in biosamples of patients diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. However, multiple species such as oligomers and amyloid fibrils, are formed during the aggregation of -synuclein and these species are likely to co-exist in biological samples and thus it remains unclear which species(s) are contributing to the signal detected in seeding assays. To identify which species can be detected in seeding assays, recombinant oligomers and preformed fibrils were produced and purified to characterise their individual biochemical and seeding potential. Here, we used single molecule spectroscopy to track the formation and purification of oligomers and fibrils at the single particle level and compare their respective seeding potential in an amplification assay. Single molecule detection validates that size-exclusion chromatography efficiently separates oligomers from fibrils. Oligomers were found to be seeding-competent but our results reveal that their seeding behaviour is very different compared to preformed fibrils in our amplification assay. Overall, our data suggest that even a low number of preformed fibrils present in biosamples are likely to dominate the response in seeding assays.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hill, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.09.455607</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule fingerprinting reveals different amplification properties of α-synuclein oligomers and preformed fibrils in seeding assay.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456575v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Micromechanical Characterisation of 3D Bioprinted neural cell models using Brillouin Microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.17.456575v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biofabrication of artificial 3D in vitro neural cell models that closely mimic the central nervous system (CNS) is an emerging field of research with applications from fundamental biology to regenerative medicine, and far reaching benefits for the economy, healthcare and the ethical use of animals. The micromechanical properties of such models are an important factor dictating the success of modelling outcomes in relation to accurate reproduction of the processes in native tissues. Characterising the micromechanical properties of such models non-destructively and over a prolonged span of time, however, are key challenges. Brillouin microscopy (BM) could provide a solution to this problem since this technology is non-invasive, label-free and is capable of microscale 3D imaging. In this work, the viscoelasticity of 3D bioprinted neural cell models consisting of NG 108-15 neuronal cells and GelMA hydrogels of various concentrations were investigated using BM. We demonstrate changes in the micro- and macro-scale mechanical properties of these models over a 7 day period, in which the hydrogel component of the model are found to soften as the cells grow, multiply and form stiffer spheroid-type structures. These findings signify the necessity to resolve in microscopic detail the mechanics of in vitro 3D tissue models and suggest Brillouin microscopy to be a suitable technology to bridge this gap.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rad, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmodi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipe, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kabakova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tipper, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.17.456575</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Micromechanical Characterisation of 3D Bioprinted neural cell models using Brillouin Microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457011v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological conditions experienced by bat reservoir hosts predict the intensity of Hendra virus excretion over space and time 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.457011v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ecological conditions experienced by wildlife reservoir hosts affect the amount of pathogen they excrete into the environment. This then shapes pathogen pressure, the amount of pathogen available to recipient hosts over space and time, which affects spillover risk. Few systems have data on both long-term ecological conditions and pathogen pressure, yet such data are critical for advancing our mechanistic understanding of ecological drivers of spillover risk. To identify these ecological drivers, we here reanalyze shedding data from a spatially replicated, multi-year study of Hendra virus excretion from Australian flying foxes in light of 25 years of long-term data on changing ecology of the bat reservoir hosts. Using generalized additive mixed models, we show that winter virus shedding pulses, previously considered idiosyncratic, are most pronounced after recent food shortages and in bat populations that have been displaced to novel habitats. We next derive the area under each annual shedding curve (representing cumulative virus excretion) and show that pathogen pressure is also affected by the ecological conditions experienced by bat populations. Finally, we illustrate that pathogen pressure positively predicts observed spillover frequency. Our study suggests that recent ecological conditions of flying fox hosts are shifting the timing, magnitude, and cumulative intensity of Hendra virus shedding in ways that shape the landscape of spillover risk. This work provides a mechanistic approach to understanding and estimating risk of spillover from reservoir hosts in complex ecological systems and emphasizes the importance of host ecological context in identifying the determinants of pathogen shedding.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becker, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madden, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowright, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.19.457011</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological conditions experienced by bat reservoir hosts predict the intensity of Hendra virus excretion over space and time]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457241v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Using historical museum samples to examine divergent and parallel evolution in the invasive starling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.22.457241v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1.During the Anthropocene, Earth has experienced unprecedented habitat loss, native species decline, and global climate change. Concurrently, greater globalisation is facilitating species movement, increasing the likelihood of alien species establishment and propagation. There is a great need to understand what influences a species ability to persist or perish within a new or changing environment. Examining genes that may be associated with a species invasion success or persistence informs invasive species management, assists with native species preservation, and sheds light on important evolutionary mechanisms that occur in novel environments. This approach can be aided by coupling spatial and temporal investigations of evolutionary processes. Here we use the common starling, Sturnus vulgaris, to identify parallel and divergent evolutionary change between contemporary native and invasive range samples and their common ancestral population. To do this, we use reduced-representation sequencing of native samples collected recently in north-western Europe and invasive samples from Australia, together with museum specimens sampled in the UK during the mid-19th Century. We found evidence of parallel selection on both continents, possibly resulting from common global selective forces such as exposure to pollutants (e.g. TCDD) and food carbohydrate content. We also identified divergent selection in these populations, which might be related to adaptive changes in response to the novel environment encountered in the introduced Australian range. Interestingly, signatures of selection are equally as common within both invasive and native range contemporary samples. Our results demonstrate the value of including historical samples in genetic studies of invasion and highlight the ongoing and occasionally parallel role of adaptation in both native and invasive ranges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eens, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandley, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.457241</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Using historical museum samples to examine divergent and parallel evolution in the invasive starling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457229v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
mRNA Vaccination Induces Durable Immune Memory to SARS-CoV-2 with Continued Evolution to Variants of Concern 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457229v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy, especially in preventing severe illness and hospitalization. However, the emergence of several variants of concern and reports of declining antibody levels have raised uncertainty about the durability of immune memory following vaccination. In this study, we longitudinally profiled both antibody and cellular immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 naive and recovered individuals from pre-vaccine baseline to 6 months post-mRNA vaccination. Antibody and neutralizing titers decayed from peak levels but remained detectable in all subjects at 6 months post-vaccination. Functional memory B cell responses, including those specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, were also efficiently generated by mRNA vaccination and continued to increase in frequency between 3 and 6 months post-vaccination. Notably, most memory B cells induced by mRNA vaccines were capable of cross-binding variants of concern, and B cell receptor sequencing revealed significantly more hypermutation in these RBD variant-binding clones compared to clones that exclusively bound wild-type RBD. Moreover, the percent of variant cross-binding memory B cells was higher in vaccinees than individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. mRNA vaccination also generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and durable memory CD4+ T cells in most individuals, with early CD4+ T cell responses correlating with humoral immunity at later timepoints. These findings demonstrate robust, multi-component humoral and cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and current variants of concern for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination. Finally, we observed that boosting of pre-existing immunity with mRNA vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals primarily increased antibody responses in the short-term without significantly altering antibody decay rates or long-term B and T cell memory. Together, this study provides insights into the generation and evolution of vaccine-induced immunity to SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern, and has implications for future booster strategies.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=146 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/457229v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goel, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolidis, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosenfeld, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundgreen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuri-Cervantes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dysinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herring, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldridge, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awofolaju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanenbaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Andrea, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>The UPenn COVID Processing Unit,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuthuru, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betts, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vella, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grifoni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiskopf, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Set</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457229</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[mRNA Vaccination Induces Durable Immune Memory to SARS-CoV-2 with Continued Evolution to Variants of Concern]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Isolation and Genomics of multidrug-resistant Brevundimonas diminuta collected from patients with pertussis-like symptoms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brevundinomas diminuta is known as an opportunistic pathogen and is rarely associated with invasive infections in humans causing infection in the different parts of the body. In this study, we identified three B. diminuta isolates from three patients with an initial diagnosis of pertussis. Isolates were confirmed using biochemical tests and 16s rRNA sequencing. All isolates were resistant to three different classes of antimicrobial drugs including ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. We performed Illumina whole-genome sequencing for two isolates. The results showed an average genome size of 3.25 Mbp with the G+C content 67% with multiple predicted virulence factors and genes leading to antibiotic resistance. We found an open pan-genome with 1502 core genes by analysing 13 available global B. diminuta isolated from different environments such as water, soil, or gentamicin fermentation residue. In the phylogenetic analysis, our isolates were grouped with B. diminuta isolate collected from an oral cavity of a patient in the USA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safarchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikbin, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhost Lotfi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedaghatpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinarvand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahcheraghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Isolation and Genomics of multidrug-resistant Brevundimonas diminuta collected from patients with pertussis-like symptoms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457419v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Discovery of Antiviral Cyclic Peptides Targeting the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 via mRNA Display 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.23.457419v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antivirals that specifically target SARS-CoV-2 are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The main protease (Mpro) is essential for SARS-CoV-2 replication and is an attractive target for antiviral development. Here we report the use of the Random nonstandard Peptide Integrated Discovery (RaPID) mRNA display on a chemically cross-linked SARS-CoV-2 Mpro dimer, which yielded several high-affinity thioether-linked cyclic peptide inhibitors of the protease. Structural analysis of Mpro complexed with a selenoether analogue of the highest-affinity peptide revealed key binding interactions, including glutamine and leucine residues in sites S1 and S2, respectively, and a binding epitope straddling both protein chains in the physiological dimer. Several of these Mpro peptide inhibitors possessed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro with EC50 values in the low micromolar range. These cyclic peptides serve as a foundation for the development of much needed antivirals that specifically target SARS-CoV-2.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Johansen-Leete, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullrich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frkic, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedding, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashhurst, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekanayake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahawaththa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sasi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passioura, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larance, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Otting, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitsche, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.23.457419</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Discovery of Antiviral Cyclic Peptides Targeting the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2 via mRNA Display]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457593v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli utilizes an AND-OR logic gate to regulate expression of an outer membrane haem receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.457593v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To sense the transition from environment to host, bacteria use a range of environmental cues to control expression of virulence genes. Iron is tightly sequestered in host tissues and in the human pathogen enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) iron-limitation induces transcription of the outermembrane haem transporter encoded by chuAS. ChuA expression is post-transcriptionally activated at 37{degrees}C by a FourU RNA thermometer ensuring that the haem receptor is only expressed under low iron, high temperature conditions that indicate the host. Here we demonstrate that expression of chuA is also independently regulated by the cAMP-responsive sRNA CyaR and transcriptional terminator Rho. These results indicate that chuAS expression is regulated at the transcription initiation, transcript elongation, and translational level. The natural dependence of these processes creates a hierarchy of regulatory AND and OR logic gates that integrate information about the local environment. We show that the logic of the chuA regulatory circuit is activated under conditions that satisfy low iron AND (low glucose OR high temperature). We speculate that additional sensing of a gluconeogenic environment allows further precision in determining when EHEC is at the gastrointestinal epithelium of the host. With previous studies, it appears that the chuAS transcript is controlled by eight regulatory inputs that control expression through six different transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The results highlight the ability of regulatory sRNAs to integrate multiple environmental signals into a conditional hierarchy of signal input.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tree, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.457593</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli utilizes an AND-OR logic gate to regulate expression of an outer membrane haem receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457323v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High temporal resolution RNA-seq time course data reveals mammalian lncRNA activationmirrors neighbouring protein-coding genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.25.457323v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe advent of next-generation sequencing revealed extensive transcription beyond protein-coding genes, identifying tens of thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Selected functional examples raised the possibility that lncRNAs, as a class, may maintain broad regulatory roles. Compellingly, lncRNA expression is strongly linked with adjacent protein-coding gene expression, suggesting a potential cis-regulatory function. Evidence for these regulatory roles may be obtained through careful examination of the precise timing of lncRNA expression relative to adjacent protein-coding genes.

ResultsWhere causal cis-regulatory relationships exist, lncRNA activation is expected to precede changes in adjacent target gene expression. Using an RNA-seq time course of uniquely high temporal resolution, we profiled the expression dynamics of several thousand lncRNAs and protein-coding genes in synchronized, transitioning human cells. Our findings reveal lncRNAs are expressed synchronously with adjacent protein-coding genes. Analysis of lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse dendritic cells revealed the same temporal relationship observed in transitioning human cells.

ConclusionOur findings suggest broad-scale cis-regulatory roles for lncRNAs are not common. The strong association between lncRNAs and adjacent genes may instead indicate an origin as transcriptional by-products from active protein-coding gene promoters and enhancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muskovic, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maslen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaczorowski, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cursons, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crampin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavallaris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.08.25.457323</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High temporal resolution RNA-seq time course data reveals mammalian lncRNA activationmirrors neighbouring protein-coding genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.457617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The eyes have it: The pupillary light response as a physiological index of aphantasia, sensory and phenomenological imagery strength 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.457617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pupillary light response is an important automatic physiological response that optimises light reaching the retina. Recent work has shown that the pupil also adjusts in response to illusory brightness and a range of cognitive functions, however, it remains unclear what exactly drives these endogenous changes. Here we show that the imagery pupillary light response correlates with objective measures of sensory imagery strength. Further, the trial-by-trial phenomenological vividness of visual imagery is tracked by the imagery pupillary light response. We also demonstrated that there was no evidence for an imagery pupillary light response in a group of individuals without visual imagery (aphantasia), however, they did show perceptual pupil light responses and pupil dilation with larger cognitive load. Our results provide evidence that the pupillary light response indexes the sensory strength of visual imagery and also provides the first physiological validation of aphantasia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kay, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrillon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.02.457617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The eyes have it: The pupillary light response as a physiological index of aphantasia, sensory and phenomenological imagery strength]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461039v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Initial contact shapes the perception of friction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.20.461039v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Humans efficiently estimate the grip force necessary to lift a variety of objects, including slippery ones. The regulation of grip force starts with the initial contact, and takes into account the surface properties, such as friction. This estimation of the frictional strength has been shown to depend critically on cutaneous information. However, the physical and perceptual mechanism that provides such early tactile information remains elusive. In this study, we developed a friction-modulation apparatus to elucidate the effects of the frictional properties of objects during initial contact. We found a correlation between participants conscious perception of friction and radial strain patterns of skin deformation. The results provide insights into the tactile cues made available by contact mechanics to the sensorimotor regulation of grip, as well as to the conscious perception of the frictional properties of an object.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Willemet, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanzari, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monnoyer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birznieks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiertlewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.461039</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Initial contact shapes the perception of friction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.22.461242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Results of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple sites may be biased by site- specific profiles in participants demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as MRI acquisition protocols and scanning platforms. We compared the impact of four different harmonization methods on results obtained from analyses of cortical thickness data: (1) linear mixed-effects model (LME) that models site-specific random intercepts (LMEINT), (2) LME that models both site-specific random intercepts and age-related random slopes (LMEINT+SLP), (3) ComBat, and (4) ComBat with a generalized additive model (ComBat-GAM). Our test case for comparing harmonization methods was cortical thickness data aggregated from 29 sites, which included 1,343 cases with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.2-81.8 years old) and 2,067 trauma-exposed controls without PTSD (6.3-85.2 years old). We found that, compared to the other data harmonization methods, data processed with ComBat-GAM were more sensitive to the detection of significant case-control differences in regional cortical thickness (X2(3) = 34.339, p < 0.001), and case-control differences in age-related cortical thinning (X2(3) = 15.128, p = 0.002). Specifically, ComBat-GAM led to larger effect size estimates of cortical thickness reductions (corrected p-values < 0.001), smaller age-appropriate declines (corrected p-values < 0.001), and lower female to male contrast (corrected p-values < 0.001) in cases compared to controls relative to other harmonization methods. Harmonization with ComBat-GAM also led to greater estimates of age-related declines in cortical thickness (corrected p-values < 0.001) in both cases and controls compared to other harmonization methods. Our results support the use of ComBat-GAM for harmonizing cortical thickness data aggregated from multiple sites and scanners to minimize confounds and increase statistical power.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rakesh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Leary, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopolous, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rashid, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S. J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olson, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.22.461242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Methods to Harmonize Cortical Thickness Measurements Across Scanners and Sites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462079v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain transcriptome analysis reveals gene expression differences associated with dispersal behaviour between range-front and range-core populations of invasive cane toads in Australia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.27.462079v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the mechanisms underlying rapid adaptation of invasive species in novel environments is key to improving our ability to manage these species. Many invaders demonstrate rapid evolution of behavioural traits involved in range expansion such as locomotor activity, exploration and risk-taking. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin these changes are poorly understood. In 86 years, invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia have drastically expanded their geographic range westward from coastal Queensland to Western Australia. During their range expansion, toads have undergone extensive phenotypic changes, particularly in behaviours that enhance the toads dispersal ability. Common-garden experiments have shown that some changes in behavioural traits related to dispersal are heritable. However, genetic diversity is greatly reduced across the invasive range due to a strong founder effect, and the genetic basis underlying dispersal-related behavioural changes remains unknown. Here we used RNA-seq to compare the brain transcriptomes of toads from the Hawaiian source population, as well as three distinct populations from across the Australian invasive range. We found markedly different gene expression profiles between the source population and Australian toads. By contrast, cane toads from across the Australian invasive range had very similar transcriptomic profiles. Yet, key genes with functions putatively related to dispersal behaviour showed differential expression between range-core and range-front populations. These genes could play an important role in the behavioural changes characteristic of range expansion in Australian cane toads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yagound, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selechnik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.27.462079</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain transcriptome analysis reveals gene expression differences associated with dispersal behaviour between range-front and range-core populations of invasive cane toads in Australia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LOTVS: a global collection of permanent vegetation plots 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.29.462383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysing temporal patterns in plant communities is extremely important to quantify the extent and the consequences of ecological changes, especially considering the current biodiversity crisis. Long-term data collected through the regular sampling of permanent plots represent the most accurate resource to study ecological succession, analyse the stability of a community over time and understand the mechanisms driving vegetation change. We hereby present the LOng-Term Vegetation Sampling (LOTVS) initiative, a global collection of vegetation time-series derived from the regular monitoring of vascular plants in permanent plots. With 79 datasets from five continents and 7789 vegetation time-series monitored for at least six years and mostly on an annual basis, LOTVS possibly represents the largest collection of temporally fine-grained vegetation time-series derived from permanent plots and made accessible to the research community. As such, it has an outstanding potential to support innovative research in the fields of vegetation science, plant ecology and temporal ecology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sperandii, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Bello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goetzenberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bazzichetto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E-Vojtko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adler, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danihelka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dengler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estiarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Garcia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallett, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herben, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kertesz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimuyu, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumpp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Duc, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrs, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onodi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakeman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paertel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penuelas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiedel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smilauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smilauerova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Son</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.29.462383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LOTVS: a global collection of permanent vegetation plots]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A standardized method to purify cardiomyocytes from individual mouse hearts of any age 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.30.462562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary cardiomyocytes are invaluable for understanding postnatal heart development. However, a universal method to obtain freshly purified cardiomyocytes without using different agedependent isolation procedures and cell culture, is lacking. Here, we report the development of a standardised method that allows rapid isolation and purification of high-quality cardiomyocytes from individual neonatal through to adult C57BL/6J murine hearts. Langendorff retrograde perfusion, which is currently limited to adult hearts, was adapted for use in neonatal and infant hearts by developing an easier in situ aortic cannulation technique. Tissue digestion conditions were optimised to achieve efficient digestion of hearts of all ages in a comparable timeframe (<14 min). This resulted in a high yield (1.56-2.2x106 cells/heart) and viability (~70-100%) of cardiomyocytes post-isolation. An immunomagnetic cell separation step was then applied to yield highly purified cardiomyocytes (~95%) as confirmed by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR. For cell-type specific studies, cardiomyocyte DNA, RNA, and protein could be extracted in sufficient yields to conduct molecular experiments. We generated transcriptomic datasets for neonatal cardiomyocytes from individual hearts, for the first time, which revealed nine sex-specific genes (FDR<0.05) encoded on the sex chromosomes. Finally, we also developed an in situ fixation protocol that preserved the native cytoarchitecture of cardiomyocytes (~94% rodshaped post-isolation), and used it to evaluate cell morphology during cardiomyocyte maturation, as well as capture spindle-shaped neonatal cells undergoing cytokinesis. Together, these procedures allow molecular and morphological profiling of high-quality cardiomyocytes from individual hearts of any postnatal age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nicks, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holman, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, A. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naqvi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iismaa, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.09.30.462562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A standardized method to purify cardiomyocytes from individual mouse hearts of any age]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Climate shapes flowering periods across plant communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.10.463841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimClimate shapes the composition and function of plant communities globally, but it remains unclear how this influence extends to floral traits. Flowering phenology, or the time period in which a species flowers, has well-studied relationships with climatic signals at the species level but has rarely been explored at a cross-community and continental scale. Here, we characterise the distribution of flowering periods (months of flowering) across continental plant communities encompassing six biomes, and determine the influence of climate on community flowering period lengths.

LocationAustralia

TaxonFlowering plants

MethodsWe combined plant composition and abundance data from 629 standardised floristic surveys (AusPlots) with data on flowering period from the AusTraits database and additional primary literature for 2,983 species. We assessed abundance-weighted community mean flowering periods across biomes and tested their relationship with climatic annual means and the predictability of climate conditions using regression models.

ResultsCombined, temperature and precipitation (annual mean and predictability) explain 29% of variation in continental community flowering period. Plant communities with higher mean temperatures and lower mean precipitation have longer mean flowering periods. Moreover, plant communities in climates with predictable temperatures and, to a lesser extent, predictable precipitation have shorter mean flowering periods. Flowering period varies by biome, being longest in deserts and shortest in alpine and montane communities. For instance, desert communities experience low and unpredictable precipitation and high, unpredictable temperatures and have longer mean flowering periods, with desert species typically flowering at any time of year in response to rain.

Main conclusionsOur findings demonstrate the role of current climate conditions in shaping flowering periods across biomes, with implications under climate change. Shifts in flowering periods across climatic gradients reflect changes in plant strategies, affecting patterns of plant growth and reproduction as well as the availability of floral resources across the landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerin, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.10.463841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Climate shapes flowering periods across plant communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Self-renewing tissue-resident endothelial-macrophage progenitor cells originate from yolk sac and are a local source of inflammation and neovascularization in postnatal aorta 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.18.464001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Converging evidence indicates that extra-embryonic yolk sac is the source of both macrophages and endothelial cells in adult mouse tissues. Prevailing views are that these embryonically derived cells are maintained after birth by proliferative self-renewal in their differentiated states. Here we identify clonogenic endothelial-macrophage (EndoMac) progenitor cells in the adventitia of embryonic and postnatal mouse aorta, that are independent of Flt3-mediated bone marrow hematopoiesis and derive from an early embryonic CX3CR1+ and CSF1R+ source. These bipotent progenitors are proliferative and vasculogenic, contributing to adventitial neovascularization and forming perfused blood vessels after transfer into ischemic tissue. We establish a regulatory role for angiotensin II, which enhances their clonogenic and differentiation properties and rapidly stimulates their proliferative expansion in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that embryonically derived EndoMac progenitors participate in local vasculogenic responses in the aortic wall by contributing to the expansion of endothelial cells and macrophages postnatally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williamson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toledo-Flores, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassanshahi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimasi, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwarz, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salagaras, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Bartolo, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kazenwadel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummond, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrakanthan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, J. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonder, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bursill, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaltis, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Self-renewing tissue-resident endothelial-macrophage progenitor cells originate from yolk sac and are a local source of inflammation and neovascularization in postnatal aorta]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464902v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In an arms race between host and parasite, a lungworm's ability to infect a toad is determined by host susceptibility, not parasite preference 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464902v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary arms races can alter both parasite infectivity and host resistance, and it is difficult to separate the effects of these twin determinants of infection outcomes. Using a co-introduced, invasive host-parasite system (the lungworm Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala and the cane toad Rhinella marina), we quantified behavioural responses of parasite larvae to skin-chemical cues of toads from different invasive populations, and rates at which hosts became infected following standardised exposure to lungworms. Chemical cues from toad skin altered host-seeking behaviour by parasites, similarly among populations. The number of infection attempts (parasite larvae entering the hosts body) also did not differ between populations, but rates of successful infection (establishment of adult worm in host lungs) was higher for range-edge toads than for range-core conspecifics. Thus, lower resistance to parasite infection in range-edge toads appears to be due to less effective immune defences of the host rather than differential behavioural responses of the parasite. In this ongoing host-parasite arms-race, changing outcomes appear to be driven by shifts in host immunocompetence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Eyck, H. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464902</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In an arms race between host and parasite, a lungworm's ability to infect a toad is determined by host susceptibility, not parasite preference]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule analysis of the entire perfringolysin O poreformation pathway 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.19.464937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin perfringolysin O (PFO) is secreted by Clostridium perfringens as a bacterial virulence factor able to form giant ring-shaped pores that perforate and ultimately lyse mammalian cell membranes. To resolve the kinetics of all steps in the assembly pathway, we have used single-molecule fluorescence imaging to follow the dynamics of PFO on dye-loaded liposomes that lead to opening of a pore and release of the encapsulated dye. Formation of a long-lived membrane-bound PFO dimer nucleates the growth of an irreversible oligomer. The growing oligomer can insert into the membrane and open a pore at stoichiometries ranging from tetramers to full rings ([~]35-mers), whereby the rate of insertion increases linearly with the number of subunits. Oligomers that insert before the ring is complete continue to grow by monomer addition post insertion. Overall, our observations suggest that PFO membrane insertion is kinetically controlled.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mc Guinness, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayly-Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morton, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.19.464937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule analysis of the entire perfringolysin O poreformation pathway]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule dynamics and the evolution of mitochondrial populations in fission yeast cells: A kinetic Monte Carlo study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.20.465075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial populations in cells are maintained by cycles of fission and fusion events. Perturbation of this balance has been observed in several diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. In fission yeast cells, the association of mitochondria with microtubules inhibits mitochondrial fission, [1] illustrating the intricate coupling between mitochondria and the dynamic population of microtubules within the cell. In order to understand this coupling, we carried out kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to predict the evolution of mitochondrial size distributions for different cases; wild-type cells, cells with short and long microtubules, and cells without microtubules. Comparison are made with mitochondrial distributions reported in experiments with fission yeast cells. Using experimentally determined mitochondrial fission and fusion frequencies, simulations implemented without the coupling of microtubule dynamics predicted an increase in the mean number of mitochondria, equilibrating within 50 s. The mitochondrial length distribution in these models also showed a higher occurrence of shorter mitochondria, implying a greater tendency for fission, similar to the scenario observed in the absence of microtubules and cells with short microtubules. Interestingly, this resulted in overestimating the mean number of mitochondria and underestimating mitochondrial lengths in cells with wild-type and long microtubules. However, coupling mitochondrias fission and fusion events to the microtubule dynamics effectively captured the mitochondrial number and size distributions in wild-type and cells with long microtubules. Thus, the model provides greater physical insight into the temporal evolution of mitochondrial populations in different microtubule environments, allowing one to study both the short-time evolution as observed in the experiments (<5 minutes) as well as their transition towards a steady-state (>15 minutes). Our study illustrates the critical role of microtubules in mitochondrial dynamics and that coupling their growth and shrinkage dynamics is critical to predicting the evolution of mitochondrial populations within the cell.

Author summaryMitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles that undergo fission and fusion to facilitate quality control and exchange of mitochondrial mass within the cell. Impaired mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics are associated with disease states such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Recent experiments in fission yeast cells revealed a reduction in mitochondrial fission events when mitochondria were bound to the microtubules and longer microtubules shifted the mitochondrial population to longer lengths. In a distinct departure from earlier reports [2-16], we develop a generic framework to study the evolution of the mitochondrial population in fission yeast cells to predict the observed mitochondrial population by coupling the microtubule and mitochondrial dynamics. Using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations we predict the temporal evolution of mitochondria in both the mutated and wild-type states of microtubules in fission yeast cells. The mitochondrial population evolves due to multiple fission and fusion reactions occurring between mitochondrial species of various lengths. Several models with varying complexity have been developed to study mitochondrial evolution, and predictions of the mitochondrial populations agree well with experimental data on fission yeast cells without microtubules and cells with short, wild-type and long microtubules. These set of microtubule states are consistent with not only the microtubule dynamics typically observed in cells under different physiological stimuli such as mitosis and disease states but also the stable microtubule states obtained through post-translational modification of  and {beta} tubulin subunits of microtubules. Our study reveals that the temporal evolution of mitochondrial populations is an intrinsic function of the state of microtubules which modulates the fission and fusion frequencies to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis within cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayappa, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule dynamics and the evolution of mitochondrial populations in fission yeast cells: A kinetic Monte Carlo study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465657v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disentangling single-cell omics representation with a power spectral density-based feature extraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.25.465657v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Emerging single-cell technologies provide high-resolution measurements of distinct cellular modalities opening new avenues for generating detailed cellular atlases of many and diverse tissues. The high dimensionality, sparsity, and inaccuracy of single cell sequencing measurements, however, can obscure discriminatory information, mask cellular subtype variations and complicate downstream analyses which can limit our understanding of cell function and tissue heterogeneity. Here, we present a novel pre-processing method (scPSD) inspired by power spectral density analysis that enhances the accuracy for cell subtype separation from large-scale single-cell omics data. We comprehensively benchmarked our method on a wide range of single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets and showed that scPSD pre-processing, while being fast and scalable, significantly reduces data complexity, enhances cell-type separation, and enables rare cell identification. Additionally, we applied scPSD to transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility cell atlases and demonstrated its capacity to discriminate over 100 cell types across the whole organism and across different modalities of single-cell omics data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zandavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mora, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.25.465657</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disentangling single-cell omics representation with a power spectral density-based feature extraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465357v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatitis C Virus Infects and Perturbs Liver Stem Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465357v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of death from liver disease. How HCV infection causes lasting liver damage and increases cancer risk beyond viral clearance remains unclear. We identify bipotent liver stem cells as novel targets for HCV infection, and their erroneous differentiation as the potential cause of impaired liver regeneration and cancer development. We show 3D organoids generated from liver stem cells from actively HCV-infected individuals carry replicating virus and maintain low-grade infection over months. Organoids can be infected with a primary HCV isolate. Virus-inclusive single-cell RNA-sequencing uncovered extensive transcriptional reprogramming in HCV+ cells supporting hepatocytic differentiation, cancer stem cell development and viral replication while stem cell proliferation and interferon signaling are disrupted. Our data adds a pathogenesis factor - infection of liver stem cells - to the biology of HCV infection that explains persistent liver damage and enhanced cancer risk through an altered stem cell state.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Meyers, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashuach, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simoneau, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouhaddou, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khalid, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taha, T. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Natarajan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neff, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krogan, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDevitt, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yosef, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ott, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465357</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatitis C Virus Infects and Perturbs Liver Stem Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial-temporal analysis of nanoparticles in live tumor spheroids impacted by cell origin and density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.26.465839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanoparticles hold great preclinical promise in cancer therapy but continue to suffer attrition through clinical trials. Advanced, three dimensional (3D) cellular models such as tumor spheroids can recapitulate elements of the tumor environment and are considered the superior model to evaluate nanoparticle designs. However, there is an important need to better understand nanoparticle penetration kinetics and determine how different cell characteristics may influence this nanoparticle uptake. A key challenge with current approaches for measuring nanoparticle accumulation in spheroids is that they are often static, losing spatial and temporal information which may be necessary for effective nanoparticle evaluation in 3D cell models. To overcome this challenge, we developed an analysis platform, termed the Determination of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumor Spheroids (DONUTS), which retains spatial and temporal information during quantification, enabling evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in 3D tumor spheroids. Outperforming linear profiling methods, DONUTS was able to measure silica nanoparticle uptake to 10 {micro}m accuracy in both isotropic and irregularly shaped cancer cell spheroids. This was then extended to determine penetration kinetics, first by a forward-in-time, center-in-space model, and then by mathematical modelling, which enabled the direct evaluation of nanoparticle penetration kinetics in different spheroid models. Nanoparticle uptake was shown to inversely relate to particle size and varied depending on the cell type, cell stiffness and density of the spheroid model. The automated analysis method we have developed can be applied to live spheroids in situ, for the advanced evaluation of nanoparticles as delivery agents in cancer therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed-Cox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGhee, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansfeld, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crampin, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavallaris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.26.465839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial-temporal analysis of nanoparticles in live tumor spheroids impacted by cell origin and density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficacy of anti-microbial gel vapours against aerosolised coronavirus, bacteria, and fungi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.27.466182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe urban population spends up to 90% of their time indoors. The indoor environment harbours a diverse microbial population including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Pathogens present in the indoor environment can be transmitted to humans through aerosols.

AimThis study evaluated the efficacy of an antimicrobial gel containing a mix of essential oils against aerosols of bacteria, fungi, and coronavirus.

MethodsThe antimicrobial gel was allowed to vapourize inside a glass chamber for 10 or 20 minutes. Microbial aerosols of Escerichia coli, Aspergillus flavus spores or murine hepatitis virus MHV 1, a surrogate of SARS CoV-2 was passed through the gel vapours and then collected on a 6-stage Andersen sampler. The number of viable microbes present in the aerosols collected in the different stages were enumerated and compared to number of viable microbes in control microbial aerosols that were not exposed to the gel vapours.

ResultsVaporizing the antimicrobial gel for 10 and 20 minutes resulted in a 48% (p = 0.002 Vs. control) and 53% (p = 0.001 Vs. control) reduction in the number of MHV-1 in the aerosols, respectively. The antimicrobial gel vaporised for 10 minutes, reduced the number of viable E. coli by 51% (p = 0.032 Vs. control) and Aspergillus flavus spores by 72% (p=0.008 Vs. control) in the aerosols.

ConclusionsThe antimicrobial gel may be able to reduce aerosol transmission of microbes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kalaiselvan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yasir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijay, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.27.466182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficacy of anti-microbial gel vapours against aerosolised coronavirus, bacteria, and fungi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466327v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defined microenvironments trigger in vitro gastrulation in human pluripotent stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.28.466327v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Embryogenesis is orchestrated through local morphogen gradients and endometrial constraints that give rise to the three germ layers in a well-defined assembly. In vitro models of embryogenesis have been demonstrated by treating pluripotent stem cells in adherent or suspension culture with soluble morphogens and small molecules, which leads to tri-lineage differentiation. However, treatment with exogenous agents override the subtle spatiotemporal changes observed in vivo that ultimately underly the human body plan. Here we demonstrate how microconfinement of pluripotent stem cells on hydrogel substrates catalyses gastrulation-like events without the need for supplements. Within six hours of initial seeding, cells at the boundary show elevated cytoskeletal tension and yes-associated protein (YAP) activity, which leads to changes in cell and nuclear morphology, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and emergence of defined patterns of primitive streak containing SRY-Box Transcription Factor 17 (SOX17)+ T/BRACHYURY+ cells. Immunofluorescence staining, transcript analysis, and the use of pharmacological modulators reveal a role for mechanotransduction-coupled non-canonical wingless-type (WNT) signalling in promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition and multilayered organization within the colonies. These microscale gastruloids were removed from the substrate and encapsulated in 3D hydrogels, where biomaterials properties correspond to maintenance and spatial positioning of the primitive streak. Together, this approach demonstrates how materials alone can nurture embryonic gastrulation, thereby providing an in vitro model of early development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanazzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ireland, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nemec, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molley, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayathilaka, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeola, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrakanthan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimanda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.10.28.466327</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defined microenvironments trigger in vitro gastrulation in human pluripotent stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466743v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Platelet generation from circulating megakaryocytes is triggered in the lung vasculature 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.01.466743v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Platelets, small hemostatic blood cells, are derived from megakaryocytes, although the generation process is not clear. Only small numbers of platelets have been produced in systems outside the body, where bone marrow and lung are proposed as sites of platelet generation. Here we show that perfusion of megakaryocytes ex vivo through the mouse lung vasculature generates very large numbers of platelets, up to 3,000 per megakaryocyte. Despite their large size, megakaryocytes were able repeatedly to passage through the lung vasculature, leading to enucleation and fragmentation to generate platelets intravascularly. Using the ex vivo lung and a novel in vitro microfluidic chamber we determined the contributions of oxygenation, ventilation and endothelial cell health to platelet generation, and showed a critical role for the actin regulator TPM4.

One-Sentence SummaryMegakaryocytes form platelets intravascularly in the lung, dependent upon oxygenation, endothelium and megakaryocyte TPM4
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alibhai, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarassova, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birol, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neil, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aitken, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballester-Beltran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agbani, E. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hers, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghevaert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.01.466743</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Platelet generation from circulating megakaryocytes is triggered in the lung vasculature]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467170v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volatility in coral cover erodes niche structure, but not diversity, in reef fish assemblages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.03.467170v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental fluctuations are becoming increasingly volatile in many ecosystems, highlighting the need to better understand how stochastic and deterministic processes shape patterns of commonness and rarity, particularly in high-diversity systems like coral reefs. Here, we analyze reef fish time-series across the Great Barrier Reef to show that approximately 75% of the variance in relative species abundance is attributable to deterministic, intrinsic species differences. Nevertheless, the relative importance of stochastic factors is markedly higher on reefs that have experienced stronger coral cover volatility. By contrast, -diversity and species composition are independent of coral cover volatility but depend on environmental gradients. Our findings imply that increased environmental volatility on coral reefs erodes assemblages niche structure, an erosion that is not detectable from static measures of biodiversity.

One-Sentence SummaryCoral cover volatility modulates how stochastic and deterministic processes shape commonness and rarity in coral reef fishes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tsai, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sweatman, H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaut, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.03.467170</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volatility in coral cover erodes niche structure, but not diversity, in reef fish assemblages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Closely-related tree species with overlapping ranges exhibit divergent adaptation to climate 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
With global climate change shifting and altering temperature and precipitation regimes, the ability of natural forest stands to persist in their local environments are being challenged. For many taxa, particularly among long lived tree species, the potential to respond is underpinned by genetic and trait diversity and may be limited. We sampled 326 and 366 individuals of two widely distributed and closely-related red gum Eucalyptus species (E. blakelyi and E. tereticornis) from across their entire Australian range. We identified putatively adaptive variants associated within genes of key biological processes for both species. We mapped the change of allele frequencies of two hierarchical gene ontology groups shared by both species across geography and climate and predict genomically vulnerable regions under a projected 2070 climate scenario. Regions of potential vulnerability to decline under future climate differed between species and may be applied to guide conservation and restoration strategies. Our study indicated that some populations may contain the adaptive genomic variation necessary for these species to persist through climate change, while others may benefit from the adaptive variation of those populations to enhance resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Whale, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahrens, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tissue, D. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rymer, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.467758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Closely-related tree species with overlapping ranges exhibit divergent adaptation to climate]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467981v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LRRC15 suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection and controls collagen production 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.09.467981v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although ACE2 is the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, a systematic assessment of host factors that regulate binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has not been described. Here we use whole genome CRISPR activation to identify host factors controlling cellular interactions with SARS-CoV-2. Our top hit was a TLR-related cell surface receptor called leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15). LRRC15 expression was sufficient to promote SARS-CoV-2 Spike binding where they form a cell surface complex. LRRC15 mRNA is expressed in human collagen-producing lung myofibroblasts and LRRC15 protein is induced in severe COVID-19 infection where it can be found lining the airways. Mechanistically, LRRC15 does not itself support SARS-CoV-2 infection, but fibroblasts expressing LRRC15 can suppress both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in trans. Moreover, LRRC15 expression in fibroblasts suppresses collagen production and promotes expression of IFIT, OAS, and MX-family antiviral factors. Overall, LRRC15 is a novel SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding receptor that can help control viral load and regulate antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs in the context of COVID-19 infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denes, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamoudi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J. K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddique, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.09.467981</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LRRC15 suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection and controls collagen production]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pan-tissue and -cancer analysis of ROR1 and ROR2 transcript variants identify novel functional significance for an alternative splice variant of ROR1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.24.469652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundROR1/2 are putative druggable targets increasing in significance in translational oncology. Expression of ROR1/2 mRNA and transcript variants has not been systematically examined thus far.

MethodsROR1/2 transcript variant sequences, signal peptides for cell surface localisation, and mRNA and transcript variant expression were examined in 34 transcriptomic datasets including 33 cancer types and 54 non-diseased human tissues.

ResultsROR1/2 have four and eight transcript variants respectively. ROR1/2 mRNA and transcript variant expression was detected in various non-diseased tissues. Our analysis identifies predominant expression of ROR1 transcript variant ENST00000545203, which lacks a signal peptide for cell surface localisation, rather than the predicted principal variant ENST00000371079. ENST00000375708 is the predominantly expressed transcript variant of ROR2.

ConclusionROR1/2 expression in healthy human tissues should be carefully considered for safety assessment of targeted therapy. Studies exploring the function and significance of the predominantly expressed ROR1 transcript variant ENST00000545203 are warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>John, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pan-tissue and -cancer analysis of ROR1 and ROR2 transcript variants identify novel functional significance for an alternative splice variant of ROR1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of anterior insula cortex in context-induced relapse of nicotine-seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.08.471717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, and relapse during abstinence remains the key barrier to successful treatment of tobacco addiction. During abstinence, environmental contexts associated with nicotine use can induce craving and contribute to relapse. The insular cortex (IC) is thought to be a critical substrate of nicotine addiction and relapse. However, its specific role in context-induced relapse of nicotine-seeking is not fully known. In this study, we report a novel rodent model of context-induced relapse to nicotine-seeking after punishment-imposed abstinence, which models self-imposed abstinence through increasing negative consequences of excessive drug use. Using the neuronal activity marker Fos we find that the anterior (aIC), but not the middle or posterior IC, shows increased activity during context-induced relapse. Combining Fos with retrograde labelling of aIC inputs, we show projections to aIC from contralateral aIC and basolateral amygdala exhibit increased activity during context-induced relapse. Next, we used fiber photometry in aIC and observed phasic increases in aIC activity around nicotine-seeking responses during self-administration, punishment, and the context-induced relapse tests. Next, we used chemogenetic inhibition in both male and female rats to determine whether activity in aIC is necessary for context-induced relapse. We found that chemogenetic inhibition of aIC decreased context-induced nicotine-seeking after either punishment- or extinction-imposed abstinence. These findings highlight the critical role nicotine-associated contexts play in promoting relapse, and they show that aIC activity is critical for this context-induced relapse following both punishment and extinction imposed abstinence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghareh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alonso-Lozares, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schetters, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heistek, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Mourik, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zernig, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mansvelder, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Vries, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchant, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.08.471717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of anterior insula cortex in context-induced relapse of nicotine-seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472198v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials to detect the effects of theta-burst stimulation of the prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.11.472198v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) is a novel method for assessing cortical properties outside the motor region. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a form of repetitive TMS, can non-invasively modulate cortical excitability and has been increasingly used to treat psychiatric disorders by targetting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) analysis has been used to evaluate cortical excitability changes after TBS. However, it remains unclear whether TEPs can detect the neuromodulatory effects of TBS.

ObjectivesTo confirm the reliability of TEP components within and between sessions and to measure changes in neural excitability induced by intermittent (iTBS) and continuous TBS (cTBS) applied to the left DLPFC.

MethodsTest-retest reliability of TEPs and TBS-induced changes in cortical excitability were assessed in twenty-four healthy participants by stimulating the DLPFC in five separate sessions, once with sham and twice with iTBS and cTBS. EEG responses were recorded of 100 single TMS pulses before and after TBS, and the reproducibility measures were quantified with the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).

ResultsThe N100 and P200 components presented substantial reliability within the baseline block (CCCs>0.8) and moderate concordance between sessions (CCCmax{approx}0.7). Both N40 and P60 TEP amplitudes showed little concordance between sessions. Changes in TEP amplitudes after iTBS were marginally reliable for N100 (CCCmax=0.52), P200 (CCCmax=0.47) and P60 (CCCmax=0.40), presenting only fair levels of concordance at specific time points.

ConclusionsThe present findings show that only the N100 and P200 components had good concordance between sessions. The reliability of earlier components may have been affected by TMS-evoked artefacts. The poor reliability to detect changes in neural excitability induced by TBS indicates that TEPs do not provide a precise estimate of the changes in excitability in the DLPFC or, alternatively, that TBS did not induce consistent changes in neural excitability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moffa, A. H. d. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nikolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.11.472198</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials to detect the effects of theta-burst stimulation of the prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.470823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stressed out underground?: Transcriptomics illuminates the genome-wide response to heat stress in surface and subterranean diving beetles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.470823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subterranean habitats are generally very stable environments, and as such evolutionary transitions of organisms from surface to subterranean lifestyles may cause considerable shifts in physiology, particularly with respect to thermal tolerance. In this study we compared responses to heat shock at the molecular level in a geographically widespread, surface-dwelling water beetle to a congeneric subterranean species restricted to a single aquifer (Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae). The obligate subterranean beetle Paroster macrosturtensis is known to have a lower thermal tolerance compared to surface lineages (CTmax 38{degrees}C cf. 42-46 {degrees}C), but the genetic basis of this physiological difference has not been characterized. We experimentally manipulated the thermal environment of 24 individuals to demonstrate that both species can mount a heat shock response at high temperatures (35{degrees}C), as determined by comparative transcriptomics. However, genes involved in these responses differ between species and a far greater number were differentially expressed in the surface taxon, suggesting it can mount a more robust heat shock response; these data may underpin its higher thermal tolerance compared to subterranean relatives. In contrast, the subterranean species examined not only differentially expressed fewer genes in response to increasing temperatures, but also in the presence of the experimental setup employed here alone. Our results suggest P. macrosturtensis may be comparatively poorly equipped to respond to both thermally induced stress and environmental disturbances more broadly. The molecular findings presented here have conservation implications for P. macrosturtensis and contribute to a growing narrative concerning weakened thermal tolerances in obligate subterranean organisms at the molecular level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beasley-Hall, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradford, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, C. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tierney, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, W. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, S. J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.470823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stressed out underground?: Transcriptomics illuminates the genome-wide response to heat stress in surface and subterranean diving beetles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472303v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dehalobium species implicated in 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin dechlorination in the contaminated sediments of Sydney Harbour Estuary 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.12.472303v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) are some of the most environmentally recalcitrant and toxic compounds. They are naturally occurring and by-products of anthropogenic activity. Sydney Harbour Estuary (Sydney, Australia), is heavily contaminated with PCDD/F. Analysis of sediment cores revealed that the contamination source in Homebush Bay continues to have one of the highest levels of PCDD/F contamination in the world (5207 pg WHO-TEQ g-1) with >50% of the toxicity attributed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) the most toxic and concerning of the PCDD/F congeners. Comparison of congener profiles at the contamination source with surrounding bays and historical data provided evidence for the attenuation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and other congeners at the source. This finding was supported by the detection of di-, mono- and unchlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin. Microbial community analysis of sediments by 16S amplicon sequencing revealed an abundance of lineages from the class Dehalococcoidia (up to 15% of the community), including the genus Dehalobium (up to 0.5%). Anaerobic seawater enrichment cultures using perchloroethene as a more amenable growth substrate enriched only the Dehalobium population by more than six-fold. The enrichment culture then proved capable of reductively dechlorinating 2,3,7,8-TCDD to 2,3,7-TCDD and octachlorodibenzo-p-dibenzodioxin to hepta and hexa congeners. This work is the first to show microbial reductive dehalogenation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD with a bacterium from outside the Dehalococcoides genus, and one of only a few that demonstrates PCDD/F degradation in a marine environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holland, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Farrell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manefield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.12.472303</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dehalobium species implicated in 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin dechlorination in the contaminated sediments of Sydney Harbour Estuary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473246v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanisms underlying sequence-dependent DNA hybridisation rates in the absence of secondary structure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.17.473246v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The kinetics of DNA hybridisation are fundamental to biological processes and DNA-based technologies. However, the precise physical mechanisms that determine why different DNA sequences hybridise at different rates are not well understood. Secondary structure is one predictable factor that influences hybridisation rates but is not sufficient on its own to fully explain the observed sequence-dependent variance. Consequently, to achieve a good correlation with experimental data, current prediction algorithms require many parameters that provide little mechanistic insight into DNA hybridisation. In this context, we measured hybridisation rates of 43 different DNA sequences that are not predicted to form secondary structure and present a parsimonious physically justified model to quantify their hybridisation rates. Accounting only for the combinatorics of complementary nucleating interactions and their sequence-dependent stability, the model achieves good correlation with experiment with only two free parameters, thus providing new insight into the physical factors underpinning DNA hybridisation rates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hertel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinney, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ouldridge, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.17.473246</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanisms underlying sequence-dependent DNA hybridisation rates in the absence of secondary structure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.470191v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Parental provisioning drives brain size in birds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.470191v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large brains support numerous cognitive adaptations and therefore may appear to be highly beneficial. Nonetheless, the high energetic costs of brain tissue may have prevented the evolution of large brains in many species. This problem may also have a developmental dimension: juveniles, with their immature and therefore poorly performing brains, would face a major energetic hurdle if they were to pay for the construction of their own brain, especially in larger-brained species. Here we explore the possible role of parental provisioning for the development and evolution of adult brain size in birds. A comparative analysis of 1,176 bird species shows that various measures of parental provisioning (precocial vs altricial state at hatching, relative egg mass, time spent provisioning the young) strongly predict relative brain size across species. The parental provisioning hypothesis also provides an explanation for the well-documented but so far unexplained pattern that altricial birds have larger brains than precocial ones. We therefore conclude that the evolution of parental provisioning allowed species to overcome the seemingly insurmountable energetic constraint on growing large brains, which in turn enabled bird species to increase survival and population stability. Because including adult eco-and socio-cognitive predictors only marginally improved the explanatory value of our models, these findings also suggest that the traditionally assessed cognitive abilities largely support successful parental provisioning. Our results therefore indicate that the cognitive adaptations underlying successful parental provisioning also provide the behavioral flexibility facilitating reproductive success and survival.

Significance StatementThe young of large brained species, if left to grow their own brain, would face a seemingly insurmountable energetic constraint, because brain tissue is energetically costly but adequate cognitive benefits arise only after a delay. We therefore hypothesize that protracted parental provisioning was a precondition for the evolution of large brains. Comparative analyses of 1,176 bird species confirmed that parental provisioning strongly predicts variation in relative brain size, suggesting that these two traits coevolved. These results provide the first explanation for the well-known difference in relative brain size between altricial and precocial birds. They also cast doubt on the explanatory value of previously considered social or technological cognitive abilities, suggesting we rethink our approach to cognitive evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Griesser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graber, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.470191</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Parental provisioning drives brain size in birds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microtubule-mitochondrial attachment determines cell division symmetry and polarity in fission yeast 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.19.473396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Association with microtubules inhibits the fission of mitochondria in Schizosachharomyces pombe. Here we show that this attachment of mitochondria to microtubules is an important cell intrinsic factor in determining division symmetry. By comparing mutant cells that exhibited enhanced attachment and no attachment of mitochondria to microtubules (Dnm1{Delta} and Mmb1{Delta} respectively), we show that microtubules in these mutants displayed aberrant dynamics compared to wild-type cells, which resulted in errors in nuclear positioning. This translated to cell division asymmetry in a significant proportion of both Dnm1{Delta} and Mmb1{Delta} cells. Asymmetric division in Dnm1{Delta} and Mmb1{Delta} cells resulted in unequal distribution of mitochondria, with the daughter cell that received more mitochondria growing faster than the other daughter. Taken together, we show the existence of homeostatic feedback controls between mitochondria and microtubules in fission yeast, which directly influence mitochondrial partitioning and thereby, cell growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chacko, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.19.473396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microtubule-mitochondrial attachment determines cell division symmetry and polarity in fission yeast]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473648v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and morphological analyses support recognition of Prostanthera volucris (Lamiaceae), a new species from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473648v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Research into the systematics of Prostanthera has recently revealed a close evolutionary relationship among P. phylicifolia s. str., the critically endangered P. gilesii, and a population of uncertain identity from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Previous analyses were unable to establish whether genetic boundaries separated these taxa. This study aimed to assess the species boundaries among these three taxa using a combination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) sampled at the population-scale and multivariate analysis of morphological characters. Non-parametric and parametric statistics, neighbour-network analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and ancestry coefficient estimates all provided support for discrete genetic differences between the three taxa. Morphological phenetic analysis identified a suite of characters that distinguished each of these taxa. This corroboration of evidence supports the presence of three independently evolving lineages. Prostanthera gilesii and P. phylicifolia s. str. are distinct species independent from the third taxon which is described here as P. volucris R.P.ODonnell. A detailed description, diagnostic line drawings and photographs are provided. We evaluate P. volucris as satisfying criteria to be considered Critically Endangered.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruhl, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Telford, I. R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zimmer, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taseski, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473648</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and morphological analyses support recognition of Prostanthera volucris (Lamiaceae), a new species from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473717v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human gut bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473717v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human gut microbiota protects the host from invading pathogens and the overgrowth of indigenous opportunistic species via mechanisms such as competition for nutrients and by production of antimicrobial compounds. Here, we investigated the antagonist activity of human gut bacteria towards Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause severe infections and mortality in susceptible patients. Co-culture batch incubations of C. albicans in the presence of faecal microbiota from six different healthy individuals revealed varying levels of inhibitory activity against C. albicans. 16S rRNA gene sequence profiling of these faecal co-culture bacterial communities showed that the Bifidobacteriaceae family, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis in particular, were most correlated with antagonistic activity against C. albicans. Follow up mechanistic studies confirmed that culture supernatants of Bifidobacterium species, particularly B. adolescentis, inhibited C. albicans in vitro under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Production of the fermentation acids acetate and lactate, together with the concomitant decrease in pH, were strong drivers of the inhibitory activity. Bifidobacteria may therefore represent attractive targets for the development of probiotics and prebiotic interventions tailored to enhance inhibitory activity against C. albicans in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ricci, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donachie, G. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapuis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mezerova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenardon, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473717</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human gut bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Longitudinal characterisation of phagocytic and neutralisation functions of anti-Spike antibodies in plasma of patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.21.473774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phagocytic responses by effector cells to antibody or complement-opsonised viruses have been recognized to play a key role in anti-viral immunity. These include antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis mediated via Fc-receptors, phagocytosis mediated by classically activated complement-fixing IgM or IgG1 antibodies and antibody independent phagocytosis mediated via direct opsonisation of viruses by complement products activated via the mannose-binding lectin pathway. Limited data suggest these phagocytic responses by effector cells may contribute to the immunological and inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, their development and clinical significance remain to be fully elucidated. In this cohort of 62 patients, acutely ill individuals were shown to mount phagocytic responses to autologous plasma-opsonised SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-coated microbeads as early as 10 days post symptom onset. Heat inactivation of the plasma prior to use as an opsonin caused 77-95% abrogation of the phagocytic response, and pre-blocking of Fc-receptors on the effector cells showed only 18-60% inhibition. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can provoke early phagocytosis, which is primarily driven by heat labile components, likely activated complements, with variable contribution from anti-Spike antibodies. During convalescence, phagocytic responses correlated significantly with anti-Spike IgG titers. Older patients and patients with severe disease had significantly higher phagocytosis and neutralisation functions when compared to younger patients or patients with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate disease. A longitudinal study of a subset of these patients over 12 months showed preservation of phagocytic and neutralisation functions in all patients, despite a drop in the endpoint antibody titers by more than 90%. Interestingly, surface plasmon resonance showed a significant increase in the affinity of the anti-Spike antibodies over time correlating with the maintenance of both the phagocytic and neutralisation functions suggesting that improvement in the antibody quality over the 12 months contributed to the retention of effector functions.

Author SummaryLimited data suggest antibody dependent effector functions including phagocytosis may contribute to the immunological and inflammatory responses in SARS CoV-2 infection, however, their development, maintenance, and clinical significance remain unknown. In this study we show: O_LIPatients with acute SARS CoV-2 infection can mount phagocytic responses as early as 10 days post symptom onset and these responses were primarily driven by heat labile components of the autologous plasma. These results indicate that the current approach of studying phagocytosis using purified or monoclonal antibodies does not recapitulate contribution by all components in the plasma.
C_LIO_LIIn convalescent patients, high phagocytic responses significantly correlated with increasing age, increasing disease severity, high neutralisation functions and high anti-Spike antibody titers, particularly IgG1.
C_LIO_LILongitudinal study of convalescent patients over a 12-month period showed maintenance of phagocytic and neutralisation functions, despite a drop in the anti-Spike endpoint antibody titers by more than 90%. However, we found significant increase in the affinity of the anti-Spike antibodies over the 12-month period and these correlated with the maintenance of functions suggesting that improvement in the antibody quality over time contributed to the retention of effector functions. Clinically, measuring antibody titers in sera but not the quality of antibodies is considered a gold standard indicator of immune protection following SARS-CoV 2 infection or vaccination. Our results challenge this notion and recommends change in the current clinical practice.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abayasingam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agapiou, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brasher, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, B. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keoshkerian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlinson, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Post, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilroy, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahlenstiel, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grubor-Bauk, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwyer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konecny, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinello, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Longitudinal characterisation of phagocytic and neutralisation functions of anti-Spike antibodies in plasma of patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474344v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effect of nebulised BromAc(R) on rheology of artificial sputum: relevance to muco-obstructive respiratory diseases including COVID-19 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474344v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, bronchiectasis asthma and COVID-19 are difficult to treat owing to viscous secretions in the airways that evade mucocilliary clearance. Since earlier studies have shown success with BromAc(R) as mucolytic agent for treating a rare disease known as pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), we tested the formulation on two gelatinous airway representative sputa models, in order to determine whether similar efficacy exist.

The sputum (1.5 ml) lodged in an endotracheal tube was treated to aerosolised N-acetylcysteine, bromelain, or their combination (BromAc(R)) using a nebuliser with 6.0 ml of the agents in phosphate buffer saline, over 25 min. Controls received phosphate buffer saline. The dynamic viscosity was measured before and after treatment using a capillary tube method, whilst the sputum flow (ml/sec) was assessed using a 0.5 ml pipette. Finally, the sequestered agents (concentration) in the sputa after treatment were quantified using standard bromelain and N-acetylcysteine chromogenic assays.

Results indicated that bromelain and N-acetylcysteine affected both the dynamic viscosities and pipette flow in the two sputa models, with changes in the former parameter having immense effect on the latter. BromAc(R) showed a greater rheological effect on both the sputa models compared to individual agents. Further, correlation was found between the rheological effects and the concentration of agents in the sputa.

Hence, this study indicates that BromAc(R) may be used as a successful mucolytic for clearing airway congestion caused by thick mucinous immobile secretion, however further studies with patient sputum samples using aerosol BromAc(R) is warranted.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pillai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mekkawy, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valle, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akhter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474344</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effect of nebulised BromAc(R) on rheology of artificial sputum: relevance to muco-obstructive respiratory diseases including COVID-19]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474387v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A high-throughput 3D bioprinted cancer cell migration and invasion model with versatile and broad biological applicability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.28.474387v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of migration and metastasis is a key focus of cancer research. There is an urgent need to develop in vitro 3D tumor models that can mimic physiological cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, with high reproducibility and that are suitable for high throughput (HTP) drug screening. Here, we developed a HTP 3D bioprinted migration model using a bespoke drop-on-demand bioprinting platform. This HTP platform coupled with tunable hydrogel systems enables (i) the rapid encapsulation of cancer cells within in vivo tumor mimicking matrices, (ii) in situ and real-time measurement of cell movement, (iii) detailed molecular analysis for the study of mechanisms underlying cell migration and invasion, and (iv) the identification of novel therapeutic options. This work demonstrates that this HTP 3D bioprinted cell migration platform has broad applications across quantitative cell and cancer biology as well as drug screening.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skhinas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolentino, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Volkerling, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sexton, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Mahony, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavallaris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2021-12-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2021.12.28.474387</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A high-throughput 3D bioprinted cancer cell migration and invasion model with versatile and broad biological applicability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2021-12-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475016v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic dissection of the microevolution of Australian epidemic Bordetella pertussis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475016v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccine coverage, pertussis has re-emerged in many countries and caused two large epidemics in Australia since 2007. Here, we undertook a genomic and phylogeographic study of 385 Australian B. pertussis isolates collected from 2008 to 2017. The Australian B. pertussis population was found to be composed of mostly ptxP3 strains carrying different fim3 alleles, with ptxP3-fim3A genotype expanded far more than ptxP3-fim3B. Within the former, there were six co-circulating epidemic lineages (EL1 to EL6). The multiple ELs emerged, expanded, and then declined at different time points over the two epidemics, likely driven by immune selection from pertussis vaccination and natural infection in addition to local and global transmission events. Both hard and soft selective sweeps through vaccine selection pressures determined the current B. pertussis population dynamics. Relative risk analysis found that once a new B. pertussis lineage emerged, it was more likely to spread locally within the first 1.5 years. However, after 1.5 years, any new lineage was likely to expand to a wider region and became no longer spatially structured across the country. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the expansion of ptxP3 strains was also associated with replacement of the type III secretion system allele bscI1 with bscI3. This study advanced our understanding of the epidemic population structure and spatial and temporal dynamics of B. pertussis in a highly immunised population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>XU, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, L. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keil, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mooi, F. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475016</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic dissection of the microevolution of Australian epidemic Bordetella pertussis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475152v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome characteristic of Bordetella parapertussis isolated from Iran 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.05.475152v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pertussis also known as whooping cough is a respiratory infection in humans particularly in infants and usually caused by Bordetella pertussis. However, Bordetella parapertussis can also cause a similar clinical syndrome. During 2012 to 2015, from nasal swabs sent from different provinces to the pertussis reference laboratory of Pasture Institute of Iran for pertussis confirmation, seven B. parapertussis isolates were identified by bacterial culture, biochemical tests, and the presence of IS1001 insertion in the genome by real-time PCR. Furthermore, the expression of pertactin (Prn) as one the major virulence factor for bacterial adhesion was investigated using western blot. Moreover, the genomic characteristic of one recently collected isolate, IRBP134, from a seven-month infant was investigated using Illumina NextSeq sequencing protocol. The results revealed the genome with G+C content 65% and genome size 4.7 Mbp. A total of 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 13 short insertion and deletions were found in the genome compared to the B. parapertussis 12822 as a reference genome showing ongoing evolutionary changes in our isolate. A phylogeny relationship of IRBP134 was also investigated using global B. parapertussis available genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Safarchi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saedi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tay, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakhost Lotfi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shahgheraghi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.05.475152</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome characteristic of Bordetella parapertussis isolated from Iran]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.472699v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recognition of HIV-1 capsid licenses innate immune response to viral infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.472699v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a primary sensor of aberrant DNA that governs an innate immune signaling cascade, leading to the induction of the type-I interferon response. We have previously identified polyglutamine binding protein 1, PQBP1, as an adaptor molecule required for cGAS-mediated innate immune response of lentiviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), but dispensable for the recognition of DNA viruses. HIV-1- encoded DNA is synthesized as a single copy from its RNA genome, and is subsequently integrated into the host chromatin. HIV-1 then produces progeny through amplification and packaging of its RNA genome, thus, in contrast to DNA viruses, HIV-1 DNA is both transient and of low abundance. However, the molecular basis for the detection and verification of this low abundance HIV-1 DNA pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) is not understood. Here, we elucidate a two-factor authentication strategy that is employed by the innate immune surveillance machinery to selectively respond to the low concentration of PAMP, while discerning these species from extranuclear DNA molecules. We find that, upon HIV-1 infection, PQBP1 decorates intact viral capsid, which serves as a primary verification step for the viral nucleic acid cargo. As the reverse transcription and capsid disassembly initiate, cGAS protein is then recruited to the capsid in a PQBP1-dependent manner, enabling cGAS molecules to be co-positioned at the site of PAMP generation. Thus, these data indicate that PQBP1 recognition of the HIV-1 capsid sanctions a robust cGAS-dependent response to a limited abundance and short-lived DNA PAMP. Critically, this illuminates a molecular strategy wherein the modular recruitment of co-factors to germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) serves to enhance repertoire of pathogens that can be sensed by the innate immune surveillance machinery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>yoh, s. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mamede, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temple, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, N. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianci, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curry, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambut, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>BÖcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.10.472699</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recognition of HIV-1 capsid licenses innate immune response to viral infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476178v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Building programmable multicompartment artificial cells incorporating remotely activated protein channels using microfluidics and acoustic levitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.13.476178v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intracellular compartments are functional units that support the metabolic processes within living cells, through spatiotemporal regulation of chemical reactions and biological processes. Consequently, as a step forward in the bottom-up creation of artificial cells, building analogous intracellular architectures is essential for the expansion of cell-mimicking functionality. Herein, we report the development of a droplet laboratory platform to engineer customised complex emulsion droplets as a multicompartment artificial cell chassis, using multiphase microfluidics and acoustic levitation. Such levitated constructs provide free-standing, dynamic, definable droplet networks for the encapsulation and organisation of chemical species. Equally, they can be remotely operated with pneumatic, heating, and magnetic elements for post-processing, including the incorporation of membrane proteins; alpha-hemolysin; and large-conductance mechanosensitive channel (MscL) and their activation. The assembly of droplet networks is three-dimensionally patterned with fluidic inputs configurations determining droplet contents and connectivity. Whilst acoustic manipulation can be harnessed to reconfigure the droplet network in situ. In addition, a mechanosensitive channel, MscL, can be repeatedly activated and deactivated in the levitated artificial cell by the application of acoustic and magnetic fields to modulate membrane tension on demand. This offers possibilities beyond one-time chemically mediated activation to provide repeated, non-contact control of membrane protein function. Collectively, this will expand our capability to program and operate increasingly sophisticated artificial cells as life-like materials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamieson, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimitriou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohde, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drinkwater, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castell, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.13.476178</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Building programmable multicompartment artificial cells incorporating remotely activated protein channels using microfluidics and acoustic levitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476526v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapid exchange of stably bound protein and DNA cargo on a DNA origami receptor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.16.476526v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biomolecular complexes can form stable assemblies yet can also rapidly exchange their subunits to adapt to environmental changes. Simultaneously allowing for both stability and rapid exchange expands the functional capacity of biomolecular machines and enables continuous function while navigating a complex molecular world. Inspired by biology, we design and synthesize a DNA origami receptor that exploits multi-valent interactions to form stable complexes that are simultaneously capable of rapid subunit exchange. The system utilizes a mechanism first outlined in the context of the DNA replisome, known as multi-site competitive exchange, and achieves a large separation of time scales between spontaneous subunit dissociation, which requires days, and rapid subunit exchange, which occurs in minutes. In addition, we use the DNA origami receptor to demonstrate stable interactions with rapid exchange of both DNA and protein subunits, thus highlighting the applicability of our approach to arbitrary molecular cargo; an important distinction with canonical toehold exchange between single-stranded DNA. We expect this study to be the first of many that use DNA origami structures to exploit multi-valent interactions for the design and synthesis of a wide range of possible kinetic behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, J. W. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alford, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spinney, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berengut, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spenkelink, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oijen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.16.476526</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapid exchange of stably bound protein and DNA cargo on a DNA origami receptor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XPD protects CTCF-Cohesin binding sites from somatic mutagenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) is a DNA helicase with critical functions in transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair. Missense mutations in XPD are putative drivers in around 10% of bladder cancers (BLCA), but the associated mutational process remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the somatic mutational landscape of XPD wild-type (n=343) and mutant (n=39) BLCA whole genomes. The genome-wide distribution of somatic mutations is significantly altered in XPD mutants, affecting both APOBEC and non-APOBEC associated mutational processes. Specifically, XPD mutants are enriched in T[C>T]N mutations (SBS2) with altered correlation with replication timing. At a locoregional genomic level, mutant XPD BLCA had striking T>G mutation hotspots at CTCF-cohesin binding sites (CBS) with evidence linking XPD to genomic uracil repair. Leveraging differential distribution of somatic mutations, we developed a machine-learning model for predicting pathogenic XPD mutations, which we validated in an independent TCGA cohort with 100% accuracy. Our model enabled the discovery of missed XPD mutation calls and uncovered pathogenic non-hotspot XPD mutations in bladder cancer. Our study reveals how XPD mutations redistribute somatic mutations in cancer genomes and provides a genome sequencing approach to differentiate driver and passenger XPD mutations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barbour, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Brown, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XPD protects CTCF-Cohesin binding sites from somatic mutagenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477263v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macrophage activation of cGAS and TRIM5 distinguish pandemic and non-pandemic HIV 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.21.477263v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pandemic viruses remain a global threat to health and economics but how they adapt to become pandemic remains poorly understood. Here we compare pandemic HIV-1(M) and non-pandemic HIV-(O) and HIV-2 strains finding that non-pandemic HIV replicate poorly in myeloid cell models due to activation of cGAS and TRIM5, and ensuing antiviral responses. We use phylogenetics and viral capsid structural biology to define specific differences between pandemic and non-pandemic HIV capsids and demonstrate that their genetic reversal in HIV-1(M) mutants causes TRIM5, cGAS and innate immune activation. We propose a model in which the parental lineage of pandemic HIV-1(M) has uniquely evolved a dynamic capsid that avoids activation of cGAS and TRIM5 to establish cloaked replication in myeloid cells. The unique adaptations of the pandemic virus lineage suggests a role in effective human-to-human transmissibility and highlight the importance of avoiding innate immune activation during pandemic human-to-human viral transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zuliani-Alvarez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasaiyaah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, S. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlpine-Scott, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rifat Faysal, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilditch, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bibollet-Ruche, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinotsis, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.21.477263</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macrophage activation of cGAS and TRIM5 distinguish pandemic and non-pandemic HIV]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478247v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ACCURATE DECODING OF THE SPINAL CORD OUTPUT IN HUMANS WITH IMPLANTED HIGH-DENSITY ELECTRODE ARRAYS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478247v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive electromyography opened a new window to explore motoneuron behaviour in vivo. However, the technique is limited by the small fraction of active motoneurons that can be concurrently detected, precluding a population analysis in natural tasks. Here, we developed a high-density intramuscular electrode for in vivo human recordings along with a fully automatic methodology that could detect the discharges of action potentials of up to 67 concurrently active motoneurons with 99% accuracy. These data revealed that motoneurons of the same pool receive common synaptic input at frequencies up to 75 Hz and that late recruited motoneurons inhibit the discharges of those recruited earlier. These results constitute an important step in the population coding analysis of the human motor system in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muceli, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poppendieck, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holobar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandevia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liebetanz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478247</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ACCURATE DECODING OF THE SPINAL CORD OUTPUT IN HUMANS WITH IMPLANTED HIGH-DENSITY ELECTRODE ARRAYS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478291v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of APOE e3 and e4 genotypes on plasma proteome signatures in Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.29.478291v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The {varepsilon}4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a high-risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD). However, approximately 25%-40% of patients with AD do not carry the APOE{varepsilon}4 allele, and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD are less evident in these individuals. The main objective of this study was to understand better the changes in plasma that may contribute to disease pathogenesis in AD and how APOE{varepsilon}3 and APOE{varepsilon}4 contribute to biomarker profiles in AD. We conducted an in-depth plasma proteomics analysis using intensive depletion of high-abundant plasma proteins using the Agilent multiple affinity removal liquid chromatography (LC) column-Human 14 (Hu14) followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) technique. In this study, we identified a high number of protein expression alterations in plasma which were found uniquely in APOE{varepsilon}3 and APOE{varepsilon}4 carriers. These differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were associated with several molecular functions, including complement cascade, glycolysis, metabolism, plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodelling, and clearance. In addition to unique changes in both APOE genotypes, many proteins were also dysregulated in the presence of both APOE{varepsilon}3 and APOE{varepsilon}4 genotypes depicting the involvement of these proteins in the pathogenesis of AD regardless of the APOE genotypes. We also compared the plasma proteomes of{varepsilon} 4 and{varepsilon} 3 carriers in normal controls, which provided insight into factors that may provide protection from progression to AD despite the presence of the{varepsilon} 4 allele. Furthermore, our findings also identified some proteins previously discovered in AD CSF and brain proteomics signatures that could provide clinically meaningful information.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.478291</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of APOE e3 and e4 genotypes on plasma proteome signatures in Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478370v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep proteome analysis of plasma reveals novel biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.30.478370v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ageing is the primary risk factor for AD; however, there is a poor understanding of the biological mechanisms by which the ageing process contributes to the development of AD in some individuals, while others progress to advanced age with relatively little AD neuropathology. To halt the progression of AD, the preclinical stage of neurodegeneration (before the onset of clinical symptoms) is anticipated to be the more effective time point for applying potentially disease-modifying interventions in AD. The main objective of this study was to understand the age and disease related proteomic changes are detectable in plasma, based on retrospective analysis of longitudinal data and cross-sectional analyses of clinically diagnosed cases. We conducted an in-depth plasma proteomics analysis using intensive depletion of high-abundant plasma proteins using the Agilent multiple affinity removal liquid chromatography (LC) column-Human 14 (Hu14) followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) technique. In this study, we have begun to address the following questions; (1) differences in plasma proteomic profiles between normal ageing, vs ageing with progress to cognitive decline (MCI) or disease (dementia, probable AD), (2) cross-sectional analysis of baseline data, when all subjects are clinically identified as cognitively normal, provides insight into the preclinical changes which precede subsequent progression to AD and potentially provide early biomarkers, and (3) comparison of plasma at the point of progression to clinically diagnosed onset of cognitive decline or AD, can provide potential plasma biomarkers to facilitate clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, our findings also identified some proteins previously discovered in AD CSF and brain proteomics signatures that could provide clinically meaningful information. We identified differentially expressed proteins which were associated with several biological and molecular processes that may serve as therapeutic targets and fluid biomarkers for the disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.30.478370</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep proteome analysis of plasma reveals novel biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A longitudinal study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Striatal dopamine encodes the relationship between actions and reward 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although the role of striatal dopamine in Pavlovian conditioning and in habits has been reasonably well described, relatively little is known about its function in goal-directed action. In this study we trained hungry rats on two lever press actions for distinct food outcomes and recorded dopamine release in the dorsomedial striatum as these action-outcome associations were encoded and subsequently degraded. During initial training the lever press actions generated bilateral dopamine release that was found to reflect the predicted action value. This value was updated by the prediction error generated by the feedback produced by contact with the outcome, or its absence, after the press. Importantly, hemispheric dopamine release became increasingly lateralized across the course of training, with greater release in the hemisphere contralateral to the press. Using video analysis and multiple different measures, we could find no evidence that the degree of lateralized release was associated with movement; rather, we found that it tracked the strength of the action-outcome association, increasing and decreasing with increments and decrements in the contingency between specific actions and their consequences. Similar results emerged whether the rewards were delivered on ratio or interval schedules of reinforcement and whether we used unpaired outcome delivery or outcome-identity reversal to modify the specific contingencies. These findings suggest that, whereas moment-to-moment fluctuations in action value are reflected in bilateral dopamine release, a second signal broadcasts the overall strength of specific action-outcome relationships via the difference between contralateral and ipsilateral release during actions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.01.31.478585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Striatal dopamine encodes the relationship between actions and reward]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479601v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) promotes synaptic targeting of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.08.479601v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell adhesion molecule encoded by an obesity susceptibility gene. We demonstrate that NEGR1 accumulates in GABAergic inhibitory synapses in hypothalamic neurons, a GABA-synthesizing enzyme GAD65 attaches to the plasma membrane, and NEGR1 promotes clustering of GAD65 at the synaptic plasma membrane. GAD65 is removed from the plasma membrane with newly formed vesicles. The association of GAD65 with vesicles results in increased GABA synthesis. In NEGR1 deficient mice, the synaptic targeting of GAD65 is decreased, the GABAergic synapse densities are reduced, and the reinforcing effects of food rewards are blunted. In mice fed a high fat diet, levels of NEGR1 are increased and GAD65 abnormally accumulates at the synaptic plasma membrane. Our results indicate that NEGR1 regulates a previously unknown step required for synaptic targeting and functioning of GAD65, which can be affected by bidirectional changes in NEGR1 levels causing disruptions in the GABAergic signaling controlling feeding behavior.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, R. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozlova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sah, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keable, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagan, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phelps, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leshchyns'ka, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sytnyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.08.479601</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) promotes synaptic targeting of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Lin28b specifies an innate-like lineage of CD8+ T cells in early life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.14.480406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immune system is stratified into layers of specialized cells with distinct functions. Recently, Lin28b was shown to serve as a master regulator of fetal lymphopoiesis, programming the development of more innate-like lymphocytes in early life. However, it remains unclear whether Lin28b specifies innate functions in more conventional adaptive lymphocytes. In this report, we discovered that Lin28b promotes the development of a more innate-like lineage of CD8+ T cells that is capable of protecting the host against a wide variety of pathogens in the absence of TCR stimulation. Using RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we found that Lin28b transcriptionally and epigenetically programs CD8+ T cells to be highly responsive to innate cytokines. We also performed scRNAseq and found that the shift from innate-like CD8+ T cells in early life to adaptive CD8+ T cells in adulthood is mediated by changes in the abundance of distinct subsets of cells. Remarkably, the innate CD8+ T cell subset predominates in early life but is also present in adult mice and humans. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that neonatal CD8+ T cells are a distinct lineage of lymphocytes that provide the host with innate defense in early life.

One sentence SummaryHigh-dimensional analysis reveals how Lin28b programs neonatal CD8+ T cells for innate defense.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyesola, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laniewski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grenier, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tabilas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mon, K. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesnak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nzingha, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojno, E. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheible, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grimson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.14.480406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Lin28b specifies an innate-like lineage of CD8+ T cells in early life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.479799v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-throughput detection and quantification of phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins from single cells by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.15.479799v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in single-cell genomics and transcriptomics technologies have transformed our understanding of cellular heterogeneity in growth, development, ageing and disease; however, methods for single-cell lipidomics have comparatively lagged behind in development. We have developed a high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of a wide range of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) species from single cells that combines fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) with automated chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) and shotgun lipidomics. We show herein that our method is capable of quantifying more than 50 different PC and SM species from single cells and can easily distinguish between cells of different lineages or cells treated with exogenous fatty acids. Moreover, our method can detect more subtle differences in the lipidome between cell lines of the same cancer type. Our approach can be run in parallel with other single-cell technologies to deliver near-complete multi-omics data on cells with a similar phenotype and has the capacity to significantly advance our current knowledge on cellular heterogeneity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hancock, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson Beves, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.15.479799</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-throughput detection and quantification of phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins from single cells by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481163v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.20.481163v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite a clear role in protective immunity, the durability and quality of antibody and memory B cell responses induced by mRNA vaccination, particularly by a 3rd dose of vaccine, remains unclear. Here, we examined antibody and memory B cell responses in a cohort of individuals sampled longitudinally for [~]9-10 months after the primary 2-dose mRNA vaccine series, as well as for [~]3 months after a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose. Notably, antibody decay slowed significantly between 6- and 9-months post-primary vaccination, essentially stabilizing at the time of the 3rd dose. Antibody quality also continued to improve for at least 9 months after primary 2-dose vaccination. Spike- and RBD-specific memory B cells were stable through 9 months post-vaccination with no evidence of decline over time, and [~]40-50% of RBD-specific memory B cells were capable of simultaneously recognizing the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. Omicron-binding memory B cells induced by the first 2 doses of mRNA vaccine were boosted significantly by a 3rd dose and the magnitude of this boosting was similar to memory B cells specific for other variants. Pre-3rd dose memory B cell frequencies correlated with the increase in neutralizing antibody titers after the 3rd dose. In contrast, pre-3rd dose antibody titers inversely correlated with the fold-change of antibody boosting, suggesting that high levels of circulating antibodies may limit reactivation of immunological memory and constrain further antibody boosting by mRNA vaccines. These data provide a deeper understanding of how the quantity and quality of antibody and memory B cell responses change over time and number of antigen exposures. These data also provide insight into potential immune dynamics following recall responses to additional vaccine doses or post-vaccination infections.

Graphical Summary

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=123 SRC="FIGDIR/small/481163v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goel, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundgreen, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apostolidis, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baxter, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathew, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pattekar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dysinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hicks, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herring, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KC, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oldridge, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erickson, R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weirick, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllister, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Awofolaju, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanenbaum, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougherty, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Andrea, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaughlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuthuru, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drapeau, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hensley, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenplate, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wherry, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.20.481163</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A BALB/c IGHV Reference Set, defined by haplotype analysis of long-read VDJ-C sequences from F1 (BALB/c / C57BL/6) mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The immunoglobulin genes of inbred mouse strains that are commonly used in models of antibody-mediated human diseases are poorly characterized. This compromises data analysis. To infer the immunoglobulin genes of BALB/c mice, we used long-read SMRT sequencing to amplify VDJ-C sequences from F1 (BALB/c x C57BL/6) hybrid animals. Previously unreported strain variations were identified in the Ighm and Ighg2b genes, and analysis of VDJ rearrangements led to the inference of 278 germline IGHV alleles. 169 alleles are not present in the C57BL/6 genome reference sequence. To establish a set of expressed BALB/c IGHV germline gene sequences, we computationally retrieved IGHV haplotypes from the IgM dataset. Haplotyping led to the confirmation of 162 BALB/c IGHV gene sequences. A musIGHV398 pseudogene variant also appears to be present in the BALB/cByJ substrain, while a functional musIGHV398 gene is highly expressed in the BALB/cJ substrain. Only four of the BALB/c alleles were also observed in the C57BL/6 haplotype. The full set of inferred BALB/c sequences has been used to establish a BALB/c IGHV reference set, hosted at https://ogrdb.airr-community.org. We assessed whether assemblies from the Mouse Genome Project (MGP) are suitable for the determination of the genes of the IGH loci. Only 37 (43.5%) of the 85 confirmed IMGT-named BALB/c IGHV and 33 (42.9%) of the 77 confirmed non-IMGT IGHV were found in a search of the MGP BALB/cJ genome assembly. This suggests that Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire sequencing (AIRR-Seq) data, but not currently-available genome assemblies, are suited to the documentation of germline IGHV genes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busse, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A BALB/c IGHV Reference Set, defined by haplotype analysis of long-read VDJ-C sequences from F1 (BALB/c / C57BL/6) mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482417v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
dSeqSb: A systems biology approach to decipher dynamics of 1 host-pathogen interactions using temporal dual RNA-seq data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.28.482417v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Infection triggers a dynamic cascade of reciprocal events between host and pathogen wherein the host activates complex mechanisms to recognise and kill pathogens while the pathogen adjusts its virulence and fitness to avoid eradication by the host. The interaction between the pathogen and the host results in large-scale changes in gene expression in both organisms. Dual RNA-seq, the simultaneous detection of host and pathogen transcripts, has become a leading approach to unravel complex molecular interactions between the host and the pathogen and is particularly informative for intracellular organisms. The amount of in vitro and in vivo dual RNA-seq data is rapidly growing which demands computational pipelines to effectively analyse such data. In particular, holistic, systems-level, and temporal analyses of dual RNA-seq data are essential to enable further insights into the host-pathogen transcriptional dynamics and potential interactions. Here, we developed an integrative network-driven bioinformatics pipeline, dRNASb, a systems biology-based computational pipeline to analyse temporal transcriptional clusters, incorporate molecular interaction networks (e.g., protein-protein interactions), identify topologically and functionally key transcripts in host and pathogen, and associate host and pathogen temporal transcriptome to decipher potential between-species interactions. The pipeline is applicable to various dual RNA-seq data from different species and experimental conditions. As a case study, we applied dRNASb to analyse temporal dual RNA-seq data of Salmonella-infected human cells, which enabled us to uncover genes contributing to the infection process and their potential functions and to identify potential host-pathogen interactions between host and pathogen genes. Overall, dRNASb has the potential to identify key genes involved in bacterial growth or host defence mechanisms for future uses as therapeutic targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dinarvand, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mouiee, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanzim, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Azad, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penesyan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castano-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.482417</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[dSeqSb: A systems biology approach to decipher dynamics of 1 host-pathogen interactions using temporal dual RNA-seq data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482560v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global ecological and biogeochemical impacts of pelagic tunicates 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.01.482560v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The pelagic tunicates, gelatinous zooplankton that include salps, doliolids, and appendicularians, are filter feeding grazers thought to produce a significant amount of particulate organic carbon (POC) detritus. However, traditional sampling methods (i.e., nets), have historically underestimated their abundance, yielding an overall underappreciation of their global biomass and contribution to ocean biogeochemical cycles relative to crustacean zooplankton. As climate change is projected to decrease the average plankton size and POC export from traditional plankton food webs, the ecological and biogeochemical role of pelagic tunicates may increase; yet, pelagic tunicates were not resolved in the previous generation of global earth system climate projections. Here we present a global ocean study using a coupled physical-biogeochemical model to assess the impact of pelagic tunicates in the pelagic food web and biogeochemical cycling. We added two tunicate groups, a large salp/doliolid and a small appendicularian to the NOAA-GFDL Carbon, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Lower Trophics version 2 (COBALTv2) model, which was originally formulated to represent carbon flows to crustacean zooplankton. The new GZ-COBALT simulation was able to simultaneously satisfy new pelagic tunicate biomass constraints and existing ecosystem constraints, including crustacean zooplankton observations. The model simulated a global tunicate biomass of 0.10 Pg C, annual tunicate production of 0.49 Pg C y-1 in the top 100 m, and annual tunicate detritus production of 0.98 Pg C y-1 in the top 100 m. Tunicate-mediated export flux was 0.71 Pg C y-1, representing 11% of the total export flux past 100 m. Overall export from the euphotic zone remained largely constant, with the GZ-COBALT pe-ratio only increasing 5.3% (from 0.112 to 0.118) compared to the COBALTv2 control. While the bulk of the tunicate-mediated export production resulted from the rerouting of phytoplankton- and mesozooplankton-mediated export, tunicates also shifted the overall balance of the upper oceans away from recycling and towards export. Our results suggest that pelagic tunicates play important trophic roles in both directly competing with microzooplankton and indirectly shunting carbon export away from the microbial loop.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henschke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunne, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482560</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global ecological and biogeochemical impacts of pelagic tunicates]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483368v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blood-based transcriptomic signature panel identification for cancer diagnosis: Benchmarking of feature extraction methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483368v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsy has shown promise for cancer diagnosis due to its minimally invasive nature and the potential for novel biomarker discovery. However, the low concentration of relevant blood-based biosources and the heterogeneity of samples (i.e. the variability of relative abundance of molecules identified), pose major challenges to biomarker discovery. Moreover, the number of molecular measurements or features (e.g., transcript read counts) per sample could be in the order of several thousand, whereas the number of samples is often substantially lower, leading to the curse of dimensionality. These challenges, among others, elucidate the importance of a robust biomarker panel identification or feature extraction step wherein relevant molecular measurements are identified prior to classification for cancer detection. In this work, we performed a benchmarking study on eleven feature extraction methods using transcriptomic profiles derived from different blood-based biosources. The methods were assessed both in terms of their predictive performance and the robustness of the biomarker panels in diagnosing cancer or stratifying cancer subtypes. While performing the comparison, the feature extraction methods are categorised into feature subset selection methods and transformation methods. A transformation feature extraction method, namely PLS-DA, was found to perform consistently superior in terms of classification performance, while a feature subset selection method, namely Ranger, selected feature sets that were the most robust to sub-sampling in terms of consistently selecting the same features. As part of the benchmarking study, a generic pipeline has been created and made available as an R package to ensure reproducibility of the results and allow for easy extension of this study to other datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vijayan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatima, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowmya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.13.483368</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blood-based transcriptomic signature panel identification for cancer diagnosis: Benchmarking of feature extraction methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.483873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond inappropriate fire regimes: a synthesis of fire-driven declines of threatened mammals in Australia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.483873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fire can promote biodiversity but changing patterns of fire threaten species worldwide. While scientific literature often describes  inappropriate fire regimes as a significant threat to biodiversity, less attention has been paid to the characteristics that make a fire regime inappropriate. We go beyond this generic description and synthesize how inappropriate fire regimes contribute to declines of animal populations, using threatened mammals as a case study. We developed a demographic framework for classifying mechanisms by which fire regimes cause population decline, and applied the framework in a systematic review to identify fire characteristics and interacting threats associated with population declines in Australian threatened land mammals (n=99). Inappropriate fire regimes threaten 88% of Australian threatened land mammals. Our review indicates that intense, large, and frequent fires are the primary cause of fire-related population declines, particularly through their influence on survival rates. However, several species are threatened by a lack of fire and there is considerable uncertainty in the evidence base for fire-related declines. Climate change and predation are documented or predicted to interact with fire to exacerbate mammalian declines. This demographic framework will help target conservation actions globally and would be enhanced by empirical studies of animal survival, dispersal, and reproduction.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Santos, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hradsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sitters, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.483873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond inappropriate fire regimes: a synthesis of fire-driven declines of threatened mammals in Australia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484670v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Humans trade-off energetic cost with fatigue avoidance while walking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.16.484670v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metabolic cost minimization is thought to underscore the neural control of locomotion. Yet, avoiding high muscle activation, a cause of fatigue, often outperforms energy minimization in computational predictions of human gait. Discerning the relative importance of these criteria in human walking has proved elusive, in part, because they have not been empirically decoupled. Here we explicitly decouple whole-body metabolic cost and  fatigue-like muscle activation costs (estimated from electromyography) by pitting them against one another using two distinct gait tasks. When experiencing these competing costs, participants (N=10) chose the task that avoided overburdening muscles (fatigue avoidance) at the expense of higher metabolic power (p<0.05). Muscle volume-normalized activation more closely models energy use and was also minimized by the participants decision (p<0.05), demonstrating that muscle activation was, at best, an inaccurate signal for metabolic energy. Energy minimization was only observed when there was no adverse effect on muscle activation costs. By decoupling whole-body metabolic and muscle activation costs, we provide among the first empirical evidence of humans embracing non-energetic optimality in favor of a clearly defined neuromuscular objective. This finding indicates that local muscle fatigue and effort may well be key factors dictating human walking behavior and its evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cusumano, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hieronymi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubenson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.16.484670</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Humans trade-off energetic cost with fatigue avoidance while walking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.485004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental and genetic disease modifiers of haploinsuffciency of A20 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.19.485004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Monogenic diseases can often manifest diverse clinical phenotypes and cause diagnostic dilemmas. While monoallelic loss-of-function variants in TNFAIP3 (Haploinsufficiency of A20; HA20) cause a highly penetrant autoinflammatory disease, the variable expressivity suggest a role for additional genetic and environmental disease modifiers. Here, we identify critically ill children who inherited a family-specific TNFAIP3 deletion from one of their otherwise healthy parents. Each of the probands also inherited in trans a subtle loss-of-function I207L TNFAIP3 variant that is common in Oceania, originally introgressed from Denisovans. Modelling this compound heterozgous state in mice under specific pathogen free conditions demonstrated a reduced threshold to break immune tolerance. Exaggerated immune responses were precipitated by inheriting the two genetic hits on the TNFAIP3 checkpoint coupled with increasing the microbial challenge to immune tolerance, either by co-housing with pet store mice carrying a wild microbial burden or by transient dietary exposure to a chemical that diminishes the intestinal mucin barrier separating gut microbes from immune sensing systems. These data illuminate second-hit genetic and environmental modifiers contributing to complex inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Increased mechanistic understanding of the presence and contribution of disease modifiers will aid diagnostic and prognostic patient stratification and potentially reveal novel therapeutic opportunities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zammit, N. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siggs, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cultrone, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brink, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zahra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burnett, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gayevskiy, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minoche, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Craig, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benitez-Aguirre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tangye, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phan, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodnow, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.19.485004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental and genetic disease modifiers of haploinsuffciency of A20]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484899v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissociable Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms of Cortical Thinning at Different Life Stages 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.21.484899v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanisms underpinning age-related variations in cortical thickness in the human brain remain poorly understood. We investigated whether inter-regional age-related variations in cortical thinning (in a multicohort neuroimaging dataset from the ENIGMA Lifespan Working Group totalling 14,248 individuals, aged 4-89 years) depended on cell-specific marker gene expression levels. We found differences amidst early-life (<20 years), mid-life (20-60 years), and late-life (>60 years) in the patterns of association between inter-regional profiles of cortical thickness and expression profiles of marker genes for CA1 and S1 pyramidal cells, astrocytes, and microglia. Gene ontology and enrichment analyses indicated that each of the three life-stages was associated with different biological processes and cellular components: synaptic modeling in early life, neurotransmission in mid-life, and neurodegeneration in late-life. These findings provide mechanistic insights into age-related cortical thinning during typical development and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal-Pineiro, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrod, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dickie, E. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerrero-Pedraza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartman, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoekstra, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulshoff Pol, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jernigan, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalnin, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.03.21.484899</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissociable Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms of Cortical Thinning at Different Life Stages]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-fidelity 3D live-cell nanoscopy through data-driven enhanced super-resolution radial fluctuation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.07.487490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In recent years, the development of new image analysis approaches has highlighted the possibility of recovering superresolution information from short sequences of wide-field images. Our recently developed method, SRRF (Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations), enables long-term live-cell imaging beyond the resolution limit without specialized hardware. Here, we present eSRRF (enhanced-SRRF), a significant improvement over our initial method, enhancing image fidelity to the underlying structure and resolution. Especially, eSRRF uses automated data-driven parameter optimization, including an estimation of the number of frames necessary for optimal reconstruction. We demonstrate the improved fidelity of the images reconstructed with eSRRF and highlight its versatility and ease of use over a wide range of microscopy techniques and biological systems. We also extend eSRRF to 3D super-resolution microscopy by combining it with multi-focus microscopy (MFM), obtaining volumetric super-resolution imaging of live cells with acquisition speed of ~1 volume/second.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Laine, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heil, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coelho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon-Abell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jimenez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galgani, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stubb, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Follain, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquemet, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leterrier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henriques, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.07.487490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-fidelity 3D live-cell nanoscopy through data-driven enhanced super-resolution radial fluctuation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488274v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human genomic DNA is widely interspersed with i-motif structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.14.488274v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA i-motif structures are formed in the nucleus of human cells and are believed to provide critical genomic regulation. While the existence of i-motif structures in human cells has been demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and by characterisation of select model genes, the abundance and distribution of such structures in the human genome has remained unclear. Here we utilize high affinity i-motif immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing to map i-motifs in human genomic DNA. Validated by biolayer interferometry and circular dichroism spectroscopy, our approach identified over 650,000 i-motif structures in human genomic DNA. The i-motif structures are widely distributed throughout the human genome and are common among highly expressed genes and in genes upregulated in G0/G1 cell cycle phase. Our findings provide experimental evidence for the widespread formation of i-motif structures in human genomic DNA.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pena Martinez, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeraati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouet, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazigi, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloss, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, C.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryan, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummerfeld, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.14.488274</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human genomic DNA is widely interspersed with i-motif structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488847v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
moRphology - dEep Learning Imaging Cells (RELIC) - to Differentiate Between Normal and Pathological Kidney Exfoliated Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.19.488847v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by progressive loss of kidney function leading to kidney failure. Significant kidney damage can occur before symptoms are detected. Currently, kidney tissue biopsy is the gold standard for evaluation of renal damage and CKD severity. This study explores how to precisely quantify morphology characteristics of kidney cells exfoliated into urine, with a view to establish a future urine-based non-invasive diagnostic for CKD. We report the development of a novel deep learning method, which was able to discover a RELIC (moRphology dEep Learning Imaging Cells) signature that can differentiate between kidney cells exfoliated in human urine of and CKD patients with varying degree of kidney damage and non-CKD controls. Exfoliated proximal tubule cells (PTCs) originating from kidneys were isolated from the urine of patients with different levels of kidney damage using previously published methods. An advanced combination of artificial intelligence techniques, deep learning, swarm intelligence, and discriminative analysis was used to discover a RELIC signature in brightfield microscopy images of exfoliated PTCs. Kidney damage in the study subjects was characterised by assessing kidney tissues obtained through a nephrectomy or kidney biopsy. A special deep learning algorithm was developed and trained to create a predictive tool. The algorithm was then used to analyse data from patients with normal and fibrotic kidneys. Data were then classified according to different groups (healthy or fibrosis) and clustering of the training and validation cells was determined for model validation. We developed a novel deep learning method, to obtain RELIC signatures and identify specific deep morphological features which can be used to differentiate urinary PTC cells shed by people with CKD (confirmed by tissue histology obtained from an invasive kidney biopsy) from those without CKD, with a discriminatory accuracy of 82%. We identified a RELIC signature which can be used on a collection of bright field images of exfoliated urinary PTCs to create a predictive tool and differentiate between normal and pathological kidney cells. This study, for the first time, provides a proof of concept that urinary exfoliated tubule cells in patients with kidney fibrosis and healthy controls differ in appearance (morphology) as observed under a basic brightfield microscope. The results suggest that morphological signatures of exfoliated PTCs have the potential to serve as a non-invasive marker of kidney fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habibalahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>chou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.19.488847</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[moRphology - dEep Learning Imaging Cells (RELIC) - to Differentiate Between Normal and Pathological Kidney Exfoliated Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489119v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A phased chromosome-level genome and full mitochondrial sequence for the dikaryotic myrtle rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.22.489119v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The fungal plant pathogen Austropuccinia psidii is spreading globally and causing myrtle rust disease symptoms on plants in the family Myrtaceae. A. psidii is dikaryotic, with two nuclei that do not exchange genetic material during the dominant phase of its life-cycle. Phased and scaffolded genome resources for rust fungi are important for understanding heterozygosity, mechanisms of pathogenicity, pathogen population structure and for determining the likelihood of disease spread. We have assembled a chromosome-level phased genome for the pandemic biotype of A. psidii and, for the first time, show that each nucleus contains 18 chromosomes, in line with other distantly related rust fungi. We show synteny between the two haplo-phased genomes and provide a new tool, ChromSyn, that enables efficient comparisons between chromosomes based on conserved genes. Our genome resource includes a fully assembled and circularised mitochondrial sequence for the pandemic biotype.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.04.22.489119</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A phased chromosome-level genome and full mitochondrial sequence for the dikaryotic myrtle rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.489089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of Extensive Diversity In Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Germline Genes Across Biomedically Important Mouse Strains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.01.489089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The light chain immunoglobulin genes of biomedically relevant mouse strains are poorly documented in current germline gene databases. We previously showed that IGH loci of wild-derived mouse strains representing the major mouse subspecies contained 247 germline IGHV sequences not curated in the international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) information system, which is the most commonly used database that curates the germline repertoires used for sequence alignment in AIRR-seq analysis. Despite containing levels of polymorphism similar to the IGH locus, the germline gene content and diversity of the light chain loci have not been comprehensively cataloged. To explore the extent of germline light chain repertoire diversity across mouse strains commonly used in the biomedical sciences, we performed AIRR-seq analysis and germline gene inference for 18 inbred mouse strains, including the four wild-derived strains with diverse sub-species origins. We inferred 1582 IGKV and 63 IGLV sequences, representing 459 and 22 unique IGKV and IGLV sequences. Of the unique inferred germline IGKV and IGLV sequences, 67.8% and 59%, respectively, were undocumented in IMGT. Across strains we observed germline IGKV sequences shared by three distinct IGK haplotypes and a more conserved IGLV germline repertoire. In addition, J gene inference indicated a novel IGK2 allele shared between PWD/PhJ and MSM/MsJ and a novel IGLJ1 allele for LEWES/EiJ and IGLJ2 allele for MSM/MsJ. Finally, a combined IGHV, IGKV, and IGLV phylogenetic analysis of wild-derived germline repertoires displayed reduced germline diversity for the light chain repertoire compared to the heavy chain repertoire, suggesting potential evolutionary differences between the two chains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Safonova, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shields, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.01.489089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of Extensive Diversity In Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Germline Genes Across Biomedically Important Mouse Strains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490371v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defining marine bacterioplankton community assembly rules by contrasting the importance of environmental determinants and biotic interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.02.490371v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterioplankton communities play major roles in governing marine productivity and biogeochemical cycling, yet what drives the relative influence of the types of deterministic ecological processes which result in diversity patterns remains unclear. Here we examine how differing deterministic processes (environmental factors and biotic interactions) drive temporal dynamics of bacterioplankton diversity at three different oceanographic time-series locations, spanning 15 degrees of latitude, which are each characterized by different environmental conditions and varying degrees of seasonality. Monthly surface samples, collected over a period of 5.5 years, were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The high and mid-latitude sites of Maria Island and Port Hacking were characterized by high and intermediate levels of environmental heterogeneity respectively, with both alpha (local) diversity (72 % and 24 % of total variation) and beta diversity (32 % and 30 %) patterns within bacterioplankton assemblages primarily explained by environmental determinants, including day length, ammonium, and mixed layer depth. In contrast, at North Stradbroke Island, a sub-tropical location where environmental conditions are less seasonally variable, interspecific interactions were of increased importance in structuring bacterioplankton diversity (alpha diversity: 33 %; beta diversity: 26 %) with environment only contributing 11 and 13 % to predicting diversity, respectively. Our results demonstrate that bacterioplankton diversity is the result of both deterministic environmental and biotic processes and that the importance of these different deterministic processes varies, potential in response to environmental heterogeneity.

ImportanceMarine bacterioplankton drives important biological processes, including the cycling of key nutrients or fixing atmospheric carbon. Therefore, to predict future climate scenarios its critical to model these communities accurately. Processes that drive bacterioplankton diversity patterns in the oceans however remain unresolved, with most studies focusing on deterministic environmental drivers, ie temperature or available inorganic nutrients. Biotic deterministic processes including interactions among individuals are also important for structuring diversity patterns, however, this is rarely included to predict bacterioplankton communities. We develop an approach for determining the relative contribution of environmental and potential biotic interactions that structure marine bacterioplankton at three series at different latitudes. Environmental factors best predicted temporal trends in bacterioplankton diversity at the two high latitude time series, while biotic influence was most apparent at the low latitude time series. Our results suggest environmental heterogeneity is an important attribute driving the contribution of varying deterministic influence of bacterioplankton diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Doane, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrowski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bramucci, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bodrossy, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van de Kamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bissett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doblin, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seymour, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.02.490371</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defining marine bacterioplankton community assembly rules by contrasting the importance of environmental determinants and biotic interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490900v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning consistent subcellular landmarks to quantify changes in multiplexed protein maps 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.07.490900v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Highly multiplexed quantitative subcellular imaging holds enormous promise for understanding how spatial context shapes the activity of our genome and its products at multiple scales. Yet unbiased analysis of subcellular organisation across experimental conditions remains challenging, because differences in molecular profiles between conditions confound differences in molecular profiles across space. Here, we introduce a deep-learning framework called CAMPA (Conditional Autoencoder for Multiplexed Pixel Analysis), which uses a variational autoencoder conditioned on cellular states and perturbations to learn consistent molecular signatures. Clustering the learned representations into subcellular landmarks allows quantitative comparisons of landmark sizes, shapes, molecular compositions and relative spatial organisation between conditions. By performing high-resolution multiplexed immunofluorescence on human cells, we use CAMPA to reveal how subnuclear organisation changes upon different perturbations of RNA production or processing, and how different membraneless organelles scale with cell size. Furthermore, by integrating information across the cellular and subcellular scales, we uncover new links between the molecular composition of membraneless organelles and bulk RNA synthesis rates of single cells. We anticipate that CAMPA will greatly accelerate the systematic mapping of multiscale atlases of biological organisation to identify the rules by which context shapes physiology and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Spitzer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donoghoe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pelkmans, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Theis, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.07.490900</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning consistent subcellular landmarks to quantify changes in multiplexed protein maps]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.490793v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantifying dynamic facial expressions under naturalistic conditions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.08.490793v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Facial affect is expressed dynamically - a giggle, grimace, or an agitated frown. However, the characterization of human affect has relied almost exclusively on static images. This approach cannot capture the nuances of human communication or support the naturalistic assessment of affective disorders. Using the latest in machine vision and systems modelling, we studied dynamic facial expressions of people viewing emotionally salient film clips. We found that the apparent complexity of dynamic facial expressions can be captured by a small number of simple spatiotemporal states - composites of distinct facial actions, each expressed with a unique spectral fingerprint. Sequential expression of these states is common across individuals viewing the same film stimuli but varies in those with the melancholic subtype of major depressive disorder. This approach provides a platform for translational research, capturing dynamic facial expressions under naturalistic conditions and enabling new quantitative tools for the study of affective disorders and related mental illnesses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jeganathan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breakspear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.08.490793</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantifying dynamic facial expressions under naturalistic conditions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491406v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BigNeuron: A resource to benchmark and predict best-performing algorithms for automated reconstruction of neuronal morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491406v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BigNeuron is an open community bench-testing platform combining the expertise of neuroscientists and computer scientists toward the goal of setting open standards for accurate and fast automatic neuron reconstruction. The project gathered a diverse set of image volumes across several species representative of the data obtained in most neuroscience laboratories interested in neuron reconstruction. Here we report generated gold standard manual annotations for a selected subset of the available imaging datasets and quantified reconstruction quality for 35 automatic reconstruction algorithms. Together with image quality features, the data were pooled in an interactive web application that allows users and developers to perform principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, correlation and clustering, visualization of imaging and reconstruction data, and benchmarking of automatic reconstruction algorithms in user-defined data subsets. Our results show that image quality metrics explain most of the variance in the data, followed by neuromorphological features related to neuron size. By benchmarking automatic reconstruction algorithms, we observed that diverse algorithms can provide complementary information toward obtaining accurate results and developed a novel algorithm to iteratively combine methods and generate consensus reconstructions. The consensus trees obtained provide estimates of the neuron structure ground truth that typically outperform single algorithms. Finally, to aid users in predicting the most accurate automatic reconstruction results without manual annotations for comparison, we used support vector machine regression to predict reconstruction quality given an image volume and a set of automatic reconstructions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Manubens-Gil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramanathan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bria, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillette, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radojevic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouchard, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roysam, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sironi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iascone, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bas, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conde-Sousa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguiar, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muresan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fua, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, H.-y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staiger, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peter, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonneau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberlaender, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jefferis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Bellido, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rubel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cline, H. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nern, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roskams,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491406</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BigNeuron: A resource to benchmark and predict best-performing algorithms for automated reconstruction of neuronal morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Computer-aided diagnosis of reflectance confocal images to differentiate between lentigo maligna (LM) and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation (AIMP) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.10.491423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lentigo maligna (LM), a form of melanoma in situ that predominantly affects sun-exposed areas such as the face, has an ill-defined clinical border and has a high rate of recurrence. Atypical Intraepidermal Melanocytic Proliferation (AIMP) is a term used to describe the melanocytic proliferation of an uncertain malignant potential. Clinically and histologically, AIMP can be difficult to distinguish from LM, and indeed AIMP may in some cases progress to LM. Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) is often used to investigate these lesions non-invasively, however, RCM is often not readily available nor is the associated expertise for RCM image interpretation. Here, we demonstrate machine learning architectures that can correctly classify lesions between LM and AIMP on stacks of RCM images. Overall, our methods showcase the potential for computer-aided diagnosis in dermatology, which in conjunction with the remote acquisition, can expand the range of diagnostic tools in the community.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Priyam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gouveia, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guitera, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.491423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Computer-aided diagnosis of reflectance confocal images to differentiate between lentigo maligna (LM) and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation (AIMP)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492204v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic epidemiology and multilevel genome typing of Australian Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.18.492204v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the leading causes of salmonellosis in Australia. However, the majority of S. Enteritidis cases in Australia are travel-related with a small proportion being locally acquired. This study aimed to characterise the genomic features of Australian S. Enteritidis and compare them with international strains using multilevel genome typing (MGT). A total of 568 S. Enteritidis isolates from two Australian states across two consecutive years were analysed using the S. Enteritidis MGT scheme and database (MGTdb) - which contained 40,390 publicly available genomes from 99 countries. The Australian S. Enteritidis strains were divided into three phylogenetic clades (A, B and C). Clades A and C represented 16.4% and 3.5% of the total isolates, respectively, and were of local origin. Clade B accounted for 80.1% of the isolates which belonged to seven previously defined lineages but was dominated by the global epidemic lineage (MGT4-CC1). At MGT5 level, three out of five top sequence types (STs) in Australia were also top STs in Asia, suggesting that a fair proportion of Australian S. Enteritidis cases may be epidemiologically linked with Asian strains. In 2018, a large egg-associated local outbreak was caused by a recently defined clade B lineage prevalent in Europe and was closely related, but not directly linked, to three isolates from Europe. Additionally, antimicrobial-resistance genes were only found in Australian clade B isolates, with a predicted multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of 11.7%. Over half (54.8%) of the MDR isolates belonged to 10 MDR-associated MGT-STs, which were also frequent in Asian S. Enteritidis. IncX1 plasmids were frequently present in the Australian MDR isolates. Overall, this study investigated the genomic epidemiology of S. Enteritidis in Australia, including the first large local outbreak, using MGT. The open MGT platform enables a standardised and sharable nomenclature that can be effectively applied to public health for unified surveillance of S. Enteritidis nationally and globally.

ImportanceSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a leading cause of foodborne infections. We previously developed a genomic typing database - MGTdb for S. Enteritidis to facilitate global surveillance of this pathogen. In this study we examined the genomic features of Australian S. Enteritidis using the MGTdb and found that Australian S. Enteritidis is mainly epidemiologically linked with Asian strains (especially strains carrying antimicrobial resistance genes) followed by European strains. The first large-scale egg-associated local outbreak in Australia was caused by a recently defined lineage prevalent in Europe, and three European isolates in the MGTdb were closely related but not directly linked to this outbreak. In summary, the S. Enteritidis MGTdb open platform is shown to be a potential powerful tool for national and global public health surveillance of this pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathnayake, I. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Draper, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennison, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.18.492204</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic epidemiology and multilevel genome typing of Australian Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493410v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insulin sensitivity is preserved in mice made obese by feeding a high starch diet 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.25.493410v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity is generally associated with insulin resistance in liver and muscle and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, however there is a population of obese people that remain insulin sensitive. Similarly, recent work suggests that mice fed high carbohydrate diets can become obese without apparent glucose intolerance. To investigate this phenomenon further, we fed mice either a high fat (Hi-F) or high starch (Hi-ST) diet and measured adiposity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and tissue lipids compared to control mice fed a standard laboratory chow. Both Hi-ST and Hi-F mice accumulated a similar amount of fat and tissue triglyceride compared to chow-fed mice. However while Hi-F diet mice developed glucose intolerance as well as liver and muscle insulin resistance (assessed via euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp), obese Hi-ST mice maintained glucose tolerance and insulin action similar to lean, chow-fed controls. This preservation of insulin action despite obesity in Hi-ST mice was associated with differences in de novo lipogenesis and levels of C22:0 ceramide in liver and C18:0 ceramide in muscle. This indicates that dietary manipulation can influence insulin action independently of the level of adiposity and that the presence of specific ceramide species correlate with these differences.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brandon, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T.-V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suryana, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yassmin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hancock, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pulpitel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stonehouse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prescott, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebede, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, L.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowalski, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.25.493410</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insulin sensitivity is preserved in mice made obese by feeding a high starch diet]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493021v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating proteomic data with metabolic modelling provides insight into key pathways of Bordetella pertussis biofilms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.27.493021v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough is a severe respiratory disease caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. Despite widespread vaccination, pertussis resurgence has been observed globally. The development of the current acellular vaccine (ACV) has been based on planktonic studies. However, recent studies have shown that B. pertussis readily forms biofilms. A better understanding of B. pertussis biofilms is important for developing novel vaccines that can target all aspects of B. pertussis infection. This study compared the proteomic expression of biofilm and planktonic B. pertussis cells to identify key changes between the conditions. Major differences were identified in virulence factors including an upregulation of toxins (adenylate cyclase toxin and dermonecrotic toxin) and downregulation of pertactin and type III secretion system proteins in biofilm cells. To further dissect metabolic pathways that are altered during the biofilm lifestyle, the proteomic data was then incorporated into a genome scale metabolic model using the integrative metabolic analysis tool (iMAT). The analysis revealed that planktonic cells utilised the glyoxylate shunt while biofilm cells completed the full tricarboxylic acid cycle. Differences in processing aspartate, arginine and alanine were identified as well as unique export of valine out of biofilm cells which may have a role in inter-bacterial communication and regulation. Finally, increased polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation and superoxide dismutase activity in biofilm cells may contribute to increased persistence during infection. Taken together, this study modelled major proteomic and metabolic changes that occur in biofilm cells which helps lay the groundwork for further understanding B. pertussis pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Suyama, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, L. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raftery, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.05.27.493021</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating proteomic data with metabolic modelling provides insight into key pathways of Bordetella pertussis biofilms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496187v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
MGTdb: A web service and database for studying the global and local genomic epidemiology of bacterial pathogens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.14.496187v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multilevel genome typing (MGT) enables the genomic characterization of bacterial isolates and the relationships among them. The MGT system describes an isolate using multiple multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes, referred to as levels. Thus, for a new isolate, sequence types (STs) assigned at multiple precisely defined levels can be used to type isolates at multiple resolutions. The MGT designation for isolates is stable, and assignment is faster than existing approaches. MGTs utility has been demonstrated in multiple species.

This paper presents a publicly accessible web service called MGTdb, which enables the assignment of MGT sequence types to isolates, along with their storage, retrieval and analysis. The MGTdb web service enables upload of genome data as sequence reads or alleles, which are processed and assigned MGT identifiers. Additionally, any newly sequenced isolates deposited in NCBI Sequence Read Archive are also regularly retrieved (currently daily), processed, assigned MGT and made publicly available in MGTdb. Interactive visualisation tools are presented to assist analysis, along with capabilities to download publicly available isolates and assignments for use with external software.

MGTdb is currently available for Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, and Vibrio cholerae. We demonstrate the usability of MGTdb through three case studies to study the long-term national surveillance of S. Typhimurium, and the local epidemiology and outbreaks of S. Typhimurium, and the global epidemiology of V. cholerae. Thus, MGTdb enables epidemiological and microbiological investigations at multiple levels of resolution for all publicly available isolates of these pathogens.

Database URLhttps://mgtdb.unsw.edu.au
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.14.496187</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[MGTdb: A web service and database for studying the global and local genomic epidemiology of bacterial pathogens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of hydrological change in fire-prone wetland vegetation: an empirical simulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.17.496658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Upland swamps are peat-accumulating, groundwater-dependent and fire-prone wetland ecosystems. Drying caused by anthropogenic processes such as underground mining, ditching and climate change may disrupt surface and groundwater flows effecting a bottom-up control on wetland expression. Fire is an endogenous, recurring disturbance that drives a top-down consumptive force in many of these systems. When compounded with anthropogenic drying, fire may facilitate permanent community transitions. A dearth of ecological data and temporal lags have hampered our ability to predict risks associated with multiple disturbances in wetland plant communities. We collected intact wetland mesocosms from valley floors and lower slopes of four undisturbed swamp sites. We transferred the mesocosms to a glasshouse and established three different soil moisture availability levels to simulate wetland drainage. After 20 months of the hydrological treatment, we simulated a fire event by sequentially applying biomass removal (clipping), heat and smoke to half of the mesocosms. We monitored species biomass, richness and composition over a 3.5-year time frame. We found evidence of a temporal lag in biomass response to low water availability and synergistic hydrological and fire effects on species richness. In unburnt conditions, richness declined with low water availability but was maintained under high and medium water availability. After simulated fire in medium water availability, however, richness also declined and converged with depauperate low water mesocosm richness. Representation by many obligate swamp species declined in low compared with high water availability mesocosms over time, an effect that was amplified by the fire treatment.

SynthesisOur evidence of lagged effects of hydrological change on wetland vegetation and compounding effects of fire should be considered in impact assessments, monitoring programs and ecosystem management to avoid irreversible wetland change in drying environments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGillycuddy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.17.496658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of hydrological change in fire-prone wetland vegetation: an empirical simulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496732v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible and efficient handling of nanopore sequencing signal data with slow5tools 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.19.496732v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNanopore sequencing is an emerging technology that is being rapidly adopted in research and clinical genomics. We recently developed SLOW5, a new file format for storage and analysis of raw data from nanopore sequencing experiments. SLOW5 is a community-centric, open source format that offers considerable performance benefits over the existing nanopore data format, known as FAST5. Here we introduce slow5tools, a simple, intuitive toolkit for handling nanopore raw signal data in SLOW5 format.

ResultsSlow5tools enables lossless FAST5-to-SLOW5 and SLOW5-to-FAST5 data conversion, and a range of tools for structuring, indexing, viewing and querying SLOW5 files. Slow5tools uses multi-threading, multi-processing and other engineering strategies to achieve fast data conversion and manipulation, including live FAST5-to-SLOW5 conversion during sequencing. We outline a series of examples and benchmarking experiments to illustrate slow5tools usage, and describe the engineering principles underpinning its high performance.

ConclusionSlow5tools is an essential toolkit for handling nanopore signal data, which was developed to support adoption of SLOW5 by the nanopore community. Slow5tools is written in C/C++ with minimal dependencies and is freely available as an open-source program under an MIT licence: https://github.com/hasindu2008/slow5tools.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.19.496732</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible and efficient handling of nanopore sequencing signal data with slow5tools]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497476v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional traits trade-offs define plant population stability worldwide 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.06.24.497476v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEcological theory posits that temporal stability patterns in plant populations are associated with differences in species ecological strategies. However, empirical evidence is lacking about which traits, or trade-offs, underlie species stability, specially across different ecosystems.
C_LIO_LITo address this, we compiled a global collection of long-term permanent vegetation records (>7000 plots from 78 datasets) from a wide range of habitats and combined this with existing trait databases. We tested whether the observed inter-annual variability in species abundance (coefficient of variation) was related to multiple individual traits and multivariate axes of trait variations (PCoA axes).
C_LIO_LIWe found that species with greater leaf dry matter content and seed mass were consistently more stable over time (lower variability in species abundance) although other leaf traits played a significant role as well, albeit weaker. Using multivariate axes did not improve predictions by specific traits.
C_LIO_LIOur results confirm existing theory, providing compelling empirical evidence on the importance of specific traits, which point at ecological trade-offs in different resource use and dispersal strategies, on the stability of plant populations worldwide.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Conti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Götzenberger, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leps, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>E-Vojtko, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>P. Carmona, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majekova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danihelka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dengler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estiarte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Gonzalez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnier, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadincova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herben, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ibanez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jentsch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Juergens, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kertesz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klumpp, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krahulec, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louault, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marrs, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onodi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pakeman, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pärtel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peco, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Penuelas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rueda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmiedel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuetz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skalova, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smilauer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smilauerova, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smit, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stock, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Val, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vandvik, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesche, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>W</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.06.24.497476</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional traits trade-offs define plant population stability worldwide]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498645v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and temporal origin of the third SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Taiwan 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498645v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Since the first report of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, Taiwan has gone through three local outbreaks. Unlike the first two outbreaks, the spatial and temporal origin of the third outbreak (April 20 to November 5, 2021) is still unclear. We assembled and analyzed a data set of more than 6,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, including 300 from Taiwan and 5812 related sequences downloaded from GISAID as of 2021/12/08. We found that the third outbreak in Taiwan was caused by a single virus lineage belonging to Alpha (B.1.1.7) strain. This lineage, T-III (the third outbreak in Taiwan), carries a distinct genetic fingerprint, consisting of spike M1237I (S-M1237I) and three silent mutations, C5812T, C15895T, and T27869C. The T-III is closest to the sequences derived from Turkey on February 8, 2021. The estimated age of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of T-III is March 23, 2021 (95% highest posterior density [HPD] February 24 - April 13, 2021), almost one month before the first three confirmed cases on April 20, 2021. The effective population size of the T-III showed approximately 20-fold increase after the onset of the outbreak and reached a plateau in early June 2021. Our results reconcile several unresolved observations, including the occurrence of two infection clusters at the same time without traceable connection and several airline pilots who were PCR negative but serum IgM-/IgG+ for SARS-CoV-2 in late April. Therefore, in contrast to the general notion that the third SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Taiwan was sparked by two imported cases from USA on April 20, 2021, which, in turn, was caused by the partial relaxation of entry quarantine measures in early April 2021, our comprehensive analyses demonstrated that the outbreak was most likely originated from Europe in February 2021.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tai, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, Y. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, Y.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeh, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, P.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498645</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal origin of the third SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Taiwan]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contrasting patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms and structural variations across multiple invasions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.04.498653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adaptive divergence is a fundamental process that shapes genetic diversity within and across species. Structural variants (SVs) are large-scale genetic differences (insertion, deletions, and rearrangements) within a species or population. SVs can cause important functional differences in the individuals phenotype. Characterising SVs across invasive species will help fill knowledge gaps regarding how patterns of genetic diversity and genetic architecture shape rapid adaptation in response to new selection regimes. In this project we seek to understand patterns in genetic diversity within the globally invasive European starling, Sturnus vulgaris. We use whole genome sequencing of eight native United Kingdom (UK), eight invasive North America (NA), and 33 invasive Australian (AU) starlings to examine patterns in genome-wide SNPs and SVs between populations and within Australia. The findings of our research demonstrate that even within recently diverged lineages or populations, there may be high amounts of structural variation. Further, patterns of genetic diversity estimated from SVs do not necessarily reflect relative patterns from SNP data, either when considering patterns of diversity along the length of the organisms chromosomes (owing to enrichment of SVs in sub telomeric repeat regions), or interpopulation diversity patterns (possibly a result of altered selection regimes or introduction history). Finally, we find that levels of balancing selection within the native range differ across SNP and SV of different classes and outlier classifications. Overall, our results demonstrate that the processes that shape allelic diversity within populations is complex and supports the need for further investigation of SVs across a range of taxa to better understand correlations between oft well studied SNP diversity and that of SVs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, W. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.04.498653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contrasting patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms and structural variations across multiple invasions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499068v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MATRISOME PROTEINS OF MOUSE KIDNEYS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.499068v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for tissue homeostasis. Understanding the matrisome (ECM proteome) composition and mechanisms of ECM control in health and disease is crucial for discovering therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools for inflammatory, fibrotic and cancerous conditions. The challenging obstacle in the ECM analysis is the need to optimise matrisome enrichment methods for different organs, diseases, and species. Currently, there is no optimized protocol nor a publicly available matrisome database for mouse kidneys. This limits the power of murine models in renal diseases and development research. In this study, we comparatively explored the matrisome of healthy C57BL/6 mice using two matrisome extraction methods, including the Millipore Compartment Fractionation (Method-1) and the Sequential Extraction (Method-2) approaches. We examined the efficiency of these methods in matrisome profiling by LC-MS/MS, protein identification and label-free quantification using MaxQuant. As a result of the study, 113 matrisome proteins were identified, including 22 proteins that have not been previously listed in the Matrisome Database (MD). Method-2 allowed identification and quantification of all core and ECM-associated matrisome proteins detected by Method-1 and additionally revealed more core matrisome and ECM-associated proteins. By characterisation of the murine renal matrisome enhanced by our methodological insights, this study provides critically important information for biological and medical kidney research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rende, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahn, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikari, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guller, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.06.499068</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MATRISOME PROTEINS OF MOUSE KIDNEYS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499309v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Omics Imagification: Transforming High-throughput Molecular Representation of a Cell into an Image 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.08.499309v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Different omics profiles, depending on the underlying technology, encompass measurements of several hundred to several thousand molecules in a biological sample or a cell. This study develops upon the concept of "omics imagification" as a process of transforming a vector representing these numerical measurements into an image with a one-to-one relationship with the corresponding sample. The proposed imagification process transforms a high-dimensional vector of molecular measurements into a two-dimensional RGB image to enable holistic molecular representation of a biological sample and to improve the classification of different biological phenotypes using automated image recognition methods in computer vision. A transformed image represents 2D coordinates of molecules in a neighbour-embedded space representing molecular abundance and gene intensity. The proposed method was applied to a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to "imagify" gene expression profiles of individual cells. Our results show that a simple convolutional neural network trained on single-cell transcriptomics images accurately classifies diverse cell types outperforming the best-performing scRNA-seq classifiers such as support vector machine and random forest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zandavi, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anaissi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.08.499309</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Omics Imagification: Transforming High-throughput Molecular Representation of a Cell into an Image]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How tactile afferents in the human fingerpad encode tangential torques associated with manipulation: are we better than monkeys? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.11.499647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dexterous object manipulation depends critically on information about forces normal and tangential to the fingerpads, and also on torque associated with object orientation at grip surfaces. In this study we investigated how torque information is encoded by human tactile afferents, including slowly adapting type-II (SA-II) afferents, in the fingerpads. SA-II afferent properties seemed perfectly suited for torque encoding but could not be previously investigated as they are absent in the glabrous skin of monkeys. Torques of different magnitudes (3.5-7.5 mNm) were applied in clockwise and anticlockwise directions to a standard central site on the fingerpads of 34 participants. Torques were superimposed on a 2 N, 3 N, or 4 N background normal force. Unitary microneurography recordings were made from fast adapting type-I (FA-I, n=39), slowly adapting type-I (SA-I, n=31), and type-II (SA-II, n=13) afferents supplying the fingerpads. All three afferent types encoded torque magnitude and direction, with SA-II afferents showing excitatory and inhibitory modulation depending on torque direction. Most afferents of all three types had higher torque sensitivity with smaller normal force. FA-I afferents showed the best torque magnitude and worst directional discrimination abilities in both species. Human SA-I afferent response to static torque was inferior to dynamic stimuli, while in monkeys the opposite was true. In humans this might be compensated by the addition of a sustained SA-II afferent input. In comparison to monkeys the performance of each afferent type was inferior in humans, likely due to differences in fingertip tissue compliance and skin friction. [currently 246 words; 250 words max]

Significance StatementWe investigate how individual human tactile nerve fibres encode rotational forces (torques) and compare them to their monkey counterparts. Human hands, but not monkey hands, are innervated by a tactile neuron type (SA-II afferents) specialised to encode directional skin strain, yet so far, torque encoding has only been studied in monkeys. We find that human SA- I afferents were generally less sensitive and less able to discriminate torque magnitude and direction than their monkey counterparts, especially during the static phase of torque loading. However, this shortfall in humans could be compensated by the addition of SA-II afferent input. This indicates that variation in afferent types might compliment their specialisation for stimulus features, by slight differences between encoding in the two species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loutit, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheat, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macefield, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birznieks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.11.499647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How tactile afferents in the human fingerpad encode tangential torques associated with manipulation: are we better than monkeys?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501480v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Goal-directed action is transiently impaired in an hAPP-J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and in aging male mice regardless of genotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.501480v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cognitive-behavioural testing in preclinical models of Alzheimers disease has typically been limited to visuo-spatial memory tests and has failed to capture the broad scope of deficits patients also display in goal-directed action control. The current study addresses this gap by providing the first comprehensive investigation of how goal-directed actions are affected in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimers disease. Specifically, we tested outcome devaluation performance - a popular test of goal-directed action - in male and female human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP)-J20 mice. Mice were first trained to press a left and right lever for unique pellet and sucrose outcomes respectively (counterbalanced) over four days. On test, mice were fed one of the two outcomes to reduce its value via sensory specific satiety and subsequently given a choice between levers. Goal-directed action was intact for 36-week-old wildtype mice of both sexes, because they responded more on the lever associated with the still-valued outcome than that associated with the devalued outcome (i.e. Valued > Devalued). Goal-directed action was impaired (Valued = Devalued) for J20 mice of both sexes, and for 52-week-old male mice regardless of genotype. Following an additional 4 days of lever press training (i.e., 8 days lever pressing in total), outcome devaluation was intact for all mice regardless of age or genotype. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that increased microglial expression in the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus was associated with poorer outcome devaluation performance on initial tests, but not with tests performed after 8 days of lever pressing. Together, these data demonstrate that goal-directed action is transiently impaired in J20 mice of both sexes and in aging male mice regardless of genotype, and that this impairment is related to neuroinflammation in the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dhungana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avgan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissel, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.25.501480</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Goal-directed action is transiently impaired in an hAPP-J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and in aging male mice regardless of genotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501635v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain structural covariances in the ageing brain in the UK Biobank 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.26.501635v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain structural covariances or pairwise correlations describe how morphologic properties of brain regions are related to one another across individuals. Although it is reported that brain structural covariance changes during brain development, it is not clear how structural covariance relates to the ageing process. Here we investigated the human brain structural covariances of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in the ageing brain and their associations with age, cognition, and longevity polygenic risk score (longevity-PRS) by using cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank (N = 42075, aged 45-83 years, M/F=19752 /22323). The sample of participants was divided into 84 non-overlapping groups based on their age. The older the age group, the greater the variability in the whole brain structural covariance. However, there was a differential rate of age-related increase of variance between males and females. The variance of females started lower than those of males and then increased with age with a greater gradient than that of males. There was a consistent and significant enrichment of pairwise correlations within the occipital lobe in ageing process. The cortical thickness and subcortical covariances in older groups were significantly different from those in the youngest group. Sixty-two of the total 528 pairs of cortical thickness correlations and 10 of the total 21 pairs of subcortical volume correlations were significantly associated with age after Bonferroni correction. Specifically, with an increasing age, most decreased cortical thickness correlations were found between the regions within the frontal lobe as well as between the frontal lobe regions and regions in other lobes, while pairwise correlations within occipital lobe regions were all strengthening. Most of these correlations were also associated with global cognition and weakly associated with longevity-PRS. These findings revealed that the structural covariance was not stable during ageing. Given the thinning of the cortex and the volumetric reduction of subcortical structures seen in the ageing process, an increased pairwise correlation between the brain regions in the older brain suggested a strengthened coordinated decline between the brain regions involved. However, some of the brain regions demonstrated a differentiated rate of decline which was shown as the inversed or reduced pairwise correlations between these regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalamuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.26.501635</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain structural covariances in the ageing brain in the UK Biobank]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electricity-free nucleic acid extraction method from dried blood spots on filter paper for point-of-care diagnostics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.28.501845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundNucleic acid extraction is a crucial step for molecular biology applications, being a determinant for any diagnostic test procedure. Dried blood spots (DBS) have been used for decades for serology, drug monitoring, environmental investigations, and molecular studies. Nevertheless, nucleic acid extraction from DBS remains one of the main challenges to translate them to the point-of-care (POC).

MethodWe have developed a fast nucleic acid extraction (NAE) method from DBS which is electricity-free and relies on cellulose filter papers (DBSFP). The performance of NAE was assessed with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), targeting the human reference gene beta-actin. The developed method was evaluated against FTA cards and magnetic bead-based purification, using time-to-positive (min) for comparative analysis. We optimised and validated the developed method for elution (eluted disk) and disk directly in the reaction (in-situ disk), RNA and DNA detection, and whole blood stored in anticoagulants (K2EDTA and lithium heparin). Furthermore, the compatibility of DBSFP with colourimetric detection was studied to show the transferability to the POC.

ResultsThe proposed DBSFP is based on grade 3 filter paper pre-treated with 8% (v/v) igepal surfactant, 1 min washing step with PBS 1X and elution in TE 1X buffer after 5 min incubation at room temperature, enabling NAE under 7 min. Obtained results were comparable to gold standard methods across tested matrices, targets and experimental conditions, demonstrating the versatility of the methodology. Lastly, eluted disk colourimetric detection was achieved with a sample-to-result turnaround time under 35 min.

ConclusionsThe developed method is a fast, electricity-free, and low-cost solution for NAE from DBSFP enabling molecular testing in virtually any POC setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malpartida-Cardenas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunnington, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Manzano, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.28.501845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electricity-free nucleic acid extraction method from dried blood spots on filter paper for point-of-care diagnostics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.502101v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A chromosome-level genome resource for studying virulence mechanisms and evolution of the coffee rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.29.502101v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recurrent epidemics of coffee leaf rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix, have constrained the sustainable production of Arabica coffee for over 150 years. The ability of H. vastatrix to overcome resistance in coffee cultivars and evolve new races is inexplicable for a -pathogen that supposedly only utilizes clonal reproduction. Understanding the evolutionary complexity between H. vastatrix and its only known host, including determining how the pathogen evolves virulence so rapidly is crucial for disease management. Achieving such goals relies on the availability of a comprehensive and high-quality genome reference assembly. To date, two reference genomes have been assembled and published for H. vastatrix that, while useful, remain fragmented and do not represent chromosomal scaffolds. Here, we present a complete scaffolded pseudochromosome-level genome resource for H. vastatrix strain 178a (Hv178a). Our initial assembly revealed an unusually high degree of gene duplication (over 50% BUSCO basidiomycota_odb10 genes). Upon inspection, this was predominantly due to a single scaffold that itself showed 91.9% BUSCO Completeness. Taxonomic analysis of predicted BUSCO genes placed this scaffold in Exobasidiomycetes and suggests it is a distinct genome, which we have named Hv178a associated fungal genome (Hv178a AFG). The high depth of coverage and close association with Hv178a raises the prospect of symbiosis, although we cannot completely rule out contamination at this time. The main Ca. 546 Mbp Hv178a genome was primarily (97.7%) localised to 11 pseudochromosomes (51.5 Mb N50), building the foundation for future advanced studies of genome structure and organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tobias, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangelson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Inacio, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>do Ceu Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varzea, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batista, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.07.29.502101</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A chromosome-level genome resource for studying virulence mechanisms and evolution of the coffee rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Measurement error associated with gait cycle selection in treadmill running at various speeds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.11.503696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A common approach in biomechanical analysis of running technique is to average data from several gait cycles to compute a  representative mean. However, the impact of the quantity and selection of gait cycles on biomechanical measures is not well understood. We examined the effects of gait cycle selection on kinematic data by: (i) comparing representative means calculated from varying numbers of gait cycles to  global means from the entire capture period; and (ii) comparing representative means from varying numbers of gait cycles sampled from different parts of the capture period. We used a public dataset (n = 28) of lower limb kinematics captured during a 30-second period of treadmill running at three speeds (2.5m {middle dot} s-1, 3.5m {middle dot} s-1 and 4.5m {middle dot} s-1).  Ground truth values were determined by averaging data across all collected strides and compared to representative means calculated from random samples (1,000 samples) of n (range = 5--30) consecutive gait cycles. We also compared representative means calculated from n (range = 5--15) consecutive gait cycles randomly sampled (1,000 samples) from within the same data capture period. The mean, variance and range of the absolute error of the representative mean compared to the  ground truth mean progressively reduced across all speeds as the number of gait cycles used increased. Similar magnitudes of  error were observed between the 2.5m {middle dot} s-1 and 3.5m {middle dot} s-1 speeds at comparable gait cycle numbers -- where the maximum errors were < 1.5 degrees even with a small number of gait cycles (i.e. 5-10). At the 4.5m {middle dot} s-1 speed, maximum errors typically exceeded 2-4 degrees when a lower number of gait cycles were used. Subsequently, a higher number of gait cycles (i.e. 25-30) was required to achieve low errors (i.e. 1-2 degrees) at the 4.5m {middle dot} s-1 speed. The mean, variance and range of absolute error of representative means calculated from different parts of the capture period was consistent irrespective of the number of gait cycles used. The error between representative means was low (i.e. <1.5 degrees) and consistent across the different number of gait cycles at the 2.5m {middle dot} s-1 and 3.5m {middle dot} s-1 speeds, and consistent but larger (i.e. up to 2-4 degrees) at the 4.5m {middle dot} s-1 speed. Our findings suggest that selecting as many gait cycles as possible from a treadmill running bout will minimise potential  error. Analysing a small sample (i.e. 5-10 cycles) will typically result in minimal  error (i.e. < 2 degrees), particularly at lower speeds (i.e. 2.5m {middle dot} s-1 and 3.5m {middle dot} s-1). Researchers and clinicians should consider the balance between practicalities of collecting and analysing a smaller number of gait cycles against the potential  error when determining their methodological approach. Irrespective of the number of gait cycles used, we recommend that the potential  error introduced by the choice of gait cycle number be considered when interpreting the magnitude of effects in treadmill-based running studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fox, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonacci, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warmenhoven, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keast, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.11.503696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Measurement error associated with gait cycle selection in treadmill running at various speeds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.21.504681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-step purification of functionalized protein nanostructures using multimodal chromatography 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.21.504681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein nanostructures produced through the self-assembly of individual subunits are attractive scaffolds to attach and position functional molecules for applications in biomaterials, metabolic engineering, tissue engineering, and a plethora of nanomaterials. However, the assembly of multicomponent protein nanomaterials is generally a laborious process that requires each protein component to be separately expressed and purified prior to assembly. Moreover, excess components not incorporated into the final assembly must be removed from the solution and thereby necessitate additional processing steps. Here, we developed an efficient approach to purify functionalized protein filament assemblies directly from bacterial lysates in a single step through a type of multimodal chromatography that combines size-exclusion, hydrophilic interaction, and ion exchange to separate recombinant protein assemblies from excess free subunits and bacterial proteins. In this approach, the ultrastable filamentous protein gamma-prefoldin was employed as a material scaffold that can be functionalized with a variety of protein domains through SpyTag/SpyCatcher conjugation chemistry. The purification of recombinant gamma-prefoldin filaments from bacterial lysates using multimodal chromatography was optimized across a wide range of salt concentrations and pH. Subsequently, functionalized protein assemblies were purified from bacterial lysates using multimodal chromatography in a single step and shown to befree of unincorporated subunits. The assembly and purification of protein nanostructures with varying amounts of functionalization was confirmed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Forster resonance energy transfer, and transmission electron microscopy. We envision that the use of multimodal chromatography will increase the throughput of protein nanostructure prototyping as well as enable the upscaling of the bioproduction of protein nanodevices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winter, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebhar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCluskey, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.21.504681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-step purification of functionalized protein nanostructures using multimodal chromatography]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DeepGenePrior: A deep learning model to prioritize genes affected by copy number variants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.22.504862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genetic etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders is highly heterogeneous. They are characterized by abnormalities in the development of the central nervous system, which lead to diminished physical or intellectual capabilities. Determining which gene is the driver of disease (not just a passenger), termed  gene prioritization, is not entirely known. In terms of disease-gene associations, genome-wide explorations are still underdeveloped due to the reliance on previous discoveries when spotting new genes and other evidence sources with false positive or false negative relations. This paper introduces DeepGenePrior, a model based on deep neural networks that prioritizes candidate genes in Copy Number Variant (CNV) mediated diseases. Based on the well-studied Variational AutoEncoder (VAE), we developed a score to measure the impact of the genes on the target diseases.

Unlike other methods that use prior data on gene-disease associations to prioritize candidate genes (using the guilt by association principle), the current study exclusively relies on copy number variants. Therefore, the procedure can identify disease-associated genes regardless of prior knowledge or auxiliary data sources. We identified genes that distinguish cases from disorders (autism, schizophrenia, and developmental delay). A 12% increase in fold enrichment was observed in brain-expressed genes compared to previous studies, while 15% more fold enrichment was found in genes associated with mouse nervous system phenotypes. We also explored sex dimorphism for the disorders and discovered genes that overexpress more in one gender than the other. Additionally, we investigated the gene ontology of the putative genes with WebGestalt and the associations between the causative genes and the other phenotypes in the DECIPHER dataset. Furthermore, some genes were jointly present in the top genes associated with the three disorders in this study (i.e., autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and developmental delay); namely, deletions in ZDHHC8, DGCR5, and CATG00000022283 were common between them. These findings suggest the common etiology of these clinically distinct conditions.

With DeepGenePrior, we address the obstacles in existing gene prioritization studies. This study identified promising candidate genes without prior knowledge of diseases or phenotypes using deep learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rahaie, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabiee, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alinejad-Rokny, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DeepGenePrior: A deep learning model to prioritize genes affected by copy number variants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Data augmentation for imbalanced blood cell image classification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.30.505762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Due to progression in cell-cycle or duration of storage, classification of morphological changes in human blood cells is important for correct and effective clinical decisions. Automated classification systems help avoid subjective outcomes and are more efficient. Deep learning and more specifically Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved state-of-the-art performance on various biomedical image classification problems. However, real-world data often suffers from the data imbalance problem, owing to which the trained classifier is biased towards the majority classes and does not perform well on the minority classes. This study presents an imbalanced blood cells classification method that utilises Wasserstein divergence GAN, mixup and novel nonlinear mixup for data augmentation to achieve oversampling of the minority classes. We also present a minority class focussed sampling strategy, which allows effective representation of minority class samples produced by all three data augmentation techniques and contributes to the classification performance. The method was evaluated on two publicly available datasets of immortalised human T-lymphocyte cells and Red Blood Cells. Classification performance evaluated using F1-score shows that our proposed approach outperforms existing methods on the same datasets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowmya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.08.30.505762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Data augmentation for imbalanced blood cell image classification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ZEB2 regulates the development of CD11c+ atypical B cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.01.506173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD11c+ atypical B cells (ABC) are an alternative memory B cell lineage identified both in normal immune responses as well as pathogenic responses in autoimmunity. While it is clear that ABCs have a distinct transcriptional program, the factors that direct this program have not been identified. Here, we generated a human tonsil single-cell RNA-seq dataset and identified candidate transcription factors associated with the ABC population. We selected 8 of these transcription factors for further analysis based on their conserved expression in mouse ABC bulk RNA-seq datasets. Using an optimized CRSPR-Cas9 knockdown method we found that only zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (Zeb2) knock-out impaired ABC formation. To assess the role of Zeb2 in ABC formation in vivo we used Zeb2fl/fl mice crossed to a CD23Cre line. Germinal center and plasma cell responses in these mice after Plasmodium sporozoite immunization were largely unaltered but we observed a specific defect in ABC formation. We further determined that ZEB2 haploinsufficient Mowat Wilson syndrome patients also have decreased circulating ABCs in the blood, supporting a role for this transcription factor in humans as well as mice. In sum, we identified Zeb2 as a key TF governing the formation of ABCs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roco, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frith, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munier, C. M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nekrasov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalton, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaeger, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaunders, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.01.506173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ZEB2 regulates the development of CD11c+ atypical B cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506302v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gas modulating microcapsules for spatiotemporal control of hypoxia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.02.506302v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxygen is a vital molecule involved in regulating development, homeostasis, and disease. The oxygen levels in tissue vary from 1 to 8% with deviations having major biological consequences. In this work, we developed an approach to encapsulate enzymes and nanozymes, at an unprecedented loading capacity, which precisely controls the oxygen content in cell culture. Here, a single microcapsule is able to locally perturb the oxygen balance, and varying the concentration and distribution of matrix embedded microcapsules provides spatiotemporal control. We demonstrate attenuation of hypoxia signaling in populations of stem cells, cancer cells, endothelial cells, and cancer spheroids. Capsule containing hydrogel films applied to chick chorioallantoic membranes encourage neovascularization, providing scope for topical treatments or hydrogel wound dressings. We further demonstrate versatility by loading capsules with ceria nanorods as "nanozymes" to modulate active oxygen species with potential as a cytoprotective treatment. The approach can be used in multiple formats, including deposition in hydrogels, as granular solids for 3D bioprinting, and as injectable biomaterials. Overall, this platforms simplicity and flexibility will prove useful for fundamental studies of oxygen-mediated processes in virtually any in vitro or in vivo format, with scope for inclusion in biomedical materials where controlling hypoxia may be clinically advantageous.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>molley, t. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopecky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ranaweera, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalandhra, G. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rnjak-Kovacina, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506302</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gas modulating microcapsules for spatiotemporal control of hypoxia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oocyte and cumulus cell cooperativity and metabolic plasticity under the direction of oocyte paracrine factors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.05.506599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mammalian oocytes develop and mature in a mutually dependent relationship with surrounding cumulus cells. The oocyte actively regulates cumulus cell differentiation and function by secreting soluble paracrine oocyte-secreted factors (OSFs). We characterized the molecular mechanisms by which two model OSFs, cumulin and BMP15, regulate oocyte maturation and cumulus-oocyte cooperativity. Exposure to these OSFs during maturation altered the proteomic and multispectral autofluorescence profiles of both the oocyte and cumulus cells. In oocytes, cumulin significantly upregulated proteins involved in nuclear function. In cumulus cells, both OSFs elicited marked upregulation of a variety of metabolic processes (mostly anabolic), including lipid, nucleotide, and carbohydrate metabolism, while mitochondrial metabolic processes were downregulated. The mitochondrial changes were validated by functional assays confirming altered mitochondrial morphology, respiration, and content, whilst maintaining ATP homeostasis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that OSFs remodel cumulus cell metabolism during oocyte maturation in preparation for ensuing fertilization and embryonic development.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIDuring oocyte maturation, oocyte-secreted factors promote cell cooperativity between the oocyte and cumulus cells by altering the molecular composition of both cell types.
C_LIO_LIOocyte-secreted factors downregulate protein catabolic processes, and upregulate DNA binding, translation, and ribosome assembly in oocytes.
C_LIO_LIOocyte-secreted factors alter mitochondrial number, morphology, and function in cumulus cells.
C_LIO_LIOocyte-secreted factors further enhance metabolic plasticity in cumulus cells by upregulating anabolic pathways for macromolecules and small molecule organics.
C_LIO_LIThe oocyte, via oocyte-secreted factors, instructs cumulus cells to increase metabolic workload on its behalf, thereby subduing oocyte metabolism.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biazik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibalahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marinova, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skerrett-Byrne, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.05.506599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oocyte and cumulus cell cooperativity and metabolic plasticity under the direction of oocyte paracrine factors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Automated identification of aneuploid cells within the inner cell mass of an embryo using a numerical extraction of morphological signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.06.506861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
STUDY QUESTIONCan artificial intelligence distinguish between euploid and aneuploid cells within the inner cell mass of mouse embryos using brightfield images?

SUMMARY ANSWERA deep morphological signature (DMS) generated by deep learning followed by swarm intelligence and discriminative analysis can identify the ploidy state of inner cell mass (ICM) in the mouse blastocyst-stage embryo.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADYThe presence of aneuploidy - a deviation from the expected number of chromosomes - is predicted to cause early pregnancy loss or congenital disorders. To date, available techniques to detect embryo aneuploidy in IVF clinics involve an invasive biopsy of trophectoderm cells or a non-invasive analysis of cell-free DNA from spent media. These approaches, however, are not specific to the ICM and will consequently not always give an accurate indication of the presence of aneuploid cells with known ploidy therein.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATIONThe effect of aneuploidy on the morphology of ICMs from mouse embryos was studied using images taken using a standard brightfield microscope. Aneuploidy was induced using the spindle assembly checkpoint inhibitor, reversine (n = 13 euploid and n = 9 aneuploid). The morphology of primary human fibroblast cells with known ploidy was also assessed.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODSTwo models were applied to investigate whether the morphological details captured by brightfield microscopy could be used to identify aneuploidy. First, primary human fibroblasts with known karyotypes (two euploid and trisomy: 21, 18, 13, 15, 22, XXX and XXY) were imaged. An advanced methodology of deep learning followed by swarm intelligence and discriminative analysis was used to train a deep morphological signature (DMS). Testing of the DMS demonstrated that there are common cellular features across different forms of aneuploidy detectable by this approach. Second, the same approach was applied to ICM images from control and reversine treated embryos. Karyotype of ICMs was confirmed by mechanical dissection and whole genome sequencing.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCEThe DMS for discriminating euploid and aneuploid fibroblasts had an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.89. The presence of aneuploidy also had a strong impact on ICM morphology (AUC-ROC = 0.98). Aneuploid fibroblasts treated with reversine and projected onto the DMS space mapped with untreated aneuploid fibroblasts, supported that the DMS is sensitive to aneuploidy in the ICMs, and not a non-specific effect of the reversine treatment. Consistent findings in different contexts suggests that the role of chance low.

LARGE SCALE DATAN/A

LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTIONConfirmation of this approach in humans is necessary for translation.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGSThe application of deep learning followed by swarm intelligence and discriminative analysis for the development of a DMS to detect euploidy and aneuploidy in the ICM has high potential for clinical implementation as the only equipment it requires is a brightfield microscope, which are already present in any embryology laboratory. This makes it a low cost, a non-invasive approach compared to other types of pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. This study gives proof of concept for a novel strategy with the potential to enhance the treatment efficacy and prognosis capability for infertility patients.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)K.R.D. is supported by a Mid-Career Fellowship from the Hospital Research Foundation (C-MCF-58-2019). This study was funded by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CE140100003), the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP2003786) and an ARC Discovery Project (DP210102960). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Habibalahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahbub, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mustafa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Automated identification of aneuploid cells within the inner cell mass of an embryo using a numerical extraction of morphological signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507675v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Imbalanced classification for protein subcellularlocalisation with multilabel oversampling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.12.507675v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationSubcellular localisation of human proteins is essential to comprehend their functions and roles in physiological processes, which in turn helps in diagnostic and prognostic studies of pathological conditions and impacts clinical decision making. Since proteins reside at multiple locations at the same time and few subcellular locations host far more proteins than other locations, the computational task for their subcellular localisation is to train a multilabel classifier while handling data imbalance. In imbalanced data, minority classes are underrepresented, thus leading to a heavy bias towards the majority classes and the degradation of predictive capability for the minority classes. Furthermore, data imbalance in multilabel settings is an even more complex problem due to the coexistence of majority and minority classes.

ResultsOur studies reveal that based on the extent of concurrence of majority and minority classes, oversampling of minority samples through appropriate data augmentation techniques holds promising scope for boosting the classification performance for the minority classes. We measured the magnitude of data imbalance per class and the concurrence of majority and minority classes in the dataset. Based on the obtained values, we identified minority and medium classes, and a new oversampling method is proposed that includes nonlinear mixup, geometric and colour transformations for data augmentation and a sampling approach to prepare minibatches. Performance evaluation on the Human Protein Atlas Kaggle challenge dataset shows that the proposed method is capable of achieving better predictions for minority classes than existing methods.

AvailabilityData used in this study is available at https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/human-protein-atlas-image-classification/data.

Contactyang.song1@unsw.edu.au

Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rana, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowmya, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.12.507675</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Imbalanced classification for protein subcellularlocalisation with multilabel oversampling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
External validation and further exploration of fall prediction models based on questionnaires and daily-life trunk accelerometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.26.509506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAmbulatory measurements of trunk accelerations can provide valuable insight into the amount and quality of daily life activities. Such information has been used to create models that aim to identify individuals at high risk of falls. However, external validation of such prediction models is lacking, yet crucial for clinical implementation. We externally validated three previously described fall prediction models (van Schooten et al., 2015a).

MethodsComplete questionnaires and one week of trunk acceleration data were obtained in 263 community-dwelling people (mean age 71.8 years, 68.1% female). To validate models, we first used the coefficients and optimal cut-offs from original cohort, then recalibrated the original models, as well as optimized parameters based on our new cohort.

ResultsAmong all participants, 39.9% experienced falls during 6-month follow-up. All models showed poor precision (0.20-0.49), poor sensitivity (0.32-0.58), and good specificity (0.45-0.89). Calibration of the original models had limited effect on model performance. Using coefficients and cut-offs optimized on the external cohort also had limited benefit. Last, the odds ratios in our cohort were different from those in the original cohort and indicated that gait characteristics, except for index of harmonicity ML, were not statistically significantly associated with falls.

ConclusionsPrediction of fall risk in our cohort was not as effective as in the original cohort. Recalibration as well as optimized model parameters resulted in limited increase in accuracy. Fall prediction models are highly specific to the cohort studied. This highlights the need for large representative cohorts, preferably with an external validation cohort.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weijer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schooten, K. v.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruijn, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pijnappels, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.26.509506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[External validation and further exploration of fall prediction models based on questionnaires and daily-life trunk accelerometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510151v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal Cortex is necessary for the behavioural expression, but not learning, of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.29.510151v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions cause deficits in flexible behavioural control, most notably response inhibition and has historically been linked to theories of response inhibition. This general inhibition hypothesis of OFC function has since been rejected by evidence that inhibitory behavioural control can be expressed following OFC damage, however the functional role of the OFC in the explicit learning of conditioned inhibition remains untested. Here we test whether muscimol disruption of OFC function during the learning stage of a Pavlovian conditioned inhibition procedure disrupted the learning of conditioned inhibitory associations. Muscimol abolished Inhibitory behavioural control during the learning phase, however learning about the conditioned inhibitor was intact when tested drug free in subsequent summation and retardation tests of conditioned inhibition. Muscimol also significantly impaired acquisition to control cues whose cue-outcome relationship did not change. In a second experiment, conditioned inhibition was found not to play a significant role in cue extinction (non-reinforcement), an effect that was disrupted by intra-OFC infusion of muscimol. These results confirm that the OFC is not functionally necessary for the learning of inhibitory associations but is critical to both the enhancement and suppression of responding when environmental contingencies change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panayi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.510151</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Orbitofrontal Cortex is necessary for the behavioural expression, but not learning, of Pavlovian conditioned inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Copper chelation inhibits TGF-β pathways and suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.03.510707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Copper is a trace element essential to cellular function with elevated levels implicated in cancer progression. Clinical trials using copper chelators are associated with improved patient survival, however, the molecular mechanisms by which copper depletion inhibits tumor progression are poorly understood. This remains a major hurdle to the clinical translation of copper chelators. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is often exploited by malignant cells to promote growth and metastasis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-{beta} is a master regulator of EMT and facilitates cancer progression through changes in the tumor and its microenvironment. Herein, we report that a reduction of copper with the chelating agent tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) inhibited EMT in vitro in three diverse cancer cell types; human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), neuroblastoma (NB), and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) cell lines. Single-molecule imaging demonstrated EMT markers including Vimentin, {beta}-catenin, ZEB1, and p-SMAD2 had increased expression with copper treatment and this pro-mesenchymal shift was rescued by the addition of TEPA. Moreover, SNAI1, ZEB1, and p-SMAD2 demonstrated increased accumulation in the cytoplasm after treating with TEPA. Transcriptomic analyses revealed a significant downregulation of the EMT pathway, including canonical (TGF-{beta}/SMAD2&3) and non-canonical (TGF-{beta}/PI3K/AKT and TGF-{beta}/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK) TGF signaling pathways. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-14 proteins which activate latent TGF-{beta} complexes were also downregulated by TEPA treatment. These molecular changes are consistent with reduced plasma levels of TGF-{beta} we observed in cancer models treated with TEPA. Importantly, copper chelation reduced metastasis to the lung in a TNBC orthotopic syngeneic mouse model. Our studies suggest copper chelation therapy can be used to inhibit EMT-induced metastasis by targeting TGF-{beta} signalling. Because on-target anti-TGF-{beta} therapies are failing in the clinic, copper chelation presents itself as a potential therapy for targeting TGF-{beta} in cancer.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poursani, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mercatelli, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raninga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saletta, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohane, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rouaen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jue, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michniewicz, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasiou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cirillo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shai-Hee, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brettle, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahdat, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgi, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khanna, K. k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>VITTORIO, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.03.510707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Copper chelation inhibits TGF-β pathways and suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
canaper: Categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism in R 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIBiodiversity has typically been quantified using species richness, but this ignores evolutionary history. Due to the increasing availability of robust phylogenies, methods have been developed that incorporate phylogenetic relationships into quantification of biodiversity. CANAPE (categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism) is one such method that can provide insight into the evolutionary processes generating biodiversity. The only currently available software implementing CANAPE is Biodiverse, which is written in Perl and can be used either through a graphical user interface (GUI) or user-developed scripts. However, many researchers, particularly in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, use the R programming language to conduct their analyses.
C_LIO_LIHere, we present canaper, a new R package that provides functions to conduct CANAPE in R. canaper implements methods for efficient computation, including parallelization and encoding of community data as sparse matrices. The interface is designed for maximum simplicity and reproducibility; CANAPE can be conducted with two functions, and parallel computing can be enabled with one line of code.
C_LIO_LIOur case study shows that canaper produces equivalent results to Biodiverse and can complete computations on moderately sized datasets quickly (< 10 min to reproduce a canonical study).
C_LIO_LIcanaper allows researchers to conduct all analyses from data import and cleaning through CANAPE within R, thereby averting the need to manually import and export data and analysis results between programs. We anticipate canaper will become a part of the toolkit for analyzing biodiversity in R.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nitta, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laffan, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishler, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iwasaki, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[canaper: Categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism in R]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A 3D bioprintable hydrogel with tuneable stiffness for exploring cells encapsulated in matrices of differing stiffnesses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.06.511222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In vitro cell models have undergone a shift from 2D models on glass slides to 3D models that better reflect the native 3D microenvironment. 3D bioprinting promises to progress the field by allowing the high throughput production of reproducible cell-laden structures with high fidelity. As this technology is relatively new, the current stiffness range of printable matrices surrounding the cells that mimics the extracellular matrix environment remains limited. The work presented here aims to expand the range of stiffnesses by utilising a 4-armed polyethylene glycol with maleimide functionalised arms. The complementary crosslinkers comprised a matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-degradable peptide and a 4-armed thiolated polymer which were adjusted in ratio to tune the stiffness. The modularity of this system allows for a simple method of controlling stiffness and the addition of biological motifs. The application of this system in drop-on-demand printing is validated in this work using MCF-7 cells which were monitored for viability and proliferation. This study shows the potential of this system for the high-throughput investigation of the effects of stiffness and biological motif compositions in relation to cell behaviours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Du, E. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skhinas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tolentino, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamshidi, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjandra, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Utama, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavallaris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.06.511222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A 3D bioprintable hydrogel with tuneable stiffness for exploring cells encapsulated in matrices of differing stiffnesses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511389v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell DNA methylation sequencing by combinatorial indexing and enzymatic DNA methylation conversion. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.09.511389v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation is a critical molecular mark involved in cellular differentiation and cell-specific processes. Single-cell whole genome DNA methylation profiling methods hold great potential to resolve the DNA methylation profiles of individual cell-types. Here we present a method that couples single-cell combinatorial indexing (sci) with enzymatic conversion (sciEM) of unmethylated cytosines. The method facilitates single-base resolution DNA methylation profiling of single-cells that is highly correlated with single-cell bisulfite-based workflows (r2 >0.99) whilst improving sequencing alignment rates, reducing adapter contamination and over-estimation of DNA methylation levels (CpG and non-CpG). As proof-of-concept we perform sciEM analysis of the temporal lobe, motor cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the human brain to resolve single-cell DNA methylation of all major cell-types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chatterton, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamichhane, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rastegar, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebhar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.09.511389</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell DNA methylation sequencing by combinatorial indexing and enzymatic DNA methylation conversion.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511862v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An integrated cell barcoding and computational analysis pipeline for scalable analysis of differentiation at single-cell resolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.12.511862v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pluripotent stem cells provide a scalable approach to analyse molecular regulation of cell differentiation across multiple developmental lineage trajectories. In this study, we engineered barcoded iPSCs to generate an atlas of multilineage differentiation from pluripotency, encompassing a time-course of WNT-induced differentiation perturbed using modulators of WNT, BMP, and VEGF signalling. Computational mapping of in vitro cell types to in vivo developmental lineages revealed a diversity of iPSC-derived cell types comprising mesendoderm lineage cell types including lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm, neural crest, and primitive gut. Coupling this atlas of in vitro differentiation with Summary data-based Mendelian Randomisation analysis of human complex traits, we identify the WNT-inhibitor protein TMEM88 as a putative regulator of mesendodermal cell types governing development of diverse cardiovascular and anthropometric traits. Using genetic loss of function models, we show that TMEM88 is required for differentiation of diverse endoderm and mesoderm cell lineages in vitro and that TMEM88 knockout in vivo results in a significant dysregulation of arterial blood pressure. This study provides an atlas of multilineage iPSC differentiation coupled with new molecular, computational, and statistical genetic tools to dissect genetic determinants of mammalian developmental physiology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Werner, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shim, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lukowski, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P. P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, J. W. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palpant, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.12.511862</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An integrated cell barcoding and computational analysis pipeline for scalable analysis of differentiation at single-cell resolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.13.512111v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe cerebellum critically contributes to higher-order cognitive and emotional functions such fear learning and memory. Prior research on cerebellar volume in PTSD is scant and has neglected neuroanatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum that differentially map on to motor, cognitive, and affective functions.

MethodsWe quantified cerebellar lobule volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging in 4,215 adults (PTSD n= 1640; Control n=2575) across 40 sites from the from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD working group. Using a new state-of-the-art deep-learning based approach for automatic cerebellar parcellation, we obtained volumetric estimates for the total cerebellum and 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, gender, intracranial volume, and site were used to compare cerebellum total and subregional volume in PTSD compared to healthy controls. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate (p-FDR < .05).

ResultsPTSD was associated with significant grey and white matter reductions of the cerebellum. Compared to controls, people with PTSD demonstrated smaller total cerebellum volume. In addition, people with PTSD showed reduced volume in subregions primarily within the posterior lobe (lobule VIIB, crus II), but also the vermis (VI, VIII), flocculonodular lobe (lobule X), and cerebellar white matter (all p-FDR < 0.05). Effects of PTSD on volume were consistent, and generally more robust, when examining symptom severity rather than diagnostic status.

ConclusionsThese findings implicate regionally specific cerebellar volumetric differences in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The cerebellum appears to play an important role in high-order cognitive and emotional processes, far beyond its historical association with vestibulomotor function. Further examination of the cerebellum in trauma-related psychopathology will help to clarify how cerebellar structure and function may disrupt cognitive and affective processes at the center of translational models for PTSD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Briggs, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laskowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van den Heuvel, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S. J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herz</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.13.512111</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller total and subregional cerebellar volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a mega-analysis by the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD workgroup]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hill-type computational models of muscle-tendon actuators: a systematic review 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.14.512218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Backed by a century of research and development, Hill-type models of skeletal muscle, often including a muscle-tendon complex and neuromechanical interface, are widely used for countless applications. Lacking recent comprehensive reviews, the field of Hill-type modelling is, however, dense and hard-to-explore, with detrimental consequences on innovation. Here we present the first systematic review of Hill-type muscle modelling. It aims to clarify the literature by detailing its contents and critically discussing the state-of-the-art by identifying the latest advances, current gaps, and potential future directions in Hill-type modelling. For this purpose, fifty-seven criteria-abiding Hill-type models were assessed according to a completeness evaluation, which identified the modelled muscle properties, and a modelling evaluation, which considered the level of validation and reusability of the models, as well as their modelling strategy and calibration. It is concluded that most models (1) do not significantly advance beyond historical gold standards, (2) neglect the importance of parameter identification, (3) lack robust validation, and (4) are not reusable in other studies. Besides providing a convenient tool supported by extensive supplementary material for navigating the literature, the results of this review highlight the need for global recommendations in Hill-type modelling to optimize inter-study consistency, knowledge transfer, and model reusability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caillet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modenese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.14.512218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hill-type computational models of muscle-tendon actuators: a systematic review]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.511844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HumanBrainAtlas: an in vivo MRI dataset for detailed segmentations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.16.511844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We introduce HumanBrainAtlas, an initiative to construct a highly detailed, open-access atlas of the living human brain that combines high-resolution in vivo MR imaging and detailed segmentations previously possible only in histological preparations. Here, we present and evaluate the first step of this initiative: a comprehensive dataset of two healthy male volunteers reconstructed to a 0.25 mm3 isotropic resolution for T1w, T2w and DWI contrasts. Multiple high-resolution acquisitions were collected for each contrast and each participant, followed by averaging using symmetric group-wise normalisation (Advanced Normalisation Tools). The resulting image quality permits structural parcellations rivalling histology-based atlases, while maintaining the advantages of in vivo MRI. For example, components of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus - difficult or often impossible to identify using standard MRI protocols, can be identified within the present data. Our data are virtually distortion free, fully 3D, and compatible with existing in vivo Neuroimaging analysis tools. The dataset is suitable for teaching and is publicly available via our website (www.hba.neura.edu.au), which also provides data processing scripts. Instead of focusing on coordinates in an averaged brain space, our approach focuses on providing an example segmentation at great detail in the high quality individual brain, this serves as an illustration on what features contrasts and relations can be used to interpret MRI datasets, in research, clinical and education settings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isherwood, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassem, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barth, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paxinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.16.511844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HumanBrainAtlas: an in vivo MRI dataset for detailed segmentations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512576v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dietary restriction fails to extend life in stressful environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.17.512576v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Moderate dietary restriction often prolongs life in laboratory animals, and this response has been interpreted as an adaptive strategy that promotes survival during famine. However, dietary restriction can also increase frailty, and it therefore remains unclear whether restricted diets prolong life under stressful conditions like those experienced by wild animals. We manipulated adult dietary protein of Drosophila melanogaster across a gradient of ambient temperature. We found that protein restriction increased longevity of both sexes at benign ambient temperatures (25-27{degrees}C), but failed to extend or even reduced longevity of flies maintained in cold (21-23{degrees}C) or hot (29{degrees}C) conditions. Protein restriction also generally reduced reproductive performance, and did not consistently enhance performance of F1, F2 or F3 descendants. Our results challenge the long-held idea that extended longevity of diet-restricted laboratory animals represents an adaptive survival strategy in natural populations, and suggest instead that this response is an artefact of benign laboratory conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, S. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vasconcelos, A. C. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.17.512576</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dietary restriction fails to extend life in stressful environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Macaque Brainnetome Atlas with Fine-grained Parcellations and Reliable Connections 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a crucial experimental animal that shares many genetic, brain organizational, and behavioral characteristics with humans. A macaque brain atlas that identifies anatomically and functionally distinct regions is fundamental to biomedical and evolutionary research. However, even though connectivity information is vital for understanding brain functions, a connectivity-based whole-brain atlas of the macaque has not previously been made. In this study, we created a new whole-brain map, the Macaque Brainnetome Atlas (MacBNA), based on the anatomical connectivity profiles provided by high angular and spatial resolution ex vivo diffusion MRI data. The new atlas consists of 248 cortical and 56 subcortical regions as well as their structural and functional connections. The parcellation and the diffusion-based tractography were comprehensively evaluated with multi-contrast MRI, invasive neuronal-tracing, and Nissl-stained images collected from a single subject and with open-access datasets from other cohorts. As a demonstrative application, the structural connectivity divergence between macaque and human brains was mapped using the Brainnetome atlases of those two species to uncover the genetic underpinnings of the evolutionary changes in brain structure. The resulting resource includes (1) the thoroughly delineated Macaque Brainnetome Atlas (MacBNA), (2) regional connectivity profiles, (3) the postmortem high resolution macaque diffusion and T2-weighted MRI dataset (Brainnetome-8), and (4) multi-contrast MRI, block-face, and section images collected from a single macaque. MacBNA can serve as a common reference frame for mapping multifaceted features across modalities and spatial scales and for integrative investigation and characterization of brain organization and function. Therefore, it will enrich the collaborative resource platform for nonhuman primates and facilitate translational and comparative neuroscience research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paxinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Macaque Brainnetome Atlas with Fine-grained Parcellations and Reliable Connections]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512658v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In depth characterization of an archaeal virus-host system reveals numerous virus exclusion mechanisms 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.18.512658v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Archaeal head-tailed viruses appear, at first sight, very closely related to head-tailed bacteriophages simply due to morphological similarities and similar life cycles. However, they encounter host cells that are very different from bacteria and share characteristics, that greatly influence virus life cycles, with eukaryotes. Here we present an in-depth characterization of the archaeal head-tailed virus, HRTV-Dl1, isolated from Deep Lake, Antarctica. The host Halorubrum lacusprofundi exhibits a large arsenal of virus exclusion mechanisms, indicating a long ongoing arms race with viruses. However, we uncover that the majority of this arsenal was lost spontaneously in a strain grown under non-challenging laboratory conditions. By challenging both the parental strain and the sensitive strain with HRTV-DL1, we discovered a number of putative virus exclusion mechanisms that are only activated in the sensitive strain upon the lack of defense systems present in the parental strain. We identify virus exclusion mechanisms that are also common in bacteria, mechanisms that are unique to archaea, and a potential mechanisms involving the archaeal homolog of the eukaryotic ORC1 and CDC6. We identify one of two S-layer proteins as primary receptor for HRTV-DL1, demonstrating that the presence of two different S-layer proteins in one strain provides a strong advantage in the arms race with viruses. Our results clearly reflect the differences between bacterial and archaeal head-tailed viruses. Finally, we observed that our intention to isolate a clean and stable model virus-host system led to the generation of a virus-host pair with reduced genomes. This model system is great to study in the laboratory, but barely reflects the entire spectrum of virus-host interactions as they would occur in the environment, emphasizing the importance of combining wet lab data with environmental data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mercier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thies, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raftery, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavicchioli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erdmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.18.512658</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In depth characterization of an archaeal virus-host system reveals numerous virus exclusion mechanisms]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513963v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRF receptor type 1 modulates the nigrostriatal dopamine projection and facilitates cognitive flexibility after acute and chronic stress 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.26.513963v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) impairs cognitive flexibility in rats, particularly when faced with additional mild acute stress (AS). We tested the hypothesis that this impairment is associated with alterations in dopamine activity in the dorsal striatum driven by corticotropin-releasing-factor receptor type 1 (CRFR1) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In experiment 1, rats received CUS or handling for 14 days, before learning two action-outcome associations (lever presses and food rewards). Learning was assessed using outcome devaluation. Cognitive flexibility was then assessed by reversing the outcome identities followed by a second outcome devaluation test, with half of the rats in each group receiving AS prior to reversal training. Dopamine and its metabolite were quantified in the dorsal striatum and CRFR1 mRNA was quantified in the SNpc. Increased dopaminergic activity in the left dorsal striatum and CRFR1 expression in the left SNpc were associated with resilience to AS in naive rats but with impairment in CUS+AS rats, suggesting a transition in hemispheric control from left to right as a protective mechanism following CUS. This suggestion was tested in experiment 2, where SNpc CRFR1 was blocked unilaterally prior to AS and reversal training. Blocking CRFR1 in the left medial SNpc impaired cognitive flexibility following AS in naive rats but restored it in CUS rats. Blocking CRFR1 in the left, but not right, lateral SNpc also impaired cognitive flexibility following AS in naive rats but had no effect in CUS rats.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Becchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoukalas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowring, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>mor, d.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.10.26.513963</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRF receptor type 1 modulates the nigrostriatal dopamine projection and facilitates cognitive flexibility after acute and chronic stress]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514782v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gut microbiota bacterial strain richness is species specific and limits therapeutic engraftment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.01.514782v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the fundamental role of strain variation in gut microbiota function, the number of unique strains of a species that can stably colonize the human gut is still unknown. In this work, we determine the strain richness of common gut species using thousands of sequenced bacterial isolates and metagenomes. We find that strain richness varies across species, is transferable by fecal microbiota transplantation, and is low in the gut compared to other environments. Therapeutic administration of supraphysiologic numbers of strains per species only temporarily increases recipient strain richness, which subsequently converges back to the population average. These results suggest that properties of the gut ecosystem govern the number of strains of each species colonizing the gut and provide a theoretical framework for strain engraftment and replacement in fecal microbiota transplantation and defined live biotherapeutic products.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen-Liaw, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mogno, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haifer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helmus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehkamp, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamouse-Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerby, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borody, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinspan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramsothy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakoush, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.01.514782</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gut microbiota bacterial strain richness is species specific and limits therapeutic engraftment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514965v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic and phenotypic consequences of local transitions between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction in the wild 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.02.514965v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction have occurred in numerous lineages across the tree of life, but it remains unclear why asexual populations rarely persist. In facultatively parthenogenetic animals, all-female populations can arise when males are absent or become extinct, and such populations can give rise to obligately asexual species. Facultative parthenogens could therefore shed light on the initial stages of transitions to asexuality, and the factors that determine the success or failure of asexual populations. Here, we describe a novel spatial mosaic of mixed-sex and all-female populations of the facultatively parthenogenetic Australian phasmid Megacrania batesii, and use this system to investigate the consequences of reproductive mode variation in the wild. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicated multiple, independent transitions between reproductive modes. As expected, all-female populations had drastically reduced heterozygosity and genetic diversity relative to mixed-sex populations. However, we found few consistent differences in fitness-related traits between population types. All-female populations exhibited more frequent and severe (non-functional) wing deformities, but did not show higher rates of appendage loss. All-female populations also harbored more parasites, but only in certain habitats. Reproductive mode explained little variation in female body size, fecundity, or egg hatch-rate. Our results confirm that transitions to parthenogenetic reproduction can lead to dramatic reductions in genetic diversity and heterozygosity. However, our findings also suggest that asexual M. batesii populations consist of high-fitness genotypes that might be able to thrive for many generations, perhaps until they encounter a drastic environmental change to which they are unable to adapt.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.02.514965</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic and phenotypic consequences of local transitions between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction in the wild]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optopharmacological tools for precise spatiotemporal control of oxytocin signaling in the central nervous system and periphery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide critical for maternal physiology and social behavior, and is thought to be dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the biological and neurocognitive importance of oxytocin signaling, methods are lacking to activate oxytocin receptors with high spatiotemporal precision in the brain and peripheral mammalian tissues. Here we developed and validated caged analogs of oxytocin which are functionally inert until cage release is triggered by ultraviolet light. We examined how focal versus global oxytocin application affected oxytocin-driven Ca2+ wave propagation in mouse mammary tissue. We also validated the application of caged oxytocin in the hippocampus and auditory cortex with electrophysiological recordings in vitro, and demonstrated that oxytocin uncaging can accelerate the onset of mouse maternal behavior in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that optopharmacological control of caged peptides is a robust tool with spatiotemporal precision for modulating neuropeptide signaling throughout the brain and body.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gieniec, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bair-Marshall, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adewakun, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hetzler, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khatri, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanwalleghem, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidenberg, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowin, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trauner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsien, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Froemke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.10.516001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optopharmacological tools for precise spatiotemporal control of oxytocin signaling in the central nervous system and periphery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516518v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evidence for a putative isoprene reductase in Acetobacterium wieringae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516518v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent discoveries of isoprene-metabolizing microorganisms suggest they might play an important role in the global isoprene budget. Under anoxic conditions, isoprene can be used as an electron acceptor and is reduced to methylbutene. This study describes the proteogenomic profiling of an isoprene-reducing bacterial culture to identify organisms and genes responsible for the isoprene hydrogenation reaction. A metagenome assembled genome (MAG) of the most abundant (89% rel. abundance) lineage in the enrichment, Acetobacterium wieringae, was obtained. Comparative proteogenomics and RT-PCR identified a putative five-gene operon from the A. wieringae MAG upregulated during isoprene reduction. The operon encodes a putative oxidoreductase, three pleiotropic nickel chaperones (2 x HypA-like, HypB-like) and one 4Fe-4S ferredoxin. The oxidoreductase is proposed as the putative isoprene reductase with a binding site for NADH, FAD and two pairs of [4Fe-4S]-clusters. Other known Acetobacterium strains do not encode the isoprene-regulated operon but encode, like many other bacteria, a homolog of the putative isoprene reductase ([~]47-49% amino acid sequence identity). Uncharacterized homologs of the putative isoprene reductase are observed across the Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, suggesting the ability of biohydrogenation of unfunctionalized conjugated doubled bonds in other unsaturated hydrocarbons.

ImportanceIsoprene was recently shown to act as an electron acceptor for a homoacetogenic bacterium. The focus of this study is the molecular basis for isoprene reduction. By comparing a genome from our isoprene reducing enrichment culture, dominated by Acetobacterium wieringae, with genomes of other Acetobacterium lineages that do not reduce isoprene, we shortlisted candidate genes for isoprene reduction. Using comparative proteogenomics and reverse transcription PCR we have identified a putative five-gene operon encoding an oxidoreductase referred to as putative isoprene reductase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kronen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Campos, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manefield, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516518</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evidence for a putative isoprene reductase in Acetobacterium wieringae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-linking mass spectrometry discovers, evaluates, and validates the experimental and predicted structural proteome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.16.516813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant recent advances in structural biology, particularly in the field of cryo-electron microscopy, have dramatically expanded our ability to create structural models of proteins and protein complexes. However, many proteins remain refractory to these approaches because of their low abundance, low stability or - in the case of complexes - simply not having yet been analysed. Here, we demonstrate the power of combining cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) with artificial intelligence-based structure prediction to discover and experimentally substantiate models for protein and protein complex structures at proteome scale. We present the deepest XL-MS dataset to date, describing 28,910 unique residue pairs captured across 4,084 unique human proteins and 2,110 unique protein-protein interactions. We show that integrative models of complexes driven by AlphaFold Multimer and inspired and corroborated by the XL-MS data offer new opportunities to deeply mine the structural proteome and interactome and reveal new mechanisms underlying protein structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartolec, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Campos, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, J. K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.16.516813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-linking mass spectrometry discovers, evaluates, and validates the experimental and predicted structural proteome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.516823v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Precision super-resolution cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy for rapid in situ structural analyses of optogenetically-positioned organelles 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.22.516823v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Unambiguous targeting of cellular structures for in situ cryo-electron microscopy in the heterogeneous, dense, and compacted environment of the cytoplasm remains challenging. Here we have developed a novel cryogenic correlative light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) workflow which combines thin cells grown on a mechanically defined substratum to rapidly analyse organelles and macromolecular complexes in the cell by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). We coupled these advancements with optogenetics to redistribute perinuclear-localised organelles to the cell periphery for cryo-ET. This reliable and robust workflow allows for fast in situ analyses without the requirement for cryo-focused ion beam milling. We have developed a protocol where cells can be frozen, imaged by cryo-fluorescence microscopy and ready for batch cryo-ET within a day.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Redpath, G. M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagigas, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.516823</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Precision super-resolution cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy for rapid in situ structural analyses of optogenetically-positioned organelles]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517774v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TDCS modulates working memory maintenance processes in healthy individuals 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.23.517774v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe effects of tDCS at the prefrontal cortex are often investigated using cognitive paradigms, particularly working memory tasks. However, the neural basis for the neuromodulatory cognitive effects of tDCS, including which subprocesses are affected by stimulation, is not completely understood.

AimsWe investigated the effects of tDCS on working memory task-related spectral activity during and after tDCS to gain better insights into the neurophysiological changes associated with stimulation.

MethodsWe reanalysed data from 100 healthy participants grouped by allocation to receive either Sham (0 mA, 0.016 mA, and 0.034 mA) or Active (1 mA or 2 mA) stimulation during a 3-back task. Electroencephalography (EEG) data was used to analyse event-related spectral power in frequency bands associated with working memory performance.

ResultsFrontal theta event-related synchronisation (ERS) was significantly reduced post-tDCS in the active group. Participants receiving active tDCS had slower response times following tDCS compared to Sham, suggesting interference with practice effects associated with task repetition. Theta ERS was not significantly correlated with response times or accuracy.

ConclusionstDCS reduced frontal theta ERS post-stimulation, suggesting a selective disruption to working memory cognitive control and maintenance processes. These findings suggest that tDCS selectively affects specific subprocesses during working memory, which may explain heterogenous behavioural effects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.23.517774</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TDCS modulates working memory maintenance processes in healthy individuals]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.515889v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Visualization of Incrementally Learned Projection Trajectories for Longitudinal Data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.25.515889v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Longitudinal studies that continuously generate data enable the capture of temporal variations in experimentally observed parameters, facilitating the interpretation of results in a time-aware manner. We propose IL-VIS (Incrementally Learned Visualizer), a new machine learning pipeline that incrementally learns and visualizes a progression trajectory representing the longitudinal changes in longitudinal studies. At each sampling time point in an experiment, IL-VIS generates a snapshot of the longitudinal process on the data observed thus far, a new feature that is beyond the reach of classical static models. We first verify the utility and correctness of IL-VIS using simulated data, for which the true progression trajectories are known. We find that it accurately captures and visualizes the trends and (dis)similarities between high-dimensional progression trajectories. We then apply IL-VIS to longitudinal Multi-Electrode Array data from brain cortical organoids when exposed to different levels of Quinolinic Acid, a metabolite contributing to many neuroinflammatory diseases including Alzheimers disease, and its blocking antibody. We uncover valuable insights into the organoids electrophysiological maturation and response patterns over time under these conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Malepathirana, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senanayake, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovelace, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sundaram, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guillemin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brew, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jagadish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halgamuge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.11.25.515889</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Visualization of Incrementally Learned Projection Trajectories for Longitudinal Data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518124v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Danger changes the way the brain consolidates neutral information; and does so by interacting with processes involved in the encoding of that information. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.02.518124v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study examined the effect of danger on consolidation of neutral information in two regions of the rat (male and female) medial temporal lobe: the perirhinal cortex (PRh) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). The neutral information was the association that forms between an auditory stimulus and a visual stimulus (labelled S2 and S1) across their pairings in sensory preconditioning. We show that, when the sensory preconditioning session is followed by a shocked context exposure, the danger shifts consolidation of the S2-S1 association from the PRh to the BLA; and does so by interacting with processes involved in encoding of the S2-S1 pairings. Specifically, we show that the initial S2-S1 pairing in sensory preconditioning is encoded in the BLA and not the PRh; whereas the later S2-S1 pairings are encoded in the PRh and not the BLA. When the sensory preconditioning session is followed by a context alone exposure, the BLA-dependent trace of the early S2-S1 pairings decays and the PRh-dependent trace of the later S2-S1 pairings is consolidated in memory. However, when the sensory preconditioning session is followed by a shocked context exposure, the PRh-dependent trace of the later S2-S1 pairings is suppressed and the BLA-dependent trace of the initial S2-S1 pairing is consolidated in memory. These findings are discussed with respect to mutually inhibitory interactions between the PRh and BLA, and the way that these regions support memory in other protocols, including recognition memory in people.

Significance StatementThe perirhinal cortex (PRh) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) process the pairings of neutral auditory and visual stimuli in sensory preconditioning. The involvement of each region in this processing is determined by the novelty/familiarity of the stimuli as well as events that occur immediately after the preconditioning session. Novel stimuli are represented in the BLA; however, as these stimuli are repeatedly presented without consequence, they come to be represented in the PRh. Whether the BLA- or PRh-dependent representation is consolidated in memory depends on what happens next. When nothing of significance occurs, the PRh-dependent representation is consolidated and the BLA-dependent representation decays; but when danger is encountered, the PRh-dependent representation is inhibited and the BLA-dependent representation is selected for consolidation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delaney, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.02.518124</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Danger changes the way the brain consolidates neutral information; and does so by interacting with processes involved in the encoding of that information.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518947v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Contextual and temporal regulation of fear memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala complex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.03.518947v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
It is widely accepted that fear memories are consolidated through protein synthesis-dependent changes in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). However, recent studies show that protein synthesis is not required to consolidate the memory of a new dangerous experience when it is similar to a prior experience. Here, we examined whether the protein synthesis requirement for consolidation of the new experience varies with its spatial and temporal distance from the prior experience. In each experiment, rats were conditioned to fear a stimulus (S1, e.g., light) across its pairings with shock in stage 1; and a second stimulus (S2, e.g., tone) that preceded additional S1-shock pairings (S2-S1-shock) in stage 2. The latter stage was followed by a BLA infusion of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide or vehicle. Finally, rats were tested for fear to S2. Critically, protein synthesis in the BLA was not required to consolidate fear to S2 when the two training stages occurred 48 hours apart and in the same context; was required when the two training stages were separated by a 14-day delay or occurred in different contexts; but was again not required when rats were re-exposed to S1 or shock after the delay or in the different context. Thus, protein synthesis in the BLA is not always required to consolidate a new fear memory. Instead, this requirement is determined by the degree of similarity between present and past experiences, the time and place in which those experiences occur, as well as reminders of the past experience.

Significance StatementProtein synthesis in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) is not required to consolidate the memory of a new dangerous experience when it is similar to a prior experience. This study is significant in showing that: 1) when the new, similar experience occurs after a delay or in a different context, the protein synthesis requirement for its consolidation is reinstated; and 2) the effects of the delay and context shift are reversed by reminding animals of their prior experience. Thus, the neural mechanisms underlying memory consolidation are dynamically regulated by similarity/dissimilarity between present and past experiences, the time and place in which those experiences occur, as well as reminders of the past experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saavedra Cardona, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.03.518947</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Contextual and temporal regulation of fear memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala complex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
What is learned determines how Pavlovian conditioned fear is consolidated in the brain. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.05.519226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Activity in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) is needed to encode fears acquired through contact with both innate sources of danger (i.e., things that are painful) and learned sources of danger (e.g., being threatened with a gun). However, within the BLA, the molecular processes required to consolidate the two types of fear are not the same: protein synthesis is needed to consolidate the first type of fear (so-called first-order fear) but not the latter (so-called second-order fear). The present study examined why first- and second-order fears differ in this respect. To do so, it used a range of conditioning protocols in rats and assessed the effects of a BLA infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, on fear to first- and second-order conditioned stimuli. The results revealed that the differential protein synthesis requirements for consolidation of first- and second-order fears reflect differences in what is learned in each case. Protein synthesis in the BLA is needed to consolidate fears that result from encoding of relations between stimuli in the environment (stimulus-stimulus associations, typical for first-order fear) but is not needed to consolidate fears that form when environmental stimuli associate directly with fear responses emitted by the animal (stimulus-response associations, typical for second-order fear). Thus, the substrates of Pavlovian fear conditioning in the BLA depend on the way that the environment impinges upon the animal. This is discussed with respect to theories of amygdala function in Pavlovian fear conditioning, and ways in which stimulus-response associations might be consolidated in the brain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leake, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leidl, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, B. P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fam, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giles, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qureshi, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.05.519226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[What is learned determines how Pavlovian conditioned fear is consolidated in the brain.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Convergent adaptation of true crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) to a gradient of terrestrial environments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.09.519815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
For much of terrestrial biodiversity, the evolutionary pathways of adaptation from marine ancestors are poorly understood, and have usually been viewed as a binary trait. True crabs, the decapod crustacean infraorder Brachyura, comprise over 7,600 species representing a striking diversity of morphology and ecology, including repeated adaptation to non-marine habitats. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of Brachyura using new and published sequences of 10 genes for 344 tips spanning 88 of 109 brachyuran families. Using 36 newly vetted fossil calibrations, we infer that brachyurans most likely diverged in the Triassic, with family-level splits in the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene. By contrast, the root age is underestimated with automated sampling of 328 fossil occurrences explicitly incorporated into the tree prior, suggesting such models are a poor fit under heterogeneous fossil preservation. We apply recently defined trait-by-environment associations to classify a gradient of transitions from marine to terrestrial lifestyles. We estimate that crabs left the marine environment at least seven and up to 17 times convergently, and returned to the sea from non-marine environments at least twice. Although the most highly terrestrial- and many freshwater-adapted crabs are concentrated in Thoracotremata, Bayesian threshold models of ancestral state reconstruction fail to identify shifts to higher terrestrial grades due to the degree of underlying change required. Lineages throughout our tree inhabit intertidal and marginal marine environments, corroborating the inference that the early stages of terrestrial adaptation have a lower threshold to evolve. Our framework and extensive new fossil and natural history datasets will enable future comparisons of non-marine adaptation at the morphological and molecular level. Crabs provide an important window into the early processes of adaptation to novel environments, and different degrees of evolutionary constraint that might help predict these pathways.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballou, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson-Zink, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahyong, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barido-Sottani, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, T.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crandall, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felder, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mancke, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, P. K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortega-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios Theil, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pentcheff, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robles, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoma, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsang, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windsor, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bracken-Grissom, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.09.519815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Convergent adaptation of true crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) to a gradient of terrestrial environments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.11.519930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global and cell type-specific immunological hallmarks of severe dengue progression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.11.519930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Severe dengue (SD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality impacting approximately 5 million of the 400 million people infected with dengue virus (DENV) annually. To define DENV target cells and immunological hallmarks of SD progression in childrens blood, we integrated virus-inclusive single cell RNA-Seq 2 (viscRNA-Seq 2) with functional assays. Beyond myeloid cells, in natural infection, B cells harbor replicating DENV capable of infecting permissive cells. Alterations in cell type abundance, gene and protein expression and secretion, and cell-cell communications point towards increased migration and inflammation in SD progressors (SDp). Concurrently, antigen presenting cells from SDp demonstrate intact uptake, yet impaired interferon responses and antigen presentation, in part DENV-modulated. Increased activation, regulation, and exhaustion of effector responses and expansion of HLA-DR-expressing, possibly compensatory, adaptive-like NK cells also characterize SDp. These findings reveal DENV target cells in the human blood and provide insight into SD pathogenesis beyond antibody-mediated enhancement.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghita, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cagirici, B. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osman, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agudelo, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelvez, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bueno, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinsky, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Estupinan Cardenas, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villar, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas Garrido, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosso, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Einav, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.11.519930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global and cell type-specific immunological hallmarks of severe dengue progression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.12.519838v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundCurrent clinical assessments of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely solely on subjective symptoms and experiences reported by the patient, rather than objective biomarkers of the illness. Recent advances in data-driven computational approaches have been helpful in devising tools to objectively diagnose psychiatric disorders. Here we aimed to classify individuals with PTSD versus controls using heterogeneous brain datasets from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Working group.

MethodsWe analyzed brain MRI data from 3,527 structural-MRI; 2,502 resting state-fMRI; and 1,953 diffusion-MRI. First, we identified the brain features that best distinguish individuals with PTSD from controls (TEHC and HC) using traditional machine learning methods. Second, we assessed the utility of the denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) and evaluated its classification performance. Third, we assessed the generalizability and reproducibility of both models using leave-one-site-out cross-validation procedure for each modality.

ResultsWe found lower performance in classifying PTSD vs. controls with data from over 20 sites (60% test AUC for s-MRI, 59% for rs-fMRI and 56% for d-MRI), as compared to other studies run on single-site data. The performance increased when classifying PTSD from HC without trauma history across all three modalities (75% AUC). The classification performance remained intact when applying the DVAE framework, which reduced the number of features. Finally, we found that the DVAE framework achieved better generalization to unseen datasets compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks, albeit performance was slightly above chance.

ConclusionOur findings highlight the promise offered by machine learning methods for the diagnosis of patients with PTSD. The utility of brain biomarkers across three MRI modalities and the contribution of DVAE models for improving generalizability offers new insights into neural mechanisms involved in PTSD.

Significance Classifying PTSD from trauma-unexposed healthy controls (HC) using three imaging modalities performed well ([~]75% AUC), but performance suffered markedly when classifying PTSD from trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using three imaging modalities ([~]60% AUC).
 Using deep learning for feature reduction (denoising variational auto-encoder; DVAE) dramatically reduced the number of features with no concomitant performance degradation.
 Utilizing denoising variational autoencoder (DVAE) models improves generalizability across heterogeneous multi-site data compared with the traditional machine learning frameworks
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotton, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeBellis, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deRoon-Cassini, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fercho, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geuze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.12.519838</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multimodal Imaging-Based Classification of PTSD Using Data-Driven Computational Approaches: A Multisite Big Data Study from the ENIGMA-PGC PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521922v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
IGHV allele similarity clustering improves genotype inference from adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.12.26.521922v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In adaptive immune receptor repertoire analysis, determining the germline variable (V) allele associated with each T- and B-cell receptor sequence is a crucial step. This process is highly impacted by allele annotations. Aligning sequences, assigning them to specific germline alleles, and inferring individual genotypes are challenging when the repertoire is highly mutated, or sequence reads do not cover the whole V region.

Here, we propose an alternative naming scheme for the V alleles as well as a novel method to infer individual genotypes. We demonstrate the strength of the two by comparing their outcomes to other genotype inference methods and validated the genotype approach with independent genomic long read data.

The naming scheme is compatible with current annotation tools and pipelines. Analysis results can be converted from the proposed naming scheme to the nomenclature determined by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). Both the naming scheme and the genotype procedure are implemented in a freely available R package (PIgLET). To allow researchers to explore further the approach on real data and to adapt it for their future uses, we also created an interactive website (https://yaarilab.github.io/IGHV_reference_book).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, N. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polak, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hope, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kedmi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleinstein, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2022-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2022.12.26.521922</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[IGHV allele similarity clustering improves genotype inference from adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2022-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Continuous muscle, glial, epithelial, neuronal, and hemocyte cell lines for Drosophila research 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.18.524445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Expression of activated Ras, RasV12, provides Drosophila cultured cells with a proliferation and survival advantage that simplifies the generation of continuous cell lines. Here we used lineage restricted RasV12 expression to generate continuous cell lines of muscle, glial, and epithelial cell type. Additionally, cell lines with neuronal and hemocyte characteristics were isolated by cloning from cell cultures established with broad RasV12 expression. Differentiation with the hormone ecdysone caused maturation of cells from mesoderm lines into active muscle tissue and enhanced dendritic features in neuronal-like lines. Transcriptome analysis showed expression of key cell-type specific genes and the expected alignment with single cell sequencing data in several cases. Overall, the technique has produced in vitro cell models with characteristics of glia, epithelium, muscle, nerve, and hemocyte. The cells and associated data are available from the Drosophila Genomic Resource Center.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coleman-Gosser, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raghuvanshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stitzinger, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luhur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mariyappa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josifov, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zelhof, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrimon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simcox, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.18.524445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Continuous muscle, glial, epithelial, neuronal, and hemocyte cell lines for Drosophila research]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Australasian dingo archetype: De novo chromosome-length genome assembly, DNA methylome, and cranial morphology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundOne difficulty in testing the hypothesis that the Australasian dingo is a functional intermediate between wild wolves and domesticated breed dogs is that there is no reference specimen. Here we link a high-quality de novo long read chromosomal assembly with epigenetic footprints and morphology to describe the Alpine dingo female named Cooinda. It was critical to establish an Alpine dingo reference because this ecotype occurs throughout coastal eastern Australia where the first drawings and descriptions were completed.

FindingsWe generated a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome assembly (Canfam_ADS) using a combination of Pacific Bioscience, Oxford Nanopore, 10X Genomics, Bionano, and Hi-C technologies. Compared to the previously published Desert dingo assembly, there are large structural rearrangements on Chromosomes 11, 16, 25 and 26. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal data from Cooinda the Alpine dingo and nine previously published de novo canine assemblies show dingoes are monophyletic and basal to domestic dogs. Network analyses show that the mtDNA genome clusters within the southeastern lineage, as expected for an Alpine dingo. Comparison of regulatory regions identified two differentially methylated regions within glucagon receptor GCGR and histone deacetylase HDAC4 genes that are unmethylated in the Alpine dingo genome but hypermethylated in the Desert dingo. Morphological data, comprising geometric morphometric assessment of cranial morphology place dingo Cooinda within population-level variation for Alpine dingoes. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain tissue show she had a larger cranial capacity than a similar-sized domestic dog.

ConclusionsThese combined data support the hypothesis that the dingo Cooinda fits the spectrum of genetic and morphological characteristics typical of the Alpine ecotype. We propose that she be considered the archetype specimen for future research investigating the evolutionary history, morphology, physiology, and ecology of dingoes. The female has been taxidermically prepared and is now at the Australian Museum, Sydney.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ballard, J. W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, L. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koungoulos, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosen, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chernoff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudchenko, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keilwagen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiden, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Australasian dingo archetype: De novo chromosome-length genome assembly, DNA methylome, and cranial morphology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525813v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Effect of Electrical Resonance in Neurons upon the Instability of Electrical Nerve Stimulations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.26.525813v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive electrical nerve stimulation can induce a long-lasting perturbation of the axons membrane potential, resulting in unstable stimulus-response relationships. Despite being observed in electrophysiology, the precise mechanisms underlying stimulus-induced instability is still an open question due to the lack of a proper theoretical model. This study proposes a new method based on a Circuit-Probability theory to reveal the interlinkages between the electrical resonance of neurons and the instability of neural response. Supported by in vivo investigations, this new model predicts several key characteristics of stimulus-induced instability and proposes a stimulation method to minimize the instability. This model provides a powerful tool to improve our understanding of the interaction between the external electric field and the complexity of the biophysical characteristics of axons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yue, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khademi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tai, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.26.525813</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Effect of Electrical Resonance in Neurons upon the Instability of Electrical Nerve Stimulations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.523509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.30.523509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present an empirically benchmarked framework for sex-specific normative modeling of brain morphometry that can inform about the biological and behavioral significance of deviations from typical age-related neuroanatomical changes and support future study designs. This framework was developed using regional morphometric data from 37,407 healthy individuals (53% female; aged 3-90 years) following a comparative evaluation of eight algorithms and multiple covariate combinations pertaining to image acquisition and quality, parcellation software versions, global neuroimaging measures, and longitudinal stability. The Multivariate Factorial Polynomial Regression (MFPR) emerged as the preferred algorithm optimized using nonlinear polynomials for age and linear effects of global measures as covariates. The MFPR models showed excellent accuracy across the lifespan and within distinct age-bins, and longitudinal stability over a 2-year period. The performance of all MFPR models plateaued at sample sizes exceeding 3,000 study participants. The model and scripts described here are freely available through CentileBrain (https://centilebrain.org/).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qi, Y. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modabbernia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asherson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayesa-Arriola, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumeister, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boomsma, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandeis, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breier, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckner, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buitelaar, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caseras, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cervenka, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conrod, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crespo-Facorro, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crivello, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crone, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Haan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giorgio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erk, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frodl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruner, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>G</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.30.523509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526530v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insects pollinated flowering plants for most of angiosperm evolutionary history 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.31.526530v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIPollination is a fundamental process driving the speciation of angiosperms (flowering plants). Most contemporary angiosperms are insect pollinated, but abiotic pollination by wind or water and vertebrate pollination by birds or mammals occurs in many lineages. We model the evolution of pollination across angiosperms and quantify the timing and environmental associations of pollination shifts.
C_LIO_LIWe use a robust dated phylogeny and trait-independent species-level sampling across all families of angiosperms to model the evolution of pollination modes. Data on the pollination system or syndrome of 1160 species were collated from primary literature.
C_LIO_LIAngiosperms were ancestrally insect pollinated, and insects have pollinated angiosperms for approximately 86% of angiosperm evolutionary history. Wind pollination evolved at least 42 times, with few reversals back to animal pollination. Transitions between insect and vertebrate pollination were more frequent: vertebrate pollination evolved at least 39 times from an insect pollinated ancestor with at least 26 reversals. The probability of wind pollination increases with habitat openness (measured by Leaf Area Index) and with distance from the equator.
C_LIO_LIOur reconstruction of pollination across angiosperms sheds light on a key question in angiosperm macroevolution, highlighting the long history of interactions between insect pollinators and angiosperms still vital to global biodiversity today.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stephens, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526530</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insects pollinated flowering plants for most of angiosperm evolutionary history]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527095v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SaLTy: a novel Staphylococcus aureus Lineage Typer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.03.527095v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonises 30% of humans and in 2017 was associated with 20,000 deaths in the USA alone. Dividing S. aureus into smaller sub-groups can reveal the emergence of distinct sub-populations with varying potential to cause infections. Despite multiple molecular typing methods categorising such sub-groups, they do not take full advantage of S. aureus WGS when describing the fundamental population structure of the species.

In this study, we developed Staphylococcus aureus Lineage Typing (SaLTy), which rapidly divides the species into 61 phylogenetically congruent lineages. Alleles of three core genes were identified that uniquely define the 61 lineages and were used for SaLTy typing. SaLTy was validated on 5,000 genomes and 99.12% (4,956/5,000) of isolates were assigned the correct lineage.

We compared SaLTy lineages to previously calculated clonal complexes (CCs) from BIGSdb (n=21,173). SALTy improves on CCs by grouping isolates congruently with phylogenetic structure. SaLTy lineages were further used to describe the carriage of Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette containing mecA (SCCmec) which is carried by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Most lineages had isolates lacking SCCmec and the four largest lineages varied in SCCmec over time. Classifying isolates into SaLTy lineages, which were further SCCmec typed, allowed SaLTy to describe high-level MRSA epidemiology

We provide SALTy as a simple typing method that defines phylogenetic lineages (https://github.com/LanLab/SaLTy). SALTy is highly accurate and can quickly analyse large amounts of S. aureus WGS. SALTy will aid the characterisation of S. aureus populations and the ongoing surveillance of sub-groups that threaten human health.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.03.527095</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SaLTy: a novel Staphylococcus aureus Lineage Typer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527211v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic signatures of bottleneck and founder effects in dingoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.05.527211v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dingoes arrived in Australia during the mid-Holocene and are the native top-order terrestrial predator on the mainland and some offshore islands. Although dingoes subsequently spread across the continent, the initial founding population(s) could have been small. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the potential signatures of bottlenecks and founder effects in dingoes by sequencing the whole genomes of three dingoes and also obtaining the genome data from nine additional dingoes and 56 canines, including wolves, village dogs and breed dogs, and examined the signatures of bottlenecks and founder effects. We found that the nucleotide diversity of dingoes was low, and 36% less than highly inbred breed dogs and 3.3 times lower than wolves. The number of runs of homozygosity (RoH) segments in dingoes was 1.6 to 4.7 times higher than in other canines. Whilst examining deleterious mutational load, we observed that dingoes carried elevated ratios of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous diversities, significantly higher numbers of homozygous deleterious Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs), and increased numbers of loss of function SNVs, compared to breed dogs, village dogs, and wolves. These results suggest dingoes experienced a severe bottleneck, potentially caused by the limited number of founding individuals. While many studies observe less diversity and a higher number of deleterious mutations in domesticated populations compared to their wild relatives, we observed the opposite - .i.e. wild dingoes have lower diversity and a greater number of harmful mutations than domesticated dogs. Our findings can be explained by bottlenecks and founder effects during the establishment of dingoes on mainland Australia. These findings highlight the need for conservation-based management of dingoes and need for wildlife managers to be cognisant of these findings when considering the use of lethal control measures across the landscape.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbourne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borburgh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.05.527211</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic signatures of bottleneck and founder effects in dingoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527551v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing changes in global fire regimes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.07.527551v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Human activity has fundamentally altered wildfire on Earth, creating serious consequences for human health, global biodiversity, and climate change. However, it remains difficult to predict fire interactions with land use, management, and climate change, representing a serious knowledge gap and vulnerability. We used expert assessment to combine opinions about past and future fire regimes from 98 wildfire researchers. We asked for quantitative and qualitative assessments of the frequency, type, and implications of fire regime change from the beginning of the Holocene through the year 2300. Respondents indicated that direct human activity was already influencing wildfires locally since at least ~12,000 years BP, though natural climate variability remained the dominant driver of fire regime until around 5000 years BP. Responses showed a ten-fold increase in the rate of wildfire regime change during the last 250 years compared with the rest of the Holocene, corresponding first with the intensification and extensification of land use and later with anthropogenic climate change. Looking to the future, fire regimes were predicted to intensify, with increases in fire frequency, severity, and/or size in all biomes except grassland ecosystems. Fire regime showed quite different climate sensitivities across biomes, but the likelihood of fire regime change increased with higher greenhouse gas emission scenarios for all biomes. Biodiversity, carbon storage, and other ecosystem services were predicted to decrease for most biomes under higher emission scenarios. We present recommendations for adaptation and mitigation under emerging fire regimes, concluding that management options are seriously constrained under higher emission scenarios.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sayedi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Global group of fire experts,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.07.527551</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing changes in global fire regimes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.12.528225v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immp2l knockdown increases stimulus-driven instrumental behaviour but does not alter goal-directed learning or neuron density in cortico-striatal circuits in a mouse model of Tourette syndrome and autism spectrum disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.12.528225v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortico-striatal neurocircuits mediate goal-directed and habitual actions which are necessary for adaptive behaviour. It has recently been proposed that some of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), such as tics and repetitive behaviours, may emerge because of imbalances in these neurocircuits. We have recently developed a model of ASD and GTS by knocking down Immp2l, a mitochondrial gene frequently associated with these disorders. The current study sought to determine whether Immp2l knockdown (KD) in male mice alters flexible, goal- or cue-driven behaviour using procedures specifically designed to examine response-outcome and stimulus-response associations, which underlie goal-directed and habitual behaviour, respectively. Whether Immp2l KD alters neuron density in cortico-striatal neurocircuits known to regulate these behaviours was also examined. Immp2l KD mice and wild type-like mice (WT) were trained on Pavlovian and instrumental learning procedures where auditory cues predicted food delivery and lever-press responses earned a food outcome. It was demonstrated that goal-directed learning was not changed for Immp2l KD mice compared to WT mice, as lever-press responses were sensitive to changes in the value of the food outcome, and to contingency reversal and degradation. There was also no difference in the capacity of KD mice to form habitual behaviours compared to WT mice following extending training of the instrumental action. However, Immp2l KD mice were more responsive to auditory stimuli paired with food as indicated by a non-specific increase in lever response rates during Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Finally, there were no alterations to neuron density in striatum or any prefrontal cortex or limbic brain structures examined. Thus, the current study suggests that Immp2l is not necessary for learned maladaptive goal or stimulus driven behaviours in ASD or GTS, but that it may contribute to increased capacity for external stimuli to drive behaviour. Alterations to stimulus-driven behaviour could potentially influence the expression of tics and repetitive behaviours, suggesting that genetic alterations to Immp2l may contribute to these core symptoms in ASD and GTS. Given that this is the first application of this battery of instrumental learning procedures to a mouse model of ASD or GTS, it is an important initial step in determining the contribution of known risk-genes to goal-directed versus habitual behaviours, which should be more broadly applied to other rodent models of ASD and GTS in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Merlin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawther, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paxinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eapen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furlong, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.12.528225</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immp2l knockdown increases stimulus-driven instrumental behaviour but does not alter goal-directed learning or neuron density in cortico-striatal circuits in a mouse model of Tourette syndrome and autism spectrum disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.527877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergent patterns of meiotic double strand breaks and synapsis initiation dynamics suggest an evolutionary shift in the meiosis program between American and Australian marsupials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.527877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In eutherian mammals, hundreds of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated at the onset of meiosis. The DNA damage response is then triggered. Although the dynamics of this response is well studied in eutherian mammals, recent findings have revealed different patterns of DNA damage signaling and repair in marsupial mammals. To better characterize these differences, here we analyzed synapsis and the chromosomal distribution of meiotic DSBs markers in three different marsupial species (Thylamys elegans, Dromiciops gliorides, and Macropus eugenii) that represent South American and Australian Orders. Our results revealed inter-specific differences in the chromosomal distribution of DNA damage and repair proteins, which were associated with differing synapsis patterns. In the American species T. elegans and D. gliroides, synapsis progressed exclusively from the chromosomal ends towards interstitial regions. This was accompanied by sparse H2AX phosphorylation, mainly accumulating at chromosomal ends, which appeared conspicuously polarized in a bouquet configuration at early stages of prophase I. Accordingly, RAD51 and RPA were mainly localized at chromosomal ends throughout prophaseI in both American marsupials, likely resulting in reduced recombination rates at interstitial positions. In sharp contrast, synapsis initiated at both interstitial and distal chromosomal regions in the Australian representative M. eugenii, {gamma}H2AX had a broad nuclear distribution, and RAD51 and RPA foci displayed an even chromosomal distribution. Given the basal evolutionary position of T. elegans, it is likely that the meiotic features reported in this species represent an ancestral pattern in marsupials and that a shift in the meiotic program occurred after the split of D. gliroides and the Australian marsupial clade. Our results open intriguing questions about the regulation and homeostasis of meiotic DSBs in marsupials. The low recombination rates observed at the interstitial chromosomal regions in American marsupials can result in the formation of large linkage groups, thus having an impact in the evolution of their genomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Valero-Regalon, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sole, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Jimenez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valerio-de Arana, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Ruiz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de la Fuente, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin-Gual, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renfree, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Donoso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Page, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.527877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergent patterns of meiotic double strand breaks and synapsis initiation dynamics suggest an evolutionary shift in the meiosis program between American and Australian marsupials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528235v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
P-Selectin promotes SARS-CoV-2 interactions with platelets and the endothelium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.13.528235v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
COVID-19 causes a clinical spectrum of acute and chronic illness and host / virus interactions are not completely understood1,2. To identify host factors that can influence SARS-CoV-2 infection, we screened the human genome for genes that, when upregulated, alter the outcome of authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. From this, we identify 34 new genes that can alter the course of infection, including the innate immune receptor P-selectin, which we show is a novel SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor. At the cellular level expression of P-selectin does not confer tropism for SARS-CoV-2, instead it acts to suppress infection. More broadly, P-selectin can also promote binding to SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS, acting as a general spike receptor for highly pathogenic coronaviruses. P-selectin is expressed on platelets and endothelium3, and we confirm SARS-CoV-2 spike interactions with these cells are P-selectin-dependent and can occur under shear flow conditions. In vivo, authentic SARS-CoV-2 uses P-selectin to home to airway capillary beds where the virus interacts with the endothelium and platelets, and blocking this interaction can clear vascular-associated SARS-CoV-2 from the lung. Together we show for the first time that coronaviruses can use the leukocyte recruitment system to control tissue localization, and this fundamental insight may help us understand and control highly pathogenic coronavirus disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Moreno, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castanheira, F. V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stella, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagimola, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenwick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bui-Marinos, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hesselson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamble, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passam, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kubes, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.13.528235</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[P-Selectin promotes SARS-CoV-2 interactions with platelets and the endothelium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.529050v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Larger and denser: an optimal design for surface grids of EMG electrodes to identify greater and more representative samples of motor units 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.18.529050v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The spinal motor neurons are the only neural cells whose individual activity can be non-invasively identified. This is usually done using grids of surface electromyographic (EMG) electrodes and source separation algorithms; an approach called EMG decomposition. In this study, we combined computational and experimental analyses to assess how the design parameters of grids of electrodes influence the number and the properties of the identified motor units. We first computed the percentage of motor units that could be theoretically discriminated within a pool of 200 simulated motor units when decomposing EMG signals recorded with grids of various sizes and interelectrode distances (IED). Increasing the density, the number of electrodes, and the size of the grids, increased the number of motor units that our decomposition algorithm could theoretically discriminate, i.e., up to 83.5% of the simulated pool (range across conditions: 30.5-83.5%). We then identified motor units from experimental EMG signals recorded in six participants with grids of various sizes (range: 2-36 cm2) and IED (range: 4-16 mm). The configuration with the largest number of electrodes and the shortest IED maximized the number of identified motor units (56{+/-}14; range: 39-79) and the percentage of early recruited motor units within these samples (29{+/-}14%). Finally, the number of identified motor units further increased with a prototyped grid of 256 electrodes and an IED of 2 mm. Taken together, our results showed that larger and denser surface grids of electrodes allow to identify a more representative pool of motor units than currently reported in experimental studies.

Significance statementThe application of source separation methods to multi-channel EMG signals recorded with grids of electrodes enables users to accurately identify the activity of individual motor units. However, the design parameters of these grids have never been discussed. They are usually arbitrarily fixed, often based on commercial availability. Here, we showed that using larger and denser grids of electrodes than conventionally proposed drastically increases the number of identified motor units. The samples of identified units are more balanced between early- and late-recruited motor units. Thus, these grids provide a more representative sampling of the active motor unit population. Gathering large datasets of motor units using large and dense grids will impact the study of motor control, neuromuscular modelling, and human-machine interfacing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caillet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avrillon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modenese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.18.529050</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Larger and denser: an optimal design for surface grids of EMG electrodes to identify greater and more representative samples of motor units]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529664v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Human Dermal Fibroblast Subpopulations and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Signals in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Tunnels are Normalized by Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Antagonism in Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.23.529664v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hidradenitis Suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory disease of which the pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Dermal fibroblasts have been previously identified as a major source of inflammatory cytokines, however information pertaining to the characteristics of subpopulations of fibroblasts in HS remains unexplored. Using in silico-deconvolution of whole-tissue RNAseq, Nanostring gene expression panels and confirmatory immunohistochemistry we identified fibroblast subpopulations in HS tissue and their relationship to disease severity and lesion morphology. Gene signatures of SFRP2+ fibroblast subsets were increased in lesional tissue, with gene signatures of SFRP1+ fibroblast subsets decreased. SFRP2+ and CXCL12+ fibroblast numbers, measured by IHC, were increased in HS tissue, with greater numbers associated with epithelialized tunnels and Hurley Stage 3 disease. Pro-inflammatory CXCL12+ fibroblasts were also increased, with reductions in SFRP1+ fibroblasts compared to healthy controls. Evidence of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition was seen via altered gene expression of SNAI2 and altered protein expression of ZEB1, TWIST1, Snail/Slug, E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin in HS lesional tissue. The greatest dysregulation of EMT associated proteins was seen in biopsies containing epithelialized tunnels. The use of the oral Spleen tyrosine Kinase inhibitor Fostamatinib significantly reduced expression of genes associated with chronic inflammation, fibroblast proliferation and migration suggesting a potential role for targeting fibroblast activity in HS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Flora, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jepsen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kozera, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cains, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razieta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frew, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529664</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Human Dermal Fibroblast Subpopulations and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Signals in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Tunnels are Normalized by Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Antagonism in Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529834v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The intracellular lifestyle of an archaeal symbiont 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.24.529834v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DPANN Archaea are a diverse group of organisms typically characterised by small cells and reduced genomes. To date, all cultivated DPANN Archaea are ectosymbionts that require direct cell contact with an archaeal host species for proliferation. However, the dynamics of DPANN - host interactions and the impacts of these interactions on the host species are poorly understood. Here, we show that one DPANN archaeon (Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeum antarcticus) engages in parasitic interactions with its host (Halorubrum lacusprofundi) that result in host cell lysis. Our data also suggest that these interactions involve invasion of the host cell by the nanohaloarchaeon. This is the first reported instance of such a predatory-like lifestyle amongst Archaea and indicates that some DPANN Archaea may interact with host populations in a manner similar to viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamm, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kügelgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dombrowski, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landers, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson, E. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharat, T. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cavicchioli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529834</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The intracellular lifestyle of an archaeal symbiont]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Heat stress conditions affect the social network structure of free-ranging sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.26.530064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extreme weather conditions, like heatwave events, are becoming more frequent with climate change. Animals often modify their behaviour to cope with environmental changes and extremes. If the environmental conditions influence the trade-off between an individuals social propensity and optimal thermoregulation through shade use for instance, then divergent social decisions may be made. Hence, such behavioural changes have the potential to influence an individuals position in its social network, and the social network structure as a whole. We investigated whether heat stress conditions (quantified through the Temperature Humidity Index) and the resulting use of shaded areas, influences the social network structure and an individuals position in it. We studied this in free-ranging sheep in the arid zone of Australia, GPS-tracking all 48 individuals in a flock. When heat stress conditions worsened, individuals spent more time in the shade and the network was more connected (higher density) and less modular. Furthermore, an individuals social connectivity scaled with its shade use behaviour. Interestingly, individuals with intermediate shade use were most strongly connected (degree, strength, betweeness), indicating their importance for the connectivity of the social network during heat stress conditions. Our study shows that heat stress conditions, which are predicted to increase in severity and frequency due to climate change, influence the resource use within the ecological environment. This has flow on effects for the animals social environment through the changed social network structure.

Significance statementDue to climate change, animals experience heat stress conditions more frequently. When ambient temperatures are high, individuals can seek shaded areas to mitigate the effect. However, whether these behavioural changes affect the interaction patterns in social species is not well understood. We tracked all individuals in a flock of sheep using GPS collars. We demonstrate that when heat stress conditions worsened (higher temperature humidity index), individuals spent more time in the shade and the social network was more connected with less internal structure. Furthermore, an individuals social connectivity scaled with its shade use behaviour, and individuals with intermediate shade use were most strongly connected in their social network. Our findings illustrate that individuals respond to climate change induced environmental conditions and that this has flow on effects for their social connectivity and the social network of the group.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Borthwick, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiring, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.26.530064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Heat stress conditions affect the social network structure of free-ranging sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212464v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
REMAP: An online remote sensing application for land cover classification and monitoring 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/212464v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIRecent assessments of progress towards global conservation targets have revealed a paucity of indicators suitable for assessing the changing state of ecosystems. Moreover, land managers and planners are often unable to gain timely access to maps they need to support their routine decision-making. This deficiency is partly due to a lack of suitable data on ecosystem change, driven mostly by the considerable technical expertise needed to make ecosystem maps from remote sensing data.nC_LIO_LIWe have developed a free and open-access online remote sensing and environmental modelling application, REMAP (the remote ecosystem monitoring and assessment pipeline; https://remap-app.org) that enables volunteers, managers, and scientists with little or no experience in remote sensing to develop high-resolution classified maps of land cover and land use change over time.nC_LIO_LIREMAP utilizes the geospatial data storage and analysis capacity of the Google Earth Engine, and requires only spatially resolved training data that define map classes of interest (e.g., ecosystem types). The training data, which can be uploaded or annotated interactively within REMAP, are used in a random forest classification of up to 13 publicly available predictor datasets to assign all pixels in a focal region to map classes. Predictor datasets available in REMAP represent topographic (e.g. slope, elevation), spectral (Landsat Archive image composites) and climatic variables (precipitation, temperature) that can inform on the distribution of ecosystems and land cover classes.nC_LIO_LIThe ability of REMAP to develop and export high-quality classified maps in a very short (<10 minute) time frame represents a considerable advance towards globally accessible and free application of remote sensing technology. By enabling access to data and simplifying remote sensing classifications, REMAP can catalyse the monitoring of land use and change to support environmental conservation, including developing inventories of biodiversity, identifying hotspots of ecosystem diversity, ecosystem-based spatial conservation planning, mapping ecosystem loss at local scales, and supporting environmental education initiatives.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Murray, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilshire, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/212464</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[REMAP: An online remote sensing application for land cover classification and monitoring]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomics for chronic meningitis: clarifying interpretation and diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/213561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ImportanceIdentifying infectious causes of subacute and chronic meningitis can be challenging. Enhanced, unbiased diagnostic approaches are needed.nnObjectiveTo present a case series of patients with diagnostically challenging subacute and chronic meningitis in whom metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), supported by a statistical framework generated from mNGS sequencing of non-infectious patients and environmental controls, identified a pathogen.nnDesignCase series. Using mNGS data from the CSF of 94 non-infectious neuroinflammatory cases and 24 water and reagent controls, we developed and implemented a weighted scoring metric based on z-scores at the species and genus level for both nucleotide and protein databases to prioritize and rank mNGS results. We performed mNGS on total RNA extracted from CSF of patients with subacute or chronic meningitis and highlight seven cases representing a diverse array of pathogens.nnSettingA multi-center study of mNGS pathogen discovery in patients with suspected neuroinflammatory conditions.nnParticipantsPatients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis enrolled in a research study of mNGS performed on CSF.nnInterventionmNGS was performed on total RNA extracted from CSF (0.25-0.5 mL). A weighted z-score was used to filter out environmental contaminants and facilitate efficient data triage and analysis.nnMain Outcomes1) Pathogens identified by mNGS and 2) ability of a statistical model to prioritize, rank, and simplify mNGS results.nnResultsmNGS identified parasitic worms, fungi and viruses in seven subjects: Taenia solium (n=2), Cryptococcus neoformans, human immunodeficiency virus-1, Aspergillus oryzae, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Candida dubliniensis. Evaluating mNGS data with a weighted z-score based scoring algorithm effectively separated bona fide pathogen sequences from spurious environmental sequences.nnConclusions and RelevancemNGS of CSF identified a diversity of microbial pathogens in patients with diagnostically challenging subacute or chronic meningitis, including a case of subarachnoid neurocysticercosis that defied diagnosis for one year, the first case of CNS vasculitis caused by Aspergillus oryzae, and the fourth reported case of Candida dubliniensis meningitis. Filtering metagenomic data with a scoring algorithm greatly clarified data interpretation and highlights the difficulties attributing biological significance to organisms that may be present in control samples used for metagenomic sequencing studies.nnKey PointsQuestion: How can metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid be leveraged to aid in the diagnosis of patients with subacute or chronic meningitis?nnFindings: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing identified parasitic worms, fungi and viruses in a case series of seven subjects. A database of water-only and healthy patient controls enabled application of a z-score based scoring algorithm to effectively separate bona fide pathogen sequences from spurious environmental sequences.nnMeaning: Our scoring algorithm greatly simplified data interpretation in a series of patients with a wide range of challenging infectious causes of subacute or chronic meningitis identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wilson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donovan, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelfand, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sample, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chow, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Betjemann, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richie, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hajj-Ali, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Greenlee, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blum, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerji, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langelier, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryson-Cahn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrington, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingappa, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanbhag, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brew, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soldatos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strnad, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doernberg, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jay, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josephson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeRisi, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/213561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomics for chronic meningitis: clarifying interpretation and diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216580v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The application of zeta diversity as a continuous measure of compositional change in ecology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/216580v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zeta diversity provides the average number of shared species across n sites (or shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) across n cases). It quantifies the variation in species composition of multiple assemblages in space and time to capture the contribution of the full suite of narrow, intermediate and wide-ranging species to biotic heterogeneity. Zeta diversity was proposed for measuring compositional turnover in plant and animal assemblages, but is equally relevant for application to any biological system that can be characterised by a row by column incidence matrix. Here we illustrate the application of zeta diversity to explore compositional change in empirical data, and how observed patterns may be interpreted. We use 10 datasets from a broad range of scales and levels of biological organisation - from DNA molecules to microbes, plants and birds - including one of the original data sets used by R.H. Whittaker in the 1960s to express compositional change and distance decay using beta diversity. The applications show (i) how different sampling schemes used during the calculation of zeta diversity may be appropriate for different data types and ecological questions, (ii) how higher orders of zeta may in some cases better detect shifts, transitions or periodicity, and importantly (iii) the relative roles of rare versus common species in driving patterns of compositional change. By exploring the application of zeta diversity across this broad range of contexts, our goal is to demonstrate its value as a tool for understanding continuous biodiversity turnover and as a metric for filling the empirical gap that exists on spatial or temporal change in compositional diversity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McGeoch, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latombe, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrew, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nipperess, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roige, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinelli, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selwood, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/216580</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The application of zeta diversity as a continuous measure of compositional change in ecology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insights into platypus population structure and history from whole-genome sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The platypus is an egg-laying mammal which, alongside the echidna, occupies a unique place in the mammalian phylogenetic tree. Despite widespread interest in its unusual biology, little is known about its population structure or recent evolutionary history. To provide new insights into the dispersal and demographic history of this iconic species, we sequenced the genomes of 57 platypuses from across the whole species range in eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania. Using a highly-improved reference genome, we called over 6.7M SNPs, providing an informative genetic data set for population analyses. Our results show very strong population structure in the platypus, with our sampling locations corresponding to discrete groupings between which there is no evidence for recent gene flow. Genome-wide data allowed us to establish that 28 of the 57 sampled individuals had at least a third-degree relative amongst other samples from the same river, often taken at different times. Taking advantage of a sampled family quartet, we estimated the de novo mutation rate in the platypus at 7.0x10-9/bp/generation (95% CI 4.1x10-9 - 1.2x10-8/bp/generation). We estimated effective population sizes of ancestral populations and haplotype sharing between current groupings, and found evidence for bottlenecks and long-term population decline in multiple regions, and early divergence between populations in different regions. This study demonstrates the power of whole-genome sequencing for studying natural populations of an evolutionarily important species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Martin, H. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batty, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westall, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daish, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolomyjec, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piazza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowden, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grant, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moritz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grutzner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gongora, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donnelly, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insights into platypus population structure and history from whole-genome sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221564v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecularly barcoded Zika virus libraries to probe in vivo evolutionary dynamics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/221564v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining the complex dynamics of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy and during transmission between vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors is critical for a thorough understanding of viral transmission, pathogenesis, immune evasion, and potential reservoir establishment. Within-host viral diversity in ZIKV infection is low, which makes it difficult to evaluate infection dynamics. To overcome this biological hurdle, we constructed a molecularly barcoded ZIKV. This virus stock consists of a "synthetic swarm" whose members are genetically identical except for a run of eight consecutive degenerate codons, which creates approximately 64,000 theoretical nucleotide combinations that all encode the same amino acids. Deep sequencing this region of the ZIKV genome enables counting of individual barcode clonotypes to quantify the number and relative proportions of viral lineages present within a host. Here we used these molecularly barcoded ZIKV variants to study the dynamics of ZIKV infection in pregnant and non-pregnant macaques as well as during mosquito infection/transmission. The barcoded virus had no discernible fitness defects in vivo, and the proportions of individual barcoded virus templates remained stable throughout the duration of acute plasma viremia. ZIKV RNA also was detected in maternal plasma from a pregnant animal infected with barcoded virus for 64 days. The complexity of the virus population declined precipitously 8 days following infection of the dam, consistent with the timing of typical resolution of ZIKV in non-pregnant macaques, and remained low for the subsequent duration of viremia. Our approach showed that synthetic swarm viruses can be used to probe the composition of ZIKV populations over time in vivo to understand vertical transmission, persistent reservoirs, bottlenecks, and evolutionary dynamics.nnAuthor summaryUnderstanding the complex dynamics of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy and during transmission to and from vertebrate host and mosquito vector is critical for a thorough understanding of viral transmission, pathogenesis, immune evasion, and reservoir establishment. We sought to develop a virus model system for use in nonhuman primates and mosquitoes that allows for the genetic discrimination of molecularly cloned viruses. This "synthetic swarm" of viruses incorporates a molecular barcode that allows for tracking and monitoring individual viral lineages during infection. Here we infected rhesus macaques with this virus to study the dynamics of ZIKV infection in nonhuman primates as well as during mosquito infection/transmission. We found that the proportions of individual barcoded viruses remained relatively stable during acute infection in pregnant and nonpregnant animals. However, in a pregnant animal, the complexity of the virus population declined precipitously 8 days following infection, consistent with the timing of typical resolution of ZIKV in non-pregnant macaques, and remained low for the subsequent duration of viremia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aliota, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dudley, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weger-Lucarelli, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breitbach, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weiler, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semler, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarbock, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohns, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohr, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venturi, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz-Darken, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peterson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newton, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schotzko, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simmons, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mejia, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Capuano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedrich, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebel, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connor, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/221564</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecularly barcoded Zika virus libraries to probe in vivo evolutionary dynamics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225979v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PDGFRα signaling in cardiac stem and stromal cells modulates quiescence, metabolism and self-renewal, and promotes anatomical and functional repair 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/225979v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interstitial and perivascular spaces of the mammalian heart contain a highly interactive tissue community essential for cardiac homeostasis, repair and regeneration. Mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts) are one of the most abundant cell types, playing key roles as sentinels, tissue architects, paracrine signaling hubs and lineage precursors, and are linked to heart disease through their roles in inflammation and fibrosis. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are secreted by several cell types involved in cardiac injury and repair, and are recognized mitogens for cardiac fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. However, their roles are complex and investigations of their impact on heart repair have produced contrasting outcomes, leaving therapeutic potential uncertain. Here, we use new approaches and tools, including single cell RNA sequencing, to explore cardiac fibroblast heterogeneity and how PDGF receptor  (PDGFR) signaling impacts fibroblasts during heart repair. Short-term systemic delivery of PDGF-AB to mice from the time of myocardial infarction (MI) led to enhanced anatomical and functional recovery. Underpinning these benefits was a priming effect, in which PDGF-AB accelerated exit of fibroblasts from quiescence and induced a higher translational biosynthetic capacity in both fibroblasts and macrophages without triggering fibrosis. Our study highlights the significant biosynthetic heterogeneity and plasticity in cardiac fibroblast populations, and suggests a rationale for a novel therapeutic approach to cardiac injury involving controlled stimulation of fibroblast activation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harvey, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asili, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xaymardan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forte, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waardenberg, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janbandhu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kesteven, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrakanthan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malinowska, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reinhard, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christ, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heffernan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simonian, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouveret, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhawan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nordon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feneley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-11-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/225979</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PDGFRα signaling in cardiac stem and stromal cells modulates quiescence, metabolism and self-renewal, and promotes anatomical and functional repair]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-11-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228361v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unifying intra- and inter-specific variation in tropical tree mortality 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/228361v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tree death is a fundamental process driving population dynamics, nutrient cycling, and evolution within plant communities. While past research has identified factors influencing tree mortality across a variety of scales, these distinct drivers are yet to be integrated within a unified predictive framework. In this study, we use a cross-validated Bayesian framework coupled with classic survival analysis techniques to derive instantaneous mortality functions for 203 tropical rainforest tree species at Barro Colorado Island (BCI) Panama. Specifically, we develop mortality functions that not only integrate individual, species, and temporal effects, but also partition the contributions of growth-dependent and growth-independent effects on the overall instantaneous mortality rate. We show that functions that separate mortality rates into growth-dependent and growth-independent hazards, use stem diameter growth rather than basal-area growth, and attribute the effect of wood density to growth-independent mortality outperform alternative formulations. Moreover, we show that the effect of wood density - a prominent trait known to influence tree mortality - explains only 22% of the total variability observed among species. Lastly, our analysis show that growth-dependent processes are the predominant contributor to rates of tree mortality at BCI. Combined, this study provides a framework for predicting individual-level mortality in highly diverse tropical forests. It also highlights how little we know about the causes of species-level and temporal plot-scale effects needed to effectively predict tree mortality.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Camac, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Condit, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>FitzJohn, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCalman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westoby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/228361</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unifying intra- and inter-specific variation in tropical tree mortality]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234237v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reticular adhesions: A new class of adhesion complex that mediates cell-matrix attachment during mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/234237v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) persists during mitosis in most cell types. Yet, classical adhesion complexes (ACs), such as focal adhesions and focal complexes, do and must disassemble to enable cytoskeletal rearrangements associated with mitotic rounding. Given this paradox, mechanisms of mitotic cell-ECM adhesion remain undefined. Here, we identify  reticular adhesions, a new class of AC that is mediated by integrin v{beta}5, formed during interphase and preserved at cell-ECM attachment sites throughout cell division. Consistent with this role, integrin {beta}5 depletion perturbs mitosis and disrupts spatial memory transmission between cell generations. Quantitative imaging reveals reticular adhesions to be both morphologically and dynamically distinct from classic focal adhesions, while mass spectrometry defines their unique composition; lacking virtually all consensus adhesome components. Indeed, remarkably, reticular adhesions are functionally independent of both talin and F-actin, yet are promoted by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2). Overall, the distinct characteristics of reticular adhesions provide a unique solution to the problem of maintaining cell-ECM attachment during mitotic rounding and division.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askari, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gong, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oddone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olofsson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goransson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakadamyali, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stromblad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2017-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/234237</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reticular adhesions: A new class of adhesion complex that mediates cell-matrix attachment during mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2017-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247064v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Planned missing data design: stronger inferences, increased research efficiency and improved animal welfare in ecology and evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247064v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIEcological and evolutionary research questions are increasingly requiring the integration of research fields along with larger datasets to address fundamental local and global scale problems. Unfortunately, these agendas are often in conflict with limited funding and a need to balance animal welfare concerns.nC_LIO_LIPlanned missing data design (PMDD), where data are randomly and deliberately missed during data collection, is a simple and effective strategy to working under greater research constraints while ensuring experiments have sufficient power to address fundamental research questions. Here, we review how PMDD can be incorporated into existing experimental designs by discussing alternative design approaches and evaluating how data imputation procedures work under PMDD situations.nC_LIO_LIUsing realistic examples and simulations of multilevel data we show how a variety of research questions and data types, common in ecology and evolution, can be aided by using a PMDD with data imputation procedures. More specifically, we show how PMDD can improve statistical power in detecting effects of interest even with high levels (50%) of missing data and moderate sample sizes. We also provide examples of how PMDD can facilitate improved animal welfare and potentially alleviate research costs and constraints that would make endeavours for integrative research challenging.nC_LIO_LIPlanned missing data designs are still in their infancy and we discuss some of the difficulties in their implementation and provide tentative solutions. Nonetheless, data imputation procedures are becoming more sophisticated and more easily implemented and it is likely that PMDD will be an effective and powerful tool for a wide range of experimental designs, data types and problems in ecology and evolution.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Noble, D. W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247064</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Planned missing data design: stronger inferences, increased research efficiency and improved animal welfare in ecology and evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247775v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reproducible, flexible and high throughput data extraction from primary literature: The metaDigitise R package 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/247775v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIResearch synthesis, such as comparative and meta-analyses, requires the extraction of effect sizes from primary literature, which are commonly calculated from descriptive statistics. However, the exact values of such statistics are commonly hidden in figures.nC_LIO_LIExtracting descriptive statistics from figures can be a slow process that is not easily reproducible. Additionally, current software lacks an ability to incorporate important meta-data (e.g., sample sizes, treatment / variable names) about experiments and is not integrated with other software to streamline analysis pipelines.nC_LIO_LIHere we present the R package metaDigitise which extracts descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations and correlations from four plot types: 1) mean/error plots (e.g. bar graphs with standard errors), 2) box plots, 3) scatter plots and 4) histograms. metaDigitise is user-friendly and easy to learn as it interactively guides the user through the data extraction process. Notably, it enables large-scale extraction by automatically loading image files, letting the user stop processing, edit and add to the resulting data-frame at any point.nC_LIO_LIDigitised data can be easily re-plotted and checked, facilitating reproducible data extraction from plots with little inter-observer bias. We hope that by making the process of figure extraction more flexible and easy to conduct it will improve the transparency and quality of meta-analyses in the future.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pick, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noble, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-01-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/247775</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reproducible, flexible and high throughput data extraction from primary literature: The metaDigitise R package]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-01-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/257311v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liability to alcohol dependence (AD) is heritable, but little is known about its complex polygenic architecture or its genetic relationship with other disorders. To discover loci associated with AD and characterize the relationship between AD and other psychiatric and behavioral outcomes, we carried out the largest GWAS to date of DSM - IV diagnosed AD. Genome - wide data on 14,904 individuals with AD and 37,944 controls from 28 case / control and family - based studies were meta - analyzed, stratified by genetic ancestry (European, N = 46,568; African; N = 6,280). Independent, genome - wide significant effects of different ADH1B variants were identified in European (rs1229984; p = 9.8E - 13) and African ancestries (rs2066702; p = 2.2E - 9). Significant genetic correlations were observed with schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, and use of cigarettes and cannabis. There was only modest genetic correlation with alcohol consumption and inconsistent associations with problem drinking. The genetic underpinnings of AD only partially overlap with those for alcohol consumption, underscoring the genetic distinction between pathological and non - pathological drinking behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adkins, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aliev, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bacanu, S.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batzler, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertelsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biernacka, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bigdeli, T. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, L.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, T.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degenhardt, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Docherty, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fontanillas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giegling, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hack, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>-,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartz, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heilmann-Heimbach, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herms, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgkinson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hottenga, J.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alanne-Kinnunen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Konte, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahti-Pulkkinen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ligthart, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loukola, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maher, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mbarek, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McQueen, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milaneschi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palviainen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/257311</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trans-ancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electromechanics and Volume Dynamics in Non-excitable Tissue Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/275339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell volume regulation is fundamentally important in phenomena such as cell growth, proliferation, tissue homeostasis and embryogenesis. How the cell size is set, maintained, and changed over a cells lifetime is not well understood. In this work we focus on how the volume of non-excitable tissue cells is coupled to the cell membrane electrical potential and the concentration of membrane-permeable ions in the cell environment. Specifically, we demonstrate that a sudden cell depolarization using the whole cell patch clamp results in a 30 percent increase in cell volume, while hyperpolarization results in a slight volume decrease. We find that cell volume can be partially controlled by changing the chloride or the sodium/potassium concentrations in the extracellular environment while maintaining a constant external osmotic pressure. Depletion of external chloride leads to a volume decrease in suspended HN31 cells. Introducing cells to a high potassium solution causes volume increase by up to 50%. Cell volume is also influenced by cortical tension: actin depolymerization leads to cell volume increase. We present an electrophysiology model of water dynamics driven by changes in membrane potential and in the concentration of permeable ions in the cell surrounding. The model quantitatively predicts that the cell volume is determined by the total amount of intracellular ion and protein content.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yellin, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sreenivasan, V. K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrell, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johny, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, S. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/275339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electromechanics and Volume Dynamics in Non-excitable Tissue Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277053v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for metabolite quantification and species identification 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277053v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The aim of the study was to investigate the accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in determining triglyceride level and species of wild caught Drosophila. NIRS is a remote sensing method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It detects the absorption of light by molecular bonds and can be used with live insects. We employ the chemometric approach to combine spectra and reference data from a known sample to produce a multivariate calibration model. Once the calibration model was developed, we used an independent set to validate the accuracy of the calibration model. The optimized calibration model for triglyceride quantification yielded an accuracy of 73%. Simultaneously, we used NIRS to discriminate two species of Drosophila. Flies from independent sets were correctly classified into D. melanogaster and D. simulans with accuracy higher than 80%. Finally, we show that the biological interpretations derived from reference data and the NIRS predictions do not differ. These results suggest that NIRS has the potential to be used as a high throughput screening method to assess a live individual insects triglyceride level and taxonomic status.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aw, W. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballard, J. W. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277053</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for metabolite quantification and species identification]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease based on local and global parameters in personalized Virtual Brain models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/277624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is marked by cognitive dysfunction emerging from neuropathological processes impacting brain function. AD affects brain dynamics at the local level, such as changes in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations, as well as long-range changes to the global network. Individual differences in these changes as they relate to behaviour are poorly understood. Here, we use a multi-scale neurophysiological model, "The Virtual Brain (TVB)", based on empirical multi-modal neuroimaging data, to study how local and global dynamics correlate with individual differences in cognition. In particular, we modeled individual resting-state functional activity of 124 individuals across the behavioral spectrum from healthy aging, to amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), to AD. The model parameters required to accurately simulate empirical functional brain imaging data correlated significantly with cognition, and exceeded the predictive capacity of empirical connectomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zimmermann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breakspear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schirner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mapstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Solodkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/277624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease based on local and global parameters in personalized Virtual Brain models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279877v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Telomere-loop dynamics in chromosome end protection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/279877v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We used super-resolution microscopy to investigate the role of macromolecular telomere structure in chromosome end protection. In murine and human cells with reduced TRF2, we find that ATM-activation at chromosome ends occurs with a structural change from t-loops to linearized chromosome ends through t-loop unfolding. Comparably, we find Aurora B kinase regulates telomere linearity concurrent with ATM activation at telomeres during mitotic arrest. Using a separation of function allele, we find that the TRFH domain of TRF2 regulates t-loop formation while suppressing ATM activity. Notably, we demonstrate that telomere linearity and ATM activation occur separately from telomere fusion via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Further, we show that linear DDR-positive telomeres can remain resistant to fusion, even during an extended G1-arrest when NHEJ is most active. Collectively, these results suggest t-loops act as conformational switches that regulate ATM activation at chromosome ends independent of mechanisms to suppress chromosome end fusion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Van Ly, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, R. R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frölich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolec, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kafer, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/279877</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Telomere-loop dynamics in chromosome end protection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis challenges a textbook example of status signalling: evidence for publication bias 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/283150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The status signalling hypothesis aims to explain conspecific variation in ornamentation by suggesting that some ornaments signal dominance status. Here, we use multilevel meta-analytic models to challenge the textbook example of this hypothesis, the black bib of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We conducted a systematic review, and obtained raw data from published and unpublished studies to test whether dominance rank is positively associated with bib size across studies. Contrary to previous studies, our meta-analysis did not support this prediction. Furthermore, we found several biases in the literature that further question the support available for the status signalling hypothesis. First, the overall effect size of unpublished studies was zero, compared to the medium effect size detected in published studies. Second, the effect sizes of published studies decreased over time, and recently published effects were, on average, no longer distinguishable from zero. We discuss several explanations including pleiotropic, population- and context-dependent effects. Our findings call for reconsidering this established textbook example in evolutionary and behavioural ecology, raise important concerns about the validity of the current scientific publishing culture, and should stimulate renewed interest in understanding within-species variation in ornamental traits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Tojar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Fortun, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girndt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokony, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempenaers, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westneat, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/283150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis challenges a textbook example of status signalling: evidence for publication bias]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286716v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Functional effects of voluntary and involuntary visual phantom color on conscious awareness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/286716v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The constructive nature of vision is perhaps most evident during hallucinations, mental imagery, synesthesia, perceptual filling-in, and many illusions in which conscious visual experience does not overtly correspond to retinal stimulation: phantom vision. However, the relationship between voluntary and involuntary phantom vision remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated two forms of visual phantom color, neon phantom color spreading and voluntary color mental imagery and their effect on subsequent binocular rivalry perception. Passively viewing neon phantom color induced time sensitive, suppressive effects on spatially non-overlapping subsequent binocular rivalry. These effects could be attenuated by rotating the color-inducers, or like color imagery, by concurrent uniform luminance stimulation. The degree of neon color induced rivalry suppression predicted the degree of voluntary color imagery facilitation, both on subsequent rivalry perception. Further, these suppressive and facilitative effects were additive when experienced successively. Our results suggest potential sensory mechanistic commonalities between voluntary and involuntary phantom vision.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-03-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/286716</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Functional effects of voluntary and involuntary visual phantom color on conscious awareness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-03-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Thought Control Failure: Sensory Determinants and Functional Effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/293761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability to control ones thoughts is important for mental wellbeing, attention, focus, future planning and ideation. While there is a long history of research into thought control, the inherent subjectivity of thoughts has made objective investigation, and thus mechanistic understanding difficult. Here, we report a novel method to empirically investigate thought control success and failure by objectively measuring the sensory strength of visual thoughts. We use the perceptual illusion binocular rivalry to assess emergent images in mind during two common thought control strategies: thought suppression and thought substitution. Thought suppression was ineffective, suppressed thoughts primed subsequent rivalry dominance at the same level as intentionally imagined thoughts. This priming effect was disrupted by concurrent uniform luminance and changes in retinotopic location, suggesting early visual representations/traces. While individuals showed some metacognition of thought suppression, strikingly, the perceptual effects remained even when thoughts were reported as successfully suppressed, indicating these thoughts may exist outside of reportable awareness. In contrast, thought substitution was more effective in controlling the perceptual effects and showed good metacognition. A thought control index predicted greater levels of trait mindfulness, while high levels of anxiety and schizotypy were related to poor thought control. Overall, our findings offer a novel method to track thoughts before and after they emerge into awareness and suggest that non-reportable and involuntary thoughts form visual representations pivotal to thought control failure.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kwok, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leys, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig-Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/293761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Thought Control Failure: Sensory Determinants and Functional Effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300905v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deleterious genetic variants in NOTCH1 are a major contributor to the incidence of non-syndromic Tetralogy of Fallot 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/300905v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AimsFamilial recurrence studies provide strong evidence for a genetic component to the predisposition to sporadic, non-syndromic Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) phenotype. Rare genetic variants have been identified as important contributors to the risk of CHD, but relatively small numbers of TOF cases have been studied to date. Here, we use whole exome sequencing to assess the prevalence of rare, potentially deleterious variants in candidate genes previously associated with both syndromic and non-syndromic TOF, in the largest cohort of non-syndromic TOF patients reported to date.nnMethods & Results829 non-syndromic TOF patients underwent whole exome sequencing. A systematic review of the literature was conducted which revealed 77 genes in which mutations had been reported in patients with TOF. The presence of rare, deleterious variants in the 77 candidate genes was determined, defined by a minor allele frequency of [&le;] 0.001 and scaled combined annotation-dependent depletion (CADD) score of [&ge;] 20. We found a clustering of heterozygous rare, deleterious variants in NOTCH1 (P=1.89E-15), DOCK6 (P=2.93E-07), MYOM2 (P= 7.35E-05), TTC37 (P=0.016), MESP1 (P=0.024) and TBX1 (P=0.039), after correcting for multiple testing. NOTCH1 was most frequently found to harbour deleterious variants. Changes were observed in 49 patients (6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5% - 7.8%) and included six truncating/frameshift variants and forty missense variants. Sanger sequencing of the unaffected parents of thirteen cases identified five de novo variants. Variants were not confined to a single functional domain of the NOTCH1 protein but significant clustering of variants was evident in the EGF-like repeats (P=0.018). Three NOTCH1 missense variants (p.G200R, p.C607Y and de novo p.N1875S) were subjected to functional evaluation and showed a reduction in Jagged1 ligand-induced NOTCH signalling. p.C607Y, which exhibited the most significant reduction in signalling, also perturbed S1 cleavage of the NOTCH1 receptor in the Golgi.nnConclusionThe NOTCH1 locus is a frequent site of genetic variants predisposing to non-syndromic TOF with 6% of patients exhibiting rare, deleterious variants. Our data supports the polygenic origin of TOF and suggests larger studies may identify additional loci.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Page, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miossec, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fotiou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monaghan, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordell, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutcliffe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Topf, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourgey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourque, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eveleigh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunwoodie, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winlaw, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhattacharya, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breckpot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devriendt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gewillig, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brook, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Setchfield, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bu'Lock, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Sullivan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bezzina, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mulder, B. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Postma, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bentham, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baron, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhaskar, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, W. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentges, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lathrop, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santibanez-Koref, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keavney, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/300905</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deleterious genetic variants in NOTCH1 are a major contributor to the incidence of non-syndromic Tetralogy of Fallot]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analysis of DNA methylation suggests down-regulation of oncogenic pathways and reduced de-novo mutation in survival outliers of glioblastoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/302042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The study of survival outliers of glioblastoma (GBM) can have important implications on gliomagenesis as well as in the identification of ways to alter clinical course on this almost uniformly lethal cancer type. However, current studied epigenetic and genetic signatures of the GBM outliers have failed to identify unifying criteria to characterize this unique group of patients. In this study, we profiled the global DNA methylation pattern of mainly IDH1 wild type survival outliers of glioblastoma and performed comprehensive enrichment analyses with genomic and epigenomic signatures. We found that the genome of long-term survivors in glioblastoma is differentially methylated relative to short-term survivor patients depending on CpG density: hypermethylation near CpG islands (CGIs) and hypomethylation far from CGIs. Interestingly, these two patterns are associated with distinct oncogenic aspects in gliomagenesis. The hypomethylation pattern at the region distant from CGI is associated with lower rates of de novo mutations while the hypermethylation at CGIs correlates with transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in cancer progression pathways. These results extend our understanding of DNA methylation of survival outliers in glioblastoma in a genome-wide level, and provide insight on the potential impact of DNA hypomethylation in cancer genome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hwang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathios, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daris, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, S.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burger, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dho, Y.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carolyn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bettegowda, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, C.-K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/302042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analysis of DNA methylation suggests down-regulation of oncogenic pathways and reduced de-novo mutation in survival outliers of glioblastoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303800v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex represents expected Pavlovian outcome value but not identity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/303800v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical for updating reward-directed behaviours flexibly when task contingencies are reversed, or when outcomes are devalued. We systematically examined the generality of these findings using lesions of the rodent lateral OFC (LO) in instrumental action-outcome, and Pavlovian cue-outcome, learning using specific satiety and taste aversion methods of outcome devaluation. LO lesions disrupted outcome devaluation in Pavlovian but not instrumental procedures. Furthermore, this effect was only observed when using taste-aversion devaluation. Using a specific Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer procedure, we established that LO is not necessary for the representation of specific outcome properties, but rather in using these properties to access the current motivational value of outcomes. The role of LO in outcome devaluation and reversal learning was also dissociable between anterior and posterior subregions. These novel dissociable task- and subregion-specific effects suggest a way to reconcile contradictory findings between rodent and non-human primate OFC research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Panayi, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/303800</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The rodent lateral orbitofrontal cortex represents expected Pavlovian outcome value but not identity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The RHIM within the M45 protein from murine cytomegalovirus forms heteromeric functional amyloid fibrils with RIPK1 and RIPK3 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/324590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The M45 protein from murine cytomegalovirus protects infected murine cells from death by necroptosis and can protect human cells from necroptosis induced by TNFR activation, when heterologously expressed. We show that the N-terminal 90 residues of the M45 protein, which contain a RIP Homotypic Interaction Motif (RHIM), are sufficient to confer protection against TNFR-induced necroptosis. This N-terminal region of M45 drives rapid self-assembly into homo-oligomeric amyloid fibrils and interacts with the RHIMs of human RIPK1 and RIPK3 kinases to form heteromeric amyloid fibrils in vitro. An intact RHIM core tetrad is required for the inhibition of cell death by M45 and we show that mutation of those key tetrad residues abolishes homo- and hetero-amyloid assembly by M45 in vitro, suggesting that the amyloidogenic nature of the M45 RHIM underlies its biological activity. Our results indicate that M45 mimics the interactions made by RIPK1 with RIPK3 in forming heteromeric amyloid structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strange, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O' Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shanmugam, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/324590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The RHIM within the M45 protein from murine cytomegalovirus forms heteromeric functional amyloid fibrils with RIPK1 and RIPK3]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Marine sponges as Chloroflexi hot-spots: Genomic insights and high resolution visualization of an abundant and diverse symbiotic clade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/328013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chloroflexi represent a widespread, yet enigmatic bacterial phylum. Meta-and single cell genomics were performed to shed light on the functional gene repertoire of Chloroflexi symbionts from the HMA sponge Aplysina aerophoba. Eighteen draft genomes were reconstructed and placed into phylogenetic context of which six were investigated in detail. Common genomic features of Chloroflexi sponge symbionts were related to central energy and carbon converting pathways, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and respiration. Clade specific metabolic features included a massively expanded genomic repertoire for carbohydrate degradation in Anaerolineae and Caldilineae genomes, and amino acid utilization as nutrient source by SAR202. While Anaerolineae and Caldilineae import cofactors and vitamins, SAR202 genomes harbor genes encoding for co-factor biosynthesis. A number of features relevant to symbiosis were further identified, including CRISPRs-Cas systems, eukaryote-like repeat proteins and secondary metabolite gene clusters. Chloroflexi symbionts were visualized in the sponge extracellular matrix at ultrastructural resolution by FISH-CLEM method. Chloroflexi cells were generally rod-shaped and about 1 m in length, albeit displayed different and characteristic cellular morphotypes per each class. The extensive potential for carbohydrate degradation has been reported previously for Ca. Poribacteria and SAUL, typical symbionts of HMA sponges, and we propose here that HMA sponge symbionts collectively engage in degradation of dissolved organic matter, both labile and recalcitrant. Thus sponge microbes may not only provide nutrients to the sponge host, but also contribute to DOM re-cycling and primary productivity in reef ecosystems via a pathway termed the "sponge loop".
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahn, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slaby, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moitinho-Silva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentschel, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-05-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/328013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Marine sponges as Chloroflexi hot-spots: Genomic insights and high resolution visualization of an abundant and diverse symbiotic clade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-05-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347054v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metastable brain waves 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/347054v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traveling patterns of neuronal activity - brain waves - have been observed across a breadth of neuronal recordings, states of awareness, and species, but their emergence in the human brain lacks a firm understanding. Here, we analyze the complex nonlinear dynamics that emerge from modeling large-scale spontaneous neural activity on a whole-brain network derived from human tractography. We find a rich array of three-dimensional wave patterns, including traveling waves, spiral waves, sources, and sinks. These patterns are metastable, such that multiple spatiotemporal wave patterns are visited in sequence. Transitions between states correspond to reconfigurations of underlying phase flows, characterized by nonlinear instabilities. These metastable dynamics accord with empirical data from multiple imaging modalities, including electrical waves in cortical tissue, sequential spatiotemporal patterns in resting-state MEG data, and large-scale waves in human electrocorticography. By moving the study of functional networks from a spatially static to an inherently dynamic (wave-like) frame, our work unifies apparently diverse phenomena across functional neuroimaging modalities and makes specific predictions for further experimentation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roberts, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gollo, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abeysuriya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolrich, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breakspear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/347054</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metastable brain waves]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351726v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of Pathological Mutations on the Prion-Like Polymerisation of MyD88 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351726v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A novel concept has emerged whereby the higher-order self-assembly of proteins provides a simple and robust mechanism for signal amplification. This appears to be a universal signalling mechanism within the innate immune system, where the recognition of pathogens or danger-associated molecular patterns need to trigger a strong, binary response within cells. Previously, multiple structural studies have been limited to single domains, expressed and assembled at high protein concentrations. We therefore set out to develop new in vitro strategies to characterise the behaviour of full-length proteins at physiological levels. In this study we focus on the adaptor protein MyD88, which contains two domains with different self-assembly properties: a TIR domain that can polymerise similarly to the TIR domain of Mal, and a Death Domain that has been shown to oligomerise with helical symmetry in the Myddosome complex. To visualize the behaviour of full-length MyD88 without purification steps, we use single-molecule fluorescence coupled to eukaryotic cell-free protein expression. These experiments demonstrate that at low protein concentration, only full-length MyD88 forms prion-like polymers. We also demonstrate that the metastability of MyD88 polymerisation creates the perfect binary response required in innate signalling: the system is silenced at normal concentrations but upstream signalling creates a "seed" that triggers polymerisation and amplification of the response. These findings pushed us to re-interpret the role of polymerisation in MyD88-related diseases and we studied the impact of disease-associated point mutations L93P, R196C and L252P/L265P at the molecular level. We discovered that all mutations completely block the ability of MyD88 to polymerise. We also confirm that L252P, a gain-of-function mutation, allows the MyD88 mutant to form extremely stable oligomers, even when expressed at low nanomolar concentrations. Thus, our results are consistent with and greatly add to the findings on the Myddosomes digital  all-or-none responses and the behaviour of the oncogenic mutation of MyD88.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chauvin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meagher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coyle, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhumkar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ve, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351726</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of Pathological Mutations on the Prion-Like Polymerisation of MyD88]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351908v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learned predictiveness acquired through experience prevails over the influence of conflicting verbal instructions in rapid selective attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/351908v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous studies have provided evidence that selective attention tends to prioritize the processing of stimuli that are good predictors of upcoming events over nonpredictive stimuli. In the present study we explored whether the mechanism responsible for this effect critically reflects the influence of prior experience of predictiveness (history of attentional selection of predictive stimuli), or whether it reflects a more flexible process that can be adapted to new verbally acquired knowledge. Our experiment manipulated participants experience of the predictiveness of different stimuli over the course of trial-by-trial training; we then provided explicit verbal instructions regarding stimulus predictiveness that were designed to be either consistent or inconsistent with the previously established learned predictiveness. The effects of training and instruction on attention to stimuli were measured using a dot probe task. Results revealed a rapid attentional bias towards stimuli experienced as predictive (versus those experienced as nonpredictive), that was completely unaffected by verbal instructions. This was not due to participants failure to recall or use instructions appropriately, as revealed by analyses of their learning about stimuli, and their memory for instructions. Overall, these findings suggest that stimuli experienced as predictive through trial-by-trial training produce a relatively inflexible attentional bias based on prior selection history, which is not (always) easily altered through instructions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cobos Cano, P. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vadillo, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pelley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/351908</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learned predictiveness acquired through experience prevails over the influence of conflicting verbal instructions in rapid selective attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive cross-disorder analyses of CNTNAP2 suggest it is unlikely to be a primary risk gene for psychiatric disorders. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/363846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene is a member of the neurexin superfamily. CNTNAP2 was implicated in the cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy (CDFE) syndrome, a recessive disease characterized by intellectual disability, epilepsy, language impairments and autistic features. Associated SNPs and heterozygous deletions in CNTNAP2 have also frequently been reported in autism, schizophrenia and other psychiatric or neurological disorders. We aim here to gain conclusive evidence for the role of CNTNAP2 in susceptibility to psychiatric disorders by the comprehensive analysis of large genomic datasets. In this study we used: i) summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) GWAS; ii) examined all reported CNTNAP2 structural variants in patients and controls; iii) performed cross-disorder analysis of functional or previously associated SNPs; iv) and conducted burden tests for pathogenic rare variants using sequencing data (4,483 ASD and 6,135 schizophrenia cases, and 13,042 controls).nnIn a CNV mircroarray study, we previously identified a 131kb deletion in CNTNAP2 intron 1, removing a FOXP2 transcription factor binding site in an extended BD family. Here we perform a quantitative-PCR validation showing imperfect segregation with disease (5 bipolar disorder relatives). The distribution of CNVs across CNTNAP2 in psychiatric cases from previous reports was no different from controls of the database of genomic variants. Gene-based association testing did not implicate common variants in autism, schizophrenia or other psychiatric phenotypes. The association of proposed functional SNPs rs7794745 and rs2710102, reported to influence brain connectivity, was not replicated; nor did functional SNPs yield significant results in meta-analysis across psychiatric disorders. Disrupting CNTNAP2 rare variant burden was not higher in autism or schizophrenia compared to controls. This large comprehensive candidate gene study indicates that CNTNAP2 may not be a robust risk gene for psychiatric phenotypes.nnAUTHOR SUMMARYGenetic mutations that disrupt both copies of the CNTNAP2 gene lead to severe disease, characterized by profound intellectual disability, epilepsy, language difficulties and autistic traits. Researchers hypothesized that this gene may also be involved in autism given some overlapping clinical features with this disease. Indeed, several large DNA deletions affecting one of the two copies of CNTNAP2 were found in some patients with autism, and later also in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD and epilepsy, suggesting that this gene was involved in several psychiatric or neurologic diseases. Other studies considered genetic sequence variations that are common in the general population, and suggested that two such sequence variations in CNTNAP2 predispose to psychiatric diseases by influencing the functionality and connectivity of the brain. In the current study, we report the deletion of one copy of CNTNAP2 in a patient with bipolar disorder from an extended family where five relatives were affected with this condition. To better understand the involvement of CNTNAP2 in risk of mental illness, we performed several genetic analyses using a series of large publically available or in-house datasets, comprising many thousands of patients and controls. Despite the previous consideration of CNTNAP2 as a strong candidate gene for autism or schizophrenia, we show that neither common, deletion nor ultra-rare variants in CNTNAP2 are likely to play a major role in risk of psychiatric diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Toma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pierce, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shaw, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullerton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-07-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/363846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive cross-disorder analyses of CNTNAP2 suggest it is unlikely to be a primary risk gene for psychiatric disorders.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-07-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385997v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Oral iron exacerbates colitis and influences the intestinal microbiome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/385997v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with anaemia and oral iron replacement to correct this can be problematic, intensifying inflammation and tissue damage. The intestinal microbiota also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD, and iron supplementation likely influences gut bacterial diversity in patients with IBD. Here, we assessed the impact of dietary iron, using chow diets containing either 100, 200 or 400 ppm, fed ad libitum to adult female C57BL/6 mice in the presence or absence of colitis induced using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), on (i) clinical and histological severity of acute DSS-induced colitis, and (ii) faecal microbial diversity, as assessed by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA. Increasing or decreasing dietary iron concentration from the standard 200 ppm exacerbated both clinical and histological severity of DSS-induced colitis. DSS-treated mice provided only half the standard levels of iron ad libitum (i.e. chow containing 100 ppm iron) lost more body weight than those receiving double the amount of standard iron (i.e. 400 ppm); p<0.01. Faecal calprotectin levels were significantly increased in the presence of colitis in those consuming 100 ppm iron at day 8 (5.94-fold) versus day-10 group (4.14-fold) (p<0.05), and for the 400 ppm day-8 group (8.17-fold) versus day-10 group (4.44-fold) (p<0.001). In the presence of colitis, dietary iron at 400 ppm resulted in a significant reduction in faecal abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and increase of Proteobacteria, changes which were not observed with lower dietary intake of iron at 100 ppm. Overall, altering dietary iron intake exacerbated DSS-induced colitis; increasing the iron content of the diet also led to changes in intestinal bacteria diversity and composition after colitis was induced with DSS.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahalhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellaby, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckworth, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkitt, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hold, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, D. M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probert, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/385997</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Oral iron exacerbates colitis and influences the intestinal microbiome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387647v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Propionic acid enhances the virulence of Crohn’s disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/387647v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The short chain fatty acid propionic acid (PA) is a bacteria-derived human intestinal antimicrobial and immune modulator used widely in Western food production and agriculture. Here we examine the effect of PA on the pathogenicity of the Crohns disease-associated microbe, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). Passage of AIEC through a murine model, where the low intestinal PA levels were increased to replicate those of the human intestine, led to the recovery of AIEC post-infection that had significantly increased virulence. These phenotypic changes, including increased adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and biofilm formation, could be replicated in AIEC in vitro through exposure to PA alone. This in vitro exposure of AIEC to PA fundamentally changed AIEC virulence, with strains exposed to PA in vitro subsequently persisting at 20-fold higher levels in a murine model compared to non-exposed strains. RNA-sequencing identified the transcriptional changes in AIEC in response to PA with upregulation of genes involved in biofilm formation, stress responses, metabolism, membrane integrity and alternative carbon source utilisation. These PA induced changes in virulence could be replicated in a number of E. coli isolates from Crohns disease patients. Finally, removal of the PA selective pressure was sufficient to reverse these phenotypic changes. Our data indicate that exposure of AIEC to PA evolves bacteria that are both resistant to this natural human intestinal antimicrobial and increasingly virulent in its presence.nnImportanceExposure to propionic acid, an intestinal short chain fatty acid and commonly used antimicrobial in Western food production, induces significant virulence associated phenotypic changes in adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ormsby, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meikle, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstone, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntosh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessel, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McConnachie, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roe, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzgerald, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerasimidis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/387647</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Propionic acid enhances the virulence of Crohn’s disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393561v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical Bayesian inference for concurrent model fitting and comparison for group studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/393561v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational modeling plays an important role in modern neuroscience research. Much previous research has relied on statistical methods, separately, to address two problems that are actually interdependent. First, given a particular computational model, Bayesian hierarchical techniques have been used to estimate individual variation in parameters over a population of subjects, leveraging their population-level distributions. Second, candidate models are themselves compared, and individual variation in the expressed model estimated, according to the fits of the models to each subject. The interdependence between these two problems arises because the relevant population for estimating parameters of a model depends on which other subjects express the model. Here, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian inference (HBI) framework for concurrent model comparison, parameter estimation and inference at the population level, combining previous approaches. We show that this framework has important advantages for both parameter estimation and model comparison theoretically and experimentally. The parameters estimated by the HBI show smaller errors compared to other methods. Model comparison by HBI is robust against outliers and is not biased towards overly simplistic models. Furthermore, the fully Bayesian approach of HBI enables researchers to quantify uncertainty in group parameter estimates, for each candidate model separately, and to perform statistical tests on parameters of a population.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Piray, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dezfouli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heskes, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frank, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daw, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/393561</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical Bayesian inference for concurrent model fitting and comparison for group studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399402v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/399402v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet we know little about the specific genetic loci influencing human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants, including structural variants, impacting cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain MRI data from 51,662 individuals. We analysed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specialisations. We identified 255 nominally significant loci (P [&le;] 5 x 10-8); 199 survived multiple testing correction (P [&le;] 8.3 x 10-10; 187 surface area; 12 thickness). We found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci impacting regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signalling pathways, known to influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinsons disease, insomnia, depression and ADHD.nnOne Sentence SummaryCommon genetic variation is associated with inter-individual variation in the structure of the human cortex, both globally and within specific regions, and is shared with genetic risk factors for some neuropsychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grasby, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Painter, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colodro-Conde, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bralten, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hibar, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lind, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pizzagalli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shatokhina, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zsembik, L. C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alhusaini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almeida, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnaes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amlien, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ard, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buimer, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bülow, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bürger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chakravarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheung, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvy-Duchesne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Araujo, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwarte, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dohm, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/399402</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400713v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mycoplasma genitalium incidence, persistence, concordance between partners and progression: systematic review and meta-analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/400713v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMycoplasma genitalium is increasingly seen as an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen, and has been likened to Chlamydia trachomatis, but its natural history is poorly understood. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine M. genitalium incidence, persistence, concordance between sexual partners, and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).nnMethodsWe searched Medline, EMBASE, LILACS, IndMed and African Index Medicus from 1 January 1981 until 17 March 2018. Two independent researchers screened studies for inclusion and extracted data. We examined results in forest plots, assessed heterogeneity and conducted meta-analysis where appropriate. Risk of bias was assessed for all studies.nnResultsWe screened 4634 records and included 17 studies; five (4100 women) reported on incidence, five (636 women) on persistence, 10 (1346 women and men) on concordance and three (5139 women) on PID. Incidence in women in two very highly developed countries was 1.07 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.61 to 1.53, I2 0%). Median persistence of M. genitalium was estimated from one to three months in four studies but 15 months in one study. In ten studies measuring M. genitalium infection status in couples, 39-50% of male or female sexual partners of infected participants also had M. genitalium detected. In prospective studies, the incidence of PID was higher in women with M. genitalium than those without (RR 1.68, 95% CI 0.59 to 2.77, I2 0%, 2 studies).nnDiscussionBased on findings from this and our linked review of prevalence, concordant M. genitalium might be less common than for C. trachomatis and the age distributions of the infections differ. The synthesised data about prevalence, incidence and persistence of M. genitalium infection are inconsistent. Taken together with evidence about antimicrobial resistance in the two infections, M. genitalium is not the new chlamydia.nnRegistration NumbersPROSPERO: CRD42015020420, CRD42015020405nnKEY MESSAGESO_LIThere are calls for widespread screening for Mycoplasma genitalium, but the natural history of this emerging sexually transmitted pathogen is poorly understood.nC_LIO_LIM. genitalium incidence was 1.07 (95% confidence intervals, CI 0.61 to 1.53) per 100-person years in women in highly developed countries, 39-50% of infected individuals had a heterosexual partner with M. genitalium and the risk ratio for pelvic inflammatory disease was 1.68 (95% CI 0.59 to 2.77).nC_LIO_LIThe duration of untreated M. genitalium infection is probably longer than persistent detection of M. genitalium, as measured in most cohort studies, in which inadvertent treatment cannot be ruled out.nC_LIO_LIThe results of this systematic review and other evidence sources show important differences in the epidemiology and dynamics of M. genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis infection.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baumann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egli-Gany, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halbeisen, F. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Low, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/400713</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mycoplasma genitalium incidence, persistence, concordance between partners and progression: systematic review and meta-analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Preserved cortical maps of the body in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic pain can be associated with functional and morphological changes in the brain. It has long been thought that some severe chronic pain conditions, such as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), are not only associated with, but even maintained by a reorganisation of the somatotopic representation of the affected limb in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). This notion has driven treatments that aim to restore S1 representations, such as sensory discrimination training and mirror therapy. However, this notion is based on both indirect and incomplete evidence obtained with imaging methods with low spatial resolution. Here, we used functional MRI to characterize the S1 representation of the affected and unaffected hand in patients with unilateral CRPS of one hand. Our study demonstrates that the cortical area, location, and geometry of the S1 representation of the CRPS hand are comparable to those of the healthy hand, as well as to those of controls. Given that S1 representations are largely preserved in CPRS patients, it is compelling to reconsider not only the cortical mechanisms that underlie the disorder, but also the rationale for interventions that aim to "restore" somatotopic representations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mancini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isherwood, Z. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAuley, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iannetti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sereno, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseley, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Preserved cortical maps of the body in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409649v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genetic Determinants of Cortical Structure (Thickness, Surface Area and Volumes) among Disease Free Adults in the CHARGE Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/409649v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cortical thickness, surface area and volumes (MRI cortical measures) vary with age and cognitive function, and in neurological and psychiatric diseases. We examined heritability, genetic correlations and genome-wide associations of cortical measures across the whole cortex, and in 34 anatomically predefined regions. Our discovery sample comprised 22,822 individuals from 20 cohorts within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the United Kingdom Biobank. Significant associations were replicated in the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, and their biological implications explored using bioinformatic annotation and pathway analyses. We identified genetic heterogeneity between cortical measures and brain regions, and 161 genome-wide significant associations pointing to wnt/{beta}-catenin, TGF-{beta} and sonic hedgehog pathways. There was enrichment for genes involved in anthropometric traits, hindbrain development, vascular and neurodegenerative disease and psychiatric conditions. These data are a rich resource for studies of the biological mechanisms behind cortical development and aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roshchupkin, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knol, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zare, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernard, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mishra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teumer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mosley, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saba, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirpamer, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seiler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carmichael, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rotter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Psaty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Himali, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiser, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeCarli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witte, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beyer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thalamuthu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trollor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jia</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/409649</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genetic Determinants of Cortical Structure (Thickness, Surface Area and Volumes) among Disease Free Adults in the CHARGE Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410829v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temperate grass allergy season defined by spatio-temporal shifts in airborne pollen communities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/410829v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Grass pollen is the worlds most harmful outdoor aeroallergen and sensitivity varies between species. Different species of grass flower at different times, but it is not known how airborne communities of grass pollen change in time and space. Persistence and high mobility of grass pollen could result in increasingly diverse seasonal pollen communities. Conversely, if grass pollen does not persist for an extended time in the air, shifting pollen communities would be predicted throughout the summer months. Here, using targeted high throughput sequencing, we tracked the seasonal progression of airborne Poaceae pollen biodiversity across Britain, throughout the grass allergy season. All grass genera displayed discrete, temporally restricted peaks of pollen incidence which varied with latitude, revealing that the taxonomic composition of grass pollen exposure changes substantially across the allergy season. By developing more refined aeroallergen profiling, we predict that our findings will facilitate the exploration of links between taxon-specific exposure of harmful grass pollen and disease, with concomitant socio-economic benefits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brennan, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Vere, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skjoth, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osborne, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wheeler, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McInnes, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clewlow, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanlon, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hegarty, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kurganskiy, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rowney, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armitage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams-Groom, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petch, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliot, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frisk, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neilson, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rafiq, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinberg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Creer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/410829</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temperate grass allergy season defined by spatio-temporal shifts in airborne pollen communities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414185v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A decision-support framework to optimize border control for global outbreak mitigation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414185v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The introduction and spread of emerging infectious diseases is increasing in both prevalence and scale. Whether naturally, accidentally or maliciously introduced, the substantial uncertainty surrounding the emergence of novel viruses, specifically where they may come from and how they will spread, demands robust and quantifiably validated outbreak control policies that can be implemented in real time. This work presents a novel mathematical modeling framework that integrates both outbreak dynamics and outbreak control into a decision support tool for mitigating infectious disease pandemics that spread through passenger air travel. An ensemble of border control strategies that exploit properties of the air traffic network structure and expected outbreak behavior are proposed. A stochastic metapopulation epidemic model is developed to evaluate and rank the control strategies based on their effectiveness in reducing the spread of outbreaks. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to illustrate the robustness of the proposed control strategies across a range of outbreak scenarios, and a case study is presented for the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. This study highlights the importance of strategically allocating outbreak control resources, and the results can be used to identify the most robust border control policy that can be implemented in the early stages of an outbreak.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gardner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zlojutro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414185</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A decision-support framework to optimize border control for global outbreak mitigation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
BNMCMC: a software for learning and visualizing Bayesian networks using MCMC methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/414953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MotivationBayesian networks (BNs) are widely used to model biological networks from experimental data. Many software packages exist to infer BN structures, but the chance of getting trapped in local optima is a common challenge. Some recently developed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers called the Neighborhood sampler (NS) and Hit-and-Run (HAR) sampler, have shown great potential to substantially avoid this problem compared to the standard Metropolis-Hastings (MH) sampler.nnResultsWe have developed a software called BNMCMC for inferring and visualizing BNs from given datasets. This software runs NS, HAR and MH samplers using a discrete Bayesian model. The main advantage of BNMCMC is that it exploits adaptive techniques to efficiently explore BN space and evaluate the posterior probability of candidate BNs to facilitate large-scale network inference.nnAvailabilityBNMCMC is implemented with C#.NET, ASP.NET, Jquery, Javascript and D3.js. The standalone version (BN visualization missing) available for downloading at https://sourceforge.net/projects/bnmcmc/, where the user-guide and an example file are provided for a simulation. A dedicated BNMCMC web server will be launched soon feature a physics-based BN visualization technique.nnContactakm.azad@unsw.edu.au
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azad, A. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alyami, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keith, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/414953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[BNMCMC: a software for learning and visualizing Bayesian networks using MCMC methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416131v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
KPGminer: A tool for retrieving pathway genes from KEGG pathway database 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/416131v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pathway analysis is a very important aspect in computational systems biology as it serves as a crucial component in many computational pipelines. KEGG is one of the prominent databases that host pathway information associated with various organisms. In any pathway analysis pipelines, it is also important to collect and organize the pathway constituent genes for which a tool to automatically retrieve that would be a useful one to the practitioners. In this article, I present KPGminer, a tool that retrieves the constituent genes in KEGG pathways for various organisms and organizes that information suitable for many downstream pathway analysis pipelines. We exploited several KEGG web services using REST APIs, particularly GET and LIST methods to request for the information retrieval which is available for developers. Moreover, KPGminer can operate both for a particular pathway (single mode) or multiple pathways (batch mode). Next, we designed a crawler to extract necessary information from the response and generated outputs accordingly. KPGminer brings several key features including organism-specific and pathway-specific extraction of pathway genes from KEGG and always up-to-date information. Thus, we hope KPGminer can be a useful and effective tool to make downstream pathway analysis easier and faster. KPGminer is freely available for download from https://sourceforge.net/projects/kpgminer/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azad, A. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/416131</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[KPGminer: A tool for retrieving pathway genes from KEGG pathway database]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/419523v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phasor histone FLIM-FRET microscopy quantifies spatiotemporal rearrangement of chromatin architecture during the DNA damage response. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/419523v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To investigate how chromatin architecture is spatiotemporally organised at a double strand break (DSB) repair locus, we established a biophysical method to quantify chromatin compaction at the nucleosome level during the DNA damage response (DDR). The method is based on phasor image correlation spectroscopy (ICS) of histone FLIM-FRET microscopy data acquired in live cells co-expressing H2B-eGFP and H2B-mCherry. This multiplexed approach generates spatiotemporal maps of nuclear-wide chromatin compaction that when coupled with laser micro-irradiation induced DSBs, quantify the size, stability, and spacing between compact chromatin foci throughout the DDR. Using this technology, we identify that ATM and RNF8 regulate rapid chromatin decompaction at DSBs and formation of a compact chromatin ring surrounding the repair locus. This chromatin architecture serves to demarcate the repair locus from the surrounding nuclear environment and modulate 53BP1 mobility.nnSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChromatin dynamics play a central role in the DNA damage response (DDR). A long-standing obstacle in the DDR field was the lack of technology capable of visualising chromatin dynamics at double strand break (DSB) sites. Here we describe novel biophysical methods that quantify spatiotemporal chromatin compaction dynamics in living cells. Using these novel tools, we identify how chromatin architecture is reorganised at a DSB locus to enable repair factor access and demarcate the lesion from the surrounding nuclear environment. Further, we identify novel regulatory roles for key DDR enzymes in this process. Finally, we demonstrate method utility with physical, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of the chromatin environment, identifying method potential for use in future studies of chromatin biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scipioni, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolec, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masamsetti, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gratton, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinde, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/419523</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phasor histone FLIM-FRET microscopy quantifies spatiotemporal rearrangement of chromatin architecture during the DNA damage response.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CANCERSIGN: a user-friendly and robust tool for identification and classification of mutational signatures and patterns in cancer genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analyses of large somatic mutation datasets, using advanced computational algorithms, have revealed at least 30 independent mutational signatures in tumor samples. These studies have been instrumental in identification and quantification of responsible endogenous and exogenous molecular processes against cancer. The quantitative approach used to deconvolute mutational signatures is becoming an integral part of cancer research. Therefore, development of a stand-alone tool with a user-friendly graphical interface for analysis of cancer mutational signatures is necessary. In this manuscript, we introduce CANCERSIGN as an open access1 bioinformatics tool that uses raw mutation data (BED files) as input, and generates 3-mer and 5-mer mutational signatures. Additionally, this tool enables users to perform clustering on tumor samples based on the raw mutation counts as well as using the proportion of mutational signatures in each sample. Using this tool, we analysed all the whole genome somatic mutation datasets of International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) samples and identified a number of novel signatures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bayati, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabiee, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehrbod, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahimi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrest, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alinejad-Rokny, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/424960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CANCERSIGN: a user-friendly and robust tool for identification and classification of mutational signatures and patterns in cancer genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
XTalkiiS: a tool for finding data-driven cross-talks between intra-/inter-species pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/437541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-cell communication via pathway cross-talks within a single species have been studied in silico recently to decipher various disease phenotype. However, computational prediction of pathway cross-talks among multiple species in a data-driven manner is yet to be explored. In this article, I present XTalkiiS (Cross-talks between inter-/intra species pathways), a tool to automatically predict pathway cross-talks from data-driven models of pathway network, both within the same organism (intra-species) and between two organisms (inter-species). XTalkiiS starts with retrieving and listing up-to-date pathway information in all the species available in KEGG database using RESTful APIs (exploiting KEGG web services) and an in-house built web crawler. I hypothesize that data-driven network models can be built by simultaneously quantifying co-expression of pathway components (i.e. genes/proteins) in matched samples in multiple organisms. Next, XTalkiiS loads a data-driven pathway network and applies a novel cross-talk modelling approach to determine interactions among known KEGG pathways in selected organisms. The potentials of XTalkiiS are huge as it paves the way of finding novel insights into mechanisms how pathways from two species (ideally host-parasite) may interact that may contribute to the various phenotype of interests such as malaria disease. XTalkiiS is made open sourced at https://github.com/Akmazad/XTalkiiS and its binary files are freely available for downloading from https://sourceforge.net/projects/xtalkiis/.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Azad, A. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/437541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[XTalkiiS: a tool for finding data-driven cross-talks between intra-/inter-species pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439430v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Influence of Molecular Reach and Diffusivity on the Efficacy of Membrane-Confined Reactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/439430v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Signalling by surface receptors often relies on tethered reactions whereby an enzyme bound to the cytoplasmic tail f a receptor catalyses reactions on substrates within reach. The overall length and stiffness of the receptor tail, the enzyme, and the substrate determine a biophysical parameter termed the molecular reach of the reaction. This parameter determines the probability that the receptor-tethered-enzyme will contact the substrate, in the volume proximal to the membrane, when separated by different distances within the membrane plane. Here, we develop particle-based stochastic reaction-diffusion models to study the interplay between molecular reach and diffusion. We find that increasing the molecular reach can increase reaction efficacy when diffusion is slow, but when diffusion is fast, increasing molecular reach reduces reaction efficacy. This switching is lost if reactions are forced to take place within the 2D plasma membrane instead of the 3D volume proximal to it, or if molecules diffuse in 3D. We show results in the context of immune receptors (PD-1 dephosphorylating CD28), a standard opposing kinase-phosphatase reaction, and a minimal two-particle model. The work highlights the 3D nature of many 2D membrane-confined interactions, illustrating a role for molecular reach in controlling biochemical reactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dushek, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/439430</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Influence of Molecular Reach and Diffusivity on the Efficacy of Membrane-Confined Reactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446948v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expectation and attention increase the integration of top-down and bottom-up signals in perception through different pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/446948v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Perception results from the integration of incoming sensory information with pre-existing information available in the brain. In this EEG (electroencephalography) study we utilised the Hierarchical Frequency Tagging method to examine how such integration is modulated by expectation and attention. Using intermodulation (IM) components as a measure of non-linear signal integration, we show in three different experiments that both expectation and attention enhance integration between top-down and bottom-up signals. Based on multispectral phase coherence, we present two direct physiological measures to demonstrate the distinct yet related mechanisms of expectation and attention. Specifically, our results link expectation to the modulation of prediction signals and the integration of top-down and bottom-up information at lower levels of the visual hierarchy. Meanwhile, they link attention to the propagation of ascending signals and the integration of information at higher levels of the visual hierarchy. These results are consistent with the predictive coding account of perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gordon, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuchiya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koenig-Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hohwy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/446948</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expectation and attention increase the integration of top-down and bottom-up signals in perception through different pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450577v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative mode of action of antimicrobial peptide melimine and its derivative Mel4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/450577v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Melimine and Mel4 are chimeric cationic peptides with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, and recent investigations have shown that they are highly biocompatible with animal model and human clinical trials. The current study examined the mechanism of action of these two antimicrobial peptides against P. aeruginosa with a series of investigations. Antimicrobial activities were determined by MIC and MBC. Endotoxin neutralization was determined using the LAL assay, effect on the cytoplasmic membrane was evaluated using DiSC(3)-5 and Sytox green stains, and Syto-9 and PI dyes using flow cytometry. Release of cytoplasmic materials (ATP and DNA/RNA) were determined using ATP luminescence and increase in OD260nm. The ability to lyse bacteria was studied by measuring a decrease in OD620nm. The MIC of the peptides remained low against P. aeruginosa strains, which showed efficient neutralization of LPS, indicating their role in the anti-pseudomonas and LPS binding activities. Both AMPs rapidly (starting at 30 seconds) depolarized P. aeruginosa cytoplasmic membrane leading to reduction in viability. Melimine was responsible for more ATP release (75%) compared to Mel4 (36%) (P<0.001) following two minutes exposure. For both peptides, Sytox green entered cells after five minutes of incubation. Flow cytometry demonstrated that both the AMPs permeabilized the cell membrane at 30 minutes and followed by increasing permeability. Similar results were found with DNA/RNA release experiments. Overall, melimine showed higher ability of membrane disruption, cell lysis compared to Mel4 (P<0.001). Knowledge regarding mechanism of action of these two AMPs would be helpful in making them as anti-pseudomonas drug.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>YASIR, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/450577</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative mode of action of antimicrobial peptide melimine and its derivative Mel4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear filamentous actin functions in the replication stress response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/451708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
"Replication stress" describes phenomena that alter DNA replication rates 1-3. Multiple architectural challenges within the confined nuclear volume must be navigated during replication to prevent or repair replication stress. Cellular mechanisms potentiating changes in nuclear architecture that facilitate DNA replication remain unclear. Here we show that the ATR, IPMK and mTOR kinases regulate actin polymerisation in human cells to alter nuclear architecture and promote replication fork repair. We demonstrate that replication stress activates mTOR, in an ATR and IPMK-dependent manner, to induce polymerisation of nuclear filamentous actin (F-actin). mTOR and ATR then counteract replication stress-induced nuclear envelope deformation and increase nuclear volume through their regulation of actin dynamics. Additionally, we reveal that FANCD2 labelled replication forks colocalise with actin filaments in late S-phase. mTOR and ATR then regulate the mobility, speed and directionality of stalled replication foci within the three-dimensional nuclear architecture. Importantly, we find nuclear F-actin also acts as a substrate for the directed migration of stalled replication foci to the nuclear periphery. Suppressing mTOR and ATR-dependent actin forces prevents replication fork restart and promotes chromosome segregation errors in primary and cancer cell lines. Together, these data reveal that ATR and mTOR regulate actin dynamics in the replication stress response to alter nuclear architecture and maintain genome stability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lamm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masamsetti, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/451708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear filamentous actin functions in the replication stress response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathways 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/458562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and debilitating disorder. The risk of PTSD following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We have collected a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls. We first demonstrate significant genetic correlations across 60 PTSD cohorts to evaluate the comparability of these phenotypically heterogeneous studies. In this largest GWAS meta-analysis of PTSD to date we identify a total of 6 genome-wide significant loci, 4 in European and 2 in African-ancestry analyses. Follow-up analyses incorporated local ancestry and sex-specific effects, and functional studies. Along with other novel genes, a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and a Parkinsons Disease gene, PARK2, were associated with PTSD. Consistent with previous reports, SNP-based heritability estimates for PTSD range between 10-20%. Despite a significant shared liability between PTSD and major depressive disorder, we show evidence that some of our loci may be specific to PTSD. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation contributing to the biology of differential risk for PTSD and the necessity of expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nievergelt, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klengel, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkinson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provost, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratanatharathorn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiello, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Almli, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amstadter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arbisi, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashley-Koch, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avdibegovic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baekvad-Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beckham, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bierut, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bisson, J. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boks, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brashear, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustamante, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bybjerg-Grauholm, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabres</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/458562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathways]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460279v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fibroblast activation protein enzyme deficiency prevents liver steatosis, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and increases fibroblast growth factor-21 in diet induced obese mice 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460279v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background & AimsFibroblast activation protein-a (FAP) is a post-proline peptidase closely related to dipeptidyl peptidase-4. FAP degrades bioactive peptides including fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and neuropeptide Y. We examined metabolic outcomes of specific genetic ablation of FAP and its enzyme activity in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) causing fatty liver.nnMethodsWildtype (WT) and genetically modified FAP deficient mice that specifically lacked either the FAP protein or FAP enzyme activity received chow, or an atherogenic diet for 8 to 20 weeks of DIO.nnResultsFAP deficient male and female mice in the DIO model were more metabolically healthy than controls. The FAP deficient mice had less glucose intolerance, liver lipid, adiposity, insulin resistance, pancreatic and plasma insulin, pancreatic {beta}-cell hyperplasia, serum alanine transaminase and circulating cholesterol compared to wild type controls. Furthermore, FAP deficiency lowered respiratory exchange ratio and greatly increased intrahepatic non-esterified free fatty acids, indicative of increased lipolysis and {beta}-oxidation. Concordantly, lipogenic genes (Pparg, Gck, Acc, Fasn) and hepatic triglyceride and fatty acid uptake genes (Cd36, Apoc3, Ldlr) and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were downregulated. Glucagon like peptide-1 levels were unaltered. FAP was localized to human pancreatic {beta}-cells and pancreas from diabetes mellitus patients contained elevated FAP activity. Comparable data from a FAP gene knockout mouse and a novel mouse lacking FAP enzyme activity indicated that these metabolic changes depended upon the enzymatic activity of FAP. These changes may be driven by FGF-21, which was upregulated in livers of FAP deficient DIO mice.nnConclusionThis is the first study to show that specific genetic ablation of FAP activity or protein protects against DIO-driven glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolaemia and liver steatosis in mice and provide mechanistic insights.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gall, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D. M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiang, M. S.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wetzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yau, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppage, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stokes, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawthorne, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLennan, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunton, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachovchin, W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kebede, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaughan, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Twigg, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorrell, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460279</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fibroblast activation protein enzyme deficiency prevents liver steatosis, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and increases fibroblast growth factor-21 in diet induced obese mice]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460444v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of blood DNA methylation and its association with subcortical volumes: findings from the ENIGMA Epigenetics Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/460444v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation, which is modulated by both genetic factors and environmental exposures, may offer a unique opportunity to discover novel biomarkers of disease-related brain phenotypes, even when measured in other tissues than brain, such as blood. A few studies of small sample sizes have revealed associations between blood DNA methylation and neuropsychopathology, however, large-scale epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) are needed to investigate the utility of DNA methylation profiling as a peripheral marker for the brain. Here, in an analysis of eleven international cohorts, totalling 3,337 individuals, we report epigenome-wide meta-analyses of blood DNA methylation with volumes of the hippocampus, thalamus and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) -three subcortical regions selected for their associations with disease and heritability and volumetric variability. Analyses of individual CpGs revealed genome-wide significant associations with hippocampal volume at two loci. No significant associations were found for analyses of thalamus and nucleus accumbens volumes. CpG sites associated with hippocampus volume were significantly enriched within cancer-related genes and within regulatory elements containing the transcriptionally repressive histone H3K27 tri-methylation mark that is vital for stem cell fate specification. Cluster-based analyses revealed additional differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with hippocampal volume. DNA methylation at these loci affected expression of proximal genes involved in in learning and memory, stem cell maintenance and differentiation, fatty acid metabolism and type-2 diabetes. These DNA methylation marks, their interaction with genetic variants and their impact on gene expression offer new insights into the relationship between epigenetic variation and brain structure and may provide the basis for biomarker discovery in neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dongen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo-Roa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Braber, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ori, A. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roiz Santianez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruggeri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkisyan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sungeun, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tordesillas Gutierrez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van't Ent, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artiges, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakalkin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaschewski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bokde, A. L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromberg, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brouwer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buchel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke Quinlan, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahn, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zubicaray, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekstrom, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flor, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frohner, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frouin, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garavan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gowland, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittermann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/460444</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of blood DNA methylation and its association with subcortical volumes: findings from the ENIGMA Epigenetics Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462150v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modeling the relative role of human mobility, land-use and climate factors on dengue outbreak emergence in Sri Lanka 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/462150v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMore than 80,000 dengue cases including 215 deaths were reported nationally in less than seven months between 2016-2017, a fourfold increase in the number of reported cases compared to the average number over 2010-2016. The region of Negombo, located in the Western province, experienced the greatest number of dengue cases in the country and is the focus area of our study, where we aim to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of dengue transmission.nnMethodsWe present a statistical modeling framework to evaluate the spatial-temporal dynamics of the 2016-2017 dengue outbreak in the Negombo region of Sri Lanka as a function of human mobility, land-use, and climate patterns. The analysis was conducted at a 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution and a weekly temporal resolution.nnResultsOur results indicate human mobility to be a stronger indicator for local outbreak clusters than land-use or climate variables. The minimum daily temperature was identified as the most influential climate variable on dengue cases in the region; while among the set of land-use patterns considered, urban areas were found to be most prone to dengue outbreak, followed by areas with stagnant water and then coastal areas. The results are shown to be robust across spatial resolutions.nnConclusionsOur study highlights the potential value of using travel data to target vector control within a region. In addition to illustrating the relative relationship between various potential risk factors for dengue outbreaks, the results of our study can be used to inform where and when new cases of dengue are likely to occur within a region, and thus help more effectively and innovatively, plan for disease surveillance and vector control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riera, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ostrow, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Silva, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarkar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/462150</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modeling the relative role of human mobility, land-use and climate factors on dengue outbreak emergence in Sri Lanka]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punctuated evolution of myxoma virus: rapid and disjunct evolution of a recent viral lineage in Australia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/465583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Myxoma virus (MYXV) has been evolving in a novel host species - European rabbits - in Australia since 1950. Previous studies of viruses sampled from 1950 to 1999 revealed a remarkably clock-like evolutionary process across all Australian lineages of MYXV. Through an analysis of 49 newly generated MYXV genome sequences isolated in Australia between 2008 and 2017 we show that MYXV evolution in Australia can be characterized by three lineages, one of which exhibited a greatly elevated rate of evolutionary change and a dramatic break-down of temporal structure. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this apparently punctuated evolutionary event occurred between 1996 and 2012. The branch leading to the rapidly evolving lineage contained a relatively high number of non-synonymous substitutions, and viruses in this lineage reversed a mutation found in the progenitor standard laboratory strain (SLS) and all previous sequences that disrupts the reading frame of the M005L/R gene. Analysis of genes encoding proteins involved in DNA synthesis or RNA transcription did not reveal any mutations likely to cause rapid evolution. Although there was some evidence for recombination across the MYXV phylogeny, this was not associated with the increase in evolutionary rate. The period from 1996 to 2012 saw significant declines in wild rabbit numbers, due to the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease and prolonged drought in south-eastern Australia, followed by the partial recovery of populations. We therefore suggest that a rapidly changing environment for virus transmission changed the selection pressures faced by MYXV and altered the course of virus evolution.nnIMPORTANCEThe co-evolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and European rabbits in Australia is one of the most important natural  experiments in evolutionary biology, providing insights into virus adaptation to new hosts and the evolution of virulence. Previous studies of MYXV evolution have also shown that the virus evolves both relatively rapidly and in a strongly clock-like manner. Using newly acquired MYXV genome sequences from Australia we show that the virus has experienced a dramatic change in evolutionary behavior over the last 20 years, with a break-down in clock-like structure, the appearance of a rapidly evolving virus lineage, and the accumulation of multiple non-synonymous and indel mutations. We suggest that this punctuated evolutionary event likely reflects a change in selection pressures as rabbit numbers declined following the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and drought in the geographic regions inhabited by rabbits.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kerr, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giallonardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strive, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Read, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/465583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punctuated evolution of myxoma virus: rapid and disjunct evolution of a recent viral lineage in Australia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A dynamic neural network model for real-time prediction of the Zika epidemic in the Americas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/466581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundIn 2015 the Zika virus spread from Brazil throughout the Americas, posing an unprecedented challenge to the public health community. During the epidemic, international public health officials lacked reliable predictions of the outbreaks expected geographic scale and prevalence of cases, and were therefore unable to plan and allocate surveillance resources in a timely and effective manner.nnMethodsIn this work we present a dynamic neural network model to predict the geographic spread of outbreaks in real-time. The modeling framework is flexible in three main dimensions i) selection of the chosen risk indicator, i.e., case counts or incidence rate, ii) risk classification scheme, which defines the relative size of the high risk group, and iii) prediction forecast window (one up to 12 weeks). The proposed model can be applied dynamically throughout the course of an outbreak to identify the regions expected to be at greatest risk in the future.nnResultsThe model is applied to the recent Zika epidemic in the Americas at a weekly temporal resolution and country spatial resolution, using epidemiological data, passenger air travel volumes, vector habitat suitability, socioeconomic and population data for all affected countries and territories in the Americas. The model performance is quantitatively evaluated based on the predictive accuracy of the model. We show that the model can accurately predict the geographic expansion of Zika in the Americas with the overall average accuracy remaining above 85% even for prediction windows of up to 12 weeks.nnConclusionsSensitivity analysis illustrated the model performance to be robust across a range of features. Critically, the model performed consistently well at various stages throughout the course of the outbreak, indicating its potential value at the early stages of an epidemic. The predictive capability was superior for shorter forecast windows, and geographically isolated locations that are predominantly connected via air travel. The highly flexible nature of the proposed modeling framework enables policy makers to develop and plan vector control programs and case surveillance strategies which can be tailored to a range of objectives and resource constraints.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akhtar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/466581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A dynamic neural network model for real-time prediction of the Zika epidemic in the Americas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470161v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Untangling direct species associations from mediator species effects with graphical models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/470161v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ecologists often investigate co-occurrence patterns in multi-species data in order to gain insight into the ecological causes of observed co-occurrences. Apart from direct associations between two species, two species may co-occur because they both respond in similar ways to environmental variables, or due to the presence of other (mediator) species.nnA wide variety of methods are now available for modelling how environmental filtering drives species distributions. In contrast, methods for studying other causes of co-occurence are much more limited. "Graphical" methods, which can be used to study how mediator species impact co-occurrence patterns, have recently been proposed for use in ecology. However, available methods are limited to presence/absence data and methods assuming multivariate normality, which is problematic when analysing abundances.nnWe propose Gaussian copula graphical models (GCGMs) for studying the effect of mediator species on co-occurence patterns. GCGMs are a flexible type of graphical model which naturally accommodates all data types - binary (presence/absence), counts, as well as ordinal data and biomass, in a unified framework. Simulations for count data demonstrate that GCGMs are better able to distinguish effects of mediator species from direct associations than using existing methods designed for multivariate normal data.nnWe apply GCGMs to counts of hunting spiders, in order to visualise associations between species. We then analyze abundance data of New Zealand native forest cover (on an ordinal scale) to show how GCGMs can be used analyze large and complex datasets. In these data, we were able to reproduce known species relationships as well as generate new ecological hypotheses about species associations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Popovic, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warton, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hui, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moles, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/470161</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Untangling direct species associations from mediator species effects with graphical models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Medical Genome Reference Bank: Whole genomes and phenotype of 2,570 healthy elderly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/473348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Population health research is increasingly focused on the genetic determinants of healthy ageing, but there is no public resource of whole genome sequences and phenotype data from healthy elderly individuals. Here we describe the Medical Genome Reference Bank (MGRB), comprising whole genome sequence and phenotype of 2,570 elderly Australians depleted for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. We analysed the MGRB for single-nucleotide, indel and structural variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Individuals in the MGRB had fewer disease-associated common and rare germline variants, relative to both cancer cases and the gnomAD and UK BioBank cohorts, consistent with risk depletion. Pervasive age-related somatic changes were correlated with grip strength in men, suggesting blood-derived whole genomes may also provide a biologic measure of age-related functional deterioration. The MGRB provides a broadly applicable reference cohort for clinical genetics and genomic association studies, and for understanding the genetics of healthy ageing. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 17984.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pinese, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacaze, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rath, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brion, M.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ameur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagpal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puttick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degrave, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navin Cristina, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva Kahl, V. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Statham, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNeil, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riaz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barr, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reid, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murray, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolfe, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzsimmons, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaplan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gyllensten, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/473348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Medical Genome Reference Bank: Whole genomes and phenotype of 2,570 healthy elderly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Women in neotropical science: Gender parity in the 21st century and prospects for a post-war Colombia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
An increasing amount of research has focused on studying the drivers shaping demographics in science. As a result, we now have a better idea of the current state of gender disparity in science, which remains widespread worldwide. However, fewer studies and limited data have restricted our understanding of this phenomenon in the Neotropics, a highly important region in terms of cultural and biological diversity. Despite a civil war that lasted more than five decades and produced eight million victims (half of them women), Colombia is the fifth country with the highest scientific production in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the second most biodiverse country in the world. In order to evaluate the status of gender parity in science in Colombia throughout the 21st century, data of science demographics was gathered covering the 2000-2017 time period. Percentage of women in science was decomposed by research area, researcher rank level and education level. Gender disparity was also estimated for changes in average age, access to scholarships for postgraduate studies, and number of doctoral graduates. Finally, using logistic function modelling, temporal projections into the future were performed, in order to estimate how long could it take to reach gender parity. Of six research fields, medical and health science is the only one to have reached gender parity (55.99%), although it is also the only one showing a steady decrease in women representation across time. On the other hand, engineering, humanities and natural sciences had the lowest percentages of female representation (19.89%, 30.02%, and 30.21%, respectively). Female researchers were on average younger than male researchers, and they also showed a decreasing presence as they move upward to more senior levels, exemplifying the  leaky-pipeline phenomenon common in science. More men were observed both as scholarship awardees for doctoral studies, and as doctoral graduates, indicating that obtaining a doctoral degree could be a major limiting factor for women in science. Possible drivers of these results are analysed, suggesting that a combination of lack of research funding, insufficient legal framework, pre-existing biases, and poor protection of womens rights inhibits female participation in science. Based on logistic function modelling it is estimated that, without any action to change current trends, it could take between 10 (humanities) and 175 (engineering) years to reach gender parity across all research areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez Aguirre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/477422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Women in neotropical science: Gender parity in the 21st century and prospects for a post-war Colombia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477646v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Set1 complex is dimeric and acts with Jhd2 demethylation to convey symmetrical H3K4 trimethylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/477646v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Epigenetic modifications can maintain or alter the inherent symmetry of the nucleosome however the mechanisms that deposit and/or propagate symmetry or asymmetry are not understood. Here we report that yeast Set1C/COMPASS is dimeric and consequently symmetrically trimethylates histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) on promoter nucleosomes. Mutation of the dimer interface to make Set1C monomeric abolished H3K4me3 on most promoters. The most active promoters, particularly those involved in the oxidative phase of the yeast metabolic cycle, displayed H3K4me2, which is normally excluded from active promoters, and a subset of these also displayed H3K4me3. In wild-type yeast, deletion of the sole H3K4 demethylase, Jhd2, has no effect. However in monomeric Set1C yeast, Jhd2 deletion increased H3K4me3 levels on the H3K4me2 promoters. Notably, the association of Set1C with the elongating polymerase was not perturbed by monomerisation. These results imply that symmetrical H3K4 methylation is an embedded consequence of Set1C dimerism and that Jhd2 demethylates asymmetric H3K4me3. Consequently, rather than methylation and demethylation acting in opposition as logic would suggest, a dimeric methyltransferase and monomeric demethylase co-operate to eliminate asymmetry and focus symmetrical H3K4me3 onto selected nucleosomes. This presents a new paradigm for the establishment of epigenetic detail.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Choudhury, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arumugam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roguev, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stewart, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/477646</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Set1 complex is dimeric and acts with Jhd2 demethylation to convey symmetrical H3K4 trimethylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/480244v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase, the wider role of MraW in DNA methylation, motility and colonization in Escherichia coli O157:H7 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/480244v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MraW (RsmH) is an AdoMet-dependent 16S rRNA methyltransferase conserved in bacteria and plays a role in the fine-tuning of the ribosomal decoding center. It was recently found to contribute to the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in host animals. In this study, we examined the function of MraW in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and found that deletion of mraW led to decreased motility and flagellar production. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing showed genome wide decrease of methylation of 336 genes and 219 promoters in the mraW mutant. The methylation level of 4 flagellar gene sequences were further confirmed by bisulfite PCR sequencing. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR results indicated the transcription of these genes was also affected. MraW was observed to directly bind to the four flagellar gene sequences by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). A common motif in differentially methylated regions of promoters and coding regions of the 4 flagellar genes was identified. Reduced methylation was correlated with altered expression of 21 of the 24 genes tested. DNA methylation activity of MraW was confirmed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity assay in vitro. The mraW mutant colonized poorer than wild type in mice. we further found that the expression of mraZ in the mraW mutant was increased confirming the antagonistic effect of mraW on mraZ. In conclusion, mraW was found to be a DNA methylase and has a wide-ranging effect on E. coli O157:H7 including motility and virulence in vivo via genome wide methylation and mraZ antagonism.nnIMPORTANCEMraW is a well-studied 16S rRNA methyltransferase and was recently found have an impact on bacterial virulence. Here we demonstrated its new function as a DNA methylase and effect on motility, colonization in mice, DNA methylation in genome wide and contribution to virulence. Its direct binding of differentially methylated flagellar-encoding DNA sequences was observed, indicating a correlation between DNA methylation and regulation of flagellar genes. In addition, the expression of mraZ which function as an antagonist of mraW was increased in the mraW mutant. mraW plays an important role in gene regulation likely through DNA methylation. Clearly it plays a role in virulence in E. coli O157:H7. It also opens a new research field for virulence study in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/480244</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase, the wider role of MraW in DNA methylation, motility and colonization in Escherichia coli O157:H7]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481986v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hfq CLASH uncovers sRNA-target interaction networks enhancing adaptation to nutrient availability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/481986v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
By shaping gene expression profiles, small RNAs (sRNAs) enable bacteria to very efficiently adapt to constant changes in their environment. To better understand how Escherichia coli acclimatizes to changes in nutrient availability, we performed UV cross-linking, ligation and sequencing of hybrids (CLASH) to uncover sRNA-target interactions. Strikingly, we uncovered hundreds of novel Hfq-mediated sRNA-target interactions at specific growth stages, involving many novel 3UTR-derived sRNAs and a plethora of sRNA-sRNA interactions. We discovered sRNA-target interaction networks that play a role in adaptation to changes in nutrient availability. We characterized a novel 3UTR-derived sRNA (MdoR), which is part of a regulatory cascade that enhances maltose uptake by (a) inactivating repressive pathways that block the accumulation of maltose transporters and (b) by reducing the flux of general porins to the outer membrane. Our work provides striking examples of how bacteria utilize sRNAs to integrate multiple regulatory pathways to enhance nutrient stress adaptation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Iosub, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchioretto, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKellar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieken, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Nues, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tree, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viero, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granneman, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/481986</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hfq CLASH uncovers sRNA-target interaction networks enhancing adaptation to nutrient availability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/485722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural venomics: evolution of a complex chemical arsenal by massive duplication and neofunctionalization of a single ancestral fold 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/485722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spiders are the most successful venomous animals on the planet, with more than 47,000 extant species. Most spider venoms are dominated by disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs) with a diverse range of pharmacological activities. Although some venoms contain thousands of unique peptides, little is known about the mechanisms used to generate such complex chemical arsenals. We used a combined transcriptomic, proteomic and structural biology approach to demonstrate that the lethal Australian funnel-web spider produces 33 superfamilies of venom peptides and proteins, more than described for any other arachnid. We show that 15 of the 26 DRP superfamilies form an ultra-stable inhibitor cystine knot motif, and that these DRPs are the major contributor to the diversity of the venom peptidome. NMR data reveal that most of these DRPs are structurally related and range in complexity from simple to highly elaborated knottin domains that likely evolved from a single ancestral fold.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pineda, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, Y. K.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Undheim, E. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mobli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dauly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Escoubas, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholson, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaas, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/485722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural venomics: evolution of a complex chemical arsenal by massive duplication and neofunctionalization of a single ancestral fold]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487728v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule localization microscopy with autonomous feedback loops for ultrahigh precision 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/487728v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) promises to provide truly molecular scale images of biological specimens1-5. However, mechanical instabilities in the instrument, readout errors and sample drift constitute significant challenges and severely limit both the useable data acquisition length and the localization accuracy of single molecule emitters6. Here, we developed an actively stabilized total internal fluorescence (TIRF) microscope that performs 3D real-time drift corrections and achieves a stability of [&le;]1 nm. Self-alignment of the emission light path and corrections of readout errors of the camera automate channel alignment and ensure localization precisions of 1-4 nm in DNA origami structures and cells for different labels. We used Feedback SMLM to measure the separation distance of signaling receptors and phosphatases in T cells. Thus, an improved SMLM enables direct distance measurements between molecules in intact cells on the scale between 1-20 nm, potentially replacing Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to quantify molecular interactions7. In summary, by overcoming the major bottlenecks in SMLM imaging, it is possible to generate molecular images with nanometer accuracy and conduct distance measurements on the biological relevant length scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Coelho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>baek, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graus, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halstead, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicovich, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/487728</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule localization microscopy with autonomous feedback loops for ultrahigh precision]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490037v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tax4Fun2: a R-based tool for the rapid prediction of habitat-specific functional profiles and functional redundancy based on 16S rRNA gene marker gene sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490037v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Main text Main text Methods Statistical data analysis Data availability Author Contributions Competing interests References Assessing the functional capability and redundancy of a microbial community is a major challenge in environmental microbiology. To address this challenge, we developed Tax4Fun2, a R-based tool for the rapid prediction of functional profiles and functional redundancy of prokaryotic communities from 16S rRNA gene sequences. By incorporating user-defined, habitat-specific genomic information, the accuracy and robustness of predicted functional profiles can be substantially enhanced.nnMicroorganisms play a key role in ecosystem functioning1. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes is a powerful and widely used approach to study the composi ...
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wemheuer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinicke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wemheuer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/490037</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tax4Fun2: a R-based tool for the rapid prediction of habitat-specific functional profiles and functional redundancy based on 16S rRNA gene marker gene sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490383v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A qualitative exploration of eyecare professional perspectives on Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) care 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/490383v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Despite the existence of evidence-based recommendations to decrease risk and progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) for some time, self-reported practices suggest that eyecare professionals advice and people with AMDs adherence to these recommendations can be very poor. This study uses qualitative methods to explore Australian eyecare professionals perspective on barriers to effective AMD care. Seven focus groups involving 65 optometrists were conducted by an experienced facilitator. A nominal group technique was used to identify, prioritize and semi-quantify barriers and enablers to AMD care. Participants individually ranked their perceived top five barriers and enablers with the most important granted a score of 5 and the least important a score of 1. For each barrier or enabler, the number of votes it received and its total score were recorded. Barriers and enablers selected by at least one participant in their top 5 were then qualitatively analysed, grouped using thematic analysis and total score calculated for each consolidated barrier or enabler. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 10 ophthalmologists and 2 optometrists. Contributions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed with NVivo software. One hundred and sixty-nine barriers and 51 enablers to AMD care were identified in the focus groups. Of these, 102 barriers and 42 enablers were selected as one of their top 5 by at least one participant and further consolidated into 16 barriers and 10 enablers after thematic analysis. Factors impacting AMD care identified through analysis of the transcripts were coded to three categories of influence: patient-centered, practitioner-centered, and structural factors. Eyecare professionals considered poor care pathways, people with AMDs poor disease understanding / denial, and cost of care / lack of funding, as the most significant barriers to AMD care; they considered shared care model, access, and communication as the most significant enablers to good AMD care. These findings suggest that Australian eyecare professionals perceive that there is a need for improved patient support systems and appropriately funded, clearer care pathway to benefit people with AMD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jalbert, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahardjo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yashadhana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopinath, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/490383</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A qualitative exploration of eyecare professional perspectives on Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) care]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496752v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reading eye movements in traumatic brain injury 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496752v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe aim of our study was to measure the reading eye movements in subjects with traumatic brain injury using ReadAlyzer. ReadAlyzer is an objective eye movement recording device that tracks the eye movements while reading.nnMethodsReading eye movements were measured using ReadAlyzer in 30 subjects with traumatic brain injury (mild, moderate and severe) who had binocular vision and reading related symptoms and 60 asymptomatic controls.nnResultsThere was a significant decrease in reading eye movement parameters in subjects with traumatic brain injury compared to controls. Reading eye movement parameters were represented in median (IQR). Subjects with traumatic brain injury presented with an increased number of fixations/100 words: 137 (106-159) and regressions/100 words: 24 (12-36), and reduced reading rate 154 (128-173) words per minute. They also had a lesser grade level equivalent: 4.0 (3.0-7.0) and reduced comprehension: 70 (60-80) percentage (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05). Reading eye movement parameters were significantly affected in mild and moderate-severe traumatic brain injury subjects compared to controls (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05).nnConclusionReading eye movement performance using ReadAlyzer was found to be decreased in traumatic brain injury. Reading assessment may serve as a clinical measure to understand the oculomotor system due to traumatic brain injury.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reddy, A. V. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mani, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selvakumar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husaindeen, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/496752</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reading eye movements in traumatic brain injury]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496901v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
International travelers and genomics uncover a ‘hidden’ Zika outbreak 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/496901v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ongoing Zika epidemic in the Americas has challenged public health surveillance, response, and control systems. Even as the epidemic appears to be near its end in the Americas, it is unclear whether substantial Zika virus transmission may still be ongoing. This issue is exacerbated by large discrepancies in local case reporting and significant delays in detecting outbreaks due to surveillance gaps. To uncover locations with lingering outbreaks in the Americas, we investigated travel-associated Zika cases diagnosed in the United States and Europe to identify signatures of transmission dynamics that were not captured by local reporting. We found that a large and unreported Zika outbreak occurred in Cuba during 2017, a year after peak transmission in neighboring countries, with cases still appearing in 2018. By sequencing Zika virus from infected travelers, we show that the 2017 outbreak in Cuba was sparked by long-lived lineages of Zika virus introduced from multiple places in the Americas a year prior. Our data suggest that while aggressive mosquito control in Cuba may initially have been effective at mitigating Zika virus transmission, in the absence of vaccines, herd immunity, or strong international coordination, such control measures may need to be maintained to be effective. Our study highlights how Zika virus may still be  silently spreading in the Americas and provides a framework for more accurately understanding outbreak dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grubaugh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saraf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gangavarapu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watts, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roidtman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ladner, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliveira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matteson, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kraemer, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vogels, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hentoff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhatia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stanek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Landis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stryker, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopp, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heberlein-Larson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricciardi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichtenberger, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watkins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palacios, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamer, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>GeoSentinel Surveillance Network,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gardner, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baele, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isern, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michael, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/496901</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[International travelers and genomics uncover a ‘hidden’ Zika outbreak]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497974v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accessory genome contributes to the virulence and resistance of the ocular isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A complete genome analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/497974v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacteria can acquire an accessory genome through the horizontal transfer of genetic elements from non-parental lineages. This leads to rapid genetic evolution allowing traits such as antibiotic resistance and virulence to spread through bacterial communities. The study of complete genomes of bacterial strains helps to understand the genomic traits associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. We aimed to investigate the complete accessory genome of an ocular isolate of P. aeruginosa. We obtained the complete genome of the ocular isolate strain PA34 of P. aeruginosa utilising genome sequence reads from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technology followed by PCR to close any identified gaps. In-depth genomic analysis was performed using various bioinformatics tools. The phenotypic properties of susceptibility to heavy metals and cytotoxicity were determined to confirm expression of certain traits. The complete genome of PA34 includes a chromosome of 6.8 Mbp and two plasmids of 95.4 Kbp (pMKPA34-1) and 26.8 Kbp (pMKPA34-2). PA34 had a large accessory genome of 1,213 genes and had 543 unique genes not present in other strains. These exclusive genes encoded features related to metal and antibiotic resistance, phage integrase and transposons. At least 24 GIs were predicated in the complete chromosome, of which two were integrated into novel sites. Eleven GIs carried virulence factors or replaced pathogenic genes. A bacteriophage carried the aminoglycoside resistance gene (aac(3)-IId). The two plasmids carried other six antibiotic resistance genes. The large accessory genome of this ocular isolate plays a large role in shaping its virulence and antibiotic resistance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subedi, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohli, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vijay, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/497974</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accessory genome contributes to the virulence and resistance of the ocular isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A complete genome analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Landscape Of Circular RNA Expression In The Human Brain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/500991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are enriched in the mammalian brain and are upregulated in response to neuronal differentiation and depolarisation. These RNA molecules, formed by non-canonical back-splicing, have both regulatory and translational potential. Here, we carried out an extensive characterisation of circRNA expression in the human brain, in nearly two hundred human brain samples, from both healthy individuals and autism cases. We identify hundreds of novel circRNAs and demonstrate that circRNAs are not expressed stochastically, but rather as major isoforms. We characterise inter-individual variability of circRNA expression in the human brain and show that inter-individual variability is less pronounced than variability between cerebral cortex and cerebellum. We also find that circRNA expression is dynamic during cellular maturation in brain organoids, but remains largely stable across the adult lifespan. Finally, we identify a circRNA co-expression module upregulated in autism samples, thereby adding another layer of complexity to the transcriptome changes observed in autism brain. These data provide a comprehensive catalogue of circRNAs as well as a deeper insight into their expression in the human brain, and are available as a free resource in browsable format at: http://www.voineagulab.unsw.edu.au/circ_rna
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gokoolparsadh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineagu, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/500991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Landscape Of Circular RNA Expression In The Human Brain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503516v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opsin gene evolution in amphibious and terrestrial combtooth blennies (Blenniidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/503516v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evolutionary adaptations to life on land include changes to the physiology, morphology and behaviour of an animal in response to physical differences between water and air. The visual systems of amphibious species show pronounced morphological adaptations; yet, whether molecular changes also occur remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of visual pigment genes (opsins) in amphibious and terrestrial fishes belonging to the Salariini division of blennies (Blenniidae). We hypothesized that when conquering land, blenny opsins adapt - in terms of sequence variation and/or gene expression - to match both higher light intensities as well as the broader light spectrum. Using retinal transcriptomes in six species ranging from fully aquatic to fully terrestrial, we found very little variation in opsin gene sequences or gene expression between species. All blennies expressed a single rod opsin gene as well as two cone opsin genes sensitive to longer-wavelengths of light: RH2A-1 (green-sensitive) and LWS (red-sensitive). They also expressed one or two short-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin genes (SWS2A, SWS2A{beta}; blue-sensitive) in a phylogenetically inert manner. However, based on amino acid predictions, both SWS2A proteins confer similar peak spectral sensitivities and differential expression is therefore unlikely to be ecologically significant. Red-sensitivity is likely beneficial for feeding on algae and detritus, the main food source of Salariini blennies, and could be co-adapted to perceive visual displays in terrestrial species, which often use red dorsal fins to signal during aggressive disputes and courtship. Our data suggests that on the molecular level, the visual systems that evolved in aquatic blennies have been retained in species that have transitioned onto land.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortesi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheney, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ord, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/503516</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opsin gene evolution in amphibious and terrestrial combtooth blennies (Blenniidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507533v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutations close to the peptidoglycan-binding region of the stators of the bacterial flagellar motor influence phenamil resistance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/507533v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is a molecular complex which powers the rotation of the filament that propels swimming bacteria. Rotational torque is generated by harnessing the flow of ions through ion channels known as stators which couple the energy from the ion gradient across the inner membrane to rotation of the rotor. Here we used error-prone PCR to introduce single point mutations into the sodium-powered Vibrio alginolyticus/Eschrichia Coli chimeric stator PotB. We then selected for motors that exhibited resistance to the sodium-channel inhibitor phenamil. We found that single mutations that inferred resistance to phenamil occurred at two sites: 1) the transmembrane domain of PotB, corresponding to the TM region of the PomB stator from V. alginolyticus, and 2) near the peptidoglycan (PG) binding region that corresponds to the C-terminal region of the MotB stator from E. coli. We corroborated our swim plate observations with single cell rotation assays to confirm that individual cells could drive rotation of flagellar motors in the presence of up to 100 M phenamil. Our results demonstrate that it is not only the pore region of the stator that moderates the effect of motility in the presence of ion-channel blockers. We hypothesise that mutations in the PG region can allow motors to function in the presence of phenamil by allowing multiple semi-functioning stators to persist on the motor and drive flagellar rotation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishida, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ito, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzke, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sowa, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/507533</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutations close to the peptidoglycan-binding region of the stators of the bacterial flagellar motor influence phenamil resistance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescence Microscopy of Piezo1 in Droplet Hydrogel Bilayers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/508176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanosensitive ion channels are membrane gated pores which are activated by mechanical stimuli. The focus of this study is on Piezo1, a newly discovered, large, mammalian, mechanosensitive ion channel, which has been linked to diseases such as dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (Xerocytosis) and lymphatic dysplasia. Here we utilize an established in-vitro artificial bilayer system to interrogate single Piezo1 channel activity. The droplet-hydrogel bilayer (DHB) system uniquely allows the simultaneous recording of electrical activity and fluorescence imaging of labelled protein. We successfully reconstituted fluorescently labelled Piezo1 ion channels in DHBs and verified activity using electrophysiology in the same system. We demonstrate successful insertion and activation of hPiezo1-GFP in bilayers of varying composition. Furthermore, we compare the Piezo1 bilayer reconstitution with measurements of insertion and activation of KcsA channels to reproduce the channel conductances reported in the literature. Together, our results showcase the use of DHBs for future experiments allowing simultaneous measurements of ion channel gating while visualising the channel proteins using fluorescence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jaggers, O. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2018-12-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/508176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescence Microscopy of Piezo1 in Droplet Hydrogel Bilayers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2018-12-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518522v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impairments in contractility and cytoskeletal organisation cause nuclear defects in nemaline myopathy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/518522v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a genetically heterogeneous skeletal muscle disorder caused by mutations predominately affecting contractile filaments, in particular thin filament structure and/or regulation. The underlying cellular pathophysiology of this disease remains largely unclear. Here, we report novel pathological defects in skeletal muscle fibres of mice and patients with NM, including disrupted nuclear envelope, altered chromatin arrangement, and disorganisation of the cortical cytoskeleton. We demonstrate that such nuclear defects are caused by impairment of muscle fibre contractility, and that cytoskeletal organisation determines nuclear morphology. Our results overlap with findings in diseases caused by mutations in nuclear envelope or cytoskeletal proteins. Given the important role of nuclear shape and envelope in regulating gene expression, and the cytoskeleton in maintaining muscle fibre integrity, our findings are likely to underlie some of the hallmarks of NM, which include broad transcriptional alterations, arrested muscle fibre growth, contractile filament disarray and altered mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolb, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turmaine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripolone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moggio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fiorillo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindqvist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figeac, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zammit, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jungbluth, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vissing, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Witting, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Granzier, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanoteli, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallgren-Pettersson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochala, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/518522</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impairments in contractility and cytoskeletal organisation cause nuclear defects in nemaline myopathy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
C-terminal HSP90 Inhibitors Block the HSP90:HIF-1a Interaction and Inhibit the Cellular Hypoxic Response 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/521989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) is a transcription factor activated by low oxygen, which is common in solid tumours. HIF controls the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, chemotherapy resistance and metastasis. The chaperone HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) stabilizes the subunit HIF-1 and prevents degradation. Previously identified HSP90 inhibitors bind to the N-terminal pocket of HSP90 which blocks binding to HIF-1, and produces HIF-1 degradation. N-terminal inhibitors have failed in the clinic as single therapy treatments due in part because they induce a heat shock response, which increases chemotherapy resistance. SM molecules are HSP90 inhibitors that bind to the C-terminus and do not activate the heat shock response. The effects of C-terminal HSP90 inhibitors on HIF-1 are unreported. Herein we show that SM compounds block binding between HSP90 and HIF-1, leading to HIF-1 degradation through the proteasome using the PHD/pVHL pathway in hypoxic conditions. The SM compounds decrease HIF-1 target gene expression at the mRNA and protein level under hypoxia in colorectal cancer cells, leading to cell death, without inducing a heat shock response. Our results suggest that targeting the C-terminus of HSP90 blocks the hypoxic response and may be an effective anti-cancer strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kataria, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaiter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAlpine, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/521989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[C-terminal HSP90 Inhibitors Block the HSP90:HIF-1a Interaction and Inhibit the Cellular Hypoxic Response]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Microbial predictors of environmental perturbations in coral reef ecosystems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/524173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Incorporation of microbial community data into environmental monitoring programs could improve prediction and management of environmental pressures. Coral reefs have experienced dramatic declines due to cumulative impacts of local and global stressors. Here we assess the utility of free-living (i.e. seawater and sediment) and host-associated (i.e. corals, sponges and macroalgae) microbiomes for diagnosing environmental perturbation based on their habitat-specificity, environmental sensitivity and uniformity. We show that the seawater microbiome has the greatest diagnostic value, with environmental parameters explaining 56% of the observed compositional variation and temporal successions being dominated by uniform community assembly patterns. Host-associated microbiomes, in contrast, were five-times less affected by the environment and their community assembly patterns were generally less uniform. Further, seawater microbial community data provided an accurate prediction on the environmental state, highlighting the diagnostic value of microorganisms and illustrating how long-term coral reef monitoring initiatives could be enhanced by incorporating assessments of microbial communities in seawater.nnImportanceThe recent success in disease diagnostics based on the human microbiome has highlighted the utility of this approach for model systems. However, despite improved prediction and management of environmental pressures from the inclusion of microbial community data in monitoring programs, this approach has not previously been applied to coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs are facing unprecedented pressure on a local and global scale, and sensitive and rapid markers for ecosystem stress are urgently needed to underpin effective management and restoration strategies. In this study, we performed the first assessment of the diagnostic value of multiple free-living and host-associated reef microbiomes to infer the environmental state of coral reef ecosystems. Our results reveal that free-living microbial communities have a higher potential to infer environmental parameters than host-associated microbial communities due to their higher determinacy and environmental sensitivity. We therefore recommend timely integration of microbial sampling into current coral reef monitoring initiatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glasl, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frade, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaffelke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/524173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Microbial predictors of environmental perturbations in coral reef ecosystems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525345v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stoichiometric quantification of spatially dense assemblies with qPAINT 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/525345v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative PAINT (qPAINT) is a useful method for counting well-separated molecules within nanoscale assemblies. But whether cross-reactivity in densely-packed arrangements perturbs measurements is unknown. Here we establish that qPAINT measurements are robust even when target molecules are separated by as little as 3 nm, sufficiently close that single-stranded DNA binding sites can interact.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Baker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nieves, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzenrat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berengut, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/525345</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stoichiometric quantification of spatially dense assemblies with qPAINT]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531145v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ecological niche differentiation in soil cyanobacterial communities across the globe 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/531145v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cyanobacteria are key organisms in the evolution of life on Earth, but their distribution and environmental preferences in terrestrial ecosystems remain poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is particularly evident for two recently discovered non-photosynthetic cyanobacterial classes, Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, limiting our capacity to predict how these organisms and the important ecosystem functions they perform will respond to ongoing global change. Here, we conducted a global field survey covering a wide range of vegetation types and climatic conditions to identify the environmental factors associated with the distribution of soil cyanobacterial communities. Network analyses revealed three major clusters of cyanobacterial phylotypes, each one dominated by members of one of the extant classes of Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria, Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia), suggesting that species within these taxonomic groups share similar environmental preferences. Melainabacteria appear mostly in acidic and humid ecosystems, especially forests, Oxyphotobacteria are prevalent in arid and semiarid areas, and Sericytochromatia are common in hyperarid oligotrophic environments. We used this information to construct a global atlas of soil cyanobacteria. Our results provide novel insights into the ecology and biogeography of soil cyanobacteria and highlight how their global distribution could change in response to increased aridity, a landmark feature of climate change in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide.

Significance statementCyanobacteria have shaped the history of life on Earth and can be important photosynthesizers and nitrogen fixers in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. The recent discovery of two non-photosynthetic classes has advanced our understanding of their evolution, but their distribution and environmental preferences remain poorly described. Using a global survey conducted across 237 locations on six continents, we identified three main groups of soil cyanobacteria with contrasting environmental preferences: acidic and humid ecosystems, arid and semiarid areas, and hyperarid oligotrophic ecosystems. We then constructed the first global atlas of soil cyanobacteria, an important advance in our understanding of the ecology and biogeography of these functionally important organisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cano-Diaz, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maestre, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eldridge, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bardgett, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fierer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado-Baquerizo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/531145</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ecological niche differentiation in soil cyanobacterial communities across the globe]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533448v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sample preparation protocol enabling nano-to-mesoscopic mapping of cellular connectomes and their habitats in human tissues and organs 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/533448v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multibeam scanning electron microscopy (multiSEM) provides a technical platform for seamless nano-to-mesoscale mapping of cells in human tissues and organs, which is a major new initiative of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Developed for rapid throughput imaging of minute defects on semiconductor wafers, multiSEM has recently been adapted for imaging of human organs, their constituent tissues, and their respective cellular inhabitants. Through integration of geospatial approaches, statistical and network modelling, advances in computing and the management of immense datasets, as well as recent developments in machine learning that enable the automation of big data analyses, multiSEM and other cross-cutting imaging technologies have the potential to exert a profound impact on elucidation of disease mechanisms, translating to improvements in human health. Here we provide a protocol for acquisition and preparation of sample specimen sizes of diagnostic relevance for human anatomy and physiology. We discuss challenges and opportunities to integrate this approach with multibeam scanning electron microscopy work flows as well as multiple imaging modalities for mapping of organ and tissue structure and function.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ngo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knothe, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeidler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, M. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/533448</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sample preparation protocol enabling nano-to-mesoscopic mapping of cellular connectomes and their habitats in human tissues and organs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534792v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Design and Synthesis of Pleated DNA Origami Nanotubes with Adjustable Diameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/534792v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA origami allows for the synthesis of nanoscale structures and machines with nanometre precision and high yields. Tubular DNA origami nanostructures are particularly useful because their geometry facilitates a variety of applications including nanoparticle encapsulation, the construction of artificial membrane pores and as structural scaffolds that can spatially arrange nanoparticles in circular, linear and helical arrays. Here we report a simple computational approach that determines minimally-strained DNA staple crossover locations for arbitrary nanotube internal angles. We apply the method in the design and synthesis of radially symmetric DNA origami nanotubes with arbitrary diameters and DNA helix stoichiometries. These include regular nanotubes where the wall of the structure is composed of a single layer of DNA helices, as well as those with a thicker pleated wall structure that have a greater rigidity and allow for continuously adjustable diameters and distances between parallel helices. We also introduce a DNA origami staple strand routing that incorporates both antiparallel and parallel crossovers and demonstrate its application to further rigidify pleated DNA nanotubes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berengut, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kawamoto, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/534792</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Design and Synthesis of Pleated DNA Origami Nanotubes with Adjustable Diameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536052v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mouse Norovirus infection arrests host cell translation uncoupled from the stress granule-PKR-eIF2α axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/536052v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a cellular response system activated upon different types of stresses, including viral infection, to restore cellular homeostasis. However, many viruses manipulate this response for their own advantage. In this study we investigated the association between murine norovirus (MNV) infection and the ISR and demonstrate that MNV regulates the ISR by activating and recruiting key ISR host factors. We observed that during MNV infection, there is a progressive increase in phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (p-eIF2) resulting in the suppression of host translation, yet MNV translation still progresses under these conditions. Interestingly, the shutoff of host translation also impacts the translation of key signalling cytokines such as IFN{beta}, IL-6 and TNF. Our subsequent analyses revealed that the phosphorylation of eIF2 was mediated via Protein kinase-R (PKR), but further investigation revealed that PKR activation, phosphorylation of eIF2 and translational arrest were uncoupled during infection. We further observed that stress granules (SGs) are not induced during MNV infection, and MNV has the capacity to restrict SG nucleation and formation. We observed that MNV recruited the key SG nucleating protein G3BP1 to its replication sites and intriguingly the silencing of G3BP1 negatively impacts MNV replication. Thus, it appears, MNV utilises G3BP1 to enhance replication, but equally to prevent SG formation, intimating an anti-MNV property of SGs. Overall, thus study highlights MNV manipulation of SGs, PKR and translational control to regulate cytokine translation and to promote viral replication.

ImportanceViruses hijack host machinery and regulate cellular homeostasis to actively replicate their genome, propagate and cause disease. In retaliation, cells possess various defence mechanisms to detect, destroy and clear infecting viruses as well as signal to neighbouring cells to inform them of the imminent threat. In this study, we demonstrate that the murine norovirus (MNV) infection stalls host protein translation and the production of antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, virus replication and protein translation still ensues. We show that MNV further prevents the formation of cytoplasmic RNA granules, called stress granules (SG), by recruiting the key host protein G3BP1 to the MNV replication complex; a recruitment that is crucial to establishing and maintaining virus replication. Thus MNV promotes immune evasion of the virus by altering protein translation. Together, this evasion strategy delays innate immune responses to MNV infection and accelerates disease onset.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fritzlar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aktepe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chao, Y.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAllaster, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/536052</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mouse Norovirus infection arrests host cell translation uncoupled from the stress granule-PKR-eIF2α axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546846v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A generic cell surface ligand system for studying cell-cell recognition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/546846v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dose-response experiments are a mainstay of receptor biology studies and can reveal valuable insights into receptor function. Such studies of receptors that bind cell surface ligands are currently limited by the difficulty in manipulating the surface density of ligands at a cell-cell interface. Here we describe a generic cell surface ligand system that allows precise manipulation of cell surface ligand densities over several orders of magnitude. We validate the system for a range of immunoreceptors, including the T cell receptor (TCR), and show that this generic ligand stimulates via the TCR at a similar surface density as its native ligand. This system allows the effect of surface density, valency, dimensions, and affinity of the ligand to be manipulated. It can be readily extended to other receptor-cell surface ligand interactions, and will facilitate investigation into the activation of, and signal integration between, cell surface receptors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Denham, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Black, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Wet, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/546846</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A generic cell surface ligand system for studying cell-cell recognition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548412v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Work Flows for Cellular Epidemiology, From Conception to Translation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/548412v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors have withdrawn their manuscript after issues with the cell viability validation (Fig. 8) were found. In the interest of furthering science and ensuring that clinical decisions are based on best practices and evidence, the issue is described in more detail in the peer-reviewed, published paper: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.647603/full

Knothe Tate ML, Srikantha A, Wojek C, Zeidler D (2021) Connectomics of Bone to Brain-- Probing Physical Renderings of Cellular Experience, Frontiers in Physiology 12: 1018, doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647603

As noted in that published work: "Osteocyte coordinates can be extracted from the YOLO classified image set, enabling high throughput analyses of massive datasets, which in the future could include other cellular inhabitants of tissues including blood cells, immune cells, chondrocytes, etc. While the method shows great promise for automated detection of cells, the greatest limitation of the method is the definition of appropriate and unbiased classifiers. The definition of osteocytes as pyknotic and viable based on the number of cell processes was shown to be flawed in a parallel study testing the assumption using biochemical based viability measures (Anastopolous and Knothe Tate, 2021)."

Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project.

If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nathanson, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ngo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garbowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srikantha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojek, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeidler, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knothe Tate, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/548412</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Work Flows for Cellular Epidemiology, From Conception to Translation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Invaders weather the weather: rapid adaptation to a novel environment occurs despite reduced genetic diversity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/557868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive species often exhibit rapid evolution in their introduced ranges despite the genetic bottlenecks that are thought to accompany the translocation of small numbers of founders; however, some invasions may not fit this "genetic paradox." The invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) displays high phenotypic variation across its environmentally heterogeneous introduced Australian range. Here, we used three genome-wide datasets to characterize population structure and genetic diversity in invasive toads: RNA-Seq data generated from spleens sampled from the toads native range in French Guiana, the introduced population in Hawaii that was the source of Australian founders, and Australia; RNA-Seq data generated from brains sampled more extensively in Hawaii and Australia; and previously published RADSeq data from transects across Australia. We found that toads form three genetic clusters: (1) native range toads, (2) toads from the source population in Hawaii and long-established areas near introduction sites in Australia, and (3) toads from more recently established northern Australian sites. In addition to strong divergence between native and invasive populations, we find evidence for a reduction in genetic diversity after introduction. However, we do not see this reduction in loci putatively under selection, suggesting that genetic diversity may have been maintained at ecologically relevant traits, or that mutation rates were high enough to maintain adaptive potential. Nonetheless, cane toads encounter novel environmental challenges in Australia and appear to respond to selection across environmental breaks; the transition between genetic clusters occurs at a point along the invasion transect where temperature rises and rainfall decreases. We identify loci known to be involved in resistance to heat and dehydration that show evidence of selection in Australian toads. Despite well-known predictions regarding genetic drift and spatial sorting during invasion, this study highlights that natural selection occurs rapidly and plays a vital role in shaping the structure of invasive populations.

Author SummaryDespite longstanding evidence for the link between genetic diversity and population viability, the "genetic paradox" concept reflects the observation that invasive populations are successful in novel environments despite a putative reduction in genetic diversity. However, some recent studies have suggested that successful invasions may often occur due to an absence of obstacles such as genetic diversity loss or novel adaptive challenges. The recent emergence of genome-wide technologies provides us with the tools to study this question comprehensively by assessing both overall genetic diversity, and diversity of loci that underlie ecologically relevant traits. The invasive cane toad is a useful model because there is abundant phenotypic evidence of rapid adaptation during invasion. Our results suggest strong genetic divergence between native and invasive populations, and a reduction in overall genetic diversity; however, we do not see this reduction when solely assessing ecologically relevant loci. This could be for reasons that support or refute the genetic paradox. Further studies may provide perspectives from other systems, allowing us to explore how variables such as propagule size affect the fit of an invasion to the model of the paradox. Studying invasive species remains important due to their largely negative impacts on the environment and economy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selechnik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVore, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ducatez, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/557868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Invaders weather the weather: rapid adaptation to a novel environment occurs despite reduced genetic diversity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559666v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extreme niche partitioning promotes a remarkably high diversity of soil microbiomes across eastern Antarctica. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/559666v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Terrestrial Antarctica, a predominantly microbial realm, encompasses some of the most unique environments on Earth where resident soil microbiota play key roles in the sustainability and evolution of the ecosystem. Yet the fundamental ecological processes that govern the assemblage of these natural communities remain unclear. Here, we combined multivariate analyses, co-occurrence networks and fitted species abundance distributions of amplicon sequencing data to disentangle community assemblage patterns of polar soil microbiomes across two ice-free deserts (Windmill Islands and Vestfold Hills) situated along the coastline of eastern Antarctica. Our findings report that communities were predominantly structured by non-neutral processes, with niche partitioning being particularly strong for bacterial communities at the Windmill Islands. In contrast, both eukaryotic and archaeal communities exhibited multimodal distributions, indicating the potential emergence of neutrality. Between the three microbial domains, polar soil bacterial communities consistently demonstrated the greatest taxonomic diversity, estimated richness, network connectivity and linear response to contemporary environmental soil parameters. We propose that reduced niche overlap promotes greater phylogenetic diversity enabling more bacterial species to co-exist and essentially thrive under adversity. However, irrespective of overall relative abundance, consistent and robust associations between co-existing community members from all three domains of life highlights the key roles that diverse taxa play in ecosystem dynamics.

SignificanceIn the face of a warming Antarctica, contemporary dynamics between polar soil microbial communities will inevitably change due to the climate-induced expansion of new ice-free areas. Increasing concern about disturbance and rapid biodiversity loss has intensified the need to better understand microbial community structure and function in high-latitude soils. We have taken an integrated approach to elucidate domain-level assemblage patterns across east Antarctic soil microbiomes. These assemblage patterns will be available to feed into policy management and conservation planning frameworks to potentially mitigate future biodiversity loss.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thibaut, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terauds, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanaka, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/559666</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extreme niche partitioning promotes a remarkably high diversity of soil microbiomes across eastern Antarctica.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Brain Aging in Major Depressive Disorder: Results from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with an increased risk of brain atrophy, aging-related diseases, and mortality. We examined potential advanced brain aging in MDD patients, and whether this process is associated with clinical characteristics in a large multi-center international dataset.

MethodsWe performed a mega-analysis by pooling brain measures derived from T1-weighted MRI scans from 29 samples worldwide. Normative brain aging was estimated by predicting chronological age (10-75 years) from 7 subcortical volumes, 34 cortical thickness and 34 surface area, lateral ventricles and total intracranial volume measures separately in 1,147 male and 1,386 female controls from the ENIGMA MDD working group. The learned model parameters were applied to 1,089 male controls and 1,167 depressed males, and 1,326 female controls and 2,044 depressed females to obtain independent unbiased brain-based age predictions. The difference between predicted "brain age" and chronological age was calculated to indicate brain predicted age difference (brain-PAD).

FindingsOn average, MDD patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +0.90 (SE 0.21) years (Cohens d=0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.17) compared to controls. Relative to controls, first-episode and currently depressed patients showed higher brain-PAD (+1.2 [0.3] years), and the largest effect was observed in those with late-onset depression (+1.7 [0.7] years). In addition, higher brain-PAD was associated with higher self-reported depressive symptomatology (b=0.05, p=0.004).

InterpretationThis highly powered collaborative effort showed subtle patterns of abnormal structural brain aging in MDD. Substantial within-group variance and overlap between groups were observed. Longitudinal studies of MDD and somatic health outcomes are needed to further assess the predictive value of these brain-PAD estimates.

FundingThis work was supported, in part, by NIH grants U54 EB020403 and R01 MH116147.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Han, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinga, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyler, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aftanas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aghajani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aleman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baune, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto Filho, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carballedo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couvy-Duchesne, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cullen, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davey, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dima, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duran, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enneking, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filimonova, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frenzel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frodl, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godlewska, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlib, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grabe, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Groenewold, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harrison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hatton, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermesdorf, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hickie, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosten, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kahler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klimes-Dougan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kramer, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krug, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagopoulos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leenings, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacMaster</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Brain Aging in Major Depressive Disorder: Results from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560870v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
No evidence for kin recognition in a passerine bird. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/560870v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Theory predicts that individuals behave altruistically towards their relatives. Hence, some form of kin recognition is useful for individuals to optimize their behaviour. In species displaying bi-parental care and subject to extra-pair matings, kin recognition theoretically allows cuckolded fathers to reduce their parental investment, and thus optimize their fitness, but whether this is possible remains unclear in birds. This study investigates the ability of male sparrows to recognize their own chicks, using a large cross-foster experiment, parental care as an indicator and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) as a model organism. We cross-fostered chicks after hatching, and then expected that fathers would show a decrease in their parental efforts when tending to a clutch of unrelated offspring. However, there was no significant effect of relatedness on provisioning rates. This suggests that sparrows may not be capable of kin recognition, or at least do not display kin discrimination despite its apparent evolutionary advantage.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lattore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plaza, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/560870</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[No evidence for kin recognition in a passerine bird.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tactile sensory channels over-ruled by frequency decoding system that utilizes spike pattern regardless of receptor type 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/570929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The established view is that vibrotactile stimuli evoke two qualitatively distinctive cutaneous sensations, flutter (frequencies < 60 Hz) and vibratory hum (frequencies > 60 Hz), subserved by two distinct receptor types (Meissners and Pacinian corpuscle, respectively) which may engage different neural processing pathways or channels and fulfill quite different biological roles. In psychological and physiological literature those two systems have been labelled as Pacinian and non-Pacinian channels. However, we present evidence that low-frequency spike trains in Pacinian afferents can readily induce a vibratory percept with the same low frequency attributes as sinusoidal stimuli of the same frequency thus demonstrating a universal frequency decoding system. We achieved this using brief low-amplitude pulsatile mechanical stimuli to selectively activate Pacinian afferents. This indicates that spiking pattern, regardless of receptor type, determines vibrotactile frequency perception. This mechanism may underlie the constancy of vibrotactile frequency perception across different skin regions innervated by distinct afferent types.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Birznieks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagi, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macefield, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahns, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/570929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tactile sensory channels over-ruled by frequency decoding system that utilizes spike pattern regardless of receptor type]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterization of coral-associated microbial aggregates (CAMAs) within tissues of the coral Acropora hyacinthus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/576488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial diversity associated with corals has been studied extensively, however, localization of bacterial associations within the holobiont is still poorly resolved. Here we provide novel insight into the localization of coral-associated microbial aggregates (CAMAs) within tissues of the coral Acropora hyacinthus. In total, 318 and 308 CAMAs were characterized via histological and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) approaches respectively, and shown to be distributed extensively throughout coral tissues collected from five sites in Japan and Australia. The densities of CAMAs within the tissues were negatively correlated with the distance from the coastline (i.e. lowest densities at offshore sites). CAMAs were randomly distributed across the six coral tissue regions investigated. Within each CAMA, bacterial cells had similar morphological characteristics, but bacterial morphologies varied among CAMAs, with at least five distinct types identified. Identifying the location of microorganisms associated with the coral host is a prerequisite for understanding their contributions to fitness. Localization of tissue-specific communities housed within CAMAs is particularly important, as these communities are potentially important contributors to vital metabolic functions of the holobiont.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wada, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ishimochi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matsui, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollock, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ainsworth, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willis, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mano, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourne, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/576488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterization of coral-associated microbial aggregates (CAMAs) within tissues of the coral Acropora hyacinthus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The structure of Macrophage Expressed Gene-1, a phagolysosome immune effector that is activated upon acidification. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/580712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macrophage Expressed Gene-1 (MPEG-1; also termed Perforin-2) is an endosomal / phagolysosomal perforin-like protein that is conserved across the metazoan kingdom and that functions within the phagolysosome to damage engulfed microbes. Like the Membrane Attack Complex and perforin, MPEG-1 has been postulated to form pores in target membranes, however, its mode of action remains to be established. We used single particle cryo-Electron Microscopy to determine the 2.4 [A] structure of a hexadecameric assembly of MPEG-1 that displays the expected features of a soluble pre-pore complex. We further discovered that the MPEG-1 pre-pore-like assemblies can be induced to perforate membranes through mild acidification, such as would occur within maturing phagolysosomes. We next solved the 3.6 [A] cryo-EM structure of MPEG-1 in complex with liposomes. Remarkably these data revealed that a C-terminal Multi-vesicular body of 12 kDa (MVB12)-associated {beta}-prism (MABP) domain interacts with target membranes in a mode that positions the pore forming machinery of MPEG-1 to point away from the bound membrane. This unexpected mechanism of membrane interaction raises the intriguing possibility that MPEG-1 may be able to remain bound to the phagolysosome membrane while simultaneously forming pores in engulfed bacterial targets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pang, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayly-Jones, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radjainia, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spicer, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, R. H. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodel, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekkel, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramm, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venugopal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bird, P. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoogenboom, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voskoboinik, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunstone, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whisstock, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/580712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The structure of Macrophage Expressed Gene-1, a phagolysosome immune effector that is activated upon acidification.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583492v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modular actin nano-architecture enables podosome protrusion and mechanosensing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583492v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Basement membrane transmigration during embryonal development, tissue homeostasis and tumor invasion relies on invadosomes, a collective term for invadopodia and podosomes. An adequate structural framework for this process is still missing. Here, we reveal the modular actin nano-architecture that enables podosome protrusion and mechanosensing. The podosome protrusive core contains a central branched actin module encased by a linear actin module, each harboring specific actin interactors and actin isoforms. From the core, two actin modules radiate: ventral filaments bound by vinculin and connected to the plasma membrane and dorsal interpodosomal filaments crosslinked by myosin IIA. On stiff substrates, the actin modules mediate long-range substrate exploration, associated with degradative behavior. On compliant substrates, the vinculin-bound ventral actin filaments shorten, resulting in short-range connectivity and a focally protrusive, non-degradative state. Our findings redefine podosome nanoscale architecture and reveal a paradigm for how actin modularity drives invadosome mechanosensing in cells that breach tissue boundaries.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>van den Dries, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahidiazar, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slotman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meddens, M. B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joosten, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ansems, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schouwstra, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wijers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fransen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houtsmuller, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiseman, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jalink, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cambi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583492</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modular actin nano-architecture enables podosome protrusion and mechanosensing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Immune and environment-driven gene expression during invasion: An eco-immunological application of RNA-Seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/583617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-pathogen dynamics change rapidly during a biological invasion and are predicted to impose strong selection on immune function. The invader may experience an abrupt reduction in pathogen-mediated selection ( enemy release), thereby favoring decreased investment into  costly immune responses, and the extent of this reduction may depend on factors such as propagule size. Across plants and animals, there is mixed support for this prediction. Pathogens are not the only form of selection imposed on invaders; differences in abiotic environmental conditions between native and introduced ranges are also expected to drive rapid evolution. Here, we assess the expression patterns of immune and environmentally-associated genes in the cane toad (Rhinella marina) across its invasive Australian range. Transcripts encoding mediators of costly immune responses (inflammation, cytotoxicity) showed a curvilinear relationship with invasion history, with highest expression in toads from oldest and newest colonized areas. This pattern is surprising given theoretical expectations of density dynamics in invasive species, and may be because density influences both intraspecific competition and parasite transmission, generating conflicting effects on the strength of immune responses. Alternatively, this expression pattern may be the result of other evolutionary forces, such as spatial sorting and genetic drift, working simultaneously with natural selection. Our findings do not support predictions about immune function based on the enemy release hypothesis, and suggest instead that the effects of enemy release are difficult to isolate in wild populations. Additionally, expression patterns of genes underlying putatively environmentally-associated traits are consistent with previous genetic studies, providing further support that Australian cane toads have adapted to novel abiotic challenges.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Selechnik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/583617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Immune and environment-driven gene expression during invasion: An eco-immunological application of RNA-Seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585174v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term iron deficiency and iron supplementation exacerbate acute DSS-induced colitis and are associated with significant dysbiosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/585174v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Patients taking oral iron supplementation often suffer from gastrointestinal side effects. We have previously shown that acute alterations in oral iron exacerbate dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis and are associated with dysbiosis. As patients take iron supplementation for long periods, we asked whether this too would influence colitis and the microbiome. We assessed the impact of long-term changes in dietary iron, by feeding chow containing 100ppm, 200ppm and 400ppm (reflecting a deficient, normal or supplemented diet, respectively) for up to 9 weeks to female wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) mice in presence or absence of chronic colitis, or acute colitis induced after 8 weeks, induced by DSS. Assessment was made based on (i) clinical and histological severity of colitis, and (ii) faecal microbial diversity, as assessed by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA. In mice with long term changes to their dietary iron, reduced iron intake (100ppm iron diet) was associated with increased weight loss and histology scoring in the acute colitis model. Chronic colitis was not influenced by altering dietary iron however there was a clear change in the faecal microbiome in the 100 and 400ppm iron DSS-treated groups and in controls consuming the 400ppm iron diet. Proteobacteria levels increased significantly at day-63 compared to baseline and Bacteroidetes levels decreased in the 400ppm iron DSS group at day-63 compared to baseline; mirroring our previously published work in acute colitis. Long term dietary iron alterations clearly affects gut microbiota signatures but do not appear to exacerbate chronic colitis. However, acute colitis is exacerbated by changes in dietary iron. More work is needed to understand the impact of iron supplementation of the pathologenesis of IBD and rise that possiblity that the change in the microbiome, in patients with colitis, is a consequence of the increase in luminal iron and not simply the presence of colitis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahalhal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkitt, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duckworth, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hold, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pritchard, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Probert, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/585174</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term iron deficiency and iron supplementation exacerbate acute DSS-induced colitis and are associated with significant dysbiosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in older Ghanaian adults from 2007-2015: evidence from WHO-SAGE Waves 1 & 2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/591222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundStudies on changes in the prevalence and determinants of obesity in older adults living in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. We examined recent changes in obesity prevalence and associated factors for older adults in Ghana between 2007/08 and 2014/15.nnMethodsData on adults aged 50 years and older in Ghana were collected in the WHO SAGE Wave 1 (2007/08; n=4158) and Wave 2 (2014/15; n=1663). The weighted prevalence of obesity, overweight, normal weight and underweight, and of high central adiposity was compared in Waves 1 and 2. Multinomial and binomial logistic regressions were used to examine whether the determinants of weight status based on objectively measured body mass index and waist circumference changed between the two survey periods.nnResultsThe prevalence of obesity (Wave 1=10.2%, 95% CI: 8.9-11.7%; Wave 2=15.0%, 95% CI: 12.6-17.7%) and overweight (Wave 1=19.6%, 95% CI: 18.0-21.4%; Wave 2=24.5%, 95% CI: 21.7-27.5%) was higher in Wave 2 than Wave 1 and more than half of the population had high central adiposity (Wave 1=57.7%, 95% CI: 55.4-60.1%; Wave 2=66.9%, 95% CI: 63.7-70.0%) in both study periods. Obesity prevalence was 16% lower in males and 55% higher in females comparing Wave 1 to Wave 2. Female sex, urban residence, and high household wealth were associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity and high central adiposity. Those aged 70+ years had lower odds of obesity in both study waves. In Wave 2, females with physical activity level were more likely to be obese.nnConclusionOver the 7-year period between survey waves, the population prevalence of overweight and obesity increased by 25% and 47%, respectively, while underweight reduced by 43%. These findings differed considerably by sex, which points to differential impacts of past initiatives to reduce overweight/obesity, potential high-risk groups in Ghana, and the need to increase surveillance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lartey, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnussen, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Si, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boateng, G. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Graaff, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biritwum, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Minicuci, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kowal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blizzard, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/591222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in older Ghanaian adults from 2007-2015: evidence from WHO-SAGE Waves 1 & 2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596700v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring infectious disease phylodynamics with notification data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/596700v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Point 1Phylodynamic models use pathogen genome sequence data to infer epidemiological dynamics. With the increasing genomic surveillance of pathogens, especially amid the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, new practical questions about their use are emerging.

Point 2One such question focuses on the inclusion of un-sequenced case occurrence data alongside sequenced data to improve phylodynamic analyses. This approach can be particularly valuable if sequencing efforts vary over time.

Point 3Using simulations, we demonstrate that birth-death phylodynamic models can employ occurrence data to eliminate bias in estimates of the basic reproductive number due to misspecification of the sampling process. In contrast, the coalescent exponential model is robust to such sampling biases, but in the absence of a sampling model it cannot exploit occurrence data. Subsequent analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in the northwest USA supports these results.

Point 4We conclude that occurrence data are a valuable source of information in combination with birth-death models. These data should be used to bolster phylodynamic analyses of infectious diseases and other rapidly spreading species in the future.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duchene, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giallonardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/596700</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring infectious disease phylodynamics with notification data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598284v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ageing in house sparrows is insensitive to environmental effects 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/598284v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Variation in individual life histories, and physiology, determines the rates at which new life is generated (reproduction) and lost (death) in a population. Studying the demography of deaths thus reveals fundamental aspects of the biology of individuals within a population. We studied mortality senescence - the increase in mortality rate with age - in wild and captive house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and demonstrate highly similar mortality senescence in both, but markedly lower vulnerability to death (frailty) in captivity. This suggests that house sparrows have a species-specific rate of ageing that is insensitive to environmental effects. Unexpectedly, juvenile and adult mortality co-varied positively across years in the wild, indicating that mortality is not strongly density-dependent. Mortality also varied widely among years, suggesting a strong environmental effect, and we explain the observed patterns using temperature data and predation by birds of prey. We discuss how stochastic environmental effects can affect the evolution of ageing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Simons, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Winney, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girndt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rees, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/598284</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ageing in house sparrows is insensitive to environmental effects]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603712v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide Mel4 is independent of Staphylococcus aureus cell membrane permeability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/603712v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mel4 is a novel cationic peptide with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The current study examined the anti-staphylococcal mechanism of action of Mel4 and its precursor peptide melimine. The interaction of peptides with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and with the cytoplasmic membrane using DiSC(3)-5, Sytox green, Syto-9 and PI dyes were studied. Release of ATP and DNA/RNA from cells exposed to the peptides were determined. Bacteriolysis and autolysin-activated cell death were determined by measuring decreases in OD620nm and killing of Micrococcus luteus cells by cell-free media. Both peptides bound to LTA and rapidly dissipated the membrane potential (within 30 seconds) without affecting bacterial viability. Disturbance of the membrane potential was followed by the release of ATP (50% of total cellular ATP) by melimine and by Mel4 (20%) after 2 minutes exposure (p<0.001). Mel4 resulted in staphylococcal cells taking up PI with 3.9% cells predominantly stained after 150 min exposure, whereas melimine showed 34% staining. Unlike melimine, Mel4 did not release DNA/RNA. Cell-free media from Mel4 treated cells hydrolysed peptidoglycan and produced greater zones of inhibition against M. luteus lawn than melimine treated samples. These findings suggest that pore formation is unlikely to be involved in Mel4-mediated membrane destabilization for Staphylococcci, since there was no significant Mel4-induced PI staining and DNA/RNA leakage. It is likely that the S. aureus killing mechanism of Mel4 involves the release of autolysins followed by cell death. Whereas, membrane interaction is the primary bactericidal activity of melimine, which includes membrane depolarisation, pore formation, release of cellular contents leading to cell death.nnThis work is original, has not been published and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. Part of this manuscript has been presented as a poster presentation in Gordon Research Conference Italy in 2019. There are no conflicts of interest for any of the authors that could have influenced the results of this work. Prof. Mark Willcox holds the patent the for the melimine peptide.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dutta, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M. D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/603712</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide Mel4 is independent of Staphylococcus aureus cell membrane permeability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604462v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
tagPAINT: Stoichiometric and covalent labelling of protein tags for multiplexed and quantitative DNA-PAINT imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604462v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recently, DNA-PAINT single molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM) has shown great promise for quantitative imaging. However, labelling strategies so far have relied on approaches that are multivalent or affinity-based. Here, we demonstrate tagPAINT - the covalent labelling of expressed protein tags (SNAP tag and Halo tag) with single DNA docking strands for single molecule localisation microscopy via DNA-PAINT. We utilised tagPAINT for T-cell receptor signalling proteins at the immune synapse as a proof of principle.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nieves, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hilzenrat, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacRae, H. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604462</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[tagPAINT: Stoichiometric and covalent labelling of protein tags for multiplexed and quantitative DNA-PAINT imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disruption of membrane cholesterol organization impairs the concerted activity of PIEZO1 channel clusters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/604488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZO1 is gated by membrane tension and regulates essential biological processes such as vascular development and erythrocyte volume homeostasis. Currently, little is known about PIEZO1 plasma membrane localization and organization. Using a PIEZO1-GFP fusion protein, we investigated whether cholesterol enrichment or depletion by methyl-{beta}-Cyclodextrin (MBCD) and disruption of membrane cholesterol organization by dynasore affects PIEZO1-GFPs response to mechanical force. Electrophysiological recordings in the cell-attached configuration revealed that MBCD caused a rightward shift in the PIEZO1-GFP pressure-response curve, increased channel latency in response to mechanical stimuli and markedly slowed channel inactivation. The same effects were seen in native PIEZO1 in N2A cells. STORM super-resolution imaging revealed that, at the nano-scale, PIEZO1-GFP channels in the membrane associate as clusters sensitive to membrane manipulation. Both cluster distribution and diffusion rates were affected by treatment with MBCD (5 mM). Supplementation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids appeared to sensitize the PIEZO1-GFP response to applied pressure. Together, our results indicate that PIEZO1 function is directly dependent on the membrane mechanical properties and lateral organization of membrane cholesterol domains which coordinates the concerted activity of PIEZO1 channels.nnSUMMARYThe essential mammalian mechanosensitive channel PIEZO1 organizes in the plasma membrane into nanometric clusters which depend on the integrity of cholesterol domains to rapidly detect applied force and especially inactivate syncronously, the most commonly altered feature of PIEZO1 in pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pandzic, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassalli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macmillan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottlieb, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinac, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/604488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disruption of membrane cholesterol organization impairs the concerted activity of PIEZO1 channel clusters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619841v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescent biosensor for real-time interaction dynamics of host proteins with HIV-1 capsid tubes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/619841v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) capsid serves as a binding platform for proteins and small molecules from the host cell that regulate various steps in the virus life cycle. However, there are currently no quantitative methods that use assembled capsid lattices for measuring host-pathogen interaction dynamics. Here we developed a single molecule fluorescence biosensor using self-assembled capsid tubes as biorecognition elements and imaged capsid binders using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy in a microfluidic setup. The method is highly sensitive in its ability to observe and quantify binding, obtain dissociation constants, extract kinetics with an extended application of using more complex analytes that can accelerate characterisation of novel capsid binders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/619841</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescent biosensor for real-time interaction dynamics of host proteins with HIV-1 capsid tubes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621706v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Meta-analysis reveals that the provision of multiple ecosystem services requires a diversity of land covers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/621706v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sustaining multiple ecosystem services across a landscape requires an understanding of how consistently services are shaped by different categories of land uses. Yet, this understanding is generally constrained by the availability of fine-resolution data for multiple services across large areas and the spatial variability of land-use effects on services. We systematically surveyed published literature for New Zealand (1970 - 2015) to quantify the supply of 17 services across 25 land covers (as a proxy for land use). We found a consistent trade-off in the services supplied by anthropogenic land covers with a high production intensity (e.g., cropping) versus those with extensive or no production. In contrast, forest cover was not associated with any distinct patterns of service supply. By drawing on existing research findings we reveal complementarity and redundancy (potentially influencing resilience) in service supply from different land covers. This can guide practitioners in shaping land systems that sustainably support human well-being.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gómez-Creutzberg, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tylianakis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brockerhoff, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-04-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/621706</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Meta-analysis reveals that the provision of multiple ecosystem services requires a diversity of land covers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-04-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624403v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Matryoshka RNA virus 1: a novel RNA virus associated with Plasmodium parasites in human malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/624403v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium cause human malaria. Yet nothing is known about the viruses that infect these divergent eukaryotes. We investigated the Plasmodium virome by performing a meta-transcriptomic analysis of blood samples from malaria patients infected with P. vivax, P. falciparum or P. knowlesi. This revealed a novel bi-segmented narna-like RNA virus restricted to P. vivax and named Matryoshka RNA virus 1 (MaRNAV-1) to reflect its "Russian doll" nature: a virus, infecting a parasite, infecting an animal. MaRNAV-1 was abundant in geographically diverse P. vivax from humans and mosquitoes. Notably, a related virus (MaRNAV-2) was identified in Australian birds infected with a Leucocytozoon - eukaryotic parasites that group with Plasmodium in the Apicomplexa subclass hematozoa. This is the first report of a Plasmodium virus. As well as broadening our understanding of the eukaryotic virosphere, the restriction to P. vivax may help understand P. vivax-specific biology in humans and mosquitoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Charon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigg, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eden, J.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piera, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>William, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstey, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/624403</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Matryoshka RNA virus 1: a novel RNA virus associated with Plasmodium parasites in human malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-linear sequence similarity between the Xist and Rsx long noncoding RNAs suggests shared functions of tandem repeat domains 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/630475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The marsupial inactive X chromosome expresses a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) called Rsx that has been proposed to be the functional analogue of eutherian Xist. Despite the possibility that Xist and Rsx encode related functions, the two lncRNAs harbor no linear sequence similarity. However, both lncRNAs harbor domains of tandemly repeated sequence. In Xist, these repeat domains are known to be critical for function. Using k-mer based comparison, we show that the repeat domains of Xist and Rsx unexpectedly partition into two major clusters that each harbor substantial levels of non-linear sequence similarity. Xist Repeats B, C and D were most similar to each other and to Rsx Repeat 1, whereas Xist Repeats A and E were most similar to each other and to Rsx Repeats 2, 3, and 4. Similarities at the level of k-mers corresponded to domain-specific enrichment of protein-binding motifs. Within individual domains, protein-binding motifs were often enriched to extreme levels. Our data support the hypothesis that Xist and Rsx encode similar functions through different spatial arrangements of functionally analogous protein-binding domains. We propose that the two clusters of repeat domains in Xist and Rsx function in part to cooperatively recruit PRC1 and PRC2 to chromatin. The physical manner in which these domains engage with protein cofactors may be just as critical to the function of the domains as the protein cofactors themselves. The general approaches we outline in this report should prove useful in the study of any set of RNAs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sprague, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirk, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samollow, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/630475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-linear sequence similarity between the Xist and Rsx long noncoding RNAs suggests shared functions of tandem repeat domains]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631754v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631754v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The genomes of classical inbred mouse strains include genes derived from all three major subspecies of the house mouse, Mus musculus. We recently posited that genetic diversity in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene loci of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice reflect differences in subspecies origin. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted high-throughput sequencing of IGH gene rearrangements to document IGH variable (IGHV), joining (IGHJ), and diversity (IGHD) genes in four inbred wild-derived mouse strains (CAST/EiJ, LEWES/EiJ, MSM/MsJ, and PWD/PhJ), and a single disease model strain (NOD/ShiLtJ), collectively representing genetic backgrounds of several major mouse subspecies. A total of 341 germline IGHV sequences were inferred in the wild-derived strains, including 247 not curated in the International Immunogenetics Information System. In contrast, 83/84 inferred NOD IGHV genes had previously been observed in C57BL/6 mice. Variability among the strains examined was observed for only a single IGHJ gene, involving a description of a novel allele. In contrast, unexpected variation was found in the IGHD gene loci, with four previously unreported IGHD gene sequences being documented. Very few IGHV sequences of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were shared with strains representing major subspecies, suggesting that their IGH loci may be complex mosaics of genes of disparate origins. This suggests a similar level of diversity is likely present in the IGH loci of other classical inbred strains. This must now be documented if we are to properly understand inter-strain variation in models of antibody-mediated disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kos, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busse, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deikus, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/631754</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632034v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Patterned substrates modulate growth and dynamics of 3D cellular systems 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/632034v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The development of 3D cellular architectures during development and pathological processes involves intricate migratory patterns that are modulated by genetics and the surrounding microenvironment. The substrate composition of cell cultures has been demonstrated to influence growth, proliferation, and migration in 2D. Here we study the growth and dynamics of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cultures patterned in a tissue sheet which then exhibits 3D growth. Using gradient light interference microscopy (GLIM), a label-free quantitative phase imaging approach, we explored the influence of geometry on cell growth patterns and rotational dynamics. We apply, for the first time to our knowledge, dispersion-relation phase spectroscopy (DPS) in polar coordinates to generate the radial and rotational cell mass-transport. Our data show that cells cultured on engineered substrates undergo rotational transport in a radially independent manner and exhibit faster vertical growth than the control, unpatterned cells. The use of GLIM and polar DPS provides a novel quantitative approach to studying the effects of spatially patterned substrates on cell motility and growth.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fanous, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kandel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Popescu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/632034</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Patterned substrates modulate growth and dynamics of 3D cellular systems]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643429v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating MIC distributions and cutoffs through mixture models: an application to establish M. Tuberculosis resistance. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643429v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antimicrobial resistance is becoming a major threat to public health throughout the world. Researchers from around the world are attempting to contrast it by developing both new antibiotics and patient-specific treatments. It is, therefore, necessary to study these treatments, via phenotypic tests, and it is essential to have robust methods available to analyze the resistance patterns to medication, which could be applied to both new treatments and to new phenotypic tests. A general method is here proposed to study minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions and fixed breakpoints in order to separate sensible from resistant strains. The method has been applied to a new 96-well microtiter plate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>GRAZIAN, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643429</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating MIC distributions and cutoffs through mixture models: an application to establish M. Tuberculosis resistance.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local signatures of founding populations confound examination of adaptive divergence in invasive populations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/643569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A detailed understanding of population genetics in invasive populations helps us to identify drivers of successful introductions. Here, we investigate putative signals of selection in Australian populations of invasive common starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, and seek to understand how these have been influenced by introduction history. We use reduced representation sequencing to determine population structure, and identity Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that are putatively under selection. We found that since their introduction into Australia, starling populations have become genetically differentiated despite the potential for high levels of dispersal, and that selection has facilitated their adaptation to the wide range of environmental conditions across their geographic range. Isolation by distance appears to have played a strong role in determining genetic substructure across the starlings Australian range. Analyses of candidate SNPs that are putatively under selection indicate that aridity, precipitation, and temperature may be important factors driving adaptive variation across the starlings invasive range in Australia. However, we also note that the historic introduction regime may leave footprints on sites flagged as being under adaptive selection, and encourage critical interpretation of selection analyses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stuart, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardilini, A. P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassey, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherman, C. D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/643569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local signatures of founding populations confound examination of adaptive divergence in invasive populations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652248v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Costs and benefits of giant sperm and sperm storage organs in Drosophila melanogaster 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/652248v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the Drosophila lineage, both sperm and the primary female sperm storage organ, the seminal receptacle (SR), may reach extraordinary lengths. In D. melanogaster, long SRs bias fertilization toward long sperm during the displacement stage of sperm competition. This sperm-SR interaction, together with a genetic correlation between the traits, suggests that the coevolution of exaggerated sperm and SR lengths may be driven by Fisherian runaway selection. To further understand the costs and benefits of long sperm and SR genotypes in both sexes, we measured male and female fitness in inbred lines of D. melanogaster derived from four populations previously selected for long sperm, short sperm, long SRs, or short SRs. We specifically asked: do long SRs impose costs or benefits on the females that bear them? Do genotypes that generate long sperm in males impose a fitness cost on females sharing those genotypes? Is long sperm an honest indicator of male viability and associated with increased fitness? And finally, are the benefits of long sperm restricted to competitive fertilization success, or do long-sperm males also have increased mating success and fecundity in single matings? We found that both sexes have increased longevity in long sperm and long SR genotypes, with fewer reproduction-related benefits and evidence for trade-offs in males, compared to females. Our results suggest that sperm length and SR length are both indicators of increased viability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, S. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajitschek, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Josway, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shabeeb, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/652248</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Costs and benefits of giant sperm and sperm storage organs in Drosophila melanogaster]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655001v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pharmacological enrichment of polygenic risk for precision medicine in complex disorders 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/655001v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Individuals with complex disorders typically have a heritable burden of common variation that can be expressed as a polygenic risk score (PRS). While PRS has some predictive utility, it lacks the molecular specificity to be directly informative for clinical interventions. We therefore sought to develop a framework to quantify an individuals common variant enrichment in clinically actionable systems responsive to existing drugs. This was achieved with a metric designated the pharmagenic enrichment score (PES), which we demonstrate for individual SNP profiles in a cohort of cases with schizophrenia. A large proportion of these had elevated PES in one or more of eight clinically actionable gene-sets enriched with schizophrenia associated common variation. Notable candidates targeting these pathways included vitamins, insulin modulating agents, and protein kinase inhibitors with putative neuroprotective properties. Interestingly, elevated PES was also observed in individuals with otherwise low common variant burden. The biological saliency of PES profiles were observed directly through their impact on gene expression in a subset of the cohort with matched transcriptomic data, supporting our assertion that this framework can integrate an individuals common variant risk to inform personalised interventions, including drug repositioning, for complex disorders such as schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reay, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkins, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/655001</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pharmacological enrichment of polygenic risk for precision medicine in complex disorders]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674879v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SiaABCD - A threonine phosphorylation pathway that controls biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/674879v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The critical role of bacterial biofilms in chronic human infections calls for novel anti-biofilm strategies targeting the regulation of biofilm development. However, the regulation of biofilm development is very complex and can include multiple, highly interconnected signal transduction/response pathways, which are incompletely understood. We demonstrated previously that in the opportunistic, human pathogen P. aeruginosa, the PP2C-like protein phosphatase SiaA and the di-guanylate cyclase SiaD control the formation of macroscopic cellular aggregates, a type of suspended biofilms, in response to surfactant stress. In this study, we demonstrate that the SiaABC proteins represent a signal response pathway that functions through a partner switch mechanism to control biofilm formation. We also demonstrate that SiaABCD functionality is dependent on carbon substrate availability for a variety of substrates, and that upon carbon starvation, SiaB mutants show impaired dispersal, in particular with the primary fermentation product ethanol. This suggests that carbon availability is at least one of the key environmental cues integrated by the SiaABCD system. Further, our biochemical, physiological and crystallographic data reveals that the phosphatase SiaA and its kinase counterpart SiaB balance the phosphorylation status of their target protein SiaC at threonine 68 (T68). Crystallographic analysis of the SiaA-PP2C domain shows that SiaA is present as a dimer. Dynamic modelling of SiaA with SiaC suggested that SiaA interacts strongly with phosphorylated SiaC and dissociates rapidly upon dephosphorylation of SiaC. Further, we show that the known phosphatase inhibitor fumonisin inhibits SiaA mediated phosphatase activity in vitro. In conclusion, the present work improves our understanding of how P. aeuruginosa integrates specific environmental conditions, such as carbon availability and surfactant stress, to regulate cellular aggregation and biofilm formation. With the biochemical and structural characterization of SiaA, initial data on the catalytic inhibition of SiaA, and the interaction between SiaA and SiaC, our study identifies promising targets for the development of biofilm-interference drugs to combat infections of this aggressive opportunistic pathogen.

Author SummaryPseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that is feared within clinical environments due to its potential to cause life-threatening acute and chronic infections. One cornerstone of its success is the ability to form and disperse from biofilms, which are self-made, multicellular structures that protect the individual cell from the human immune system and antibiotic treatment. As such, therapies that combine a biofilm-interference strategy and the use of antimicrobial drugs represent one of the promising strategies to tackle infections of this organism. With the current study, we gain a deeper understanding of the SiaABCD mediated biofilm formation in response to clinically relevant environmental conditions. Further, our structural and biochemical characterization of the PP2C-type protein-phosphatase SiaA and the partner switch protein SiaC suggest that both represent promising novel targets for the development of future anti-biofilms drugs based on a signal interference strategy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poh, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Müller, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleheck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marquardt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kjelleberg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lescar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klebensberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/674879</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SiaABCD - A threonine phosphorylation pathway that controls biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675967v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptome Dynamics Reveals Progressive Transition from Effector to Memory in CD4+ T cells. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/675967v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
CD4+ T cells are repositories of immune memory, conferring enhanced immunity to many infectious agents. Studies of acute viral and bacterial infection suggest that memory CD4+ T cells develop directly from effectors. However, delineating these dynamic developmental pathways has been challenging. Here, we used high-resolution single-cell RNA-seq and temporal mixture modelling to examine the fate of Th1 and Tfh effector cells during non-lethal Plasmodium infection in mice. We observed linear Th1 and Tfh pathways towards memory, characterized by progressive halving in the numbers of genes expressed, and partial transcriptomic coalescence. Low-level persisting infection diverted but did not block these pathways. We observed in the Th1-pathway a linear transition from Th1 through a Tr1 state to TEM cells, which were then poised for Th1 re-call. The Tfh-pathway exhibited a modest Th1-signature throughout, with little evidence of Tr1 development, and co-expression of TCM and memory Tfh markers. Thus, we present a high-resolution atlas of transcriptome dynamics for naive to memory transitions in CD4+ T cells. We also defined a subset of memory-associated genes, including transcription factors Id2 and Maf, whose expression increased progressively against the background of transcriptomic quiescence. Single-cell ATAC-seq revealed substantial heterogeneity in chromatin accessibility in single effectors, which was extensively, though incompletely reset and homogenized in memory. Our data reveal that linear transitions from effector to memory occur in a progressive manner over several weeks, suggesting opportunities for manipulating CD4+ T cell memory after primary infection.nnHighlightsO_LIscRNA-seq reveals progressive transition from effector to memory in CD4+ T cells.nC_LIO_LITranscriptome dynamics suggest linear not branching models for memory development.nC_LIO_LIA subset of genes associates with gradual onset of CD4+ T cell memory.nC_LIO_LITh1/Tfh predisposition varies among clonotypes with identical antigen-specificity.nC_LIO_LIscATAC-seq uncovers non-coding "memory" elements in the genome.nC_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soon, M. S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laohamonthonkul, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pernold, C. P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haldar, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lansink, L. I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koufariotis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lakis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lönnberg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Svensson, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teichmann, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/675967</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptome Dynamics Reveals Progressive Transition from Effector to Memory in CD4+ T cells.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/677153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A growing number of studies have examined alterations in white matter organization in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using diffusion MRI (dMRI), but the results have been mixed, which may be partially due to relatively small sample sizes among studies. Altered structural connectivity may be both a neurobiological vulnerability for, and a result of, PTSD. In an effort to find reliable effects, we present a multi-cohort analysis of dMRI metrics across 3,049 individuals from 28 cohorts currently participating in the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD working group (a joint partnership between the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis consortium). Comparing regional white matter metrics across the full brain in 1,446 individuals with PTSD and 1,603 controls (2152 males/897 females) between ages 18-83, 92% of whom were trauma-exposed, we report associations between PTSD and disrupted white matter organization measured by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the tapetum region of the corpus callosum (Cohens d=-0.12, p=0.0021). The tapetum connects the left and right hippocampus, structures for which structure and function have been consistently implicated in PTSD. Results remained significant/similar after accounting for the effects of multiple potentially confounding variables: childhood trauma exposure, comorbid depression, history of traumatic brain injury, current alcohol abuse or dependence, and current use of psychotropic medications. Our results show that PTSD may be associated with alterations in the broader hippocampal network.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke-Rubright, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cha, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koerte, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koopowitz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korgaonkar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krystal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magnotta, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menefee, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/677153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Altered White Matter Microstructural Organization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder across 3,049 Adults: Results from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Consortium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683367v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Common genetic variation indicates separate etiologies for periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/683367v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of two ischemic white matter disease subtypes in the brain, periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities (PVWMH and DWMH). In 26,654 participants, we found 10 independent genome-wide significant loci only associated with PVWMH, four of which have not been described previously for total WMH burden (16q24.2, 17q21.31, 10q23.1, 7q36.1). Additionally, in both PVWMH and DWMH we observed the previous association of the 17q25.1 locus with total WMH. We found that both phenotypes have shared but also distinct genetic architectures, consistent with both different underlying and related pathophysiology. PVWMH had more extensive genetic overlap with small vessel ischemic stroke, and unique associations with several loci implicated in ischemic stroke. DWMH were characterized by associations with loci previously implicated in vascular as well as astrocytic and neuronal function. Our study confirms the utility of these phenotypes and identifies new candidate genes associated only with PVWMH.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Armstrong, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mather, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sargurupremraj, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knol, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malik, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satizabal, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yanek, L. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudnason, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dueker, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elliott, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofer, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Logue, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trompet, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vojinovic, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xia, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfaro-Almagro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ames, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amouyel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beiser, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deary, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennema-Notestine, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gampawar, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottesman, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffanti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkinson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kral, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kwok, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lampe, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liewald, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maillard, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marchini, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazoyer</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/683367</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Common genetic variation indicates separate etiologies for periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688317v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neurophysiological changes associated with combined transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive emotional training for treatment-resistant depression 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688317v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a form of non-invasive brain stimulation, is a promising treatment for depression. Recent research suggests that tDCS efficacy can be augmented using concurrent cognitive emotional training (CET). However, the neurophysiological changes associated with this combined intervention remain to be elucidated. We therefore examined the effects of tDCS combined with CET using electroencephalography (EEG). A total of 20 participants with treatment resistant depression took part in this open-label study and received 18 sessions over 6 weeks of tDCS and concurrent CET. Resting-state and task-related EEG during a 3-back working memory task were aquired at baseline and immediately following the treatment course. Results showed an improvement in mood and working memory accuracy, but not response time, following the intervention. We did not find significant effects of the intervention on resting-state power spectral density (frontal theta and alpha asymmetry), time-frequency power (alpha event-related desynchronization and theta event-related synchronisation), or event-related potentials (P2 and P3 components). We therefore identified little evidence of neurophysiological changes associated with treatment using tDCS and concurrent CET, despite significant improvements in mood and near transfer effects of cognitive training to working memory accuracy. Further research incorporating a sham controlled group may be necessary to identify the neurophysiological effects of the intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nikolin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iacoviello, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boonstra, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688317</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neurophysiological changes associated with combined transcranial direct current stimulation and cognitive emotional training for treatment-resistant depression]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the absence of reliable data on the burden of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in high endemic countries, we established a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance program in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh to estimate the burden of HEV infection among hospitalized acute jaundice patients aged [&ge;]14 years, identify seasonal and geographic patterns in the prevalence of hepatitis E, and examine factors associated with death.nnWe collected blood specimens from enrolled acute jaundice patients, defined as new onset of either yellow eyes or skin during the past three months of hospital admission, and tested for immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against HEV, HBV and HAV. The enrolled patients were followed up three months after hospital discharge to assess their survival status; pregnant women were followed up three months after their delivery to assess pregnancy outcomes.nnFrom December2014 to September2017, 1925 patients with acute jaundice were enrolled; 661 (34%) had acute hepatitis E, 48 (8%) had hepatitis A, and 293 (15%) had acute hepatitis B infection. Case fatality among hepatitis E patients was 5% (28/589). Most of the hepatitis E cases were males (74%; 486/661), but case fatality was higher among females--12% (8/68) among pregnant and 8% (7/91) among non-pregnant women. Half of the patients who died with acute hepatitis E had co-infection with HAV or HBV. Of the 62 HEV infected mothers who were alive until the delivery, 9 (15%) had miscarriage/stillbirth, and of those children who were born alive, 19% (10/53) died, all within one week of birth.nnThis study confirms that hepatitis E is the leading cause of acute jaundice, leads to hospitalizations in all regions in Bangladesh, occurs throughout the year, and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Effective control measures should be taken to reduce the risk of HEV infections including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of HEV vaccine to high-risk groups.nnAuthor summaryIn the absence of reliable surveillance data on the burden of hepatitis E in endemic countries, we conducted a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance study over a two and a half year period in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. The study confirms that HEV infections occur throughout the year, and is a major (34%) cause of acute jaundice in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. Three-quarters of the acute hepatitis E cases were male, and HEV infection was higher among patients residing in urban areas than patients in rural areas (41% vs 32%). The overall case fatality rate of acute HEV infections in hospitals was 5%, but was higher among pregnant women (12%). Hepatitis E patients who died were more likely to have co-infection with HAV or HBV than the HEV infected patients who did not die. Fifteen percent of HEV infected mothers had miscarriage/stillbirth. Of the children who were born alive, 19% died, all within one week of birth. Considering the high burden of hepatitis E among hospitalized acute jaundice patients, Bangladesh could take control measures to reduce this risk including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of hepatitis E vaccine in high-risk areas.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazneen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banik, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumon, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, K. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akram, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uzzaman, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tejada-Strop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamili, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luby, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gidding, H. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurley, E. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/688721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689059v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Drone-based effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Okavango Delta in Botswana 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/689059v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately estimating hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) numbers is difficult due to their aggressive nature, amphibious lifestyle, and habit of diving and surfacing. Traditionally, hippos are counted using aerial surveys and land/boat surveys. We compared estimates of numbers of hippos in a lagoon in the Okavango Delta, counted from land and video taken from a DJI Phantom 4 drone, testing for effectiveness at three heights (40 m, 80 m, and 120 m) and four times of day (early morning, late morning, early afternoon, and late afternoon). In addition, we determined effectiveness for differentiating age classes (juvenile, subadult, and adult), based on visual assessment and measurements from drone images, at different times and heights. Estimates in the pool averaged 9.18 ({+/-} 0.25SE, range 1 - 14, n = 112 counts). Drone counts at 40 m produced the highest counts of hippos, 10.6% higher than land counts and drone counts at 80 m, and 17.6% higher than drone counts at 120 m. Fewer hippos were counted in the early morning, when the hippos were active and most likely submerged, compared to all other times of day, when they tended to rest in shallow water with their bodies exposed. We were able to assign age classes to similar numbers of hippos from land counts and counts at 40 m, although land counts were better at identifying juveniles and subadults. Early morning was the least effective time to age hippos given their active behaviour, increasingly problematic with increasing height. Use of a relatively low-cost drone provided a rigorous and repeatable method for estimating numbers and ages of hippos, but not in the early morning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Inman, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsford, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leggett, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chase, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/689059</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Drone-based effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Okavango Delta in Botswana]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696898v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/696898v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth1,2,3,4,5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration6. While evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2 fertilization effect on biomass growth3,4,5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands7,8,9,10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving an open question about the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO24, 5, 7,8,9,10,11. Here, using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responds to four years of eCO2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO2 treatment of ambient +150 ppm (+38%) induced a 12% (+247 gCm-2yr-1) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone contributing [~]50% of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on CO2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in standing forests and afforestation projects.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jiang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlyn, B. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drake, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duursma, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, I. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, C. V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carrillo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castaneda-Gomez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crous, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Kauwe, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Emmerson, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Facey, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherlenda, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gimeno, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hasegawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macdonald, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nazaries, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, U. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noh, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochoa-Hueso, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pathare, V. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pendall, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pineiro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Power, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reich, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renchon, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riegler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rymer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjoelker, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J. K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wujeska-Klause, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/696898</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699546v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SiZer Map to investigate significant features of body-weight profile changes in HIV infected patients in the IeDEA Collaboration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699546v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectivesWe extend the method of Significant Zero Crossings of Derivatives (SiZer) to address within-subject correlations of repeatedly collected longitudinal biomarker data and the computational aspects of the methodology when analyzing massive biomarker databases. SiZer is a powerful visualization tool for exploring structures in curves by mapping areas where the first derivative is increasing, decreasing or does not change (plateau) thus exploring changes and normalization of biomarkers in the presence of therapy.nnMethodsWe propose a penalized spline SiZer (PS-SiZer) which can be expressed as a linear mixed model of the longitudinal biomarker process to account for irregularly collected data and within-subject correlations. Through simulations we show how sensitive PS-SiZer is in detecting existing features in longitudinal data versus existing versions of SiZer. In a real-world data analysis PS-SiZer maps are used to map areas where the first derivative of weight change after antiretroviral therapy (ART) start is significantly increasing, decreasing or does not change, thus exploring the durability of weight increase after the start of therapy. We use weight data repeatedly collected from persons living with HIV initiating ART in five regions in the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) worldwide collaboration and compare the durability of weight gain between ART regimens containing and not containing the drug stavudine (d4T), which has been associated with shorter durability of weight gain.nnResultsThrough simulations we show that the PS-SiZer is more accurate in detecting relevant features in longitudinal data than existing SiZer variants such as the local linear smoother (LL) SiZer and the SiZer with smoothing splines (SS-SiZer). In the illustration we include data from 185,010 persons living with HIV who started ART with a d4T (53.1%) versus non-d4T (46.9%) containing regimen. The largest difference in durability of weight gain identified by the SiZer maps was observed in Southern Africa where weight gain in patients treated with d4T-containing regimens lasted 52.4 weeks compared to 94.4 weeks for those with non-d4T-containing regimens. In the other regions, persons receiving d4T-containing regimens experienced weight gains lasting 51-61 weeks versus 59-77 weeks in those receiving non-d4T-based regimens.nnDiscussionPS-SiZer, a SiZer variant, can handle irregularly collected longitudinal data and within-subject correlations and is sensitive in detecting even subtle features in biomarker curves.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Harezlak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wools-Kaloustian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarwat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balestre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schomaker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiertiburanakul, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huis in t Veld, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musick, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yiannoutsos, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate A,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699546</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SiZer Map to investigate significant features of body-weight profile changes in HIV infected patients in the IeDEA Collaboration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional harmonics reveal multi-dimensional basis functions underlying cortical organization 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/699678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The human brain consists of functionally specialized areas, which flexibly interact and integrate forming a multitude of complex functional networks. However, the nature and governing principles of these specialized areas remain controversial: a distinct modular architecture versus a smooth continuum across the whole cortex. Here, we demonstrate a candidate governing principle ubiquitous in nature, that resolves this controversy for the brain at rest, during perception, cognition and action: functional harmonic modes. We calculated the harmonic modes of the brains functional connectivity, called "functional harmonics", from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in resting state of 812 participants. Each functional harmonic provides an elementary pattern of brain activity with a different spatial frequency. The set of all functional harmonics - ordered according to their spatial frequencies - can reconstruct any pattern of brain activity. The activity patterns elicited by 7 different tasks from the Human Connectome Project can be reconstructed from a very small subset of functional harmonics, suggesting a novel relationship between task and resting state brain activity. Further, the isolines of the continuous functional harmonic patterns delineate the borders of specialized cortical areas as well as somatotopic and retinotopic organization. Our results demonstrate a candidate scalable governing principle for functional brain organization, resolving the controversy between modular versus gradiental views, and demonstrate that a universal principle in nature also underlies human brain cortical organization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Glomb, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kringelbach, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deco, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hagmann, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atasoy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/699678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional harmonics reveal multi-dimensional basis functions underlying cortical organization]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Resolving genetic linkage reveals patterns of selection in HIV-1 evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/711861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying the genetic drivers of adaptation is a necessary step in understanding the dynamics of rapidly evolving pathogens and cancer. However, signals of selection are obscured by the complex, stochastic nature of evolution. Pervasive effects of genetic linkage, including genetic hitchhiking and clonal interference between beneficial mutants, challenge our ability to distinguish the selective effect of individual mutations. Here we describe a method to infer selection from genetic time series data that systematically resolves the confounding effects of genetic linkage. We applied our method to investigate patterns of selection in intrahost human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 evolution, including a case in an individual who develops broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Most variants that arise are observed to have negligible effects on inferred selection at other sites, but a small minority of highly influential variants have strong and far-reaching effects. In particular, we found that accounting for linkage is crucial for estimating selection due to clonal interference between escape mutants and other variants that sweep rapidly through the population. We observed only modest selection for antibody escape, in contrast with strong selection for escape from CD8+ T cell responses. Weak selection for escape from antibody responses may facilitate bnAb development by diversifying the viral population. Our results provide a quantitative description of the evolution of HIV-1 in response to host immunity, including selection on the viral population that accompanies bnAb development. More broadly, our analysis argues for the importance of resolving linkage effects in studies of natural selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sohail, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, R. H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/711861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Resolving genetic linkage reveals patterns of selection in HIV-1 evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717314v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic Influences on Self-Reported Childhood Maltreatment 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/717314v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Childhood maltreatment is highly prevalent and serves as a risk factor for mental and physical disorders. Self-reported childhood maltreatment appears heritable, but the specific genetic influences on this phenotype are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to 1) identify genetic variation associated with reported childhood maltreatment, 2) calculate the relevant SNP-based heritability estimates, and 3) quantify the genetic overlap of reported childhood maltreatment with mental and physical health-related phenotypes. Genome-wide association analysis for childhood maltreatment was undertaken, using a discovery sample from the UK Biobank (UKBB) (n=124,000) and a replication sample from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-posttraumatic stress disorder working group (PGC-PTSD) (n=26,290). Heritability estimations for childhood maltreatment and genetic correlations with mental/physical health traits were calculated using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSR). Two genome-wide significant loci associated with childhood maltreatment, located on chromosomes 3p13 (rs142346759, beta=0.015, p=4.35x10-8, FOXP1) and 7q31.1 (rs10262462, beta=-0.016, p=3.24x10-8, FOXP2), were identified in the discovery dataset but were not replicated in the PGC-PTSD sample. SNP-based heritability for childhood maltreatment was estimated to be [~]6%. Childhood maltreatment was most significantly genetically correlated with depressive symptoms (rg=0.70, p=4.65x10-40). This is the first large-scale genetic study to identify specific variants associated with self-reported childhood maltreatment. FOXP genes could influence traits such as depression and thereby be relevant to childhood maltreatment. Alternatively, these variants may be associated with a greater likelihood of reporting maltreatment. A clearer understanding of the genetic relationships of childhood maltreatment, including particular abuse subtypes, with various psychiatric disorders, may ultimately be useful in in developing targeted treatment and prevention strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dalvie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maihofer, A. X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradley, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brick, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duncan, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guffanti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harnal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nugent, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provost, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amstadter, A. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austin, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolger, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calabrese, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delahanty, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrer, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feeny, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flory, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forbes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galea, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gautam, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gelernter, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammamieh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jett, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Junglen, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaufman, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kessler, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kranzler, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebois, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marmar, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavissakalian, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFarlane, A</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-07-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/717314</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic Influences on Self-Reported Childhood Maltreatment]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-07-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724583v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Smaller limbic structures are associated with greater immunosuppression in over 1000 HIV-infected adults across five continents: Findings from the ENIGMA-HIV Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/724583v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection can be controlled with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), but neurocognitive impairment remains common even in chronic and treated HIV-infected (HIV+) cohorts. Identifying the neuroanatomical pathways associated with infection has the potential to delineate novel neuropathological processes underlying persisting deficits, yet individual neuroimaging studies have yielded inconsistent findings. The ENIGMA-HIV Working Group was established to harmonize data from diverse studies to identify the common effects of HIV-infection on brain structure.nnMethodsData were pooled from 12 independent neuroHIV studies from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Volume estimates for eight subcortical brain regions were extracted from T1-weighted MRI from 1,044 HIV+ adults (aged 22-81 years; 72.4% on cART; 70.3% male; 41.6% with detectable viral load (dVL)), to identify associations with plasma markers reflecting current immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count) or dVL. Follow-up analyses stratified data by cART status and sex. Bonferroni correction was used to determine statistical significance.nnFindingsLower current CD4+ count was associated with smaller hippocampal ({beta} = 20.3 mm3 per 100 cells/mm3; p = 0.0001) and thalamic volumes ({beta} = 29.3; p = 0.003); in the subset of participants not on cART, it was associated with smaller putamen volumes ({beta} = 65.1; p = 0.0009). On average, a dVL was associated with smaller hippocampal (Cohens d = 0.24; p = 0.0003) and amygdala volumes (d = 0.18; p = 0.0058).nnInterpretationIn HIV+ individuals across five continents, smaller limbic volumes were consistently associated with current plasma markers. As we assessed cohorts with different inclusion/exclusion criteria and demographic distributions, these deficits may represent a generalizable brain-signature of HIV infection in the cART era. Our findings support the importance of achieving viral suppression and immune restoration for maintaining brain health.nnFundingThis work was supported, in part, by NIH grant U54 EB020403.nnResearch in ContextO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSHIV type-1 infection can be managed with antiretroviral therapy, however neurocognitive impairment persists even in treated HIV+ individuals. Given the challenges associated with standardized cognitive testing, there is a need to identify quantitative markers of central nervous system impairment. A number of neuroimaging studies have reported brain abnormalities in HIV-infected patients; however, prior studies investigating associations between CD4+ T-cell count or HIV viral load and subcortical brain volume report variable effect sizes and regional distributions of effects, limiting the generalizability of the conclusions drawn to date. We have conducted a literature search for reports in English language journals published until June 2019, using the following search terms: HIV AND subcortical AND neuroimaging AND brain AND viral load AND RNA AND CD4. After removing studies that were not applicable, there were 30 studies investigating CD4+ T-cell count and viral load associations with subcortical brain structure.nnAdded value of the studyThe aim of the current study was to investigate structural brain associations with two biomarkers universally used to monitor immune function and treatment response, namely plasma RNA viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts. Prior analyses have been performed in smaller, heterogeneous cohorts, but by combining data across cohorts, we can identify consistent associations between brain volume and indicators of HIV infection across cohorts. The ENIGMA-HIV Working Group was established to identify common neurobiological signatures of the HIV-infected brain by harmonizing data analysis from HIV neuroimaging studies worldwide. The value of this dataset is that it is well-powered and representative of many HIV+ people living in the cART era.nnImplications of all the available evidenceOur results provide robust evidence that despite demographic and clinical heterogeneity among HIV-infected individuals, brain abnormalities are consistently linked to HIV viral load and immunosuppression. This supports the importance of achieving viral suppression and immune system restoration in maintaining brain health in people living with HIV. The vulnerability of limbic regions, found in this study, extends beyond the classically implicated regions of the basal ganglia; this suggests that these regions remain an important target of cART era HIV research, especially given their heightened vulnerability to age-associated atrophy and neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nir, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fouche, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananworanich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ances, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boban, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brew, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaganti, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cysique, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ernst, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faskowitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harezlak, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heaps-Woodruff, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinkin, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoare, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joska, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallianpur, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuhn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebrun-Frenay, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondot, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakamoto, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Navia, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennec, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porges, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shikuma, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thames, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valcour, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vassallo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woods, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/724583</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Smaller limbic structures are associated with greater immunosuppression in over 1000 HIV-infected adults across five continents: Findings from the ENIGMA-HIV Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726844v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The critical role of mental imagery in human emotion: insights from Aphantasia. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/726844v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
One proposed function of imagery is to make thoughts more emotionally evocative through sensory simulations. Here we report a novel test of this theory utilizing a special population with no visual imagery: Aphantasia. After using multi-method verification of aphantasia, we show that this condition, but not the general population, is associated with a flat-line physiological response to frightening written, but not perceptual scenarios, supporting imagerys critical role in emotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wicken, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keogh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/726844</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The critical role of mental imagery in human emotion: insights from Aphantasia.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728089v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic insights into the Archaea inhabiting an Australian radioactive legacy site 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/728089v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
During the 1960s, small quantities of radioactive materials were co-disposed with chemical waste at the Little Forest Legacy Site (LFLS, Sydney, Australia). The microbial function and population dynamics in a waste trench during a rainfall event have been previously investigated using shotgun metagenomics. This revealed a broad abundance of candidate and potentially undescribed taxa in this iron-rich, radionuclide-contaminated environment.

Here, applying genome-based metagenomic methods, we recovered 37 refined archaeal MAGs ([&ge;]50% completeness, [&le;]10% redundancy) from 10 different major lineages. They were, mainly, included in four DPANN lineages without standing nomenclature (LFWA-I to IV) and Methanoperedenaceae (ANME-2D).

While most of the new DPANN lineages show reduced genomes with limited central metabolism typical of other DPANN, the orders under the LFWA-III lineage,  Ca. Gugararchaeales and  Ca. Anstonellales, may constitute distinct orders with a more comprehensive central metabolism and anabolic capabilities within the Micrarchaeota phylum.

The new Methanoperedens spp. MAGs, together with previously published data, suggests metal ions as the ancestral electron acceptors during the anaerobic oxidation of methane while the respiration of nitrate/nitrite via molybdopterin oxidoreductases would have been a secondary acquisition. The presence of genes for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates in most Methanoperedens also appears to be a widespread characteristic of the genus for carbon accumulation.

We formally propose 22 new candidate taxa based on data analysed in this manuscript, as well as four missing formal taxa definitions and two new candidate species based on extant data. We present evidence of four new DPANN lineages and six non-conspecific Methanoperedens, while exploring their uniqueness, potential role in elemental cycling, and evolutionary history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Campos, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinsela, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bligh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/728089</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic insights into the Archaea inhabiting an Australian radioactive legacy site]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737718v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGRMC1 phosphorylation status and cell plasticity 1: glucose metabolism, mitochondria, and mouse xenograft tumorigenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737718v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) is expressed in many cancer cells, where it is associated with detrimental patient outcomes. It contains phosphorylated tyrosines which evolutionarily preceded deuterostome gastrulation and tissue differentiation mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that manipulating PGRMC1 phosphorylation status in MIA PaCa-2 (MP) cells imposes broad pleiotropic effects. Relative to parental cells over-expressing hemagglutinin-tagged wild-type (WT) PGRMC1-HA, cells expressing a PGRMC1-HA-S57A/S181A double mutant (DM) exhibited reduced levels of proteins involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function, and altered glucose metabolism suggesting modulation of the Warburg effect. This was associated with increased PI3K/Akt activity, altered cell shape, actin cytoskeleton, motility, and mitochondrial properties. An S57A/Y180F/S181A triple mutant (TM) indicated the involvement of Y180 in PI3K/Akt activation. Mutation of Y180F strongly attenuated mouse xenograft tumor growth. An accompanying paper demonstrates altered metabolism, mutation incidence, and epigenetic status in these cells, indicating that PGRMC1 phosphorylation strongly influences cancer biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thejer, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikary, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teakel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Oosterum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seth, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pajic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poh, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaw, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pascovici, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludescher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassano, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coorey, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinder, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hannan, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patrick, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molloy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehm, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neubauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737718</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGRMC1 phosphorylation status and cell plasticity 1: glucose metabolism, mitochondria, and mouse xenograft tumorigenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PGRMC1 phosphorylation status and cell plasticity 2: genomic integrity and CpG methylation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/737783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is often elevated in cancers, and exists in alternative states of phosphorylation. A motif centered on PGRMC1 Y180 was evolutionarily acquired concurrently with the embryological gastrulation organizer that orchestrates vertebrate tissue differentiation. Here, we show that mutagenic manipulation of PGRMC1 phosphorylation alters cell metabolism, genomic stability, and CpG methylation. Each of several mutants elicited distinct patterns of genomic CpG methylation. Mutation of S57A/Y180/S181A led to increased net hypermethylation, reminiscent of embryonic stem cells. Pathways enrichment analysis suggested modulation of processes related to animal cell differentiation status and tissue identity, as well as cell cycle control and ATM/ATR DNA damage repair regulation. We detected different genomic mutation rates in culture. A companion manuscript shows that these cell states dramatically affect protein abundances, cell and mitochondrial morphology, and glycolytic metabolism. We propose that PGRMC1 phosphorylation status modulates cellular plasticity mechanisms relevant to early embryological tissue differentiation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thejer, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adhikary, P. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teakel, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurusinghe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwer, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosnell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jazayeri, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ludescher, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, L.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pawlak, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallace, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pant, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>New, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fehm, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neubauer, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cahill, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/737783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PGRMC1 phosphorylation status and cell plasticity 2: genomic integrity and CpG methylation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/739094v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPTSD and depression commonly co-occur and have been associated with smaller hippocampal volumes compared to healthy and trauma-exposed controls. However, the hippocampus is heterogeneous, with subregions that may be uniquely affected in individuals with PTSD and depression.nnMethodsWe used random effects regressions and a harmonized neuroimaging protocol based on FreeSurfer (v6.0) to identify sub-structural hippocampal markers of current PTSD (C-PTSD), depression, and the interaction of these conditions across 31 cohorts worldwide (N=3,115; Mage=38.9{+/-}13.9 years). Secondary analyses tested these associations by sex and after modeling the simultaneous effects of remitted PTSD, childhood trauma, mild traumatic brain injury, and alcohol use disorder.nnResultsA significant negative main effect of depression (n=800, vs. no depression, n=1456) was observed in the hippocampal tail ({beta}=-0.13) and CA1 ({beta}=-0.09) after adjusting for covariates and multiple testing (adjusted ps (q)=0.028). A main effect of C-PTSD (n=1042 vs. control, n=1359) was not significant, but an interaction between C-PTSD and depression was significant in the CA1 ({beta}=-0.24, q=0.044). Pairwise comparisons revealed significantly smaller CA1 volumes in individuals with C-PTSD+Depression than controls ({beta}=-0.12, q=0.012), C-PTSD-only ({beta}=-0.17, q=0.001), and Depression-only ({beta}=-0.18, q=0.023). Follow-up analyses revealed sex effects in the hippocampal tail of depressed females, and an interaction effect of C-PTSD and depression in the fimbria of males.nnConclusionsCollectively our results suggest that depression is a stronger predictor of hippocampal volumetry than PTSD, particularly in the CA1, and provide compelling evidence of more pronounced hippocampal phenotypes in comorbid PTSD and depression compared to either condition alone.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sämann, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iglesias, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whelan, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruce, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seedat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averill, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baugh, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bomyea, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckle, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>du Plessis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Elman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franz, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonenc, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guenette, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hofmann, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hollifield, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy-Krage, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinzel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/739094</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal subfield volumes are uniquely affected in PTSD and depression: International analysis of 31 cohorts from the PGC-ENIGMA PTSD Working Group]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/741512v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently co-occur. Twin studies reveal shared genetic variance between liabilities to eating disorders and substance use, with the strongest associations between symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN) and problem alcohol use (genetic correlation [rg], twin-based=0.23-0.53). We estimated the genetic correlation between eating disorder and substance use and disorder phenotypes using data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Four eating disorder phenotypes (anorexia nervosa [AN], AN with binge-eating, AN without binge-eating, and a BN factor score), and eight substance-use-related phenotypes (drinks per week, alcohol use disorder [AUD], smoking initiation, current smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, cannabis initiation, and cannabis use disorder) from eight studies were included. Significant genetic correlations were adjusted for variants associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Total sample sizes per phenotype ranged from ~2,400 to ~537,000 individuals. We used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate single nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations between eating disorder and substance-use-related phenotypes. Significant positive genetic associations emerged between AUD and AN (rg=0.18; false discovery rate q=0.0006), cannabis initiation and AN (rg=0.23; q<0.0001), and cannabis initiation and AN with binge-eating (rg=0.27; q=0.0016). Conversely, significant negative genetic correlations were observed between three non-diagnostic smoking phenotypes (smoking initiation, current smoking, and cigarettes per day) and AN without binge-eating (rgs=-0.19 to -0.23; qs<0.04). The genetic correlation between AUD and AN was no longer significant after co-varying for MDD loci. The patterns of association between eating disorder- and substance-use-related phenotypes highlights the potentially complex and substance-specific relationships between these behaviors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Munn-Chernoff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chou, Y.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thornton, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilmaz, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medland, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaspar, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryois, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hinney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leppa, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giusti-Rodriguez, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanscombe, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alredsson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berrettini, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boehm, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boni, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boraska Perica, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buehren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burghardt, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cassina, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cichon, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clementi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cone, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Courtet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Danner, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Zwaan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dedoussis, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Degortes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSocio, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/741512</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shared Genetic Risk between Eating Disorder- and Substance-Use-Related Phenotypes: Evidence from Genome-Wide Association Studies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745000v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of blue-blocking lenses on photostress recovery times for low and high contrast chromatic and achromatic stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/745000v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The selective reduction in visible wavelengths transmitted through commercially available blue-blocking lenses (BBLs) is known to influence the appearance and contrast detection of objects, particularly at low light levels which may impact the human retinal receptor response time to dynamic light changes during phostress events. In the present study, we assessed whether BBLs selectively affect photostress recovery times (PSRTs) in 12 participants for chromatic and achromatic stimuli presented under low and high contrast luminance conditions. Four types of commercially available BBLs were evaluated, and their effects on PSRTs were investigated. Our results showed that PSRTs required to detect high contrast chromatic and achromatic stimuli were unaffected by BBLs when compared to a clear control lens. However, PSRTs were significantly affected by BBLs and were longer when chromatic and achromatic stimuli were of low contrast. In addition, BBLs had the greatest impact on the PSRTs of blue coloured targets, and this was dependent on the spectral transmittance profile. These results indicate that wearing BBLs under low contrast conditions can have serious implications for visual behavior, particularly under low-light levels and in situations in which the observer is directly exposed to bright light sources. For example, during night time driving, the driver might be briefly exposed to bright lights by glancing at the headlights of a passing car. This increases the time required for vision to be restored after bright light exposure, resulting in delayed object detection, and therefore stoppage and reaction times, which might pose a safety risk for a driver.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alzahrani, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuu, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/745000</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of blue-blocking lenses on photostress recovery times for low and high contrast chromatic and achromatic stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Novel Quorum Sensing Activity in East Antarctic Soil Bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/749861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antarctica, being the coldest, driest and windiest continent on Earth, represents the most extreme environment a living organism can thrive in. Under constant exposure to harsh environmental threats, terrestrial Antarctica remains home to a great diversity of microorganisms, indicating that the soil bacteria must have adapted a range of survival strategies that require cell-to-cell communication. Survival strategies include secondary metabolite production, biofilm formation, bioluminescence, symbiosis, conjugation, sporulation and motility, all of which are often regulated by quorum sensing (QS), a type of bacterial communication. Up to now, such mechanisms have not been explored in terrestrial Antarctica. Here, for the first time, LuxI/LuxR-based quorum sensing (QS) activity was delineated in soil bacterial isolates recovered from Adams Flat, in the Vestfold Hills region of East Antarctica. Interestingly, we identified the production of potential homoserine lactones (HSLs) ranging from medium to long chain length in 19 bacterial species using three biosensors, namely Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4, Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Escherichia coli MT102, in conjunction with thin layer chromatography (TLC). The majority of detectable HSLs were from gram-positive microorganisms not previously known to produce HSLs. This discovery further expands our understand of the microbial community capable of this type of communication, as well as providing insights into physiological adaptations of microorganisms that allow them to survive in the harsh Antarctic environment.nnIMPORTANCEQuorum sensing, a type of bacterial communication, is widely known to regulate many processes including those that confer survival advantage. However, little is known about communication by bacteria thriving within Antarctic soils. Employing a combination of bacteria biosensors, analytical techniques, and genome mining, we found a variety of Antarctic soil bacteria speaking a common language, via the LuxI/LuxR-based quorum sensing, thus potentially supporting survival in a mixed microbial community. This is the first report of quorum sensing activity in Antarctic soils and has provided a platform for studying physiological adaptations of microorganisms that allow them to not just survive but thrive in the harsh Antarctic environment.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charlesworth, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benaud, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/749861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Novel Quorum Sensing Activity in East Antarctic Soil Bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GPU Accelerated Adaptive Banded Event Alignment for Rapid Comparative Nanopore Signal Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/756122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing has the potential to revolutionise genomics by realising portable, real-time sequencing applications, including point-of-care diagnostics and in-the-field genotyping. Achieving these applications requires efficient bioinformatic algorithms for the analysis of raw nanopore signal data. For instance, comparing raw nanopore signals to a biological reference sequence is a computationally complex task despite leveraging a dynamic programming algorithm for Adaptive Banded Event Alignment (ABEA)--a commonly used approach to polish sequencing data and identify non-standard nucleotides, such as measuring DNA methylation. Here, we parallelise and optimise an implementation of the ABEA algorithm (termed f5c) to efficiently run on heterogeneous CPU-GPU architectures. By optimising memory, compute and load balancing between CPU and GPU, we demonstrate how f5c can perform ~3-5x faster than the original implementation of ABEA in the Nanopolish software package. We also show that f5c enables DNA methylation detection on-the-fly using an embedded System on Chip (SoC) equipped with GPUs. Our work not only demonstrates that complex genomics analyses can be performed on lightweight computing systems, but also benefits High-Performance Computing (HPC). The associated source code for f5c along with GPU optimised ABEA is available at https://github.com/hasindu2008/f5c.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lam, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilaka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/756122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GPU Accelerated Adaptive Banded Event Alignment for Rapid Comparative Nanopore Signal Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770222v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cross-disorder GWAS meta-analysis for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Tourette Syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/770222v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Tourette Syndrome (TS) are among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. High comorbidity rates across these four disorders point toward a common etiological thread that could be connecting them across the repetitive behaviors-impulsivity-compulsivity continuum. Aiming to uncover the shared genetic basis across ADHD, ASD, OCD, and TS, we undertake a systematic cross-disorder meta-analysis, integrating summary statistics from all currently available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for these disorders, as made available by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH). We present analysis of a combined dataset of 93,294 individuals, across 6,788,510 markers and investigate associations on the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene and pathway levels across all four disorders but also pairwise. In the ADHD-ASD-OCD-TS cross disorder GWAS meta-analysis, we uncover in total 297 genomewide significant variants from six LD (linkage disequilibrium) -independent genomic risk regions. Out of these genomewide significant association results, 199 SNPs, that map onto four genomic regions, show high posterior probability for association with at least three of the studied disorders (m-value>0.9). Gene-based GWAS meta-analysis across ADHD, ASD, OCD, and TS identified 21 genes significantly associated under Bonferroni correction. Out of those, 15 could not be identified as significantly associated based on the individual disorder GWAS dataset, indicating increased power in the cross-disorder comparisons. Cross-disorder tissue-specificity analysis implicates the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (stress response) as possibly underlying shared pathophysiology across ADHD, ASD, OCD, and TS. Our work highlights genetic variants and genes that may contribute to overlapping neurobiology across the four studied disorders and highlights the value of re-defining the framework for the study across this spectrum of highly comorbid disorders, by using transdiagnostic approaches.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsetsos, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalsgaard, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haavik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barta, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zayats, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eapen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wray, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devlin, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neale, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borglum, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crowley, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scharf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathews, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faraone, S. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattheisen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smoller, J. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paschou, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/770222</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cross-disorder GWAS meta-analysis for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Tourette Syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780346v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
D1 and D2 systems converge in the striatum to update goal-directed learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/780346v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extinction learning allows animals to withhold voluntary actions that are no longer related to reward and so provides a major source of behavioral control. Although such learning is thought to depend on dopamine signals in the striatum, the way the circuits mediating goal-directed control are reorganized during new learning remains unknown. Here, by mapping a dopamine-dependent transcriptional activation marker in large ensembles of striatal projection neurons (SPNs) expressing dopamine receptor type 1 (D1-SPNs) or 2 (D2-SPNs) in mice, we demonstrate an extensive and dynamic D2- to D1-SPN trans-modulation across the dorsal striatum that is necessary for updating previous goal-directed learning. Our findings suggest that D2-SPNs suppress the influence of outdated D1-SPN plasticity within functionally relevant striatal territories to reshape volitional action.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Matamales, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGovern, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mi, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzone, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertran-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/780346</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[D1 and D2 systems converge in the striatum to update goal-directed learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783308v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Goal-directed action transiently depends on action space 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/783308v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rats use spatiotemporal features of the environment to navigate to a goal, but whether representations of  action space are necessary for non-navigational goal-directed actions is unknown. We addressed this question by assessing goal-directed action control across contexts and under hippocampal inactivation and found that such actions do indeed rely on a representation of action space but only immediately after initial acquisition.nnOne Sentence SummaryGoal-directed actions depend on a hippocampal representation of action space immediately after initial encoding but not after a delay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-09-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/783308</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Goal-directed action transiently depends on action space]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-09-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA Break-Induced Epigenetic Drift as a Cause of Mammalian Aging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There are numerous hallmarks of aging in mammals, but no unifying cause has been identified. In budding yeast, aging is associated with a loss of epigenetic information that occurs in response to genome instability, particularly DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mammals also undergo predictable epigenetic changes with age, including alterations to DNA methylation patterns that serve as epigenetic "age" clocks, but what drives these changes is not known. Using a transgenic mouse system called "ICE" (for inducible changes to the epigenome), we show that a tissues response to non-mutagenic DSBs reorganizes the epigenome and accelerates physiological, cognitive, and molecular changes normally seen in older mice, including advancement of the epigenetic clock. These findings implicate DSB-induced epigenetic drift as a conserved cause of aging from yeast to mammals.nnOne Sentence SummaryDNA breaks induce epigenomic changes that accelerate the aging clock in mammals
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hayano, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonkowski, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coppotelli, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chew, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vera, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salfati, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thakur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kane, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohri, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nishimura, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaevitz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balta, A.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rego, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gregory-Ksander, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jakobs, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wakimoto, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mostoslavsky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wagers, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsubota, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonasera, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmeira, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seidman, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolf, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreiling, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sedivy, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, G. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberdoerffer, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksander, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajman, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA Break-Induced Epigenetic Drift as a Cause of Mammalian Aging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808873v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Punishment insensitivity emerges from impaired contingency detection, not aversion insensitivity or reward dominance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/808873v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Our behaviour is shaped by its consequences - we seek rewards and avoid harm. It has been reported that individuals vary markedly in their avoidance of detrimental consequences, i.e. in their sensitivity to punishment. The underpinnings of this variability are poorly understood; they may be driven by differences in aversion sensitivity, motivation for reward, and/or instrumental control. We examined these hypotheses by applying several analysis strategies to the behaviour of rats (n = 48; 18 female) trained in a task permitting concurrent assessment of punishment, reward-seeking, and Pavlovian fear. We show that punishment insensitivity is a unique phenotype, unrelated to differences in reward-seeking and Pavlovian fear, and due to a failure of instrumental control. Subjects insensitive to punishment are afraid of aversive events, they are simply unable to change their behaviour to avoid them.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/808873</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Punishment insensitivity emerges from impaired contingency detection, not aversion insensitivity or reward dominance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820928v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
northstar: leveraging cell atlases to identify healthy and neoplastic cells in transcriptomes from human tumors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/820928v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identificationl remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on human glioblastoma and melanoma and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berghuis, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicolis di Robilant, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nong, R. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clarke, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quake, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/820928</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[northstar: leveraging cell atlases to identify healthy and neoplastic cells in transcriptomes from human tumors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821579v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting Australian Ectocarpus subulatus (Phaeophyceae) from the Hopkins River: distribution, abiotic environment, and associated microbiota 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/821579v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ectocarpus is a genus of common marine brown algae. In 1995 a strain of Ectocarpus was isolated from Hopkins River Falls, Victoria, Australia, constituting one of few available freshwater or nearly freshwater brown algae, and the only one belonging to Ectocarpus. It has since been used as a model to study acclimation and adaptation to low salinities and the role of its microbiota in these processes. However, little is known about the distribution of this strain or whether it represents a stable population. Furthermore, its microbiota may have been impacted by the long period of cultivation.nnTwenty-two years after the original finding we searched for Ectocarpus in the Hopkins River and surrounding areas. We found individuals with ITS and cox1 sequences identical to the original isolate at three sites upstream of Hopkins River Falls, but none at the original isolation site. The osmolarity of the water at these sites ranged from 74-170 mOsmol, and it was rich in sulfate. The diversity of bacteria associated with the algae in situ was approximately one order of magnitude higher than in previous studies of the original laboratory culture, and 95 alga-associated bacterial strains were isolated from E. subulatus filaments on site. In particular, Planctomycetes were abundant in situ but rare in the laboratory-cultured strain.nnOur results confirm that E. subulatus has stably colonized the Hopkins River, and the newly isolated algal and bacterial strains offer new possibilities to study the adaptation of Ectocarpus to low salinity and its interactions with its microbiome.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dittami, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>West, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cariou, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KleinJan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgunter-Delamare, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prechoux, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-10-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/821579</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting Australian Ectocarpus subulatus (Phaeophyceae) from the Hopkins River: distribution, abiotic environment, and associated microbiota]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-10-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/830968v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrative analyses of the RNA modification machinery reveal tissue- and cancer-specific signatures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/830968v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRNA modifications play central roles in cellular fate and differentiation. These features have placed the epitranscriptome in the forefront of developmental biology and cancer research. However, the machinery responsible for placing, removing and recognizing more than 170 RNA modifications remains largely uncharacterized and poorly annotated, and we currently lack integrative studies that identify which RNA modification-related proteins (RMPs) may be dysregulated in each cancer type.

ResultsHere we have performed a comprehensive annotation and evolutionary analysis of human RMPs as well as an integrative analysis of their expression patterns across 32 tissues, 10 species and 13,358 paired tumor-normal human samples. Our analysis reveals an unanticipated heterogeneity of RMP expression patterns across mammalian tissues, with a vast proportion of duplicated enzymes displaying testis-specific expression, suggesting a key role for RNA modifications in sperm formation and possibly intergenerational inheritance. Moreover, through the analysis of paired tumor-normal human samples we uncover many RMPs that are dysregulated in various types of cancer, and whose expression levels are predictive of cancer progression. Surprisingly, we find that several commonly studied RNA modification enzymes such as METTL3 or FTO, are not significantly up-regulated in most cancer types, once the sample is properly scaled and normalized to the full dataset, whereas several less-characterized RMPs, such as LAGE3 and HENMT1, are dysregulated in many cancers.

ConclusionsOur analyses reveal an unanticipated heterogeneity in the expression patterns of RMPs across mammalian tissues, and uncover a large proportion of dysregulated RMPs in multiple cancer types. We provide novel targets for future cancer research studies targeting the human epitranscriptome, as well as foundations to understand cell type-specific behaviours that are orchestrated by RNA modifications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/830968</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrative analyses of the RNA modification machinery reveal tissue- and cancer-specific signatures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831149v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cavin1 intrinsically disordered domains are essential for fuzzy electrostatic interactions and caveola formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/831149v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Caveolae are spherically shaped nanodomains of the plasma membrane, generated by cooperative assembly of caveolin and cavin proteins. Cavins are cytosolic peripheral membrane proteins with negatively charged intrinsically disordered regions (DR1-3) that flank positively charged -helical regions (HR1 and HR2). Here we show that the three DR domains of Cavin1 are essential for caveola formation and dynamic trafficking of caveolae. Electrostatic interactions between DR and HR regions promote liquid-liquid phase separation behaviour of Cavin1 in vitro, assembly of Cavin1 oligomers in solution, generation of membrane curvature, association with caveolin-1 (CAV1), and Cavin1 recruitment to caveolae in cells. Removal of the first disordered region causes irreversible gel formation in vitro and results in aberrant caveola trafficking through the endosomal system. We propose a model for caveola assembly whereby fuzzy electrostatic interactions between Cavin1 and CAV1 proteins, combined with membrane lipid interactions, are required to generate membrane curvature and a metastable caveola coat.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tillu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Floetenmeyer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McMahon, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/831149</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cavin1 intrinsically disordered domains are essential for fuzzy electrostatic interactions and caveola formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840751v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of somatic structural variants from short-read next-generation sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/840751v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Somatic structural variants (SVs) play a significant role in cancer development and evolution, but are notoriously more difficult to detect than small variants from short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. This is due to a combination of challenges attributed to the purity of tumour samples, tumour heterogeneity, limitations of short-read information from NGS, and sequence alignment ambiguities. In spite of active development of SV detection tools (callers) over the past few years, each method has inherent advantages and limitations. In this review, we highlight some of the important factors affecting somatic SV detection and compared the performance of eight commonly used SV callers. In particular, we focus on the extent of change in sensitivity and precision for detecting different SV types and size ranges from samples with differing variant allele frequencies and sequencing depths of coverage. We highlight the reasons for why some SV callers perform well in some settings but not others, allowing our evaluation findings to be extended beyond the eight SV callers examined in this paper. As the importance of large structural variants become increasingly recognised in cancer genomics, this paper provides a timely review on some of the most impactful factors influencing somatic SV detection and guidance on selecting an appropriate SV caller.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayes, V. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/840751</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of somatic structural variants from short-read next-generation sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844662v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Defined microbiota transplant restores Th17/RORtγ+ regulatory T cell balance in mice colonized with inflammatory bowel disease microbiotas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/844662v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The building evidence for the contribution of microbiota to human disease has spurred an effort to develop therapies that target the gut microbiota. This is particularly evident in inflammatory bowel diseases, where clinical trials of fecal microbiota transplant have shown some efficacy. To aid the development of novel microbiota-targeted therapies and to better understand the biology underpinning such treatments, we have used gnotobiotic mice to model microbiota manipulations in the context of microbiotas from humans with inflammatory bowel disease. Mice colonized with IBD donor-derived microbiotas exhibit a stereotypical set of phenotypes, characterized by abundant mucosal Th17 cells and a deficit in the tolerogenic ROR{gamma}t+ Treg cell subset. Transplanting healthy donor-derived microbiota into mice colonized with human IBD microbiotas lead to induction of ROR{gamma}t+ Treg cells, which was associated with an increase in the density of the microbiotas following transplant. Microbiota transplant reduced gut Th17 cells in mice colonized with a microbiota from a donor with Crohns disease. By culturing strains from this microbiota and screening them in vivo, we identified a specific strain that potently induces Th17 cells. Microbiota transplants reduced the relative abundance of this strain in the gut microbiota, correlated with a reduction in Th17 cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Britton, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contijoch, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spindler, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongers, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>San Mateo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baltus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gevers, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borody, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakoush, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramsothy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemente, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colombel, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dubinsky, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinspan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/844662</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Defined microbiota transplant restores Th17/RORtγ+ regulatory T cell balance in mice colonized with inflammatory bowel disease microbiotas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/846287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sexual conflict explains diverse patterns of transgenerational plasticity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/846287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) occurs when the environment experienced by parents induces changes in traits of offspring and/or subsequent generations. Such effects can be adaptive or non-adaptive and are increasingly recognised as key determinants of health, cognition, development and performance across a wide range of taxa, including humans. While the conditions that favour maternal TGP are well understood, rapidly accumulating evidence indicates that TGP can be maternal or paternal, and offspring responses can be sex-specific. However, the evolutionary mechanisms that drive this diversity are unknown. We used an individual-based model to investigate the evolution of TGP when the sexes experience different ecologies. We find that adaptive TGP rarely evolves when alleles at loci that determine offspring responses to environmental information originating from the mother and father are subject to sexually antagonistic selection. By contrast, duplication and sex-limitation of such loci can allow for the evolution of a variety of sex-specific responses, including non-adaptive sex-specific TGP when sexual selection is strong. Sexual conflict could therefore help to explain why adaptive TGP evolves in some species but not others, why sons and daughters respond to parental signals in different ways, and why complex patterns of sex-specific TGP may often be non-adaptive.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Burke, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/846287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sexual conflict explains diverse patterns of transgenerational plasticity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851949v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A natural antisense to brain-derived neurotrophic factor impairs extinction of drug seeking 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/851949v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDBrain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critical for the extinction of drug-seeking. Expression of the Bdnf gene is highly regulated via interactions with non-coding RNA, which themselves are altered following drug exposure. Here we investigate whether a novel long non-coding RNA antisense to Bdnf prevents extinction of drug-seeking. METHODS: Strand-specific RNA sequencing identified a novel long non-coding RNA antisense to exon IV of the Bdnf gene in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of 8 adult male rats. We then assessed asBdnf-IV expression using strand-specific reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction following acquisition, extinction or abstinence from intravenous nicotine self-administration (N = 116). A functional role of the asBdnf-IV in extinction of nicotine-seeking was established by infusing gapmer oligonucleotides into the infralimbic cortex prior to extinction and testing for the effect of these infusions on reinstatement and reacquisition of nicotine-seeking (N = 36).

RESULTSRNA sequencing identified the presence of a novel long non-coding RNA antisense to exon IV of the Bdnf gene (asBdnf-IV). Expression of asBdnf-IV was elevated following intravenous nicotine self-administration but not experimenter-administered nicotine. Elevated asBdnf-IV persisted across abstinence and to a greater extent following extinction training, suggesting an interaction between abstinence and extinction learning. In support of this, knockdown of the asBdnf-IV across extinction, but not abstinence, significantly attenuated nicotine-primed reinstatement of nicotine-seeking.

CONCLUSIONSasBdnf-IV accumulates in the infralimbic cortex across self-administration training, interferes with the inhibitory learning that underpins extinction of drug-seeking, and predisposes animals to drug relapse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Youngson, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castino, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stuart, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kershaw, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, K. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, K. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-11-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/851949</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A natural antisense to brain-derived neurotrophic factor impairs extinction of drug seeking]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-11-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/872226v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Geometric regulation of histone state directs melanoma reprogramming 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/872226v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Malignant melanoma displays a high degree of cellular plasticity during disease progression, making classification of the heterogeneous population and selection of an appropriate therapy challenging. Signals in the tumor microenvironment are believed to influence melanoma plasticity through changes in the epigenetic state to guide dynamic differentiation and de-differentiation events that underlie tumorigenicity and dissemination. Here we uncover a relationship between geometric features at perimeter regions of multicellular melanoma aggregates, and reprogramming to a stem cell-like melanoma initiating cell (MIC) through histone marks H3K4Me2 and H3K9Ac. Using an in vitro tumor microengineering approach, we find concurrent expression of molecular MIC markers and spatial enrichment of these histone modifications at perimeter features. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing analysis demonstrates broad regulation of genes associated with SOX-, ETS-, and USF-families. SOX10 and PRDM14, transcriptional regulators with a putative role in several cancers, overlap with H3K9Ac and show elevated expression in cells along regions of perimeter curvature. siRNA knockdown of the epigenetic modifier PRDM14 abolishes the MIC phenotype suggesting a role in regulating melanoma heterogeneity. Our results suggest mechanotransduction at the periphery of melanoma tumors may orchestrate the activity of epigenetic modifiers to regulate histone state, cellular plasticity, and tumorigenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Molley, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seward, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdeen, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2019-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/872226</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Geometric regulation of histone state directs melanoma reprogramming]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2019-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530353v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Melanotransferrin Functions as a Pro-Oncogenic WNT Agonist: A Yin-Yang Relationship in Melanoma with the WNT Antagonist and Metastasis Suppressor, NDRG1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.02.27.530353v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A persistent mystery in the melanoma field has been the function of one of the first melanoma tumor antigens characterized, namely p97 (melanotransferrin; MTf). While MTf expression increases melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and tumorigenesis, the molecular mechanism responsible is unknown. On the other hand, N-myc down-stream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a potent metastasis suppressor and WNT antagonist. Expression of NDRG1 in melanoma cells suggests a role in inhibiting metastasis, with this study investigating MTfs role in oncogenic signaling. We demonstrate MTf acts as a pro-oncogenic WNT agonist, which down-regulates NDRG1, while silencing MTf increases NDRG1 expression. In contrast, silencing NDRG1 increases MTf expression. These observations demonstrate a bidirectional negative feedback loop and "Yin-Yang" relationship between MTf and NDRG1. Mechanistically, MTf was directly associated with the WNT co-receptor, lipoprotein-receptor 6 (LRP6), and increased total LRP6 expression, activated p-LRP6 (Ser1490), {beta}-catenin, and activated {beta}-catenin (Ser552) levels, with MTf expression inducing their nuclear accumulation. Additionally, MTf expression increased downstream WNT targets, namely cyclin D1 and c-Myc, with c-Myc down-regulating NDRG1 expression. Silencing c-Myc prevented the Yin-Yang relationship between NDRG1 and MTf, indicating c-Myc played a key role in their inverse regulation. Melanoma patient specimens demonstrated that a low NDRG1/MTf ratio was significantly (p = 0.008) associated with lower survival and metastasis. Chemotherapeutic agents that up-regulated NDRG1 depressed MTf and nuclear LRP6 and potently inhibited melanoma xenograft growth in vivo. This study demonstrates MTf acts as a WNT agonist, with a Yin-Yang relationship being observed with the WNT antagonist, NDRG1.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Richardson, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paluncic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gholam Azad, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanbe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skoda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bae, D.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scolyer, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afroz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Babu, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmott, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jansson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharmasivam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530353</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Melanotransferrin Functions as a Pro-Oncogenic WNT Agonist: A Yin-Yang Relationship in Melanoma with the WNT Antagonist and Metastasis Suppressor, NDRG1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replisome loading reduces chromatin motion independent of DNA synthesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.07.531331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chromatin has been shown to undergo diffusional motion, which is affected during gene transcription by RNA polymerase activity. However, the relationship between chromatin mobility and other genomic processes remains unclear. Hence, we set out to label the DNA directly in a sequence unbiased manner and followed labeled chromatin dynamics in interphase human cells expressing GFP-tagged PCNA, a cell cycle marker and core component of the DNA replication machinery. We detected decreased chromatin mobility during the S-phase compared to G1 and G2 phases in tumor as well as normal diploid cells using automated particle tracking. To gain insight into the dynamical organization of the genome during DNA replication, we determined labeled chromatin domain sizes and analyzed their motion in replicating cells. By correlating chromatin mobility proximal to the active sites of DNA synthesis, we showed that chromatin motion was locally constrained at the sites of DNA replication. Furthermore, inhibiting DNA synthesis led to increased loading of DNA polymerases. This was accompanied by accumulation of the single-stranded DNA binding protein on the chromatin and activation of DNA helicases further restricting local chromatin motion. We, therefore, propose that it is the loading of replisomes but not their catalytic activity that reduces the dynamics of replicating chromatin segments in the S-phase as well as their accessibility and probability of interactions with other genomic regions.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=76 SRC="FIGDIR/small/531331v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (35K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ed9743org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@65c9d4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a583a7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6681b1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Highlights- Direct and sequence unbiased labeling of DNA genome-wide
- DNA labeled chromatin is more mobile in G1/G2 relative to the S-phase
- Restriction of chromatin motion occurs proximal to sites of DNA replication
- Loading of replisomes, even in the absence of processive DNA synthesis, restricts chromatin motion
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pabba, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chagin, V. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stear, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loerke, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolobynina, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prorok, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmid, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leonhardt, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rohr, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.07.531331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replisome loading reduces chromatin motion independent of DNA synthesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532020v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceramide and Coenzyme Q are linked in a pathway that drives insulin resistance in skeletal muscle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.10.532020v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Insulin resistance (IR) is a complex metabolic disorder that underlies several human diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying IR development remain poorly understood. Here, we provide new insights into the mechanistic connections between cellular alterations associated with IR, including increased ceramides, deficiency of coenzyme Q (CoQ), mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. We demonstrate that elevated levels of ceramide in the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells results in CoQ depletion and loss of mitochondrial respiratory chain components, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and IR. Further, decreasing mitochondrial ceramide levels in vitro and in animal models (under chow and high fat diet) increased CoQ levels and was protective against IR. CoQ supplementation also rescued ceramide-associated IR. Examination of the mitochondrial proteome from human muscle biopsies revealed a strong correlation between the respirasome system and mitochondrial ceramide as key determinants of insulin sensitivity. Our findings highlight the mitochondrial Ceramide-CoQ-respiratory chain nexus as a potential foundation of an IR pathway that may also play a critical role in other conditions associated with ceramide accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, such as heart failure, cancer, and aging. These insights may have important clinical implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IR and related metabolic disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Vegas, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooke, K. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carroll, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khor, J. X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Astore, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Don, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garfield, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zarini, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zemski Berry, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergman, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brozinick, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burchfield, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532020</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceramide and Coenzyme Q are linked in a pathway that drives insulin resistance in skeletal muscle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532400v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates of attentional biases to angry faces in individuals in remission from depression: a population-derived study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.13.532400v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundDepressed individuals show attentional biases in the processing of emotional stimuli, such as negative face expressions. Some of these biases persist in previously depressed individuals, but their mechanisms remain largely unknown.

MethodsA population-derived cohort (n = 134, 68 females; 21 - 92 years) was recruited by Cam-CAN. Functional MRI was acquired during a gender discrimination task, which used angry and neutral faces. Drift diffusion modelling (DDM) was used to investigate the latent components of the decision process, focusing on the effect of emotional valence. DDM parameters were correlated with activity in brain regions.

Results14% of participants reported a history of depression in remission. The best fitting DDM specified a different drift rate for angry and neutral faces. A slower drift rate for angry faces predicted depression in remission (OR 0.092, p = 0.048). This effect persisted after accounting for current depression symptoms and drift rate for neutral faces. Participants with a slower drift rate for angry faces demonstrated increased activations in the bilateral insula, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral parietal cortex when viewing angry relative to neutral faces.

ConclusionsOur results suggest a persistent attentional bias in the processing of angry faces in individuals with depression in remission, over and above their current depressive symptoms. The imaging findings suggest that the slowing is associated with changes in areas involved in emotional regulation and evidence accumulation. Attentional biases in the processing of emotional information may reflect a trait, rather than state, in individuals with depression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nagrodzki, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Passamonti, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stretton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knights, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henson, R. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cam-CAN,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wolpe, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.13.532400</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Behavioral and neuroimaging correlates of attentional biases to angry faces in individuals in remission from depression: a population-derived study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532848v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Movement trajectories as a window into the dynamics of emerging neural representations. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532848v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transforming sensory inputs into meaningful neural representations is critical to adaptive behaviour in everyday environments. While non-invasive neuroimaging methods are the de-facto method for investigating neural representations, they remain expensive, not widely available, time-consuming, and restrictive in terms of the experimental conditions and participant populations they can be used with. Here we show that movement trajectories collected in online behavioural experiments can be used to measure the emergence and dynamics of neural representations with fine temporal resolution. By combining online computer mouse-tracking and publicly available neuroimaging (MEG and fMRI) data via Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA), we show that movement trajectories track the evolution of visual representations over time. We used a time constrained face/object categorization task on a previously published set of images containing human faces, illusory faces and objects to demonstrate that time-resolved representational structures derived from movement trajectories correlate with those derived from MEG, revealing the unfolding of category representations in comparable temporal detail (albeit delayed) to MEG. Furthermore, we show that movement-derived representational structures correlate with those derived from fMRI in most task-relevant brain areas, faces and objects selective areas in this proof of concept. Our results highlight the richness of movement trajectories and the power of the RSA framework to reveal and compare their information content, opening new avenues to better understand human perception.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Koenig-Robert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grootswagers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varlet, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.15.532848</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Movement trajectories as a window into the dynamics of emerging neural representations.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Karyopherin mimicry explains how the HIV capsid penetrates nuclear pores 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.23.534032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphHIV can infect non-dividing cells because the viral capsid can overcome the selective barrier of the nuclear pore complex and deliver the genome directly into the nucleus. Remarkably, the intact HIV capsid is over one thousand times greater than the size-limit prescribed by the nuclear pores diffusion barrier. This barrier is a phase-separated condensate in the central channel of the nuclear pore and is comprised of intrinsically-disordered nucleoporin domains enriched in phenylalanine-glycine (FG) dipeptides. Through multivalent FG-interactions, cellular karyopherins and their bound cargoes solubilise in this phase to drive nucleocytoplasmic transport. By performing an in vitro dissection of the nuclear pore complex, we show that a pocket on the surface of the HIV capsid similarly interacts with FG-motifs from multiple nucleoporins and that this interaction licenses capsids to penetrate nucleoporin condensates. This karyopherin mimicry model resolves a key conceptual challenge for the role of the HIV capsid in nuclear entry, and explains how an exogenous entity much larger than any known cellular cargo can non-destructively breach the nuclear envelope.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dickson, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuckwell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Al-Izzi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Towers, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boecking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.23.534032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Karyopherin mimicry explains how the HIV capsid penetrates nuclear pores]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Learning transcriptional and regulatory dynamics driving cancer cell plasticity using neural ODE-based optimal transport 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.28.534644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
While single-cell technologies provide snapshots of tumor states, building continuous trajectories and uncovering causative gene regulatory networks remains a significant challenge. We present Cflows, an AI framework that combines neural ODE networks with Granger causality to infer continuous cell state transitions and gene regulatory interactions from static scRNA-seq data. In a new 5-time point dataset capturing tumorsphere development over 30 days, Cflows reconstructs two types of trajectories leading to tumorsphere formation or apoptosis. Trajectory-based cell-of-origin analysis delineated a novel cancer stem cell profile characterized by CD44hiEPCAM+CAV1+, and uncovered a cell cycle-dependent enrichment of tumorsphere-initiating potential in G2/M or S-phase cells. Cflows uncovers ESRRA as a crucial causal driver of the tumor-forming gene regulatory network. Indeed, ESRRA inhibition significantly reduces tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Cflows offers a powerful framework for uncovering cellular transitions and dynamic regulatory networks from static single-cell data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tong, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchroo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez San Juan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.28.534644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Learning transcriptional and regulatory dynamics driving cancer cell plasticity using neural ODE-based optimal transport]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534845v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High fat diet allows food-predictive stimuli to energize action performance in the absence of hunger, without distorting insulin signaling on accumbal cholinergic interneurons. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.29.534845v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Obesity can disrupt how food-predictive stimuli control action performance and selection. These two forms of control recruit cholinergic interneurons (CIN) located in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) and shell (NAcS), respectively. Given that obesity is associated with insulin resistance in this region, we examined whether interfering with CIN insulin signaling disrupts how food-predictive stimuli control actions. To interfere with insulin signaling we used a high-fat diet (HFD) or genetic excision of insulin receptor (InsR) from cholinergic cells. HFD left intact the capacity of food-predictive stimuli to energize performance of an action earning food when mice were tested hungry. However, it allowed this energizing effect to persist when the mice were tested sated. This persistence was linked to NAcC CIN activity but was not associated with distorted CIN insulin signaling. Accordingly, InsR excision had no effect on how food-predicting stimuli control action performance. Next, we found that neither HFD nor InsR excision altered the capacity of food-predictive stimuli to guide action selection. Yet, this capacity was associated with changes in NAcS CIN activity. These results indicate that insulin signaling on accumbal CIN does not modulate how food-predictive stimuli control action performance and selection. However, they show that HFD allows food-predictive stimuli to energize performance of an action earning food in the absence of hunger.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gladding, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lingawi, N. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendig, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chieng, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.03.29.534845</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High fat diet allows food-predictive stimuli to energize action performance in the absence of hunger, without distorting insulin signaling on accumbal cholinergic interneurons.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cell Type-Specific Regulation by a Heptad of Transcription Factors in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.18.537282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) rely on a complex interplay of transcription factors (TFs) to regulate differentiation into mature blood cells. A heptad of TFs - FLI1, ERG, GATA2, RUNX1, TAL1, LYL1, LMO2 - bind regulatory elements in bulk CD34+ HSPCs. However, whether specific heptad-TF combinations have distinct roles in regulating hematopoietic differentiation remained unknown. We mapped genome-wide chromatin contacts and TF binding profiles in HSPC subsets (HSC, CMP, GMP, MEP) and found that heptad occupancy and enhancer-promoter interactions varied significantly across cell types and were associated with cell-type-specific gene expression. Distinct regulatory elements were enriched with specific heptad-TF combinations, including stem-cell-specific elements with ERG, and myeloid- and erythroid-specific elements with combinations of FLI1, RUNX1, GATA2, TAL1, LYL1, and LMO2. These findings suggest that specific heptad-TF combinations play critical roles in regulating hematopoietic differentiation and provide a valuable resource for development of targeted therapies to manipulate specific HSPC subsets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoms, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornejo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacquelin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woll, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beck, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curtis, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yehson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antonenas, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trickett, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, I. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gandhi, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottgens, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokny, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, J. W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimanda, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.18.537282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cell Type-Specific Regulation by a Heptad of Transcription Factors in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537759v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Norovirus NS3 protein induces apoptosis through translation repression and dysregulation of BCL-2 pro-survival proteins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.23.537759v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Norovirus infection is characterised by a rapid onset of disease and the development of debilitating symptoms including projectile vomiting and diffuse diarrhoea. Vaccines and antivirals are sorely lacking and developments in these areas are hampered by the lack of an adequate cell culture system to investigate human norovirus replication and pathogenesis. Herein, we describe how the model norovirus, Mouse norovirus (MNV), produces a viral protein, NS3, with the functional capacity to attenuate host protein translation which invokes the activation cell death via apoptosis. We show that this function of NS3 is conserved between human and mouse viruses and map the protein domain attributable to this function. Our study highlights a critical viral protein that mediates crucial activities during replication, potentially identifying NS3 as a worthy target for antiviral drug development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aktepe, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deerain, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fritzlar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hyde, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.23.537759</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Norovirus NS3 protein induces apoptosis through translation repression and dysregulation of BCL-2 pro-survival proteins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538013v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The delayed bloodstream clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites after M5717 treatment is attributable to the inability to modify their red blood cell hosts. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538013v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
M5717 is a promising antimalarial drug under development thatacts against multiple stages of the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites by inhibiting the translation elongation factor 2 (PfeEF2), thereby preventing protein synthesis. The parasite clearance profile after drug treatment in preclinical studies in mice, and clinical trials in humans showed a notable delayed clearance phenotype whereby parasite infected red blood cells (iRBCs) persisted in the bloodstream for a significant period before eventual clearance. In a normal P. falciparum infection iRBCs sequester in the deep circulation by cytoadherence, allowing them to avoid surveillance and clearance in the spleen. In this work we show that M5717 treatment renders iRBCs invisible to normal splenic clearance mechanisms. We found that M5717 blocks parasite modification of their host red blood cells (RBCs) by preventing synthesis of new exported proteins, rather than by directly blocking the export of these proteins into the RBC compartment. Using in vitro models, we demonstrated that M5717 treated ring/trophozoite stage iRBCs became less rigid, and cytoadhered less well compared to untreated iRBCs. This indicates that in vivo persistence of M5717 treated iRBCs in the blood stream is likely due to reduced cytoadherence and splenic clearance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schneider, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Looker, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rebelo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dixon, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oeuvray, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crabb, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCarthy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilson, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538013</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The delayed bloodstream clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites after M5717 treatment is attributable to the inability to modify their red blood cell hosts.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538176v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated expression of Hoxa1 isoforms in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells causes myelodysplastic syndromes. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.24.538176v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The homeobox gene, Hoxa1, has two different isoforms generated by alternative splicing: a full-length homeodomain-containing Hoxa1 (Hoxa1-FL), and a truncated Hoxa1 (Hoxa1-T), that lacks the homeodomain. Oncoretroviral overexpression of wildtype Hoxa1 cDNA (WT-Hoxa1), which generates both Hoxa1 isoforms, in murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) perturbed hematopoiesis, resulting in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in mice. Overexpression of a mutated Hoxa1 cDNA (MUT-Hoxa1) that generates Hoxa1-FL but not Hoxa1-T led to a more severe MDS capable of transforming to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). Similar to human MDS, DNA damage repair pathways were downregulated in Hoxa1-overexpressing hematopoietic progenitor cells. Conditional knock-in mouse models revealed a Hoxa1-FL dosage-dependent effect on MDS disease severity. Our data reveal that increased expression of Hoxa1-FL in HSPCs is sufficient to initiate MDS in mice. CD34+ cells from up to 50% of patients with MDS had elevated HOXA1-FL expression, highlighting the clinical relevance of our mouse models.

Statement of SignificanceOur study demonstrates that Hoxa1 is a key regulator of HSPCs and that increased expression of the transcriptionally active Hoxa1-FL can initiate MDS in mice. Furthermore, HOXA1-FL expression is upregulated in a significant proportion of human MDS patients and likely contributes to the disease in these patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tan, S. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chalk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hendy, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schleibs, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tjin, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugalle, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smeets, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maluenda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rice, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandurkar, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slape, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unnikrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mufti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobiasson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hellstrom-Lindberg, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimanda, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holien, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wall, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.24.538176</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated expression of Hoxa1 isoforms in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells causes myelodysplastic syndromes.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538362v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic epidemiology and multilevel genome typing of Bordetella pertussis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.26.538362v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bordetella pertussis is responsible for the respiratory infectious disease pertussis (or whooping cough), which causes one of the most severe diseases in infants, although it can be prevented by whole cell and acellular vaccines. The recent resurgence of pertussis is partially due to pathogen adaptation to vaccines as well as resistance to antimicrobials. Surveillance of current circulating and emerging strains is therefore vital to understand the risks they pose to public health. Although there is increased genomics based typing, a genomic nomenclature for this pathogen has not been well established. Here, we implemented the Multilevel Genome Typing (MGT) system for B. pertussis with five levels of resolution, which provide targeted typing of relevant lineages as well as discrimination of closely related strains at the finest scale. The low resolution levels can describe the distribution of alleles of major vaccine antigen genes such as ptxP, fim3, fhaB and prn as well as temporal and spatial trends within the B. pertussis global population. Mid-resolution levels enables typing of antibiotic resistant lineages and Prn deficient lineages within the ptxP3 clade. High resolution levels can capture small-scale epidemiology such as local transmission events and has comparable resolution to existing genomic methods of strain relatedness assessment. The scheme offers stable MGT type assignments aiding harmonisation of typing and communication between laboratories. The scheme is available at www.mgtdb.unsw.edu.au/pertussis/ is regularly updated from global data repositories and accepts public data submissions. The MGT scheme provides a comprehensive, robust, and scalable system for global surveillance of B. pertussis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.538362</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic epidemiology and multilevel genome typing of Bordetella pertussis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539215v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An operational methodology to identify Critical Ecosystem Areas to help nations achieve the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.03.539215v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) will become the most important multilateral agreement to guide biodiversity conservation actions globally over the coming decades. An ecosystem goal and various targets for maintaining integrity, restoring degraded ecosystems, and achieving representation in conservation areas feature throughout the GBF. Here, we propose an operational framework that combines disparate information on ecosystem type, extent, integrity, levels of protection, and risk of collapse to support the identification of irreplaceable  Critical Ecosystem Areas (CEAs), to help advance these ecosystem targets. The framework classifies each component ecosystem based on its integrity, importance in ensuring no ecosystem collapse and its relative value to achieving representation if protected. These CEAs are immediate conservation opportunities, given that they achieve multiple ecosystem goals and targets in the GBF. We showcase its application using Myanmars forested ecosystems as a case study and argue that it could be immediately used across all terrestrial ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venegas Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rainey, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diment, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tizard, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.03.539215</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An operational methodology to identify Critical Ecosystem Areas to help nations achieve the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539953v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Squigulator: simulation of nanopore sequencing signal data with tunable noise parameters 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.09.539953v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In silico simulation of next-generation sequencing data is a technique used widely in the genomics field. However, there is currently a lack of optimal tools for creating simulated data from  third-generation nanopore sequencing devices, which measure DNA or RNA molecules in the form of time-series current signal data. Here, we introduce Squigulator, a fast and simple tool for simulation of realistic nanopore signal data. Squigulator takes a reference genome, transcriptome or read sequences and generates corresponding raw nanopore signal data. This is compatible with basecalling software from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and other third-party tools, thereby providing a useful substrate for testing, debugging, validation and optimisation of nanopore analysis methods. The user may generate noise-free  ideal data, realistic data with noise profiles emulating specific ONT protocols, or they may deterministically modify noise parameters and other variables to shape the data to their needs. To highlight its utility, we use Squigulator to model the degree to which different types of noise impact the accuracy of ONT basecalling and downstream variant detection, revealing new insights into the properties of ONT data. We provide Squigulator as an open-source tool for the nanopore community: https://github.com/hasindu2008/squigulator
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.09.539953</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Squigulator: simulation of nanopore sequencing signal data with tunable noise parameters]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540316v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DDHD2 interacts with STXBP1 to mediate long-term memory via the generation of myristic acid 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.540316v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The phospholipid and free fatty acid (FFA) composition of neuronal membranes plays a crucial role in learning and memory, but the mechanisms through which neuronal activity affects the brains lipid landscape remain largely unexplored. Saturated FFAs, particularly myristic acid (C14:0), strongly increase during neuronal stimulation and memory acquisition, suggesting the involvement of phospholipase A1 (PLA1) activity in synaptic plasticity. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the DDHD2 isoform of PLA1 in mice reduced memory performance in reward-based learning and spatial memory models prior to the development of neuromuscular deficits, and markedly reduced saturated FFAs across the brain. DDHD2 was shown to bind to the key synaptic protein STXBP1. Using STXBP1/2 knockout neurosecretory cells and a haploinsufficient STXBP1+/- mouse model of STXBP1 encephalopathy that is also associated with intellectual disability and motor dysfunction, we show that STXBP1 controls the targeting of DDHD2 to the plasma membrane and the generation of saturated FFAs in the brain. Our findings suggest key roles for DDHD2 and STXBP1 in the lipid metabolism underlying synaptic plasticity, learning and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Akefe, I. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matthews, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saber, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Venkatesh, B. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gormal, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackmore, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertran-Gonzalez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michaels, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cravatt, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joensuu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meunier, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.11.540316</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DDHD2 interacts with STXBP1 to mediate long-term memory via the generation of myristic acid]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541071v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Model Parameter identification using 2D vs 3D experimental data: a comparative analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.17.541071v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Computational models are becoming an increasingly valuable tool in biomedical research. They enable the quantification of variables difficult to measure experimentally, an increase in the spatio-temporal resolution of the experiments and the testing of hypotheses.

Parameter estimation from in-vitro data, remains a challenge, due to the limited availability of experimental datasets acquired in directly comparable conditions. While the use of computational models to supplement laboratory results contributes to this issue, a more extensive analysis of the effect of incomplete or inaccurate data on the parameter optimization process and its results is warranted. To this end, we compared the results obtained from the same in-silico model of ovarian cancer cell growth and metastasis, calibrated with datasets acquired from two different experimental settings: a traditional 2D monolayer, and 3D cell culture models.

The differential behaviour of these models will inform the role and importance of experimental data in the calibration of computational models calibration. This work will also provide a set of general guidelines for the comparative testing and selection of experimental models and protocols to be used for parameter optimization in computational models

Author summaryParameter identification is a key step in the development of a computational model, that is used to establish a connection between the simulated and experimental results and verify the accuracy of the in-silico framework.

The selection of the in-vitro data to be used in this phase is fundamental, but little attention has been paid to the role of the experimental model in this process. To bridge this gap we present a comparative analysis of the same computational model calibrated using experimental data acquired from cells cultured (i) in 2D monolayers, (ii) in 3D culture models and (iii) a combination of the two.

Data acquired in different experimental settings induce changes in the optimal parameter sets and the corresponding computational models behaviour. This translates in a varying degree of accuracy during the validation procedure, when the simulated data are compared to experimental measurements not used during the calibration step.

Overall, our work provides a workflow and a set of guidelines to select the most appropriate experimental setting for the calibration and validation of computational models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.17.541071</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Model Parameter identification using 2D vs 3D experimental data: a comparative analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541063v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The 3'UTR of vigR is required for virulence in Staphylococcus aureus and has expanded through STAR sequence repeat insertions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.16.541063v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is an adaptable human pathogen causing life-threatening endocarditis and bacteraemia. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is alarmingly common, and treatment is confined to last-line antibiotics. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for MRSA bacteraemia and vancomycin treatment failure is often associated with vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus strains termed VISA. The regulatory 3 UTR of vigR mRNA contributes to vancomycin tolerance in the clinical VISA isolate JKD6008 and upregulates the lytic transglycosylase IsaA. Using MS2-affinity purification coupled with RNA sequencing (MAPS), we find that the vigR 3 UTR also interacts with mRNAs involved in carbon metabolism, amino acid biogenesis, cell wall biogenesis, and virulence. The vigR 3 UTR was found to repress dapE, a succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase required for lysine and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis, suggesting a broader role in controlling cell wall metabolism and vancomycin tolerance. Deletion of the vigR 3 UTR increased VISA virulence in a wax moth larvae model, and we find that an isaA mutant is completely attenuated in the larvae model. Sequence and structural analysis of the vigR 3 UTR indicates that the UTR has expanded through the acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus repeat insertions (STAR repeats) that partly contribute sequence for the isaA interaction seed and may functionalise the 3 UTR. Our findings reveal an extended regulatory network for vigR, uncovering a novel mechanism of regulation of cell wall metabolism and virulence in a clinical S. aureus isolate.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mediati, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalaouna, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pokhrel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stinear, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tree, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.16.541063</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The 3'UTR of vigR is required for virulence in Staphylococcus aureus and has expanded through STAR sequence repeat insertions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542066v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary conservation of embryonic DNA methylome remodelling in distantly related teleost species 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.24.542066v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Methylation of cytosines in the CG context (mCG) is the most abundant DNA modification in vertebrates that plays crucial roles in cellular differentiation and identity. After fertilization, DNA methylation patterns inherited from parental gametes are remodelled into a state compatible with embryogenesis. In mammals, this is achieved through the global erasure and re-establishment of DNA methylation patterns. However, in non-mammalian vertebrates like zebrafish, no global erasure has been observed. To investigate the evolutionary conservation and divergence of DNA methylation remodelling in teleosts, we generated base resolution DNA methylome datasets of developing medaka and medaka-zebrafish hybrid embryos. In contrast to previous reports, we show that medaka display comparable DNA methylome dynamics to zebrafish with high gametic mCG levels (sperm: [~]90%; egg: [~]75%), and adoption of a paternal-like methylome during early embryogenesis, with no signs of prior DNA methylation erasure. We also demonstrate that non-canonical DNA methylation (mCH) reprogramming at TGCT tandem repeats is a conserved feature of teleost embryogenesis. Lastly, we find remarkable evolutionary conservation of DNA methylation remodelling patterns in medaka-zebrafish hybrids, indicative of compatible DNA methylation maintenance machinery in far-related teleost species. Overall, these results suggest strong evolutionary conservation of DNA methylation remodelling pathways in teleosts, which is distinct from the global DNA methylome erasure and reestablishment observed in mammals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Marin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gert, K. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pauli, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Morales, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542066</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary conservation of embryonic DNA methylome remodelling in distantly related teleost species]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542242v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Extensive DNA methylome rearrangement during early lamprey embryogenesis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.25.542242v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is a repressive gene regulatory mark widespread in vertebrate genomes, yet the developmental dynamics in which 5mC patterns are established vary across species. While mammals undergo two rounds of global 5mC erasure, the zebrafish genome exhibits localized maternal-to-paternal 5mC remodeling, in which the sperm epigenome is inherited in the early embryo. To date, it is unclear how evolutionarily conserved such 5mC remodeling strategies are, and what their biological function is. Here, we studied 5mC dynamics during the embryonic development of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a jawless vertebrate which occupies a critical phylogenetic position as the sister group of the jawed vertebrates. We employed base-resolution 5mC quantification in the lamprey germline, embryonic and somatic tissues, and discovered large-scale maternal-to-paternal epigenome remodeling that affects >30% of the embryonic genome and is predominantly associated with partially methylated domains (PMDs). We further demonstrate that sequences eliminated during programmed genome rearrangement (PGR), a hallmark of lamprey embryogenesis, are hypermethylated in sperm prior to the onset of PGR. Our study thus unveils important insights into the evolutionary origins of vertebrate 5mC reprogramming, and how this process might participate in diverse developmental strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angeloni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fissette, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaya, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klose, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-05-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.25.542242</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Extensive DNA methylome rearrangement during early lamprey embryogenesis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-05-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542681v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
minimap2-fpga: Integrating hardware-accelerated chaining for efficient end-to-end long-read sequence mapping 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.30.542681v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
minimap2 is the gold-standard software for reference-based sequence mapping in third-generation long-read sequencing. While minimap2 is relatively fast, further speedup is desirable, especially when processing a multitude of large datasets. In this work, we present minimap2-fpga, a hardware-accelerated version of minimap2 that speeds up the mapping process by integrating an FPGA kernel optimised for chaining. We demonstrate speed-ups in end-to-end run-time for data from both Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio). minimap2-fpga is up to 79% and 53% faster than minimap2 for [~] 30x ONT and [~] 50x PacBio datasets respectively, when mapping without base-level alignment. When mapping with base-level alignment, minimap2-fpga is up to 62% and 10% faster than minimap2 for [~] 30x ONT and [~] 50x PacBio datasets respectively. The accuracy is near-identical to that of original minimap2 for both ONT and PacBio data, when mapping both with and without base-level alignment. minimap2-fpga is supported on Intel FPGA-based systems (evaluations performed on an on-premise system) and Xilinx FPGA-based systems (evaluations performed on a cloud system). We also provide a well-documented library for the FPGA-accelerated chaining kernel to be used by future researchers developing sequence alignment software with limited hardware background.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parameswaran, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542681</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[minimap2-fpga: Integrating hardware-accelerated chaining for efficient end-to-end long-read sequence mapping]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543552v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A novel motoneuron-driven computational muscle model with motor unit resolution for subject-specific simulations of human voluntary muscle contraction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.03.543552v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The computational simulation of human voluntary muscle contraction is possible with EMG-driven Hill-type models of whole muscles. Despite impactful applications in numerous fields, the neuromechanical information and the physiological accuracy such models provide remain limited because of multiscale simplifications that limit comprehensive description of muscle internal dynamics during contraction. We addressed this limitation by developing a novel motoneuron-driven neuromuscular model, that describes the force-generating dynamics of a population of individual motor units, each of which was described with a Hill-type actuator and controlled by a dedicated experimentally derived motoneuronal control. In forward simulation of human voluntary muscle contraction, the model transforms a vector of motoneuron spike trains decoded from high-density EMG signals into a vector of motor unit forces that sum into the predicted whole muscle force. The control of motoneurons provides comprehensive and separate descriptions of the dynamics of motor unit recruitment and discharge and decode the subjects intention. The neuromuscular model is subject-specific, muscle-specific, includes an advanced and physiological description of motor unit activation dynamics, and is validated against an experimental muscle force. Accurate force predictions were obtained when the vector of experimental neural controls was representative of the discharge activity of the complete motor unit pool. This was achieved with large and dense grids of EMG electrodes during medium-force contractions or with computational methods that physiologically estimate the discharge activity of the motor units that were not identified experimentally. This neuromuscular model advances the state-of-the-art of neuromuscular modelling, bringing together the fields of motor control and musculoskeletal modelling, and finding applications in neuromuscular control and human-machine interfacing research.

Author SummaryNeuromuscular computational simulations of human muscle contractions are typically obtained with a mathematical model that transforms an electromyographic signal recorded from the muscle into force. This single-input single-output approach, however, limits the comprehensive description of muscle internal dynamics during contraction because of necessary multiscale simplifications. Here, we advance the state-of-the-art in neuromuscular modelling by proposing a novel mathematical model that describes the force-generating dynamics of the individual motor units that constitute the muscle. For the first time, the control to the population of modelled motor units was inferred from decomposed high-density electromyographic signals. The model was experimentally validated, and the sensitivity of its predictions to different experimental neural controls was assessed. The neuromuscular model, coupled with an image-based musculoskeletal model, includes a novel and advanced neuromechanical model of the motor unit excitation-contraction properties, and is suited for subject-specific simulations of human voluntary contraction, with applications in neurorehabilitation and the control of neuroprosthetics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caillet, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farina, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modenese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.03.543552</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A novel motoneuron-driven computational muscle model with motor unit resolution for subject-specific simulations of human voluntary muscle contraction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544048v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peripheral direct current for suppression of physiologically evoked nociceptive responses at the spinal cord 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.07.544048v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Electrical neuromodulation is an established non-pharmacological treatment for chronic pain. However, existing devices using pulsatile stimulation are not suitable for all types of chronic pain. Direct current stimulation is a recently developed technology which shows better selectivity for small-diameter fibres. We investigated if this selectivity could be applied to preferentially suppress nociceptive signalling. We applied direct current to the sciatic nerve of rats and compared its effects on spinal activity produced by physiological (non-electrical) stimuli delivered to the foot. Tests were performed across models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain to further clarify potential clinical applications. We found that direct current could effectively suppress activity relating to painful stimuli in both pain models tested. These findings strongly support the use of direct current neuromodulation for chronic pain relief, and suggest that it may be effective at treating a broader range of aberrant pain conditions than existing devices.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hamilton, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potas, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moalem-Taylor, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fridman, G. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aplin, F. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.07.544048</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peripheral direct current for suppression of physiologically evoked nociceptive responses at the spinal cord]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545047v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The AusTraits Plant Dictionary 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.16.545047v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Traits with intuitive names, a clear scope and explicit description are essential for all trait databases. Reanalysis of data from a single database, or analyses that integrate data across multiple databases, can only occur if researchers are confident the trait concepts are consistent within and across sources. The lack of a unified, comprehensive resource for plant trait definitions has previously limited the utility of trait databases. Here we describe the AusTraits Plant Dictionary (APD), which extends the trait definitions included in the new trait database AusTraits. The development process of the APD included three steps: review and formalisation of the scope of each trait and the accompanying trait description; addition of trait meta-data; and publication in both human and machine-readable forms. Trait definitions include keywords, references and links to related trait concepts in other databases, and the traits are grouped into a hierarchy for easy searching. As well as improving the usability of AusTraits, the Dictionary will foster the integration of trait data across global and regional plant trait databases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wenk, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brownlee, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boettiger, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auld, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodribb, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dun, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellsworth, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gosper, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guja, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breton, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Irving, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medlyn, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sommerville, K. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesk, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>White, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.16.545047</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The AusTraits Plant Dictionary]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545515v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Infection by the lungworm Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala affects the expression of immune-related microRNAs by its co-evolved host, the cane toad Rhinella marina. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.19.545515v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parasites may suppress the immune function of an infected host using microRNAs (miRNAs) to prevent protein production. Nonetheless, little is known about the diversity of miRNAs and their mode(s) of action. In this study, we investigated the effects of infection by a parasitic lungworm (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) on miRNA and mRNA expression of its host, the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina). We compared miRNA and mRNA expression in naive toads that had never been infected by lungworms to toads that were infected with lungworms for the first time in their lives, and to toads that were infected the second time in their lives (i.e., had two consecutive infections). In total, we identified 434 known miRNAs and 106 potential novel miRNAs. Compared to uninfected toads, infected animals upregulated five (single-infection treatment) or four (multiple-infection treatment) miRNAs. Seven of these differentially expressed miRNAs were associated with gene pathways related to the immune response, potentially reflecting immunosuppression of cane toads by their parasites. Infected hosts did not respond with substantial mRNA transcription, with only one differentially expressed gene between control and single-infection hosts. Our study suggests that miRNA-mediated interactions may play a role in mediating the interaction between the parasite and its host. Our findings clarify the role of miRNAs in host-parasite interactions, in a system in which an ongoing range expansion by the host has generated substantial divergence in host-parasite interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chan, T. C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yagound, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyck, H. J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.19.545515</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Infection by the lungworm Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala affects the expression of immune-related microRNAs by its co-evolved host, the cane toad Rhinella marina.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.543349v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The retinal RNA editome is concentrated in photoreceptor-specific genes and genetically linked to vision loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.543349v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BACKGROUNDConversion of adenosine in RNA to inosine by ADAR enzymes, termed  RNA editing, occurs at thousands of sites across the transcriptome, and is required for healthy development of the central nervous system. RNA editing can modify protein sequences, and dampen the innate immune response. RNA editing is tissue-specific and partly genetically determined. Modifications of RNA editing sites contribute to multiple diseases, particularly neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases. Despite the importance of RNA editing in the brain, nothing is known about this process in the human retina. We describe the landscape of retinal editing revealing its importance in key biological processes that underpin vision.

METHODS & RESULTSWe analysed the transcriptomes of >500 donor retinae and identified [~]153,000 high-confidence RNA editing sites. Some 80% of editing sites occurred within protein-coding RNA, with the majority in intronic Alu repeats, and 3 UTR sequence. Novel retina-specific sites were concentrated in genes related to photoreceptor function and which cause retinitis pigmentosa, most notably in PDE6A. Exonic, protein recoding sites were enriched in zinc-finger domains. AMD subjects exhibit relatively few differences in RNA editing compared to controls, consistent with limited gene expression differences. We identified [~]10,000 editing QTLs. The genetic architecture of editing in the retina resembles the brain, whereas editing and expression QTLs in the retina show modest genetic overlap. We report colocalization between edQTLs and retinal disease GWAS peaks for age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and macular telangiectasia. These findings provide new insights into epi-transcriptomic regulation of genes critical for vision, and elaborate putative genetic disease driver mechanisms that appear to be independent of changes in gene expression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ansell, B. R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonelli, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnapriya, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pinelli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swaroop, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>diBernardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banfi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bahlo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.543349</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The retinal RNA editome is concentrated in photoreceptor-specific genes and genetically linked to vision loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546202v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The speed and phase of locomotion dictate saccade probability and simultaneous low-frequency power spectra 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.22.546202v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Everyday we make thousands of saccades and take thousands of steps as we explore our environment. Despite their common co-occurrence in a typical active state, we know little about the coordination between eye-movements and walking behaviour and related changes in cortical activity. Technical limitations have been a major impediment which we overcome here by leveraging the advantages of an immersive wireless virtual reality (VR) environment with three-dimensional position tracking, together with simultaneous recording of eye-movements and mobile electroencephalography (EEG). Using this approach with participants engaged in unencumbered walking along a clear, level path, we find that the likelihood of eye-movements at both slow and natural walking speeds entrains to the rhythm of footfall, peaking shortly after the heel-strike of each step. Simultaneous EEG recordings reveal a concomitant modulation entrained to heel-strike, with increases and decreases in oscillatory power for a broad range of frequencies. The peak of these effects occurred in the theta and alpha range for both walking speeds. Together, our data show that the step-rate of locomotion influences other behaviours such as eye movements and produces related modulations of simultaneous EEG following the same rhythmic pattern. These results reveal gait as an important factor to be considered when interpreting saccadic and time-frequency EEG data in active observers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Davidson, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barnes, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alais, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.22.546202</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The speed and phase of locomotion dictate saccade probability and simultaneous low-frequency power spectra]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546983v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Revisiting the role of mean annual precipitation in shaping functional trait distributions at a continental scale 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.06.29.546983v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Mean annual precipitation (MAP) plays an undisputed role in determining the spatial distribution of the vegetative ecosystems on Earth. Nevertheless, the relationship between MAP and plant functional traits remains unclear. Here, we test the relationship between eight key functional traits and MAP. Our analysis reveals a strong, coordinated response of several plant traits including leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen, the leaf carbon isotope ratio and plant height from resource-conservative to resource-acquisitive values as MAP increased. These results establish an important role for MAP in driving trait selection across space and, therefore, a need for these effects to be included in future theoretical frameworks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Towers, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesk, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Windecker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.06.29.546983</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Revisiting the role of mean annual precipitation in shaping functional trait distributions at a continental scale]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modulation of alpha oscillations by attention is predicted by hemispheric asymmetries of subcortical regions. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.03.547019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Evidence suggests that subcortical structures play a role in high-level cognitive functions such as the allocation of spatial attention. While there is abundant evidence in humans for posterior alpha band oscillations being modulated by spatial attention, little is known about how subcortical regions contribute to these oscillatory modulations, particularly under varying conditions of cognitive challenge. In this study, we combined MEG and structural MRI data to investigate the role of subcortical structures in controlling the allocation of attentional resources by employing a cued spatial attention paradigm with varying levels of perceptual load. We asked whether hemispheric lateralization of volumetric measures of the thalamus and basal ganglia predicted the hemispheric modulation of alpha-band power. Lateral asymmetry of the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and thalamus predicted attention-related modulations of posterior alpha oscillations. When the perceptual load was applied to the target and the distractor was salient caudate nucleus asymmetry predicted alpha-band modulations. Globus Pallidus was predictive of alpha-band modulations when either the target had a high load, or the distractor was salient, but not both. Finally, the asymmetry of the thalamus predicted alpha band modulation when neither component of the task was perceptually demanding. In addition to delivering new insight into the subcortical circuity controlling alpha oscillations with spatial attention, our finding might also have clinical applications. We provide a framework that could be followed for detecting how structural changes in subcortical regions that are associated with neurological disorders can be reflected in the modulation of oscillatory brain activity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ghafari, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazzetti, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutteling, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jensen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.03.547019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modulation of alpha oscillations by attention is predicted by hemispheric asymmetries of subcortical regions.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional variations in gamma-secretase activity are critical determinants of the clinical, biomarker, and cognitive progression of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.04.547688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundThe balance between production, clearance, and toxicity of A{beta} peptides is central to Alzheimers disease (AD) pathobiology. Though highly variable in terms of age at symptom onset (AAO), hundreds of variants in PSEN1 cause autosomal dominant forms of AD (ADAD) with nearly complete penetrance. PSEN1 forms the catalytic core of the {gamma}-secretase complex and thereby directly mediates the production of longer, aggregation-prone A{beta} peptides relative to shorter, non-aggregating peptides. We hypothesized that the broad AAO and biomarker heterogeneity seen across ADAD would be predictable based on mutation-specific differences in the production of A{beta} species.

MethodsA{beta}-37, 38, 40, 42, and 43 production was quantified from 161 unique PSEN1 variants expressed in HEK293 cells. Prediction of AAO was carried out in 106 variants with available AAO and then replicated in 55 variants represented across 190 PSEN1 mutation carriers who have detailed cognitive and biomarker data from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimers Network (DIAN).

ResultsVariations in A{beta} production across the 161 mutations examined in cell-based models were highly predictive of AAO. In those with corresponding in vivo data from the DIAN study, our cell-based {gamma}-secretase composite was strongly associated with biomarker and cognitive trajectories.

ConclusionsThese findings elucidate the critical link between {gamma}-secretase function, A{beta} production, and AD progression and offer mechanistic support for the amyloid hypothesis. The approach used here represents a powerful tool to account for heterogeneity in disease progression in ADAD clinical trials and to assess the pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance or with limited family history.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schultz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellier, J.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirzadi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathurin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benzinger, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Day, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farlow, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hassenstab, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jack, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jucker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karch, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perrin, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schofield, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xiong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDade, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bateman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sperling, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selkoe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chhatwal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network Investigators,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.04.547688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional variations in gamma-secretase activity are critical determinants of the clinical, biomarker, and cognitive progression of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548473v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pathogenic aggregates alter actin organization and cellular viscosity resulting in stalled clathrin mediated endocytosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.10.548473v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein aggregation is a common underlying feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Cells expressing neurodegeneration-associated mutant proteins show altered uptake of ligands, suggestive of impaired endocytosis, in a manner as yet unknown. Using live cell imaging, we show that clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is affected due to altered actin cytoskeletal organization in the presence of Huntingtin aggregates. Additionally, we find that cells containing Huntingtin aggregates are stiffer and less viscous than their wild-type counterparts due to altered actin conformation, and not merely due to the physical presence of aggregate(s). We further demonstrate that CME and cellular viscosity can be rescued by overexpressing Hip1, Arp2/3 or transient LatrunculinA treatment. Examination of other pathogenic aggregates revealed that only a subset of these display defective CME, along with altered actin organization and increased stiffness. Together, our results point to an intimate connection between functional CME, actin organization and cellular stiffness in the context of neurodegeneration.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Singh, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajput, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patil, S. P. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>majumdar, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanyam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.10.548473</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pathogenic aggregates alter actin organization and cellular viscosity resulting in stalled clathrin mediated endocytosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
In vivo fate of systemically administered encapsulin protein nanocages and implications for their use in targeted drug delivery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.16.549228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Encapsulins, self-assembling protein nanocages derived from prokaryotes, are promising nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDS). However, the in vivo behavior and fate of encapsulins are poorly understood. In this pre-clinical study, we probe the interactions between the model encapsulin from Thermotoga maritima (TmEnc) and key biological barriers encountered by NDDS. Here, a purified TmEnc formulation that exhibited colloidal stability, storability, and blood compatibility was intravenously injected into BALB/c mice. TmEnc had an excellent nanosafety profile, with no abnormal weight loss or gross pathology observed, and only temporary alterations in toxicity biomarkers detected. Notably, TmEnc demonstrated immunogenic properties, inducing the generation of nanocage-specific IgM and IgG antibodies, but without any prolonged pro-inflammatory effects. An absence of antibody cross-reactivity also suggested immune-orthogonality among encapsulins systems. Moreover, TmEnc formed a serum-derived protein corona on its surface which changed dynamically and appeared to play a role in immune recognition. TmEncs biodistribution profile further revealed its sequestration from the blood circulation by the liver and then biodegraded within Kupffer cells, thus indicating clearance via the mononuclear phagocyte system. Collectively, these findings provide critical insights into how encapsulins behave in vivo, thereby informing their future design, modification, and application in targeted drug delivery.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=187 SRC="FIGDIR/small/549228v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rennie, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sives, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyton, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diaz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorrie, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vittorio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins-Praino, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Care, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.16.549228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[In vivo fate of systemically administered encapsulin protein nanocages and implications for their use in targeted drug delivery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.548825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comprehensive multi-platform tyrosine kinase profiling reveals novel actionable FGFR aberrations across pediatric and AYA sarcomas 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.19.548825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
No targeted agents are approved for pediatric sarcomas. Tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors represent attractive therapeutic candidates, however, beyond rare TK-activating fusions or mutations, predictive biomarkers are lacking. RNA overexpression of TKs is more commonly observed in pediatric sarcomas, however, an unresolved question is when upregulated TK expression is associated with kinase activation and signaling dependence. We explored the TK molecular landscape of 107 sarcoma patients from the ZERO Childhood Cancer precision medicine program using whole genomic and transcriptomic sequencing. Phosphoproteomic analyses of tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) and functional in vitro and in vivo assays were also performed in cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Our integrated analysis shows that although novel genomic driver lesions are rare, they are present and therapeutically actionable in selected patients as exemplified by a novel LSM1-FGFR1 fusion identified in an osteosarcoma patient. We further show that in certain contexts, TK expression data can be used to indicate TK pathway activity and predict TK-inhibitor sensitivity. We exemplify the utility of FGFR-inhibitors in PAX3-FOXO1 fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcomas (FP-RMS) mediated by high FGFR4 and FGF8 RNA expression levels, and overt activation of FGFR4 (FGFR4_pY). We demonstrate marked tumor growth inhibition in all FP-RMS PDXs treated with single agent FGF401 (FGFR4-specific inhibitor) and single agent lenvatinib (multi-kinase FGFR-inhibitor). Clinical benefit of lenvatinib in a relapsed metastatic FP-RMS patient further exemplifies that FGFR-inhibitors deserve additional investigation in FP-RMS patients.

Statement of significanceOur multi-omic interrogation of sarcomas in the ZERO Childhood Cancer program illustrates how an RNA-expression biomarker signature (FGFR4+/FGF8+) in association with FGFR4 activation identifies that PAX3-FOXO1-positive rhabdomyosarcoma patients could benefit from FGFR-inhibitors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fordham, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayoh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salib, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barger, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sian, T. C. C. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunther, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trebilcock, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Terry, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barahona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajuyah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherstyuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Avila, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadiz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perkins, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gifford, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Regan, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorgels, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrrell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daly, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekert, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fleuren, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.19.548825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comprehensive multi-platform tyrosine kinase profiling reveals novel actionable FGFR aberrations across pediatric and AYA sarcomas]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CRUX, a platform for visualising, exploring and analysing cancer genome cohort data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.25.550585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
To better understand how tumours develop, identify prognostic biomarkers, and find new treatments, researchers have generated vast catalogues of cancer genome data. However, these datasets are complex so interpreting their important features requires specialized computational skills and analytical tools, which presents a significant technical challenge. To address this, we developed CRUX, a platform for exploring genomic data from cancer cohorts. CRUX enables researchers to perform common analyses including cohort comparisons, biomarker discovery, survival analysis, and create visualisations including oncoplots and lollipop charts. CRUX simplifies cancer genome analysis in several ways: (1) it has an easy-to-use graphical interface; (2) it enables users to create custom cohorts, as well as analyse precompiled public and private user-created datasets; (3) it allows analyses to be run locally to address data privacy concerns (though an online version is also available); and (4) it makes it easy to use additional specialized tools by exporting data in the correct formats. We showcase CRUXs capabilities with case studies employing different types of cancer genome analysis, demonstrating how it can be used flexibly to generate valuable insights into cancer biology. CRUX is freely available at https://github.com/CCICB/CRUX and https://ccicb.shinyapps.io/crux (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8015714).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Kamand, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinn, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sareen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Erasmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.25.550585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CRUX, a platform for visualising, exploring and analysing cancer genome cohort data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550629v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disease-associated gut microbiome and metabolome changes in chronic low back pain patients with bone marrow lesions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.26.550629v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of global disability. Vertebral bone marrow lesions (BMLs), one etiological factor for chronic LBP, are MRI signal changes in the vertebral bone marrow that extend from the disc endplate. The adipogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could explain fatty replacement (FR) in normal bone marrow. FR is the most common type of BMLs. Here we show how the gut microbiome and serum metabolome change and how they interact in LBP patients with or without FR. The serum metabolome of chronic LBP patients with FR is characterized by decreased levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which correlate with a gut microbiome that has important capability to regulate BCAA degradation pathway. Ruminococcus gnavus, Roseburia hominis and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 8 1 57FAA are identified as the main species driving the association between biosynthesis of BCAAs and BM-MSCs metabolism in LBP with FR individuals. In vitro work demonstrates that BCAAs can induce the adipogenesis of BM-MSCs by activating the SIRT4 pathway. Our findings provide a deep insight into understanding the role of the disturbed gut ecosystem in FR and LBP.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bai, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diwan, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.26.550629</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disease-associated gut microbiome and metabolome changes in chronic low back pain patients with bone marrow lesions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metagenomics untangles metabolic adaptations of Antarctic endolithic 1 bacteria at the fringe of habitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.07.30.551190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndolithic niches offer an ultimate refuge, supplying buffered conditions for microorganisms that dwell inside rock airspaces. Yet, survival and growth strategies of Antarctic endolithic microbes residing in Earths driest and coldest desert remains virtually unknown.

ResultsFrom 109 endolithic microbiomes, 4,539 metagenome-assembled genomes were generated, 49.3% of which were novel candidate bacterial species. We present evidence that trace gas oxidation and atmospheric chemosynthesis may be the prevalent strategies supporting metabolic activity and persistence of these ecosystems at the fringe of life and the limits of habitability.

ConclusionsThese results represent the foundation to untangle adaptability at the edge of sustainability on Earth and on other dry Earth-like planetary bodies such as Mars.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>COLEINE, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albanese, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DELGADO BAQUERIZO, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stajich, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tringe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pennacchio, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donati, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Selbmann, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-07-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.07.30.551190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metagenomics untangles metabolic adaptations of Antarctic endolithic 1 bacteria at the fringe of habitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-07-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552113v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inhibition of CERS1 in skeletal muscle exacerbates age-related muscle dysfunction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.05.552113v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Age-related muscle wasting and dysfunction render the elderly population vulnerable and incapacitated, while underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we implicate the CERS1 enzyme of the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway in the pathogenesis of age-related skeletal muscle impairment. In humans, CERS1 abundance declines with aging in skeletal muscle cells and, correlates with biological pathways involved in muscle function and myogenesis. Furthermore, CERS1 is upregulated during myogenic differentiation. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CERS1 in aged mice blunts myogenesis and deteriorates aged skeletal muscle mass and function, which is associated with the occurrence of morphological features typical of inflammation and fibrosis. Ablation of the CERS1 orthologue lagr-1 in C. elegans similarly exacerbates the age-associated decline in muscle function and integrity. We discover genetic variants reducing CERS1 expression in human skeletal muscle and Mendelian randomization analysis in the UK biobank cohort shows that these variants reduce muscle grip strength and overall health. In summary, our findings link age-related impairments in muscle function to a reduction in CERS1, thereby underlining the importance of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway in age-related muscle homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wohlwend, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurila, P.-P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goeminne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Alvensleben, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crisol, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mangione, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallart-Ayala, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burri, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Butler, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ivanisevic, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auwerx, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.05.552113</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inhibition of CERS1 in skeletal muscle exacerbates age-related muscle dysfunction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552318v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular dissection of the soluble photosynthetic antenna from a cryptophyte alga 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.08.552318v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cryptophyte algae have a unique phycobiliprotein light-harvesting antenna that fills a spectral gap in chlorophyll absorption, however, it is unclear how it transfers energy efficiently to photosystems. We show that the cryptophyte Hemiselmis andersenii expresses an energetically complex antenna comprising three distinct spectrotypes of phycobiliprotein with different quaternary structures arising from a diverse  subunit family. The bulk of the antenna consists of open quaternary form phycobiliproteins acting as primary photon acceptors, supplemented by novel open-braced forms. The final components are closed forms with a long wavelength spectral feature due to substitution of a single chromophore. We propose that the macromolecular organization of the cryptophyte antennas consists of bulk open and open-braced forms that transfer excitations to photosystems via this bridging closed form phycobiliprotein.

One-Sentence SummaryAlgae generate a rainbow of antenna proteins by combining a conserved subunit with different members of a multigene family.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rathbone, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laos, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iranmanesh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biazik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodchild, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thordarson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curmi, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552318</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular dissection of the soluble photosynthetic antenna from a cryptophyte alga]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552758v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Environmental Uncertainty Affects Movement and Space-use in Sheep 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552758v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animals constantly experience periods of uncertainty due to seasonal changes in food distribution. The changing climate results in more variable weather patterns, which in turn alter environmental conditions, and can result in resource distribution being less predictable in space and time. How animals respond to these uncertain conditions, in particular the changing distribution of food resources, remains largely unclear and is an important question in the field of movement and animal ecology. Here we used an experimental approach to study how Merino sheep (Ovis aries) responded to different levels of environmental uncertainty in a drought-impacted region of the Australian arid zone. Sheep were unfamiliar with the experimental resource distribution at the start and progressively decreased their uncertainty (i.e., increased their environmental knowledge) when discovering an increasing number of foraging patches. We tracked 50 sheep with GPS collars (1 location every 15 sec) and deduced their movement and space use behaviour. When environmental uncertainty decreased, individuals moved more directionally (greater step length, smaller turn angles) and moved greater distances per day. They also had larger daily home ranges but rested in similar areas on consecutive nights (similar displacement, with the exception when five patches were discovered). Our study demonstrates how an arid zone, free-ranging ungulate adjusts its movement and space use behaviour as it gains environmental information in order to forage efficiently during periods of uncertainty. Our study provides important insights into how animals cope with variable environments and different levels of uncertainty.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bartsch, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Wettere, W. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leu, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552758</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Environmental Uncertainty Affects Movement and Space-use in Sheep]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552783v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Conditional Protein Denoising Diffusion Generates Programmable Endonucleases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.10.552783v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Deep learning-based methods for generating functional proteins address the growing need for novel biocatalysts, allowing for precise tailoring of functionalities to meet specific requirements. This emergence leads to the creation of highly efficient and specialized proteins with wide-ranging applications in scientific, technological, and biomedical domains. This study establishes a pipeline for protein sequence generation with a conditional protein diffusion model, namely CPDiffusion, to deliver diverse sequences of proteins with enhanced functions. CPDiffusion accommodates protein-specific conditions, such as secondary structure and highly conserved amino acids (AAs). Without relying on extensive training data, CPDiffusion effectively captures highly conserved residues and sequence features for a specific protein family. We applied CPDiffusion to generate artificial sequences of Argonaute (Ago) proteins based on the backbone structures of wild-type (WT) Kurthia massiliensis Ago (KmAgo) and Pyrococcus furiosus Ago (PfAgo), which are complex multi-domain programmable endonucleases. The generated sequences deviate by up to nearly 400 AAs from their WT templates. Experimental tests demonstrated that the majority of generated proteins show unambiguous activity in DNA cleavage for both KmAgo and PfAgo, with many of them exhibiting superior activity as compared to the WT. These findings underscore CPDiffusions remarkable success rate to generate novel sequences for proteins of complex structures and functions in a single step with enhanced activity. This approach facilitates the design of enzymes with multi-domain molecular structures and intricate functions through in silico generation and screening, all accomplished without any supervision from labeled data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lio, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.10.552783</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Conditional Protein Denoising Diffusion Generates Programmable Endonucleases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552723v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Effects of nicotine compared to placebo gum on sensitivity to pain and mediating effects of peak alpha frequency 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.11.552723v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent research has linked individual peak alpha frequency (PAF) to pain sensitivity, but whether PAF alterations can influence pain remains unclear. Our study investigated the effects of nicotine on pain sensitivity and whether pain changes are mediated by PAF changes. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment, 62 healthy adults (18-44 years) received either 4 mg nicotine (n=29) or placebo gum (n=33). Resting state EEG and pain ratings during prolonged heat and pressure models were collected before and after nicotine intake. The nicotine group showed a small decrease in heat-pain ratings compared to placebo group when controlling confounders, and a small increase in PAF across the scalp from pre- to post-gum, both with and without confounder adjustment. These effects were most pronounced in the central-parietal and right-frontal electrodes. However, mediation analysis did not support the notion that PAF changes mediate nicotines effects on pain sensitivity. While a growing body of literature supports a link between PAF and both acute and chronic pain, further work is needed to understand the mechanisms of this link.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millard, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humburg, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazaheri, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabrun, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.11.552723</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Effects of nicotine compared to placebo gum on sensitivity to pain and mediating effects of peak alpha frequency]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552623v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does urbanization lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.14.552623v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Urbanization is occurring globally, leading to dramatic environmental changes that are altering the ecology and evolution of species. In particular, the expansion of human infrastructure and the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats in cities is predicted to increase genetic drift and reduce gene flow by reducing the size and connectivity of populations. Alternatively, the "urban facilitation model" suggests that some species will have greater gene flow into and within cities leading to higher diversity and lower differentiation in urban populations. These alternative hypotheses have not been contrasted across multiple cities. Here, we used the genomic data from the Global Urban Evolution project (GLUE), to study the effects of urbanization on non-adaptive evolutionary processes of white clover (Trifolium repens) at a global scale. We found that white clover populations presented high genetic diversity and no evidence of a reduction in Ne linked to urbanization. On the contrary, we found that urban populations were less likely to experience a recent decrease in effective population size than rural ones. In addition, we found little genetic structure among populations both globally and between urban and rural populations, which showed extensive gene flow between habitats. Interestingly, white clover displayed overall higher gene flow within urban areas than within rural habitats. Our study provides one of the largest comprehensive tests of demographic effects of urbanization and our results contrast the common perception that heavily altered and fragmented urban environments will reduce the effective population size and genetic diversity of populations and contribute to their isolation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Caizergues, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santangelo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ness, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angeoletto, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, D. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anstett, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baena-Diaz, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carlen, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaves, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comerford, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falahati-Anbaran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellowes, M. D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodgins, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hood, G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iniguez-Armijos, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kooyers, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazaro-Lobo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moles, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munshi-South, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paule, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Porth, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago-Rosario, L. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stack Whitney, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tack, A. J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, M. T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.552623</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does urbanization lead to parallel demographic shifts across the world in a cosmopolitan plant?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Evolutionary conservation of secondary structures in the lncRNAs of plants 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.13.553158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
LncRNAs are essential regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. They exert their gene regulatory functions by interacting with DNA, RNA, and protein. These functions are considered at least in part associated with their capacity to fold into complex three-dimensional structures. The conservation of lncRNA structure in mammalian genomes has been assessed in several studies, however, very little is known about the conservation of lncRNA structures in plants. Here, we analyze the structural conservation of lncRNAs in Brassicaceae, using a whole genome alignment of 16 Brassicaceae species. We found that 44.2% (1925 of 4354) of the intergenic lncRNAs (lincRNAs) and 75.1% (1549 of 2060) of the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) of Arabidopsis thaliana have conserved structural motifs in at least 2 of the 16 species. Also, 3612 lncRNAs have conserved structural motifs in multiple species; 2264 of which are tissue-specific, and 841 can be associated with a function by a co-expression network in A. thaliana. Indeed, we find evidence for the conservation of structural motifs in several lncRNAs with known functions, including, lncCOBRA1, FLORE, IPS1, ELENA1 and COOLAIR. The latter was shown previously to have a conserved structure. Overall, we have identified numerous lncRNAs with conserved structures in Brassicaceae that warrant further experimental exploration in vivo to understand whether these lncRNAs and their conserved structures are of biological significance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Corona-Gomez, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stadler, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Valverde, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.13.553158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Evolutionary conservation of secondary structures in the lncRNAs of plants]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-Site Statistical Mapping of Along-Tract Microstructural Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder with Diffusion MRI Tractometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.17.553762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Investigating alterations in brain circuitry associated with bipolar disorder (BD) may offer a valuable approach to discover brain biomarkers for genetic and interventional studies of the disorder and related mental illnesses. Some diffusion MRI studies report evidence of microstructural abnormalities in white matter regions of interest, but we lack a fine-scale spatial mapping of brain microstructural differences along tracts in BD. We also lack large-scale studies that integrate tractometry data from multiple sites, as larger datasets can greatly enhance power to detect subtle effects and assess whether effects replicate across larger international datasets. In this multisite diffusion MRI study, we used BUndle ANalytics (BUAN, Chandio 2020), a recently developed analytic approach for tractography, to extract, map, and visualize profiles of microstructural abnormalities on 3D models of fiber tracts in 148 participants with BD and 259 healthy controls from 6 independent scan sites. Modeling site differences as random effects, we investigated along-tract white matter (WM) microstructural differences between diagnostic groups. QQ plots showed that group differences were gradually enhanced as more sites were added. Using the BUAN pipeline, BD was associated with lower mean fractional anisotropy (FA) in fronto-limbic, interhemispheric, and posterior pathways; higher FA was also noted in posterior bundles, relative to controls. By integrating tractography and anatomical information, BUAN effectively captures unique effects along white matter (WM) tracts, providing valuable insights into anatomical variations that may assist in the classification of diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nabulsi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qamar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPhilemy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyn, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallahan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haarman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ching, C. R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-Site Statistical Mapping of Along-Tract Microstructural Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder with Diffusion MRI Tractometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554710v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Both phenotypic and genotypic sex influence sex chromosome dosage compensation in a sex reversing lizard 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.24.554710v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLizards have sex determination systems that can differ between even closely related species. These include XY and ZW systems, and thermolabile systems where genes and temperature interact to determine sex. The eastern three-lined skink (Bassiana duperreyi) has a differentiated XY sex determination system, in which low temperature incubation during development can cause female to male sex reversal, producing XX males. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate how genotype and sexual phenotype affect dosage compensation.

ResultsHere, we present a draft genome assembly of the Eastern three-lined skink generated from nanopore sequencing. We also generated transcriptomes from brain and heart tissue of normal adult males and females, along with brain tissue of sex-reversed XX males. We observed partial dosage compensation between XX females and XY males in both brain and heart, with median gene expression from the X in normal males being 0.7 times that of normal females. In brain of sex reversed XX males the median X chromosome output matched that of the normal XX female level, and not that of normal XY males.

ConclusionsPartial dosage compensation in the Eastern three-lined skink is similar to several other species of lizard. However, here for the first time we describe dosage compensation in a lizard with natural sex reversal, and show that in sex reversed individuals dosage compensation of the X chromosome follows genotypic sex and not phenotypic sex.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanrahan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lister, N. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dissanayake, D. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Herrera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall Graves, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.24.554710</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Both phenotypic and genotypic sex influence sex chromosome dosage compensation in a sex reversing lizard]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555209v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated actin dynamics and cofilin correlate with TDP-43 pathology in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.28.555209v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons, that overlaps significantly with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Most cases are sporadic (90%) with undefined aetiology, but pathological forms of TAR-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), involving its misfolding, aggregation and mislocalisation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, are present in motor neurons in almost all cases (97%) and [~]45% FTD cases. Actin is the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells, with structural roles in the cytoskeleton and diverse signalling functions. This includes neuronal-specific roles in dendritic spines, synapses, axonal growth cones, and plasticity. Actin is in constant dynamic equilibrium between two forms: free monomeric, globular actin (G-actin) and polymeric, filamentous actin (F-actin). Actin dynamics is regulated by several key actin-binding proteins, including tropomyosin 4.2 (Tpm4.2) and cofilin, which depolymerises actin filaments. Cofilin is activated by phosphorylation at Ser3 via LIM domain kinase1/2 (LIMK1/2), which is also regulated by phosphorylation via Rac1/cdc42. Here we demonstrate that actin dynamics is closely associated with pathological TDP-43 in ALS. More F-actin relative to G-actin was detected in lumbar spinal cords from both sporadic ALS patients and a mouse model displaying TDP-43 pathology (rNLS), and in neuronal cells expressing cytoplasmic TDP-43. Hence actin dynamics is dysregulated in sporadic ALS, resulting in more actin polymerization. We also detected increased levels of Tpm 4.2, Rac1/cdc42, and increased phosphorylation of both LIMK1/2 and cofilin, in sporadic ALS patients. TDP-43 also physically interacted with actin in vitro and in cell lysates, providing additional insights into actin dysregulation in ALS. rNLS mice display motor neuron loss and key ALS/MND behavioural phenotypes, and increased cofilin phosphorylation was also detected in these animals at symptom onset, implying that actin dynamics actively contributes to neurodegeneration. Moreover, pharmacological induction of actin polymerization produced features typical of pathological TDP-43 (cytoplasmic mis-localisation and formation of inclusions and stress granules) implying that actin dysregulation contributes to TDP-43 pathology in ALS. Importantly, we also detected more cofilin phosphorylation in spinal motor neurons from sporadic patients compared to healthy controls, revealing that our observations are clinically relevant and present in the relevant cell type. This study therefore identifies dysregulated actin dynamics as a novel disease mechanism associated with TDP-43 pathology and hence most ALS cases. It also implies that regulating cofilin or LIMK1/2 phosphorylation may be a novel therapeutic strategy in ALS, FTD and other diseases involving TDP-43 pathology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jagaraj, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parakh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shadfar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamalli, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suchowerska, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragagnin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fath, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atkin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555209</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated actin dynamics and cofilin correlate with TDP-43 pathology in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555335v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
HIV-1 binds dynein directly to hijack microtubule transport machinery 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.29.555335v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses exploit host cytoskeletal elements and motor proteins for trafficking through the dense cytoplasm. Yet the molecular mechanism that describes how viruses connect to the motor machinery is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the first example of viral microtubule trafficking from purified components: HIV-1 hijacking microtubule transport machinery. We discover that HIV-1 directly binds to the retrograde microtubule-associated motor, dynein, and not via a cargo adaptor, as previously suggested. Moreover, we show that HIV-1 motility is supported by multiple, diverse dynein cargo adaptors as HIV-1 binds to dynein light and intermediate chains on dyneins tail. Further, we demonstrate that multiple dynein motors tethered to rigid cargoes, like HIV-1 capsids, display reduced motility, distinct from the behavior of multiple motors on membranous cargoes. Our results introduce a new model of viral trafficking wherein a pathogen opportunistically  hijacks the microtubule transport machinery for motility, enabling multiple transport pathways through the host cytoplasm.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Badieyan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lichon, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreas, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeSantis, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aiken, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giessen, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campbell, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cianfrocco, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-08-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.555335</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[HIV-1 binds dynein directly to hijack microtubule transport machinery]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-08-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555639v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells recognize butyrophilin 2A1 and 3A1 heteromers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.30.555639v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Butyrophilin (BTN) molecules are emerging as key regulators of T cell immunity, however, how they trigger cell-mediated responses is poorly understood. Here, the crystal structure of a gamma-delta T cell receptor ({gamma}{delta}TCR) in complex with BTN member 2A1 (BTN2A1) revealed that BTN2A1 engages the side of the {gamma}{delta}TCR, leaving the apical TCR surface bioavailable. We reveal that BTN3A1 is a second {gamma}{delta}TCR ligand, that co-engages {gamma}{delta}TCR via binding to this accessible apical surface. BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 also directly interact with each other in cis, and structural analysis revealed formation of W-shaped heteromeric multimers. This BTN2A1-BTN3A1 interaction involved the same epitopes that BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 each use to engage {gamma}{delta}TCR; indeed, either forced separation or locking together of BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 resulted in enhanced or abrogated {gamma}{delta}TCR interaction, respectively. Our findings reveal a new paradigm in immune activation, whereby {gamma}{delta}TCRs recognize dual epitopes on BTN2A1 and BTN3A1 complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fulford, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soliman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castle, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rigau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dolezal, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seneviratna, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hanssen, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gorman, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, M. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peat, T. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newman, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behren, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gherardin, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfrey, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uldrich, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.30.555639</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells recognize butyrophilin 2A1 and 3A1 heteromers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Pre-existing tissue mechanical hypertension at adherens junctions disrupts apoptotic extrusion in epithelia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.31.555652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Apical extrusion is a tissue-intrinsic process that allows epithelia to eliminate unfit or surplus cells. This is exemplified by the early extrusion of apoptotic cells, which is critical to maintain the epithelial barrier and prevent inflammation. Apoptotic extrusion is an active mechanical process, which involves mechanotransduction between apoptotic cells and their neighbours, as well as local changes in tissue mechanics. Here we report that the pre-existing mechanical tension at adherens junctions conditions the efficacy of apoptotic extrusion. Specifically, increasing baseline mechanical tension by overexpression of a phosphomimetic Myosin II regulatory light chain (MRLC) compromises apoptotic extrusion. This occurs when tension is increased in either the apoptotic cell or its surrounding epithelium. Further, we find that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF, stimulates Myosin II and increases baseline AJ tension to disrupt apical extrusion, causing apoptotic cells to be retained in monolayers. Importantly, reversal of mechanical tension with an inhibitory MRLC mutant or tropomyosin inhibitors is sufficient to restore apoptotic extrusion in TNF-treated monolayers. Together, these findings demonstrate that baseline levels of tissue tension are important determinants of apoptotic extrusion, which can potentially be co-opted by pathogenetic factors to disrupt the homeostatic response of epithelia to apoptosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mann, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verma, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nanavati, B. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanyam, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duszyc, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.08.31.555652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Pre-existing tissue mechanical hypertension at adherens junctions disrupts apoptotic extrusion in epithelia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555348v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AIRR-C Human IG Reference Sets: curated sets of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain germline genes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.01.555348v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Analysis of an individuals immunoglobulin (IG) gene repertoire requires the use of high-quality germline gene Reference Sets. The Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire-Community (AIRR-C) Reference Sets have been developed to include only human IG heavy and light chain alleles that have been confirmed by evidence from multiple high-quality sources. By including only those alleles with a high level of support, including some new sequences that currently lack official names, AIRR-seq analysis will have greater accuracy and studies of the evolution of immunoglobulin genes, their allelic variants and the expressed immune repertoire will be facilitated. Although containing less than half the previously recognised IG alleles (e.g. just 198 IGHV sequences), the Reference Sets eliminated erroneous calls and provided excellent coverage when tested on a set of repertoires from 99 individuals comprising over 4 million V(D)J rearrangements. To improve AIRR-seq analysis, some alleles have been extended to deal with short 3 or 5 truncations that can lead them to be overlooked by alignment utilities. To avoid other challenges for analysis programs, exact paralogs (e.g. IGHV1-69*01 and IGHV1-69D*01) are only represented once in each set, though alternative sequence names are noted in accompanying metadata. The Reference Sets also include novel alleles: 8 IGHV alleles, 2 IGKV alleles and 5 IGLV alleles. The version-tracked AIRR-C Reference Sets are freely available at the OGRDB website (https://ogrdb.airr-community.org/germline_sets/Human) and will be regularly updated to include newly-observed and previously-reported sequences that can be confirmed by new high-quality data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Collins, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohlin, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corcoran, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heather, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ralph, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Law, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez-Barnetche, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ye, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibson, W. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, O. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peres, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yaari, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Watson, C. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lees, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555348</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AIRR-C Human IG Reference Sets: curated sets of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain germline genes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.557003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Passivating blunt-ended helices to control monodispersity and multi-subunit assembly of DNA origami structures 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.09.557003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA origami facilitates the synthesis of bespoke nanoscale structures suitable for a wide range of applications. Effective design requires prevention of uncontrolled aggregation, while still permitting directed assembly of multi-subunit superstructures. Uncontrolled aggregation can be caused by base-stacking interactions between arrays of blunt-ended helices on different structures, which are routinely passivated by incorporating disordered regions as either scaffold loops or poly-nucleotide brushes (usually poly-thymine) at the end of DNA helices. Such disordered regions are ubiquitous in DNA origami structures yet their exact design requirements in different chemical environments are ill defined. In this study, we systematically examine the use of scaffold loops and poly-nucleotide brushes for passivation and for controlling multi-subunit assembly. We assess the dependence of length and sequence for preventing aggregation amidst a titration of MgCl2 concentrations and the suitability of each strategy for enabling controlled multi-subunit assembly. We then introduce a novel strategy where double-stranded DNA helices run orthogonal to arrays of blunt-ended DNA helices forming a steric shield that prevents base stacking. The results define the limitations of each method and important design considerations for achieving monodispersity. For example, poly-thymine brushes are most effective for achieving monodispersity in the broadest conditions whereas scaffold loops can facilitate directed multi-subunit assembly. Finally, orthogonal DNA helices remove the need for disordered regions altogether, prevent aggregation in a broad range of MgCl2 concentrations and facilitate directed multi-subunit assembly. This study expands the design tools available and enables a more informed approach for achieving control of monodispersity and multi-subunit assembly in DNA origami structures.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Berengut, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.09.557003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Passivating blunt-ended helices to control monodispersity and multi-subunit assembly of DNA origami structures]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557504v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrochemically controlled blinking of fluorophores to enable quantitative stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.13.557504v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) allows widefield imaging with single molecule resolution through calculating the coordinates of individual fluorophores from the separation of the fluorophore emission in both time and space. Such separation is achieved by photoswitching the fluorophores between a long lived OFF state and an emissive ON state. Despite STORM having revolutionized cellular imaging it remains challenging for quantitative imaging of single molecules due to a number of limitations, such as photobleaching caused under counting, overlapping emitters related fitting error, and repetitive but random blinking induced over counting. To overcome these limitations, we develop an electrochemical approach to switch the fluorophores between ON and OFF states for STORM (EC-STORM). The approach provides greater control over the fluorophore recovery yield, emitter density, and random blinking than photochemically switching. The result is EC-STORM has superior imaging capability than conventional photochemical STORM and can perform molecular counting; a significant advance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gaus, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.13.557504</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrochemically controlled blinking of fluorophores to enable quantitative stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shrinking in the dark: Parallel endosymbiont genome erosions are associated with repeated host transitions to an underground life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microbial symbioses have had profound impacts on the evolution of animals. Conversely, changes in host biology may impact the evolutionary trajectory of symbionts themselves. Blattabacterium cuenoti is present in almost all cockroach species and enables hosts to subsist on a nutrient-poor diet. To investigate if host biology has impacted Blattabacterium at the genomic level, we sequenced and analysed 25 genomes from Australian soil-burrowing cockroaches (Blaberidae: Panesthiinae) which have undergone at least seven independent subterranean transitions from above-ground, wood-feeding ancestors. We find at least three independent instances of genome erosion have occurred in Blattabacterium strains exclusive to Australian soil-burrowing cockroaches. Such shrinkages have involved the repeated inactivation of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis and nitrogen recycling, the core role of Blattabacterium in the host-symbiont relationship. The most drastic of these erosions have occurred in hosts thought to have transitioned underground the earliest relative to other lineages. As Blattabacterium is unable to fulfil its core function in such host groups, our findings suggest soil-burrowing cockroaches must acquire these nutrients from novel sources. Our study represents one of the first cases, to our knowledge, of parallel host adaptations leading to concomitant parallelism in their mutualistic symbionts, further underscoring the intimate relationship between these two partners.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Beasley-Hall, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kinjo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rose, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foster, C. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacs, T. G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bourguignon, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, S. Y. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shrinking in the dark: Parallel endosymbiont genome erosions are associated with repeated host transitions to an underground life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557203v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Ligand requirements for immunoreceptor triggering 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.11.557203v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Leukocytes interact with other cells using cell surface receptors. The largest group of such receptors are non-catalytic tyrosine phosphorylated receptors (NTRs), also called immunoreceptors. NTR signalling requires phosphorylation of cytoplasmic tyrosine residues by SRC-family tyrosine kinases. How ligand binding to NTRs induces this phosphorylation, also called NTR triggering, remains controversial, with roles suggested for size-based segregation, clustering, and mechanical force. Here we exploit a recently developed cell-surface generic ligand system to explore the ligand requirements for NTR triggering. We examine the effect of varying the ligands length, mobility and valency on the activation of representative members of four NTR families: SIRP{beta}1, Siglec 14, NKp44 and TREM-1. Increasing the ligand length impairs activation via NTRs, despite enhancing cell-cell conjugation, while varying ligand mobility has little effect on either conjugation or activation. Increasing the valency of the ligand, while enhancing cell-cell conjugation, does not enhance activation at equivalent levels of conjugation. These findings are more consistent with a role for size-based segregation, rather than mechanical force or clustering, in NTR triggering, suggesting a role for the kinetic-segregation model.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barton, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paterson, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denham, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goyette, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.11.557203</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Ligand requirements for immunoreceptor triggering]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic consequences of isolation and inbreeding in an island dingo population 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.15.557950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dingoes come from an ancient canid lineage that originated in East Asia around 8000-11,000 years BP. As Australias largest terrestrial predator, dingoes play an important ecological role. A small, protected population exists on a world heritage listed offshore island, Kgari (formerly Fraser Island). Concern regarding the persistence of dingoes on Kgari has risen due to their low genetic diversity and elevated inbreeding levels. However, whole-genome sequencing data is lacking from this population. Here, we include five new whole-genome sequences of Kgari dingoes. We analyze a total of 18 whole genome sequences of dingoes sampled from mainland Australia and Kgari to assess the genomic consequences of their demographic histories. Long (>1 Mb) runs of homozygosity (ROH) -- indicators of inbreeding -- are elevated in all sampled dingoes. However, Kgari dingoes showed significantly higher levels of very long ROH (>5 Mb), providing genomic evidence for small population size, isolation, inbreeding, and a strong founder effect. Our results suggest that, despite current levels of inbreeding, the Kgari population is purging strongly deleterious mutations, which, in the absence of further reductions in population size, may facilitate the persistence of small populations despite low genetic diversity and isolation. However, there may be little to no purging of mildly deleterious alleles, which may have important long-term consequences, and should be considered by conservation and management programs.

SIGNIFICANCEA long-standing question in conservation genetics is whether long-term isolation and elevated levels of inbreeding always leads to inevitable population extinction. Here we conduct the first-ever whole-genome analysis of a population of dingoes living in long-term isolation on an island off the coast of Australia (Kgari). We show that these animals are beset by very low genetic diversity, likely the result of extensive inbreeding, and an elevated number of deleterious homozygotes. However, our results suggest that these dingoes are likely purging highly deleterious alleles, which may have allowed them to persist long term despite their extremely small population (<200 individuals).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leon-Apodaca, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>del Castillo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conroy, G. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamont, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ogbourne, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borburgh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Behrendorff, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramanian, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Szpiech, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic consequences of isolation and inbreeding in an island dingo population]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558141v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial genome analyses uncover intriguing population structure across the invasive trajectory of an iconic invader 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.17.558141v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Invasive species offer insights into rapid adaptations in novel environments. The iconic cane toad (Rhinella marina) is an excellent model for studying rapid adaptation during invasion. Previous research using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3) gene in the Hawaiian and Australian invasive populations found a single haplotype, indicating an extreme genetic bottleneck following introduction. Nuclear genetic diversity also exhibited reductions across the genome in these two populations. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial genome diversity of cane toads across this invasion trajectory. We created the first reference mitochondrial genome of the cane toad with long-read sequencing and constructed a phylogeny of Anura full mitochondrial genomes. We used transcriptomic data of 125 individuals from the native (French Guiana) and introduced (Hawaii and Australia) ranges to construct nearly-complete mitochondrial genomes for population genomics analyses. As expected, the cane toad belongs to family Bufonidae, distinct from genus Bufo. In agreement with previous investigations of these populations, we identified genetic bottlenecks in both Hawaiian and Australian introduced populations, alongside evidence of population expansion in the invasive ranges. Although mitochondrial genetic diversity in introduced populations was reduced, our results revealed that it had been underestimated: we identified 45 mitochondrial haplotypes in Hawaiian and Australian samples, none of which were found in the native range. Additionally, we identified two distinct groups of haplotypes from the native range, separated by a minimum of 110 base pairs (0.6%). These findings enhance our understanding of Anura phylogenetics and how invasion has shaped the genetic landscape of this species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheung, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, T. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.17.558141</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial genome analyses uncover intriguing population structure across the invasive trajectory of an iconic invader]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558930v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
TMPRSS2 activation of Omicron lineage Spike glycoproteins is regulated by TMPRSS2 cleavage of ACE2 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.558930v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Continued high-level spread of SARS-CoV-2 has enabled an accumulation of changes within the Spike glycoprotein, leading to resistance to neutralising antibodies and concomitant changes to entry requirements that increased viral transmission fitness. Herein, we demonstrate a significant change in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) dependent entry by primary SARS-CoV-2 isolates that occurred upon arrival of Omicron lineages. Mechanistically we show this shift to be a function of two distinct ACE2 pools based on TMPRS22 association with the ACE2 Collectrin-Like Domain (CLD). In engineered cells overexpressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2, ACE2/TMPRSS2 complexes led to either augmentation or attenuation of viral infectivity of pre-Omicron and Omicron lineages, respectively. Mutagenesis of the ACE2-CLD TMPRSS2 cleavage site in ACE2 restored infectivity across all Omicron lineages through enabling ACE2 binding that facilitated TMPRSS2 activation of viral fusion. Our data supports the evolution of Omicron lineages towards the use of ACE2 unable to form complexes with TMPRSS2 and consistent with ACE2 structure and function as a chaperone for many tissue specific amino acid transport proteins.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=95 SRC="FIGDIR/small/558930v4_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (26K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c86cf0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16815feorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7be9e1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@137de1c_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical Abstract:C_FLOATNO ACE2-TMPRSS2 pool model and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 tropism.A. &-B. ACE2-TMPRSS2 pool model to reconcile the evolving entry requirements of SARS-CoV-2 and changes in viral tropism in vivo. A. Both SARS-CoV-1 and early SARS-CoV-2 (pre-Omicron) lineages have molecular dual tropism, with efficient entry when ACE2 (blue protein) can form complexes with TMPRSS2 (green protein) and in settings where TMPRSS2 is excluded from ACE2 (C4-ACE2 CLD). In both settings ACE2 initially engages SARS-CoV-2 spike and fusion is then triggered through TMPRSS2 cleavage of the Spike S2 domain B. Over time, the dual tropism for two distinct pools of ACE2 (with and without TMPRSS2) has been lost, with consolidation towards ACE2 where TMPRSS2 is no longer in a complex. With the arrival of Omicron lineages, ACE2-TMPRSS2 complexes could no longer enable efficient Spike S2 cleavage and fusogenic activation (TMPRSS2 "off" confirmation"). Rather, only TMPRSS2 uncoupled from ACE2 could facilitate the latter cleavage of S2. C. Over time this has further consolidated over generations of omicron lineages from 2022 lineages (BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5) through to 2023 lineages (XBB.1.5) and now in 2024 JN.1 lineages such as KP.3. Overall, this supports the initial molecular tropism of early SARS-CoV-2 clades to be similar to that observed for SARS-CoV-1, with dual tropism across both ACE2 pools and replication proceeding in tissues where ACE2-TMPRSS2 complexes would be prevalent (e.g. Lung). The evolution away from ACE2-TMPRSS2 complexes towards ACE2 where TMPRSS2 is structurally uncoupled (e.g. ACE2 as a chaperone for solute carriers SLCA619 or SLCA620) is consistent selection of this ACE2 pool in a manner that has sustained transmission fitness within the human population.

C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milogiannakis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akerman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz Silva, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrell, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelovich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sng, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brilot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khromykh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.558930</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[TMPRSS2 activation of Omicron lineage Spike glycoproteins is regulated by TMPRSS2 cleavage of ACE2]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Estimating multimodal brain variability in schizophreniaspectrum disorders: A worldwide ENIGMA study 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.22.559032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveSchizophrenia is a multifaceted disorder associated with structural brain heterogeneity. Despite its relevance for identifying illness subtypes and informative biomarkers, structural brain heterogeneity in schizophrenia remains incompletely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive insight into the structural brain heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia.

MethodsThis meta- and mega-analysis investigated the variability of multimodal structural brain measures of white and gray matter in individuals with schizophrenia versus healthy controls. Using the ENIGMA dataset of MRI-based brain measures from 22 international sites with up to 6139 individuals for a given brain measure, we examined variability in cortical thickness, surface area, folding index, subcortical volume and fractional anisotropy.

ResultsWe found that individuals with schizophrenia are distinguished by higher heterogeneity in the frontotemporal network with regard to multimodal structural measures. Moreover, individuals with schizophrenia showed higher homogeneity of the folding index, especially in the left parahippocampal region.

ConclusionsHigher multimodal heterogeneity in frontotemporal regions potentially implies different subtypes of schizophrenia that converge on impaired frontotemporal interaction as a core feature of the disorder. Conversely, more homogeneous folding patterns in the left parahippocampal region might signify a consistent characteristic of schizophrenia shared across subtypes. These findings underscore the importance of structural brain variability in advancing our neurobiological understanding of schizophrenia, and aid in identifying illness subtypes as well as informative biomarkers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Omlor, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rabe, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuchs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cecere, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Surbeck, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kallen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiadis, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seifritz, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weickert, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruggemann, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weickert, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hashimoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rootes-Murdy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quide, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houenou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spalletta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pearlson, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tomecek, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirschner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochunov, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, F.-M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andreassen, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westlye, L. T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berthet, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calhoun, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howells, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Uhlmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iasevoli, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Erp, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.22.559032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Estimating multimodal brain variability in schizophreniaspectrum disorders: A worldwide ENIGMA study]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559234v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A synthetic peptide mimic kills Candida albicans and synergistically prevents infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559234v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
More than two million people worldwide are affected by life-threatening, invasive fungal infections annually. Candida species are the most common cause of nosocomical, invasive fungal infections and are associated with mortality rates above 40%. Despite the increasing incidence of drug-resistance, the development of novel antifungal formulations has been limited. Here we investigate the antifungal mode of action and therapeutic potential of positively charged, synthetic peptide mimics to combat infections by Candida albicans. These synthetic polymers cause stress to the endoplasmic reticulum and affect protein glycosylation, a distinct mode of action compared to currently approved antifungal drugs. The most promising polymer composition caused damage to the mannan layer of the cell wall, with additional membrane-disrupting activity. The synergistic combination of the polymer with caspofungin prevented infection of human epithelial cells in vitro, improved fungal clearance by human macrophages, and significantly increased host survival in a Galleria mellonella model of systemic candidiasis. Additionally, prolonged exposure of C. albicans to the synergistic combination of polymer and caspofungin did not lead to the evolution of resistant strains in vitro. Together, this work highlights the enormous potential of these synthetic peptide mimics to be used as novel antifungal formulations as well as adjunctive antifungal therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schaefer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vij, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sprague, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Austermeier, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judzewitsch, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seemann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qualmann, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cain, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corrigan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gresnigt, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boyer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lenardon, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brunke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559234</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A synthetic peptide mimic kills Candida albicans and synergistically prevents infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559240v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards label-free non-invasive autofluorescence multispectral imaging for melanoma diagnosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.25.559240v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This study focuses on the use of cellular autofluorescence which visualizes the cell metabolism by monitoring endogenous fluorophores including NAD(P)H and flavins. It explores the potential of multispectral imaging of native fluorophores in melanoma diagnostics using excitation wavelengths ranging from 340 nm to 510 nm and emission wavelengths above 391 nm. Cultured immortalized cells are utilized to compare the autofluorescent signatures of two melanoma cell lines to one fibroblast cell line. Feature analysis identifies the most significant and least correlated features for differentiating the cells. The investigation successfully applies this analysis to pre-processed, noise-removed images and original background-corrupted data. Furthermore, the applicability of distinguishing melanomas and healthy fibroblasts based on their autofluorescent characteristics is validated using patient cells with the same evaluation technique. Additionally, the study tentatively maps the detected features to underlying biological processes. This research demonstrates the potential of cellular autofluorescence as a promising tool for melanoma diagnostics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Knab, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anwer, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pedersen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Handley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marupally, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habibalahi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldys, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.25.559240</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards label-free non-invasive autofluorescence multispectral imaging for melanoma diagnosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559506v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Metabolic and mitochondria alterations induced by SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF3a, ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.26.559506v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Antiviral signaling, immune response and cell metabolism in human body are dysregulated by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF3a, ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10 induce a significant mitochondrial and metabolic reprogramming in A549 lung epithelial cells. While all four ORFs caused mitochondrial fragmentation and altered mitochondrial function, only ORF3a and ORF9c induced a marked structural alteration in mitochondrial cristae. ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10 induced largely overlapping transcriptomes. In contrast, ORF3a induced a distinct transcriptome, including the downregulation of numerous genes for proteins with critical mitochondrial functions and morphology. Genome-Scale Metabolic Models predicted common and private metabolic flux reprogramming, notably a depressed amino acid metabolism, and an enhanced metabolism of specific lipids distinctly induced by ORF3a. These findings reveal metabolic dependencies and vulnerabilities prompted by SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins that may be exploited to identify new targets for intervention.

One-Sentence SummaryMitochondria and metabolic alterations induced by SARS- CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF3a, ORF9b, ORF9c, ORF10 in pulmonary cells unravel new targets of intervention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez-Ayllon, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farinas Fernandez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Garcia, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lucas-Rius, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redondo, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mendoza-Garcia, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foguet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grigas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvet, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villalba, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez Gomez, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Megias, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandracchia, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lozano, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Calvo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cascante, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.26.559506</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Metabolic and mitochondria alterations induced by SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF3a, ORF9b, ORF9c and ORF10]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559696v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial Decellularization: Non-Chemical Production of Effective Plant Tissue Bio-Scaffolds 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.27.559696v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bio-scaffolds for the cellular agriculture field require to be simple, with low associated costs. Here, a method is described to generate decellularized leaf scaffolds utilizing a simple bacterial process, yielding scaffolds with the capacity to sustain myoblast attachment, growth, and differentiation.

To best develop a minimal cost decellularization process, we aimed to design the key steps of the method to be as "low-tech" as possible and not use chemical or thermal processing to produce the cellular scaffold. Decellularized leaves (DCL) from the black walnut tree (Juglans nigra) were successfully produced employing a domestic fish tank with a biological filtration system that supports an active aquatic nitrogen-fixing bacterial population, typically within 3-5 days. Following decellularization, the DCL were devoid of any pulp material as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DCL produced in this way are an effective cellular scaffold, and the C2C12 myoblast cell line was shown to attach, proliferate and differentiate on DCL and maintain viability up to 3 weeks post-seeding. Differentiated cellular material grew extensively over the DCL veins and larger differentiated cellular structures extended between individual DCL veins.

The data presented provide a proof of concept for an inexpensive, simple, and chemical-free method for leaf decellularization, which supports myoblast attachment, growth, and differentiation. The technology provides clear applications for the cellular agriculture field where cost reduction, scalability, and simplification of established laboratory processes, such as bio scaffold production, is a key factor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rybchyn, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biazik, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nunez, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>le Coutre, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.27.559696</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial Decellularization: Non-Chemical Production of Effective Plant Tissue Bio-Scaffolds]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.558960v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-modal transcriptomic analysis unravels enrichment of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal state and enhanced phenotypic heterogeneity in basal breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.30.558960v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intra-tumoral phenotypic heterogeneity promotes tumor relapse and therapeutic resistance and remains an unsolved clinical challenge. It manifests along multiple phenotypic axes and decoding the interconnections among these different axes is crucial to understand its molecular origins and to develop novel therapeutic strategies to control it. Here, we use multi-modal transcriptomic data analysis - bulk, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics - from breast cancer cell lines and primary tumor samples, to identify associations between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and luminal-basal plasticity - two key processes that enable heterogeneity. We show that luminal breast cancer strongly associates with an epithelial cell state, but basal breast cancer is associated with hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype(s) and higher phenotypic heterogeneity. These patterns were inherent in methylation profiles, suggesting an epigenetic crosstalk between EMT and lineage plasticity in breast cancer. Mathematical modelling of core underlying gene regulatory networks representative of the crosstalk between the luminal-basal and epithelial-mesenchymal axes recapitulate and thus elucidate mechanistic underpinnings of the observed associations from transcriptomic data. Our systems-based approach integrating multi-modal data analysis with mechanism-based modeling offers a predictive framework to characterize intra-tumor heterogeneity and to identify possible interventions to restrict it.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sahoo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pillai, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez San Juan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milioli, H. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naidu, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mavatkar, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subramaniam, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neogi, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prabhu, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Somarelli, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.09.30.558960</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-modal transcriptomic analysis unravels enrichment of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal state and enhanced phenotypic heterogeneity in basal breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.559861v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Keywords to success: a practical guide to maximise the visibility and impact of academic papers 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.02.559861v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In a growing digital landscape, enhancing the discoverability and resonance of scientific articles is essential. Here, we offer ten recommendations to amplify the discoverability of studies in scientific databases. Particularly, we argue that the strategic use and placement of key terms in the title, abstract, and keyword sections can boost indexing and appeal. By surveying 237 journals in ecology and evolutionary biology, we found that current author guidelines may unintentionally limit article discoverability. Our survey of 5842 studies revealed that authors frequently exhaust abstract word limits -- particularly those capped under 250 words. This suggests that current guidelines may be overly restrictive and not optimised to increase the dissemination and discoverability of digital publications. Additionally, 91.9% of studies used redundant keywords in the title or abstract, undermining optimal indexing in databases. We encourage adopting structured abstracts to maximise the incorporation of key terms in titles, abstracts, and keywords. In addition, we encourage the relaxation of abstract and keyword limitations in journals with strict guidelines, and the inclusion of multilingual abstracts to broaden global accessibility. These evidence-based recommendations to editors are designed to improve article engagement and facilitate evidence synthesis, thereby aligning scientific publishing with the modern needs of academic research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pottier, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burke, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Downing, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macartney, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinig, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mizuno, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pollo, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricolfi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.02.559861</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Keywords to success: a practical guide to maximise the visibility and impact of academic papers]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560632v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Colchicine promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability independently of inflammation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.03.560632v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is driven in part by the aberrant trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). No therapeutic drug has been shown to reverse detrimental SMC-derived cell phenotypes into protective phenotypes, a hypothesized enabler of plaque regression and improved patient outcome. Herein, we describe a novel function of colchicine in the beneficial modulation of SMC-derived cell phenotype, independent of its conventional anti-inflammatory effects. Using SMC fate mapping in an advanced atherosclerotic lesion model, colchicine induced plaque regression by converting pathogenic SMC-derived macrophage-like and osteoblast-like cells into protective myofibroblast-like cells which thickened, and thereby stabilized, the fibrous cap. This was dependent on Notch3 signaling in SMC-derived plaque cells. These findings may help explain the success of colchicine in clinical trials relative to other anti-inflammatory drugs. Thus, we demonstrate the potential of regulating SMC phenotype in advanced plaque regression through Notch3 signaling, in addition to the canonical anti-inflammatory actions of drugs to treat atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hutton, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhaliwal, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodor, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Örd, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hadden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mokry, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mol, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pasterkamp, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padula, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Geczy, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramaswamy, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sluimer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaikkonen, M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Misra, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.03.560632</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Colchicine promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability independently of inflammation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561127v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modelling termites tunnelling and decision-making behaviors 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.05.561127v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Termites digging and construction behavior plays an important role in understanding termites foraging and nesting strategies. Termites build galleries when they tunnel that building behavior is different from ants. Therefore, termite tunnelling behavior such as tunnelling networks (tunnel growth and branching), and direction-changing when generating new branches and encountering obstacles require more research. Measurement of termites tunnel growth in the experimental arena is often conducted manually by comparing photo sequences. Here, we observe the tunnelling behaviors of the small-sized desert subterranean termite (Heterotermes aureus) and the larger arid land subterranean termite (Reticulitermes tibialis) and develop a mathematical model to describe termites tunnelling behavior in the arena. The model can estimate the possible tunnel length with respect to termite body length over a certain time based on three data inputs. Another advantage of this model is that it takes only a few seconds to show results. The results of the model are verified numerically. A behavioral model based on a decision tree is also developed to investigate termites direction-changing mechanisms in tunnelling when generating branches and encountering obstacles. Thus, this study demonstrates methods to characterize and model termites tunnelling mechanism and direction-changing behavior, which might be applicable to other insects behavior and algorithm mimicking digging and tunneling behavior of ants.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mandal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.05.561127</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modelling termites tunnelling and decision-making behaviors]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.560959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional coherence of the Xist and RSX protein interactomes: X chromosome inactivation marsupials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.560959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Long range epigenetic silencing is epitomised by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in mammals. It is mediated by independently evolved, non-homologous long noncoding RNAs in eutherian and marsupial mammals (XIST and RSX). The Xist interactome, comprising proteins that mediate the silencing process, is well documented in mouse studies. Here we interrogate proteins that interact with RSX using chromatin isolation by RNA purification followed by mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS) in a marsupial representative, Monodelphis domestica. We identify 135 proteins that interact with RSX, of which 56 have orthologues in the Xist interactome. Remarkably, nearly 90% of the combined Xist and RSX interactomes are within the same protein-protein association network. This network clustered into three major groups with distinctive functional enrichments, including RNA splicing and processing, regulation of translation and ribosomal biogenesis, and epigenetic transcriptional silencing. The proteins of the RSX interactome were enriched for regions of intrinsic disorder in common with the Xist interactome, identifying this as a feature of ribonucleoprotein complexes associated with XCI. We also show that RNAi knockdown of representative RSX interactors, HNRNPK and CKAP4, led to reactivation of transcription from the inactive X chromosome, indicating a role for each in marsupial XCI. Thus, despite the absence of linear sequence homology between Xist and RSX, they exhibit extraordinary functional coherence that indicates potential for post-transcriptional regulation, a feature not previously associated with the molecular machinery of XCI.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>McIntyre, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hart-Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raftery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, J. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.560959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional coherence of the Xist and RSX protein interactomes: X chromosome inactivation marsupials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561454v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Myeloperoxidase activity predicts atherosclerotic plaque disruption and atherothrombosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.08.561454v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUnstable atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. As unstable plaque is vulnerable to disruption and ensuing thrombosis, we examined whether plaque MPO activity predicts atherothrombosis in a pre-clinical model and correlates with ruptured human atheroma.

MethodsTo assess if plaque MPO activity predicts atherothrombosis, rabbits were subjected to aortic endothelial denudation, cholesterol feeding, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of MPO activity using MPO-Gd (gadolinium), followed by pharmacological triggering of atherothrombosis, histology, and MPO activity determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) by quantifying the MPO-specific product of hydroethidine, 2-chloroethidium. To correlate plaque MPO activity to ruptured human atheroma, ex vivo determination of MPO activity by MPO-Gd retention in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens was correlated with in vivo MRI plaque phenotyping in patients, histology, and MPO activity determined by LC-MSMS.

ResultsIn rabbits, pre-trigger in vivo MPO activity, validated by LC-MSMS and histology, was higher in thrombosis-prone than thrombosis-resistant plaques and lesion-free segments (R1 relaxation rate = 2.2 {+/-} 0.4 versus 1.6 {+/-} 0.2 and 1.5 {+/-} 0.2 s-1, respectively, p<0.0001), and it predicted atherothrombosis. In CEA specimens, MPO-Gd retention was greater in histologic and MRI-graded American Heart Association (AHA) type VI than types III, IV and V plaques ({Delta}R1 relaxation rate from baseline = 48 {+/-} 6 versus 16 {+/-} 7, 17 {+/-} 8 and 23 {+/-} 8%, respectively, p<0.0001). This association was confirmed by comparing AHA grade to MPO activity determined by LC-MSMS (277 {+/-} 338 versus 7 {+/-} 6, 11 {+/-} 12 and 42 {+/-} 39 pmol 2-chloroethidium/mg protein for type VI versus type III-V plaques, respectively, p=0.0008).

ConclusionsMPO activity is elevated in thrombosis-prone rabbit and ruptured human atheroma. Non-invasive molecular imaging of MPO activity predicts atherothrombosis, highlighting the potential of arterial MPO activity to detect vulnerable, destabilized atherosclerosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nadel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saha, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongers, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tumanov, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giannotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vidger, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lima da Cruz, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Velasco, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jabbour, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botnar, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stocker, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phinikaridou, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.08.561454</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Myeloperoxidase activity predicts atherosclerotic plaque disruption and atherothrombosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562411v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Accurate identification of cancer cells in complex pre-clinical models using deep-learning: a transfection free approach. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.15.562411v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3D co-cultures are key tools for in vitro biomedical research as they recapitulate more closely the in vivo environment, while allowing control of the density and type of cells included in the analysis, as well as the experimental conditions in which they are maintained. More widespread application of these models is hampered however by the limited technologies available for their analysis. The separation of the contribution of the different cell types, in particular, is a fundamental challenge.

In this work, we present ORACLE, a deep neural network trained to distinguish between ovarian cancer and healthy cells based on the shape of their nucleus. The extensive validation that we have conducted includes multiple cell lines and patient derived cultures to characterise the effect of all the major potential confounding factors. High accuracy and reliability were maintained throughout the analysis demonstrating ORACLE effectiveness with this detection and classification task.

ORACLE is freely available (https://github.com/MarilisaCortesi/ORACLE/tree/main) and can be used to recognise both ovarian cancer cell lines and primary patient-derived cells. This feature sets ORACLE apart from currently available analysis methods and opens the possibility of analysing in vitro co-cultures comprised solely of patient-derived cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.15.562411</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Accurate identification of cancer cells in complex pre-clinical models using deep-learning: a transfection free approach.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fecal microbial transfer and complex carbohydrates mediate protection against COPD 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.16.562613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
ObjectiveChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of global illness and death, most commonly caused by cigarette smoke. The mechanisms of pathogenesis remain poorly understood, limiting the development of effective therapies. The gastrointestinal microbiome has been implicated in chronic lung diseases via the gut-lung axis, but its role is unclear.

DesignUsing an in vivo mouse model of cigarette smoke-induced COPD and fecal microbial transfer (FMT), we characterized the fecal microbiota using metagenomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Findings were correlated with airway and systemic inflammation, lung and gut histopathology, and lung function. Complex carbohydrates were assessed in mice using a high resistant starch diet, and in sixteen COPD patients using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of inulin supplementation.

ResultsFMT alleviated hallmark features of COPD (inflammation, alveolar destruction, impaired lung function), gastrointestinal pathology and systemic immune changes. Protective effects were additive to smoking cessation. Disease features correlated with the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae and Lachnospiraceae family members. Proteomics and metabolomics identified downregulation of glucose and starch metabolism in cigarette smoke-associated microbiota, and supplementation of mice or human patients with complex carbohydrates improved disease outcomes.

ConclusionThe gut microbiome contributes to COPD pathogenesis and can be targeted therapeutically.

What is already known on this topicO_LIChanges in gut microbiota are associated with COPD but the underlying host and microbial mechanisms are unclear, limiting the therapeutic applications.
C_LI

What this study addsO_LIMicrobiome composition and metabolism is reproducibly correlated with lung and gastrointestinal pathology in experimental COPD.
C_LIO_LIMicrobiome modifying interventions effectively alleviate disease, including protective effects supplementing smoking cessation.
C_LIO_LINutritional interventions targeting the microbiome in COPD patients demonstrate efficacy in a small pilot study.
C_LI

How this study might affect research, practice or policyO_LIMicrobiome-targeting therapeutics and nutritional interventions may be developed for COPD, including as supplements to smoking cessation.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Budden, K. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shukla, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowerman, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gellatly, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, D. L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Idrees, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faiz, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rehman, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donovan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alemao, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vanka, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mason, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haw, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fricker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keely, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansbro, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belz, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvat, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashhurst, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Vreden, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcguire, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fazekas de St Groth, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, N. J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossett, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordwell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonaguro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultze, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forster, S. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Segal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vaughan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wark, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dennis, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hugenholtz, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansbro, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.562613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fecal microbial transfer and complex carbohydrates mediate protection against COPD]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562810v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The landscape of genomic structural variation in Indigenous Australians 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.17.562810v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Indigenous Australians harbour rich and unique genomic diversity. However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ancestries are historically under-represented in genomics research and almost completely missing from reference databases. Addressing this representation gap is critical, both to advance our understanding of global human genomic diversity and as a prerequisite for ensuring equitable outcomes in genomic medicine. Here, we apply population-scale whole genome long-read sequencing to profile genomic structural variation across four remote Indigenous communities. We uncover an abundance of large indels (20-49bp; n=136,797) and structural variants (SVs; [&ge;]50bp; n=159,912), the majority of which are composed of tandem repeat or interspersed mobile element sequences (90%) and have not been previously annotated (73%). A large fraction of SVs appear to be exclusive to Indigenous Australians (>30%) and the majority of these are found in only a single community, underscoring the need for broad and deep sampling to achieve a comprehensive catalogue of genomic structural variation across the Australian continent. Finally, we explore short-tandem repeats (STRs) throughout the genome to characterise allelic diversity at 50 known disease loci, uncover hundreds of novel repeat expansion sites within protein-coding genes, and identify unique patterns of diversity and constraint among STR sequences. Our study sheds new light on the dimensions, diversity and evolutionary trajectories of genomic structural variation within and beyond Australia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevanovski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumaheri, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chintalaphani, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dissanayake, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llamas, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baynam, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermes, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562810</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The landscape of genomic structural variation in Indigenous Australians]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564158v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Is developmental plasticity triggered by DNA methylation changes in the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina)? 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564158v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Many organisms can adjust their development according to environmental conditions, including the presence of conspecifics. Although this developmental plasticity is common in amphibians, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Exposure during development to either  cannibal cues from older conspecifics, or  alarm cues from injured conspecifics, causes reduced growth and survival in cane toad (Rhinella marina) tadpoles. Epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation patterns, are a plausible mechanism underlying these developmental plastic responses. Here we tested this hypothesis, and asked whether cannibal cues and alarm cues trigger the same DNA methylation changes in developing cane toads. We found that exposure to both cannibal cues and alarm cues induced local changes in DNA methylation patterns. These DNA methylation changes affected genes putatively involved in developmental processes, but in different genomic regions for different conspecific-derived cues. Genetic background explained most of the epigenetic variation among individuals. Overall, the molecular mechanisms triggered by exposure to cannibal cues seem to differ from those triggered by alarm cues. Studies linking epigenetic modifications to transcriptional activity are needed to clarify the proximate mechanisms that regulate developmental plasticity in cane toads.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yagound, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sarma, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lopez, C. M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossland, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeVore, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shine, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rollins, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564158</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Is developmental plasticity triggered by DNA methylation changes in the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina)?]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564078v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Women's representation in Indian academia and conferences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.26.564078v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Abstract/IntroductionIndian science academia has a dearth of women researchers at all levels. Not only are they under-represented, but they are also under-highlighted, under-mentored and overlooked for awards, grants and other career-advancing steps. To effectively address this problem and devise a solution for the inequity, we need data on the proportion of women faculty across multiple STEM institutions. Such a database, currently, does not exist. To fill this gap, we formed BiasWatchIndia to (1) document the inequities, and (2) provide real-time actionable data as a basis for future remedial steps. Along with collecting data on women representation at the faculty level in Indian STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) academia, BiasWatchIndia also helps highlight the lack of women representation and gender imbalance in Indian STEM talks, conferences, workshops and panels. Based on our findings, we recommend several measures that need to be implemented by universities and institutes to challenge the status quo changes for women in Indian academia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Muralidhar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.26.564078</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Women's representation in Indian academia and conferences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Role of finger movement kinematics in friction perception at initial contact with smooth surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.29.564644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When manipulating objects, humans adjust grip force to friction remarkably quickly: it may take just 100 ms to see adjustment to friction at the skin-object interface. While the motor commands adapt, subjects become aware of slipperiness of touched surfaces. In this study, we explore the sensory processes underlying such friction perception when no intentional exploratory sliding movements are present. Previously, we have demonstrated that humans cannot perceive frictional differences when surfaces are brought in contact with an immobilized finger (Khamis et al., 2021b) unless there is a submillimeter lateral displacement (Afzal et al., 2022), or subjects made the movement themselves (Willemet et al., 2021). In the current study, subjects actively interacted with a device that can modulate friction using ultrasound, without an exploratory sliding movement, as they would when gripping an object to lift it. Using a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, subjects had to indicate which of two surfaces felt more slippery. Subjects could correctly identify the more slippery surface in 87 {+/-} 8% of cases (mean{+/-}SD; n=12). Biomechanical analysis of finger pad skin contacting a flat smooth surface indicated that natural movement kinematics (e.g., tangential movement jitter and physiological tremor) may enhance perception of frictional effects. To test whether this is the case, in a second experiment a hand support was introduced to limit fingertip movement deviation from a straight path. Subject performance significantly decreased (66 {+/-} 12% correct, mean{+/-}SD; n=12), indicating that friction perception at the initial contact is enhanced or enabled by natural movement kinematics.

Significance statementSensing surface friction is crucial for automatic grip force control to avoid dropping objects. A slipping handhold can lead to loss of balance and falling. In many instances, the required grip force may exceed hands physical ability or an objects breakage point, therefore cognitive selection of a safe and achievable action plan based on friction perception is critical. Little is known about how our awareness of surface slipperiness is obtained under such circumstances without exploratory movement. The current study demonstrates that natural movement kinematics inducing submillimeter lateral movements play a central enabling role, demonstrating interdependence between the motor system and sensory mechanisms. These findings broaden our fundamental understanding of sensorimotor control and could inform the development of advanced sensor technologies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Afzal, H. M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dullinac, S. d. B. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loutit, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shea, H. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez Ulloa, P. M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khamis, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vickery, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wiertlewski, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Redmond, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birznieks, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.29.564644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Role of finger movement kinematics in friction perception at initial contact with smooth surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564897v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Opportunity nest egg: insights on the nutritional ecology, life history and captive management of three species of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) chick from Operation Nest Egg zoo hand-rearing records. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564897v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zoo data collected by keepers while looking after endangered species are increasingly recognised as important scientific resources. As chicks, New Zealands threatened kiwi (Apteryx spp.) are subject to the protective conservation programme Operation Nest Egg (ONE), during which growth, developmental and life history data are recorded. We have conducted comparative analyses on hand rearing records from 306 chicks, from Coromandel, Eastern and Western populations of Brown kiwi (A. mantelli), and rowi (A. rowi) and Haast tokoeka (A. australis "Haast"). We analysed chick responses to an old diet vs. a new kiwi diet, introduced in 2017. Both diets are fixed nutrient ratio mixtures. The old diet was high-protein, low-energy, while the new diet is high-fat, high-energy, with better micronutrient levels. We found Coromandel chicks, who originate from the environmentally variable K[u]aotunu Peninsula, grow the most efficiently overall on either diet, indicating they may be nutritional generalists. Western and Eastern chicks growth efficiency was intermediate, while the South Island species grew the least efficiently on either diet.

Rowi chicks developed the fastest overall on either diet, while Haast tokoeka chicks developed the most slowly, especially on the new diet. Rowi chicks therefore had to eat large volumes of either diet over a short time to maintain their rapid development, while Haast chicks were required to eat large volumes, especially of the new diet, over a protracted developmental period. This situation may have led South Island chicks to over-consume one or another diet component, with likely health consequences. Neither diet was obviously superior for chick wellbeing overall, though the new diet better supported chicks that needed hand feeding. This work demonstrates different genetic populations of kiwi differ in their physiological responses to nutrition. As ONE is ongoing, tailored diets for chicks from each genetic group should be developed, and we present methods to achieve this. In our life history trait analyses, we found chick starting size (hatch mass) did not significantly influence growth efficiency across kiwi genetic group, nor did chick sex. We identified that chicks malpositioned as embryos were more likely to require extended periods of hand feeding, and that Eastern males produce more malpositioned embryos than other populations. Our study shows that effective zoo records can be used to improve captive care, to stimulate future research to refine species management practices, and to explore fundamental questions of life history evolution in wild and captive populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gray, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milner-Bradford, I. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bell, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Revelly, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Travers, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564897</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Opportunity nest egg: insights on the nutritional ecology, life history and captive management of three species of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) chick from Operation Nest Egg zoo hand-rearing records.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The mechanistic basis of evolutionary transitions between grey, slate, and blue colour in Tanagers (Thraupidae) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.31.564904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Both pigmentary and structural colours share many common elements of their feather anatomy, i.e. keratin, air and melanin packed in the melanosomes, despite utilizing different mechanisms of the colour production. This means that evolutionary transitions between pigmentary and structural colours can be achieved through a simple adjustment of these elements. Recently, an evolutionary hypothesis for the transition between pigmentary grey, through slate and finally to structural blue colour has been proposed and confirmed in the clade Tanagers on a macroevolutionary level. Here, we investigate mechanistic basis of this evolutionary pathway. By using SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) we have quantified important elements of spongy layer in medullary cells that is crucial for colour production by coherent scattering of light wavelengths. We have quantified five elements of the spongy layer: nanostructure complexity, average hard block thickness, average soft block thickness, filling fraction and Io value. We report that across different categories of feather colour, i.e. blue, slate and grey, nanostructure complexity, filling fraction and Io value explained variation in the chromatic component of the colour (between the three colour categories). Chromatic variation within the colour category was explained by filling fraction in the case of slate colour and by nanostructure complexity and average hard block thickness in the case of blue colour. We propose that variation in different elements or combination of elements of the spongy nanostructure has been utilised in feather colour evolution, both within and between colour categories, to overcome developmental constraints imposed by self-assembly processes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Babarovic, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooney, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zinn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Janas, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kennedy, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nadeau, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parnell, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burg, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.10.31.564904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The mechanistic basis of evolutionary transitions between grey, slate, and blue colour in Tanagers (Thraupidae)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565665v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein Engineering with Lightweight Graph Denoising Neural Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.05.565665v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Protein engineering faces challenges in finding optimal mutants from the massive pool of candidate mutants. In this study, we introduce a deep learning-based data-efficient fitness prediction tool to steer protein engineering. Our methodology establishes a lightweight graph neural network scheme for protein structures, which efficiently analyzes the microenvironment of amino acids in wild-type proteins and reconstructs the distribution of the amino acid sequences that are more likely to pass natural selection. This distribution serves as a general guidance for scoring proteins toward arbitrary properties on any order of mutations. Our proposed solution undergoes extensive wet-lab experimental validation spanning diverse physicochemical properties of various proteins, including fluorescence intensity, antigen-antibody affinity, thermostability, and DNA cleavage activity. More than 40% of PO_SCPLOWROTC_SCPLOWLGN-designed single-site mutants outperform their wild-type counterparts across all studied proteins and targeted properties. More importantly, our model can bypass the negative epistatic effect to combine single mutation sites and form deep mutants with up to 7 mutation sites in a single round, whose physicochemical properties are significantly improved. This observation provides compelling evidence of the structure-based models potential to guide deep mutations in protein engineering. Overall, our approach emerges as a versatile tool for protein engineering, benefiting both the computational and bioengineering communities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lv, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.05.565665</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein Engineering with Lightweight Graph Denoising Neural Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565396v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term serial passaging of SARS-CoV-2 reveals signatures of convergent evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.02.565396v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding viral evolutionary dynamics is crucial to pandemic responses, prediction of virus adaptation over time, and virus surveillance for public health strategies. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 has enabled fine-grained studies of virus evolution in the human population. Serial passaging in vitro offers a complementary controlled environment to investigate the emergence and persistence of genetic variants that may confer selective advantage. In this study, nine virus lineages, including four "variants of concern" and three former "variants under investigation", were sampled over [&ge;]33 serial passages (range 33-100) in Vero E6 cells. WGS was used to examine virus evolutionary dynamics and identify key mutations with implications for fitness and/or transmissibility. Viruses accumulated mutations regularly during serial passaging. Many low-frequency variants were lost but others became fixed, suggesting either in vitro benefits, or at least a lack of deleterious effect. Mutations arose convergently both across passage lines, and when compared with contemporaneous SARS-CoV-2 clinical sequences. These mutations included some hypothesised to drive lineage success through host immune evasion (e.g. S:A67V, S:H655Y). The appearance of these mutations in vitro suggested key mutations can arise convergently even in the absence of a multicellular host immune response through mechanisms other than immune-driven mutation. Such mutations may provide other benefits to the viruses in vitro, or arise stochastically. Our quantitative investigation into SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics spans the greatest number of serial passages to date, and will inform measures to reduce the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the human population.

ImportanceThe ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 remains a challenge for long term public health efforts to minimise the effects of COVID-19. Whole-genome sequencing of outbreak cases has enabled global contact tracing efforts and the identification of mutations of concern within the virus genome. However, complementary approaches are necessary to inform our understanding of virus evolution and clinical outcomes. Here we charted evolution of the virus within a controlled cell culture environment, focusing on nine different virus lineages. Our approach demonstrates how SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve readily in vitro, with changes mirroring those seen in outbreak cases globally. Findings of the study are important for i) investigating the mechanisms of how mutations arise, ii) predicting the future evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2, and iii) informing treatment and prevention design.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Foster, C. S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brassil, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Isaacs, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlinson, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.02.565396</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term serial passaging of SARS-CoV-2 reveals signatures of convergent evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.564839v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility in multiple African population samples 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.04.564839v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mapping the functional human genome and impact of genetic variants is often limited to European-descendent population samples. To aid in overcoming this limitation, we measured gene expression using RNA sequencing in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 599 individuals from six African populations to identify novel transcripts including those not represented in the hg38 reference genome. We used whole genomes from the 1000 Genomes Project and 164 Maasai individuals to identify 8,881 expression and 6,949 splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/sQTLs), and 2,611 structural variants associated with gene expression (SV-eQTLs). We further profiled chromatin accessibility using ATAC-Seq in a subset of 100 representative individuals, to identity chromatin accessibility quantitative trait loci (caQTLs) and allele-specific chromatin accessibility, and provide predictions for the functional effect of 78.9 million variants on chromatin accessibility. Using this map of eQTLs and caQTLs we fine-mapped GWAS signals for a range of complex diseases. Combined, this work expands global functional genomic data to identify novel transcripts, functional elements and variants, understand population genetic history of molecular quantitative trait loci, and further resolve the genetic basis of multiple human traits and disease.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>DeGorter, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, P. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karakoc, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nachun, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abell, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguirre, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carstensen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Durrant, M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dwaracherla, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gloudemans, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sathya Moorthy, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomilla, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ungar, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balliu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fellay, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flicek, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McLaren, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henn, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCoy, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sugden, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kundaje, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurdasani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montgomery, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.04.564839</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility in multiple African population samples]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Protein interaction kinetics delimit the performance of phosphorylation-driven protein switches. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.06.565761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can rapidly alter protein surface chemistry and structural conformation which can, in turn, switch protein-protein interactions (PPIs) within signaling networks. Recently, de novo designed phosphorylation-responsive protein switches have been created that harness kinase- and phosphatase-mediated phosphorylation that modulate PPIs. PTM-driven protein switches could be useful for investigating PTM dynamics in living cells, developing biocompatible nanodevices, and engineering signaling pathways to program cell behavior. However, little is known about the physical and kinetic constraints of PTM-driven protein switches, which limits their practical application. In this study, we present a theoretical framework to evaluate two-component PTM-driven protein switches based on four performance metrics: effective concentration, dynamic range, response time, and reversibility. Our computational models reveal an intricate relationship between the binding kinetics, phosphorylation kinetics, and switch concentration that governs the sensitivity and reversibility of PTM-driven protein switches. Building upon the insights of our theoretical investigation, we built and evaluated two novel phosphorylation-driven protein switches consisting of phosphorylation-sensitive coiled coils as sensor domains fused to fluorescent proteins as actuator domains. By modulating the phosphorylation state of the switches with a specific protein kinase and phosphatase, we demonstrate fast, reversible transitions between easily differentiated "on" and "off" states. The response of the switches linearly correlated to the concentration of the kinase, demonstrating its potential as a biosensor for kinase measurements in real time. As intended, both switches responded to specific kinase activity with an increase in fluorescence signal and our model could be used to distinguish between two mechanisms of switch activation: dimerization or a structural rearrangement. In summary, the protein switch kinetics model presented here should be useful to guide the design of PTM-driven switches and tune their performance towards concrete applications.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Winter, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wairara, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennett, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glover, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.06.565761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Protein interaction kinetics delimit the performance of phosphorylation-driven protein switches.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stimulating prefrontal cortex facilitates training transfer by increasing representational overlap 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.23.568508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Difficulties in multitasking may be the price humans pay for our ability to generalise learning to new tasks. Mitigating these costs through training has been associated with reduced overlap of constituent task representations within a task-related brain network. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can modulate neural activity, has shown promise in generalising training gains. Whether tDCS influences the changes in task-associated representations to produce such training generalisation remains unexplored. Here, we paired prefrontal cortex tDCS with multitasking training, and collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data pre- and post- training. We found that 1mA tDCS enhanced visual search performance, and using machine learning to assess the overlap of brain activity related to the training, show that these generalised gains were predicted by changes in classification accuracy for patterns of frontal, parietal, and cerebellar activity in participants who received left prefrontal cortex stimulation. Thus, prefrontal cortex tDCS interacts with training related changes in task representations, potentially driving the generalisation of learning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wards, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrhardt, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filmer, H. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattingley, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dux, P. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.23.568508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stimulating prefrontal cortex facilitates training transfer by increasing representational overlap]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568498v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
How strong is enemy release? A systematic compilation across taxa and approaches. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.11.24.568498v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The enemy release hypothesis posits that introduced species escape some of their predators, pathogens and parasites when they move to a new range. We used a systematic review to compile data from 691 quantifications of enemy release spanning plants, animals and algae in aquatic and terrestrial systems worldwide. Data from 311 biogeographic contrasts (between home and new range) revealed that on average, a species experience only 30% as much enemy pressure in their introduced range as they experience in their native range. In contrast, data from 380 community contrasts (between native and introduced species) revealed that introduced species experience on average 57% of the enemy pressure that their native congeners endure. Interestingly, one third (36%) of contrasts showed higher, rather than lower, enemy pressure on the introduced population. Enemy release was consistently strong in contrasts of the diversity of enemies, intermediate in contrasts comparing enemy damage, and not significant in contrasts of host fitness, suggesting that while introduced populations are attacked by fewer enemies, this does not always result in higher fitness. We also found that enemy release was higher in molluscs and fish but lower in insects and algae, indicating that certain taxa may be favoured by enemy release. We hope that an improved understanding of the extent to which introduced species are released from enemy pressures will help managers to identify good opportunities for biocontrol, and to understand the factors likely to be affecting the success of invasive species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schembri, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slavich, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moles, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.11.24.568498</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[How strong is enemy release? A systematic compilation across taxa and approaches.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial niche separation of an invasive and a native mesopredator 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Re-introduced native animals face major challenges to re-establish themselves in their previous range of distribution when invasive alien predators are present. We study the interactions between a native and an invasive mesopredator across an ecological gradient in the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park in South Australia. We placed VHF/ GPS-collars on feral cats (Felis catus) and re-introduced western quolls (Dasyurus geoffroyi) and analysed their movement patterns, both utilisation distributions and behavioural states, and habitat selection. Despite being able to move anywhere in this open landscape, there is a clear interspecific difference between the two species in their use and preference for landscape elements. Cats prefer grassland and occupy flat areas where rabbit densities are high. Quolls prefer forests and avoid areas of high rabbit and therefore areas of high cat density. The almost complete spatial separation of cats and quolls may reflect different habitat requirements, but the historically broad distribution of quolls suggests that cats may limit quolls continuously to a restricted niche in the Flinders Ranges. This raises the possibility of management interventions that could support a further expansion of quoll occupancy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseby, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial niche separation of an invasive and a native mesopredator]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569789v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effects of alternative rabbit control methods on feral cat activity in an open, semi-arid landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.03.569789v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The availability of invasive prey often plays an important role in regulating cointroduced invasive predator populations. As predators have been shown to respond rapidly to declines in prey populations, our objective was to experimentally test how local population reduction of an invasive prey species, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), affects the activity of an introduced predator, the feral cat (Felis catus). To test the effectiveness of three different rabbit control methods, activity levels of cats were surveyed with remote infrared wildlife cameras in three treatment and four control sites. The rabbit control treatments were implemented in extensive open landscapes in the semi-arid zone of South Australia, and consisted of shooting of rabbits, destruction of rabbit warrens, and the targeted delivery of baits treated with RHDV. The results indicate that only the destruction of rabbit warrens has observable effects on the number of cat detections on cameras. Cat detections decreased in the areas where rabbit warrens were destroyed and increased in adjacent areas where rabbits were still abundant. This suggests that cats vacated the treated area and moved into surrounding areas of abundant introduced prey.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jansen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Comte, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dean, A. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Axford, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moseby, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peacock, D. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brandle, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.03.569789</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effects of alternative rabbit control methods on feral cat activity in an open, semi-arid landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569944v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and Temporal Coordination of Force-generating Actin-based Modules Drives Membrane Remodeling In Vivo 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.04.569944v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Membrane remodeling drives a broad spectrum of cellular functions, and it is regulated through mechanical forces exerted on the membrane by cytoplasmic complexes. Here, we investigate how actin filaments dynamically tune their structure to control the active transfer of membranes between cellular compartments with distinct compositions and biophysical properties. Using intravital subcellular microscopy in live rodents we show that: a lattice composed of linear filaments stabilizes the granule membrane after fusion with the plasma membrane; and a network of branched filaments linked to the membranes by Ezrin, a regulator of membrane tension, initiates and drives to completion the integration step. Our results highlight how the actin cytoskeleton tunes its structure to adapt to dynamic changes in the biophysical properties of membranes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heydecker, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shitara, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masedunskas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tora, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ebrahim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appaduray, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Galeano Nino, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhardwaj, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Narayan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weigert, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.04.569944</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and Temporal Coordination of Force-generating Actin-based Modules Drives Membrane Remodeling In Vivo]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mutational and transcriptional landscape of pediatric B-cell precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.27.573433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pediatric B-cell precursor (BCP) lymphoblastic malignancies are neoplasms with manifestation either in bone marrow/blood (BCP acute lymphoblastic leukemia, BCP-ALL) or less common in extramedullary tissue (BCP lymphoblastic lymphoma, BCP-LBL). Although both presentations are similar in morphology and immunophenotype molecular studies are virtually restricted to BCP-ALL so far. The lack of molecular studies on BCP-LBL is probably due to its rarity and the restriction to tiny, mostly formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. Here we present the first comprehensive mutational and transcriptional analysis of what we consider the largest BCP-LBL cohort described to date (n=97). Whole exome sequencing indicates a mutational spectrum of BCP-LBL strikingly similar to that found in BCP-ALL. However, epigenetic modifiers were more frequently mutated in BCP-LBL, whereas BCP-ALL was more frequently affected by mutation in genes involved in B-cell development. Integrating copy number alterations, somatic mutations and gene expression by RNA-sequencing revealed virtually all molecular subtypes originally defined in BCP-ALL to be present in BCP-LBL too, with only 7% of lymphomas that were not assigned to a subtype. Therefore, the results here described may pave the way for molecular risk adapted treatment protocols for BCP-LBL patients.

KeypointsComprehensive molecular characterization of B-cell precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma allows molecular subtyping analogous to leukemias

Compared to leukemias, lymphomas show more alterations in epigenetic modifiers and less in B-cell development genes
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kroeze, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iaccarino, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kleisman, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mondal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beder, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khouja, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoeppner, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheijde-Vermeulen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kester, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brueggemann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baldus, C. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cario, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bladergroen, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garnier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Attarbaschi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verdu-Amoros, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacIntyre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scholten, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilla, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beishuizen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>den Boer, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuiper, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loeffen, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boer, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Klapper, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2023-12-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2023.12.27.573433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mutational and transcriptional landscape of pediatric B-cell precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2023-12-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.21.576569v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impact of maternal obesogenic diet on maternal and offspring microbiome development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.21.576569v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pregnancy can alter gut microbiota composition, but how an obesogenic diet impacts maternal gut microbiota, and the extent to which this influences offspring microbiome can be obscured by confounding factors. This study examined changes in gut microbiota composition across pre-pregnancy, gestation and lactation in rat dams fed either a high-fat, high-sugar Cafeteria (Caf) diet or Chow. Microbiome development was assessed in their offspring weaned onto chow. Caf diet consumption during pregnancy increased weight gain and adiposity, and compromised subsequent maternal nursing behaviour. - and {beta} diversity measures in Caf-fed dams showed a different trajectory across the progression of pregnancy, with no change in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes abundance compared with Chow dams. Offspring born to Caf dams exhibited greater adiposity and plasma leptin at weaning and 14 weeks of age than those born to Chow dams. Maternal Caf diet induced clear differences in {beta} diversity in weanlings but not  diversity. SourceTracker analysis revealed similarities in the gut microbiota of Chow weanlings and maternal gut microbiota in lactation, whereas the microbiota of Caf weanlings was similar to the maternal gut microbiota during gestation. Maternal Caf diet exerted only marginal effects on gut microbiota composition in 14-week-old offspring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hasebe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendig, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakoush, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tajaddini, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westbrook, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.21.576569</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impact of maternal obesogenic diet on maternal and offspring microbiome development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576942v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Explaining plant trait variation in response to soil water availability using an optimal height-growth model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.23.576942v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
1Climate change is expected to bring about changes in precipitation and temperature regimes that, together with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, will likely reorganise the functional trait composition of ecosystems. Predicting plant trait responses to emerging environmental conditions including, in particular, water availability, is a tremendous challenge, but is one that eco-evolutionary optimality theory (EEO) can help us undertake. However, most EEO approaches are based on the hypothesis that traits are selected to maximise carbon assimilation which omits the important role that size growth plays in determining fitness outcomes. Using a height-growth based EEO framework, we predict magnitude and directional shifts in four key traits: leaf mass per area, sapwood area to leaf area ratio (Huber value), wood density and sapwood-specific conductivity in response to variation in soil moisture availability, atmospheric aridity, CO2 and light availability. Consistent with empirical patterns, we predict that trait optima shift from resource-acquisitive strategies characterised by low tissue constructions costs and high rates of tissue turnover and sapwood conductivity to resource-conservative strategies - characterised by low rates of tissue turnover and greater xylem embolism resistance - as conditions become increasingly dry. The EEO model that we use here highlights the important role that both carbon assimilation and tissue construction costs jointly play in predicting the response of trait optima to the environment, laying the groundwork for future height-growth based EEO models aiming to predict shifts in the functional composition of ecosystems in response to global change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Towers, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Reilly Nugent, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sabot, M. E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vesk, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.23.576942</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Explaining plant trait variation in response to soil water availability using an optimal height-growth model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DIB-BOT: An open-source hardware approach for high throughput droplet interface bilayer deposition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.01.26.577347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) provide a controlled lipid environment for the single-molecule investigation of a range of biologically relevant membrane-bound processes and have garnered attention for their potential applications in bottom-up artificial cells, biosensing, and biophysics. However, the fabrication of DIBs is currently hindered by time-consuming processes and specialized equipment. These fabrication limitations prevent the scale-up of DIB assays, making it difficult to generate the large data sets required to achieve statistically significant conclusions in single-molecule biological assays where heterogeneous behaviour is often observed. This research describes an open-source solution, dubbed "DIB-BOT," constructed by coupling a nanoinjector with an entry-level 3D printer. We present DIB-BOT as a platform to achieve rapid, reproducible, and reliable fabrication of large numbers of DIBs, addressing the limitations of manual methods. Leveraging commercially available off-the-shelf components, DIB-BOT exhibits high spatial reproducibility, minimal user input, and the ability to scale experiments rapidly. Here we demonstrate the utility of the system by integrating pairwise droplet assembly with a fluorescence plate-reader to execute a biologically relevant assay. When compared with manual DIB fabrication, the DIB-BOT had a tenfold reduction in droplet volume error, a threefold reduction in positional error, and 100% droplet yield. Overall, this method has potential to reduce entry barriers to the use of DIB methods, broadening the applications of DIB research, and generating higher quality data sets.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mason, A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickham, S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-01-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.01.26.577347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DIB-BOT: An open-source hardware approach for high throughput droplet interface bilayer deposition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-01-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Modern Insights into Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.22.581477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent identification of new human muscle glycogen phosphorylation sites has renewed interest in understanding human variations in the regulation of glycogen metabolism and glucose homeostasis. This paper presents a detailed method for the measurement of glycogen phosphorylase (GPh) activity in skeletal muscle. Our approach incorporates modifications to existing radiolabelling assays, optimizing specificity and sensitivity while enabling the assessment of both active and total enzyme activity levels. The utilization of radioisotope tracers and scintillation counting ensures accurate quantification of GPh activity, which we use to validate a previously published reduction in GPh activity in an Actn3 deficient mouse model. Moreover, we introduce a step-by-step guide for data acquisition, highlight the use of appropriate homogenization, discuss the need for allosteric activators/inhibitors and the importance of assay optimization to record a GPh activity assay for skeletal muscle. In conclusion, our refined method not only contributes to a deeper understanding of glycogen metabolism in muscle tissue but also provides a framework for future investigations, underscoring its role in advancing research on glycogen utilization and glucose homeostasis.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYThe study optimizes the glycogen phosphorylase radiolabelled activity assay, unveiling nuances in muscle homogenization, sample dilution, and caffeine inclusion. The research introduces standardized conditions, enhancing assay reliability and reproducibility across mouse strains to reveal sex specific variations in GPh activity and underscore novel distinctions in an Actn3 deficient mouse model. These findings advance our understanding of muscle glycogen metabolism, offering a crucial tool for researchers and facilitating meaningful inter-laboratory comparisons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kiriaev, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakhill, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tiong, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seto, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crossman, V. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, K. G. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>North, K. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houweling, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ling, N. X. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-02-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Modern Insights into Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase Activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-02-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Roles of TYRO3 Family Receptors in Germ Cell Development During Mouse Testis Formation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Structured AbstractO_ST_ABSObjectiveC_ST_ABSTo investigate the role of a potential SOX9 target gene, Tyro3, along with its family members, Axl and Mertk (TAM family) in mouse testis development.

DesignExperimental laboratory study.

SettingResearch institute units.

Subject(s)Embryonic day (E)11.5 Swiss mouse gonads for ex vivo gonad culture; Tyro3 knockout mouse embryos.

Intervention(s)E11.5 Swiss mouse gonads were cultured in hanging droplets of 30 {micro}L DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic. A pair of gonads were treated with 20 M of BMS-777607 or 30 M of LDC1267 and an equivalent volume of the vehicle control DMSO.

Main Outcome Measure(s)Immunofluorescence to measure morphological changes of ex vivo cultured gonads and in vivo Tyro3 mouse testes; qRT-PCR to measure gene expressions.

Result(s)Inhibition of the TAM family in E11.5 ex vivo cultured male mouse gonads led to reduced germ cell numbers caused by reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of the germ cells. Tyro3 knockout mice exhibited reduced expression levels of the germ cell genes Ddx4, Dazl and Pou5f1 and increased expression levels of the Sertoli cell genes Sox9 and Amh at E12.5. However, by E14.5, the expression of Ddx4, Dazl, Sox9 and Amh had returned to normal levels in Tyro3 knockout testes. Tyro3 knockout testes displayed normal morphology and structures during fetal testis development.

Conclusion(s)TAM family members have redundant roles in regulating germ cell development during early testis development.

Attestation StatementO_LIData regarding any of the subjects in the study has not been previously published unless specified.
C_LIO_LIData will be made available to the editors of the journal for review or query upon request.
C_LI

Data Sharing StatementN/A

CapsuleInhibition of the TAM family led to loss of germ cells in fetal gonads and deletion of Tyro3 alone disturbed gene expressions of germ cells and Sertoli cells.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ming, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bagheri-Fam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frost, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ryan, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Binder, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harley, V. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Roles of TYRO3 Family Receptors in Germ Cell Development During Mouse Testis Formation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583619v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single molecule fingerprinting reveals different growth mechanisms in seed amplification assays for different polymorphs of alpha Synuclein fibrils. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.05.583619v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alpha-synuclein (Syn) aggregates, detected in the biofluids of patients with Parkinsons disease, have the ability to catalyze their own aggregation, leading to an increase in the number and size of aggregates. This self-templated amplification is used by newly developed assays to diagnose Parkinsons disease and turned the presence of Syn aggregates into a biomarker of the disease. It has become evident that Syn can form fibrils with slightly different structures, called "strains" or polymorphs, but little is known about their differential reactivity in diagnostic assays. Here we compared the properties of two well-described Syn polymorphs. Using single molecule techniques, we observed that one of the polymorphs had an increased tendency to undergo secondary nucleation and we showed that this could explain the differences of reactivity observed in in vitro seed amplification assay and cellular assays. Simulations and high-resolution microscopy suggest that a 100-fold difference in apparent rate of growth can be generated by a surprisingly low number of secondary nucleation "points" (1 every 2,000 monomers added by elongation). When both strains are present in the same seeded reaction, secondary nucleation displaces proportions dramatically and causes a single strain to dominate the reaction as the major end-product.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lau, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kenche, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jary, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masters, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzamko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.05.583619</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single molecule fingerprinting reveals different growth mechanisms in seed amplification assays for different polymorphs of alpha Synuclein fibrils.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583801v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A truncation mutant of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) impairs apical cell extrusion through elevated epithelial tissue tension 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.06.583801v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tissue tension encompasses the mechanical forces exerted on solid tissues within animal bodies, originating from various sources such as cellular contractility, interactions with neighbouring cells and the extracellular matrix. Emerging evidence indicates that an imbalance in tissue tension can influence structural organisation, homeostasis and potentially contribute to disease. For instance, heightened tissue tension can impede apical cell extrusion, leading to the retention of apoptotic or transformed cells. In this study, we investigate the potential role of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in modulating tissue tension. Our findings reveal that expression of an APC truncation mutant elevates epithelial tension via the RhoA/ROCK pathway. This elevation induces morphological alterations and hampers apoptotic cell extrusion in cultured epithelial cells and organoids, both of which could be mitigated by pharmacologically restoring the tissue tension. This raises the possibility that APC mutations may exert pathogenetic effects by altering tissue mechanics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gan, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Begun, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abud, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noordstra, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583801</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A truncation mutant of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) impairs apical cell extrusion through elevated epithelial tissue tension]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583777v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifaceted Representation of Genes via Deep Learning of Gene Expression Networks 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.07.583777v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate predictive modeling of human gene relationships would fundamentally transform our ability to uncover the molecular mechanisms that underpin key biological and disease processes. Recent studies have employed advanced AI techniques to model the complexities of gene networks using large gene expression datasets1-11. However, the extent and nature of the biological information these models can learn is not fully understood. Furthermore, the potential for improving model performance by using alternative data types, model architectures, and methodologies remains underexplored. Here, we developed GeneRAIN models by training on a large dataset of 410K human bulk RNA-seq samples, rather than single-cell RNA-seq datasets used by most previous studies. We showed that although the models were trained only on gene expression data, they learned a wide range of biological information well beyond gene expression. We introduced GeneRAIN-vec, a state-of-the-art, multifaceted vectorized representation of genes. Further, we demonstrated the capabilities and broad applicability of this approach by making 4,797 biological attribute predictions for each of 13,030 long non-coding RNAs (62.5 million predictions in total). These achievements stem from various methodological innovations, including experimenting with multiple model architectures and a new  Binning-By-Gene normalization method. Comprehensive evaluation of our models clearly demonstrated that they significantly outperformed current state-of-the-art models3,12. This study improves our understanding of the capabilities of Transformer and self-supervised deep learning when applied to extensive expression data. Our methodological advancements offer crucial insights into refining these techniques. These innovations are set to significantly advance our understanding and exploration of biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oates, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.07.583777</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifaceted Representation of Genes via Deep Learning of Gene Expression Networks]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584331v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reconfigurable multi-component nanostructures built from DNA origami voxels 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.10.584331v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cells, proteins rapidly self-assemble into sophisticated nanomachines. Bio-inspired self-assembly approaches, such as DNA origami, have achieved complex 3D nanostructures and devices. However, current synthetic systems are limited by lack of structural diversity, low yields in hierarchical assembly, and challenges in reconfiguration. Here, we develop a modular system of DNA origami  voxels with programmable 3D connections. We demonstrate multifunctional pools of up to 12 unique voxels that can assemble into many shapes, prototyping 50 structures. Multi-step assembly pathways with sequential reduction in conformational freedom were then explored to increase yield. Voxels were first assembled into flexible chains and then folded into rigid structures, increasing yield 100-fold. Furthermore, programmable switching of local connections between flexible and rigid states achieved rapid and reversible reconfiguration of global structures. We envision that foldable chains of DNA origami voxels can be integrated with scalable assembly methods to achieve new levels of complexity in reconfigurable nanomaterials.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luu, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berengut, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daljit Singh, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coffi Dit Glieze, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skipper, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meppat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fowler, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Close, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doye, J. P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickham, S. F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.10.584331</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reconfigurable multi-component nanostructures built from DNA origami voxels]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584617v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Allosteric adaptation in the stator complex rescues bacterial motility in Exb/Mot chimeras. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.12.584617v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Powered by ion transport across the cell membrane, conserved ion-powered rotary motors (IRMs) drive bacterial motility by generating torque on the rotor of the bacterial flagellar motor. Homologous heteroheptameric IRMs have been structurally characterized in ion channels such as Tol/Ton/Exb/Gld, and most recently in phage defense systems such as Zor. Functional stator complexes synthesized from chimeras of PomB/MotB (PotB) have been used to study flagellar rotation at low ion-motive force achieved via reduced external sodium concentration. The function of such chimeras is highly sensitive to the location of the fusion site, and these hybrid proteins have thus far been arbitrarily designed. To date, no chimeras have been constructed using interchange of components from Tol/Ton/Exb/Gld and other ion powered motors with more distant homology.

Here we synthesised chimeras of MotAB, PomAPotB and ExbBD to assess their capacity for cross-compatibility. We generated motile strains powered by stator complexes with B-subunit chimeras. This motility was further optimised by directed evolution. Whole genome sequencing of these strains revealed that motility-enhancing residue changes occurred in the A-subunit and at the peptidoglycan binding domain of the B-unit, which could improve motility. Overall, our work highlights the complexity of stator architecture and identifies the challenges associated with rational design of chimeric IRMs.

ImportanceIon-powered rotary motors (IRMs) underpin the rotation of one of natures oldest wheels, the flagellar motor. Recent structures have shown that this complex drives ion conduction and even phage defence and thus appears to be a fundamental molecular module with diverse biological utility where electrical energy can be coupled to rotational force to execute work.

Here, we attempted to rationally design chimeric IRMs to explore the cross-compatibility of these ancient motors. We succeeded in making one working chimera of a flagellar motor and a non-flagellar transport system protein. This had only a short hybrid stretch in the ion-conducting channel, and function was subsequently significantly improved through additional substitutions at sites distant from this hybrid pore region. Our goal was to test the cross-compatibility of these homologous systems and highlight challenges arising when engineering new rotary motors from this fundamental nanomotor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.12.584617</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Allosteric adaptation in the stator complex rescues bacterial motility in Exb/Mot chimeras.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585182v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cycle-frequency content EEG analysis improves the assessment of respiratory-related cortical activity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585182v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Time-Frequency (T-F) analysis of EEG is a common technique to characterise spectral changes in neural activity. This study explores the limitations of utilizing conventional spectral techniques in examining cyclic event-related cortical activities due to challenges, including high inter-trial variability. Introducing the Cycle-Frequency (C-F) analysis, we aim to enhance the evaluation of cycle-locked respiratory events. For synthetic EEG that mimicked cycle-locked pre-motor activity, C-F had more accurate frequency and time localization compared to conventional T-F analysis, even for a significantly reduced number of trials and a variability of breathing rhythm. Preliminary validations using real EEG data during both unloaded breathing and loaded breathing (that evokes pre-motor activity) suggest potential benefits of using the C-F method, particularly in normalizing time units to cyclic activity phases and refining baseline placement and duration. The proposed approach could provide new insights for the study of rhythmic neural activities, complementing T-F analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Navarro-Sune, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Similowski, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chavez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.15.585182</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cycle-frequency content EEG analysis improves the assessment of respiratory-related cortical activity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586080v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assembly Arena: Benchmarking RNA isoform reconstruction algorithms for nanopore sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.21.586080v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Resolving the transcriptomes of higher eukaryotes is more tangible with the advent of long read sequencing, which greatly facilitates the identification of new transcripts and their splicing isoforms. However, the computational analysis of long read RNA sequencing data remains challenging as it is difficult to disentangle technical artifacts from bona fide biological information. To address this, we evaluated the performance of multiple leading transcriptome assembly algorithms on their ability to accurately reconstruct RNA transcript isoforms. We specifically focused on deep nanopore sequencing of synthetic RNA spike-in controls (Sequins and SIRVs) across different chemistries, including cDNA and direct RNA protocols. Our systematic comparative benchmarking exposes the strengths and limitations of the different surveyed strategies. We also highlight conceptual and technical challenges with the annotation of transcriptomes and the formalization of assembly quality metrics. Our results complement similar recent endeavors, helping forge a path towards a gold standard analytical pipeline for long read transcriptome assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Sagniez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Budhraja, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pare, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinet-Ouellette, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rozendaal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.21.586080</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assembly Arena: Benchmarking RNA isoform reconstruction algorithms for nanopore sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586207v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Alzheimer's disease induced neurons bearing PSEN1 mutations exhibit reduced excitability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.22.586207v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative condition that affects memory and cognition, characterized by neuronal loss and currently lacking a cure. Mutations in PSEN1 (Presenilin 1) are among the most common causes of early-onset familial AD (fAD). While changes in neuronal excitability are believed to be early indicators of AD progression, the link between PSEN1 mutations and neuronal excitability remains to be fully elucidated. This study examined induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NGN2 induced neurons (iNs) from fAD patients with PSEN1 mutations S290C or A246E, alongside CRISPR-corrected isogenic cell lines, to investigate early changes in excitability. Electrophysiological profiling revealed reduced excitability in both PSEN1 mutant iNs compared to their isogenic controls. Neurons bearing S290C and A246E mutations exhibited divergent passive membrane properties compared to isogenic controls, suggesting distinct effects of PSEN1 mutations on neuronal excitability. Additionally, both PSEN1 backgrounds exhibited higher current density of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels relative to their isogenic iNs, while displaying comparable voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel current density. This suggests that the Nav/Kv imbalance contributes to impaired neuronal firing in fAD iNs. Deciphering these early cellular and molecular changes in AD is crucial for understanding the disease pathogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maksour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finol-Urdaneta, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hulme, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cabral-da-Silva, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Targa Dias Anastacio, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balez, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanz Munoz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalajdzic, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sidhu, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dottori, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.22.586207</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Alzheimer's disease induced neurons bearing PSEN1 mutations exhibit reduced excitability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586475v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Landscape of microRNA and target expression variation and covariation in single mouse embryonic stem cells 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586475v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that can repress the expression of protein coding genes post-transcriptionally. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs can also have alternative functions including target noise buffering and co-expression, but these observations have been limited to a few microRNAs. Here we systematically study microRNA alternative functions in mouse embryonic stem cells, by genetically deleting Drosha - leading to global loss of microRNAs. We apply complementary single-cell RNA-seq methods to study the variation of the targets and the microRNAs themselves, and transcriptional inhibition to measure target half-lives. We find that microRNAs form four distinct co-expression groups across single cells. In particular the mir-290 and the mir-182 clusters are abundantly, variably and inversely expressed. Intriguingly, some cells have global biases towards specific miRNAs originating from either end of the hairpin precursor, suggesting the presence of unknown regulatory cofactors. We find that miRNAs generally increase variation and covariation of their targets at the RNA level, but we also find miRNAs such as miR-182 that appear to have opposite functions. In particular, miRNAs that are themselves variable in expression, such as miR-291a, are more likely to induce covariations. In summary, we apply genetic perturbation and multi-omics to give the first global picture of microRNA dynamics at the single cell level.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tarbier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackowiak, S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekar, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonath, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yapar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fromm, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faridani, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biryukova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Friedländer, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586475</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Landscape of microRNA and target expression variation and covariation in single mouse embryonic stem cells]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586500v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular basis for the assembly of the Vps5-Vps17 SNX-BAR proteins with Retromer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.24.586500v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Retromer mediates endosomal retrieval of transmembrane proteins in all eukaryotes and was first discovered in yeast in complex with the Vps5 and Vps17 sorting nexins (SNXs). Cryoelectron tomography (cryoET) studies of Retromer-Vps5 revealed a pseudo-helical coat on membrane tubules where dimers of the Vps26 subunit bind Vps5 membrane-proximal domains. However, the Vps29 subunit is also required for Vps5-Vps17 association despite being far from the membrane. Here, we show that Vps5 binds both Vps29 and Vps35 subunits through its unstructured N-terminal domain. A Pro-Leu (PL) motif in Vps5 binds Vps29 and is required for association with Retromer on membrane tubules in vitro, and for the proper recycling of the Vps10 cargo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CryoET of Retromer tubules with Vps5-Vps17 heterodimers show a similar architecture to the coat with Vps5-Vps5 homodimers, however, the spatial relationship between Retromer units is highly restricted, likely due to more limited orientations for docking. These results provide new mechanistic insights into how Retromer and SNX-BAR association has evolved across species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tillu, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopaldass, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leneva, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovtun, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-03-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.03.24.586500</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular basis for the assembly of the Vps5-Vps17 SNX-BAR proteins with Retromer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-03-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.586509v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inferring gene regulatory networks by hypergraph variational autoencoder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.586509v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In constructing Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs), it is crucial to consider cellular heterogeneity and differential gene regulatory modules. However, traditional methods have predominantly focused on cellular heterogeneity, approaching the subject from a relatively narrow scope. We present HyperG-VAE, a Bayesian deep generative model that utilizes a hypergraph to model single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. HyperG-VAE employs a cell encoder with a Structural Equation Model to address cellular heterogeneity and build GRNs, alongside a gene encoder using hypergraph self-attention to identify gene modules. Encoders are synergistically optimized by a decoder, enabling HyperG-VAE to excel in GRN inference, single-cell clustering, and data visualization, evidenced by benchmarks. Additionally, HyperG-VAE effectively reveals gene regulation patterns and shows robustness in varied downstream analyses, demonstrated using B cell development data in bone marrow. The interplay of encoders by the overlapping genes between predicted GRNs and gene modules is further validated by gene set enrichment analysis, underscoring that the gene encoder boosts the GRN inference. HyperG-VAE proves efficient in scRNA-seq data analysis and GRN inference.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>su, g.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>wang, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coster, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canete, P. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>zhang, w.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.586509</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inferring gene regulatory networks by hypergraph variational autoencoder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587517v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genes in Humans and Mice: Insights from Deep learning of 777K Bulk Transcriptomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.01.587517v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mice are widely used as animal models in biomedical research, favored for their small size, ease of breeding, and anatomical and physiological similarities to humans1,2. However, discrepancies between mouse gene experimental results and the actual behavior of human genes are not uncommon, despite their shared DNA sequence similarity3-8. This suggests that DNA sequence similarity does not always reliably predict functional similarity. On the other hand, RNA-level gene expression could offer additional information about gene function9,10. In this study, we undertook characterization and inter-species comparison of human and mouse genes by applying innovative deep learning methodologies to a large dataset of 410K human and 366K mouse bulk RNA-seq samples. This was achieved by using gene representations from our Transformer-based GeneRAIN model11,12. These gene representations aggregate information from large gene expression datasets, and provide insights beyond DNA sequence similarity. We identified 2,407 human-mouse homologous genes with high DNA similarity but distinct RNA characteristics, and showed that these genes are more likely to have differing disease/phenotype associations between the two species. Additionally, we found 3,070 homologous genes with low similarity at both the DNA and RNA levels, suggesting the highest risk of discrepancies in study results between the two species. We propose that this approach will support future decision making around whether the mouse will be an appropriate model for studying specific human genes, and whether the results of specific mouse gene studies are likely to be recapitulated in humans. Our methodological innovations offer valuable lessons for future deep learning applications in cross-species omics data. The interspecies gene relationship findings from our study also contribute valuable insights into the gene biology and evolution of the two species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Su, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smolnikov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oates, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587517</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genes in Humans and Mice: Insights from Deep learning of 777K Bulk Transcriptomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587815v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.02.587815v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. These patterns, characterized by a mosaic of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens - species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. Megacrania batesii is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of M. batesii displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of M. batesii and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for M. batesii, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host plant density, which could affect M. batesii dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual M. batesii populations, and no difference in host-plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of M. batesii. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldbaatar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.02.587815</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589858v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screening Identifies a Synergy between Hypomethylating Agents and SUMOylation Blockade in MDS/AML 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589858v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are frontline therapies effective at altering the natural course of Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

However, acquired resistance and treatment failure are hallmarks of HMA therapy. To address this clinical need, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in a human MDS-derived cell line, MDS-L, and identified TOPORS as a highly ranked loss-of-function target that synergizes with HMAs, reducing leukemic burden and improving survival in xenograft models. We demonstrate that the depletion of TOPORS mediates sensitivity to HMAs by predisposing leukemic blasts to an impaired DNA damage response (DDR) accompanied by an accumulation of SUMOylated DNMT1 in HMA-treated TOPORS-depleted cells. Importantly, the combination of HMAs with targeting of TOPORS did not functionally impair healthy hematopoiesis. While inhibitors of TOPORS are currently unavailable, we show that inhibition of protein SUMOylation (upstream of TOPORS functions) with TAK-981 partially phenocopies HMA-sensitivity and DDR impairment. Overall, our data suggest that the combination of HMAs with the inhibition of SUMOylation or TOPORS demonstrates a favourable therapeutic index and is a rational treatment framework for High-Risk MDS (HR-MDS) or AML.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Truong, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raftery, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afrasiabi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alinejad-Rokny, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bhuyan, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghoudousi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stonehouse, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mohamed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toscan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connerty, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kakadia, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlander, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michie, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walkley, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thoms, J. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimanda, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589858</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screening Identifies a Synergy between Hypomethylating Agents and SUMOylation Blockade in MDS/AML]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The splicing factor kinase SRPK1 is a therapeutic target for Peripheral Vascular Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
IntroductionIn peripheral arterial disease (PAD) anti-angiogenic VEGF-A165b isoform overexpression in monocytes contributes to impaired collateralisation. Serine-arginine protein-kinase-1 (SRPK1) regulates VEGF splicing. To determine whether SRPK1 controlled monocytic VEGF, impairing collateralisation, we investigated SRPK1 inhibition and monocyte-specific knockout in mouse models of and in human monocytes from PAD.

MethodsVEGF-A165b activity was measured by co-culture of PAD patients monocytes with endothelial cells with SRPK1 inhibition. Mice with impaired revascularisation due to soluble-frizzled-related-protein-5 knockout (Sfrp5-/-), monocyte-specific Wnt5a gain-of-function (LysM-Wnt5aGOF), or obese mice on a high-fat high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet were subjected to femoral artery ligation and treated with SRPK1 inhibitor. We generated an SRPK1 conditional knockout and crossed it with monocyte-specific (LysM-Cre) driver line to specifically knockout SRPK1 in monocyte lineages. Blood flow was measured by Laser Speckle Imaging before, and for 28 days after surgery.

ResultsMonocytes from PAD patients significantly inhibited endothelial cell migration, which was reversed by an anti-VEGF-A165b antibody. Surprisingly, migration was stimulated by SRPK1 inhibition, switching splicing from VEGF-A165b to VEGF-A165a. In Sfrp5-/-, LysM-Wnt5aGOF and HF/HS mouse models of PAD, blood flow was improved by SRPK1 inhibition. Impaired revascularisation in LysM-Wnt5aGOF mice was rescued in LysM-Wnt5aGOF:SRPK1MoKO mice, which had a phenotypic shift towards M2 macrophages. Impaired blood flow recovery was also rescued in obese-SRPK1MoKO mice.

ConclusionVEGF splicing in monocytes is regulated differently from VEGF splicing in epithelial or cancer cells suggesting that control of splicing is dependent on cell type and/or environment. SRPK1 inhibition enhances collateralisation in mice, and in human in vitro models of monocyte-dependent impaired angiogenesis.

New and NoteworthyA novel potential treatment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is described. Inhibition of SRPK1, or knockout in monocytes, induces angiogenesis by preventing splicing to anti-angiogenic VEGF (VEGF-A165b) in patients and animal models. In PAD, monocyte splicing control is different from other cell types and SRPK1 inhibition by drug like compounds can alter macrophage phenotype and reverse PAD in mice using a new cell specific SRPK1-LoxP mouse.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bhalla, S. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahid, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amartey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agrawal, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawtrey, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teboul, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Allen, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackley, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajaji, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsden, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harper, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oltean, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amoaku, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benest, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Braithwaite, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bates, D. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.17.589996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The splicing factor kinase SRPK1 is a therapeutic target for Peripheral Vascular Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590160v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Cerebrospinal fluid proteome profiling using machine learning shows a unique protein signature associated with APOE4 genotype 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.18.590160v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
INTRODUCTIONProteome changes associated with APOE4 variant carriage that are independent of Alzheimers disease (AD) pathology and diagnosis are unknown. This study investigated APOE4 proteome changes in people with AD, mild cognitive impairment, and no impairment.

METHODSClinical, APOE genotype, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome and AD biomarker data was sourced from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Proteome profiling was done using supervised machine learning.

RESULTSWe found an APOE4-specific proteome signature that was independent of cognitive diagnosis and AD pathological biomarkers, and increased risk of progression to cognitive impairment. Proteins were enriched in brain regions including the caudate and cortex and cells including endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Enriched peripheral immune cells included T cells, macrophages, and B cells.

DISCUSSIONAPOE4 carriers have a unique CSF proteome signature associated with a strong brain and peripheral immune and inflammatory phenotype that likely underlies APOE4 carriers vulnerability to cognitive decline and AD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shvetcov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cho, A.-N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reed, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swerdlow, R. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finney, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.18.590160</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Cerebrospinal fluid proteome profiling using machine learning shows a unique protein signature associated with APOE4 genotype]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.21.589853v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Antithrombotic Efficacy and Bleeding Risks of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Treatments 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.21.589853v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Current guidelines for treating vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) recommend non-heparin anticoagulants and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). However, the efficacy of these treatments remains uncertain due to a lack of comparative clinical trials or animal studies. A recent study proposed danaparoid and heparin as potential VITT therapies due to their ability to disrupt VITT IgG-PF4 binding. Here, we examined the effects of various anticoagulants (including unfractionated (UF) heparin, danaparoid, bivalirudin, fondaparinux, and argatroban), IVIg, and the Fc{gamma}RIIa receptor-blocking antibody, IV.3, in relation to VITT pathophysiology. Our investigation focused on VITT IgG-PF4 binding, platelet activation, thrombocytopenia, and thrombosis. Danaparoid, at therapeutic doses, was the sole anticoagulant that reduced VITT IgG-PF4 binding, verified by purified anti-PF4 specific VITT IgG. Low-dose UF heparin (< 2U/mL) augmented VITT IgG binding to PF4 on platelets. While danaparoid and high-dose UF heparin (10 U/mL) inhibited platelet activation, none of the anticoagulants significantly affected thrombocytopenia in our VITT animal model, and all prolonged bleeding time. IVIg and all anticoagulants, except UF heparin, protected VITT mice from thrombosis. Direct Fc{gamma}RIIa receptor inhibition with IV.3 antibody proved the most effective approach for managing both thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in VITT. Our results underscore the necessity of animal model investigations to inform patient treatment strategies. This study provides compelling evidence for developing Fc{gamma}RIIa receptor blockers to treat VITT and other Fc{gamma}RIIa-related thrombotic inflammatory disorders.

Key pointsO_LINon-heparin anticoagulants and IVIg reduce thrombosis in vivo by varying degrees whereas heparin exacerbates thrombosis.
C_LIO_LIDirect blocking of Fc{gamma}RIIa receptor is the most effective strategy to treating both thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in VITT.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Leung, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmadi, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casey, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ratnasingam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenzie, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perdomo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.21.589853</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Antithrombotic Efficacy and Bleeding Risks of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Treatments]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule visualization of sequence-specific RNA binding by a designer PPR protein 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.22.590477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that recognize specific ssRNA target sequences. There is significant interest in developing  designer PPRs for use in diagnostics or as tools to detect and localize target RNA sequences. However, it is unclear how PPRs search for target sequences within complex transcriptomes and current models to predict PPR binding sites struggle to reconcile the effects that RNA mismatches and secondary structure have on PPR binding. To address this, we determined the structure of a designer PPR (dPPR10) bound to its target sequence and used two- and three-colour single-molecule FRET to interrogate the mechanism of ssRNA binding to individual PPR proteins in real time. We demonstrate that longer RNA sequences were significantly slower to bind (or could not bind at all) and that this is, in part, due to their propensity to form stable secondary structures that sequester the target sequence from dPPR10. Importantly, dPPR10 does not associate with non-target flanking sequences, binding specifically to its target sequence within longer ssRNA species. This data provides evidence that PPRs have limited to no capacity to  scan RNA transcripts for target sequences and instead rely on diffusion for cognate searching. The kinetic constraints imposed by random three-dimensional diffusion may explain the long-standing conundrum of why PPR proteins are abundant in organelles, but almost unknown outside them (i.e. in the cytosol and nucleus). These findings will inform improved prediction of PPR binding sites for the development of designer PPRs.

SummaryPentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPR) are a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins, whereby each module can be  designed to bind to a specific ssRNA nucleobase and thus any RNA sequence of interest. As such, there is substantial interest in developing  designer PPRs for a range of biotechnology applications, including diagnostics or in vivo localisation of RNA species; however, the mechanistic details regarding how PPRs search for and bind to target sequences is unclear. As such, we combined structure-based and single- molecule approaches and determined that PPRs bind only to their target sequences (i.e., they do not associate with non-target RNA sequences) and do not  scan longer RNA oligonucleotides for the target sequence. Instead, target searching appears kinetically-constrained by random three-dimensional diffusion, providing an explanation as to why PPRs are found almost exclusively in organelle compartments that typically have smaller transcriptomes. Collectively, this work identifies several key considerations for future  designer PPR developments.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marzano, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paudel, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidberger, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jergic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agostino, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Small, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Oijen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.04.22.590477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule visualization of sequence-specific RNA binding by a designer PPR protein]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592137v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
CetZ1-dependent assembly and positioning of the motility machinery in haloarchaea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.02.592137v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The archaeal tubulin-like cytoskeletal protein CetZ1 is required for rod-cell morphogenesis during the development of motility in Haloferax volcanii. This is expected to improve swimming speed and directionality. Here, we found that deletion of cetZ1 or expression of a GTPase-defective mutant caused a substantial defect in the assembly of the motility machinery, including the archaellum base marker protein ArlD1, the chemotaxis sensory array adapter CheW1, and signal transducer CheY. Furthermore, overexpression of cetZ1 reduced the assembly and polar placement of the motility machinery without detectably affecting the rod shape of motile cells. In contrast, deletion of the conserved paralog cetZ2 caused no defects in swimming or rod shape, although expression of the cetZ2 GTPase-defective mutant reduced motility whereas cetZ2 overexpression caused mild hyper-motility; these effects were dependent on the presence of cetZ1. A functional CetZ1-mTq2 fusion strongly localized at the poles of mature motile cells, where it partially co-localized with the motility machinery markers. These results suggest that CetZ1 has another role in the organisation or structure of the cell poles that promotes the assembly of the motility machinery. The multiple roles and locations of CetZ1 during motile cell development are reminiscent of the multiple functions of eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Brown, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ithurbide, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duggin, I. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.592137</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[CetZ1-dependent assembly and positioning of the motility machinery in haloarchaea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Quantification of nanocondensates formation at the single molecule level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.05.592604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of biomolecular condensate formation through liquid-liquid phase separation is crucial for deciphering cellular cues in normal and pathological contexts. Recent studies have highlighted the existence of sub-micron assemblies, known as nanocondensates or mesoscopic clusters, in the organization of a significant portion of the proteome. However, as smaller condensates are invisible to classical microscopy, new tools must be developed to quantify their numbers and properties. Here, we establish a simple analysis framework using single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy to quantify the formation of nanocondensates diffusing in solution. We used the low-complexity domain of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) as a model system to show that we can recapitulate the phase separation diagram of the protein in various conditions. Single molecule spectroscopy reveals rapid formation of TDP-43 nanoclusters at ten-fold lower concentrations than described previously by microscopy. We demonstrate how straightforward fingerprinting of individual nanocondensates provides an exquisite quantification of their formation, size, density, and their temporal evolution. Overall, this study highlights the potential of single molecule spectroscopy to investigate the formation of biomolecular condensates and liquid-liquid phase separation mechanisms in protein systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Houx, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Copie, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.05.592604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Quantification of nanocondensates formation at the single molecule level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592282v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
State- and circuit-dependent opponent-processing of fear 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.06.592282v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The presence of valence coding neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) that form distinct projections to other brain regions implies functional opposition between aversion and reward during learning. However, evidence for opponent interactions in fear learning is sparse and may only be apparent under certain conditions. Here we test this possibility by studying the roles of the BLAcentral amygdala (CeA) and BLAnucleus accumbens (Acb) pathways in fear learning in male rats. First, we assessed the organisation of these pathways in the rat brain. BLACeA and BLAAcb pathways were largely segregated in the BLA but shared overlapping molecular profiles. Then we assessed activity of the BLACeA and BLAAcb pathways during two different forms of fear learning - fear learning in a neutral context and fear learning in a reward context. BLA  CeA neurons were robustly recruited by footshock regardless of where fear learning occurred whereas recruitment of BLAAcb neurons was state-dependent because footshock only recruited this pathway in a reward context. Finally, we assessed the causal roles of activity in these pathways in fear learning. Photoinhibition of the BLACeA pathway during the footshock US impaired fear learning, regardless of where fear learning occurred. In contrast, photoinhibition of the BLAAcb pathway augmented fear learning, but only in the reward context. Taken together, our findings show circuit- and state-dependent opponent processing of fear. Footshock-driven activity in the BLAAcb pathway can functionally oppose the BLACeA pathway to limit how much fear is learned.

Significance StatementHere we identify a fear opponent process in the brain. We show that an aversive event can recruit distinct populations of neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala. One population projects to the central amygdala to promote fear learning. A second population projects to the nucleus accumbens to oppose fear learning. These nucleus accumbens projecting neurons limit how much fear is learned and are candidates for therapeutic targeting to minimize the amount of fear learned after a traumatic experience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yau, J. O.-Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lisowski, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.06.592282</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[State- and circuit-dependent opponent-processing of fear]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593273v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Characterising Staphylococcus aureus genomic epidemiology with Multilevel Genome Typing. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.09.593273v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Staphylococcus aureus is a major source of both hospital and community acquired infections, and is the leading source of skin and soft tissue infections worldwide. Advances in whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies have recently generated large volumes of S. aureus WGS data. The timely classification of S. aureus WGS data with genomic typing technologies has the potential to describe detailed genomic epidemiology at large and small scales. In this study, a multilevel genome typing (MGT) scheme comprised of 8 levels of multilocus sequence typing schemes of increasing resolution was developed for S. aureus and used to analyse 50,481 publicly available genomes. Application of MGT to S. aureus epidemiology was showcased in three case studies. Firstly, the population structure of the globally disseminated sequence type ST8 were described by MGT2, which was compared with Spa typing. Secondly, MGT was used to characterise MLST ST8 - PFGE USA300 isolates that colonised multiple body sites of the same patient. Unique STs from multiple MGT levels were able to group isolates of the same patient, and the highest resolution MGT8 separated isolates within a patient that varied in predicted antimicrobial resistance. Lastly, MGT was used to describe the transmission of MLST ST239 - SCCmec III throughout a single hospital. MGT STs were able to describe both isolates that had spread between wards and also isolates that had colonised different reservoirs within a ward. The S. aureus MGT describes large- and small-scale S. aureus genomic epidemiology with scalable resolutions using stable and standardised ST assignments. The S. aureus MGT database is online (https://mgtdb.unsw.edu.au/staphylococcus) and is capable of tracking new and existing clones to facilitate the design of new strategies to reduce the global burden of S. aureus related diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cheney, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mckew, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.593273</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Characterising Staphylococcus aureus genomic epidemiology with Multilevel Genome Typing.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593705v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
AAnet resolves a continuum of spatially-localized cell states to unveil tumor complexity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.11.593705v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Identifying functionally important cell states and structure within a heterogeneous tumor remains a significant biological and computational challenge. Moreover, current clustering or trajectory-based computational models are ill-equipped to address the notion that cancer cells reside along a phenotypic continuum. To address this, we present Archetypal Analysis network (AAnet), a neural network that learns key archetypal cell states within a phenotypic continuum of cell states in single-cell data. Applied to single-cell RNA sequencing data from pre-clinical models and a cohort of 34 clinical breast cancers, AAnet identifies archetypes that resolve distinct biological cell states and processes, including cell proliferation, hypoxia, metabolism and immune interactions. Notably, archetypes identified in primary tumors are recapitulated in matched liver, lung and lymph node metastases, demonstrating that a significant component of intratumoral heterogeneity is driven by cell intrinsic properties. Using spatial transcriptomics as orthogonal validation, AAnet-derived archetypes show discrete spatial organization within tumors, supporting their distinct archetypal biology. We further reveal that ligand:receptor cross-talk between cancer and adjacent stromal cells contributes to intra-archetypal biological mimicry. Finally, we use AAnet archetype identifiers to validate GLUT3 as a critical mediator of a hypoxic cell archetype harboring a cancer stem cell population, which we validate in human triple-negative breast cancer specimens. AAnet is a powerful tool to reveal functional cell states within complex samples from multimodal single-cell data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venkat, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Youlten, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perez San Juan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purcell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amodio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burkhardt, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Benz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCool, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mollbrink, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lundeberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dijk, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, L. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kummerfeld, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krishnaswamy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.11.593705</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[AAnet resolves a continuum of spatially-localized cell states to unveil tumor complexity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593721v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global genomic dissection of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.12.593721v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) is a globally prevalent pathogen. We compiled a dataset comprising [~]65,000 publicly available STm isolates and analysed the predicted-resistance to 15 key antibiotics. Additionally, we typed all isolates using a standardized typing method, multilevel genome typing (MGT), and characterised the resistance profiles by MGT sequence types (ST). We identified 407 MGT STs wherein at least 80% of the isolates were non-susceptible to at least one antibiotic. For the key antibiotics prescribed for severe salmonellosis, we identified three ciprofloxacin non-susceptible MGT STs, and eight cefotaxime non-susceptible MGT STs in the last two years of the dataset (2021-2022). While the ciprofloxacin non-susceptible MGT STs comprised isolates predominantly from the UK; only one cefotaxime non-susceptible MGT ST comprised isolates predominantly from UK and associated with swine, with others from USA, and associated with cattle and poultry. Integration of AMR predictions with MGT strain typing provides sharable, standardised, and specific identification and tracking of resistant isolates. This integrated analysis presents a unique approach for the global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and resistant strains.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kaur, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patridge, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenko, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.12.593721</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global genomic dissection of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594019v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bivariate multilevel meta-analysis of log response ratio and standardized mean difference for robust and reproducible environmental and biological sciences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.13.594019v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Meta-analytic modelling plays a pivotal role in synthesizing research and informing relevant policies. Yet researchers face many analytical challenges. In environmental and biological sciences, one of the most common yet unrecognised issues is the selection between two common effect size metrics, log response ratio (lnRR) and standardized mean difference (SMD); these two are the most popular and alternative effect sizes. Having to choose between them creates room for analytical flexibility, which is susceptible to researcher degrees of freedom. Another common issue is failure to deal with statistical dependence between effect sizes, resulting in invalid inferences on evidence. We propose addressing these two issues through the joint synthesis (dual use) of lnRR and SMD. Using 75 meta-analyses, including 3,887 environmental/biological primary studies ([~]20,000 effect sizes), we show a high false positive rate (40%) in conventional meta-analytic practices (random-effects model) compared to the proposed bivariate multilevel meta-analysis of lnRR and SMD along with robust variance estimation. Relying solely on either lnRR or SMD results in non-trivial discrepancies in detecting statistically significant effects (18%) and occasional inconsistencies in sign (9%). Discrepancies in interpreting effect size, heterogeneity, and publication bias are prevalent between models using lnRR and SMD (e.g., 52% for publication bias). In contrast, bivariate synthesis of lnRR and SMD yields substantial information gain, reducing standard error in effect size estimates by 29%, equivalent to adding 40 additional effect sizes. We present a user-friendly website with a step-by-step implementation guide. Our proposed robust approach aspires to improve meta-analytic modelling using lnRR and SMD in environmental and biological evidence synthesis, amplifying their reproducibility and credibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senior, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ricolfi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.13.594019</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bivariate multilevel meta-analysis of log response ratio and standardized mean difference for robust and reproducible environmental and biological sciences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594625v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Small but mitey: long-read assembly of a streamlined mite genome from contaminated host plant sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.17.594625v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Technological advances have propelled DNA sequencing of non-model organisms, making sequencing more accessible and cost effective, which has also increased the availability of raw data in public repositories. However, contamination is a significant concern, and the use and reuse of sequencing data requires quality control and curation. A reference genome for the Australian native rainforest tree Rhodamnia argentea Benth. (malletwood) was assembled from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-reads, 10x Genomics Chromium linked-reads, and Hi-C data (N50 = 32.3 Mbp and BUSCO completeness 98.0%) with 99.0% of the 347 Mbp assembly anchored to 11 chromosomes (2n = 22). The R. argentea genome will inform conservation efforts for Myrtaceae species threatened by the global spread of the fungal disease myrtle rust. We observed contamination in the sequencing data and further investigation revealed an arthropod source. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of assembling a high-quality gapless telomere-to-telomere mite genome using contaminated host plant sequencing data. The mite exhibits genome streamlining and has a 35 Mbp genome (68.6% BUSCO completeness) on two chromosomes, capped with a novel TTTGG telomere sequence. Phylogenomic analysis suggests that it is a previously unsequenced eriophyoid mite. Despite its unknown identity, this complete nuclear genome provides a valuable resource to investigate invertebrate genome reduction. This study emphasises the importance of checking sequencing data for contamination, especially when working with non-model organisms. It also enhances our understanding of two species, including a tree that faces substantial conservation challenges, contributing to broader biodiversity initiatives.

SignificanceThe genomes of Rhodamnia argentea and an associated eriophyoid mite, which contaminated the tree raw sequencing data, were assembled for the first time. We generated valuable chromosome-level genomic resources for the conservation of myrtle rust impacted tree species, pest genomics, and understanding genome streamlining. The research underscores the growing prevalence of sequencing experiments in non-model organisms while emphasising the importance of quality control and curation of sequencing data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu-Irving, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yap, J.-Y. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Merwe, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bragg, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.17.594625</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Small but mitey: long-read assembly of a streamlined mite genome from contaminated host plant sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594460v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hippocampal neuroinflammation causes sex-specific disruptions in instrumental conditioning, Pavlovian approach, and neuronal excitation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.19.594460v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hippocampal neuroinflammation is present in multiple diseases and disorders that impact motivated behaviour in a sex-specific manner, but whether neuroinflammation alone is sufficient to disrupt such behaviour is unknown. We investigated this question here using mice. First, the application of an endotoxin to primary cultures containing only hippocampal neurons did not affect their activation. However, when the same endotoxin was applied to mixed neuronal/glial cultures it did increase neuronal activation, providing initial indications of how it might be able to effect behavioural change. We next demonstrated neuroinflammatory effects on behaviour directly, demonstrating that intra-hippocampal administration of the same endotoxin increased locomotor activity and accelerated goal-directed learning in both male and female mice. In contrast, hippocampal neuroinflammation caused sex-specific disruptions to the acquisition of instrumental actions and to Pavlovian food-approach memories. Finally, we showed that hippocampal neuroinflammation had a sexually dimorphic effect on neuronal activation: increasing it in females and decreasing it in males.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghorbanpour, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendall, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Broome, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladding, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhungana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abiero, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmoudi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castorina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendig, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valova, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-05-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.19.594460</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hippocampal neuroinflammation causes sex-specific disruptions in instrumental conditioning, Pavlovian approach, and neuronal excitation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-05-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596153v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nuclear phylogenomics of grasses (Poaceae) supports current classification and reveals repeated reticulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.28.596153v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIGrasses (Poaceae) comprise around 11,800 species and are central for human livelihoods and terrestrial ecosystems. Knowing their relationships and evolutionary history is key to comparative research and crop breeding. Advances in genome-scale sequencing allow for increased breadth and depth of phylogenomic analyses, making it possible to infer a new reference species tree of the family.
C_LIO_LIWe inferred a comprehensive species tree of grasses by combining new and published sequences for 331 nuclear genes from genome, transcriptome, target enrichment and shotgun data. Our 1,153-tip tree covers 79% of grass genera (including 21 genera sequenced for the first time) and all but two small tribes. We compared it to a 910-tip plastome tree.
C_LIO_LIThe nuclear phylogeny matches that of the plastome at most deep branches, with only a few instances of incongruence. Gene tree-species tree reconciliation suggests that reticulation events occurred repeatedly in the history of grasses.
C_LIO_LIWe provide a robust framework for the grass tree of life to support research on grass evolution, including modes of reticulation, and genetic diversity for sustainable agriculture.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grass Phylogeny Working Group 3,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arthan, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barrett, R. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bennetzen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besnard, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bianconi, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birch, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catalan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christenhusz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Christin, P.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Couch, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Columbus, J. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crayn, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidse, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dunning, L. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duvall, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dransfield, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficinski, S. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fjellheim, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forest, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillespie, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hackel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haevermans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hodkinson, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphreys, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jobson, R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kayombo, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kellogg, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kimeu, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Larridon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Letsara, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.-Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596153</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nuclear phylogenomics of grasses (Poaceae) supports current classification and reveals repeated reticulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597055v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Electrochemically controlled switching of dyes for enhanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.02.597055v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI), the locations of molecules spaced closer than the diffraction limit of light can be identified through spatial and temporal correlation analysis of the fluorescence intensity fluctuation. Using organic dyes as fluorophore probes, the fast but stochastic switching of the individual dyes is favourable for improving SOFI imaging resolution and speed, especially in the case of high-order cumulant analysis. While in practice, fluorophore switching can be non-uniform, with some fluorophores remaining in ON or OFF state for extended periods. Furthermore, in some cases the overall rate of switching of the fluorophores can be too slow, presenting practical limitations for high-resolution and fast SOFI imaging. In this work, we demonstrate how to overcome these challenges using electrochemical controlled fluorophore switching. The oscillating electrochemical potential setting with high frequency increases the switching rate and reduces the switching heterogeneity of fluorophores. The dye Alexa Fluor 647, applied here as an example, exhibits over 3-fold decrease in average ON time and over 2-fold decrease in switching variance, resulting in significantly improved SOFI image resolution with fewer frames. We demonstrated that this new electrochemically controlled SOFI imaging modality can achieve a SOFI image with [~]130 nm resolution in 2 seconds of acquisition time, and 80 nm resolution in 6 seconds. This advancement enables fast, large area tile-scan super-resolution imaging, which opens the full potential of SOFI imaging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tilley, R. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gooding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.02.597055</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Electrochemically controlled switching of dyes for enhanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597703v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chromatin remodeling with combined FACT and BET inhibition disrupts oncogenic transcription in Diffuse Midline Glioma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.06.597703v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aberrant epigenetic regulation is a hallmark of Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG), an incurable pediatric brain tumor. The H3K27M driver histone mutation leads to transcriptional dysregulation, indicating that targeting the epigenome and transcription may be key therapeutic strategies against this highly aggressive cancer. One such target is the Facilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) histone chaperone. We found FACT to be enriched at developmental gene promoters, coinciding with regions of open chromatin and binding motifs of core DMG regulatory transcription factors. Furthermore, FACT interacted and co-localized with the Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) protein BRD4 at promoters and enhancers, suggesting functional cooperation between FACT and BRD4 in DMG. In vitro, a combinatorial therapeutic approach using the FACT inhibitor CBL0137, coupled with BET inhibition revealed potent and synergistic cytotoxicity across a range of DMG cultures. These results were recapitulated in vivo, significantly extending survival in three independent orthotopic PDX models of DMG. Mechanistically, we show that CBL0137 treatment decreased chromatin accessibility, synergizing with BET inhibition to cause broad transcriptional collapse, silencing several key oncogenes including MYC, PDGFRA, MDM4 and SOX2, as well as causing alterations to the splicing landscape. Notably, this combination also elicited immune-related effects, including activation of the interferon response and antigen presentation mechanisms in DMG cells and induction of an activated state in macrophages and T cells, as demonstrated in an immunocompetent setting with spatial transcriptomics. Altogether, our data highlights the therapeutic promise of simultaneously targeting FACT and BET proteins in DMG, offering a dual tumor-intrinsic and immune-mediated strategy for combating this devastating pediatric brain tumor.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Holliday, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehteda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ross, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayatilleke, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gopalakrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colino Sanguino, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinger, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mayoh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rayner, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsoli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.06.597703</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chromatin remodeling with combined FACT and BET inhibition disrupts oncogenic transcription in Diffuse Midline Glioma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599003v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Peak alpha frequency is not significantly altered by five days of experimental pain and repetitive transcranial stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.14.599003v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) holds promise as a non-invasive pain treatment. Given the link between individual peak alpha frequency (PAF) of resting-state electroencephalographic recordings and pain sensitivity, and the potential for rTMS to modulate PAF, we investigated these relationships through a secondary analysis of established rTMS-induced analgesia in an experimental model of sustained muscle pain.

In a randomised, single-blind, sham-controlled experiment, 30 healthy adults underwent either active (n=15) or sham (n=15) high-frequency rTMS (20 min) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for five consecutive days following induction of sustained experimental pain by nerve growth factor (NGF) injected into the right extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The pain intensity was assessed daily for 14 days on a numerical rating scale (NRS). PAF of the resting state electroencephalography (5 min) was assessed before and one day after the five rTMS treatment days.

The pre-registered analysis revealed no significant changes in PAF following five consecutive days of active (from 9.90{+/-}0.39 Hz to 9.95{+/-}0.38 Hz) or sham (from 9.86{+/-}0.44 Hz to 9.81{+/-}0.35 Hz) rTMS, suggesting that the impact of rTMS on NGF-induced pain is independent of PAF modulation. However, exploratory analysis indicated an association between a larger absolute difference in baseline PAF to 10 Hz (i.e. the rTMS frequency) and higher NRS pain ratings at Day 5 in participants receiving active rTMS. This suggests rTMS is more efficient when delivered close to individual PAF or for those with PAF around 10 Hz, necessitating further exploration of PAFs role in rTMS-induced pain relief.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Millard, S. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chowdhury, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, W.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Furman, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Martino, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graven-Nielsen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schabrun, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seminowicz, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.14.599003</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Peak alpha frequency is not significantly altered by five days of experimental pain and repetitive transcranial stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-term NMN treatment increases lifespan and healthspan in mice in a sex dependent manner 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.21.599604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is essential for many enzymatic reactions, including those involved in energy metabolism, DNA repair and the activity of sirtuins, a family of defensive deacylases. During aging, levels of NAD+ can decrease by up to 50% in some tissues, the repletion of which provides a range of health benefits in both mice and humans. Whether or not the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) extends lifespan in mammals is not known. Here we investigate the effect of long-term administration of NMN on the health, cancer burden, frailty and lifespan of male and female mice. Without increasing tumor counts or severity in any tissue, NMN treatment of males and females increased activity, maintained more youthful gene expression patterns, and reduced overall frailty. Reduced frailty with NMN treatment was associated with increases in levels of Anerotruncus colihominis, a gut bacterium associated with lower inflammation in mice and increased longevity in humans. NMN slowed the accumulation of adipose tissue later in life and improved metabolic health in male but not female mice, while in females but not males, NMN increased median lifespan by 8.5%, possible due to sex-specific effects of NMN on NAD+ metabolism. Together, these data show that chronic NMN treatment delays frailty, alters the microbiome, improves male metabolic health, and increases female mouse lifespan, without increasing cancer burden. These results highlight the potential of NAD+ boosters for treating age-related conditions and the importance of using both sexes for interventional lifespan studies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kane, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chellappa, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schultz, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arnold, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amorim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diener, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffin, P. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tian, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Petty, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conway, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shelerud, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duesing, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNamara, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shima, R. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>deCabo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gibbons, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ikeno, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baur, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-06-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.06.21.599604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-term NMN treatment increases lifespan and healthspan in mice in a sex dependent manner]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-06-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bird brains fit the bill: morphological diversification and the evolution of avian brain size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.02.601652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Brain size varies greatly across and even within lineages. Attempts to explain this variation have mostly focused on the role of specific cognitive demands in the social or ecological domain. However, their predictive power is modest, whereas the effects of additional functions, especially sensory information processing and motor control, on brain size remain underexplored. Here, using phylogenetic comparative models, we show that the socio-cognitive and eco-cognitive demands do not have direct links to relative brain size (that is the residual from a regression against body mass) once morphological features are taken into account. Thus, specific cognitive abilities linked to social life or ecology play a much smaller role in brain size evolution than generally assumed. Instead, parental provisioning, generation length, and especially eye size and beak and leg morphology have a strong direct link to relative brain size. Phylogenetic lability analyses suggest that morphological diversification preceded changes in the rate of brain size evolution and greater visual input, and thus that morphological diversification opened up specialized niches where efficient foraging could produce energy surpluses. Increases in brain size provided general behavioural flexibility, which improved survival by reducing interspecific competition and predation, and was made possible by intense parental provisioning. Indeed, comparative analyses in a subset of species show that thicker beaks are associated with larger size of brain regions involved in behavioural flexibility (telencephalon, pallium). Thus, morphological evolution had a key role in niche diversification, which subsequently may have facilitated the evolution of general cognitive flexibility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Schaik, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griesser, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.02.601652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bird brains fit the bill: morphological diversification and the evolution of avian brain size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.600156v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Systematic Review of the Neuroprotective Role and Biomarker Potential of GDF15 in Neurodegeneration 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.07.600156v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Neurodegeneration is characteristically multifaceted, with limited therapeutic options. One of the chief pathophysiological mechanisms driving these conditions is neuroinflammation, prompting increasing clinical interest in immunomodulatory agents. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15; previously also called macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or MIC-1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine with established neurotrophic properties, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in recent decades. However, methodological challenges and the delayed identification of its specific receptor GFRAL have hindered research progress. This review systematically examines literature about GDF15 in neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma. The evidence collated in this review indicates that GDF15 expression is upregulated in response to neurodegenerative pathophysiology and increasing its levels in preclinical models typically improves outcomes. Key knowledge gaps are addressed for future investigations to foster a more comprehensive understanding of the neuroprotective effects elicited by GDF15.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Isik, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cueto, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Spathos, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breit, S. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsai, V. W. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finney, C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.07.600156</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Systematic Review of the Neuroprotective Role and Biomarker Potential of GDF15 in Neurodegeneration]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602499v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global genomics of the man-o'-war (Physalia) reveal biodiversity at the ocean surface 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602499v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The open ocean is a vast, highly connected environment, and the organisms found there have been hypothesized to represent massive, well-mixed populations. Of these, the Portuguese man-o-war (Physalia) is uniquely suited to dispersal, sailing the ocean surface with a muscular crest. We tested the hypothesis of a single, panmictic Physalia population by sequencing 133 genomes, and found five distinct lineages, with multiple lines of evidence showing strong reproductive isolation despite range overlap. We then scored thousands of citizen-science photos and identified four recognizable morphologies linked to these lineages. Within lineages, we detected regionally endemic subpopulations, connected by winds and currents, and identified individual long-distance dispersal events. We find that, even in these sailing species, genetic variation is highly partitioned geographically across the open ocean.

SummaryThe open ocean is a vast and highly connected environment. The organisms that live there have a significant capacity for dispersal and few geographic boundaries to separate populations. Of these, the Portuguese man-o-war or bluebottle (genus Physalia) is uniquely suited to long-distance travel, using its gas-filled float and muscular crest to catch the wind and sail the sea surface. Physalia are distributed across the globe, and like many pelagic organisms, have been hypothesized to represent a massive, well-mixed population that extends across ocean basins. We tested this hypothesis by sequencing whole genomes of 133 samples collected from waters of over a dozen countries around the globe. Our results revealed five distinct lineages, with multiple lines of evidence indicating strong reproductive isolation, despite regions of range overlap. We combined these data with an independent dataset of thousands of images of Physalia uploaded to the citizen-science website inaturalist.org, which we scored for morphological characters including sail size, tentacle arrangement, and color. From these images, we identified four recognizable morphologies, described their geographical distribution, and linked them to four of the lineages identified with genomic data. We conclude there are at least four species, three of which correspond to species proposed by scientists in the 18th and 19th centuries: P. physalis, P utriculus, and P. megalista, along with one as yet unnamed species Physalia sp. from the Tasman Sea. Within each species, we observe significant population structure, with evidence of persistent subpopulations at a regional scale, as well as evidence for individual long-distance dispersal events. Our findings indicate that, instead of one well-mixed, cosmopolitan species, there are in fact multiple Physalia species with distinct but overlapping ranges, each made up of regionally endemic subpopulations that are connected by major ocean currents and wind patterns.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Church, S. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abedon, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahuja, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anthony, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rojas, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albinsson, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez Trasobares, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergemann, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burdick, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cunha, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Damian-Serrano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>D'Elia, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dion, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goncalves, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez Rajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haddock, S. H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Helm, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Gouvello, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, Z. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Magalhaes, B. I. M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manko, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Mendoza, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moura, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perelman, J. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prieto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oguchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitt, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schaeffer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmidt, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sellanes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilson, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yamamoto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazo-Wasem, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simon, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Decker,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602499</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global genomics of the man-o'-war (Physalia) reveal biodiversity at the ocean surface]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602835v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Global siRNA Screen Reveals Critical Human Host Factors of SARS-CoV-2 Multicycle Replication 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.10.602835v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Defining the subset of cellular factors governing SARS-CoV-2 replication can provide critical insights into viral pathogenesis and identify targets for host-directed antiviral therapies. While a number of genetic screens have previously reported SARS-CoV-2 host dependency factors, these approaches relied on utilizing pooled genome-scale CRISPR libraries, which are biased towards the discovery of host proteins impacting early stages of viral replication. To identify host factors involved throughout the SARS-CoV-2 infectious cycle, we conducted an arrayed genome-scale siRNA screen. Resulting data were integrated with published datasets to reveal pathways supported by orthogonal datasets, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications, and MAPK signalling. The identified proviral host factors were mapped into the SARS-CoV-2 infectious cycle, including 27 proteins that were determined to impact assembly and release. Additionally, a subset of proteins were tested across other coronaviruses revealing 17 potential pan-coronavirus targets. Further studies illuminated a role for the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, and found that inhibition of the non-canonical NF-kB pathway through targeting of BIRC2 restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication both in vitro and in vivo. These studies provide critical insight into the landscape of virus-host interactions driving SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as valuable targets for host-directed antivirals.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yin, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yuan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pache, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weston, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riva, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simons, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisneros, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clausen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Jesus, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fuentes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitelock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esko, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mena, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sastre, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hultquist, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frieman, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ideker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pratt, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin-Sancho, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chanda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-10</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.10.602835</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Global siRNA Screen Reveals Critical Human Host Factors of SARS-CoV-2 Multicycle Replication]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-10</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Molecular and structural innovations of the stator motor complex at the dawn of flagellar motility 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.22.604496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The rotation of the bacterial flagellum is powered by the MotAB stator complex, which converts ion flux into torque. The origin and evolution of this remarkable complex is understudied. Here, we perform the first phylogenetic and structural characterisation and classification of MotAB and nonflagellar relatives. Using 193 genomes sampled across 27 bacterial phyla, we estimated phylogenies and ancestral sequences, and generated AlphaFold predictions for all extant and reconstructed proteins. We then mapped them onto the phylogeny to determine patterns of diversity and distribution of structural innovations. We identify two discrete groups: the Flagellar Ion Transporters (FIT) and the Generic Ion Transporters (GIT). The FIT proteins are structurally conserved and have a square fold domain and a torque-generating interface (TGI). FIT proteins are divided into two clades, termed TGI4 and TGI5, referring to whether there have 4 or 5 short helices in the TGI. TGI5 motors are predominantly found in Proteobacteria and include the well-studied E. coli K12 system, while TGI4 motors are found in diverse phyla and include the Na+-powered polar motors of Vibrio (PomAB). The GIT proteins, on the other hand, are structurally diverse and lack these attributes. The interaction between the A and B subunits is conserved across the FIT and GIT proteins. The two subunits are jointly necessary for function, with the genes typically adjacent within an operon. Motility assays in E. coli show that the structural elements unique to FIT play an important role in flagellar motility. Our results indicate that the stator motor complex has a single origin and shares unique motility-related structural traits.

Significance StatementFlagellar motility is a key feature in bacterial pathogenicity and survival. It allows bacteria to propel themselves and direct movement according to environmental conditions. We investigated the molecular and structural diversity of the stator motor proteins that provide the ion motive force to power flagellar rotation. This study integrates phylogenetics, 3D protein structure modeling, motility assays and ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) to provide insights into the structural mechanisms that first powered the flagellar motor. We provide the first phylogenetic and structural characterisation and classification of MotAB and relatives.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Puente-Lelievre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ridone, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amritkar, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kacar, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzke, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.604496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Molecular and structural innovations of the stator motor complex at the dawn of flagellar motility]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604707v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Weathering the storm for love: Mate searching behaviour of wild males of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.23.604707v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The risky business of mate-searching often leaves the actively searching sex facing threats and rapidly changing conditions. Yet, active mate-searching behaviour is rarely studied in invertebrates, and we have limited understanding of how mate-searching strategies have evolved to cope with risks posed by harsh weather. We investigated how mate-searching males move through their habitat and how their movement is affected by weather conditions in the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus), one of the worlds most venomous spiders. As is common in mygalomorphs spiders, females are functionally sessile, and are thought to spend their whole lives in a single burrow, whereas males must permanently abandon their burrows to mate during the breeding season. Nineteen male spiders were fitted with micro-radio transmitters and tracked during their mating seasons in 2020 (n = 2), 2021 (n = 8) and 2022 (n = 9) in Lane Cove National Park, in Sydney, Australia. Males moved at night, typically in a zig-zag pattern, and were found in new locations on approximately 50% of daily resightings. Males often spent several days in a females burrow, and some female burrows were visited by multiple males. When outside a females burrow, males constructed and occupied temporary shelters ( temporacula). Males were most likely to move and/or moved furthest when there was no rain, and on warm nights after cool days. Our findings suggest that mate-searching A. robustus males prefer to search for females in less risky conditions, revealing novel risk-minimizing strategies, especially in response to rainfall and temperature.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Creak, C. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Muirhead, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kasumovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buzatto, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604707</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Weathering the storm for love: Mate searching behaviour of wild males of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605421v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell mechanoadaptation - Part A - Effect of microtubule stabilization and volume changing stresses on cytoskeletal remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605421v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Here we report on the first part of a two-part experimental series to elucidate spatiotemporal cytoskeletal remodeling, which underpins the evolution of stem cell shape and fate, and the emergence of tissue structure and function. In Part A of these studies, we first develop protocols to stabilize microtubules exogenously using paclitaxel (PAX) in a standardized model murine embryonic stem cell line (C3H/10T1/2) to maximize comparability with previous published studies. We then probe native and microtubule stabilized stem cells capacity to adapt to volume changing stresses effected by seeding at increasing cell densities, which emulates local compression and tissue template formation during development.

Within the concentration range 1 - 100 nM, microtubule stabilized stem cells maintain viability and reduce proliferation. PAX-stabilization of microtubules is associated with increased cell volume as well as flattening of the cell and nucleus. Compared to control cells, microtubule stabilized cells exhibit thick, bundled microtubules and highly aligned, thicker and longer F-actin fibers, corresponding to an increase in the Youngs Modulus of the cell. Both F-actin and microtubule concentration increase with increasing PAX concentration, whereby the increase in F-actin is more prominent in the basal region of the cell. The corresponding increase in microtubule is observed more globally across the apical and basal region of the cell.

Seeding at increasing target densities induces local compression on cells. This increase in local compression modulates cell volume and concomitant increases in F-actin and microtubule concentration to a greater degree than microtubule stabilization via PAX. Cells seeded at high density (HD) exhibit higher bulk modulus than corresponding cells seeded at low density (LD). These data demonstrate the capacity of stem cells to adapt to an interplay of mechanical and chemical cues, i.e. respective compression and exogenous microtubule stabilization; the resulting cytoskeletal remodeling manifests as evolution of mechanical properties relevant to development of multicellular tissue constructs.

Significance statementElucidation of mechanisms by which stem cells adapt across length and time scales may prove enabling for the development of regenerative medicine therapies and devices that emulate natural processes. Dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling underpins the emergence of structure-function relationships at the tissue length scale. Here we stabilized the tubulin cytoskeleton exogenously using paclitaxel (PAX), a microtubule depolymerization inhibitor. We probed stem cell mechanoadaptation by seeding at increasing density to introduce local compression to cells. Changes in cytoskeletal architecture and concentration of F-actin and tubulin per cell occurred in a PAX concentration-dependent manner. Compression from increasing seeding density modulated this PAX-induced cytoskeletal remodeling and mechanical properties of the multicellular constructs. Hence, mechanical cues counterbalance concentration-dependent effects of exogenous chemical microtubule stabilization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putra, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knothe Tate, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605421</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell mechanoadaptation - Part A - Effect of microtubule stabilization and volume changing stresses on cytoskeletal remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605537v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stem cell mechanoadaptation Part B - Microtubule stabilization and substrate compliance effects on cytoskeletal remodeling 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.28.605537v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Stem cells adapt to their local mechanical environment by rearranging their cytoskeleton, which underpins the evolution of their shape and fate, as well as the emergence of tissue structure and function. Here we report on the second part of a two-part experimental series to elucidate spatiotemporal cytoskeletal remodeling and resulting changes in morphology and mechanical properties of cells, their nuclei, akin to mechanical testing of the most basic living and adapting unit of life, in situ in model tissue templates. We probed the native and PAX-exposed (inhibiting cytoskeleton tubulin depolymerization) stem cells cytoskeletal adaptation capacity on substrates of different compliance (exerting local tension on cells) and in combination with exposure to local compression effected with increased target seeding densities (5000 cells/cm2 - Low Density, LD; 15,000 cells/cm2, High Density, HD).

On 10 and 100 kPa gels, cells seeded at both LD and cells proliferated to HD exhibited bulk moduli that nearly matched those of their respective substrates, hence exhibiting a greater increase in Youngs Modulus after microtubule stabilization than cells cultured on glass. Culture on compliant substrates also reduced the PAX-mediated F-actin and microtubule concentration increase. On gels, F-actin alignment decreased as more randomly oriented, short actin crosslinks were observed, representing emergent adaptation to the compliant substrate, mediated through myosin II contractility.

We conclude that stem cell adaptation to compliant substrates facilitates the accommodation of larger loads from the PAX-stabilized polymerizing microtubule, which in turn exerts a larger effect in determining cells capacity to stiffen and remodel the cytoskeleton. Taken as a whole, these studies establish correlations between cytoskeleton and physical and mechanical parameters of stem cells that progress our understanding of the dynamic cytoskeleton, as well as shape changes in cells and their nuclei, culminating in emergent tissue development and healing.

Significance StatementStem cells adapt to their dynamic environment by means of cytoskeleton rearrangements - underpinning the emergence of tissue structure-function relationship; this represents a current gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed, to better target tissue neogenesis and healing in context of regenerative medicine. We introduced compression via increasing seeding density and tension via compliant substrates to create tissue templates, while stabilizing microtubules. We found that mechanical and biophysical cues exert a greater effect in modulating cytoskeletal adaptation than exogenous chemical agents targeting the cytoskeleton, thus counterbalancing the concentration-dependent effect on cell physical and mechanical properties. We further found that stem cells with stabilized microtubules are sensitive to a range of substrate stiffness and seeding density that allowed cells or multicellular constructs to broaden their capacity to adapt their mechanical properties.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putra, V. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knothe Tate, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-07-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.07.28.605537</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stem cell mechanoadaptation Part B - Microtubule stabilization and substrate compliance effects on cytoskeletal remodeling]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-07-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606162v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-molecule tracking reveals the dynamics of Ipl1 recruitment to the kinetochores and spindles in S. cerevisiae 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.01.606162v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Aurora kinase B, Ipl1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the master regulator of cell division required for checkpoint regulation, spindle assembly and disassembly, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Decades of research employed ensemble averaging methods to understand its dynamics and function; however, the dynamic information was lost due to population-based averaging. Here, we use single-molecule imaging and tracking (SMIT) to quantify the recruitment dynamics of Ipl1 at the kinetochores and spindles in live cells. Our data suggest that Ipl1 is recruited to these locations with different dynamics. We have demonstrated how the recruitment dynamics of Ipl1 at the kinetochores during metaphase changes in the presence and absence of tension across the kinetochore, in the absence of protein phosphatase 1 (Glc7), and the absence of its known recruiters (Ctf19 and Bub1). The SMIT of other chromosome passenger complex members suggests its hierarchical assembly at the kinetochore. Hence, SMIT provides a dynamic view of the Ipl1 trafficking at the kinetochores and spindles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Podh, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumari, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garg, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yadav, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kashyap, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehta, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.01.606162</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-molecule tracking reveals the dynamics of Ipl1 recruitment to the kinetochores and spindles in S. cerevisiae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607536v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis colonic mucosa defined through paired microbial and single-cell RNA sequencing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.12.607536v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic progressing cholestatic disease that often co-occurs with inflammatory bowel disease (PSC-IBD). PSC-IBD affecting the colon (PSC-UC) is likened clinically to ulcerative colitis (UC), however differences include a right colon dominance, less severe inflammatory presentation and a greater lifetime risk of colorectal cancer. To understand the basis of clinical differences, we combine single-cell mRNA and antigen receptor sequencing, 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and spatial transcriptomics on biopsies from multiple colon regions of both PSC-UC and UC patients in remission or at the time of relapse. We discover disease-specific cell and microbial profiles between these cohorts, highlighting a distinct landscape in the right colon of PSC-UC patients and an epithelial-endothelial cell state that may contribute to intestinal permeability in UC. We show the expansion of an activated mast cell state in both diseases during flare, and demonstrate the requirement of TMEM176B in sustaining this activated state. Together this work demonstrates that PSC-UC and UC are distinct diseases with common cell mechanisms during inflammation, providing cellular and microbial insights to improve treatment of both patient cohorts.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tearle, J. L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, K. J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Malhotra, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tavakoli, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koentgen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arzivian, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tedla, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hold, G. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ghaly, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.12.607536</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis colonic mucosa defined through paired microbial and single-cell RNA sequencing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609036v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
PI(4)P recruits CIDE proteins to promote the formation of unilocular lipids droplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.22.609036v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that play important roles in metabolism. Each LD is enclosed by a monolayer of phospholipids, distinct from bilayer membranes. The composition of LD surface phospholipids and their impact on LD growth and function remain to be clearly defined. Phosphoinositides mark cellular organelles and regulate cell signalling and organellar function. Here, we demonstrate that PI(4)P decorates a subset of LDs to recruit and activate the CIDE proteins. Enhanced expression of ORP2 and ORP5, LD-associated lipid transfer proteins that remove PI(4)P from LDs, abolished the localization and function of CIDE proteins. Blocking the synthesis of PI(4)P on LD surface via knocking down PI4K2A also impaired the localization and function of CIDE proteins. In adipocytes, depleting PI(4)P dramatically reduced the size of LDs, as well as adipose tissue mass. In severe steatotic liver, depleting PI(4)P reduced LD accumulation. Our results thus identify a key function of LD surface PI(4)P under physiological conditions and unveil how CIDE proteins are recruited to LDs.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, F.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.22.609036</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[PI(4)P recruits CIDE proteins to promote the formation of unilocular lipids droplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.609620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating microscopy and transcriptomics from individual uncultured eukaryotic plankton 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.25.609620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic plankton comprises organisms as diverse as diatoms and pelagic larvae, covering a wide spectrum of shapes, molecular compositions, and ecological functions. Plankton research is often approached using either optical methods, especially for taxonomic purposes, or genomics, which excels at describing the biochemistry of microbial communities. This technological dichotomy hampers efforts to link the morpho-optical properties of each species with its genetic and biomolecular makeup, leading to fragmented information and limited reproducibility. Methods to simultaneously acquire multimodal, i.e. optical and genetic, information on planktonic organisms would provide a connection between organismal appearance and function, improve taxonomic prediction, and strengthen ecological analysis. Here we present Ukiyo-e-Seq, an approach to generate paired optical and transcriptomic data from individual eukaryotic plankton. We performed Ukiyo-e-Seq on 66 microscopic organisms from Coogee, NSW, Australia and assembled transcriptomic contigs using a merge-split strategy. While overall phylogenetic heterogeneity spanned hundreds of taxa, diversity in individual wells was low, enabling accurate classification of both microbial plankton and marine larvae. We then combined Ukiyo-e-Seq with AlphaFold 3, a protein language model, and could confidently infer (i) the joint structure and interactions of 34 photosynthesis proteins from a single Chaetoceros diatom, and (ii) the cellular and developmental functions of novel proteins highly expressed in one trout larva. In summary, Ukiyo-e-Seq is a precise tool to connect morphological and genetic information of eukaryotic plankton.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gatt, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wahi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johansson Beves, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.25.609620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating microscopy and transcriptomics from individual uncultured eukaryotic plankton]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609830v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Yes, they're all individuals: Hierarchical models for repeat survey data improve estimates of tree growth and size 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.27.609830v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractO_LIRepeat measurement surveys of tree size are used in forests to estimate growth be-haviour, biomass, and population dynamics. Although size is measured with error, and individuals vary in their growth trajectories, current size-based growth modelling approaches do not usually or fully account for both of these features, and therefore under-utilise available data.
C_LIO_LIWe present a new method that leverages the auto-correlation structure of repeat surveys into a hierarchical Bayesian longitudinal growth model. This new structure allows users to correct for measurement error and capture individual-level variation in growth trajectories and parameters.
C_LIO_LITo demonstrate the new method we applied it to a sample of tropical tree survey data from long-term monitoring sites at Barro Colorado Island. We were able to reduce estimated error in size and growth, and extract individual-and population-level growth parameter estimates. We used simulation to evaluate the ability of the new method to improve estimates of growth rate and size, and estimate individual and species-level parameters. Our method substantially improved RMSE for growth by an average of 61% compared to existing approaches using pairwise differences; and reduced RMSE in estimated size RMSE compared to  observed values in simulated data. Better numerical integration methods (Runge-Kutta 4th order in comparison to Euler and midpoint) provided better estimates of parameters, but did not improve the estimation of size and growth. The choice of a positive growth function eliminated all negative increments without data exclusion.
C_LIO_LIOverall, this study shows how we can gain new and improved insights on growth, using repeat forest surveys. Our new method offers improved biomass dynamics estimation through reduced error in sizes over time, coupled with novel information about within-species variation in growth behaviour that is inaccessible with species average models, such as individual parameters for the growth function which allows for relationships between parameters to be considered for the first time.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.27.609830</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Yes, they're all individuals: Hierarchical models for repeat survey data improve estimates of tree growth and size]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609992v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A-Islands: A plant dataset for biodiversity research and species monitoring on Australian islands 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.609992v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Australias coastline is fringed by more than 8,000 continental islands. These islands feature a diverse array of landforms, rock and soil types and geological origins. Some of these islands are among the least invaded, most pristine habitats in Australia and support high plant diversity. Here, we present a new Australia-wide curated dataset for plant species occurrences on islands. Combining information from 1,349 species lists and floras, A-Islands includes data on >6,500 plant species from 844 islands ranging in size from 18 m2 to 4,400 km2, exhibiting different degrees of isolation from the mainland, and spanning all major Australian climate zones. Of these, 251 islands have been repeatedly sampled up to 11 times making it possible to investigate temporal compositional change. A-Islands is open access and will be continuously updated. Its simple data structure consisting of three comma separated files allows easy integration with other Australian and global plant-occurrence databases and can serve as a repository for island research in Australia. Knowing which species occur on Australia's islands will provide opportunities for future research, including studying changes in biodiversity and species-turnover within and among archipelagos, tests of classical island biogeography theory and as a baseline for ecological monitoring and conservation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Schrader, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coleman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abbott, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryant, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Buckley, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crayn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gallagher, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heatwole, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackes, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kreft, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mills, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirkpatrick, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Latz, P. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neldner, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattler, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visoiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wenk, E. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woinarski, J. C. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, I. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zorn, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westoby, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.08.29.609992</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A-Islands: A plant dataset for biodiversity research and species monitoring on Australian islands]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610733v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Optimisation of a multiplexed, high throughput assay to measure neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.01.610733v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A multiplexed, lentivirus-based pseudovirus neutralisation assay (pVNT) was developed for high-throughput measurement of neutralising antibodies (nAbs) against three distinct SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. Intra-assay variability was minimised by optimising the plate layout and determining an optimal percentage transduction for the pseudovirus inoculum. Comparison of monoclonal antibody EC50 titres between single and multiplexed pVNT assays showed no significant differences, indicating reliability of the multiplexed assay. Evaluation of convalescent human sera confirmed assay validity, with consistent fold drops in EC50 for variant pseudoviruses relative to the ancestral strain observed across single and multiplexed assays. This multiplexed pVNT provides a reliable tool for assessing nAb responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants and could be used to accelerate preclinical vaccine assessment in preparation for the next coronavirus pandemic.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ashley, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bloul, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alca, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Counoupas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Triccas, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.01.610733</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Optimisation of a multiplexed, high throughput assay to measure neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611471v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A genome assembly and annotation for the Australian alpine skink Bassiana duperreyi using long-read technologies 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.05.611471v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eastern three-lined skink (Bassiana duperreyi) inhabits the Australian high country in the southwest of the continent including Tasmania. It is an oviparous species that is distinctive because it undergoes sex reversal (from XX genotypic females to phenotypic males) at low incubation temperatures. We present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of a Bassiana duperreyi XY male individual, constructed using a combination of PacBio HiFi and ONT long reads scaffolded using Illumina HiC data. The genome assembly length is 1.57 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 222 Mbp, N90 of 26 Mbp, 200 gaps and 43.10% GC content. Most (95%) of the assembly is scaffolded into 6 macrochromosomes, 8 microchromosomes and the X chromosome, corresponding to the karyotype. Fragmented Y chromosome scaffolds (n=11 > 1 Mbp) were identified using Y-specific contigs generated by genome subtraction. We identified two novel alpha-satellite repeats of 187 bp and 199 bp in the putative centromeres that did not form higher order repeats. The genome assembly exceeds the standard recommended by the Earth Biogenome Project; 0.02% false expansions, 99.63% kmer completeness, 94.66% complete single copy BUSCO genes and an average 98.42% of transcriptome data mappable to the genome assembly. The mitochondrial genome (17,506 bp) and the model rDNA repeat unit (15,154 bp) were assembled. The B. duperreyi genome assembly has one of the highest completeness levels for a skink and will provide a resource for research focused on sex determination and thermolabile sex reversal, as an oviparous foundation species for studies of the evolution of viviparity, and for other comparative genomics studies of the Scincidae.

Species TaxonomyEukaryota; Animalia; Chordata; Reptilia; Squamata; Scincidae; Lygosominae; Eugongylini; Bassiana (=Acritoscincus); Bassiana duperreyi (Gray, 1838) (NCBI: txid316450).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hanrahan, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alreja, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dissanayake, D. S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertozzi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Meally, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611471</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A genome assembly and annotation for the Australian alpine skink Bassiana duperreyi using long-read technologies]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612363v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anti-phase clustering of regulatory factors shapes gene bursting 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.612363v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The ability of stem cells to divide and self-renew depends on a complex choreography of molecular events that maintain the transcriptional oscillation of pluripotency genes. Only a handful of transcription factors (TFs) are necessary to preserve pluripotency and reprogram differentiated cells into stem cells. Paradoxically, while the protein players are known, the challenge remains to decipher the series of steps that TFs undertake to modulate "on" and "off" fluctuations of gene transcription. In this study, we employ a trimodal imaging approach that integrates single-molecule tracking of SOX2 mobility, Nanog locus diffusion, and real-time Nanog mRNA synthesis (STEAMING-tag reporter) to observe the coordinated activity of this molecular machinery. This combined system uncovered the temporal clustering dynamics of endogenous SOX2 occupancy at the Nanog locus and reveal how these dynamics relate to both transcriptional activity and the underlying chromatin behaviour in live embryonic stem cells. We link different types of SOX2 binding modes to roles in both transcriptional activation and termination or nucleosome repackaging. This redefines a dual function for SOX2 at the same gene locus during both gene expression and silencing processes. This work exposes a new layer of TF regulation, indicating a priming role rather than direct transcription initiation directly relevant to mammalian stem cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Rodriguez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graus, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smialkovska, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ohishi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldmann, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ochiai, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Francois, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.612363</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anti-phase clustering of regulatory factors shapes gene bursting]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.07.611784v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal dynamics of viral fitness and the adaptive immune response in HCV infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.07.611784v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Numerous studies have shown that viral variants that elude the host immune response may incur a fitness expense, diminishing the survival of the viral strain within the host, and the capacity of the variant to survive future transmission events. However, this generic definition can be further divided into two categories where intrinsic fitness describes the viral fitness without the influence of any immune pressure and effective fitness considers both intrinsic fitness with the influence of host immune pressure. Furthermore, co-occurring mutations outside the epitope regions targeted by the immune response may increase or decrease the likelihood of survival of the variant (known as epistasis). Analysis of viral fitness and epistasis over the non-structural protein regions is lacking for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here, using a rare cohort of subjects very recently infected with HCV, we build upon our prior investigations by integrating mathematical modelling and experimental data to examine the interplay between the evolving transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses, the adaptive immune response, viral fitness, and co-occurring mutations. We show that viral fitness decreases during the first 90 days post-infection (DPI) associated with the magnitude of CD8+ T-cell responses and the initial level of diversification. Thereafter, viral fitness rebounds in a complex pattern of evolution characterized by multiple sets of co-occurring mutations. Finally, we show that an early and strong CD8+ T-cell response in the absence of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) imposes a strong selective force on the T/F virus population, enabling the virus to escape and establish chronic infection. Understanding these dynamics is highly relevant for HCV vaccine design and supports a vaccine strategy that induces broad immunity targeting both T and B cell responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Walker, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keoshkerian, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pirozyan, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.07.611784</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics of viral fitness and the adaptive immune response in HCV infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.611762v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling multi-scale architectural features in single-cell Hi-C data using scCAFE 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.611762v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell Hi-C (scHi-C) has provided unprecedented insights into the heterogeneity of 3D genome organization. However, its sparse and noisy nature poses challenges for computational analyses, such as chromatin architectural feature identification. Here, we introduce scCAFE, a deep learning model for the multi-scale detection of architectural features at the single-cell level. scCAFE provides a unified framework for annotating chromatin loops, TAD-like domains (TLDs), and compartments across individual cells. Our model outperforms previous scHi-C loop calling methods and delivers accurate predictions of TLDs and compartments that are biologically consistent with previous studies. The resulting single-cell annotations also offer a measure to characterize the heterogeneity of different levels of architectural features across cell types. We leverage this heterogeneity and identify a series of marker loop anchors, which demonstrate the potential of the 3D genome data to annotate cell identities without the aid of simultaneously sequenced omics data. Overall, scCAFE not only serves as a useful tool for analyzing single-cell genomic architecture, but also paves the way for precise cell-type annotations solely based on 3D genome features.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alinejad-Rokny, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yao, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xie, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, K.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.611762</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling multi-scale architectural features in single-cell Hi-C data using scCAFE]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.611831v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The level of endothelial glycocalyx maturity modulates interactions with charged nano-materials 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.10.611831v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for their potential in delivering therapeutics to target tissues, but few have advanced to clinical application. The luminal surface of endothelial cells that line blood vessels are covered by a glycocalyx, a complex extracellular matrix rich in anionic glycans. However, the role of this glycocalyx in governing nanomaterial-cell interactions is often overlooked. In this study, we demonstrate that gold nanoparticles functionalized with branched polyethyleneimine (AuNP+) bind to primary human endothelial cells expressing either a developing or mature glycocalyx, with the interaction involving hyaluronan and heparan sulfate. Notably, the mature glycocalyx decreases the toxicity of AuNP+. In contrast, lipoic acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP-) bind to endothelial cells with a developing glycocalyx, but not a mature glycocalyx. To further investigate this phenomenon, we studied charged polymers, including poly(arginine) (polyR) and poly(glutamic acid) (polyE). PolyE does not associate with endothelial cells regardless of glycocalyx maturity, but when glycans are enzymatically degraded, it can bind to the cells. Conversely, polyR associates with endothelial cells irrespective of glycocalyx maturity or glycan degradation. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between nanomaterial charge and presentation in interactions with endothelial cells, offering insights for modulating nanomaterial interactions with the blood vessel wall.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bridges, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuchel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sterling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.10.611831</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The level of endothelial glycocalyx maturity modulates interactions with charged nano-materials]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613032v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The global spectrum of tree crown architecture 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.613032v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Trees can differ enormously in their crown architectural traits, such as the scaling relationships that link their height and crown size to their stem diameter. Yet despite the importance of crown architecture in shaping the structure and function of woody ecosystems, we lack a complete picture of what drives this incredible diversity in crown shapes. Using data from >500,000 globally distributed trees, we explored how climate, disturbance, competition, functional traits, and evolutionary history constrain the height, crown size and shape of the worlds tree species. We found that variation in height scaling relationships was primarily controlled by water availability and light competition. Conversely, crown width was predominantly shaped by exposure to wind and fire, while also covarying with other functional traits related to mechanical stability and photosynthesis. Additionally, several plant lineages had crown architectures that defy their environments, such as the exceedingly slender dipterocarps of Southeast Asia, or the extremely wide crowns of legumes in African savannas. Our study charts the global spectrum of tree crown architectural types. It provides a roadmap for integrating crown architecture with vegetation models and remote sensing observations, so that we may better understand the processes that shape the 3D structure of woody ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jucker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischer, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caspersen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ali, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Panzou, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Feldpausch, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Usoltsev, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adu-Bredu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aminpour, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angoboy, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anten, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Askari, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munoz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ayyappan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barbier, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Battles, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocko, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bond-Lamberty, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bongers, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Breugel, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chantrain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaudhary, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dai, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalponte, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dimobe, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Domec, J.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doucet, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dupuy-Rada, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duursma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Enriquez, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ewijk, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farfan-Rios, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferretti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forni, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forrester, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilani, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.613032</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The global spectrum of tree crown architecture]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.612549v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
ECSFinder: Optimized prediction of evolutionarily conserved RNA secondary structures from genome sequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.14.612549v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurate prediction of RNA secondary structures is essential for understanding the evolutionary conservation and functional roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) across diverse species. In this study, we benchmarked two leading tools for predicting evolutionarily conserved RNA secondary structures (ECSs)--SISSIz and R-scape-- using two distinct experimental frameworks: one focusing on well-characterized mitochondrial RNA structures and the other on experimentally validated Rfam structures embedded within simulated genome alignments. While both tools performed comparably overall, each displayed subtle preferences in detecting ECSs. To address these limitations, we evaluated two interpretable machine learning approaches that integrate the strengths of both methods. By balancing thermodynamic stability features from RNALalifold and SISSIz with robust covariation metrics from R-scape, a random forest classifier significantly outperformed both conventional tools. This classifier was implemented in ECSfinder, a new tool that provides a robust, interpretable solution for genome-wide identification of conserved RNA structures, offering valuable insights into lncRNA function and evolutionary conservation. ECSfinder is designed for large-scale comparative genomics applications and promises to facilitate the discovery of novel functional RNA elements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaonac'h-Lovejoy, V. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauvageau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.14.612549</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[ECSFinder: Optimized prediction of evolutionarily conserved RNA secondary structures from genome sequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.613582v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Typhi Mykrobe: fast and accurate lineage identification and antimicrobial resistance genotyping directly from sequence reads for the typhoid fever agent Salmonella Typhi 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.613582v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundTyphoid fever results from systemic infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) and causes 10 million illnesses annually. Disease control relies on prevention (water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions or vaccination) and effective antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Typhi lineages have emerged and become established in many parts of the world. Knowledge of local pathogen populations informed by genomic surveillance, including of lineages (defined by the GenoTyphi scheme) and AMR determinants, is increasingly used to inform local treatment guidelines and to inform vaccination strategy. Current tools for genotyping Typhi require multiple read alignment or assembly steps and have not been validated for analysis of data generated with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing devices. Here, we introduce Typhi Mykrobe, a command line software tool for rapid genotyping of Typhi lineages, AMR determinants, and plasmid replicons direct from sequencing reads.

ResultsWe validated Typhi Mykrobe lineage genotyping by comparison with the current standard read mapping-based approach and demonstrated 99.8% concordance across nearly 13,000 genomes sequenced with Illumina platforms. For the few isolates with discordant calls, we show that Typhi Mykrobe results are better supported by the evidence from raw sequence read data than the results generated using the mapping-based approach. We also demonstrate 99.9% concordance for detection of AMR determinants compared with the current standard assembly-based approach, with similar results for plasmid marker detection. Typhi Mykrobe predicts clinical resistance categorisation (S/I/R) for eight drug classes, and we show strong agreement with phenotypic categorisations generated from reference laboratory minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for n=1,572 Illumina-sequenced isolates (>99% agreement within one doubling dilution). We show strong concordance (>96% for genotype and >98% for AMR and plasmid) between calls made from ONT reads and those made from Illumina reads for isolates sequenced on both platforms (n =93 genomes). Typhi Mykrobe takes less than a minute per sample and is available at https://github.com/typhoidgenomics/genotyphi.

ConclusionsTyphi Mykrobe provides rapid and sensitive genotyping of Typhi genomes direct from Illumina and ONT reads, although lower accuracy was observed for R9 ONT data. It demonstrated accurate assignment of GenoTyphi lineage, detection of AMR determinants and prediction of corresponding AMR phenotypes, and identification of plasmid replicons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ingle, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawkey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iqbal, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keane, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afolayan, A. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andleeb, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashton, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogoch, I. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carey, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chattaway, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crump, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guevara, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howden, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Izumiya, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacob, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Judd, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapil, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keddy, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levine, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morita, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Octavia, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okeke, I. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Osadebamwen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, S. I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rokney, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rasko, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shamanna, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sikorski, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunmonu, G. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tagg, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wick, R. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dyson, Z. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holt, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.613582</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Typhi Mykrobe: fast and accurate lineage identification and antimicrobial resistance genotyping directly from sequence reads for the typhoid fever agent Salmonella Typhi]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-read metagenomics empowers precise tracking of bacterial strains and their genomic changes after fecal microbiota transplantation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.30.615906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has revolutionized the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) and is being evaluated across other diseases. Accurate tracking of bacterial strains that stably engraft in recipients is critical for understanding the determinants of strain engraftment, evaluating their correlation with clinical outcomes, and guiding the development of therapeutic bacterial consortia. While short-read sequencing has advanced FMT research, it faces challenges in strain-level de novo metagenomic assembly. In this study, we described a novel framework, LongTrack, which uses long-read metagenomic assemblies and rigorous informatics tailored for FMT strain tracking. We highlighted LongTracks advantage over short-read approaches especially when multiple strains co-exist in the same sample. We showed LongTrack uncovered hundreds of engrafted strains across six FMT cases of rCDI and inflammatory bowel disease patients. Furthermore, long reads also allowed us to assess the genomic and epigenomic stability of engrafted strains during the 5-year follow-ups, revealing structural variations that may be associated with strain adaptation in a new host environment. Combined, our study advocates the use of long-read metagenomics and LongTrack to enhance strain tracking in future FMT studies, paving the way for the development of more effective defined biotherapeutic as an alternative to FMT.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fan, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwala, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mead, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ksiezarek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kamm, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borody, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paramsothy, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaakoush, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grinspan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faith, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fang, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-09-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-read metagenomics empowers precise tracking of bacterial strains and their genomic changes after fecal microbiota transplantation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-09-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616212v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Development and validation of a computational tool to predict treatment outcomes in cells from High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer patients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616212v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Treatment of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) is often ineffective due to frequent late-stage diagnosis and development of resistance to therapy. Timely selection of the most effective (combination of) drug(s) for each patient would improve outcomes, however the tools currently available to clinicians are poorly suited to the task.

We here present a computational simulator capable of recapitulating cell response to treatment in ovarian cancer. The technical development of the in silico framework is described, together with its validation on both cell lines and patient-derived laboratory models. A calibration procedure to identify the parameters that best recapitulate each patients response is also presented.

Our results support the use of this tool in preclinical research, to provide relevant insights into HGSOC behaviour and progression. They also provide a proof of concept for its use as a personalised medicine tool and support disease monitoring and treatment selection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cortesi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barlow, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warton, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giordano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616212</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Development and validation of a computational tool to predict treatment outcomes in cells from High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer patients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616252v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Nanoscale biodegradable printing for designed tuneability of vaccine delivery kinetics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616252v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two photon polymerization (2PP) 3D printing enables top-down biomaterial synthesis with nanoscale spatial resolution for de novo design of monodisperse injectable drug delivery systems. To address the limitations of current 2PP resins, we developed Spatiotemporal Controlled Release Inks of Biocompatible polyEsters (SCRIBE), a novel poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-triacrylate resin family with sub-micron resolution and tuneable hydrolysis. SCRIBE enables direct printing of hollow microparticles with tuneable chemistry and complex geometries inaccessible to molding techniques, which we use to engineer controlled protein release in vitro and in vivo. We use SCRIBE microparticles to modulate antibody titers and class switching as a function of antigen release rate and extend these findings to enable a single-injection vaccine formulation with extended antibody induction kinetics. Demonstrating how the chemistry and CAD of 2PP-printed microparticles can be used to tune responses to biomacromolecule release in vivo opens significant opportunities for a new generation of drug delivery vehicles.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=117 SRC="FIGDIR/small/616252v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Peeler, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kütahya, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peschke, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhou, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brachi, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wojciechowski, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Debets, T. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lalone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polra, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tregoning, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shattock, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616252</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Nanoscale biodegradable printing for designed tuneability of vaccine delivery kinetics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616377v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A new compression strategy to reduce the size of nanopore sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.02.616377v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing is an increasingly central tool for genomics. Despite rapid advances in the field, large data volumes and computational bottlenecks continue to pose major challenges. Here we introduce ex-zd, a new data compression strategy that helps address the large size of raw signal data generated during nanopore experiments. Ex-zd encompasses both a lossless compression method, which modestly outperforms all current methods for nanopore signal data compression, and a  lossy method, which can be used to achieve dramatic additional savings. The latter component works by reducing the number of bits used to encode signal data. We show that the three least significant bits in signal data generated on instruments from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) predominantly encode noise. Their removal reduces file sizes by half without impacting downstream analyses, including basecalling and detection of DNA methylation. Ex-zd compression saves hundreds of gigabytes on a single ONT sequencing experiment, thereby increasing the scalability, portability and accessibility of nanopore sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jayasooriya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marasinghe, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senanayake, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saadat, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taubman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ragel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.02.616377</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A new compression strategy to reduce the size of nanopore sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-Cell Data Integration and Cell Type Annotation through Contrastive Adversarial Open-set Domain Adaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.04.616599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell sequencing technologies have enabled in-depth analysis of cellular heterogeneity across tissues and disease contexts. However, as datasets increase in size and complexity, characterizing diverse cellular populations, integrating data across multiple modalities, and correcting batch effects remain challenges. We present SAFAARI (Single-cell Annotation and Fusion with Adversarial Open-Set Domain Adaptation Reliable for Data Integration), a unified deep learning framework designed for cell annotation, batch correction, and multi-omics integration. SAFAARI leverages supervised contrastive learning and adversarial domain adaptation to achieve domain-invariant embeddings and enables label transfer across datasets, addressing challenges posed by batch effects, biological domain shifts, and multi-omics modalities. SAFAARI identifies novel cell types and mitigates class imbalance to enhance the detection of rare cell types. Through comprehensive benchmarking, we evaluated SAFAARI against existing annotation and integration methods across real-world datasets exhibiting batch effects and domain shifts, as well as simulated and multi-omics data. SAFAARI demonstrated scalability and robust performance in cell annotation via label transfer across heterogeneous datasets, detection of unknown cell types, correction of batch effects, and cross-omics data integration while leveraging available annotations for improved integration. SAFAARIs innovative approach outperformed competing methods in both qualitative and quantitative metrics, offering a flexible, accurate, and scalable solution for single-cell analysis with broad applicability to diverse biological and clinical research questions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aminzadeh, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saberi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.04.616599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-Cell Data Integration and Cell Type Annotation through Contrastive Adversarial Open-set Domain Adaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617117v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dopamine and cortical iPSC-derived neurons with different Parkinsonian mutations show variation in lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction: implications for protein deposition versus selective cell loss 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.617117v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundMutations causing Parkinsons disease (PD) give diverse pathological phenotypes whose cellular correlates remain to be determined. For example, those with PRKN loss of function mutations have significantly earlier selective vulnerability of dopamine neurons, those with SNCA mutations have increased alpha-synuclein deposition, while those with LRRK2 mutations have additional deposition of tau. Yet all three mutation types are implicated in mitochondrial and/or lysosomal dysfunction. Direct comparison of cell models with these mutations would clarify the relative cellular dysfunctions associated with these different pathological phenotypes.

MethodsAn unbiased high-content imaging platform using orthogonal probes to assess both lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, along with alpha-synuclein and tau protein deposition was established using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived cortical and ventral midbrain neurons. Three mutation types, SNCA A53T, LRRK2 R1441G and PRKN loss of function (lof), were selected as exemplars of divergent PD pathological phenotypes and compared to each other, and to control iPSC from subjects without PD.

ResultsDifferent PD mutations caused cell type specific dysfunctions, likely to impact on both selective neuronal vulnerability and the pathologies observed in PD. Comparison of dopamine neurons identified that both lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction were predominant with PRKN lof mutations, whereas immunofluorescent staining revealed that SNCA A53T and LRRK2 R1441G mutations had increased tau deposition. In contrast, cortical neurons with SNCA and LRRK2 mutations both had mitochondrial and autophagy impairments without protein deposition, with LRRK2 cells additionally showing decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and increased alpha-synuclein phosphorylation.

ConclusionsLysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction are predominant in dopamine neurons with PRKN lof mutations, and may drive the early selective loss of dopamine neurons in PRKN mutation carriers. More subtle cellular abnormalities in the SNCA A53T cell lines are likely to predispose to alpha-synuclein aggregation and tau protein deposition over time. The LRRK2 R1441G may also predispose to tau deposition, but despite substantial lysosomal dysfunction with increased alpha-synuclein phosphorylation, pathological alpha-synuclein accumulations were not observed. Understanding the mechanistic differences in how lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction impact on PD pathogenesis in different disease subtypes may be important for therapeutic development.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chedid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Labrador-Garrido, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Bonsrah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parish, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sue, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wali, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzamko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.07.617117</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dopamine and cortical iPSC-derived neurons with different Parkinsonian mutations show variation in lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction: implications for protein deposition versus selective cell loss]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.616381v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SMYD5 is a ribosomal methyltransferase which trimethylates RPL40 lysine 22 through recognition of a KXY motif 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.10.616381v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The eukaryotic ribosome is highly modified by protein methylation, yet many of the responsible methyltransferases remain unknown. Here we have identified SMYD5 as a ribosomal protein methyltransferase that catalyses trimethylation of RPL40/eL40 at lysine 22. Through a systematic mass spectrometry-based approach, we show that the human ribosome has 12 primary sites of protein methylation, including at RPL40 K22. Through in vitro methylation of synthetic RPL40 using fractionated lysate, we then identify SMYD5 as a candidate RPL40 K22 methyltransferase. We show that recombinant SMYD5 has robust activity towards RPL40 K22 in vitro, and that active site mutations ablate this activity. Knockouts of SMYD5 in K562 cells show a complete loss of RPL40 K22 methylation and decrease polysome levels. By systematic analysis of its recognition motif, we show that SMYD5 requires a tyrosine in the +2 position, and thereby is incapable of methylating its previously reported histone substrates.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hamey, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shah, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wade, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolec, T. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wettenhall, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quinlan, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williamson, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilkins, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.10.616381</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SMYD5 is a ribosomal methyltransferase which trimethylates RPL40 lysine 22 through recognition of a KXY motif]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.614415v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single Cell Integration Characterises Metaplasia in Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.11.614415v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of connected organs, from the oral cavity to rectum, which function to ensure efficient nutrient uptake and barrier immunity. Diseases of the GI tract affect millions worldwide and as such there are now over 25 published single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) datasets surveying the GI tract, profiling specific anatomical regions, cell lineages, ages and diseases. To consolidate these efforts, we harmonised and integrated scRNAseq datasets across the whole GI tract from developing and adult human tissues, as well as newly generated data from preterm gut. We uniformly processed 385 samples from 189 healthy controls using a newly developed automated QC approach (scAutoQC). In total, our healthy reference contains [~]1.1 million cells which we annotated to a total of 137 fine-grained cell states. We anchor 13 published and 1 unpublished GI disease datasets covering gastric and colorectal (CRC) cancers, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease (CD) to this reference, taking our atlas to a total of 1.6 million cells. We provide our atlas as a valuable resource to the community (available at gutcellatlas.org). Using this resource, we discover epithelial cell metaplasia arising from stem cells across intestinal inflammatory diseases (celiac, UC and CD) and CRC with transcriptional similarity to cells of the gastric and Brunners glands. Whilst previously linked to mucosal healing, we now implicate these cells in inflammation through recruitment of immune cells including T cells and neutrophils, and through direct interactions with T cells. Overall, we discover a shift in paradigm whereby changes in stem cells during inflammation lead to altered mucosal tissue architecture, which in turn contributes to ongoing inflammation. These findings highlight that in addition to barrier function, epithelial cells actively contribute to progression of inflammation which may be a function applicable to other tissues and diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oliver, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartolome-Casado, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nilsen, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gudino, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Melon-Ardanaz, C. d. I. B. e. R. d. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fitzpatrick, M. E. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Provine, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polanski, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koplev, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milchsack, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dann, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Predeus, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cakir, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>To, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prete, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chapman, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masi, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephenson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engelbert, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lobentanzer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perera, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richardson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kapuge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilbrey-Clark, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semprich, C. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellams, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tudor, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joseph, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido-Trigo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corraliza, C. d. I. B. e. R. d. E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, T. R. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hook, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Saez-Rodriguez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meyer, K. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>M</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.614415</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single Cell Integration Characterises Metaplasia in Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618350v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Assessing the Validity of Leucine Zipper Constructs Predicted in AlphaFold2. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.14.618350v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AP-1 transcription factors are a network of cellular regulators, that combine in different dimer pairs to control a range of pathways involved in differentiation, growth, and cell death. They dimerise via leucine zipper coiled-coil domains, that are preceded by a basic DNA binding domain. Depending on which AP-1 transcription factors dimerise, different DNA sequences will be recognised resulting in differential gene expression. The affinity of AP-1 transcription factors for each other dictates which dimers form. The relative concentration of AP-1 transcription factors varies with tissue type and environment, adding another layer of control to this integral network of cellular regulation. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) protein structure prediction programs gives us a new technique to investigate or predict how dimerization effects combinatorial control. AlphaFold2 and AlphaFold-Multimer are AI programs that predict 3D structures of proteins using primary sequence as their only input, even if there is no homologous model available. To fully realise the potential of AI for structural biology, it is essential to understand its current capabilities and limitations. In this study we used the classical example of an AP-1 dimer: Fos and Jun, to interrogate how AlphaFold2 and AlphaFold-Multimer model leucine zipper domains, and if AlphaFold-Multimer can be used to differentiate between probable and improbable dimer interfaces. We found that AlphaFold-Multimer predicts highly confident leucine zipper dimers, even for dimer pairs, such as the FosB homodimer, for which electrostatics are known to prevent their formation in vivo. This is an important case study concerning high-confidence, but low-accuracy protein structure prediction.

statementArtificial intelligence (AI) programs that predict protein structures, like AlphaFold, could transform structural biology by speeding up the experimental process. However, it is important to grasp the capabilities and limitations of these AI tools. This study examines how AlphaFold identifies structural features, specifically a leucine zipper, while not considering other factors like electrostatic interactions, using the well-studied transcription factors Fos and Jun as a case study.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mitic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618350</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Assessing the Validity of Leucine Zipper Constructs Predicted in AlphaFold2.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618763v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Federated deep learning enables cancer subtyping by proteomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.16.618763v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Artificial intelligence applications in biomedicine face major challenges from data privacy requirements. To address this issue for clinically annotated tissue proteomic data, we developed a Federated Deep Learning (FDL) approach (ProCanFDL), training local models on simulated sites containing data from a pan-cancer cohort (n=1,260) and 29 cohorts held behind private firewalls (n=6,265), representing 19,930 replicate data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) runs. Local parameter updates were aggregated to build the global model, achieving a 43% performance gain on the hold-out test set (n=625) in 14 cancer subtyping tasks compared to local models, and matching centralized model performance. The approachs generalizability was demonstrated by retraining the global model with data from two external DIA-MS cohorts (n=55) and eight acquired by tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics (n=832). ProCanFDL presents a solution for internationally collaborative machine learning initiatives using proteomic data, e.g., for discovering predictive biomarkers or treatment targets, while maintaining data privacy.

Statement of SignificanceA federated deep learning approach applied to human proteomic data, acquired using two distinct proteomic technologies from 40 tumor cohorts from eight countries, enabled accurate cancer histopathological subtyping while preserving data privacy. This approach will enable privacy-compliant development of large-scale proteomic AI models, including foundation models, across institutions globally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cai, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boys, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Noor, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aref, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xavier, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lucas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koh, J. M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poulos, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dausmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacKenzie, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aguilar-Mahecha, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Armengol, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barranco, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Basik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bowman, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clifton-Bligh, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Connolly, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cooper, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalal, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>DeFazio, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Filipits, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flynn, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>George, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gnant, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Habib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harris, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Horvath, L. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jackson, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohonen-Corish, M. R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Long, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lord, R. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mann, G. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaughan, G. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morgan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, L. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagabushan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagri</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.16.618763</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Federated deep learning enables cancer subtyping by proteomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619756v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparative proteomics of biofilm development in Pseudoalteromonas tunicata discovers a distinct family of Ca2+-dependent adhesins 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.619756v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas tunicata, is a useful model for studying mechanisms of biofilm development due to its ability to colonize and form biofilms on a variety of marine and eukaryotic host-associated surfaces. However, the pathways responsible for P. tunicata biofilm formation are still incompletely understood, in part due to a lack of functional information for a large proportion of its proteome. Here, we used comparative shotgun proteomics to examine P. tunicata biofilm development throughout the planktonic phase to three stages of biofilm development at 24, 48, and 72 h. Proteomic analysis identified 232 proteins that were up-regulated during different stages of biofilm development, including many hypothetical proteins as well as proteins known to be important for P. tunicata biofilm development such as the autocidal enzyme AlpP, violacein proteins, S-layer protein SLR4, and various pili proteins. We further investigated the top identified biofilm-associated protein (Bap), a previously uncharacterized 1600 amino acid protein (EAR30327), which we designated as "BapP". Based on AlphaFold modeling and genomic context analysis, we predicted BapP as a distinct Ca2+-dependent biofilm adhesin. Consistent with this prediction, a {Delta}bapP knockout mutant was defective in forming both pellicle and surface-associated biofilms, which was rescued by re-insertion of bapP into the genome. Similar to mechanisms of RTX adhesins, BapP-mediated biofilm formation was influenced by Ca2+ levels, and BapP is likely exported by a type 1 secretion system. Ultimately, our work not only provides a useful proteomic dataset for studying biofilm development in an ecologically relevant organism, but it also adds to our knowledge of bacterial adhesin diversity, emphasizing Bap-like proteins as widespread determinants of biofilm formation in bacteria.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ali, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stavropoulos, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenkins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graves, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Che, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eckhard, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Charles, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doxey, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.22.619756</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparative proteomics of biofilm development in Pseudoalteromonas tunicata discovers a distinct family of Ca2+-dependent adhesins]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.616488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Integrating predictors of host condition into spatiotemporal multi-scale models of virus shedding 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.616488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding where and when pathogens occur in the environment has implications for reservoir population health and infection risk. In reservoir hosts, infection status and pathogen shedding are affected by processes interacting across different scales: from landscape features affecting host location and transmission to within-host processes affecting host immunity and infectiousness. While uncommonly done, simultaneously incorporating processes across multiple scales may improve pathogen shedding predictions. In Australia, the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) is a natural host for the zoonotic Hendra virus, which is hypothesized to cause latent infections in bats. Re-activation and virus shedding may be triggered by poor host condition, leading to virus excretion through urine. Here, we developed a statistical modeling approach that combined data at multiple spatial and temporal scales to capture ecological and biological processes potentially affecting virus shedding. We parameterized these models using existing datasets and compared model performance to under-roost virus shedding data from 2011-2014 in 23 roosts across a 1200-km transect. Our approach enabled comparisons among multiple model structures to determine which variables at which scales are most influential for accurate predictions of virus shedding in space and time. We identified environmental predictors and temporal lags of these features that were important for determining where reservoirs are located and multiple independent proxies for reservoir condition. The best-performing multi-scale model delineated periods of low and high virus prevalence, reflecting observed shedding patterns from pooled under-roost samples. Incorporating regional indicators of food scarcity enhanced model accuracy while incorporating other stress indicators at local scales confounded this signal. This multiscale modeling approach enabled the combination of processes from different ecological scales and identified environmental variables influencing Hendra virus shedding, highlighting how integrating data across scales may improve risk forecasts for other pathogen systems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kramer, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faust, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castellanos, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fischhoff, I. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peel, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eby, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruiz-Aravena, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borremans, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plowright, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.616488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Integrating predictors of host condition into spatiotemporal multi-scale models of virus shedding]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620154v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dorsomedial striatal neuroinflammation causes excessive goal-directed action control by disrupting homeostatic astrocyte function 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.24.620154v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Compulsive actions are typically thought to reflect the dominance of habits over goal-directed action. To address this, we mimicked the striatal neuroinflammation that is frequently exhibited in individuals with compulsive disorders in rats, by injecting the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide into the posterior dorsomedial striatum, and assessed the consequences for behavioural control. Surprisingly, this manipulation caused rats to acquire and maintain goal-directed actions under conditions that would otherwise produce habits. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that these behaviours were a result of astrocytic proliferation. To probe this further, we chemogenetically activated the Gi-pathway in striatal astrocytes, which altered the firing properties of nearby medium spiny neurons and modulated goal-directed action control. Together, results show that striatal neuroinflammation is sufficient to bias action selection toward excessive goal-directed control via dysregulated astrocyte function. If translatable, our findings suggest that, contrary to conventional views, individuals with striatal neuroinflammation might be more prone to maladaptive goal-directed actions than habits, and future interventions should aim to restore appropriate action control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abiero, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gladding, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Iredale, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drury, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manning, E. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dayas, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dhungana, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ganesan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becchi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kendig, M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nolan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Castorina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cole, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.24.620154</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dorsomedial striatal neuroinflammation causes excessive goal-directed action control by disrupting homeostatic astrocyte function]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Bacterial inoculation manipulates the coral epigenome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.27.620496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental shifts can cause epigenetic modifications in corals, which are associated with changes in gene expression and physiology, though it remains unclear if associated bacteria can also induce such changes. Here, we inoculated nubbins of the coral Pocillopora verrucosa with an opportunistic pathogen, Vibrio coralliilyticus, and/or a coral probiotic, Cobetia sp., and subjected the nubbins to heat stress. We show that pathogen exposure led to distinct DNA methylation changes compared to the control, probiotic, and co-inoculation groups. We also demonstrate that DNA methylation correlates with coral gene expression and highlight genes altered by pathogen inoculation that showed similar responses in their expression and methylation. Notably, the coral probiotic was able to mitigate specific epigenetic changes, which correlated with increased stress resilience and higher coral survival rates. Thus, bacterial-induced changes to the coral epigenome may instigate long-term changes in host resilience.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Barno, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villela, H. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgadillo-Ordonez, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosado, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aranda, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voolstra, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.620496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Bacterial inoculation manipulates the coral epigenome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622096v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell atlas of the human immune system reveals sex-specific dynamics of immunosenescence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.06.622096v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Immunosenescence, or immune aging, is characterized by both changes in cell type abundance and a decline in cellular function, leading to increased susceptibility to immune-related diseases. Yet, the extent to which sex influences the dynamic composition of immune cells during immunosenescence remains unknown. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 982 donors to uncover the sex-specific immune aging dynamics. We reveal that aging drives sexually dimorphic compositional and transcriptional shifts, with females showing stronger immune remodeling. Female-specific shifts include the expansion of three cytotoxic CD8+ T effector memory subpopulations and inflammatory monocytes. In addition, female CD4+ central memory T cells exhibit abundance shifts in subpopulations involved in autoimmunity alongside age-associated transcriptional signatures enriched for autoimmune-related pathways. Conversely, males show an age-related expansion of a B cell subpopulation associated with an asymptomatic precursor state to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. These sex-biased, functionally distinct immune subpopulations represent sex-specific hallmarks of immune aging. Our work underscores the complexity and sexual dimorphism of immunosenescence and supports the development of sex-specific strategies to promote healthy aging.

Highlights- A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of >1 million PBMCs from 982 donors uncovers sex-specific immune aging trajectories.
- Aging females show greater cellular remodeling and stronger transcriptional shifts than males.
- Female-specific expansions with age of cytotoxic CD8+ T effector memory cells, inflammatory monocytes, and CD4+ T helper 22 cells reflect a systemic shift toward a pro-inflammatory, self-reactive immune state.
- Male-specific B cell shifts reveal expansion of CD5+ clonal subpopulations linked to leukemic precursor states.


Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=158 SRC="FIGDIR/small/622096v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rios, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ripoll-Cladellas, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omidi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballouz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquicira-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oelen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Franke, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wijst, M. G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mele, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.06.622096</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell atlas of the human immune system reveals sex-specific dynamics of immunosenescence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622604v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long lived liver-resident memory T cells of biased specificities for abundant sporozoite antigens drive malaria protection by radiation-attenuated sporozoite vaccination 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.08.622604v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vaccination with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) can provide highly effective protection against malaria in both humans and mice. To extend understanding of malaria immunity and inform the development of future vaccines, we studied the protective response elicited by this vaccine in C57BL/6 mice. We reveal that successive doses of Plasmodium berghei RAS favour the generation of liver CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) over circulating memory cells, and markedly enhance their longevity. Importantly, RAS immunisation strongly skews the composition of the liver CD8+ TRM compartment towards cells specific for abundant sporozoite antigens, such as thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) and circumsporozoite protein (CSP), which become major mediators of protection. The increased prevalence of sporozoite specificities is associated with limited intrahepatic parasite development and inhibition of naive T cell responses to all parasite antigens in previously vaccinated mice. This leads to the exclusive expansion of effector T cells formed upon initial immunisation, ultimately reducing the diversity of the liver TRM pool later established. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms governing malaria immunity induced by attenuated sporozoite vaccination and highlight the susceptibility of this vaccine to limitations imposed by strain-specific immunity associated with the abundant, yet highly variable sporozoite antigens CSP and TRAP.

Author SummaryMalaria remains a significant global health challenge. An efficient vaccine could significantly enhance malaria control. Vaccination with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) can induce highly efficient protection against malaria, and our study brings critical insights into the protective mechanisms elicited by this vaccine. We show that RAS stimulates the formation of parasite-specific cytotoxic memory T cells that permanently reside in the liver (liver TRM cells). These cells are critical mediators of protection. Interestingly, multiple doses of RAS extend the lifespan of these memory cells, potentially improving long term immunity. However, we found that the induced memory T cell response is strongly skewed towards abundant, but highly variable, sporozoite proteins. Thus, this phenomenon exposes a potential limitation of the RAS vaccine against the great parasite diversity in the field, as it focuses the T cell response away from less abundant, but more conserved, parasite antigens.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Menezes, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozijnsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertolino, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caminschi, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lahoud, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yui, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McFadden, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Ruiz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.08.622604</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long lived liver-resident memory T cells of biased specificities for abundant sporozoite antigens drive malaria protection by radiation-attenuated sporozoite vaccination]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Insect-specific Alphamesonivirus-1 (Mesoniviridae) in lymph node and lung tissues from two horses with acute respiratory syndrome 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.10.622896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As members of the RNA virus order Nidovirales include those that infect hosts ranging from marine invertebrates to terrestrial mammals, understanding their emergence, host range and disease potential is of clear importance. The Mesoniviridae are a recently documented family of viruses within the Nidovirales. To date, mesoniviruses have only been associated with the infection of arthropods, particularly mosquitoes. Herein, we report the first detection of a mesonivirus - Alphamesonivirus-1 - in mammals. Specifically, we utilized genomic and histological techniques to identify the presence of Alphamesonivirus-1 in lung and lymph node tissues of two horses that succumbed to an acute respiratory syndrome. Notably, no other pathogens typically associated with respiratory disease in horses were detected in these samples. Counter to the previous contention that mesoniviruses only infect insects, our findings suggest a potentially broader host range and cross-species transmission of these viruses. The genome sequences of Alphamesonivirus-1 obtained from the two horses were closely related to those from a local Culex mosquito pool as well as an Alphamesonivirus-1 previously in identified Italy, suggestive of ongoing local transmission. The discovery of Alphamesonivirus-1 in tissues from diseased horses not only challenges current understandings of mesonivirus host range, but prompts further investigation into the role of insect-specific viruses in mammalian disease processes. Our results emphasize the importance of considering atypical pathogens in cases of unexplained animal deaths and suggest a potential zoonotic threat posed by previously overlooked viral families.

IMPORTANCEAlphamesoniviruses, members of the Mesoniviridae family, have long been considered insect-specific viruses with no known association with vertebrate hosts. Herein, we describe the first detection of Alphamesonivirus-1 in mammals, marking a significant expansion of the known host range for this newly described virus family. Using detailed molecular and histological analyses we identified Alphamesonivirus-1 in lung and lymph node tissues of two horses that presented with an acute respiratory syndrome. Our findings indicate that Alphamesoniviruses may possess a broader host range than previously believed and could potentially induce severe disease in mammals. This unexpected host jump not only challenges existing knowledge on the ecology of mesoniviruses, but suggests that insect-specific viruses may pose a previously unrecognized health risk to vertebrates, including domesticated animals. These insights prompt the need for increased surveillance of atypical pathogens, especially in cases of unexplained respiratory illness, and may have implications for zoonotic disease emergence.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jurisic, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Auerswald, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcacci, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Giallonardo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coetzee, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curini, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Averaimo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Teodoro, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ortiz-Baez, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camma, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richt, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorusso, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.10.622896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Insect-specific Alphamesonivirus-1 (Mesoniviridae) in lymph node and lung tissues from two horses with acute respiratory syndrome]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623049v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
scPrediXcan integrates advances in deep learning and single-cell data into a powerful cell-type-specific transcriptome-wide association study framework 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.11.623049v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) help identify disease causing genes, but often fail to pinpoint disease mechanisms at the cellular level because of the limited sample sizes and sparsity of cell-type-specific expression data. Here we propose scPrediXcan which integrates state-of-the-art deep learning approaches that predict epigenetic features from DNA sequences with the canonical TWAS framework. Our prediction approach, ctPred, predicts cell-type-specific expression with high accuracy and captures complex gene regulatory grammar that linear models overlook. Applied to type 2 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, scPrediXcan outperformed the canonical TWAS framework by identifying more candidate causal genes, explaining more genome-wide association studies (GWAS) loci, and providing insights into the cellular specificity of TWAS hits. Overall, our results demonstrate that scPrediXcan represents a significant advance, promising to deepen our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying complex diseases.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adeluwa, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sumner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gona, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyasimi, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kulkarni, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madduri, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Im, H. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.11.623049</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[scPrediXcan integrates advances in deep learning and single-cell data into a powerful cell-type-specific transcriptome-wide association study framework]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Reintroduction of wild song culture to a critically endangered songbird 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.624418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Animal cultures are learned behaviours, traditions, and collective knowledge that are maintained within populations through social learning. Global biodiversity decline can lead to the loss of animal culture within small and sparsely distributed populations, making the conservation of animal cultures increasingly important. The Critically Endangered regent honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) is an Australian songbird whose population is declining to the extent that song culture is being lost in the wild. Reintroduced, zoo-bred males that supplement the wild population sing songs that differ from all wild birds, representing a significant cultural barrier that may impact their fitness after release to the wild. Over three breeding seasons within the applied breeding system, we undertook adaptive song tutoring experiments using combinations of song broadcast and live tutoring from two wild-origin males to teach zoo-bred juveniles the wild song. The proportion of juveniles that learned the wild song increased from 0 before the experiment to 42% after three years. The entire population is predicted to sing the wild song within two years. The full version of the wild song taught to zoo-bred males disappeared from the wild over the course of the experiment, making the zoo population the only remaining repository of traditional song culture. Using just two wild founders, we show how animal cultures can be restored in ex-situ populations with simple modifications to husbandry protocols. Ex-situ populations can then play important roles in the maintenance and restoration of wild animal cultures through reintroductions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Appleby, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Langmore, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitcher, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heinsohn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tripovich, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matkovics, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crates, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.19.624418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Reintroduction of wild song culture to a critically endangered songbird]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.624934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The conserved landscape of RNA modifications and transcript diversity across mammalian evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.24.624934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Gene expression programs underpin the development of shared phenotypes, yet the importance of transcript complexity in shaping mammalian evolution remains unclear. Here we present a comprehensive long-read direct RNA sequencing atlas of full-length transcripts and their m6A modifications across six tissues (hippocampus, frontal cortex, cerebellum, testes, skeletal muscle, and liver) in five mammals (human, mouse, rat, dog, and cow) and a non-mammalian out-group (chicken). Our analysis reveals that 29% of genes have multiple mammalian-conserved alternative transcripts, with 31% of these genes showing tissue-specific switching of the major transcript isoforms. We uncover extensive conservation of coordinated splicing events, primarily driven by tissue-specific mutually associated exon splicing, particularly in neural tissues and cytoskeletal genes. At the epitranscriptome level, we find that 14.2% of m6A RNA modifications are conserved across mammals, with 39% of analysed genes containing a conserved m6A RNA modification. Our work provides unprecedented insight into the evolution of transcript complexity and the epitranscriptome, highlighting their potential roles in shaping mammalian phenotypic diversity and providing a valuable resource for understanding post-transcriptional regulation across mammalian evolutionary time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Akanksha, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oyelami, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villanueva, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grootveld, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackburn, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gupta, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Viera, H. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokikh, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyras, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatheritt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.24.624934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The conserved landscape of RNA modifications and transcript diversity across mammalian evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625159v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An operational framework to map Essential Life Support Areas (ELSAs) for biodiversity, climate, and sustainable development 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.25.625159v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Almost all countries are making increasingly bold commitments to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, minimise the impacts of climate change, and transition to more sustainable development. The effective achievement of many of these commitments relies on integrated spatial planning frameworks that are adaptable to national circumstances, priorities and capabilities. This need is formally recognized by Target 1 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), which specifies that all areas should be under such planning. Here, we describe the development and application of an operational framework for national-level integrated spatial planning: Essential Life Support Areas (ELSAs). This framework facilitates the identification of areas that - if protected, restored, or sustainably managed - can support the achievement of national commitments to biodiversity, climate, and sustainable development. The process of mapping ELSAs relies heavily on leadership by national experts and stakeholders and the integration of spatial data using systematic conservation planning tools. We showcase the ELSA process carried out for Ecuador, where the use of real-time scenario analyses enabled diverse stakeholder groups to collaborate to assess national priorities for nature, climate, and sustainable development, view trade-offs and synergies, and arrive at a spatial plan to guide national action. ELSA presented an actionable approach for Ecuador, and 12 other pilot countries, to create a spatial plan aimed at fulfilling their national and international commitments to nature, including to the GBF.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Venter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ervin, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stilger Virnig, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Consaul Atkinson, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marigo, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Supples, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paniagua, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schuster, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llano, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pence, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcese, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Assis Barros, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belgubayeva, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borja, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brumby, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burgess, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardozo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordero Vega, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cordova, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corzo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delgado, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fonseca, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Game, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grantham, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guerra, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hawley-McMaster, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hout, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jallah, B. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>KC, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llactayo Leon, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leslie, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lihong, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Llosa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmood, A. R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makholela, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Miller Granados, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGowan, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monge, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator></dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.11.25.625159</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An operational framework to map Essential Life Support Areas (ELSAs) for biodiversity, climate, and sustainable development]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626620v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Spatial and feature-selective attention interact to drive selective coding in frontoparietal cortex 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626620v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attention enables the selective processing of relevant information. Two types of selective attention, spatial and feature attention, have separable neural effects but in real life are often used together. Here, we asked how these types of attention interact to affect information coding in a frontoparietal  multiple-demand (MD) network, essential for attentional control. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with multivariate pattern analysis, we examined how covert attention to object features (colour or shape) and spatial locations (left or right) influences coding of task-related stimulus information. We found that spatial and feature attention interacted multiplicatively on information coding in MD and visual regions, such that there was above-chance decoding of the attended feature of the attended object and no detectable coding of visually equivalent but behaviourally irrelevant aspects of the visual display. The attended information had a multidimensional neural representation, with stimulus information (e.g., colour) and discrimination difficulty (distance from the categorical decision boundary) reflected in separate dimensions. Rather than boosting processing of whole objects or relevant features across space, our results suggest neural activity reflects precise tuning to relevant information, indicating a highly selective control process that codes behaviourally relevant information across multiple dimensions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dermody, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lorenz, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Villringer, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolgar, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626620</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Spatial and feature-selective attention interact to drive selective coding in frontoparietal cortex]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.626484v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Easy come, easier go: mapping the loss of flagellar motility across the tree of life 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.05.626484v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial swimming is mostly powered by the bacterial flagellar motor and the number of proteins involved in the flagellar motor can vary. Quantifying the proteins present in flagellar motors from a range of species delivers insight into how motility has changed throughout history and provides a platform for estimating from its genome whether a species is likely to be motile. We conducted sequence and structural homology searches for 54 flagellar pathway proteins across 11,365 bacterial genomes and developed a classifier with up to 95% accuracy that could predict whether a strain was motile or not. We then mapped the evolution of flagellar motility across the GTDB bacterial tree of life. We confirmed that the last common bacterial ancestor had flagellar motility and that the rate of loss of this motility was four-fold higher than the rate of gain. We showed that the presence of filament protein homologues was highly phylogenetically correlated with motility and that all species classified as motile contained at least one filament homologue. We calculated the rate of gain and loss for each flagellar protein and that the filament protein FliC was highly correlated with motility across the tree of life. We then measured the correlation of each flagellar motor protein with FliC and showed that the filament, rotor, and rod and hook proteins were all highly correlated with FliC, and thus with motility. We calculated the differential rates of gain and loss for each flagellar protein and quantified which genomes encoded for partial sets of flagellar proteins, indicating potential pathways by which motility could be lost. Overall, we show that filament, rod and hook and rotor proteins are conserved when flagellar motility is preserved and that the presence or absence of a FliC homologue is a good, simple predictor of whether or not a species has flagellar motility.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Philip, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grewal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scadden, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Puente Lelievre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Matzke, N. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.05.626484</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Easy come, easier go: mapping the loss of flagellar motility across the tree of life]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627130v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vgamma1+ gammadelta T cell-derived IL-4 initiates CD8 T cell immunity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.06.627130v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic cells (DC) are pivotal for initiating adaptive immunity, a process triggered by the activation of DC via pathogen products or damage. Here, we describe an additional layer to this process, essential when pathogen-derived signals alone cannot directly achieve full DC activation. Immunisation with sporozoites from Plasmodium leads to CD8 T cell priming in a complex response that is initiated by a collaboration between conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) and {gamma}{delta} T cells. We unveil a pivotal initiating role for V{gamma}1+ {gamma}{delta} T cells, as they directly supply IL-4 to DC and CD8 T cells. IL-4 synergises with a CD4 T cell-derived CD40L signal to induce IL-12 production by cDC1. Both IL-12 and IL-4 then directly signal CD8 T cells, with synergy between these cytokines driving enhanced IL-12 receptor expression and expansion of responding CD8 T cells. This study reveals a key role for V{gamma}l+ {gamma}{delta} T cells in initiating CD8 T cell immunity to Plasmodium. More broadly, it shows that responses to some pathogens require help from innate-like T cells to pass an initiation threshold and further amplify the response in a process underscored by IL-4 production.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Le, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ge, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>May, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cozijnsen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jennison, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bachem, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koay, H.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schroeder, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gras, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cockburn, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bedoui, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackay, L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mcfadden, G. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Ruiz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heath, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beattie, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.06.627130</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vgamma1+ gammadelta T cell-derived IL-4 initiates CD8 T cell immunity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626678v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tuning mechanical milieux of tissue templates and their cellular inhabitants to guide mechanoadaptation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.03.626678v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mechanomics describes the adaptation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to their mechanical environment, via cytoskeletal remodeling, as well as changes in shape and volume, ultimately resulting in emergent lineage commitment. Here we elucidated effects of exogenous microtubule stabilization, using paclitaxel (PAX), on stem cells capacity to sense and adapt to changes in their local mechanical environment. We studied the interplay between the living, evolving cells and their mechanical environment using established experimental and computational tools for respective delivery and prediction of shape and volume changing stresses. Stiffened and volumetrically larger microtubule-stabilized MSCs and their experienced significantly different normal and shear stress compared to control cells when exposed to identical bulk laminar flow (0.2 dyn/cm2) for one hour. These spatiotemporal mechanical cues transduced to the nucleus via the cytoskeleton, triggering significantly different changes in gene expression indicative of emergent lineage commitment than those observed in control cells. Using a paired computational model, we further predicted a range of mechanoadaptation responses of microtubule-stabilized cells to scaled up flow magnitudes (1 and 2 dyn/cm2). Hence, MSCs adapt to as well as modulate their own mechanical environment via cytoskeletal remodeling and lineage commitment - microtubule stabilization changes not only MSCs mechanoadaptive machinery, their capacity to adapt, and their lineage commitment, but also their mechanical environment. Taken as a whole, these studies corroborate our working hypothesis that MSCs and their mechanoadaptive machinery serve as sensors and actuators, intrinsically linked to their lineage potential via mechanoadaptive feedback loops which are sensitive to exogenous modulation via biochemical and biophysical means.

ClassificationBiological Systems Engineering, Computational Simulations, Cell Biology, Biophysics
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putra, V. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sansalone, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tate, M. L. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.03.626678</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tuning mechanical milieux of tissue templates and their cellular inhabitants to guide mechanoadaptation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627875v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detection of exotic biosecurity threat ribgrass mosaic virus and novel tobamoviruses through metatranscriptomic sequencing of animal gut content 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.10.627875v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) and related viruses of the genus Tobamovirus (Virgaviridae) are cruciferous plant pathogens that represent a threat to global horticultural systems. In Australia, they are considered exotic biosecurity threats, and an incursion of these viruses would require rapid and strict control efforts. However, current surveillance methods for these viruses are limited. We examined whether RMV and related tobamoviruses could be detected by deep sequencing of gut metatranscriptomes of vertebrate animals and ticks. Using this method, we discovered that RMV, as well as a novel relative of RMV, and two highly diverse novel tobamoviruses are present in Australia. RMV was detected in multiple sites in both the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Tasmania, two regions separated by approximately 700km of land and 200km of water. The novel relative of RMV was detected in the ACT and New South Wales (NSW), while the highly divergent novel tobamoviruses were each detected in a single state, NSW and Queensland (QLD). In addition, Tobacco mild green mosaic virus, which is already known to be present in Australia, was detected in QLD using this method. This work highlights the potential utility of metatranscriptomic sequencing of wild animal gut for the surveillance of biosecurity threats to native and agricultural plant species.

ImportancePlant viruses can have devastating impacts on global horticulture. Tobamoviruses (family Virgaviridae, genus Tobamovirus) are among the most damaging seed-borne viruses in horticultural crops, and Australia is free of many of the tobamoviruses that cause major crop losses in other countries. These viruses are extremely difficult to eradicate. Consequently, early detection of incursions is key to the control of these viruses in Australia, alongside rapid deployment of eradication and management plans. Current biosecurity surveillance methods in Australia rely on visual inspection, immunological assays, and molecular methods such as screening of imported seed lots. This study introduces a complementary approach that utilises unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of animal gut material to detect cryptic plant viruses circulating in nature. Using this approach, we detected five different tobamovirus circulating in Australia, including a virus thought to be exotic and three novel viruses. This unique approach highlights alternative options for surveillance/detection of exotic crop viruses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mahar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Brussel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lachenauer, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiu-Werner, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maina, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.10.627875</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detection of exotic biosecurity threat ribgrass mosaic virus and novel tobamoviruses through metatranscriptomic sequencing of animal gut content]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.15.628590v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tunicate metatranscriptomes reveal ancient virus-host co-divergence and inter-order recombination in the evolutionary history of disease-causing viruses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.15.628590v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Tunicates are a key transitional taxon in animal evolution as the closest extant invertebrate relatives of the vertebrates. Their viruses may also reflect this transitional state. Yet, it is not known whether tunicate viruses are more closely related to vertebrate- or invertebrate-infecting viral lineages. We analysed primary and publicly available RNA libraries to extend the known diversity of tunicate-associated viruses and determine their relationship to viruses of other animals. We present evidence that influenza viruses, alphaviruses, and some mononegaviruses emerged prior to the evolution of vertebrates. We also show that the recombination of glycoproteins between different orders of RNA viruses, including between positive- and negative-sense viruses, may have shaped the evolution of multiple lineages. Our study reveals that some disease-causing RNA virus lineages were present in early chordates and highlights that the evolution of structural genes may be incongruent with that of the highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Petrone, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grove, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Brussel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dindar, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mei, S.-q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turnbull, O. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marzinelli, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.15.628590</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tunicate metatranscriptomes reveal ancient virus-host co-divergence and inter-order recombination in the evolutionary history of disease-causing viruses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628624v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Targeting de novo lipogenesis improves gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.628624v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with few treatment options and poor survivability. In this work we sought to characterise metabolic adaptations to gemcitabine (GEMC)-based chemotherapy exposure to discover new therapeutic targets for improving treatment efficacy. We show that GEMC resistance (GEMR) upregulates de novo lipogenesis in Panc1 and MiaPaCa2 cells through increased activity and expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). We also discovered alternate fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) activity in Panc1 cells, which led to the production of sapienic acid (FA 16:1n-10, cis) from palmitic acid (FA 16:0). Knockdown of key lipid synthesis enzymes sensitised cells to GEMC treatment, with FAS (both cell lines), SCD1 (MiaPaCa2 only) and SCD1+FADS2 (Panc1) knockdown showing the greatest reduction in cell growth when combined with GEMC treatment. In Panc1 cells, both desaturases upregulated their activity when the alternate was knocked down, necessitating the need for dual desaturase knockdown in this cell line. PDAC cells attenuated to grow in combination GEMC/paclitaxel (CombAT) also displayed enhanced de novo lipogenesis; however, combination chemotherapy significantly downregulated FADS2 expression and activity in Panc1 CombAT cells rendering them more sensitive to SCD1 knockdown. We conclude that co-targeting lipid synthesis in PDAC could be a viable strategy for improving the efficacy of both GEMC monotherapy and combination GEMC/PTX therapy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hancock, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garthwaite, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harellis, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Susetio, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ding, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Contreras, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lising, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansen, F. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wongsomboon, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menzel, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poad, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blanksby, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.18.628624</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Targeting de novo lipogenesis improves gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629529v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporal evolution of color representations measured with MEG reveals a 'coarse to fine' dynamic 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.19.629529v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Color perception is based on the differential spectral responses of the L, M and S-cones, subsequent subcortical and cortical computations, and may include the influence of higher order factors such as language. Although the early subcortical stages of color vision are well characterised, the organization of cortical representations of color remain elusive, despite numerous models based on discrimination thresholds, appearance and categorization. An underexplored aspect of cortical color representations is their dynamic evolution. Here we compare the evolution of three different color representations over time using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We measured neural responses to 14 hues at each of 3 achromatic offsets (increment, isoluminant and decrement) while participants attended either to the exact color of the stimulus or its color category. We used a series of classification analyses, combined with multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Representational Similarity Analysis, to ask how cortical representations of color unfold over time from stimulus onset. We compared the performance of  higher order models based on hue and color category with a model based simply on stimulus cone contrast and found that all models had significant correlations with the data. However, the unique variance accounted for by each model revealed a dynamic change in hue responses over time, that was consistent with a  coarse to fine transition from a broad clustering into categorical groups to a finer within category representation. Notably, these dynamics were replicated across datasets from both tasks, suggesting they reflect a robust reorganization of cortical hue responses over time.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goddard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mullen, K. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.19.629529</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporal evolution of color representations measured with MEG reveals a 'coarse to fine' dynamic]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.628863v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Temporally overlapping mechanisms diversify clonal B cell responses in vivo. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.17.628863v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Naive B cells amplify and diversify their responses when activated by cognate antigen, via Myc-dependent clonal expansion, immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR), phenotypic variation, and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Whether these mechanisms act combinatorially in vivo to diversify clonal responses to a single pathogen remains unclear. Since diversity in the antigenic targets, functional classes, and production kinetics of parasite-specific antibodies influences immunity to malaria, we test here whether individual B cell clones diversify over time during Plasmodium infection and treatment. During the first week of infection, amid widespread Type I Interferon (IFN)-mediated bystander activation, CSR initiates soon after Myc up-regulation, and overlaps partially with clonal expansion, resulting in isotype variegation amongst clones. During the second week of infection, expanded clones that seed germinal centres (GC) bifurcate into extra-follicular plasmablasts, exhibit isotype variegation, and initiate SHM, revealing substantial intra-clonal diversification. Over the following month, GC clones exhibit SHM at approximately four mutations per week, with IgG mutational diversity and IgM+ cells also preserved in GCs over time. Anti-malarial intervention does not impede SHM, but instead exerts quantitative limits on GC size, plasma cell emergence, circulating IgG levels, and protection against re-infection. Finally, contemporaneous B cell development relocates from bone marrow to spleen during infection and treatment. Thus, multiple temporally overlapping mechanisms combine in vivo to amplify, diversify, and safeguard humoral immune responses. We present this data as a temporal, multi-parameter atlas of B cell differentiation in vivo: https://bcell-dynamics.science.unimelb.edu.au

Graphical abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=130 SRC="FIGDIR/small/628863v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (32K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c57890org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6e5936org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a2e872org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14abbac_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIPartial temporal overlap of CSR with clonal expansion leads to isotype variegation in clones.
C_LIO_LIClones seeding GCs bifurcate into plasmablasts and exhibit isotype variegation.
C_LIO_LIGC B cells accrue [~]4 mutations/week, a rate unaffected by anti-malarials.
C_LIO_LIPlasmodium infection triggers antigen-independent Type I IFN-mediated bystander activation.
C_LIO_LIB cell development is preserved in malaria by shifting from bone marrow to spleen.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Skinner, O. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asad, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreira, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jin, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steiner, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Asatsuma, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soon, M. S. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Engel, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khoury, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tuong, Z. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haque, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.17.628863</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Temporally overlapping mechanisms diversify clonal B cell responses in vivo.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629996v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FGF21 Analogue PF-05231023 on Alcohol Consumption and Neuronal Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.22.629996v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-derived hormone known to suppress alcohol consumption in mice and non-human primates. However, the role of FGF21 in modulating environmental and behavioural factors driving alcohol consumption--such as cue-driven responses and effortful actions to obtain alcohol--and its effects on neural activity related to consumption, remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the impact of PF-05231023, a long-acting FGF21 analogue, across multiple dimensions of alcohol consumption and motivation. PF-05231023 reduced alcohol intake and preference in a dose-and sex-specific manner; diminished approach behaviours following an alcohol but not sucrose cue; and decreased lever-pressing under a progressive-ratio schedule, both alone and when combined with the GLP-1 agonist Exendin-4. Additionally, PF-05231023 altered the microstructure of alcohol consumption by shortening drinking bouts and increased the recruitment of nucleus accumbens (Acb) neurons associated with bout termination. These findings demonstrate that PF-05231023 broadly suppresses alcohol-motivated behaviours and that targeting FGF21 signaling in combination with GLP-1 agonists may enhance therapeutic efficacy. Mechanistically, the observed reductions in alcohol consumption following PF-05231023 appear to involve diminished alcohol palatability and modulation of neuronal activity from distinct subsets of Acb neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooley, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Occelli Hanbury-Brown, C. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heller, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawrence, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millan, E. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2024-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2024.12.22.629996</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FGF21 Analogue PF-05231023 on Alcohol Consumption and Neuronal Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2024-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631820v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Higher-order EEG microstate syntax and surrogate testing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631820v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Higher-order syntax properties of EEG microstate sequences offer insight into the transition dynamics of functional brain networks. We here define higher-order syntax as microstate sequence properties that are not explained by the first-order transition matrix, and we postulate three requirements that surrogate data should fulfill to provide a null hypothesis for higher-order syntax tests. We then compare two general approaches to surrogate data generation that have been used in microstate research, (a) surrogates from a first-order Markov chain model, and, (b) surrogates obtained from sequence shuffling.

There are two different ways of representing microstate sequences, and syntax analyses can be applied to both, continuous microstate sequences, where each time sample is assigned the nearest microstate cluster, or to jump sequences which record only non-identical transitions by removing adjacent duplicates. We show that jump sequences have at least first-order syntax properties, whereas continuous sequences allow for zero-order and first-order surrogates. Markov chain generated surrogates fulfill the three requirements, i.e. they preserve the microstate distribution and transition matrix, and have no higher-order properties. Jump sequence shuffling, on the other hand, yields first-order surrogates whose first-order parameters are markedly different from the original sequence. Using a large open-access resting-state EEG dataset we show that jump sequence shuffling almost certainly produces microstate word probabilities that are significantly different from first-order expected word frequencies, erroneously indicating higher-order syntax properties. Markov chain surrogates reproduce the expected word probabilities of first-order sequences and correctly reject higher-order syntax properties in these cases.

We conclude that jump sequence shuffling does not produce adequate surrogates for higher-order syntax investigations. The proposed Markov chain generative method for surrogate data synthesis is computationally efficient and allows the generation of surrogate sequences of arbitrary length, whereas shuffling can lead to sequences that are shorter than the original sequence and have variable length. Sample code in Python and MATLAB is provided.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>von Wegner, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hermann, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tödt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Todtenhaupt, I. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laufs, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.631820</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Higher-order EEG microstate syntax and surrogate testing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.633280v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
hmde: Hierarchical Methods for Differential Equations 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.15.633280v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AbstractRepeat observations of size are a common tool for understanding growth across taxa, and are used to estimate parameters for functions that describe growth rates. Recent advances in estimating differential equation parameters with a hierarchical longitudinal model have gone beyond available software. Custom implementation of such models is a barrier to use particularly for people who are not familiar with statistical programming. We introduce a new R package implementing a hierarchical Bayesian longitudinal model for repeat observation data with three growth models from ecological case studies. The package provides tools for model fitting and estimate extraction, example data, and case studies to demonstrate the use-case for each of the example models.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>O'Brien, T. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kar, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warton, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.15.633280</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[hmde: Hierarchical Methods for Differential Equations]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.19.633808v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The Distribution of Elastin and Collagen Underpinning the Smart Properties of the Interosseous Membrane 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.19.633808v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interosseous membrane (IOM), a ligament-like structure spanning the radius and ulna, reduces strain in the ulna and structurally stiffens the radio-ulnar complex of the forearm. Using two-photon and second-harmonic-imaging we measured collagen and elastin signal intensity to test the hypothesis that their spatial distributions correspond to predominant loading patterns in the IOM. Distinct spatial gradients in collagen and elastin, as well as cruciate ligament-like architectures, were observed at the submicron and the micron to mesoscopic length scales. Quantitative analysis revealed anisotropies in the elastin-collagen composite comprising the IOM, with elastin 4-6 times higher than collagen concentrations at radius/ulna - IOM interfaces, and organized in the tensile loading direction, i.e. along the major Centroidal Axis, of the IOM. Hence, the IOM exhibits a composite structure comprising elastin and collagen, with spatial distribution of elastin higher than collagen at bone-IOM interfaces and decreasing from the interface with the ulna to that of the radius. These increased concentrations of elastin at interfaces are expected to confer elasticity (spring function). In contrast, peaks in collagen concentrations represent collagens organization into fibers, parallel to the length of the IOM, bridging the radius and ulna, and conferring toughness and damping function to the IOM and forearm construct. Mapping the cross-scale elastin and collagen composition of the IOM gives unprecedented insight into its emergent properties and associated mechanical function, an understanding of which may guide future surgical treatments, implant and medical textile design and manufacture, as well as physical therapy protocols to promote healing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Anastopolous, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knothe Tate, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.19.633808</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The Distribution of Elastin and Collagen Underpinning the Smart Properties of the Interosseous Membrane]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.25.634591v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
De novo expression of neuropeptide Y in sensory neurons does not contribute to peripheral neuropathic pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.25.634591v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nerve damage induces a robust de novo expression of the pain-modulatory peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) in large-diameter primary afferent neurons that innervate the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei. To determine whether this functions to modulate peripheral neuropathic pain, we selectively deleted the Npy gene in neurons of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), without disruption of its expression in brain or dorsal horn neurons. We then subjected sensory neuron-specific NPY deletion mutant mice (Pirt-NPY) and their wild-type controls to either sham surgery, spared sural nerve injury (SNI) or spared tibial nerve injury (tSNI). Conditional Npy deletion did not change the severity or duration of static mechanical, dynamic mechanical, or cold allodynia in SNI or tSNI models, nor ongoing neuropathic pain as assessed with conditioned place preference to gabapentin. When injected after the resolution of tSNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity (a latent pain sensitization model of chronic neuropathic pain), the NPY Y1 receptor-specific antagonist BIBO3304 equally reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity in Pirt-NPY mice and their wildtype controls. We conclude that nerve injury-induced upregulation of NPY in sensory neurons does not cause mechanical or cold hypersensitivity or ongoing pain, and that tonic inhibitory control of neuropathic pain by NPY in the spinal cord is mediated by release from dorsal horn interneurons rather than sensory neurons.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cooper, A. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nie, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hedden, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.25.634591</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[De novo expression of neuropeptide Y in sensory neurons does not contribute to peripheral neuropathic pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.632288v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Clinical relevance of zebrafish for gene variants testing. Proof-of-principle with SMN1/SMA. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.30.632288v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) results from SMN1 gene loss-of-function (LOF), with disease severity directly linked to the level of remaining SMN protein. Nusinersen, risdiplam and onasemnogene abeparvovec are revolutionary treatments but should ideally be implemented before clinical symptoms appear. Because of this, prenatal and newborn screenings are increasingly used to identify common SMN1 mutations and patients requiring therapy. However, for novel mutations, clinicians lack robust analytic tools to predict pathogenicity before irreversible damage occurs.

To address this gap, we deployed a zebrafish model presenting smn1-LOF, exhibiting progressive motor defects and death by only six days of age. We evaluated two SMN1-variants (VUS) identified in newborn patients awaiting definite diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

We demonstrated that while known pathogenic variants did not change the disease course, wild-type SMN1 and both patient variants rescued SMA hallmarks in zebrafish, demonstrating the relevance of this approach for VUS-testing within a crucial timeframe for patients. Both VUS turned out to be non-pathogenic, and therapeutic costs of >US$2 million per child were avoided.

Beyond SMA, this study provides robust proof-of-principle that the zebrafish represents a powerful translational tool for VUS-analysis, and that such approaches should be considered in clinical settings for supporting diagnosis and treatment decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stringer, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taghipour-Sheshdeh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbel, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Farrar, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wirth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giacomotto, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.01.30.632288</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Clinical relevance of zebrafish for gene variants testing. Proof-of-principle with SMN1/SMA.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-01-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636722v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Recent thymic emigrants are preferentially recruited into the memory pool during persistent infection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.06.636722v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) leads to a unique phenomenon known as  memory inflation, where antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells continue to accumulate in the peripheral tissues during the latent stage of infection. However, it is still not clear how the inflating pool of memory CD8+ T cells is generated and maintained. In this study, we used murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as a model of persistent infection and fate-mapping mice to determine the dynamics of CD8+ T cell recruitment into the memory pool. We found that neonatal exposure to CMV leads to an expansion of newly made CD8+ T cells (recent thymic emigrants, RTEs), which are maintained in the long-lived memory compartment. In contrast, CD8+ T cells made during the latent phase of infection (mature CD8+ T cells) contribute little to the memory pool. We also observed notable phenotypic differences between RTEs and mature cells. Whereas RTEs present at the time of infection gave rise to more effector memory cells, the cells produced later in infection were biased towards becoming central memory cells. Importantly, the preferential recruitment of RTEs into the effector memory pool also occurs during adult exposure to CMV. Collectively, these data demonstrate that persistent infection expands the RTE population, and timing of infection dictates whether neonatal or adult RTEs are  locked in to the memory pool.

Author SummaryFollowing infection with CMV, CD8+ T cells accumulate in the blood and peripheral organs over time, a feature termed  memory inflation. However, it is not clear whether memory inflation is due to the continuous recruitment of cells made during the latent stage of infection or expansion of CD8+ T cells that were present at the time of infection. To address this question, we used a fate-mapping mouse model and examined the recruitment of CD8+ T cells that were produced during different stages of infection. Surprisingly, we discovered that CD8+ T cells exported from the thymus just prior to infection are preferentially recruited and maintained in the memory pool. In contrast, CD8+ T cells made during the latent stage contribute minimally to the inflating pool and exhibit a less differentiated phenotype. These results provide a new conceptual framework for understanding how the memory pool is generated and maintained after persistent viral infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hilt, Z. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reynaldi, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steinhilber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wesnak, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, N. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rudd, B. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636722</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Recent thymic emigrants are preferentially recruited into the memory pool during persistent infection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.16.638538v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Diverse Viral Pathogens in Australian Canines: Limited Geographic Structure and the First Detection of an RNA Virus in Dingoes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.16.638538v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Viruses impose a substantial disease burden on dogs and the close relationship between dogs and humans may facilitate zoonotic disease emergence. Australias geographic isolation, strict biosecurity measures and native dingo populations present a unique model for understanding the spread and evolution of canine viruses. However, aside from a few well-characterised pathogens, genomic data are scarce for many common dog viruses, limiting our understanding of their evolution and disease ecology. Using a metatranscriptomic approach we identified the viruses in dogs and dingoes from various geographical locations across mainland Australia and sample types, revealing 86 vertebrate-associated viruses belonging to 16 distinct species, including a new vesivirus-like species. Many of the viruses identified here have not previously been sequenced in Australia. We identified important dog pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease syndrome--such as canine pneumovirus, canine herpesvirus, and canine respiratory coronavirus--and gastroenteritis, including canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, and rotavirus A. The sequences of Australian canine viruses often occupied multiple distinct clades phylogenetically and had little geographic structure, suggesting multiple virus introductions and subsequent spread across the country. Notably, we identified the first RNA virus - rotavirus A - in a dingo. This virus was phylogenetically distinct from dog-associated rotavirus A sequences and more closely related to viruses found in humans and bats, indicative of the past cross-species transmission of a reassortant virus into dingoes, and shows dingoes and domestic dogs may have distinct viromes. Our findings expand the knowledge of viral diversity in Australian canines, improving our understanding of viral movement into and within Australia, as well as the potential zoonotic risks associated with dogs and dingoes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Brussel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olsson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pitcher, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hall, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fenton, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alting, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadiq, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holmes, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.16.638538</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Diverse Viral Pathogens in Australian Canines: Limited Geographic Structure and the First Detection of an RNA Virus in Dingoes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.638559v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The architecture, assembly, and evolution of a complex flagellar motor 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.19.638559v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Bacterial flagella drive motility in many species, likely including the last bacterial common ancestor 1,2. Knowledge of flagellar assembly and function has mainly come from studies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, which have simple flagellar motors 3-7. However, most flagellated bacteria possess complex motors with unique, species-specific adaptations whose mechanisms and evolution remain largely unexplored 8-10. Here, we deploy a multidisciplinary approach to build a near-complete model of the flagellar motor in Campylobacter jejuni, revealing its remarkable complexity in architecture and composition. We identify an E-ring around the MS-ring, a periplasmic cage with two distinctive conformations, and an intricate interaction network between the E-ring and cage. These scaffolds play critical roles in stabilizing and regulating 17 torque-generating stator complexes for optimal motility. In-depth evolutionary analyses uncover the ancient origin and prevalence of the E-ring in flagellated species of the domain Bacteria as well as a unique exaptation of type IV pili components PilMNOPQF in the ancestral motor of the phylum Campylobacterota. Collectively, our studies reveal novel mechanisms of assembly and function in complex flagellar motors and shed light on the evolution of flagella and modern bacterial species.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Feng, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tachiyama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Botting, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hua, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lara-Tejero, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-02-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.02.19.638559</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The architecture, assembly, and evolution of a complex flagellar motor]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-02-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641946v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unusual Ecofunctional Traits of Endozoicomonas: A Pan-Genomic Perspective 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.06.641946v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndozoicomonas is a widely distributed genus of marine bacteria, associated with various marine organisms, and recognized for its ecological importance in host health, nutrient cycling, and disease dynamics. Despite its significance, genomic features of Endozoicomonas remain poorly characterized due to limited availability of high-quality genome assemblies.

ResultsIn this study, we sequenced 5 novel Endozoicomonas strains and re-sequenced 1 known strain to improve genomic resolution. By integrating these 6 high-quality genomes with 31 others that were publicly available, we identified a distinct, coral-associated clade not recognized by the previous two-clade classification. Pan-genomic analysis revealed significant variation in genetic trait distribution among clades. Notably, Endozoicomonas lacks quorum sensing capabilities, suggesting resistance to quorum quenching mechanisms. It also lacks the ability to synthesize and transport vitamin B12, indicating that it is not a primary source of this nutrient for holobionts. A remarkable feature of Endozoicomonas is its abundance of giant proteins, ranging from 15 to 65 kbp. We identified 92 such proteins, which clustered into three major groups based on amino acid similarity, each associated with specialized functions, such as antimicrobial synthesis, exotoxin production, and cell adhesion. Additionally, we explored prophages and CRISPR-Cas systems. We found that Endozoicomonas acquired prophages from diverse sources via infection or other types of gene transfer. Notably, CRISPR-Cas sequences suggest independent evolutionary trajectories from both prophage acquisition and phylogenetic lineage, implying a potential influence of geographic or environmental pressures.

ConclusionsThis study provides new insights into the genomic diversity of Endozoicomonas and its genetic adaptation to diverse hosts. Identification of novel genomic features, including deficiencies in B12 synthesis and quorum sensing, the presence of giant proteins, prophages, and CRISPR-Cas systems, underscores its ecological roles in various holobionts. These findings open new avenues for research on Endozoicomonas and its ecological interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lim, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chin, C.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiou, Y.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hsu, M.-T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chiang, P.-W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, H.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.06.641946</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unusual Ecofunctional Traits of Endozoicomonas: A Pan-Genomic Perspective]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.641486v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Blastocoel fluid RNA predicts pregnancy outcome in assisted reproduction 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.641486v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nearly one in eight couples are affected by infertility, with many relying on assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to conceive. However, selecting the highest-quality embryo in ART remains a major challenge, as current assessment methods are often subjective, or invasive, and lack precision. Here, we introduce a novel strategy that analyses embryo-derived polyadenylated RNA in blastocoel fluid to more accurately predict pregnancy outcomes. Elevated RNA levels were strongly associated with implantation failure, particularly in embryos from women over the age of 34. Our predictive model developed using our sample cohort, incorporating both RNA and maternal age, demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving 76% accuracy in the training set and 73% in independent validation in predicting implantation outcome-- highlighting a promising advancement in embryo selection and ART success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frisendahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gemzell-Danielsson, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nair, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menezes, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheiki, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dahlgren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alnahal, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lindgren, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bohlin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olofsson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tohonen, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grace, L. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boggavarapu, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faridani, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.641486</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Blastocoel fluid RNA predicts pregnancy outcome in assisted reproduction]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.641541v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Region-specific variations in the cerebrovasculature underlie disease progression in Parkinson's disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.09.641541v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parkinsons disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and abnormal accumulation of -synuclein Lewy bodies. Research suggests that the cerebrovascular system plays a role in fluid dynamics, waste clearance, and removal of abnormal proteins. Imaging studies show that this waste clearance system, known as the glymphatic system, is disrupted in Parkinsons disease, highlighting its involvement in the disease.

This immunohistochemical human brain tissue study quantified changes in the cerebrovascular system (perivascular space, string vessels, pericytes, aquaporin-4 and astrocytes) in Parkinsons disease (n=18) cases with variable disease durations (median=14, range= 19) compared to age and post-mortem matched (P >0.05) control cases (n=7). Analysis was carried out in brain regions variably affected by cell loss (substantia nigra) and protein deposition (substantia nigra and medial temporal cortex). The occipital cortex was included, as this region is not affected by cell loss or protein deposition. Group differences were analysed and the relationship with protein deposition (Lewy body stage, amyloid score, neurofibrillary tangle score) was assessed.

Although total astrocyte density did not change (P >0.05), Parkinsons disease cases exhibited reduced aquaporin-4 in astrocytic endfeet and enlargement of the arteriolar and venular perivascular space. Significant changes in the capillary network were also observed with increased string vessel formation (P <0.001) and pericyte loss (P <0.001), changes likely to impact blood flow and its regulation. The formation of string vessels significantly correlated with disease duration (P <0.05), especially in the occipital cortex. The occipital cortex demonstrated the greatest decreases in pericytes (P <0.001) and aquaporin-4 mislocalisation (P <0.05), while changes in pericyte density were also significant in the substantia nigra. In contrast, these changes were not significant in the medial temporal cortex despite protein deposition in this region. Although no Lewy pathology was detected in the occipital cortex, there was a positive relationship between Lewy body stage and perivascular space size (Rho =0.6, P <0.05).

These findings reveal progressive, region-specific alterations in the cellular components of the glymphatic system and vascular integrity in Parkinsons disease. Notably, the correlation between string vessel formation and disease duration, even in a region unaffected by protein deposition, suggests that vascular changes may play an important role in disease progression. These results emphasize the need for further investigation into the interplay between regional vascular changes and Parkinsons disease progression, which may offer novel insights for therapeutic strategies.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sytnyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shepherd, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.09.641541</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Region-specific variations in the cerebrovasculature underlie disease progression in Parkinson's disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641123v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tumbleweed: an artificial motor protein that walks along a DNA track 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.07.641123v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Summary ParagraphMolecular motors are fundamental to life1-6 because of their ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical work, an ability that is conferred by the chemical and structural complexity of their constituent proteins. Scientists have long sought to create artificial protein motors that may reveal insights into how biological motors function. While artificial molecular motors based on small molecules7 and DNA8,9 have been developed, creating an artificial motor protein has remained an elusive goal in synthetic biology10. Here we demonstrate the realization of an artificial protein motor called Tumbleweed (TW) that walks directionally along a DNA track under external control. TW consists of three legs, each with a ligand-gated DNA-binding domain that enables selective interaction with specific sites along a DNA track11. Using single-molecule fluorescence assays and a programmable microfluidic device, we show that TW steps directionally along a designed DNA track in response to a defined sequence of ligand inputs. We built our TW molecular walker using a modular approach, combining existing proteins with known properties to achieve emergent motor function, similar to how Nature evolves new proteins. Our design strategy thus offers a a platform for engineering advanced and dynamic protein functionality. Our demonstration of TW walking represents a step toward developing fully autonomous protein motors and opens new avenues for uncovering and leveraging the principles by which biological motors transduce chemical energy into motion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nilsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Robertson, N. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gustafsson, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liew, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eichhorn, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Niman, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blab, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bromley, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Whitten, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duff, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beech, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jönsson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Böcking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Höcker, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woolfson, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Forde, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Linke, h.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Curmi, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.07.641123</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tumbleweed: an artificial motor protein that walks along a DNA track]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644915v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural determinants of rotavirus proteolytic activation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644915v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The infectivity of rotavirus (RV), the leading cause of childhood diarrhea, hinges on the activation of viral particles through the proteolysis of the spike protein by trypsin-like proteases in the host intestinal lumen. Despite comprehensive structural characterization of the virus particle, the structural rationale behind the necessity of trypsin digestion of the VP4 protein for infectivity remains poorly understood. In this study, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and advanced image processing techniques, we compared uncleaved and cleaved RV virions and found that the conformation of the non-proteolyzed spike is constrained by the position of loops that surround its structure, linking the lectin domains of the spike head to its body. The proteolysis of these loops removes this structural constraint, thereby enabling the spike to undergo the necessary conformational changes required for cell membrane penetration. Thus, these loops function as regulatory elements to ensure that the spike protein is activated precisely when and where it is needed to facilitate a successful infection.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Asensio-Cob, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mata, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gomez-Blanco, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vargas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luque, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644915</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural determinants of rotavirus proteolytic activation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644849v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dissecting the steps in early Simian Immunodeficiency Virus dissemination following mucosal and intravenous infection of rhesus macaques 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.644849v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In cases of HIV transmission, the typical delay from exposure to detectable viremia is approximately one week. This delay from exposure to viremia suggests that during initial expansion of virus from a limited number of founder lineages, there exists a period of low infected cell population. It is during this period of low infected cell population that the virus may be more vulnerable to clearance via primed immune responses targeting infected cells (e.g., antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or CD8+ T cell killing/suppression). Potential future prophylactic harnessing of these immune mechanisms for early virally infected cell clearance will rely on an understanding of the earliest stages of viral replication and dissemination. The factors that dictate the rate of early viral spread, termed the  dissemination bottleneck could include target-cell-mediated effects, the anatomical microenvironment, or the organ of the first infected cells. In this study, we use the barcoded Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection model to assess the contribution of various anatomical and cellular mechanisms to the SIV dissemination bottleneck. Viral, cellular, and anatomically-mediated heterogeneity in viral replication each introduce a degree of variability into the early phases of viral spread, and when multiple founder lineages are present, this variability in early growth results in a large distribution in lineage sizes. Therefore, we use a comparison of viral lineage size variability across multiple experimental SIV infection models to examine the relative contribution to the overall dissemination bottleneck of viral-mediated stochasticity of cellular infection (e.g., integration site), infected cell phenotype (e.g., activation state), anatomical variability, and initial viral spread within the genital tract. We estimate that inherent heterogeneity in viral production by infected cells corresponds to 23 to 44% of the dissemination bottleneck, but the majority (56 to 77%) arises from anatomical heterogeneity (presumably heterogeneity in how conducive local microenvironments are to viral replication).

Author SummaryA brief window exists immediately following HIV transmission where low initial levels of virus and infected cells may be susceptible to immune clearance. A better understanding of the bottlenecks encountered by the virus during this window is necessary when designing therapies to clear HIV during this early period. We used a barcoded Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection model to track the early dissemination of multiple viral lineages after mucosal and intravenous inoculation. We observed up to 105-fold differences in lineage size between transmitted barcodes within a single animal two weeks after infection, suggesting very different trajectories of virial growth. By comparing lineage size diversity after mucosal and intravenous transmission and in vitro replication, we determined the contribution of anatomical and cellular mechanisms to the relative growth of different clonotypes. Although we expected that the processes of local dissemination may lead to greater lineage size diversity after mucosal transmission, this was not the case, and we saw no difference compared to intravenous transmission. We found that around a quarter of the diversity in clonotype size could be attributed to early cellular infection events, with the remainder likely attributable to differences in clonotype specific establishment and dissemination in vivo.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Docken, S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Macairan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schlub, T. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fennessey, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varco-Merth, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Picker, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okoye, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Immonen, T. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cromer, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keele, B. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644849</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dissecting the steps in early Simian Immunodeficiency Virus dissemination following mucosal and intravenous infection of rhesus macaques]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.644761v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Studies of an Anti-necroptosis Viral:Human Functional Hetero-amyloid M45:RIPK3 using SSNMR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.26.644761v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The formation of RIP-homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-based heteromeric amyloid assemblies between effector proteins such as RIPK1, ZBP1, or TRIF and the kinase RIPK3 serve as regulating signals for the necroptosis process, a key element of innate immune defense. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) expresses the M45-encoded viral inhibitor of RIP activation (vIRA) which inhibits necroptosis in a RHIM-dependent manner. A pivotal question is how viral M45 forms hetero-amyloids with RIPK3 to effectively create an inhibitory assembly. We report a novel high-resolution structure of the M45:RIPK3 complex where M45 and RIPK3 alternately stack in an amyloid-state structure. Mutagenesis of the residues flanking the IQIG tetrad in M45 results in specific impacts on co-assembly with RIPK3, indicating an extended interface in the heteromeric fibrils. Other key interactions support the formation of stable viral:host fibrils. The M45: RIPK3 hetero-amyloid is likely to act as an anti-necroptotic signal by competing with formation of other pro-necroptotic species and introducing a barrier to RIPK3 autophosphorylation.

Significance StatementThis study investigates the structural biology of the necroptotic pathway, an understudied programmed cell death mechanism that plays a crucial role in innate immunity and has implications for infectious diseases, cell cycle regulation, and cancer. We present the high-resolution structure of a cross-species hetero-amyloid in which M45, a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein, co-assembles with human RIPK3 to inhibit necroptosis by competing with pro-necroptotic amyloids. Using solid-state NMR, cryo-EM, mutagenesis, and biophysical analyses, we uncover a novel structural paradigm for cross-species hetero-amyloids, shedding light on viral strategies to manipulate host immunity and protein interactions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>He, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Varghese, N. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keeler, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, C. L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Williams, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tetter, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Semaan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilde, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brown, S. H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bouwer, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sunde, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDermott, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-03-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.26.644761</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Studies of an Anti-necroptosis Viral:Human Functional Hetero-amyloid M45:RIPK3 using SSNMR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-03-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646474v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial function regulates cell growth kinetics to actively maintain mitochondrial homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646474v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondria are not produced de novo in newly divided daughter cells, but are inherited from the mother cell during mitosis. While mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for living cells, the feedback responses that maintain mitochondrial volume across generations of dividing cells remain elusive. Here, using a microfluidic yeast  mother machine, we tracked several generations of fission yeast cells and observed that cell size and mitochondrial volume grew exponentially during the cell cycle. We discovered that while mitochondrial homeostasis relied on the  sizer mechanism of cell size maintenance, mitochondrial function was a critical determinant of the timing of cell division: cells born with lower than average amounts of mitochondria grew slower and thus added more mitochondria before they divided. Thus, mitochondrial addition during the cell cycle was tailored to the volume of mitochondria at birth, such that all cells ultimately contained the same mitochondrial volume at cell division. Quantitative modelling and experiments with mitochondrial DNA-deficient rho0 cells additionally revealed that mitochondrial function was essential for driving the exponential growth of cells. Taken together, we demonstrate a central role for mitochondrial activity in dictating cellular growth rates and ensuring mitochondrial volume homeostasis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chacko, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakaoka, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ananthanarayanan, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646474</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial function regulates cell growth kinetics to actively maintain mitochondrial homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646505v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Adaptively integrated sequencing and assembly of near-complete genomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.31.646505v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Advances in long-read sequencing (LRS) and assembly algorithms have made it possible to create highly complete genome assemblies for humans, animals and plants. However, ongoing development is needed to improve accessibility, affordability, and assembly quality and completeness.  Cornetto is a new strategy in which we use programmable selective nanopore sequencing to focus LRS data production onto the unsolved regions of a nascent assembly. This improves assembly quality and streamlines the process, both for humans and non-human vertebrates. Cornetto enables us to generate highly complete diploid human genome assemblies using only nanopore LRS data, surpassing the quality of previous efforts at a fraction of the cost. Cornetto enables genome assembly from challenging sample types like human saliva. Finally, we obtain accurate assemblies for clinically-relevant repetitive loci at the extremes of the genome, demonstrating valid approaches for genetic diagnosis in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and MUC1-autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (MUC1-ADTKD).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevanovski, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasooriya, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeow, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hort, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallett, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stackpoole, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roman, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silver, L. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hogg, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Streeting, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bogdanovic, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigues, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nascimento, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cardoso, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georges, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kumar, K. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mallawaarachchi, A. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646505</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Adaptively integrated sequencing and assembly of near-complete genomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649243v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A selective inhibitor of oncogenic JNK signalling perturbs metastatic outgrowth of triple-negative breast cancer through metabolic blockade 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.16.649243v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Although c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) represents an attractive anti-cancer target, its pleiotropic functionality limits the use of direct JNK inhibitors. Here, we identify a distinct subcellular pattern of JNK activity as a therapeutic vulnerability in breast cancer, where cytoplasmic JNK activity predicts poor survival outcomes, is elevated in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and is essential for metastatic outgrowth. Mechanistic analyses reveal cytoplasmic JNK acts through multiple mechanisms, with downstream targets involved in cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal regulation. On this basis, we leveraged actin-based phenotypic drug-screening and identified K12, an indirect but selective inhibitor of cytoplasmic JNK that blocks TNBC metastatic outgrowth in vivo. We reveal that K12 inhibits glutaminase-1 and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and that this poly-pharmacology overcomes pyruvate anaplerosis, a known resistance mechanism of existing glutaminase inhibitors. These findings demonstrate the potential of selectively targeting the oncogenic function of JNK, offering new treatment options for early-stage metastatic TNBC.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Latham, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, Y. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Girgis-Cook, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clearwater, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bryce, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mok, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynn, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ni, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alfred, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leong, K. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quek, L.-e.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantarelli, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dragutinovic, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naeini, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thiel, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cadell, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phimmachanh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Han, J. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hastings, J. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brummer, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Young, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Toole, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oakes, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hardeman, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolch, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taft, M. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobis, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goldstein, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Timpson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parker, B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Holst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunning, P. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Croucher, D. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649243</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A selective inhibitor of oncogenic JNK signalling perturbs metastatic outgrowth of triple-negative breast cancer through metabolic blockade]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648057v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dysregulated Proline Metabolism Contributes to Subretinal Fibrosis in Neovascular AMD: Therapeutic Potential of Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Inhibition 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648057v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Subretinal fibrosis, a major cause of irreversible vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), is driven by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix such as collagens. While proline metabolism is known to play a critical role in collagen biosynthesis and fibrosis, its involvement in subretinal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we characterized the progression of fibrovascular lesions in JR5558 mice, observing significant molecular alterations as early as 4 weeks of age and phenotypic changes by 8 weeks. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed elevated levels of 4-hydroxyproline, an essential component of collagen, alongside significant alterations of other fibrosis-related pathways. P4HA1, a catalytic subunit of prolyl-4-hydroxylase essential for 4-hydroxyproline biosynthesis, was prominently expressed in fibrotic lesions in retinas of JR5558 and two-stage laser-induced murine models, as well as human eyes with nAMD. Targeting P4HA1 with the small-molecule inhibitor diethyl pythiDC significantly attenuated fibrovascular lesion growth in the JR5558 murine models and reduced collagen turnover in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Combining diethyl pythiDC with aflibercept had a stronger antifibrotic effect than monotherapies in JR5558 mice. These findings suggest a key contribution of proline metabolism, particularly proline hydroxylation, in subretinal fibrosis. Inhibiting P4HA1 with diethyl pythiDC inhibited fibrosis in the models we studied, offering a novel therapeutic strategy. Further research is warranted to explore the potential benefits of combining existing anti-angiogenic therapies with drugs that inhibit proline metabolism for the management of nAMD-associated fibrosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornish, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, S.-R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eminhizer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zeng, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillies, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.13.648057</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dysregulated Proline Metabolism Contributes to Subretinal Fibrosis in Neovascular AMD: Therapeutic Potential of Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Inhibition]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Impacts of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 2.3.4.4b south of the Antarctic Circle 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.13.648652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 2.3.4.4b poses a substantial conservation threat to ecosystems, populations, and species globally, with its continued spread into new regions increasing concern for potential ecological consequences. During surveys in February - March 2025, we confirmed the viruss presence at the southern extent of its known range along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, with recorded mortalities in South Polar Skuas Stercorarius maccormicki on distinct islands in Marguerite Bay, as well as one confirmed and one suspected case in Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus. At the time of sampling, no evidence of infection was observed in other seabird or mammal species. Consistent with previous global reports, skuas - here, South Polar Skuas - appear particularly vulnerable, yet broader impacts on the local seabird and mammal community remain unclear. Additionally, our use of rapid antigen tests (VDRG(R) AIV Ag Rapid kit 2.0 - Median Diagnostics) in the field demonstrated their potential utility for real-time surveillance, though false negatives (10%) highlight limitations in test sensitivity. These findings contribute to a growing understanding of the impacts of HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b outbreaks on Antarctic species and populations, and will inform continued monitoring, conservation strategies, and biosecurity measures in response to the viruss ongoing spread.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gorta, S. B. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neira, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wille, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gajardo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yılmaz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oktar, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Özsoy, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sekercioglu, C. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.13.648652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Impacts of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 2.3.4.4b south of the Antarctic Circle]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649746v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Arcuate Fasciculus: Evolutionary Convergence in Marmosets and Humans 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.21.649746v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The marmoset is a highly vocal platyrrhine monkey that shares key anatomical and functional features with humans, offering insights into the evolution of brain connectivity. Although similarities in vocalization features with humans have been reported, it remains unclear whether marmosets possess an arcuate fasciculus (af) homolog. This study delineated white matter tracts in marmosets, establishing homologies with those observed in other primates, including macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. The presence of an af homolog in marmosets was confirmed by tracer and ultra-high-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging datasets. We compared cortical connectivity patterns across these species and found the af in marmosets terminates in the ventral frontal cortex, with greater similarity to humans than macaques. Furthermore, we linked af connectivity with vocalization-related brain activation in both marmosets and humans. Collectively, our findings suggest that a dorsal pathway, which emerged early in marmoset evolution, has evolved convergently with humans, despite their distant phylogenetic kinship.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cheng, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hopkins, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherwood, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paxinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chu, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.21.649746</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Arcuate Fasciculus: Evolutionary Convergence in Marmosets and Humans]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649934v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Long-read transcriptome-wide RNA structure maps using DMS-FIRST-seq 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.22.649934v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA modifications induce reverse transcription (RT) errors in an enzyme- and context-dependent manner, enabling transcriptome-wide mapping and RNA structure probing. We present FIRST-seq, a flexible, cost-effective nanopore cDNA method that avoids second-strand synthesis and PCR, making it compatible with any RT enzyme and enabling single-nucleotide resolution RT signature analysis. Benchmarking multiple RT enzymes and buffers identified conditions that reduce premature termination and enhance error detection. Coupled with DMS probing, FIRST-seq accurately detects m1A and m3C at unpaired sites, recapitulating known RNA structures in vitro and in vivo. FIRST-seq offers a versatile platform for profiling chemical-induced and natural RNA modifications using long-read sequencing.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Begik, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diensthuber, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borovska, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Incarnato, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Novoa, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-04-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.04.22.649934</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Long-read transcriptome-wide RNA structure maps using DMS-FIRST-seq]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-04-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651420v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Medlib: A Feature-Rich C/C++ Library for Exact Alignment of Nanopore Sequences Using Multiple Edit Distance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.01.651420v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pairwise sequence alignment is a cornerstone of bioinformatics, driving applications from variant calling to barcode demultiplexing. However, the advent of long-read, high-error sequencing platforms--such as Oxford Nanopore Technologies--demands alignment tools that not only deliver exact results but also accommodate the elevated noise inherent in these data. Here, we introduce Medlib (Multiple Edit Distance Library) that offers both high performance and novel, biologically motivated features. Medlibs threshold mode allows users to retrieve every alignment with edit distance k [&le;] kth and optionally alignment score s [&ge;] sth, ensuring comprehensive discovery of all plausible matches. Counterintuitively, this exhaustive retrieval outpaces traditional minimum-error searches. Medlib further provides the first exact implementations of overlap-aware reporting and motif boundary treatment. Medlib supports multiple input formats, predefined and custom alphabets, affine-gap scoring applied retrospectively, built-in dedicated multithreading schemes, and user-defined function callbacks for immediate post-processing. Benchmarking against Edlib demonstrates a 1.6x speedup in minimum mode and even greater gains (2.5x) in threshold mode--while delivering up to twice as many alignments. Medlib thus offers a robust, feature-rich engine for exact pairwise alignment in modern, high-throughput sequencing workflows.

Availability and ImplementationSource code, installation instructions and test data are freely available for download at https://github.com/Mehdi-Rafeie/Medlib, under the MIT license.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Rafeie, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faridani, O. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.01.651420</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Medlib: A Feature-Rich C/C++ Library for Exact Alignment of Nanopore Sequences Using Multiple Edit Distance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653906v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An approach to differentiating biological from chemical sulfide oxidation on corroded concrete sewer surfaces 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.13.653906v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-induced sewer corrosion largely impacts the longevity of infrastructure worldwide. The corrosion incorporates two pathways, i.e., chemical and biological oxidation of H2S to sulfuric acid; however, their rates are difficult to differentiate on corroded sewer pipelines, limiting understanding and application of effective strategies for corrosion control. Here, this study develops and reports a kinetic approach to determining rates of chemical and biological sulfide oxidation. By measuring the total sulfide uptake rate of sewer corrosion concretes, extensive experimental data was obtained for calibration and validation of the proposed kinetic model. The modelling results fit with measured data indicating that both chemical and biological sulfide oxidation can be well-described by the developed model. Model predictions revealed that along with sewer corrosion (i.e., pH decrease), chemical sulfide oxidation rate was significantly accelerated, along with an increase in biological rate. This result suggests that the chemical sulfide oxidation process should not be overlooked for seriously corroded concretes, and synergistic strategies to suppress both biological and chemical rates are required. Specifically, the chemical process can predominate sulfide oxidation with a gas-H2S concentration higher than 300 ppm. The work provides a useful tool for future corrosion studies and also valuable insights for sewer corrosion management practices.

SynopsisThis study reports a kinetic approach to determining chemical and biological H2S oxidation rates of sewer concretes.

Graphic abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=125 SRC="FIGDIR/small/653906v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (31K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1cfd16aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bd9677org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e1610forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ab3dfc_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Huang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kuen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.653906</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An approach to differentiating biological from chemical sulfide oxidation on corroded concrete sewer surfaces]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656228v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The influence of nucleus accumbens shell D1 and D2 neurons on outcome-specific Pavlovian instrumental transfer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656228v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The nucleus accumbens shell (NAc-S) and its projections to the ventral pallidum (VP) are thought to be critical for stimulus-based decisions. The NAc-S is predominantly composed of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that express either the dopamine D1 (D1-SPNs) or the dopamine D2 receptor (D2-SPNs). Yet, the role of these two neuronal subpopulations and their inputs to the VP in stimulus-based decisions remains unknown. Here, we used optogenetics in female and male knock-in rats to selectively silence D1-or D2-SPNs and their projections to the VP at a time when the rats were required to use predictive stimuli to choose between two instrumental actions. Silencing either population of NAc-S SPNs disrupted choice. Silencing NAc-S D1-SPNs terminals in the VP also disrupted choice. However, choice was left intact by silencing NAc-S D2-SPNs terminals in the VP. Together, these findings provide novel insights into the cellular mechanisms and circuitry underlying stimulus-based decisions. We discuss how these insights are consistent with a recent model proposing that these decisions are controlled by an opioid-based memory system residing in the NAc-S.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Soegyono, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pepin, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leung, B. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chieng, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laurent, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.656228</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The influence of nucleus accumbens shell D1 and D2 neurons on outcome-specific Pavlovian instrumental transfer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656093v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Rampant transitions between dispersal syndromes duringangiosperm evolution 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.26.656093v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
O_LIAngiosperms have evolved a diverse range of seed dispersal syndromes that have undoubtedly played a key role in their evolutionary history and rise to dominance. However, it remains largely unknown how ancestral angiosperm seeds were dispersed, when and how frequent dispersal-related characters and syndromes evolved, and whether these syndromes facilitated biome and pollination mode transitions.
C_LIO_LIWe integrated a large phylogeny and several dispersal-related characters for >1200 species representing all extant angiosperm families. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to infer ancestral states of major angiosperm clades, trends in the evolution of dispersal syndromes, and evolutionary correlations between dispersal syndromes, biomes and pollination modes.
C_LIO_LIWe show that angiosperms were ancestrally most likely animal-dispersed (zoochory) and had fleshy, indehiscent fruits. Over macroevolutionary time, frequent transitions between dispersal syndromes occurred, often with non-specialised (autonomous) dispersal as an intermediate state. Finally, we found that dispersal syndrome evolution affected transition rates among biomes and among pollination modes.
C_LIO_LIThe number of dispersal syndrome transitions exceeded pollination mode transitions by a factor of five, emphasizing lability in dispersal syndrome evolution. The progressive evolution of diaspore complexity led to frequent and repeated evolution of dispersal syndromes, critical for the colonization of angiosperms across modern biomes.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>de Frens, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bakker, F. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sauquet, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stephens, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Onstein, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-05-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.656093</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Rampant transitions between dispersal syndromes duringangiosperm evolution]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-05-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656941v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Host adaptation and genome evolution of the broad host range fungal rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656941v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Rust diseases on plants are caused by fungi in the order Pucciniales. Typically, rust fungi have narrow host specificity however the pandemic biotype of Austropuccinia psidii has an unusually broad host range causing disease on over 480 myrtaceous species globally. We assembled and analysed a fully phased chromosome-level genome for the pandemic A. psidii and addressed key outstanding questions of its infection biology. Our research revealed a conserved rust fungal karyotype of 18 haploid chromosomes, in line with fungi for distantly related cereal rusts. We observed chromosomal re-assortment between the two nuclei, with one nucleus carrying 19 and the other 17 chromosomes. The synteny of universal single-copy orthologs is mostly maintained with the distantly related rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. In contrast, nucleotide composition and methylation profiles of A. psidii are distinct compared to rust fungi with smaller genome sizes that have not undergone massive transposable element expansions. Our analysis of mating type loci supports a tetrapolar mating system for A. psidii with a novel finding of expanded numbers of pheromone peptide precursors. We show that infection dynamics of A. psidii are consistent on four different susceptible host species separated by 65 mya of evolution and that transcriptional regulation during infection reveals two distinct waves of gene expression in early and late infection, including allele-specific expression of candidate effectors. Together, these findings enhance the understanding of the genome biology and pathology of A. psidii, while also providing a valuable resource for future research on this serious rust pathogen.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Luo, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tobias, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martino, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quecine, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Massola Junior, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silva, L. C. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jones, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Park, R. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schwessinger, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boufleur, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656941</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Host adaptation and genome evolution of the broad host range fungal rust pathogen, Austropuccinia psidii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657339v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Underappreciated role of environmental enrichment in alleviating depression and anxiety: Quantitative evidence synthesis of rodent models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657339v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Environmental enrichment has long been recognized as a non-pharmacological intervention to mitigate mental health issues, yet its efficacy, and heterogeneity of treatment effects across experimental contexts remain underexplored. Heterogeneity of treatment effects, which reflects variability in individual responses to interventions, is a critical factor in determining the generalizability and personalization needs of treatments. Here, we conducted a registered meta-analysis of 62 studies and 1,112 comparisons in rodent models to evaluate the impact of environmental enrichment on depressive and anxiety-like behaviours. We found that environmental enrichment reduced these behaviours of animal models by 16% on average and decreased inter-individual variability by 12%, indicating not only effectiveness but also low heterogeneity of treatment effects, which suggests consistent effects across individuals. Environmental enrichment further nullified the adverse effects of stressors, demonstrating a significant antagonistic interaction. These effects were robust across multiple sensitivity analyses, including model-based predictions, post-stratification, multi-model inference, publication bias correction, and critical appraisal of study quality. Moderator analyses highlighted the importance of exposure timing and the inclusion of social enrichment components. Taken together, our pre-clinical evidence on rodent models supports environmental enrichment as a low-cost, scalable, and biologically grounded intervention with translational relevance for developing equitable and accessible treatments for depression and anxiety. Given the importance of innovation and personalization in mental health care, the low heterogeneity of treatment effects of environmental enrichment positions it as a promising avenue for non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies that can be broadly applied without extensive tailoring.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morrison, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lagisz, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.02.657339</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Underappreciated role of environmental enrichment in alleviating depression and anxiety: Quantitative evidence synthesis of rodent models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658888v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multifaceted evolution of dental morphology during the diversification of the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.10.658888v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Noctilionoid bats went through one of the most extensive ecomorphological diversifications among mammals. Dietary ecology has been identified as a driver of noctilionoid morphological diversification. However, the macroevolutionary trajectories of changes dental morphology remain understudied. Studies indicate that variation in dental traits correlate with specialisation to different diets, implying differing patterns in phenotypic variability. We compared macroevolutionary trajectories across dental features quantifying five different traits using metrics of dental topography and size. Studying a sample of 110 species, we reconstructed the mode and tempo of dental evolution. We found multiple bursts of dental diversification through time, each involving different dental traits. Trait diversification was associated with different dietary radiations and could be traced to different nodes. Shifts in adaptive regimes were found in four traits, all of them concentrated within family Phyllostomidae. Evolutionary rate covariation differed across traits. We found low evolutionary covariation between measures of dental size and topography. Evolutionary modelling indicated dental traits evolved under different modes, signalling independent evolutionary trajectories. Support for diet-based models of stabilising and stochastic evolution across traits highlights the overarching effect of diet during dental evolution in Noctilionoidea. Our results support a complex and multifaceted model of evolution during noctilionoid dental morphological diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lopez Aguirre, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hand, s. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silcox, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.10.658888</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multifaceted evolution of dental morphology during the diversification of the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659290v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Predicting continuous outcomes: Some new tests of associative approaches to contingency learning. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659290v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Associative learning models have traditionally simplified contingency learning by relying on binary classification of cues and outcomes, such as administering a medical treatment (or not) and observing whether the patient recovered (or not). While successful in capturing fundamental learning phenomena across human and animal studies, these models are not capable of representing variability in human experiences that are common in many real-world contexts. Indeed, where variation in outcome magnitude exists (e.g., severity of illness in a medical scenario), this class of models, at best, approximate the outcome mean with no ability to represent the underlying distribution of values. In this paper, we introduce one approach to incorporating a distributed architecture into a prediction error learning model that tracks the contingency between cues and dimensional outcomes. Our Distributed Model allows associative links to form between the cue and outcome nodes that provide distributed representation depending on the magnitude of the outcome, thus enabling learning that extends beyond approximating the mean. Comparing the Distributed Model against a Simple Delta Model across four contingency learning experiments, we found that the Distributed Model provides significantly better fit to empirical data in virtually all participants. These findings suggest human learners rely on a means of encoding outcomes that preserves the continuous nature of experienced events, advancing our understanding of causal inference in complex environments.

Author SummaryWhen we learn about cause and effect in everyday life--such as whether a medicine helps recovery from illness--we experience outcomes that vary in degree rather than simply happening or not happening. Traditional models of how humans and animals learn have largely focused on these all-or-nothing scenarios, essentially tracking the average value when outcomes are dimensional. We developed a model that extends on simple error-correction models to represent how people learn about relationships between cues and outcomes that can take on a range of values. Instead of just tracking the average, our Distributed Model captures the full spectrum of possible outcomes and their frequencies. We tested this model against a conventional single point-estimate approach across four experiments and found that our Distributed Model better matched how people make predictions in nearly every case. Our findings suggest that a relatively simple adjustment to conventional prediction-error learning algorithms that allows representation of outcome magnitudes provide a powerful way to capture the information that we preserve when we learn about variable outcomes. This has important implications for understanding how people make predictions and decisions in real-world situations where outcomes naturally vary, from medical treatments to environmental changes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Don, H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Colagiuri, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Livesey, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659290</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Predicting continuous outcomes: Some new tests of associative approaches to contingency learning.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
FiPhoPHA - A fiber photometry python package for post-hoc analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Fiber photometry is a neuroscience technique that can continuously monitor in vivo fluorescence to assess population neural activity or neuropeptide/transmitter release in freely behaving animals. Despite the widespread adoption of this technique, methods to statistically analyse data in an unbiased, objective, and easily adopted manner are lacking. Various pipelines for data analysis exist, but they are often system-specific, only for pre-processing data, and/or lack usability. Current post hoc statistical approaches involve inadvertently biased user-defined time-binned averages or area under the curve analysis. To date, no post-hoc user-friendly tool with few assumptions for a standardised unbiased analysis exists, yet such a tool would improve reproducibility and statistical reliability for all users. Hence, we have developed a user-friendly post hoc statistical analysis package in Python that is easily downloaded and applied to data from any fiber photometry system. This Fiber Photometry Post Hoc Analysis (FiPhoPHA) package incorporates a variety of tools, a downsampler, bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs) for analyzing peri-event signals between groups and compared to baseline, and permutation tests for comparing peri-event signals across comparison periods. We also include the ability to quickly and efficiently sort the data into mean time bins, if desired. This provides an open-source, user-friendly python package for unbiased and standardised post-hoc statistical analysis to improve reproducibility using data from any fiber photometry system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Drakopoulos, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reichenbach, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stark, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Foldi, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andrews, Z. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.12.659422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[FiPhoPHA - A fiber photometry python package for post-hoc analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659042v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Foot placement coordination is impaired in people with Parkinson's Disease 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.11.659042v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGait instability is a common and disabling symptom of Parkinsons disease (PD), contributing to frequent falls and reduced quality of life. While clinical balance tests and spatiotemporal gait measures can predict fall risk, they do not fully explain the underlying control mechanisms. In healthy individuals, foot placement is actively adjusted based on an internal estimate of the center of mass state to maintain gait stability, known as foot placement control. This estimation relies on the integration of multisensory information, which has been shown to be impaired in PD, potentially disrupting the control of gait stability through foot placement.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether foot placement coordination during overground walking is impaired in people with PD.

MethodsFifty people with PD and 51 healthy older adults walked overground for ten minutes at self-selected, comfortable walking speed. Foot placement errors were quantified as the deviation between the actual foot placement and the predicted placement derived from the center of mass kinematic state during the preceding swing phase.

ResultsFoot placement errors were significantly higher in people with PD than in healthy older adults in both mediolateral (p < .05) and anteroposterior directions (p < .0001), at both mid-swing and terminal swing. Relative explained variance in mediolateral direction was significantly higher in people with PD compared to healthy older adults (p < .005).

ConclusionWe provide first evidence of impaired coordination between the center of mass and foot placement in PD. Future work should investigate a causal relationship between impaired foot placement control, sensorimotor integration and gait instability.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hausdorff, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bruijn, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodie, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Okubo, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maetzler, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Leeuwen, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, N. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dieen, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, D. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.659042</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Foot placement coordination is impaired in people with Parkinson's Disease]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.16.657725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The increasing scale and complexity of neuroimaging datasets aggregated from multiple study sites present substantial analytic challenges, as existing statistical analysis tools struggle to handle missing voxel-data, suffer from limited computational speed and inefficient memory allocation, and are restricted in the types of statistical designs they are able to model. We introduce Image-Based Meta- & Mega-Analysis (IBMMA), a novel software package implemented in R and Python that provides a unified framework for analyzing diverse neuroimaging features, efficiently handles large-scale datasets through parallel processing, offers flexible statistical modeling options, and properly manages missing voxel-data commonly encountered in multi-site studies. IBMMA produced stronger effect sizes and revealed findings in brain regions that traditional software overlooked due to missing voxel-data resulting in gaps in brain coverage. IBMMA has the potential to accelerate discoveries in neuroscience and enhance the clinical utility of neuroimaging findings.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morey, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Russell, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Suarez-Jimenez, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pozzi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jameei, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmaal, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veer, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waller, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salminen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olff, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Veltman, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Zuiden, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ipser, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravid, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zilcha-Mano, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huggins, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stevens, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ressler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Rooij, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walter, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Wee, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van der Werff, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vermeiren, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmahl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rektor, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>i</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.657725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image-Based Meta- and Mega-Analysis (IBMMA): A Unified Framework for Large-Scale, Multi-Site, Neuroimaging Data Analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660653v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Non-cell autonomous control of presynaptic remodeling by the hypothalamic autophagy/NPY axis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.20.660653v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Macroautophagy/autophagy, a critical cellular degradation pathway essential for maintaining neuronal proteostasis, declines with age and has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of synaptic integrity and circuit resilience. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), the most abundantly expressed neuropeptide in the mammalian brain, has emerged as a key modulator of both autophagy and aging-related processes. In Drosophila, the NPY-family peptide short Neuropeptide F (sNPF) has been shown to causally influence aging-associated changes in synaptic architecture and function, particularly at the presynaptic active zone (AZ), via non-cell autonomous mechanisms.

Extending this concept to mammals, we investigated whether NPY and autophagy interact within NPY-secreting neurons to regulate age-related AZ remodeling. Our results indicate that hypothalamic NPY/AgRP neurons may exert geroprotective effects through the release of NPY and potentially other signaling molecules, thereby influencing both metabolic homeostasis and brain-wide synaptic function. These data suggest a conserved role for autophagy in maintaining presynaptic organization and resilience during aging.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cazzolla, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toppe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Krause, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochlamazashvili, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luetzkendorf, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schedina, I. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerkhoff, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reifenstein, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kleist, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herzog, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Albrecht, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schmitz, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haucke, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigrist, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maglione, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.20.660653</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Non-cell autonomous control of presynaptic remodeling by the hypothalamic autophagy/NPY axis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661227v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Genomic analysis identifies Campylobacter concisus genomospecies 2 as a novel species and proposes the name Campylobacter oralis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.24.661227v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Campylobacter concisus comprises two distinct genomospecies (GS) based on core genome analysis. Here we conducted further analysis and demonstrated that C. concisus GS2 strains belong to a novel Campylobacter species.

A total of 245 C. concisus genomes including 85 GS1 and 160 GS2 strains were analysed. DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values between strains of GS1 and GS2 C. concisus were from 42.8% to 66%. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) between GS1 and GS2 C. concisus strains were from 87.8% to 89.7%. The average GC contents of GS1 and GS2 C. concisus strains were 37.3% and 39.2% respectively. GS1 and GS2 specific genes have been identified. GS1 and GS2 C. concisus strains can also be differentiated based on core genome, 23S rRNA polymorphisms and protein profiles. Their morphology appears different under certain conditions.

In conclusion, ANI and DDH values clearly support that C. concisus GS2 as a novel Campylobacter species, for which we propose the name Campylobacter oralis. The identification of C. concisus and C. oralis specific genes, along with differences in their protein profiles, morphology, core genome and 23S rRNA phylogeny, further support this classification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biazik, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luk, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravipati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riordan, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.24.661227</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Genomic analysis identifies Campylobacter concisus genomospecies 2 as a novel species and proposes the name Campylobacter oralis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661445v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Expanding the utility of transcriptome analysis for mutation detection in high-risk childhood precision oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.25.661445v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In precision oncology, whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) excels at identifying oncogenic fusions. Here, using a cohort of 477 high-risk paediatric tumours, we demonstrate that RNA-seq can identify all mutation classes found previously using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and provides additional functional insights into their pathogenicity. By incorporating reference-guided fusion, and reference-free structural variant (SV) detection algorithms with RNA abundance assessment, RNA-seq identified 96% of SVs and resolved 33 complex SVs that WGS failed to identify. Furthermore, RNA-seq identified 92% of all single nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions. Importantly RNA-seq informed the pathogenicity assessment in 22% of variants through identification of allele specific expression or the functional consequence of splice-altering variants. The utility of RNA-seq extends beyond fusion identification to the interpretation of mutation pathogenicity and the discovery of important mutations that would otherwise go undetected. We propose that RNA-seq is an indispensable companion to WGS in precision medicine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayoh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barahona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cui, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ajuyah, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altekoester, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khuong-Quang, D.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senapati, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagabushan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sullivan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Omer, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moore, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nicholls, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endersby, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gottardo, N. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCowage, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dalla Pozza, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hansford, J. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khaw, S.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wood, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trahair, T. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrrell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekert, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661445</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Expanding the utility of transcriptome analysis for mutation detection in high-risk childhood precision oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661851v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Sodium Butyrate Rescues Neurodevelopmental Deficits Following Perinatal Methadone Exposure 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.26.661851v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Prenatal opioid exposure (POE) induces long-term neurodevelopmental, behavioral and cognitive deficits for which no targeted treatments are available. The mechanisms underlying POE deficits are poorly understood, but have been linked to a range of central, peripheral, and enteric nervous system changes. Emerging evidence indicates that maternal microbiota changes may also contribute to these long-term deficits in offspring. Here we test the efficacy of the short-chain fatty acid sodium butyrate (NaB) to mitigate POE-induced deficits in a rat model. Both methadone and sodium butyrate treatments altered dam microbiota composition and function: notably methadone disrupted dam gene expression of microbial enzymes critical for butyric acid production and reduced faecal butyric acid levels. In postnatal day 9 pups, methadone increased gut barrier permeability that was reversed with NaB, and enzymatic disruptions were observed in pups at postnatal day 21 that resolved in adulthood. POE induced anxiety-like behavior in adolescence, and adult deficits in working spatial memory and attentional processing that were partially rescued in rats that had received prenatal NaB. POE was associated with decreased myelination in the hippocampus, and this was partially reversed by NaB. Together these results highlight for the first time the link between the gut-brain axis in animal models of POE. Furthermore, they provide the first indication in a rat model of NaB as a simple yet effective treatment to significantly improve the outcomes of children born with POE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, I. A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>van Dorst, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leigh, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baracz, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marcus, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCaffrey, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ooi, C. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ward, M. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oei, J.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clemens, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-06-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.26.661851</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Sodium Butyrate Rescues Neurodevelopmental Deficits Following Perinatal Methadone Exposure]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-06-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662478v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The enduring advantages of the SLOW5 file format for raw nanopore sequencing data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.30.662478v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing is a widespread and important method in genomics science. The raw electrical current signal data from a typical nanopore sequencing experiment is large and complex. This can be stored in two alternative file formats that are presently supported: POD5 is a signal data file format used by default on instruments from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT); SLOW5 is an open-source file format originally developed as an alternative to ONTs previous file format, which was known as FAST5. The choice of format may have important implications for the cost, speed and simplicity of nanopore signal data analysis, management and storage. To inform this choice, we present a comparative evaluation of POD5 vs SLOW5. We conducted benchmarking experiments assessing file size, analysis performance and usability on a variety of different computer architectures. SLOW5 showed superior performance during sequential and non-sequential (random access) file reading on most systems, manifesting in faster, cheaper basecalling and other analysis, and we could find no instance in which POD5 file reading was significantly faster than SLOW5. We demonstrate that SLOW5 file writing is highly parallelisable, thereby meeting the demands of data acquisition on ONT instruments. Our analysis also identified differences in the complexity and stability of the software libraries for SLOW5 (slow5lib) and POD5 (pod5), including a large discrepancy in the number of underlying software dependencies, which may complicate the pod5 compilation process. In summary, many of the advantages originally conceived for SLOW5 remain relevant today, despite the replacement of FAST5 with POD5 as ONTs core file format.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jenner, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferguson, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-04</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662478</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The enduring advantages of the SLOW5 file format for raw nanopore sequencing data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-04</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663433v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages is defined by TMPRSS2 use in environments where ACE2 is complexed with solute carriers SLC6A19 and SLC6A20. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663433v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2021 and since then Omicron subvariants have continued to evolve and dominate globally. The viral S protein evolved towards highly efficient antibody evasion and replicative capacity in the upper respiratory tract resulting in high transmissibility. At the same time, the mutations acquired in the S protein diminish infection of the lung epithelium and pathogenic potential. The changing entry requirements for Omicron sub-lineages that lead to this shift in tropism remain poorly understood. We resolve the changing replication requirements of SARS-CoV-2 to be related to two distinct pools of ACE2. The first pool relates to ACE2s role in the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and this pool can complex with TMPRSS2 (RAS-ACE2). The second pool relates to ACE2s role as a protein solute carrier chaperone than cannot complex with TMPRSS2 (Chaperone ACE2). Here, we demonstrate that pre-Omicron lineages replicate in a TMPRSS2 dependent manner across both ACE2 pools, whilst Omicron lineages can only spread and replicate using chaperone ACE2. This provides a mechanistic basis for the evolving infectivity requirements of SARS-CoV-2 and furthermore provides approaches to track and monitor ACE2 utilizing coronaviruses.

Graphical AbstractMechanistic basis for shift in SARS-CoV-2 tropism with the arrival of Omicron. A. Chaperone ACE2 is defined structurally as a heterodimer of dimers with a solute carrier protein-SLC6A19 or SLC6A20. Here this ACE2 structure can exist uncomplexed from TMPRSS2 and enables TMPRSS2 use by both pre-Omicron and Omicron lineages. B. Renin Angiotensin ACE2 is defined by ACE2 with an exposed collectrin-like domain (CLD), which enables binding of TMPRSS2 or ADAM-17. Here ACE2 can form a complex with TMPRSS2 in a manner that allows pre-Omicron but not Omicron lineages to utilize TMPRSS2 to facilitate infection. Here Omicron lineages are heavily attenuated as they cannot use TMPRSS2 to spread. C. to E. Based on single cell profiles, ACE2 can exist as a chaperone with SLC6A20 in C. the Nasal Cavity or D. primarily as RAS-ACE2 in the lung to respond to acute lung injury. E. The largest pool of ACE2 in our body resides within the small intestine on enterocytes and this further facilitates replication in this tissue by pre-Omicron and Omicron lineages.



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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ognenovska, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ison, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fichter, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Milogiannakis, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Afzal, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ospina Stella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Esneau, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bartlett, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pöhlmann, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoffmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrell, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Patel, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ellis, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wehrhahn, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ginn, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Churchill, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angelovich, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rawlinson, W. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yeang, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kok, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sintchenkov, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parry, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sng, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Moreno, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brilot, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khromykh, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663433</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages is defined by TMPRSS2 use in environments where ACE2 is complexed with solute carriers SLC6A19 and SLC6A20.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663616v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Navigating parasite antigen genetic diversity in the design of Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers for malaria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663616v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundPlasmodium vivax poses a major obstacle to malaria elimination because it can lie dormant in the liver for weeks or months before reactivating and causing a relapse of infection. These dormant forms (hypnozoites) cannot be detected using standard diagnostics, but recent P. vivax exposure and by proxy, hypnozoite carriage, can be inferred using antibody-based tests (serological markers). In this study, we examined how genetic variation in P. vivax affects the utility of these antibody markers, and whether redesigned antigens could improve performance.

MethodsWe analysed global P. vivax genetic data to assess variation in leading serological markers. Based on this, we produced new antigen versions (haplotypes) that better reflect global sequence diversity, compared to the commonly used reference strain (Sal-1). Antibody responses against these new constructs were then tested using samples from well-characterised cohorts in Brazil and Thailand. Antibody levels were assessed in relation to how recently participants had a qPCR-detectable blood-stage P. vivax infection. We compared the ability of the haplotypes and reference constructs to correctly identify individuals infected within the prior 9-months.

FindingsExtensive genetic diversity was identified in two P. vivax antigens, DBPII and MSP5. Several antigens had large numbers of circulating haplotypes globally, with the percentage with similar sequence identity to the reference Sal-1 ranging from 0.4% (MSP5) to 99% (S16). Two antigens exhibited strong differences in immunogenicity by region and construct (RBP2a and DBPII). However, for most proteins (5 out of 8), these differences had little impact on the accuracy of identifying recent exposure. In cases where performance was affected (e.g. RBP2a), this could be overcome by adding multiple antigens into the classification model.

InterpretationEven highly diverse antigens can be effective serological exposure markers. Our findings highlight the importance of testing the impact of genetic diversity when designing serological tests and suggest practical strategies, such as using a mix of antigens, to ensure consistent performance across regions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Bareng, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, K. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Takashima, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Argyropoulos, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naung, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mazhari, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schoffer, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kiernan-Walker, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abraham, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamont, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mehra, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sattabongkot, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monteiro, W. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lacerda, M. V. G. d.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Healer, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chitnis, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tham, W.-H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tsuboi, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barry, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Longley, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663616</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Navigating parasite antigen genetic diversity in the design of Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers for malaria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.658545v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Epithelial-mesenchymal cell state heterogeneity predetermines differential phospho-signaling responses to epidermal growth factor stimulation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.05.658545v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Understanding why isogenic cancer cells respond differently to equivalent oncogenic stimuli is vital for optimizing anticancer therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that pre-existing differences in cell state may modulate signaling responses to new stimuli, but the interplay of specific cell states and signals remains unclear. We investigated whether epithelial-mesenchymal (E/M) state, a major axis of cancer cell heterogeneity, influences signaling responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF), a critical oncogenic stimulus in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We imaged >64,000 A549 NSCLC cells labeled for DNA, F-actin and alternate signaling markers (p-AKT-S473, p-AKT-T308, p-ERK or p-S6) after acute stimulation. Quantitative single-cell morphological and spatial profiling defined a stimulus-invariant  E/M state landscape over which EGF signaling responses were compared. This revealed state-dependent differences in signal-activation magnitudes, dynamics and subcellular routing. AKT responses exhibited phosphosite- and compartment-specific dynamics across states, with epithelial cells showing strong, transient membrane-localized S473 and higher internalized T308, whereas mesenchymal cells displayed weaker but sustained nuclear and ruffle-localized S473. Regression-based computational multiplexing concurrently inferred all signaling responses per cell, mapping state-dependent divergence in multi-molecular signaling trajectories. E/M state thus pre-determines distinctive spatiotemporal profiles of EGF-induced signaling, with implications for signaling functions and anti-signaling therapy responses across E/M state-diverse tumors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kohane, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnstone, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.05.658545</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Epithelial-mesenchymal cell state heterogeneity predetermines differential phospho-signaling responses to epidermal growth factor stimulation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663613v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The effect of PEGylation on surface tethering of liposomes via DNA nanotechnology. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.07.663613v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used in liposome formulation due to its blocking properties and ability to prolong circulation in vivo, to create biomimetic liposomes and drug delivery devices. Similarly, membrane-embedded DNA nanotechnology is increasingly used to modulate cellular behaviour and communication. However, there is a gap in knowledge in how PEG-lipid formulations can be optimised for both liposome properties and control of selective DNA hybridisation. To address this, we systematically investigated the effect of liposome PEG content on DNA mediated tethering of liposomes to glass surfaces. We formulated liposomes of two different lipid compositions (DOPE/DOPC or DPhPC), with varying amounts of PEGylated lipid (0-50%). We measured the effect of increased PEG content on liposome size and polydispersity through dynamic light scattering (DLS). Small amounts of PEG (0-20%) introduced repulsive forces that reduced size, while large amounts of PEG (30-50%) increased polydispersity. PEG-liposomes were then decorated with cholesterol-DNA strands and labelled with either intercalating lipid dyes or fluorescently labelled lipids. Binding to surfaces via complementary DNA strands was quantified using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. We found that PEGylation of DNA-liposomes could either block or enhance surface binding, depending on the amount of PEG. DNA-liposomes with reduced surface binding included DPhPC/DiD with 10% or 20% PEG-lipid. In contrast, DNA-liposome surface binding increased for DOPE/DOPC/DiD with increasing PEG%. This study highlights that while PEG can act to stabilise liposome formulations, its ability to block specific DNA binding interactions on membranes is variable and dependent on membrane composition.

Table of contents figure

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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gaston, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meepat, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daljit Singh, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Booth, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wickham, S. F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663613</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The effect of PEGylation on surface tethering of liposomes via DNA nanotechnology.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.664004v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Tracking breast cancer progression using Methylscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.09.664004v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer progression is intricately driven by epigenetic reprogramming, where aberrant DNA methylation patterns reshape gene regulation and cellular phenotypes. These alterations include promoter hypermethylation of tumour suppressor genes and global hypomethylation, collectively fuelling oncogenesis and disease advancement. We previously introduced the Methylscape--a distinct cancer-specific DNA methylation landscape characterized by clustered promoter hypermethylation and gene body hypomethylation--that enhances DNAs physical affinity for gold surfaces. In this study, we demonstrate that Methylscape can be leveraged to monitor cancer progression. Using a breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) model, we observe an increase in Methylscape enrichment of mesenchymal-state DNA during EMT, suggesting that this method can sensitively detect subtle epigenetic remodelling linked to tumour progression. Using a gold-based DNA desorption enrichment strategy coupled with methylation sequencing and qPCR, we show that hypermethylated regions are preferentially enriched. Finally, we developed a low-cost, disposable screen-printed electrode platform for stage-specific breast cancer monitoring. Together, these findings establish Methylscape as a promising biophysical biomarker for non-invasive and real-time monitoring of cancer progression, advancing its potential for clinical translation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Constantin, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Korbie, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wuethrich, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sina, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trau, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.664004</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Tracking breast cancer progression using Methylscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664825v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Identifying the Minimal Number of Protein Markers for Cell Type Annotation Using MiniMarS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664825v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the characterisation and discovery of cell populations using single-cell technologies. Single-cell multi-omics data, particularly those incorporating gene and protein expression, are increasingly commonplace and can lead to more refined characterisation of cell types. A common challenge for biologists is to isolate cells of interest using a minimal number of markers for cytometry experiments. Although several methods exist for marker selection, there is limited guidance on the relative performance of these methods, and a wrapper package that combines multiple methods is lacking. The method that performs best can vary depending on the dataset and it can be challenging for researchers to test multiple methods for a given dataset. To address these issues, we present MiniMarS (Minimal Marker Selection), an R package that serves as a wrapper for 10 different algorithms. It allows users to determine the best-performing algorithm for identifying the optimal number of markers that will delineate cell populations in their dataset. MiniMarS uses pre-annotated cells with protein features from CyTOF or sequencing-based assays such as CITE-seq and Abseq as input. Outputs include 1) the minimum number of protein markers required to identify the annotated cell populations using a range of marker selection algorithms, and 2) a range of metrics to evaluate the performance of each algorithm. MiniMarS effectively differentiated populations across various datasets, including those from human blood, bone marrow, thymus, mouse spleen, and lymph nodes, even after subsampling over 41,000 cells to 2,500 cells. MiniMarS also identified 15 markers from CITE-seq data, which were then used to successfully identify the same 11 cell subsets in a CyTOF dataset (F1 score>0.9). Additionally, we showed that by appropriately combining clusters, MiniMarS improves the F1 score of a rare population identification (<1% of total cells) by 28.7%. Together, these findings highlight the broad applicability of MiniMarS in identifying appropriate markers for distinguishing cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Parikh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, H.-C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wishart, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ashhurst, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Putri, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Naik, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salim, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh-Wakefield, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.14.664825</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Identifying the Minimal Number of Protein Markers for Cell Type Annotation Using MiniMarS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665072v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Base modification analysis in long read sequencing data using Minimod 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.16.665072v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent advances in long read sequencing technologies have enabled the detection of various DNA and RNA base modifications in addition to standard nucleotide sequences. Both major vendors in this space--Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio)--now include base modification information in their sequencing outputs using MM/ML tags embedded in unaligned BAM files. Each vendor also provides dedicated tools for extracting and analysing these tags, such as ONTs modkit and PacBios pb-CpG-tools. This work presents minimod, a new vendor-agnostic tool designed to extract and analyse any type of base modification from sequencing data generated by any platform that supports MM/ML tags. Benchmarking demonstrates that for DNA data, minimod is ~1.25x faster on a server and ~4x on a laptop compared to modkit and pb-CpG-tools. For RNA data, minimod achieves even greater speedups compared to modkit, ~12x on the server and ~55x on the laptop. Minimod is a free, open-source application written in C and is available at https://github.com/warp9seq/minimod.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Samarasinghe, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.16.665072</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Base modification analysis in long read sequencing data using Minimod]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.24.666644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Previous investigations of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei volumes in post-trauma psychopathology have been sparse, limited in scope, and yielded inconsistent results. To address this, volumetric estimates of whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei were obtained from structural brain MRI scans from 2,058 participants across 20 worldwide sites in the ENIGMA PTSD working group. Thalamic volumes were compared between trauma-exposed participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n=238), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=184), comorbid PTSD+MDD (n=618), and trauma-exposed control participants (n=1,018). PTSD and MDD symptom severity, PTSD symptom clusters, and childhood trauma were similarly examined for associations with thalamic volume. Participants with PTSD only compared to controls had smaller thalamic nuclei volumes in sensorimotor nuclei, including the parafascicular (Pf), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), medial pulvinar (PuM), and anterior pulvinar (PuA) nuclei of the thalamus. MDD only and comorbid PTSD+MDD participants exhibited smaller mediodorsal thalamus volumes compared to controls. Overall PTSD and MDD symptom severity negatively correlated with the volume of the mediodorsal thalamus. A significant interaction between PTSD and MDD severity was found, such that MDD severity was positively associated with thalamic volume only among individuals with high PTSD severity. Avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD were positively associated with thalamic volume, while re- experiencing and negative mood/cognition symptoms were negatively associated with thalamic volume. Childhood physical and emotional abuse were positively and negatively associated with thalamic volume, respectively. Whole thalamus volume and volumes of the sensorimotor and limbic thalamus may play an important role in the development of PTSD and MDD in the aftermath of trauma exposure. The interaction between PTSD and MDD symptoms and contrasting effects across PTSD symptom clusters and types of childhood adversity suggests multiple neurobiological mechanisms are involved in shaping thalamic volume post-trauma.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Steele, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hussain, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baird, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haswell, C. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rangel-Jimenez, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abdallah, C. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Angstadt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>August, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berg, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blackford, J. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cisler, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Daniels, J. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davenport, N. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davidson, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Densmore, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Disner, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>El-Hage, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Etkin, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fani, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frijling, J. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gordon, E. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grupe, D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Herringa, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jovanovic, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, S. B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lanius, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lazarov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liberzon, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lissek, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manthey, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maron-Katz, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nawijn, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neria, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neufeld, R. W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nitschke, J. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olatunji, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.24.666644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Volumetric Differences of Thalamic Nuclei are Associated with Post-Trauma Psychopathology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666218v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Capillary constrictions prime cancer cell tumorigenicity through PIEZO1 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.666218v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Metastasis is a hallmark of cancer and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Evidence suggests that even a single cancer cell can spread and seed a secondary tumour. However, not all circulating tumour cells have this ability, which implies that dissemination and distal growth require adaptative mechanisms during circulation. Here we report that constriction during microcapillary transit will trigger reprogramming of melanoma cells to a tumorigenic cancer stem cell-like state. Using a microfluidic device mimicking physiological flow rates and gradual capillary narrowing, we showed that compression through narrow channels lead to cell and nuclear deformation, rapid changes in chromatin state and increased calcium handling through the mechanosensor PIEZO1. Within minutes of microcapillary transit, cells show increased regulation of transcripts associated with metabolic reprogramming and metastatic processes, which culminates in the adoption of cancer stem cell-like properties. Squeezed cells displayed elevated melanoma stem cell markers, increased propensity for trans-endothelium invasion, and characteristics of enhanced tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological disruption of channel activity inhibited the stem cell-like state, while the selective PIEZO1 activator Yoda1 primed this state irrespective of constriction. Finally, deletion of PIEZO1 led to complete abrogation of the constriction-induced stem cell-like state. Together, this work demonstrates that compressive forces during circulation can reprogram circulating cancer cells to tumorigenic stem cell-like states that are primed for extravasation and metastatic colonization.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kilian, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Silvani, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Romanazzo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kopecky, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chaffer, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poole, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.22.666218</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Capillary constrictions prime cancer cell tumorigenicity through PIEZO1]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667062v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The impact of sex on the immune system explored at the single-cell level 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.27.667062v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex has a key role in disease susceptibility, in particular autoimmunity. Sex differences of the immune system stems from genes and their interactions with intrinsic and external factors. However, the cellular-level factors influencing sexual dimorphism is not fully understood. We thus examined immune sex differences at single-cell resolution to dissect the genetic impacts. Female-biased sex-differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in multiple immune cells were involved in TNF[a] signalling, whereas male DEGs were enriched for ribosomal-related functions. While cis-eQTLs were less common on sex chromosomes, we identified over 1000 sex-specific eQTLs and 51 sex-interacting eQTLs on autosomes. When we examined the effect of genetic control on sex-DEGs, we found genetic variants affecting the female-biased expression FCGR3A in NK cells (rs2099684) and ITGB2 in Monocytes (rs760462), both of which are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Our work reveals novel biases masked in bulk analyses and highlights sexually dimorphic genes and pathways at baseline.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yazar, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alquicira-Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wing, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Senabouth, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Andersen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fairfax, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hewitt, A. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballouz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.07.27.667062</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The impact of sex on the immune system explored at the single-cell level]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-07-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668508v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Image quality metrics fail to accurately represent biological information in fluorescence microscopy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.05.668508v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Image processing methods offer the potential to improve the quality of fluorescence microscopy data, allowing for image acquisition at lower, less phototoxic illumination doses. The training and evaluation of such methods is informed and driven by full-reference image quality metrics (IQMs); however, these metrics derive from applications to natural scene images, not fluorescence microscopy images. Here we investigate the response of IQMs to common properties of fluorescence microscopy data and whether IQMs are capable of reporting the biological information content of images. We find that IQM scores are biased by image content for both raw and processed microscopy data, and that improvements in IQM values reported after processing are not reliably correlated with performance in downstream analysis tasks. As common IQMs are unreliable proxies for guiding image processing developments in biological fluorescence microscopy, image processing performance should be benchmarked according to downstream analysis success.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsh, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cox, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Culley, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.05.668508</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Image quality metrics fail to accurately represent biological information in fluorescence microscopy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668521v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Scalable Toolkit for Modeling 3D Surface-based Brain Geometry 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.06.668521v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
3D surface-based computational mapping is more sensitive to localized brain alterations in neurological, developmental and psychiatric conditions than traditional gross volumetric analysis, providing fine-scale 3D maps of a wide range of surface-based features. Here we introduce a scalable toolkit for large-scale computational surface analysis, with efficient algorithms for multisite data integration, statistical harmonization, accelerated multivariate statistics, and visualization. We showcase the utility of the toolkit by mapping subcortical shape variations and factors that affect them across 21 international samples from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group (N=3,373).
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Im, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nabulsi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomopoulos, S. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zuluaga, A. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dale, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Giorgio, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mwangi, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Overs, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cannon, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hidalgo-Mazzei, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pecheva, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomarol-Clotet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Olie, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cherto, E. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sambataro, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howells, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Busatto, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anmella, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zunta-Soares, G. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temmingh, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gotlib, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soares, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karantonis, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prisciandaro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fullerton, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Savitz, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houenou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harada, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berger,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668521</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Scalable Toolkit for Modeling 3D Surface-based Brain Geometry]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670175v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mechanistic Insights into Lenacapavir-Induced Off-Pathway HIV-1 Capsid Assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670175v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The HIV-1 capsid is a fullerene-like shell composed of hexamer and pentamer arrangements of the capsid (CA) proteins. The cone shape of the capsid is particularly important for packaging the viral genome and coordinating nuclear entry. Lenacapavir (LEN), a potent long-acting inhibitor, has been shown to disrupt capsid morphogenesis by binding at the FG-binding pocket located between neighboring CA subunits. Interestingly, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), a cellular polyanion, binds within the central pore of capsid pentamers and some hexamers while playing a key role in regulating the hexamer/pentamer switch. As LEN and IP6 interact with overlapping structural elements, they can compete to influence the capsid assembly pathway and outcomes. Using coarse-grained molecular simulations, we examined capsid assembly across varying IP6 and LEN conditions. Our results reveal a concentration-dependent shift in assembly outcomes: LEN accelerates hexamer assembly and reduces pentamer incorporation, leading to malformed, multilayered, or incomplete capsids. Simulations including a model for the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex further show that LEN-treated capsids frequently fail to encapsidate the RNA genome, indicating impaired maturation. Our calculations confirm that LEN impairs the formation of high-curvature CA lattice regions necessary for closure, supporting a model of off-pathway assembly as a mechanism of viral inhibition.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gupta, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waltmann, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Renner, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacques, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bocking, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voth, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670175</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mechanistic Insights into Lenacapavir-Induced Off-Pathway HIV-1 Capsid Assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670232v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
10 recommendations for strengthening citizen science for improved societal and ecological outcomes: A co-produced analysis of challenges and opportunities in the 21st century 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.13.670232v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Citizen science plays an increasingly important role in generating scientific knowledge and supporting environmental and social action. However, its potential to address complex global challenges remains underutilised. This study explores how to improve citizen science by involving the public in all stages of scientific research. Using participatory research methods, we conducted online surveys and group discussions with researchers, citizen scientists, and Indigenous people. Thematic coding was used to identify key challenges, opportunities, and best practices to enhance citizen science initiatives. Additionally, nine case studies were reported using the Standardised Data on Initiatives (STARDIT) reporting tool.

The study identifies key strategies for enhancing participant engagement and retention in citizen science initiatives. Findings underscore the importance of inclusive, evidence-informed approaches such as targeted outreach, fair compensation, tailored support, and co-creation practices. Ensuring data quality and fostering trust require adherence to FAIR data principles, transparent validation and sharing processes, and the establishment of ethical research partnerships. Persistent challenges include short-term funding, which undermines long-term project sustainability, and the lack of centralized support for ethics and project management. Formal recognition of citizen scientists through co-authorship, standardized training, and professional development opportunities can further strengthen involvement and build capacity. Finally, emerging technologies--including AI and open data platforms--present opportunities to scale and improve efficiency, provided they are implemented with appropriate ethical safeguards and investment.

Drawing together these insights, we provide 10 actionable recommendations for citizen science in the 21st century. These highlight the importance of embedding citizen science in national research infrastructure, education, and policy, alongside consistent evaluation and reporting, to improve its inclusivity, longevity, and impact. We conclude by arguing that as the world confronts climate change, public health crises, and biodiversity loss, broader public involvement in science is key for equitable, efficient and evidence-informed responses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nunn, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>da Silva Hyldmo, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKnight, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McCulloch, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lavers, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Old, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grobler, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tan Kay Yin, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chan, W. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raeburn, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simard, N. S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kingsley Smith, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Van Holsbeeck, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drinkwater, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prendergast, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burrows, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670232</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[10 recommendations for strengthening citizen science for improved societal and ecological outcomes: A co-produced analysis of challenges and opportunities in the 21st century]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Multi-nucleation in two-cell human embryos stems from spindle and metaphase plate incoherence in the first mitosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The first embryonic division in humans is highly error-prone and a source of aneuploidies. Multi-nucleation is prevalent in two-cell human embryos, with unknown cause. Here, we live-image human zygotes to elucidate the features of the first mitosis that predispose embryos to multinucleation. We show that failure to collect chromosomes into a single mass and establish a bipolar spindle during zygotic metaphase leads to severe multi-nucleation. We find that KIF10/CENP-E kinesin activity is essential to prevent the formation of multiple spindle poles and to congress chromosomes onto a metaphase plate. Furthermore, although the spindle assembly checkpoint mediates a delay in response to a highly disorganised spindle, KIF10/CENP-E-inhibited embryos ultimately undergo the first mitosis with a chaotic anaphase. Therefore, defective chromosome congression in the zygote combined with a failure to sense this error cause multi-nucleation. Remarkably, multi-nucleation can be corrected during the second mitotic division in a KIF10/CENP-E-dependent manner. We suggest that multi-nucleation may be a safeguarding mechanism to prevent chromosome loss during the highly error-prone first embryonic mitosis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pieper, G. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aboelenain, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Munro, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalas, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, C. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Taylor, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hartshorne, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAinsh, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anderson, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marston, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.20.671312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Multi-nucleation in two-cell human embryos stems from spindle and metaphase plate incoherence in the first mitosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670989v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Transcriptomic Profiling in CT-defined Coronary Artery Disease from the BioHEART-CT Study Implicate CCBE1 in Mitochondrial Dysfunction-associated Atherosclerosis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.18.670989v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndothelial dysfunction is an early contributor to atherosclerosis. This study combined CT imaging of coronary artery disease (CAD) and patient-dervied endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) transcriptional profiling to investigate potential mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.

MethodsTwenty-six individuals with CT-defined CAD and eighteen non-CAD controls were included in the Discovery Cohort for bulk RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis of ECFCs. Differential gene expression analysis was performed, and candidate genes were selected based on logFC and p-value. Candidate genes were carried forward for gene expression validation using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in a Validation Cohort. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production and mitochondrial mass were assessed using multi-colour flow cytometry. Functional validation of the top candidate was conducted in using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using loss-of-function genetic approach. Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL)-association analysis was conducted using genotype data from the BioHEART-CT cohort.

ResultsPairwise analysis identified six differentially expressed protein-coding genes in CAD ECFCs: CCBE1 (Collagen and Calcium Binding EGF Domain-Containing 1), SPINT2, CRISPLD1, PIEZO2, EPB41L3, and AC005943.1. qRT-PCR in the Validation Cohort confirmed significantly higher CCBE1 expression in CAD patients. Individuals with relative CCBE1 fold change expression>10 had a 2.8-fold increase in the log-odds ratio of CT-defined CAD. CAD ECFCs displayed elevated mROS and mitochondrial mass. CCBE1 knockdown in HUVECs reduced mROS and mitochondrial mass without affecting proliferation or permeability, but shifted cells into a metabolically elevated state, marked by increased ATP production, respiration and glycolysis. CCBE1 cis-eQTLs were associated with increased odds of CAD in the BioHEART-CT cohort.

ConclusionsCCBE1 expression in ECFCs was higher in patients with CT-defined CAD versus non-CAD. Quantitative assessment of transcript levels supported a causal relationship between greater CCBE1 expression and CAD burden and risk, and functional experiments on CCBE1 knockdown demonstrated improved mitochondrial function in human endothelial cells.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=138 SRC="FIGDIR/small/670989v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (43K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4e609aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a85810org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d97cdorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@494ab3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG Novelty and SignificanceO_ST_ABSWhat is Known?C_ST_ABSO_LIThe endothelium plays a critical role in vascular health and susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
C_LIO_LIMitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in atherosclerosis, but its role and mechanism in individual susceptibility to CAD in humans is not known.
C_LI

What New Information Does This Article Contribute?O_LINovel approach integrating CT imaging with ECFC functional data to link vascular structure with endothelial biology ex vivo.
C_LIO_LIPatients with CT-defined CAD had 3.6-fold higher CCBE1 expression compared to non-CAD within the Validation Cohort.
C_LIO_LICis-eQTL-association analysis revealed increased odds of CAD.
C_LIO_LICCBE1 knockdown improved mitochondrial function in human endothelial cells.
C_LIO_LITogether, these 4 lines of evidence point to a novel and causal role for CCBE1 in human CAD.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lee, W. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cook, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Purvis, G. S. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schnitzler, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Genetzakis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Besnier, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chandrakanthan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strbenac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mifsud, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bate, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vernon, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, T. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gray, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grieve, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacArthur, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Channon, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Douglas, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Figtree, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.18.670989</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Transcriptomic Profiling in CT-defined Coronary Artery Disease from the BioHEART-CT Study Implicate CCBE1 in Mitochondrial Dysfunction-associated Atherosclerosis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Beyond species means - the intraspecific contribution to global wood density variation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wood density is central for estimating vegetation carbon storage and a plant functional trait of great ecological and evolutionary importance. However, the global extent of wood density variation is unclear, especially at the intraspecific level.

We assembled the most comprehensive wood density collection to date (GWDD v.2), including 109,626 records from 16,829 plant species across woody life forms and biomes. Using the GWDD v.2, we explored the sources of variation in wood density within individuals, within species, and across environmental gradients.

Intraspecific variation accounted for up to 15% of overall wood density variation (sd = 0.068 g cm-3). Sapwood densities varied 50% less than heartwood densities, and branchwood densities varied 30% less than trunkwood densities. Individuals in extreme environments (dry, hot, acidic soils) had higher wood density than conspecifics elsewhere (+0.02 g cm-3, [~]4% of the mean). Intraspecific environmental effects strongly tracked interspecific patterns (r = 0.83) but were only 20-30% as large and varied considerably among taxa.

Individual plant wood density was difficult to predict (RMSE > 0.08 g cm-3; single-measurement R2 = 0.59). We recommend (i) systematic within-species sampling for local applications, and (ii) expanded taxonomic coverage combined with integrative models for robust estimates across ecological scales.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jucker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, R. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieilledent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Mil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Davila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apgaua, D. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcanjo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyshchyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gatti, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabiano, E. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougabka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearnside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fyllas, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodman, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guibal, D</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Beyond species means - the intraspecific contribution to global wood density variation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A global map of wood density 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.671920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Wood density influences how quickly woody plants grow, how long they live and how much carbon they store, yet its global variation remains poorly mapped. Here we combined 109,626 wood density measurements from 16,829 species with 300,949 vegetation plots to produce a km-scale map of community-weighted wood density for every woody biome. Our model led to a prediction accuracy 32-51 % higher than previous global products, and a 1.8-3.7-fold wider wood density range (0.28-1.00 g cm-3; global mean: 0.57 g cm-3) than previously assumed. Spatial cross-validation showed low bias ({+/-}2.5 % of the mean), and uncertainties decreased from 20% in poorly sampled drylands and boreal regions to 5% in data-rich temperate forests. Mean annual temperature was the best predictor of community-weighted mean wood density, increasing by 0.01 g cm-3 for every 1{degrees}C change. We deliver a low-bias, high-resolution wood density layer for Earth system models, together with spatially explicit error maps. This study represents a major step forward for carbon accounting and trait-based forecasts of vegetation change.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Fischer, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chave, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanne, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jucker, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajardo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fayolle, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Lima, R. A. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieilledent, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beeckman, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hubau, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>De Mil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wallenus, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldana, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alvarez-Davila, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alves, L. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Apgaua, D. M. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arcanjo, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bastin, J.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilous, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Birnbaum, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blyshchyk, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borah, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boukili, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Camarero, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Casas, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cazzolla Gatti, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chambers, J. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chimbioputo Fabiano, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choat, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cifuentes, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Conti, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coomes, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornwell, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dar, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Das, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dobler, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dougabka, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Edwards, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eggli, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Falster, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fearnside, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores,</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A global map of wood density]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672142v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Transdiagnostic symptomatology amidst real-world environmental uncertainty: a cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel network analysis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.25.672142v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundUncertainty is a potential driver of poor mental health outcomes, and uncertainty is mounting globally across many domains of daily life. However, it remains unclear how anxiety and depression symptoms emerge in response to uncertainty in these real-life contexts. Capitalising on the COVID-19 pandemic as a naturalistic experiment, we investigate how heightened real-world environmental uncertainty interacts with intolerance of uncertainty (IU) to drive mental health symptoms.

MethodsWe collected self-reported data on symptoms of anxiety, depression and IU from 301 participants for two time points. We performed cross-sectional network analyses to identify influential contributors and established a cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) to investigate longitudinal effects.

ResultsAnxiety, depression and IU symptoms were higher when real-world uncertainty was higher (t2) compared to when it was lower (t1). Network analyses revealed the same three symptom clusters at both timepoints, however worry became more central to the network at t2. In the CLPN, unlike anxiety and depression symptoms, IU symptoms had the highest autoregressive values, meaning IU at t2 was well predicted by IU at t1. The item "inhibition of behaviour due to doubt" positively predicted both anxiety and anhedonia.

ConclusionsThis study highlights the relevance of worry during higher real-world uncertainty and the predictive value of predispositional IU. Our findings further suggest behavioural inhibition to be a potential target to alleviate internalising psychopathology. During ever-increasing fluctuations in global uncertainty, we provide novel insights into the temporal relationships of highly prevalent psychopathology, which might inform support strategies for people with existing mental health vulnerabilities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hedley, F. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lage, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hertz-Palmor, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandhu, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schweizer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lawson, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-08-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.672142</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Transdiagnostic symptomatology amidst real-world environmental uncertainty: a cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel network analysis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-08-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675725v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A microbiome meta-transcriptomics pipeline identifies a novel human neutrophil elastase inhibitor that protects the colonic epithelial barrier 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.11.675725v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are lifelong conditions. Current therapeutic approaches target inflammatory signalling rather than improving barrier permeability or repair. The gut microbiome provides an exciting opportunity for novel drug discovery to leverage its role in healthy gut homeostasis. There is a clear need to identify bioactive molecules within the microbiota that could protect the intestinal barrier. Our group has developed a systematic pipeline using metatranscriptomic data to identify, produce, purify, and test microbial proteins in IBD, pinpointing multiple novel microbiota-derived proteins linked to disease activity. We identified a new microbiota protein (BMG-1), that specifically inhibits human neutrophil elastase, a pathogenic protease in IBD. This protease inhibition allows protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier from permeability and promotes epithelial healing. BMG-1 also reduces colon damage in a mouse model of colitis. These findings demonstrate the gut microbiota can specifically regulate the balance of protease/anti-protease activity in the colon, and this represents a novel therapeutic strategy for IBD.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Stojkovic, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bekkers, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Violi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neilan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Keely, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Donald, W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Riveros, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiko, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.11.675725</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A microbiome meta-transcriptomics pipeline identifies a novel human neutrophil elastase inhibitor that protects the colonic epithelial barrier]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676173v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-stability, clamp-free soluble Sarbecovirus spike trimers and their potential for pan-Sarbecovirus vaccine development. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.14.676173v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Broadly effective vaccines are needed to protect against future pandemics caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV)-like coronaviruses (sarbecoviruses). The development of simple trimeric subunit vaccines based on the Sarbecovirus spike (S) has proven problematic due to the unstable nature of the S trimer. Here we developed clamp-free, highly stable soluble S trimers by truncating the stem helix to maximize yield and covalently linking the 3 monomers via engineered disulfides to increase thermostability. In K18hACE2 mice, covalently linked SARS CoV-2 S trimers elicited >10-fold higher neutralizing antibody (NAb) titres than parental unlinked trimers and protected the mice against viral challenge. A trivalent vaccine formulation comprised of covalently stabilized spikes derived from 3 divergent ACE2-using Sarbecovirus clades elicited broad and potent neutralizing activity in mice. The covalently linked S trimers were stable at 37{degrees}C for 112 days and remained intact following lyophilization and storage at ambient temperature for 6 months. This study establishes a framework for producing simple and stable highly immunogenic pan-Sarbecovirus S subunit vaccines that can be stored and distributed in the absence of a cold chain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Langer, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boo, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakir, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mackenzie-Kludas, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samuel, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fabb, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Center, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aggarwal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turville, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouton, C. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Subbarao, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coulibaly, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drummer, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poumbourios, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.14.676173</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-stability, clamp-free soluble Sarbecovirus spike trimers and their potential for pan-Sarbecovirus vaccine development.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676186v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Generative semantic multiplexing (SemaPlex) for accessible and scalable multiplexed fluorescence imaging 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676186v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Multiplexed fluorescence imaging enhances spatially-resolved interrogation of complex, multi-molecular cell processes that are insufficiently sampled using standard 4-5 plex imaging. To improve accessibility and scalability for multiplexed imaging, we demonstrate generative  Semantic Multiplexing (SemaPlex); a simple experimental and deep learning strategy for amplifying marker plexity several-fold by semantically unmixing multiple markers combined per imaging channel. We first characterise key determinants of SemaPlex performance, achieving precise computational multiplexing of 2-to-8 markers synthetically mixed in one channel, facilitating enhanced cell phenotype classification. We then demonstrate practical SemaPlex application, acquiring 10 markers over 4 channels (3*3-plex+1) to efficiently emulate real multiplexed labelling. This permitted accurate reconstruction of quantitative single-cell phenotypic manifolds delineating cell-cycle and mitotic dynamics, with internally validated error-detection. Finally, we exemplify use of  semantic guides; additional input channels that significantly enhance multiplexing fidelity. SemaPlex makes multiple-fold increases in fluorescence imaging-plexity accessible, scalable and customisable; democratising multiplexed imaging-based interrogation of complex cell biology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohane, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>He, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meijering, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.15.676186</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Generative semantic multiplexing (SemaPlex) for accessible and scalable multiplexed fluorescence imaging]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.676988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Local translation of circular RNAs is required for synaptic activity and memory 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.676988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are enriched in synapses and implicated in cognitive processes, and recent studies have shown that circRNAs can encode micropeptides, which suggests that there may be novel synaptic proteoforms in the brain that await discovery. Here we report widespread learning-induced local circRNA translation in the prefrontal cortex of male C57BL/6 mice. More than 1500 synapse-enriched circRNAs contain active IRES elements, with 842 interacting with the ribosome and 241 exhibiting direct evidence of activity-induced translation. We discovered a synapse-enriched micropeptide (P1) that is derived from a single exon circRNA, the mRNA host of which encodes an enzyme associated with protein repair. Although P1 is only a third of the size of the full-length protein, it is locally expressed, enzymatically active, and interacts with plasticity-related proteins, including CaMKII. In addition to direct effects on synaptic activity, targeted P1 knockdown impairs whereas its overexpression enhances fear extinction memory. These findings shed new light on the  dark proteome in the brain and reveal local circRNA translation as a novel mechanism of plasticity and memory.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gong, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liau, W.-S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhao, Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Musgrove, M. R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davies, J. W. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zajackowski, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madugalle, S. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, P. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Xu, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shi, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wei, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Voineagu, I. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sultana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, C.-k.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banerjee, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Anggono, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chang, H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bredy, T. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-19</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.18.676988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Local translation of circular RNAs is required for synaptic activity and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-19</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677573v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Selective degradation of oncogenic extrachromosomal DNA by type I-E CRISPR 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.21.677573v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a major driver of oncogene amplification, intratumoral heterogeneity and therapy resistance across multiple cancer types, yet there are currently no effective strategies to selectively eliminate it. Here, we show that the type I-E CRISPR system can specifically target and degrade ecDNA in human cancer cell lines (COLO320DM and GBM39). By designing guide RNAs targeting ecDNA-specific breakpoints absent from chromosomal DNA, we achieved efficient depletion of MYC- and EGFR-containing ecDNAs in COLO320DM and GBM39 cells. Loss of ecDNA was accompanied by diminished oncogene signaling, disrupted ecDNA architecture, and impaired tumor cell proliferation, without detectable chromosomal off-target activity. These findings establish a proof-of-concept framework for directly targeting oncogenic ecDNAs and highlight type I-E CRISPR as a promising platform for therapeutic development in ecDNA-driven cancers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poursani, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pham, V. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehteda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vittorio, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.21.677573</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Selective degradation of oncogenic extrachromosomal DNA by type I-E CRISPR]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677864v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.22.677864v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSchizophrenia is characterized by widespread structural brain abnormalities, but associations between structural abnormalities and negative symptom severity are not well understood. Negative symptoms have been conceptualized in a hierarchical structure of two second-order dimensions--motivation and pleasure (MAP) and expression (EXP)--and five first-order domains: anhedonia, avolition, and asociality (MAP), and blunted affect and alogia (EXP). A better understanding of the neural circuitry underlying negative symptom dimensions and domains is important given their reported association with poor functional outcome and lack of available treatments.

Study DesignThe meta-analysis included 1,591 individuals with schizophrenia across 16 samples with structural imaging and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms data. The study generated correlations of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes with the negative symptom dimensions and domains.

Study resultsNegative symptoms showed mainly negative associations with cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. The effect sizes were small but there was a pattern of associations in predominantly frontal lobe cortical thickness and limbic subcortical volumes. The regional correlation patterns of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes with symptom domains support the conceptualized hierarchical structure of negative symptoms: correlations of MAP domains were stronger with the MAP than EXP dimension, and vice versa. Exploratory analyses with receptor densities further supported the hierarchy.

ConclusionOur findings reveal small but consistent associations between negative symptom dimensions and predominantly prefrontal region cortical thickness, and limbic region volumes.

These findings advance our understanding of the network of anatomical regions that may contribute to the severity of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kamalakannan, S. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Male, A. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yilanli, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lella, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quide, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Green, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Catts, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henskens, F. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jablensky, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughland, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michie, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mowry, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pantelis, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shall, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scott, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Belger, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bustillo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ford, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mathalon, D. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Preda, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mueller, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Potkin, S. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Satterhwaite, T. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gur, R. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Banaj, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vecchio, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Piras, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ehrlich, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bernardoni, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgwardt, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cobia, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpert, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Agartz, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jonsson, E. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kaiser, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clotet, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jaramillo, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.22.677864</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Neuroanatomical Correlates of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677581v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fluorescently Labeled Gradient Hydrogels Reveal Matrix-Dependent Cell Responses to Substrate Stiffness 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.23.677581v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Microfabricated stiffness gradient hydrogels hold significant value for advancing mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and in vitro tissue models. However, it remains challenging to design these materials given their broad processing parameter space. The continuum of stiffness values also makes it difficult to precisely correlate the local substrate properties and observed biological responses, often relying on cumbersome characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy. To address these bottlenecks, we present a straightforward thermophoresis-based fabrication strategy to pattern stiffness gradients in fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled hydrogel network, which displays a polymer concentration-dependent fluorescence readout. This approach enables quantitative assessment of the gradient formation process and contactless stiffness mapping via standard microscopy imaging. Using gelatin methacryloyl and Gellan gum as model systems, it is shown that substrate stiffness and extracellular matrix protein composition work together to affect 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell morphology and migration, with the underlying hydrogel type also affecting the outcome. By offering a simple and reliable approach for characterizing stiffness gradient hydrogels, this work advances the thermophoretic fabrication platform, opening avenues for new biomaterial systems for understanding and controlling the cell-material interplay.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chong, S. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kempe, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kalantar-Zadeh, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bilek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ju, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vigolo, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.23.677581</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fluorescently Labeled Gradient Hydrogels Reveal Matrix-Dependent Cell Responses to Substrate Stiffness]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.679006v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Study of Sex Differences in the Whole Brain White Matter Using Diffusion MRI Tractography and Suprathreshold Fiber Cluster Statistics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.679006v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Sex-specific characteristics demonstrate a substantial influence on the brain white matter (WM), suggesting distinct structural connectivity patterns between females and males. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography is an important tool in assessing WM connectivity and brain tissue microstructure across different populations. Whole brain tractography analysis for group statistical comparison is a challenging task due to the large number of WM connections. This work studies whole-brain WM connectivity differences between females and males using dMRI tractography. We study a large cohort of 707 subjects from the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset. By applying a well-established fiber clustering pipeline and a suprathreshold fiber cluster statistical method, we analyze tracts in the cerebral cortex and understudied pathways like those connecting to the cerebellum. We identify several tracts with significant sex differences in terms of their fractional anisotropy and/or mean diffusivity. These include deep tracts like the arcuate fasciculus, corticospinal tract, and corpus callosum, superficial tracts in the frontal lobe, and cerebellar tracts. Finally, correlation analysis reveals that these WM differences are linked to a range of neurobehavioral measures, with the strongest and most consistent associations observed for motor function, suggesting motor circuits as a potential key focus for future research.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rushmore, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cetin Karayumak, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Westin, C.-F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Levitt, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Makris, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rathi, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donnell, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.679006</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Study of Sex Differences in the Whole Brain White Matter Using Diffusion MRI Tractography and Suprathreshold Fiber Cluster Statistics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678739v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
OpenGRF: Predicting Ground Reaction Forces and Moments During Daily Living Activities in OpenSim 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.27.678739v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Background and ObjectivesGround reaction forces and moments (GRF&Ms), typically measured using force plates, are key inputs for musculoskeletal simulations. OpenSim currently lacks a tool to predict GRF&Ms directly from kinematics. This study presents OpenGRF, an OpenSim-based tool designed to estimate GRF&Ms and the centre of pressure (CoP) from joint kinematic data and validates its performance against force plate recordings.

MethodsThe proposed methodology integrates calibrated foot-ground contact probes with an optimization framework based on computed muscle control, while CoP is computed accounting for both kinematic and dynamic contributions. For validation, a scaled FullBodyModel (37-DoF without muscles) was created for seven healthy adults performing six trials each of level walking, stair ascent, and stair descent, for a total of 126 marker-based trials. GRF&Ms predictions were compared to reference force plate data using normalized RMSE (nRMSE), Pearson correlation coefficients ({rho}), CoP error, and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)

ResultsResults showed high accuracy for vertical GRF (nRMSE [&le;]1.5%, {rho} [&ge;]0.94), particularly during level walking, and good accuracy for anterior-posterior GRF (nRMSE 4.4-6.1%, {rho} = 0.81-0.91). Medio-lateral GRF was less reliable, especially in stair tasks (nRMSE up to 11.2%, {rho} down to 0.48). Free moments were the most challenging quantity to predict across all tasks (nRMSE up to 28%). In contrast, ankle moments were predicted with high fidelity (nRMSE {approx}1.7%, {rho} {approx}0.98). Median CoP errors were 21-23 mm, with largest discrepancies during double support.

ConclusionsOpenGRF enables physics-consistent estimation of GRF&Ms and CoP directly from kinematics, achieving the highest accuracy for vertical GRFs and predicting ankle moments that closely match those obtained from force plate measurements.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Di Pietro, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Di Puccio, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Modenese, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678739</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[OpenGRF: Predicting Ground Reaction Forces and Moments During Daily Living Activities in OpenSim]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.678708v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unveiling the evolutionary code of NOTCH3: mammalian bioinformatics sheds light on human pathogenicity. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.28.678708v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
NOTCH3 is a highly conserved transmembrane receptor implicated in CADASIL, a hereditary small vessel disease driven by mutations in its extracellular EGF-like repeats. The mechanism by which these mutations cause pathology remains unclear. We present the first large-scale comparative bioinformatic analysis of NOTCH3 across 113 mammalian species, uncovering three novel insights: i) a remarkable evolutionary conservation of all 204 cysteines, with the only exception being eight naturally occurring cysteine mutations in jaguar (EGFr13-15); ii) a unique deletion in Brandts bat regulatory region, which may expose it to proteases, potentially altering signaling; iii) a rare human NOTCH3-X1 isoform, absent in most mammals but shared with select primates, a bat, and elephants, involving a cysteine-depleting deletion spanning EGFr20-22. These features provide novel evolutionary insights into human pathogenicity and suggest testable targets for in vivo experiments. Our study highlights the potential of comparative bioinformatics to identify previously hidden functional elements in disease-associated mammalian proteins.



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/678708v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plojak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasena, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-09-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.28.678708</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unveiling the evolutionary code of NOTCH3: mammalian bioinformatics sheds light on human pathogenicity.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-09-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679652v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
High-content imaging reveals the ability of microexons to shape protein localisation 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.30.679652v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alternative splicing provides a pervasive means to expand proteome complexity, yet how it reorganises protein interactions and constrains where proteins act within cell remains unclear. By constructing an interface-resolved interaction network composed of 17,660 experimentally defined contact sites, we reveal that tissue-specific alternative splicing remodels protein connectivity by reshaping modular protein architecture. Longer exons reshape local interaction patterns whereas microexons fine-tune key interfaces linking distinct cellular processes. Integration of subcellular localisation data further indicates that such rewiring can redistribute proteins within cells. To test this, we developed a high-content imaging approach to systematically evaluate the influence of individual exons on protein localisation and screened a targeted library of protein isoforms differing in individual exons. 38% of the tested isoform pairs altered localisation, with microexons, although typically shorter than five amino acids, accounting for a substantial proportion of these effects. Bioinformatic and structural analyses identified that microexons can extend secondary structural regions and reposition charged residues, suggesting a potential to modulate local electrostatic environments. Consistent with this, biochemical analysis of a four-amino acid microexon in sorting nexin 2 - identified through our screen - confirmed that residue insertion, rather than side chain chemistry, was driving differences in protein localisation through repositioning of a flanking, charged residue. Together, these findings describe a principle by which alternative splicing fine-tunes interface architecture to coordinate protein assembly, localisation, and proteome organisation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kjer-Hansen, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazaky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kavanagh, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, H. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Connell, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Rodriguez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grootveld, A. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, H. G. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Chamorro, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatheritt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679652</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[High-content imaging reveals the ability of microexons to shape protein localisation]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.678490v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mapping EGFR1 sorting domains in endosomes with a calibrated 3D expansion microscopy toolkit 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.678490v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endosomes are nanoscale intracellular compartments that sort and recycle cell surface receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1). Nanometre-scale interactions and co-clustering of signalling proteins, cargo, and the membrane are critical to this process. Direct visualisation of these interactions has been hindered by the limited 3D resolution achievable with conventional and super-resolution microscopies. Here, we present the adaptation of expansion microscopy (ExM) to visualise, and quantify nanoclusters of endosomal proteins of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE-1) cells. A 3D distortion analysis was developed leveraging the Farneback optical flow principle for detecting anisotropies in the hydrogel expansion. Analysis of pre- and post- ExM image volumes for 3D anisotropies revealed under-expansion of cytoplasmic regions within ExM hydrogels, often leading to over-estimation of size and distance measurements of small compartments such as endosomes. A self-assembling protein nanocage that reports the true local and nanoscale expansion factor was genetically introduced into the cells to calibrate ExM images of cytoplasmic regions containing endosomes. To stimulate and visualise the internalisation and sorting of EGFR1 in mammalian cells, a pulse-chase protocol was carried out with fluorescently-tagged EGF. The cells were subsequently fixed at 15- and 30- minute time points and subjected to 10-fold ExM and multiplexed 3D Airyscan microscopy to map cargo and EGFR1 vs other endosomal proteins. A volume tracing pipeline was developed to visualise the changes in the labelled EGF and EGFR1 densities at the limiting membrane of the endosomes. With multiplexed 3D ExM image volumes, we observed the enrichment of both EGF and EGFR1 in the endosomal interior and the accumulation of endosomal protein Rab5a near the limiting membrane during this early maturation of the endosomes. Taken together, the multiplexed 3D ExM toolkit offers a quantitative framework for visualising and measuring the intrinsic biology of small sub-cellular organelles like endosomes at true molecular-scale resolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shakespeare, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Seehra, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez, N. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Atuanya, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sheard, T. M. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koehler, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bose, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Woodman, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ciani, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasinghe, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.678490</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mapping EGFR1 sorting domains in endosomes with a calibrated 3D expansion microscopy toolkit]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.680595v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Between- and within-host mutation of dengue virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.12.680595v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA viruses exhibit high mutation rates due to error-prone polymerases, leading to a diverse pool of viral haplotypes (also referred to as quasi-species) within infected hosts. While haplotypes have been well studied in chronic infections like HIV and HCV, diversity remains under-explored in acute infections like dengue (DENV), which are constrained by a short viremic phase. This study aimed to characterise the mutation hotspots in DENV genomes at both consensus and haplotype levels.

Near full length DENV genomes were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) from the plasma of Sri Lankan patients with dengue fever recruited between 2017 -2020. Consensus sequences were mapped with Minimap-2, and haplotypes were reconstructed with Nano-Q, a tool designed for estimation of RNA virus haplotypes and their relative abundance. The genomic variability of DENV genomes was assessed by calculating Shannon Entropy (SE). Codons undergoing diversifying selection were identified with three phylogenetics-based algorithms (FEL, MEME, FUBAR) implemented within the Datamonkey suite.

From 150 samples tested, both consensus and haplotype sequences were characterised in 90 samples (DENV1: 8, DENV2: 51, DENV3: 31). The genomic variability of consensus sequences measured by SE was higher in DENV2 compared to DENV3, and the reverse was true for haplotypes. At the consensus level, the NS2A gene had the greatest number of mutable sites when adjusted for gene length across all serotypes, while at the haplotype level the NS1 gene had the same. Overall, the haplotypes sequences revealed more sites with high mutability and codons under diversifying selection than those visible at consensus level. This provides proof-in-principle that in acute RNA viruses also have high mutability in haplotypes, which may be inapparent with a consensus-level analysis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maduranga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valencia, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeratunga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rapadas, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.12.680595</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Between- and within-host mutation of dengue virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.679926v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Chemotherapy accelerated bone ageing is reversed by NMN 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.679926v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cancer patients face an array of long-term chronic diseases and accelerated biological ageing, due largely to the off-target effects of broadly cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs. This is especially a problem in children, where cancer survivors experience a subsequent high risk of bone mineral deficits and fractures, normally seen in the older population. Here, we model this to show that early-life treatment with a single dose of the commonly used chemotherapy cisplatin profoundly impairs late-life bone health, and that these bone deficits are completely resolved through treatment with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). While we had previously shown that this same strategy protects against chemotherapy induced female infertility, this maintenance of aged bone health appears to be unrelated to endocrine changes due to protection of the ovarian reserve. Rather, this is driven by altered phosphorus homeostasis and protection against renal damage, which otherwise increases parathyroid hormone secretion to mobilise calcium stores from bone. Overall, this work highlights a new approach for maintaining healthy bone ageing in cancer survivors.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Marinova, M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Madawala, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ho, W.-H. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lovric, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertoldo, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliver, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maniam, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Morris, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sinclair, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Homer, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walsh, W. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.679926</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Chemotherapy accelerated bone ageing is reversed by NMN]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681988v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The illusion of infinity: Acoustic black holes in wood deceive termites 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.681988v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Vibrational signals produced during feeding are fundamental to termite behaviour, yet their function in regulating collective foraging remains unclear. In this study, we combine bioassays, micro-CT imaging, and elastic wave modelling to investigate how the subterranean termite Coptotermes acinaciformis evaluates wood through structural wave propagation. Using an axially excited Acoustic Black Hole (ABH), a tapered geometry that minimises wave reflections and effectively mimics an infinitely long food source, we show that termites preferentially attack longer wooden dowels and, remarkably, also lighter ABH-modified dowels. Micro-CT scans revealed feeding concentrated in the dowel core, coinciding with the region of maximum stress predicted by the models but where echo return was minimal. These results indicate that termites assess wood size through bite-induced echoes, analogous to echolocation in bats and dolphins, and preferentially exploit core regions of trunks and branches, thereby accounting for the tree-piping behaviour of termites. The reduction or absence of reflected waves may thus act as a cue that stimulates collective stigmergic foraging. From an applied perspective, ABH-inspired structures could form the basis of novel, chemical-free lures for termite management.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nerse, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sepehrirahnama, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J. C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oberst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681988</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The illusion of infinity: Acoustic black holes in wood deceive termites]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682453v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The tuberculosis-associated microenvironment promotes HIV-1 persistence by impairing CD8+ T cell-mediated viral control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682453v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the most common coinfection in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). This coinfection is associated with accelerated HIV-1 disease progression and reduced survival. However, the immunological and virological mechanisms driving this progression are incompletely understood. To address this knowledge gap, using pleural effusion samples from PLWH and TB, we investigated the HIV-1 genetic landscape and the anti-HIV-1 immune response impacted by a TB-associated microenvironment. Our results revealed an enrichment of genetically intact HIV-1 and impaired CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral response at the site of HIV-1/Mtb coinfection. These findings indicate that the TB-associated microenvironment promotes the persistence of cells infected with replication-competent HIV-1 by creating a niche of reduced antiviral immune pressure, potentially contributing to the worsened clinical outcomes observed in PLWH and TB.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cronin, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Simpson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pereyra Casanova, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marin Rojas, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warner van Dijk, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fisher, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vahlas, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>ONeil, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bertram, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turk, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Quiroga, M. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kelleher, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Verollet, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balboa, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Palmer, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duette, G. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-15</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682453</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The tuberculosis-associated microenvironment promotes HIV-1 persistence by impairing CD8+ T cell-mediated viral control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-15</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682481v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Perceiving surface colour requires attention 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682481v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Colour constancy refers to our ability to distinguish changes in surface properties from changes in the properties of light illuminating the scene. The apparent ease with which we can tell that objects do not change colour, for example, when moving from sunlight to the shade, belies the complexity of solving this ill-constrained problem. Although there is a substantial body of work testing which image cues might be used to accomplish this, there is surprisingly little known of how the brain performs this computation. Here, we tested a fundamental aspect of this perceptual process: whether it requires attention. We measured visual search times for both surface colour (requiring separation of surface and illuminant properties) and  raw, colorimetric colour (which does not). We found a clear difference between the two: visual search for colorimetric colour was fast and near-parallel, while search for surface colour was slow and consistent with the serial deployment of attention. That is, search times suggest that the perceptual separation of surface and illuminant properties in colour constancy may require an attention-based process analogous to perceiving conjunctions of simple features in  feature binding. Colour discrimination thresholds suggested that while colorimetric colour detection is fast and parallel, once attention was directed to these stimuli and perceptual scission occurs, colorimetric colour information was discarded by the visual system. These results offer important new insights into the sequence of processes the brain uses to accomplish colour constancy.

Public Significance StatementThis work sheds new light on how the human visual system recognises the colour properties of different materials under varying lighting conditions. We find evidence that although material and lighting properties are perceptually separated automatically when attended, that this process requires attention.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Goddard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paul Remician, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682481</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Perceiving surface colour requires attention]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682724v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Silencing the signal: The metastasis suppressor NDRG1 disrupts exosome-mediated crosstalk in pancreatic cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.15.682724v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) remains one of the deadliest cancers, with 5-year survival rates of 13%. A major driver of its aggressiveness is the tumour microenvironment (TME), which fuels tumour growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance through dynamic, bi-directional communication between cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Emerging evidence highlights extracellular vesicles (EVs) as key mediators of oncogenic cross-talk within the PaC TME. This study demonstrates for the first time that the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 significantly influences the biogenesis, cargo packaging and release of EVs by cancer cells. This was mediated by a direct interaction between NDRG1 and ALIX, a key protein involved in EV biogenesis and packaging, with NDRG1 facilitating ALIX proteasomal degradation. Further, EVs released from NDRG1-overexpressing cells had significantly fewer CAF-activation proteins (i.e. TGF-B), leading to attenuated ERKl/2 and p38 activation in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and reduced expression of key fibrotic markers (a-SMA, FAP, and collagen 1A). NDRG1 also reduced EV uptake by PaC cells and diverted these to the lysosome for degradation. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism by which NDRG1 disrupts the oncogenic two-way communication between PaC cells and the TME, positioning NDRG1 as a compelling therapeutic target against this formidable malignancy.

Graphical Abstract

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=123 SRC="FIGDIR/small/682724v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alenizi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zaccaron Milioli, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pounraj, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shiferaw, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hosseini Beheshti, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kovacevic, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682724</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Silencing the signal: The metastasis suppressor NDRG1 disrupts exosome-mediated crosstalk in pancreatic cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682959v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Associations between volumes of grey matter regions and white matter hyperintensities with cognitive empathy in oldest-old adults 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682959v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVESTo study the differential associations of regional volumes of grey matter (GM) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) with behavioural and informant-reported measures of cognitive empathy (CE), especially in brain regions understood to have functional connectivity involvement with CE abilities.

METHODSCommunity-dwelling participants from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (Sydney MAS) underwent whole brain MRI. Regional cortical GM volumes were derived using FreeSurfer v7.1 for, and WMH volumes were derived using UBO Detector. On follow-up four years later, CE was indexed via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; a behavioural task) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index - Perspective Taking subscale (IRI-PT; an informant-reported measure).

RESULTSIn 129 participants (mean age 87.01 years), Structural equation modelling (SEM) showed associations between insula GM volumes and RMET scores (p=0.001), and between supramarginal gyrus (SMG) GM volumes and IRI-PT scores (p=0.016). Associations remained significant after inclusion of covariates accounting for age, global cognition, affective symptoms, and social networks.

DISCUSSIONCE abilities assessed with RMET (a behavioural task) were positively associated with insula GM volumes. CE abilities on the IRI-PT (an informant-reported measure) were positively associated with SMG GM volumes. No associations between WMH volumes and CE measures were found. These findings may inform clinical workflows that use structural MRI investigations looking at social cognitive disturbances in older adults and provide further evidence of the divergent nature of behavioural and self-report measures of CE.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chander, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grainger, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Crawford, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kochan, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Numbers, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brodaty, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Henry, J. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-17</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.16.682959</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Associations between volumes of grey matter regions and white matter hyperintensities with cognitive empathy in oldest-old adults]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-17</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683253v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An efficient eukaryotic cell-free expression and correlative cryo-electron tomography platform for structural biology of macromolecular complexes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.18.683253v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cell-free expression using Leishmania tarentolae lysates allows rapid expression of eukaryotic proteins directly from DNA templates. We develop a system that combines cell-free expression system with cryogenic fluorescence microscopy that we term CC-FLEXCET (Correlative Cell-Free Leishmania EXpression and Cryo-Electron Tomography), to target and visualize expressed protein complexes by cryo-electron tomography at high resolution. We demonstrate the utility of this method by structurally characterising the filaments of the full-length apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing CARD (ASC) protein. Cell-free expression of ASC results in a polymeric structure characteristic of its cellular speck assembly, and sub-tomogram averaging allows us to resolve both the pyrin domain (PYD) to medium resolution, and show, for the first time, the arrangement of the flexibly linked caspase recruitment domain (CARD). CC-FLEXCET facilitates structural analysis of macromolecules and protein-lipid assemblies without need of purification, providing a pipeline from DNA template to protein expression to cryo-tilt series acquisition, within a single day.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tillu, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, K.-E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rae, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sierecki, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kobe, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gambin, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collins, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parton, R. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ariotti, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.18.683253</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An efficient eukaryotic cell-free expression and correlative cryo-electron tomography platform for structural biology of macromolecular complexes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683336v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Specificity of the stabilising interaction between intrinsically disordered protein sequences and G-quadruplexes in RNA 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.19.683336v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are present in and essential for the function of nearly all the proteins involved in the regulation, cell and developmental processes. The RGG domain in IDRs binds  promiscuously to RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s), a non-canonical 4-stranded secondary structure that occurs in many transcripts involved in gene regulation. Here we show, using weak binding interactions between a minimal RGG-rich peptide and rG4s, that the IDR selectively templates and stabilises the structure of the human telomeric TERRA rG4, providing a unique pathway to RNA folding that does not rely on high-affinity binding or monovalent cations. Multidimensional NMR and circular dichroism analyses reveal individual nucleotide and amino acid identities determine the specificity of the interaction between RGG peptides and rG4s, explaining how IDRs can selectively recognise RNA over DNA G4s, the high specificity of such interactions in vivo, and the high frequency of monogenic mutations observed in IDRs.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=64 SRC="FIGDIR/small/683336v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Cox, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Middleton, I. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rizzuto, F. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thordarson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.19.683336</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Specificity of the stabilising interaction between intrinsically disordered protein sequences and G-quadruplexes in RNA]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683393v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Autoantibody origins in lupus and in relapse post CAR-T therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683393v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy induces profound remissions in lupus by depleting B cells, challenging the longstanding view that treatment-resistant disease is sustained by long-lived plasma cells. Additionally, emerging relapses highlight the need to understand how pathogenic autoantibodies arise. Using molecular antibody tagging in mice with human monogenic lupus variants, we reveal that autoantibody-producing cell cohorts are long-lived but plasma cells are short-lived, requiring continuous replenishment from proliferating precursors. The spleen acts as a major plasma cell reservoir, with perivascular localization conserved in mice and lupus patients. Relapse after anti-CD19 CAR-T occurred through newly-generated B cells rather than treatment-resistant clones. Plasma cell depletion by anti-BCMA CAR-T failed to eliminate some precursors that become autoantibody-secreting. These findings demonstrate that continuous B cell-to-plasma cell differentiation, not intrinsic plasma cell longevity, sustains pathogenic antibody responses in lupus, supporting a potential benefit of adjunctive therapies after CAR-T, particularly in genetically predisposed patients.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Grenov, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yoon, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Snell, D. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mikolajczak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gurel, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodriguez-Ronchel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yegen, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Artim Esen, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rahman, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maciocia, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vinuesa, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683393</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Autoantibody origins in lupus and in relapse post CAR-T therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683407v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Stromal subsets modulate T-cell infiltration in early breast cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.20.683407v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Recent studies of the tumour microenvironment have elucidated the heterogeneity of stromal cells, with increasing evidence suggesting that stromal subsets play an important role in regulating anti-tumour immunity in breast cancer. However, the functional diversity of these cells within the tumour immune microenvironment and how they interact with immune cells in a spatial and clinical context remain poorly understood. We performed multiplex immunofluorescence on tumour microarrays from two cohorts consisting of 591 breast cancer patients to assess the abundance and spatial co-localisation of stromal and immune subsets and their correlation with clinicopathological features and patient outcomes. We found that stromal subsets are spatially distinct. We found that stromal cells were spatially distinct. A perivascular-like subset that was disseminated throughout the stroma rather than restricted to vessel-adjacent regions was enriched in an immune cold environment and associated with T-cell exclusion. Enrichment for PVLs was prognostic of poorer survival, independent of their role in T cell exclusion. An inflammatory-like cancer-associated fibroblast subset was associated with the stromal segregation of T cells and T cell exhaustion. Our findings highlight the differential impact of stromal subsets on immune infiltration and activation within the breast cancer TME with implications for patient outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Slapetova, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Millar, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lynch, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browne, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lim, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683407</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Stromal subsets modulate T-cell infiltration in early breast cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684190v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards key principles of host-associated microbiome assembly 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684190v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Symbiotic relationships between microbes and host organisms frequently involve the assembly of complex microbial communities (microbiomes) within hosts. Patterns at the community level influence life-history traits, the evolutionary trajectories of both microbes and their hosts, and are often critical for maintaining host health. These community-level patterns are dynamically driven by eco-evolutionary mechanisms acting at the individual level, such as microbial dispersal, host selection, and microbe-resource interactions. Critically, we still lack a clear picture of the ways in which these mechanisms interact to shape microbiome assembly. Here, we present a model of assembly to describe how distinct community structures can be characterised by underlying mechanisms. To illustrate the approach, we analyse microbiome data from marine sponges and simulate different structures of host-microbe associations, thereby bridging mechanistic models and empirical patterns. We further apply the model to human microbiome data to explore its relevance across biological systems, proposing that the combined effect of a small set of general mechanisms may govern diverse patterns of microbial diversity and abundance. Our findings advance ecological theory by linking individual-level processes to community-scale patterns, illuminating the key drivers underlying microbiome assembly.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araujo, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684190</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards key principles of host-associated microbiome assembly]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684075v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Deep multiplexed 50-marker imaging of circulating tumor cells expands actionable biomarker profiling for precision oncology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.23.684075v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Liquid biopsy-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs) offer a minimally invasive avenue for precision oncology by enabling longitudinal monitoring of actionable molecular and cell-phenotypic biomarkers. However, conventional immunofluorescence imaging-based CTC profiling captures just 4-5 markers per cell, restricting crucial insights into oncogenic and resistance drivers, as well as tumor cell heterogeneity. Here we present an integrated pipeline employing deep multiplexed imaging to profile up to 50 molecular markers per CTC, capturing expression, phosphorylation, and subcellular localization of diverse biomarkers. Validated in a multi-stage prostate cancer resistance model and applied to prostate cancer patient-derived CTCs, this approach enhances CTC classification and reveals inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity correlating with therapy response. Machine learning identified therapeutically actionable signatures, suggesting patient-specific treatment strategies. This deep multiplexed imaging pipeline advances the utility of CTCs in guiding personalized cancer therapy by providing comprehensive molecular and phenotypic insights through minimally invasive liquid biopsies.

Highlights- Multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging of circulating tumor cells captures up to 50 molecular markers per cell with subcellular localisation.
- Single-cell and subcellular analyses identify quantitative signatures correlating with patient outcome, as well as therapeutically actionable biomarkers.
- This method transforms the utility of CTCs for future use in patient stratification and for guiding personalised therapies.




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]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mann, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Khan, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nindra, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>James, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neumann, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kohane, F. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunawan, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chua, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>de Souza, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, T. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Becker, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.23.684075</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Deep multiplexed 50-marker imaging of circulating tumor cells expands actionable biomarker profiling for precision oncology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.679380v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Anillin-dependent actin assembly at PML NBs protects genome stability 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.679380v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nuclear filamentous actin (F-actin) is emerging as a key regulator of genome stability1-6. During replication stress, transient bursts of nuclear actin assembly in S-phase promote fork remodelling and repair3,4, but how these bursts are initiated, regulated, and whether nuclear F-actin also act on DNA lesions inherited across cell cycles, remains unknown.

Here, we show that replication stress induces nuclear actin assembly at liquid-liquid phase-separated (LLPS) promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs), driven by the actin-binding protein Anillin. Although best known as a cytokinesis factor, Anillin localises to PML NBs in interphase, where it concentrates monomeric actin (G-actin) and establishes a favourable environment for spontaneous actin assembly. Filament growth within these condensates remodels PML NB morphology and composition, releasing sequestered AKT into the nucleoplasm. AKT is subsequently phosphorylated and activated, and this nuclear AKT activity is required to regulate 53BP1 nuclear bodies in G1. These protective LLPS compartments shield under-replicated DNA inherited from the stressed S-phase until the following S-phase. This prevents premature engagement by aberrant repair pathways that would otherwise generate toxic intermediates and culminate in mitotic failure.

Together, these findings define a condensate-to-filament pathway in which nuclear F-actin dynamically reorganises phase-separated compartments to safeguard genome stability across cell cycles.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Putra, V. D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lay, H. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lane, B. J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willett, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marshall, L. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nelson, C. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vora, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jordan, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rogers, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Graham, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lewis, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Biro, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pickett, H. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stachowiak, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cesare, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lamm, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.679380</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Anillin-dependent actin assembly at PML NBs protects genome stability]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684644v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Positive joint work redistribution in running: the role of plantar flexor fatigue and the effect of advanced footwear technology 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.684644v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Over the course of a near-maximal effort 10 km run, positive mechanical work decreases at the ankle and increases at the knee. Although plantar flexor fatigue is believed to be responsible for the proximal shift in mechanical work generation, this has yet to be confirmed experimentally.

PurposeTo 1) determine the effect of plantar flexor fatigue on lower limb positive joint work during running and 2) determine the effect of running shoes on this relationship.

MethodsTrained male runners (n = 12) were analyzed over two 30 s runs at their 10 km race pace, without and with local plantar flexor fatigue induced via a calf-raise protocol to a level commensurate with that accumulated over an exhaustive run ([~]24% reduction in peak torque). Both the unfatigued and fatigued runs were performed in a traditional shoe and in advanced footwear technology on an instrumented treadmill while three-dimensional motion capture and ground reaction force data were collected.

ResultsPlantar flexor fatigue led to a redistribution of joint work, with lower positive ankle work (p < 0.001), greater positive knee work (p = 0.001), and similar positive hip work (p = 0. 550) in the fatigued run as compared to the unfatigued run. The relative positive joint contributions shifted proximally with fatigue (ankle - 4%, knee +3%); however, this shift was not influenced by shoe condition (p > 0.05).

ConclusionPlantar flexor fatigue contributes to the proximal redistribution of positive joint work during running. However, the adoption of a suboptimal gait strategy appears to occur regardless of whether a runner wears a traditional shoe or advanced running footwear technology.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahan, K. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willwacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kerr, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heroux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.684644</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Positive joint work redistribution in running: the role of plantar flexor fatigue and the effect of advanced footwear technology]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.684736v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
NPM1 mislocalization mediated by RNA Pol I inhibition alters chromatin landscape 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.28.684736v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase I inhibition affects rRNA synthesis from rDNA clusters residing in nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). Here we have demonstrated RNA Pol I inhibition disrupts nucleolar architecture, NPM1 localization, and alters the chromatin landscape using coordinated eraser and writer enzymes. siRNA mediated depletion or dissociation of NPM1 allows HDAC1 loading on the chromatin. HDAC1 mediated deacetylation of H3K9ac creates H3K9 that undegoes SUV39H1-mediated methylation. The stripping of active histone marks leads to enrichment of repressive H3K9me3 in the genome. These altered chromatin landscape corroborates with loss of genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA hypermethylation mediated by DNMT1. Chromatin architectural analysis revealed disrupted nucleolar associated domains (NADs) transforming to lamin associated domains (LADs) with specific histone signatures and repressive states. The 3D nuclear architecture was remodeled by A/B compartments reorganization and loss of Hi-C loops at the H3K9ac depleted sites.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Esteve, P. O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sen, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raman, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Unnikrishnan, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pradhan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.684736</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[NPM1 mislocalization mediated by RNA Pol I inhibition alters chromatin landscape]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684571v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
LMI4Boltz: Optimizing VRAM utilization to predict large macromolecular complexes with consumer grade hardware 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.29.684571v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
AlphaFold2 has revolutionised structural biology by enabling the prediction of protein structures approaching experimental quality. AlphaFold3 extends this framework to support modelling broad biomolecular classes while also reducing the computational cost of prediction. However, AlphaFold3 is distributed with licence conditions which restrict general purpose use. Boltz is a permissive, open-source re-implementation of AlphaFold3, but it is bottlenecked by increased VRAM requirements and requires high-end GPU hardware to model large molecular systems. Here we introduce Low Memory Inference for Boltz (LMI4Boltz) which reduces VRAM requirements using in-place updates, offloading tensors to host memory, careful management of functional scope and aggressive chunking of key operations. Using these strategies, LMI4Boltz increases the token size limit of Boltz-2 by 66.7% without sacrificing prediction accuracy. These optimisations improve the accessibility of Boltz using consumer grade hardware and unlock the ability to model large molecular systems. LMI4Boltz is available at https://github.com/tlitfin/lmi4boltz.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Litfin, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Caley, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Michie, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.29.684571</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[LMI4Boltz: Optimizing VRAM utilization to predict large macromolecular complexes with consumer grade hardware]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685477v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 improves skeletal muscle function and mitochondrial respiration in Sarcopenia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685477v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundAgeing is accompanied by progressive declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength, culminating in sarcopenia, a condition that contributes to frailty, multimorbidity, and mortality. Age-related changes to mitochondria lead to oxidative damage and dysfunction and are proposed to occur early in the trajectory of sarcopenia, supporting the candidacy of mitochondrial-protective therapies. Here, we test the efficacy of mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 in age-dependent sarcopenic mouse models.

MethodsMale and female MitoQC mice aged 24 months received either standard chow or chow supplemented with BAM15 (0.033% mg/g) ad libitum for eight weeks (n=13-14/group). Young (3-month-old) mice served as reference controls (n=8/group). Muscle mitochondrial respiration was assessed in permeabilized fib res, and contractile function was measured in isolated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. Mitophagy was quantified by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Data were analyzed using one-or two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts or Bonferronis multiple comparison tests.

ResultsAged male and female mice exhibited reduced gastrocnemius muscle mass relative to body mass compared with young controls (p<0.05; [~]18% and [~]32% loss, respectively). BAM15 did not alter muscle size but reversed the age-related loss of contractile function in EDL muscles, to that of the young reference controls in both sexes (p<0.05; [~]33% in males, [~]16% in females). In male mice, BAM15 improved mitochondrial efficiency, evidenced by restoration of Complex I-linked respiration and decreased proton leak ([~]52% improvement; p<0.05), and normalized protein levels of oxidative stress marker 4 -HNE, without changes in mitophagy or mitochondrial content. In females, BAM15 did not improve mitochondrial parameters, which may be, in part, due to aged female muscle exhibiting unchanged Complex I leak and 4-HNE protein abundance, alongside lower complex I subunit (NDUFB8) protein abundance.

ConclusionsBAM15 improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial efficiency and contractile function in aged male mice, supporting the potential of mitochondrial uncoupling as a therapeutic strategy for sarcopenia.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Campelj, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritenis, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilha, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sligar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cree, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alexopoulos, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos, W. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joanisse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coen, P. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hoehn, K. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685477</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 improves skeletal muscle function and mitochondrial respiration in Sarcopenia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685685v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Detecting Somatic Mutations in Rare Clones using Single Cell Multi-Omics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685685v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundSomatic mutations are increasingly recognised as drivers of diseases beyond cancer, including autoimmune disorders. However, identifying rare, cell type-specific causal mutations remains challenging due to their low frequency within heterogeneous cell populations. Traditional bulk sequencing approaches lack the resolution to detect rare variants, underscoring the need for novel methods specifically designed for single-cell data of heterogeneous cell populations.

MethodsWe present an integrated single-cell multi-omics computational framework, SCARCE (Single-Cell Analysis of Rare Clonal Events), tailored for single-cell DNA sequencing (scDNA-seq) to statistically prioritise rare somatic mutations within defined cell subpopulations. By comparing variant frequencies across subpopulations, identified through either variant-based clustering or cell type annotation from surface marker expression, we identify variants enriched in specific cell populations. Our method applies multiple user-adjustable filters and statistical enrichment tests to distinguish true somatic variants from technical artifacts.

ResultsSCARCE successfully identifies rare somatic mutations across three distinct datasets using technologies including MissionBio Tapestri and clonally-amplified whole-genome sequencing of single cells. We demonstrate that SCARCE correctly isolates and identifies true variants in a cell population comprising just 10 of 16,316 cells (0.06% of the total population). Furthermore, in an extensively characterised sample with known causal variants, SCARCE correctly identifies all known pathogenic variants among its top-ranked candidates.

ConclusionsSCARCE offers several advantages over existing tools in the field. By integrating genetic and phenotypic information at single-cell resolution, our approach opens new avenues for understanding the clonal origins of diseases driven by somatic mutations in small cell populations.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillman, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dukda, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sadir, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goodnow, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luciani, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Field, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685685</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Detecting Somatic Mutations in Rare Clones using Single Cell Multi-Omics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685686v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Paediatric MRI: High-Resolution in vivo 3T Methods 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685686v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for investigating the brain in vivo but is limited by image resolution and scan artefact. In paediatric research, these limitations are compounded by reduced participant compliance, which in turn necessitates shorter scan times to minimise motion artefacts, resulting in less than satisfactory image resolution. We report here methods for MRI acquisition which afford high-resolution, low-noise, paediatric brain data in under nine-minute scans, and novel post-processing with our code freely available at https://osf.io/ckh5t/. Whole-brain in vivo single-participant images were generated at 0.5mm isotropic resolution. This resolution permitted accurate delineation of fine structures, including the hippocampal subfields. The ability to resolve intricate structures in paediatric data provides a tool for studying brain development and its disruption in neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wright, B. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schira, M. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paxinos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kassem, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-10-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.30.685686</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Paediatric MRI: High-Resolution in vivo 3T Methods]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-10-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685929v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SIMAIS: A swarm intelligence inspired biosensor for rapid protein detection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.31.685929v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Swarm intelligence, the collective behaviour of animals such as birds, fish, and ants, arises from simple local interactions and enables survival, efficient foraging, and decision-making without central control. Inspired by this principle, we aimed to harness swarm intelligence for biosensing applications. Conventional assays often struggle with limited sensitivity, long processing times, and the need for specialised instruments, restricting their use in decentralised healthcare. Here we developed a swarm intelligence of microbead-inspired, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted, and smartphone-based (SIMAIS) biosensing platform that can transform invisible molecular recognition into visible, macroscale patterns. Millions of antibody-coated magnetic microbeads (MBs) organise into magnetically induced structures upon binding protein biomarkers, with the resulting patterns correlating directly to biomarker concentration. Using interferon-gamma (IFN-{gamma}) as a model biomarker, we demonstrate that this approach delivers results within 10 minutes and achieves a tenfold increase in sensitivity compared to conventional lateral flow assays. Robust performance in human serum and urine confirms clinical applicability. By mimicking natural swarm behaviour, this platform introduces a new biosensing paradigm that bridges biology and engineering. Its versatility, speed, and ease of use highlight its potential for decentralised diagnostics, early disease detection, and broader applications in point-of-care healthcare.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Zheng, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bayinqiaoge,</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schiff, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.10.31.685929</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SIMAIS: A swarm intelligence inspired biosensor for rapid protein detection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686168v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Exercise training improves sarcopenic muscle function via restoration of mitochondrial quality control 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.03.686168v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitophagy is an essential component of the mitochondrial quality control program, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle. With age, it is thought that mitochondrial quality control becomes dysregulated, leading to the progression of age-associated diseases such as sarcopenia. Exercise is known to enhance skeletal muscle mitochondrial health and may be an effective intervention to prevent sarcopenia, however the role of mitophagy in this process is unknown. Utilising mitophagy reporter mice (mito-QC), we assessed adaptations in skeletal muscle mitophagy in response to increased age (3-26 months) and following an 8-week endurance exercise training period. Immunofluorescent imaging revealed that ageing led to an accumulation of mitolysosomes in sarcopenic old mice indicative of increased mitophagy, an adaptive response that was reversed by exercise training. In parallel to reducing age-associated mitophagy, exercise training increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity and improved muscle strength, suggesting that alterations in mitochondrial quality control led to improvements in skeletal muscle function. Exercise-mediated alterations in mitophagy were accompanied by increases in BNIP3, FUNDC1 and BCL2L13 protein content post training. Collectively our data suggests that sarcopenia leads to dysregulation of mitophagy in skeletal muscle. Restoring mitophagy balance with exercise training leads to improvements in mitochondrial respiration and skeletal muscle strength, identifying a novel cellular mechanism to explain the benefits of exercise training in old age.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Alldritt, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sligar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Campelj, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Padilha, C. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ritenis, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mantamadiotis, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Widodo, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dinevska, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nielsen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Philp, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-05</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.686168</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Exercise training improves sarcopenic muscle function via restoration of mitochondrial quality control]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-05</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686895v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Uncertainty-Aware Deep Learning for Multi-Metric and Dose-Specific Prediction of Drug Synergy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.05.686895v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Accurately predicting drug synergy is critical to accelerate the development of combination therapies for cancer and other complex diseases. Yet, the vast combinatorial drug and dose space poses a substantial challenge, even for modern deep learning approaches. Existing approaches often lack generalisability, collapse rich dose response surfaces into single dose averaged synergy scores, and fail to quantify predictive uncertainty. Here, we introduce AlgoraeOS, a biologically informed, attention-aware deep neural network designed to address these challenges. Trained on the largest harmonised dataset of experimentally tested drug combinations, AlgoraeOS simultaneously predicts multiple synergy metrics, while preserving their empirical correlations and accurately estimating both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. The model achieves state-of-the-art performance and strong out-of-distribution generalisability across diverse tissues and drug mechanisms, including rigorous zero- and few-shot evaluations. Notably, AlgoraeOS predicts the entire dose-response surface, providing dose specific inhibition profiles with high precision and scalability to multi million point datasets. Prospective in vitro validation of dose-specific inhibition was performed using an anchor compound entirely absent from the training corpus, tested in combination with 24 mechanistically diverse partner drugs across three molecularly distinct cancer cell lines, yielding 2,592 dose combination measurements. This evaluation demonstrated consistent rank-order fidelity (Spearman r= 0.51-0.59, p < 0.001) and strong directional agreement (Kendall tau= 0.863), confirming reliable prediction under out-of-distribution conditions. Model-derived uncertainty estimates further stratified predictions by expected reliability, with lower-uncertainty predictions showing higher concordance with experimental outcomes. By integrating uncertainty-aware, multi-metric, and dose-resolved prediction into a single unified framework, AlgoraeOS offers a powerful solution for drug-combination discovery and establishes a new standard for model development and validation in the field.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Heydari, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lye, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masouri, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Marsland, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lock, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKenna, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686895</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Uncertainty-Aware Deep Learning for Multi-Metric and Dose-Specific Prediction of Drug Synergy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.686659v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DNA methylation reprogramming in marsupial embryos is restricted to the extraembryonic lineage 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.09.686659v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
DNA methylation (5mC) is an epigenetic mark that plays a critical role in defining cell fate. Following fertilisation, DNA methylation inherited from gametes must be reprogrammed to establish totipotency and enable the parental-to-zygotic transition. To accomplish this, non-mammalian vertebrates such as zebrafish and medaka subtly reprogram maternal 5mC profiles while maintaining high methylation levels throughout embryogenesis. In contrast, eutherian mammals such as mouse and human undergo global 5mC erasure in both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages. However, while embryonic 5mC is rapidly re-established to high levels upon implantation, the trophectoderm, which gives rise to the placenta, displays sustained and conserved DNA hypomethylation, suggesting that this drastic 5mC erasure may be functionally linked to complex placentation in mammals. To clarify whether extensive post-fertilisation 5mC erasure co-evolved with placentation, we explored embryonic methylation dynamics in marsupials, a lineage of therian mammals with a short-lived placenta. We produced a near complete telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome and generated detailed epigenome maps of embryonic development for an Australian marsupial, the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata). We found the dunnart embryo exhibits genome wide DNA demethylation at the blastocyst stage, but these changes occur in the trophectoderm only, suggesting that 5mC erasure in the placenta is an ancestral state in therian mammals. Furthermore, the T2T-level dunnart genome assembly enabled identification of sex chromosomes, uncovering extensive hypomethylation of the paternally-inherited inactive X chromosome in females and revealing the previously unannotated master regulator of X chromosome inactivation, lncRNA Rsx. Our data indicate that while the use of genome-wide 5mC erasure differs between eutherian and marsupial lineages, 5mC erasure in extraembryonic tissue is ancestral to therian mammals and may be necessary to support placental development.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LIFirst embryonic DNA methylation maps in an Australian marsupial
C_LIO_LIExtensive global erasure of DNA methylation in the trophectoderm
C_LIO_LIMaintenance of high DNA methylation in the embryonic lineage
C_LIO_LIHypomethylated paternal X chromosome with methylated escapee genes
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Angeloni, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hammond, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peters, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Reis, A. L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kemp, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Amos, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Humphries, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilmott, L. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Masamsetti, V. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatherstone, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ip, K. C. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pazaky, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steel, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lyons, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walters, E. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liu, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tam, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polo, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clark, S. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richards, L. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, A. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lee, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Griffith, O. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Skvortsova, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.09.686659</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DNA methylation reprogramming in marsupial embryos is restricted to the extraembryonic lineage]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An IL-21R hypomorph circumvents functional redundancy to define STAT1 signaling in germinal center responses 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.14.688418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Interleukin-21 receptor engagement initiates a Janus Kinase (JAK) - signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signalling cascade that activates several STAT proteins that drive the germinal center response. However, the relative effects of IL-21 on individual STAT proteins during the differentiation of T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells has been difficult to distinguish. Here, we characterise a novel mutation in the interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21REINS) that creates a unique defect in the activation of STAT1. Our findings provide evidence that IL-21 mediated activation of STAT1 has a nonredundant role in the differentiation of T follicular (Tfh) cells following T dependent immunisation. IL-21REINS Tfh cells were even more impaired than Tfh cells genetically deficient in IL-21R, questioning our current understanding of the role of IL-21 derived from protein knockout mice. The observation that functional compensation fails in the presence of the IL-21R hypomorph provides insight into how underlying compensation can impact our interpretation of a complex biological system.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jandl, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warren, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Owens, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Batten, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>King, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.14.688418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An IL-21R hypomorph circumvents functional redundancy to define STAT1 signaling in germinal center responses]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690287v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The brain architecture of punishment learning 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690287v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Learning which actions cause harm is essential for survival, yet how the brain transforms this knowledge into adaptive control of behavior remains unclear. We combined whole-brain analysis, multisite chemogenetic silencing, spatial transcriptomics, and longitudinal calcium imaging to map how punishment learning reorganizes brain networks across scales. Learning reshaped mesoscale community organization into a network anchored by the amygdala, subthalamic-hypothalamic zone, and ventral midbrain tegmentum. These regions contributed distinct components of adaptive avoidance and engaged diverse transcriptional programs across multiple neuronal subclasses. Within this network, the amygdala acted as a hub, partitioning action and outcome information and remapping neural geometry to segregate punished from safe actions. Together, these results identify a multiscale neural architecture through which aversive experience can be transformed into flexible behavioral control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gregory, A. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Diefenbach, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Choi, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soo, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Killcross, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McNally, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690287</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The brain architecture of punishment learning]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Shear Difference: Flow Type Dictates Endothelial Flow-Responsive Gene Programs in a 3D-Printed in vitro Model 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.24.690338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundEndothelial cells (ECs) are mechanosensitive and adopt distinct phenotypes in response to hemodynamic forces. These phenotypes are rarely seen in shear-responsive signalling studies because commonly used in vitro platforms rarely reproduce the true scale of vessel geometries or physiologic waveforms.

AimTo determine how the presence and temporal pattern of flow impact endothelial morphology and transcriptional activity in a 3D macrofluidic model.

MethodsIdealised vessels were 3D-printed using a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol filament and cast in polydimethylsiloxane. The polyvinyl alcohol cores were dissolved leaving a polydimethylsiloxane lumen on which HMEC-1 cells were grown and perfused for 24 h under static, continuous flow, or pulsatile flow. Cell morphology was assessed using immunofluorescence. Bulk RNA-seq was performed with Hallmark pathway enrichment using gene set enrichment analysis.

ResultsRelative to static culture, continuous flow increased cell eccentricity (0.74 vs 0.48, p <0.0001) and reduced variability in cell orientation ({Delta} = -47.1{degrees}, p <0.0001). At the transcriptome level, differential gene expression was extensive (continuous vs static: 2,103 genes; pulsatile vs static: 2,643 genes; pulsatile vs continuous: 384 genes). Continuous flow favoured oxidative-metabolic and barrier-maintenance pathways. By contrast, pulsatile shear of the same mean load promoted cell-cycle/checkpoint signalling rather than oxidative-metabolic programmes. Head-to-head, pulsatile flow emphasized MYC proto-oncogene (MYC) and E2F transcription factor (E2F), whereas continuous flow preferentially engaged oxidative phosphorylation and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) (with higher tumor protein p53and transforming growth factor-{beta} signaling).

ConclusionUnder matched mean shear, pulsatile versus continuous flow drive distinct endothelial morphological and transcriptional programs, enriching pathways central to blood vessel function, remodelling, and disease. 3D macrofluidic platforms can replicate flow-specific endothelial cell mechanobiology, providing a translational tool to better understand vascular outcomes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Shah, N. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rye, K.-A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Endre, Z. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barber, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Erlich, J. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cochran, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-26</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.690338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Shear Difference: Flow Type Dictates Endothelial Flow-Responsive Gene Programs in a 3D-Printed in vitro Model]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-26</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690950v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Phage-encoded sRNA counteracts xenogenic silencing in pathogenic E. coli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.27.690950v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Horizontal gene transfer introduces foreign DNA that can disrupt cellular processes and is therefore subject to xenogenic silencing by nucleoid-associated proteins such as H-NS and Hha. In Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), prophages make up a large fraction of the accessory genome and encode many virulence factors, yet to be expressed they must overcome this silencing. We identify a prophage-encoded small RNA (sRNA), HnrS, that functions as an anti-silencing factor by targeting the H-NS paralogue Hha. HnrS is a short (66-nt) sRNA present in multiple copies (up to nine) in EHEC and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) genomes and is enriched in E. coli strains that carry the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). We show that HnrS directly base-pairs with the ribosome-binding site of the hha mRNA, repressing its translation and thereby reducing Hha-enhanced H-NS silencing. This counter-silencing de-represses the LEE type III secretion system and concomitantly represses motility. Transcriptomic profiling further revealed that HnrS indirectly activates genes involved in nitrate/nitrite respiration and nitric oxide resistance, metabolic pathways that contribute to survival in the inflamed gastrointestinal tract. Deletion of hnrS reduced expression of nitrate reductase genes and impaired actin pedestal formation on host epithelial cells. Our results indicate that prophage-encoded, multicopy hnrS provides a counter-silencing mechanism that reduces Hha-H-NS repression at specific virulence loci. This likely enables expression of horizontally acquired genes without broadly disrupting the core H-NS regulon. HnrS illustrates how mobile genetic elements deploy sRNAs to counteract xenogenic silencing and promote virulence gene expression, enhancing colonisation of the host.

Importance statementHorizontally acquired genes are often silenced to protect bacterial genomes, but this defence also limits the expression of new traits. We identify a prophage-encoded small RNA, HnrS, that counteracts this restriction by repressing the xenogenic silencer Hha, lifting Hha-H-NS-mediated repression of virulence and metabolic genes. HnrS activates the locus of enterocyte effacement, nitrate/nitrite respiration, and nitric oxide resistance--pathways that help E. coli survive and colonise the inflamed gut. Our findings reveal an RNA-based counter-silencing mechanism encoded by mobile genetic elements, showing how phages can reprogram bacterial regulatory networks to promote adaptation and pathogenicity.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Poudyal, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sy, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mediati, D. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Payne, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nandel, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Norris, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAteer, S. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ullah, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Menz, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Waters, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dallman, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gally, D. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tree, J. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.27.690950</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Phage-encoded sRNA counteracts xenogenic silencing in pathogenic E. coli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690599v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Developing a nuclear transplantation model for Australian amphibian conservation using a common species of Australian Frog (Limnodynastes peronii) 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.25.690599v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
As amphibian populations continue to decline, there is a need to establish procedures to store and recover genetic diversity. Nuclear transplantation (NT) is a potentially useful reproductive technology with applications to conservation in specific circumstances. Although sperm have been successfully cryopreserved and used in in vitro fertilization to produce sexually mature offspring, there are many endangered and even extinct amphibian species that only exist as stored frozen adult or larval tissues. The only way to recover that genetic diversity is through NT. Nuclear transplantation can introduce new genes into captive breeding programs from individuals where no viable gametes from that individual have been cryopreserved. Amphibian NT research was common during the middle to late 20th century; however, it was never conducted for amphibian conservation. Early amphibian NT experiments were conducted for the purpose of determining whether differentiation was a terminal process that involved the loss of reprogramming genes. However, following the success of mammalian NT, amphibian NT research declined, and the field has been at a standstill for decades. This study developed the first nuclear transplantation protocol for a native Australia frog using Limnodynastes peronii, as a model. Specifically, this paper aimed to test: 1) nuclear transplantation with fresh embryonic cells in Limnodynastes peronii and trial the implementation of different egg enucleation methods (pricked eggs only, UV only, and pricked + UV), 2) use of cryopreserved cells in nuclear transplantation and 3) use single nucleotide polymorphisms to determine if the nuclear genomes of nuclear transplant embryos were derived from the injected donor cell nuclei. With both fresh and cryopreserved embryonic cells as donor cell nuclei, development of the nuclear transplant embryos was low compared to the fertilized controls. Only one nuclear transplant embryo derived from a fresh embryonic cell (injected into a UV only enucleated egg) developed into a tadpole. This attained stage 36 of the Gosner Staging System for Anurans (hind limbs) before dying. As an egg activation technique, pricking the eggs resulted in higher cleavage rates and development to blastula than UV only and pricked + UV nuclear transplants (in trials with cryopreserved cells), but none of the nuclear transplants from the pricked only group developed beyond blastula. None of the nuclear transplants derived from cryopreserved embryonic cells developed to tadpoles. The most advanced stage attained from cryopreserved embryonic cells was stage 13 (neurula) from UV only eggs. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis testing for genotype mismatches was used to determine if the genomes of developing nuclear transplant embryos were derived from the injected donor cell nucleus. SNP analysis confirmed that two true clones were generated in this study. This is the first confirmed nuclear transplantation in any Australian native frog.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Patel, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Upton, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clulow, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nixon, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gruber, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Archer, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahony, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Clulow, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-11-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.1101/2025.11.25.690599</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Developing a nuclear transplantation model for Australian amphibian conservation using a common species of Australian Frog (Limnodynastes peronii)]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-11-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.691688v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
GatorSC: Multi-Scale Cell and Gene Graphs with Mixture-of-Experts Fusion for Single-Cell Transcriptomics 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.03.691688v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables high-resolution characterization of cellular heterogeneity, but its rich, complementary structure across cells and genes remains underexploited, especially in the presence of technical noise and sparsity. Effectively leveraging this multi-scale structure is essentially an information fusion problem that requires integrating heterogeneous graph-based views of cells and genes into robust low-dimensional representations. In this paper, we introduce GatorSC, a unified representation learning framework that models scRNA-seq data through multi-scale cell and gene graphs and fuses them with a Mixture-of-Experts architecture. GatorSC constructs a global cell-cell graph, a global gene-gene graph, and a local gene-gene graph derived from neighborhood-specific subgraphs, and learns graph neural network embeddings that are adaptively fused by a gating network. To learn noise-robust and structure-preserving embeddings without labels, we couple graph reconstruction and graph contrastive learning in a unified self-supervised objective applied to both cell- and gene-level graphs. We evaluate GatorSC on 19 publicly available scRNA-seq datasets covering diverse tissues, species, and sequencing platforms. Experiments showed that GatorSC consistently outperforms state-of-the-art deep generative, graph-based, and contrastive methods for cell clustering, gene expression imputation, and cell-type annotation. The learned embeddings are used for accurate trajectory inference, recovery of canonical marker gene programs, and cell-type-specific pathway signatures in an Alzheimers disease single-nucleus dataset. GatorSC provides a flexible foundation for comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic analysis and can be readily extended to multi-omic and spatial modalities.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Qiu, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salim, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chen, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razzak, I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bian, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-07</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.691688</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[GatorSC: Multi-Scale Cell and Gene Graphs with Mixture-of-Experts Fusion for Single-Cell Transcriptomics]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-07</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695332v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
SWARM: A Single-Molecule Workflow for High-Precision Profiling of RNA Modifications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.695332v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore direct RNA sequencing promises to decode the epitranscriptome by detecting multiple modifications on individual RNA molecules, but its potential for biological discovery is hampered by high false-positive rates. We present SWARM, an AI-based framework designed to overcome this fundamental limitation. Its key innovation is a crosstalk-aware training strategy that incorporates non-target modifications and orthogonally validated cellular signals, enabling high-precision detection of m6A, pseudouridine ({Psi}), and m5C at single-nucleotide and single-molecule resolution. Using rigorous in vitro and cellular RNA benchmarks, SWARM outperforms existing tools and maintains strong agreement with orthogonal methods. Applying SWARM across mammalian tissues reveals thousands of novel modification sites with confirmed motifs and localisation patterns. Our high-resolution multi-tissue modification map revealed no evidence of widespread m6A-{Psi} interplay, challenging models of a coordinated epitranscriptomic code. We further discovered a previously unrecognised splicing-shaped mode of {Psi} deposition, whereby TRUB1-mediated pseudouridylation preferentially occurs after exon-exon ligation, consistent with local RNA structure stabilisation. SWARM provides a robust, universally applicable tool for epitranscriptome discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Prodic, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cleynen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mahmud, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srivastava, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravindran, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kanchi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sethi, A. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corovic, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jain, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santos-Rodriguez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieira, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weatheritt, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hayashi, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martinez, N. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shirokikh, N. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Eyras, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.695332</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[SWARM: A Single-Molecule Workflow for High-Precision Profiling of RNA Modifications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694991v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single-cell RNA-sequencing of cerebral spinal fluid identifies circulating tumour cells in children with brain cancer 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.18.694991v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children, yet disease monitoring remains challenging. Conventional approaches, including imaging and cytology, lack sensitivity, delaying intervention. Liquid biopsy offers a minimally invasive alternative, but the utility of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in paediatric CNS tumours as biomarkers is poorly defined. We developed a CTC detection and characterisation workflow from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) utilising single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and applied this to ten CNS tumour subtypes in 16 patients. CTCs were identified in all cases, with higher burdens in pineoblastoma, medulloblastoma and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours. Longitudinal profiling revealed CTC dynamics correlated with clinical disease course and anticipated relapse. Critically, scRNA-seq uncovered a sub-clonal canonical driver alteration at diagnosis that only became detectable by bulk RNA-seq at progression, underscoring its potential to resolve clonal dynamics. This workflow enables real-time molecular profiling, offering a transformative strategy for disease monitoring and personalised therapy in paediatric brain tumours.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Mayoh, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Toumari, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Razavi Bazaz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gerard, A.-L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lowe, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barahona, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lau, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Staunton, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jacobson, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nagabushan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Manoharan, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ong, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong-Erasmus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ekert, P. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tyrrell, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haber, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ziegler, D. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowley, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mateos, M. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salomon, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-22</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.18.694991</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single-cell RNA-sequencing of cerebral spinal fluid identifies circulating tumour cells in children with brain cancer]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-22</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695312v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Fast phylogenetic generalised linear mixed-effects modelling using the glmmTMB R package 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.20.695312v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Phylogenetic generalised linear mixed models (PGLMMs) help ecologists to distinguish ecological drivers from other processes shaping evolutionary patterns, yet existing implementations are often limited in distributional scope or computational speed. We compare five R packages for fitting PGLMMs and highlight the new covariance structure propto in the general-purpose GLMM package glmmTMB. Simulations show that glmmTMB fits PGLMMs faster overall than brms, MCMCglmm, INLA, and phyr, while producing similar model estimates. We present the first practical application of glmmTMB for fitting phylogenetic random effects using likelihood-based models that accommodate repeated measures, demonstrated through case studies of evolutionary trait data. By improving both speed and flexibility, glmmTMB broadens access to PGLMM and supports deeper insights into trait evolution and diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Williams, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McGillycuddy, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Drobniak, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bolker, B. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Warton, D. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nakagawa, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.20.695312</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Fast phylogenetic generalised linear mixed-effects modelling using the glmmTMB R package]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695338v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A multilevel hierarchical framework for quantification of experimental heterogeneity 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695338v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Biological systems exhibit substantial heterogeneity: that is, variation in specific characteristics of individuals within a population. As a result, it is of critical importance to appropriately account for biological heterogeneity when calibrating mathematical models to infer cellular processes and predict behaviour. Recent approaches consider ordinary differential equations with random parameters to quantify heterogeneity in dynamical processes of cells. In this setting, statistical inference is performed to characterise the distribution of these random parameters within a cell population. One significant limitation of this approach is the tacit assumption that there are no substantial deviations in these distributions across experimental replicates. In this work, we propose a flexible Bayesian hierarchical differential equation modelling framework that quantifies and distinguishes both inter-experimental heterogeneity (heterogeneity between experimental replicates) and intra-experimental heterogeneity (biological heterogeneity within replicate populations). We consider two recent studies that employ mathematical models to interpret flow cytometry snap-shot data and quantify heterogeneity in nano-particle cell interactions and cell internalisation processes. Using simulation data, we demonstrate that substantial inaccuracy in the inferred dynamics can arise when experimental heterogeneity is not accounted for. By contrast, our hierarchical approach is robust to variability in inter-experimental and intra-experimental heterogeneity and our method simplifies to previous methods when inter-experimental heterogeneity is negligible. Our approach is flexible and widely applicable to applications involving replicate populations and snapshot data.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Warne, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhu, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Steele, T. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, S. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sisson, S. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Faria, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Murphy, R. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Browning, A. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695338</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A multilevel hierarchical framework for quantification of experimental heterogeneity]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695630v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Gene expression profiling of dendritic cell tolerance dysfunction in women with Systemic lupus erythematosus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695630v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central regulators of immune tolerance, and disturbances in their phenotype and function contribute to the breakdown of self-tolerance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs), which suppress autoreactive responses and promote peripheral tolerance, are a promising therapeutic focus in autoimmune diseases. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional profiles of in vitro generated DCs derived from monocytes of individuals with SLE and healthy controls to identify disease-specific disruptions in tolerance associated pathways. Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) emerged as dominant markers across all cellular contexts, with monocytes exhibiting the most substantial enrichment; key ISGs (IFI27, IFI44L, USP18, IFI6) acted as central hubs in regulatory networks, underscoring their diagnostic and pathogenic significance. In tolDCs from SLE donors, lipid metabolism pathways were selectively altered, suggesting impaired synthesis of pro-resolving lipid mediators. Additionally, diminished IL10RA expression and dysregulated IRF4 activity in SLE moDCs indicated intrinsic defects in IL-10 mediated tolerogenic differentiation. Together, these findings suggest that interferon driven transcriptional rewiring, impaired IL-10 signaling, and aberrant lipid metabolic programming converge to compromise DCs tolerogenic capacity in SLE. This highlights key mechanistic pathways that could be targeted to restore immune tolerance and reduce chronic inflammation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hernandez-Ledesma, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Coss-Navarrete, E. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salazar-Magana, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ramirez-Espinosa, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tinajero-Nieto, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Torres-Valdez, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena-Ayala, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Felix-Rodriguez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Frontana-Vazquez, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia-Sotelo, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Trynka, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rosetti, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernandez-Valverde, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gutierrez-Arcelus, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Alpizar-Rodriguez, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Medina-Rivera, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695630</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Gene expression profiling of dendritic cell tolerance dysfunction in women with Systemic lupus erythematosus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695868v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Attention biases the appearance of rapidly alternating stimuli 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.21.695868v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Attentional selection not only increases behavioural performance and neural information for attended stimuli but, in some instances, induces changes in stimulus appearance. While reported appearance changes have mostly concerned the effects of attending to a particular spatial location, here we report a shift in appearance that occurs when attention is directed to one component of a rapidly alternating stimulus. Our stimuli included two frames of different colours, which alternated at 3.75Hz or 7.5Hz. Participants reported the perceived dominance of one frames colour in the target stimulus, by comparison with a reference stimulus. We found that when one stimulus frame was more salient than the other, capturing exogenous attention, there was an illusory perception that the frame was physically present for a greater proportion of time. When the frames were matched in salience, endogenously directing attention to one frame produced a smaller shift in appearance. Our results add to the body of literature demonstrating that attention can change appearance, in this case altering the appearance of attended versus unattended stimuli that are presented at the same spatial location. Furthermore, our results support the notion that in  temporal transparency, where rapidly alternating stimuli are perceived as two translucent surfaces, attentional selection of one surface can account for the apparent paradox that feature conjunctions are perceived at stimulus alternation rates higher than predicted by the temporal limits of feature binding for other stimuli.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ishaq, A. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Goddard, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.21.695868</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Attention biases the appearance of rapidly alternating stimuli]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695869v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Hierarchical buffering of cellular RNA polymerase II pools maintains transcriptional homeostasis 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.22.695869v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) abundance and transcriptional output are coordinated across diverse conditions to maintain mRNA homeostasis. To determine whether Pol II acts as a limiting factor for transcription, we combined acute perturbations with quantitative single-cell imaging and genome-wide profiling. We find that transcription remains stable across 70-180% of normal Pol II levels in human cells. This robustness emerges from hierarchical buffering mechanisms operating on distinct timescales. Within tens of minutes after monoallelic depletion of Pol II subunit POLR2A, cells maintain steady transcriptional output by drawing polymerases from a nucleoplasmic reserve pool. However, over hours, cellular Pol II holoenzyme levels also recover, driven by constitutive excess POLR2A subunit production rather than feedback sensing. Finally, strong depletion over days activates additional compensatory mechanisms. Together, these results reveal how temporal separation of buffering mechanisms provides robustness to perturbations of essential machinery, illuminating how cells maintain homeostatic control of essential complexes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gillis, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cacioppo, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ng, P. Q.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hiles-Murison, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tufegdzic Vidakovic, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Berry, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-23</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.22.695869</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Hierarchical buffering of cellular RNA polymerase II pools maintains transcriptional homeostasis]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-23</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697144v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
To FRET or Not to FRET: Bioinformatics and Fluorescence Spectroscopy suggest that Reduced Tryptophan to Heme Energy Transfer Facilitates Lignin Degradation in Class II Peroxidases 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.31.697144v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A key step in the evolution of lignin-degrading enzymes is revealed by the observation that, unlike other heme-proteins studied to date, Class II peroxidases exhibit minimal energy transfer from tryptophan (Trp) to heme residues. Bioinformatics analyses and molecular dynamics simulations of Class II (MnP and VP) and Class III (horseradish peroxidase, HrP) structures indicate that the Trp residue in HrP has the highest orientational factor and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency. By contrast, Trp residues in MnP and VP display low FRET efficiency due to unfavorable orientation factors despite their proximity to the heme. Steady-state fluorescence experiments confirmed this low FRET efficiency, showing strong emission in MnP and VP but weak emission in HrP. This decreased Trp-to-heme energy transfer appears to minimize competition between direct FRET and long-range electron transfer (LRET), allowing electrons to flow from bulky lignin substrates to the heme center. Such a mechanism likely provided a selective advantage during the evolution of Class II peroxidases, facilitating efficient lignin degradation at the enzyme surface.

HighlightsClass II peroxidases show reduced Trp-to-heme FRET compared with HRP

MD simulations reveal unfavorable Trp-heme orientation in VP and MnP

Low FRET correlates with strong Trp fluorescence in VP and MnP

Reduced FRET favors long-range electron transfer (LRET) during lignin oxidation

Findings suggest an evolutionary adaptation in lignin-degrading peroxidases



O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=128 SRC="FIGDIR/small/697144v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1000">
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org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f8b3a8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1db18a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12ebf1dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@54712_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ren, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ang, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ertan, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Plojak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Aldrich-Wright, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bridge, W. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiqui, K. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697144</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[To FRET or Not to FRET: Bioinformatics and Fluorescence Spectroscopy suggest that Reduced Tryptophan to Heme Energy Transfer Facilitates Lignin Degradation in Class II Peroxidases]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2025-12-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.696520v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Threading the needle: Spatial constraints sharpen visual sensitivity in honeybees 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.02.696520v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Navigating dense clutter requires honeybees to execute rapid visuomotor comparisons to identify the best route. How they resolve perceptual inputs to make a passage choice from multiple options is an open question. We studied this in a free flying paradigm where bees were challenged to choose between a taller and shorter aperture with varying height difference. We monitored choice across four height difference ratios at three spatial scales. Bees chose the taller aperture in all tests, but the precision of these choices depended heavily on the absolute size of the gap. For each size scale of aperture pairs, psychometric modelling revealed that when making a choice bees generally evaluate the relative height difference, conforming to Webers law. However, bees choices were non-uniformly sensitive across aperture size scales. Bees had greater sensitivity at the smallest spatial scale, where the likelihood of collision danger is larger. This deviation in behaviour due to absolute aperture size suggests a dynamic risk-cost trade-off. Bees appear to prioritise costly, high-acuity inspections only when imposed by critical physical constraints of the environment, relaxing this vigilance at safer, larger scales to conserve energy.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jakobi, T. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garratt, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Srinivasan, M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ravi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.02.696520</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Threading the needle: Spatial constraints sharpen visual sensitivity in honeybees]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698347v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Linkage-aware inference of fitness from short-read time-series genomic data 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.08.698347v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Inferring the fitness effect of mutations is a basic problem in understanding the evolution of populations over time. When multiple mutations are present in a population simultaneously, genetic linkage comes into play, and the fate of an individual mutation depends on both its fitness as well as the background on which it occurs. Accurate inference of fitness effects for evolutionary systems with multiple competing mutations is therefore contingent on resolving the confounding effects of genetic linkage, captured by the covariance between allele-pairs. Increasingly, evolutionary studies are using short-read sequencing technologies to produce detailed snapshots of evolving populations. This presents a problem as the frequencies of allele-pairs are not known beyond the read-length, hampering any attempt to resolve the effects of genetic linkage between pairs of loci residing on different reads. Here we present a computationally efficient pipeline for inferring selection from short-read time-series data with partial allele-pair frequency information, while accounting for linkage. Simulation results show that the method has good performance and is scalable to systems with several thousand variants. Additionally, we demonstrate the pipelines utility on real datasets of within-host HIV and SARS-CoV-2 evolution, showcasing its applicability in resolving linkage effects from complex evolutionary histories.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Abdullah, S. M. U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sohail, M. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Louie, R. H. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barton, J. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McKay, M. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.08.698347</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Linkage-aware inference of fitness from short-read time-series genomic data]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698907v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Proteo-transcriptomics and morphometrics of teleost cardiac cells define regulatory networks and exercise-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698907v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Zebrafish and medaka are powerful cardiovascular models, yet cellular and molecular investigations of adult heart cells have been constrained by suboptimal dissociation and characterization methods. To overcome these barriers, we developed a physiological-temperature workflow that generates high-yield, viable single-cell suspensions for FACS, imaging, and low-input molecular profiling. Using transgenic fluorescent reporters, we consistently isolate [~]6,000 cardiomyocytes per adult zebrafish ventricle and [~]12,000 from medaka, preserving cellular, structural, and molecular integrity. Single-cell morphometrics revealed cardiomyocyte heterogeneity and demonstrated that swimming exercise induces both hypertrophy and hyperplasia, while ventricular injury triggers expansion of regenerative gata4 cardiomyocytes. We integrated proteomics and RNA-seq from FACS-purified cells to construct cell-type-specific proteo-transcriptomic atlases. Functional enrichment, transcription factor, and network analyses identified protein hubs and regulatory circuits defining cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell identity. Our platform delivers cell-type-resolved molecular datasets of adult teleost cardiac cells, establishing a systems-level resource for heart regeneration research, cardiovascular disease modeling, and drug discovery.

TeaserA robust workflow for isolation, FACS, imaging, and multi-omics profiling of cardiomyocytes and cardiac endothelial cells in fish.

HIGHLIGHTSO_LITemperature-optimized dissociation and standardized FACS enable high-yield isolation of viable cardiac cells.
C_LIO_LISingle-cell imaging uncovers morphological heterogeneity in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes.
C_LIO_LISustained exercise induces both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of zebrafish cardiomyocytes.
C_LIO_LIProteo-transcriptomics defines core molecular programs and interaction networks in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells.
C_LI
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Contreras, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santiago, C. F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thekkedam, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chand, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gonzalez-Rajal, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wong, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fatkin, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Harvey, R. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.698907</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Proteo-transcriptomics and morphometrics of teleost cardiac cells define regulatory networks and exercise-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698920v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
First inhibitor of a bacterial two-partner secretion system. 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.11.698920v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Two-partner secretion system transporter proteins (TpsB) are widely conserved across Gram-negative pathogens. TpsB family proteins secrete exoprotein virulence factors that perform a myriad of functions such as adhesion and immune modulation. Despite their incredible importance in bacterial infectious disease, TpsB inhibitors have not yet been discovered. Here, we describe a potent inhibitor of FhaC, a TpsB protein produced by Bordetella spp. FhaC secretes the exoprotein FhaB that is essential for the establishment of whooping cough. We designed a peptide called P1 that we predicted would prevent substrate binding and lock FhaC in a secretion-inactive state. Simulations and biochemical assays supported our hypothesis and identified interactions important for P1 binding to FhaC. Strikingly, we observed that the peptide strongly inhibited FhaB secretion from clinical isolates and broadly reduced correlates of virulence. Together, this work provides a strong case for further development of a novel class of anti-TpsB anti-virulence compounds.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Hartojo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Luu, L. D. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adamson, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Majors, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Paparella, A. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cotter, P. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnson, R. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doyle, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-12</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.11.698920</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[First inhibitor of a bacterial two-partner secretion system.]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-12</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699167v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Disrupting astrocyte signalling in the nucleus accumbens impairs incentive-driven instrumental actions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.12.699167v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) core have been observed to undergo phenotypic changes associated with drug-seeking behaviour in both humans and animals. However, the role of NAC core astrocytes in non-drug-related instrumental behaviour remains poorly understood. To address this, we chemogenetically activated hM4Di receptors selectively expressed on NAC core astrocytes in rats during food-motivated decision-making tasks. In Experiment 1, rats were first trained to associate two auditory stimuli with two distinct food outcomes (pellets and sucrose), then to press left and right levers for those same outcomes. All training was conducted drug-free, and rats then received intraperitoneal (i.p) injections of either vehicle or deschloroclozapine (DCZ) prior to test. Disrupting astrocytic signalling via DCZ injections left instrumental choice intact when it was guided by cues signalling the sensory-specific properties of each outcome, as tested in specific Pavlovian instrumental transfer and outcome-selective reinstatement, but suppressed responding in an outcome devaluation test. In Experiment 2, a single stimulus and single lever were separately paired with distinct food outcomes, then presented together on test. Control animals demonstrated a general PIT effect, elevating responding during stimulus presentations, and this was prevented by Gi activation on NAC core astrocytes. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased neuronal activity following hM4Di activation in astrocytes. Together, these findings suggest that intact signalling in NAC core astrocytes is necessary for instrumental actions that depend on general arousal or affective processes, but not for actions guided by sensory-specific outcome expectations.

Significance StatementAstrocyte dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) has been implicated in several forms of compulsion in humans, yet preclinical work has focussed almost exclusively on drug-taking and seeking. The role of NAC core astrocytes on responding for non-drug outcomes is therefore unclear. Here, using food outcomes, we show that disrupting astrocytic Gi signalling in NAC core selectively impairs actions driven by general motivational states but spares those guided by specific outcome expectations. These findings suggest that NAC core astrocytes play a critical role in invigorating behaviour, extending their involvement beyond drug-seeking in animals and highlighting their potential relevance to compulsive behaviour more generally.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Gladding, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Soegyono, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>abiero, a.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Turner, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>kendig, m.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bradfield, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.12.699167</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Disrupting astrocyte signalling in the nucleus accumbens impairs incentive-driven instrumental actions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699896v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Submaximal running energetics are maintained despite local muscle fatigue 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699896v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
When running, metabolic cost increases as muscles are simultaneously fatigued. However, the contribution of an individual muscle group to fatigue-related increase in metabolic costs remains unclear. We investigated the metabolic consequence of running with local plantar flexor or knee extensor fatigue and associated neuromuscular control strategies. Recreational and experienced male runners (N=20) completed two sessions (one per muscle group), with each including two 10 min running bouts: without and with local fatigue ([~]20% reduction in peak joint torque). Net metabolic power and muscle activity (initial and final minutes) were determined. Metabolic power was unaffected by plantar flexor (p=0.367) or knee extensor (p=0.607) fatigue in both cohorts. Plantar flexor fatigue recovered during the fatigued run (p=0.033), while knee extensor fatigue only recovered for the recreational cohort (p=0.009; experienced: p=0.826). With plantar flexor fatigue, plantar flexor muscle activity was unchanged between runs (p[&ge;]0.312), however initial soleus activity was greater in the unfatigued than fatigued run for experienced runners (p=0.022), and initial medial gastrocnemius activity was greater in the unfatigued than fatigued run for the combined cohort (p=0.009). With knee extensor fatigue, knee extensor muscle activity was mostly lower in the unfatigued than fatigued run (p[&le;]0.009), except for final vastus lateralis activity, which was unchanged between runs (p=0.061). Therefore, muscle groups respond with different activation strategies when fatigued. Running with plantar flexor or knee extensor fatigue, at levels like those induced by prolonged running (10-42 km), does not increase metabolic power and thus, submaximal running energetics may be maintained despite local muscle fatigue.

NEW & NOTEWORTHYWhile muscle fatigue is suggested to increase the metabolic cost of running, the individual contributions of key lower limb muscle groups have not been explored. We examined responses after fatigue of only the plantar flexors or the knee extensors. Results indicate that local fatigue did not affect the metabolic power of male runners for either fatigued muscle group. These findings enhance our understanding of running performance and the interaction between fundamental criteria dictating human locomotion.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Finn, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nahan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heroux, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.16.699896</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Submaximal running energetics are maintained despite local muscle fatigue]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700687v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A proteomic signature of oocyte quality from models of varying oocyte developmental competence 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.20.700687v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Study questionWhich proteins underpin oocyte developmental competence, as modelled by oocytes of variable competence matured in vivo, or matured in vitro under different conditions (capacitation in vitro maturation (CAPA) or standard in vitro maturation (IVM))?

Summary answerSignificant differences in the global proteome were observed in both oocytes and their corresponding cumulus cells depending on the mode of oocyte maturation, with key variations in eukaryotic translation, autophagy and endocytosis pathways within oocytes, and changes in reactive oxygen species detoxification and serine biosynthesis in cumulus cells.

What is known alreadyWithin the ovarian follicle, mammalian oocytes must acquire the necessary molecular machinery to support successful fertilisation and embryonic development. Close contact with the surrounding cumulus cells ensures coordinated nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of the oocyte, along with the accumulation of proteins stored within the oocyte in cytoplasmic lattices and endo-lysosomal vesicular assemblies.

Study design, size, durationThis basic science study utilised a mouse model to assess proteomic changes across three oocyte competence models. Key proteins identified in mouse oocytes were also assessed in discarded immature human germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and MII oocytes following rescue-IVM. Three oocyte maturation methods were tested: i) in vivo maturation, (ii) CAPA and (iii) standard IVM. In vivo maturation served as a positive control group, whereby metaphase II (MII) mature oocytes were collected from mice stimulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and triggered with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), simulating full ovarian stimulation. For the in vitro maturation groups, immature cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from mildly stimulated (23 hr PMSG) mice. For the standard IVM group, immature COCs were matured in media containing amphiregulin and epiregulin for 18 hours. For the CAPA group, COCs were held for 24 hours in pre-IVM conditions in the presence of c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), oestradiol, insulin and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and then matured via IVM in media containing FSH, amphiregulin and epiregulin. Four biological replicates were performed for mouse proteomics experiments, three biological replicates performed for mouse immunocytochemistry experiments and six replicates were performed for embryology experiments.

Participants/materials, settings, methodsFour to six-week-old C57BL/6JAusb mice were used for all mouse experiments. Embryology outcomes were used to confirm the variation in oocyte developmental competence between the three maturation groups. For the in vivo, CAPA and IVM groups, mature MII COCs were collected and separated into oocytes and cumulus cells. Oocytes and cumulus cells were subjected to mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis was performed using Proteome Discoverer and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, with data validated by immunofluorescence. To assess conservation of proteins in human oocytes, 49 oocytes were collected from 36 patients following assisted reproduction technology (ART) cycles and subject to immunofluorescence. Rescue-IVM was also performed with half of the human oocyte cohort to obtain MII oocytes.

Main results and the role of chanceProteomic profiling identified around 1600 proteins in mouse oocytes and 3100 in mouse cumulus cells across all three treatment groups (at least 2 peptides per protein). Differential expression analysis and pattern analysis collectively revealed a signature of proteins that were consistently differentially expressed between in vivo and in vitro oocyte maturation systems (log2FC of {+/-} 1 and a p-value [&le;] 0.05). These subsets of proteins were mapped to biological processes including eukaryotic translation, autophagy and endocytosis pathways within oocytes. Orthogonal validation of clathrin, ribosomal protein L24 and eukaryotic initiation factor 2A supported the proteomic findings and expression was conserved in human oocytes. Changes in reactive oxygen species detoxification and serine biosynthesis were observed in mouse cumulus cells, with fluorescence intensity changes in ferredoxin-1 and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase supporting the dysregulation of cumulus cell processes during in vitro maturation.

Large scale dataThe mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD073269.

Limitations, reasons for cautionThe foundational mechanisms of oocyte developmental competence remain elusive, particularly in humans where MII oocytes are heterogenous in quality within the same stimulation cycle and patient. In this study, C57Bl6/J mice were used as the model species, allowing precise control over differing models of oocyte quality and capacity to analyse large numbers of oocytes. However, care is required when interpreting the significance of these findings in mice to mechanisms regulating human oocyte quality. Nonetheless, the in vivo stimulation and both IVM protocols used in this study are clinically relevant and developmentally matched. This study has also not addressed oocyte developmental competence in gonadotropin-free IVM oocytes, which is now a clinical reality.

Wider implications of the findingsThis study confirms that mouse oocytes, matured in vitro in two clinically relevant systems, show reduced developmental competence when compared to in vivo matured oocytes. Through examination of the global proteome in oocytes, molecular pathways including eukaryotic translation, autophagy and endocytosis were dysregulated in in vitro oocytes. Recent findings have revealed the critical role of these pathways to developmental competence in the context of in vivo development. In cumulus cells, changes in reactive oxygen species detoxification and serine biosynthesis were observed, adding to the extensive knowledge around metabolic activity in cumulus cells as a critical facet of oocyte quality. Combined, this data suggests that the necessary processes of protein storage and degradation in oocytes and metabolism in cumulus cells constitute important components of oocyte quality. These processes appear suboptimal in current IVM systems, providing a future research direction to optimise IVM protocols with consideration to these protein pathways.

Study funding/competing interestsThis study was funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Fellowship (APP1023210) awarded to R.B.G. and by a gift from Open Philanthropy. The following competing interests are declared: R.B.G.is a consultant to Dioseve Inc.. L.E.W is a co-founder, shareholder, director and advisor of Jumpstart Fertility Inc.. L.E.W. is also an advisor and shareholder in EdenRoc Sciences, the parent company of Metro Biotech NSW and Metro Biotech, and in Life Biosciences LLC and its daughter companies. His UNSW Industry Scientia position is partly funded by Proto Axiom. All other authors have no competing interests to disclose.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Frost, E. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Richani, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vuyyuru, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liao, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Georgiou, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gunesekara, J. M. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mihalas, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sucquart, I. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kadam, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wu, L. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gilchrist, R. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-21</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.20.700687</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A proteomic signature of oocyte quality from models of varying oocyte developmental competence]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-21</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702423v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Machine learning-based image analysis of Parkinson's disease iPS-derived neurons predicts genotype and reveals mitochondria-lysosome abnormalities 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.28.702423v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction are central features of Parkinsons disease (PD) across major genetic forms including PRKN, SNCA, and LRRK2. We applied cell morphomics, a machine-learning-based framework combining high-content imaging with quantitative feature extraction, to analyse mitochondrial and lysosomal morphology at single-cell resolution in iPS cell-derived cortical neurons from PD patients and healthy controls (13 lines total). Supervised machine-learning models distinguished PD neurons from controls with high accuracy (AUC = 0.87) and reliably separated individual genotypes. Feature importance and attribution analysis revealed genotype-specific organelle biases, with mitochondrial features dominating classification in PRKN neurons, balanced mitochondrial and lysosomal contributions in SNCA neurons, and a greater lysosomal contribution in LRRK2 neurons. Multi-class models retained strong performance, and findings were reproduced across two independent laboratories using different dyes and imaging conditions. These results demonstrate that morphomics provides a robust and scalable framework to quantify genotype-specific organelle abnormalities in PD neurons and supports its application for cellular stratification and biomarker discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Powell, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chedid, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sutharsan, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garrido, A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Abu-Bonsrah, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pavan, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fraser, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ovchinnikov, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zhong, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Davis, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Strbenac, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Johnston, J. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thompson, L. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kirik, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Parish, C. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Halliday, G. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sue, C. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dzamko, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wali, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-01-29</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.01.28.702423</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Machine learning-based image analysis of Parkinson's disease iPS-derived neurons predicts genotype and reveals mitochondria-lysosome abnormalities]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-01-29</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704122v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
A Comprehensive epidemiological and molecular study of gastrointestinal helminths of Companion Animals in Northeastern Bangladesh: A neglected zoonotic threat 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.05.704122v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundGastrointestinal helminths of companion animals are neglected sources of zoonotic infection in low and middle-income countries. In Bangladesh, close humananimal contact and large free-roaming dog and cat populations may facilitate parasite transmission, yet region-specific data remain limited. This study assessed the prevalence, species diversity, and zoonotic potential of gastrointestinal helminths in companion animals in northeastern Bangladesh.

MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between January and December 2025 across urban and rural areas of the Sylhet Division. Fecal samples from 900 animals (600 dogs and 300 cats; owned and stray) were examined using standard coproscopic techniques. Molecular confirmation of selected positive samples was performed using PCR targeting ITS-2, 18S rRNA, and mitochondrial cox1 genes, followed by sequencing. Risk factors associated with infection were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.

ResultsOverall, 45.9% (95% CI: 42.6-49.2) of animals were infected with at least one gastrointestinal helminth, with mixed infections detected in 18.4%. Prevalence was similar in dogs (45.7%) and cats (46.3%) but significantly higher in stray animals (65.7%) than in owned animals (36.6%). Predominant zoonotic helminths included Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia/Echinococcus spp. Molecular analysis confirmed 93% of morphologically identified infections and revealed high genetic similarity to zoonotic reference strains. Stray status, lack of deworming, young age, and outdoor roaming were significant risk factors for infection (p < 0.05).

ConclusionsCompanion dogs and cats in northeastern Bangladesh harbor a high burden of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths and represent important reservoirs for human exposure. Strengthening One Health-based surveillance, routine deworming, and stray animal management is essential to reduce zoonotic transmission.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nath, T. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nyema, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Raquib, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Siddiki, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tasnim, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Prity, Z. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tarek, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mukutmoni, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Islam, K. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ahmed, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.704122</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[A Comprehensive epidemiological and molecular study of gastrointestinal helminths of Companion Animals in Northeastern Bangladesh: A neglected zoonotic threat]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704904v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Dual transcriptomics reveal commensal interactions between microalgae and phycosphere bacteria 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.09.704904v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The interactions between microalgae and the bacteria living in the phycosphere are pivotal to the role they play in aquatic ecosystems. This study examines how two representatives of common phycosphere bacteria, Yoonia sp. TsM2_T14_4 (Rhodobacteraceae) and Maribacter sp. IgM3_T14_3 (Flavobacteriaceae), interact with three microalgal hosts: Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica, and Conticribra weissflogii (formerly Thalassiosira weissflogii) using dual transcriptomic analyses of both bacteria and microalgae. Bacterial transcriptomes differed significantly depending on microalgal host, with notable changes in carbohydrate metabolism among other COG categories. Yoonia sp. expressed genes involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis in co-culture with I. galbana, presumably due to its inability to utilize carbohydrates from this algal host, whereas Maribacter sp. expressed polysaccharide degradation genes in co-culture with C. weissflogii along with T9SS genes, which can be employed to secrete these hydrolytic enzymes. Specifically, a putative glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase was highly expressed, an enzyme that can hydrolyze laminarin and curdlan. Maribacter sp. IgM3_T14_3 could utilize laminarin as a sole carbon source in laboratory settings, a polysaccharide commonly found in marine environments and produced by C. weissflogii. Surprisingly, microalgal transcriptomes remained largely unaltered in the presence of either of the bacteria compared to transcriptomes of axenic algal cultures. These findings highlight the adaptability of phycosphere bacteria to different microalgal hosts. Furthermore, it also indicates a commensalism between microalgae, Yoonia sp. and Maribacter sp., in which the bacteria adapt to and benefit from microalgal host exudates, whereas under the conditions employed here the microalgae are unaffected by the presence of these bacterial symbionts.

ImportanceMicroalgae are the key players in marine ecosystems, capturing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and releasing carbohydrates into their immediate environment, the so-called phycosphere. Certain bacterial taxa are consistently found within the phycosphere, where they interact with their microalgal host in a variety of ways. However, the impact of these bacteria on the microalgae is not fully understood despite their ecological relevance. This study uses a dual transcriptomic approach to investigate the impact of such core phycosphere bacteria on microalgal hosts and vice versa to uncover the reason behind their success in the phycosphere and possible roles in marine ecosystems.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roager, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schostag, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garritano, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gram, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-09</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704904</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Dual transcriptomics reveal commensal interactions between microalgae and phycosphere bacteria]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-09</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705025v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
An eco-evolutionary theory of host-associated microbiomes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.10.705025v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Host-associated microbiomes often display host specificity and heritability, yet the evolutionary processes under which such structured communities first emerge are still unclear. In particular, the conditions by which intergenerational (i.e. vertical) transmission of microbes can evolve and generate host-specific microbiomes are still unresolved. Here, we present an eco-evolutionary theory of microbiome assembly under minimal assumptions of microbial dynamics (i.e. neutrally driven by environmental fluctuations) and host control. We consider the adaptive evolution of microbial and host traits, including microbiome size and vertical transmission. We show that environmental fluctuations can generate enough among-host microbial variation to enable host-level selection favouring beneficial microbiome configurations. Vertical transmission can then evolve and, even when weak, allow microbiome specificity to be inherited and amplified across generations despite continuous influx from the external environment. Selection is most effective at intermediate levels of environmental fluctuation and host lifespan, revealing fundamental trade-offs between stochastic assembly, inheritance, and dispersal of microbes. The resulting microbiomes are dense, host-specific, and heritable, yet retain high intraspecific variability and lack strict phylosymbiosis. Simulated patterns of microbial dominance, diversity, and host-microbiome dissimilarity closely match those observed in nature, as evidenced using marine sponge microbiomes. Our results provide a mechanistic theory for the early evolution of host-associated microbiomes, showing that beneficial and species-specific communities can arise through selection and inheritance prior to the evolution of dedicated host-control mechanisms.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Araujo, G. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Webster, N. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Montoya, J. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lurgi, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.10.705025</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[An eco-evolutionary theory of host-associated microbiomes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.704737v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Designing High-Affinity Progesterone Binders: Pocket Analysis and Scaffold Selection 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.12.704737v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Molecular recognition is a central component that confers detection specificity to all biosensors. The design and use of such molecules require consideration of properties including their affinity and selectivity, plus their ease of production and engineering, for downstream commercial purposes.

Progesterone (P4), is a biomarker that is extensively for various diagnostic purposes. Examples include detection of P4 as an indicator of oestrus in cattle breeding, and ovulation in human IVF programs. P4 is also thought to promote strains of breast cancer, resulting in it being an environmental pollutant of interest.

The present study focusses on in-silico molecular docking trials of P4 molecules with proteins such as antibodies and receptors. We describe the geometry of novel P4-binding pockets and predict key residues that favour high affinity and selectivity for P4. The in-silico molecular docking trials were performed on various mutants of an anti-P4 antibody that had lost their P4 specificity but retained selective recognition of steroids with structures closely related to cholesterol. Reverse-docking trials permitted the identification of novel scaffolds with favourable P4 binding properties. Future reports will validate the predictions of these studies through wet lab experiments. A further opportunity for this approach is to incorporate a scaffold functionality to permit binding of the protein or receptor to other molecules or sites within a biosensor electrode. These findings, and future studies, will assist in development of enhanced biosensing platforms with custom-designed P4 binders, aiding commercialisation using in-house developed reagents to meet IP requirements and minimise scaling costs. The steroid biotechnology market, valued at over $10 billion, also benefits from novel steroid binder designs, facilitating real-time steroid biomonitoring platforms for optimising steroid bioprocesses.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourhassan-Moghaddam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.12.704737</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Designing High-Affinity Progesterone Binders: Pocket Analysis and Scaffold Selection]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705684v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Functional Characterisation of Recombinant Proteins Using Ion Channel Switch Technology: A Label-Free, Wash-Free Platform for Biotechnological Applications 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.13.705684v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
We present a rapid, label-free, and highly sensitive platform for characterising recombinant protein functionality using Ion Channel Switch (ICS) technology. This method enables precise evaluation of binding specificity, oligomeric state discrimination, and real-time analyte detection, addressing key challenges in protein engineering and bioprocess quality control. Using engineered single-chain variable fragments (scFv), ICS reliably distinguishes monomeric from multimeric forms, facilitates wash-free detection of analytes ranging from small molecules to larger biomolecules, and enables quantitative biosensing within seconds in real-time and continuous format. These capabilities establish ICS as a powerful tool for streamlining recombinant protein screening, with broad applications in diagnostics, therapeutic quality control, and automated bioprocess workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Pourhassan Moghaddam, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jayasundera, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cornell, B. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Valenzuela, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-14</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.13.705684</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Functional Characterisation of Recombinant Proteins Using Ion Channel Switch Technology: A Label-Free, Wash-Free Platform for Biotechnological Applications]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-14</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.15.705738v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Asgard archaeal origin of microtubules 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.15.705738v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eukaryotic cells change their shapes, actively segregate their DNA and contain membrane networks, facilitated by a complex cytoskeleton containing actin filaments, microtubules made from tubulin, and other components. These filaments have ancient evolutionary origins since actin- and tubulin-like proteins form prokaryotic cytoskeletons in archaea and bacteria. Bona fide eukaryotic F-actin can be traced back to crenarchaea and Asgard archaea, which are the closest known relatives of eukaryotes. A possible Asgard archaeal origin of microtubules was suggested recently with the discovery of a lokiarchaeon containing AtubAB mini microtubules that share architectural features with their eukaryotic counterparts. Using phylogenetic analyses of metagenomic data, here we report the broad occurrence of tubulins in Asgard archaea. Biochemical and structural analyses showed that one of our newly discovered heimdallarchaeial AtubAB tubulin pairs forms four-protofilament mini-microtubules that show dynamic instability and are inhibited by the tubulin drug maytansine. Our work raises the possibility that microtubule architecture and dynamics evolved in Asgard archaea prior to eukaryogenesis.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Löwe, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>von Kügelgen, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Planelles-Herrero, V. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McAndrew, M. B. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Oliva, M. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vosseberg, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Köstlbacher, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dharamshi, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Appler, K. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>MacLeod, F. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nobs, S.-J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jorgensen, S. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burns, B. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baker, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bharat, T. A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Derivery, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tamarit, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ettema, T. J. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-16</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.15.705738</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Asgard archaeal origin of microtubules]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-16</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706496v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Trace gas oxidation supports sub-surface microbial communities across Namib Desert fog and aridity gradients 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706496v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Widely accepted climate predictions indicate that drylands will expand to cover more than half of the Earths terrestrial surface by the end of the 21st century. In these environments, harsh conditions including nutrient and water limitations restrict plant and animal life, thereby increasing the importance of soil microbial communities in nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. The Namib Desert is a distinctive dryland ecosystem characterised by a steep natural aridity gradient, transitioning from a coastal hyperarid zone influenced by frequent fog deposition to an inland arid region receiving seasonal rainfall. This study investigates the impact of water availability and moisture regime on microbial trace gas oxidation and community composition across this aridity gradient. Quantitative analyses revealed that total microbial abundance and activity indicators, including ATP concentrations and respiration rates, were significantly (p < 0.005) reduced in hyperarid soils compared to their arid counterparts. In contrast, hyperarid fog-dominated soils exhibited significantly (p < 0.0005) elevated rates of atmospheric hydrogen oxidation, even in the absence of water inputs. We propose that sustained high-affinity hydrogen oxidation, coupled with rapid microbial resuscitation following wetting events, supports shallow sub-surface microbial communities in the Namib Desert, particularly in the coastal hyperarid zone. Together, these findings challenge current understanding of the lower limits of microbial activity and reveal alternate metabolic pathways that enable microbial persistence in hyperarid hot desert soils.

ImportanceDrylands are expanding globally, yet the mechanisms that allow microbial life to persist under extreme and sustained water limitation remain poorly understood. This study demonstrates that atmospheric trace gas oxidation, particularly high-affinity hydrogen oxidation, supports active and resilient microbial communities in hyperarid soils of the Namib Desert, even in the absence of liquid water inputs. By revealing how microbes may couple trace gas metabolism to energy and water generation, our findings provide new insight into the lower limits of microbial activity in dry hot desert soils and highlight the need to investigate how microbes persist and sustain soil ecosystem functioning.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Tribbia, D. Z.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lebre, P. H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vazquez-Campos, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ray, A. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Laird, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Machado de Lima, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maggs-Kölling, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cowan, D. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferrari, B. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706496</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Trace gas oxidation supports sub-surface microbial communities across Namib Desert fog and aridity gradients]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706921v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The control of goal-directed actions by nutrient-specific appetites and rewards 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.19.706921v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
There is evidence that appetites for specific nutrients can guide foraging behaviour and aid in dietary regulation through associative learning processes that link stimuli to nutrient-specific outcomes. However, most, if not all, examples of such behaviour can be interpreted as being stimulus-bound habits, i.e., reflexive responses induced by environmental stimuli. The control of identified goal-directed actions by nutrient-specific appetites has not been directly assessed. To address this question, we trained rats to press a lever for a high protein reward (whey protein shake) and another lever for a high carbohydrate reward (polycose solution). They were then tested under extinction conditions in which both levers were available following the extended exposure to meals that were high in protein or carbohydrate. When otherwise food-deprived rats had been selectively satiated on protein immediately prior to test, they pressed more on the lever they learned had produced polycose, whereas they pressed the lever they learned had produced whey protein more if they had instead been satiated on carbohydrate. Crucially, the same pattern emerged whether the satiety manipulation was achieved using the same nutrient sources that rats had earned during training (i.e., whey or polycose) or with foods high in the relevant nutrients, indicating that these behaviours were under goal-directed control and sensitive to nutritional state. These results show that actions can be motivated by the nutritional relevance of the instrumental outcome to specific appetites, a relationship that may guide natural foraging decisions.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Roy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Burton, T. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Balleine, B. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706921</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The control of goal-directed actions by nutrient-specific appetites and rewards]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707519v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Divergence in skeletal muscle growth by differential spatial hyperplastic patterning in teleost fishes 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.23.707519v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Skeletal muscle plays important locomotive and metabolic functions, yet its formation and maintenance are processes remaining largely unclear mechanistically in any animal. Teleost fishes display extraordinary muscle growth due to their ability to undergo both hyperplasia and hypertrophy throughout life. These phenomena vary greatly even between closely related species, providing opportunities to elucidate growth dynamics and underlying mechanisms through cross-species comparisons. Using histological and genetic approaches, we compared muscle growth dynamics in three closely related danionin species with distinct growth capacities: the giant danio (Devario malabaricus), the zebrafish (Danio rerio), and Danionella cerebrum, as well as the more distantly related African turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri). Our study reveals alterations in spatial patterning of muscle hyperplasia and developmental timing to be major contributors to observed differences in muscle growth between examined species. Single-cell RNA profiling, in situ hybridization chain reaction and cell type-specific mutagenesis revealed muscle stem cell-specific expression of extracellular matrix genes that mediate stem cell activity, which in turn may drive growth differences between species. Taken together, our findings highlight autonomous regulation of muscle stem cells as a conserved but adaptable mechanism governing muscle patterning and diversification.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Podobnik, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ando, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guo, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mourrain, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kikuchi, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruparelia, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-25</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.707519</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Divergence in skeletal muscle growth by differential spatial hyperplastic patterning in teleost fishes]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-25</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708194v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
DENcode: A model for haplotype-informed transmission probability of dengue virus 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.26.708194v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Dengue virus transmission networks are often only partially resolved, due to gaps in sampling, unobserved mosquito-mediated transmission, and using methods (phylogenetics) that describe evolutionary relatedness but not explicit, probabilistic transmission links between individual infections. We developed DENcode, a framework to estimate the relative likelihood of vector-mediated transmission between pairs of dengue cases by combining a temperature- and time-modulated epidemiological kernel, which captures the extrinsic incubation period and human infectiousness, with a phylogenetically informed genetic similarity kernel derived from patristic distances between viral haplotypes or consensus sequences. Validation with a real-life dataset of 90 dengue infections sampled from Colombo, Sri Lanka between 2017 - 2020 and sequenced to resolve within-host haplotypes, DENcode estimates were stable across 100 Monte Carlo iterations, yielding narrow credible intervals (median width <0.001) and consistent top-ranked transmission pairs. Sensitivity analyses using ablation experiments showed that removing either the genetic or epidemiological component substantially altered the distribution of linkage probabilities, indicating that both contribute meaningfully to the inferred transmission structure. Serotype-specific transmission networks constructed from pairwise linkage probabilities from DENcode were analysed using degree- and path-based centrality measures at probability thresholds of 0.1 and 0.5, revealing relative importance of cases to disease transmission within the community. Haplotype-derived networks were more informative than consensus-based networks (x 3.6 and x 1.6 times more edges for DENV2 and 3 respectively). DENcode is a robust framework to explore dengue transmission within a community that provides an output of network of transmission probabilities informed by pathogen genetic similarity and clinical epidemiological parameters.

Author summaryTracing epidemics of dengue in setting where dengue transmission happens continuously poses many challenges especially with limited availability of genomic surveillance. Here we introduce a model that uses genomic data together with time and location data to calculate a probability of two cases of dengue being related to each other. Using data from the Colombo dengue study, from 2017 to 2020, Sri Lanka, we evaluated the model. We used haplotype level sequences that correspond to the viral variation within the human host and consensus level sequences that average the data from a single human host into a single sequence. We constructed transmission probability networks for each dengue serotype and were able to identify patients who played key roles in the corresponding networks. We were able to show that this model is robust and will be a valuable tool in the context of dengue control.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Maduranga, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Arroyo, B. M. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sigera, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Weeratunga, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fernando, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rajapakse, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lloyd, A. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bull, R. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stone, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigo, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-02-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.02.26.708194</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[DENcode: A model for haplotype-informed transmission probability of dengue virus]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-02-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709295v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Comparing the transmission blocking efficacy of Primaquine and Tafenoquine with in vivo pre-clinical models 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.03.709295v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The 8-aminoquinoline family are a well-established class of antimalarial drugs containing two clinically relevant analogues, primaquine and tafenoquine. These compounds have two therapeutically significant activities across the plasmodial lifecycle; elimination of Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites as part of a radical cure (relapse prevention), and as prophylactic transmission blocking compounds. Primaquine is currently recommended as a single low (0.25 mg/kg) dose administered with artemisinin-based combination therapy to reduce malarial transmission in areas at high risk of artemisinin partial resistance. Tafenoquine was approved in 2018 for radical cure when co-administered with chloroquine however, its transmission blocking efficacy in humans has not yet been fully evaluated, and direct head-to-head comparisons of transmission-blocking efficacy of primaquine and tafenoquine have not been performed.

Given that primaquine and tafenoquine are presumed to have similar mechanisms of action, tafenoquine may have potential use as a transmission blocking intervention. Furthermore, tafenoquine has a substantially longer half-life than primaquine, which could provide a pharmacokinetic advantage if such efficacy is confirmed. However, assessment of 8-aminoquinoline efficacy against the sexual stages of Plasmodium is complicated by the requirement for metabolic activation to generate parasite-reactive species, limiting the utility of in vitro assays.

Here, we directly compare the transmission blocking effects of primaquine and tafenoquine using two in vivo preclinical models. We titrate the transmission blocking efficacy of each compound, and evaluate the pharmacokinetics of each compound over time, linking drug exposure to efficacy. The evidence presented here suggests that beyond 24 hours, a single dose of tafenoquine is likely to have more clinically desirable pharmacokinetics, resulting in higher transmission blocking efficacy than primaquine. These findings are observed across multiple models, both in the absence or presence of a partner schizonticide and thus demonstrate a potential advantage of the utilisation of tafenoquine when compared to primaquine.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Duffey, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zakutansky, S. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gumpp, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delves, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sala, K. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sherrard-Smith, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Baum, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leroy, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rottmann, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Blagborough, A. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-03</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.03.709295</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Comparing the transmission blocking efficacy of Primaquine and Tafenoquine with in vivo pre-clinical models]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-03</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710422v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Unified Multi-Cohort Harmonisation and Normative Modelling of Neuroimaging Data via Hierarchical GAMLSS 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.08.710422v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large-scale neuroimaging studies increasingly pool data across multiple cohorts, scanners, and acquisition protocols, introducing technical between-cohort variation that must be addressed before meaningful biological inference can be drawn. Existing harmonisation methods, particularly ComBat-based approaches, have been widely adopted for this purpose. However, they remain limited by Gaussian assumptions and by their focus on location or location-scale correction. In this study, we propose a unified hierarchical Generalised Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) framework for multi-cohort harmonisation and normative modelling of structural neuroimaging data. The framework models cohort effects directly within all fitted distributional parameters, accommodates any parametric family for which exact inverse mapping is available, and returns harmonised values on the original measurement scale through centile-based quantile mapping. Normative deviation scores are obtained as a direct by-product of the same fitted model, enabling harmonisation and normative inference to be conducted jointly. The method was evaluated in a pooled longitudinal dataset comprising 88,126 observations across 237 structural neuroimaging features from six cohorts spanning childhood to late life: ABCD, IMAGEN, NCANDA, LIFE, UK Biobank, and MAS. Harmonisation performance was compared with ComBat, ComBat-GAM, and ComBat-LS using complementary criteria assessing data retention, residual batch effects, preservation of age-related and sex-related biological signal, and coherence of post-harmonisation lifespan trajectories. GAMLSS achieved near-complete removal of residual cohort effects, retained almost all valid observations post-harmonisation, and showed the strongest overall preservation of biological signal across validation metrics. In particular, it better preserved biologically plausible age trajectories for distributionally complex features such as white matter hypointensity volume, while simultaneously providing harmonised native-scale values and normative deviation scores within a single framework. These findings suggest that hierarchical GAMLSS offers a flexible and practical alternative to existing ComBat-based methods for large-scale neuroimaging harmonisation, particularly for features with non-Gaussian residual distributions and settings where cohort effects extend beyond differences in mean and variance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ho, M. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Husein, N. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fan, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Visontay, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Byrne, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Devine, E. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Squeglia, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sachdev, P. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wen, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mewton, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-11</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.08.710422</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Unified Multi-Cohort Harmonisation and Normative Modelling of Neuroimaging Data via Hierarchical GAMLSS]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-11</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711488v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Single cell multiomics reveal clonal and functional dynamics of MDS stem/progenitor cells during hypomethylating therapy 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.711488v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Progressive somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) drive the development of myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS). Hypomethylating agents such as azacitidine (AZA) can improve blood counts and reduce blasts, although responses are rarely durable. Determinants of AZA response are complex and incompletely understood, although accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic rewiring of mutated HSCs underlies improved hematopoietic output. Using single cell multiomics on longitudinal bone marrow samples, we show that AZA responsiveness involves expansion of cells with transcriptomic profiles shared with hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from healthy donors. These regenerating cells are depleted of copy number variations and of TP53 mutations. We also identify patient-restricted cell populations, some of which recede through transcriptional restoration or AZA cytotoxicity, and others which expand, regardless of initial clinical response, and dominate at progression. Individual patients carried multiple patient-restricted populations which had unique surface immunophenotypes and were genetically distinct. Strikingly, sorted cells from in vivo progression clones that were AZA-refractive in patients regained AZA-sensitivity when cultured in vitro, suggesting that lack of AZA response at the cellular level can be modulated by cell-extrinsic factors in vivo. Overall, we find that AZA response involves partial hematopoietic regeneration via functional differentiation of mutated, but not cytogenetically abnormal HSPCs, and that persistence of AZA-refractive sub-populations contributes to eventual disease progression.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Thoms, J. A. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hampton, H. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boon, P. L. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stonehouse, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zou, X.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Chung, H. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Koch, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Yan, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Joshi, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nguyen, M. N. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hung, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wright, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vafaee, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polizzotto, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Swarbrick, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jolly, C. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Zanini, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pimanda, J. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-13</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.13.711488</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Single cell multiomics reveal clonal and functional dynamics of MDS stem/progenitor cells during hypomethylating therapy]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-13</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711937v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Vibrational signatures and mimicry in ant-termite and termite-termite interactions 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.15.711937v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Eusocial insects fascinate researchers with their sophisticated communication systems and sensory specialisations. Ants and termites have coexisted in a long-standing predator-prey arms race, offering insight into the interplay between ecology and evolution. The subterranean termite Coptotermes acinaciformis can detect the predatory ant Iridomyrmex purpureus through footstep-induced vibrations, triggering defensive responses. Ants produce noisier walking signatures than termites, while the inquiline termite Macrognathotermes sunteri walks more quietly than its host, suggesting species-specific vibroacoustic strategies. Using statistical analysis of video-tracked motion and footstep vibrations in confined arenas across six ant and ten termite species, we show that C. acinaciformis, despite its body size, moves more smoothly than ants, which alternate between directed and erratic paths. Inquiline termites, by contrast, displayed erratic movements. Ants consistently produced stronger vibrations closely linked to body mass, while Highly Comparative Time Series Analysis revealed termite motions approaching chaotic dynamics. Notably, while C. acinaciformis and I. purpureus produced distinct vibrational signatures, M. sunteris signals overlapped with its host, consistent with vibroacoustic mimicry. Although the ecological nature of this association remains unresolved, our findings underscore the central role of vibrational cues in shaping interspecific dynamics and highlight vibroacoustic communication as an underappreciated driver of social insect ecology and evolution.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Oberst, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lai, J. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-18</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.15.711937</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Vibrational signatures and mimicry in ant-termite and termite-termite interactions]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-18</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.711938v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Intranasal oxytocin mRNA-LNP can promote social behaviour and reduce pain 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.18.711938v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The COVID-19 epidemic and success of mRNA-LNP vaccines demonstrated the transformative potential of mRNA therapeutics. Beyond vaccination, mRNA delivery offers a platform for transient on-demand expression of therapeutic proteins for both rare and common diseases. While delivery of therapeutics to the liver is relatively straightforward, targeted delivery of mRNA-LNPs to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a significant challenge. Here we show that intranasal mRNA-LNP delivery results in localized mRNA cargo uptake and functional expression in the respiratory and olfactory epithelium, where the encoded cargo protein is secreted and can enter the CNS. Guided by genomic data of pain-associated gene expression, we identified secreted proteins as candidate mRNA-encoded analgesics. Intranasal mRNA-LNP encoding a synthetic oxytocin transcript (OXT) resulted in bioactive oxytocin peptide delivery to the CNS. Functionally, intranasal OXT mRNA-LNP enhanced social behaviour and attenuated pain responses across multiple behavioural paradigms, without impairing motor coordination. Importantly, repeated dosing was well tolerated and intranasal mRNA-LNP did not elicit an inflammatory response or alter overall health. Together, these findings establish intranasal mRNA-LNP delivery of secreted ligands as a safe, non-invasive route to target the CNS, unlocking a new class of mRNA therapeutics for pain or other disorders of the brain.

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=189 SRC="FIGDIR/small/711938v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1">
View larger version (39K):
org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@131252aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17efb79org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1afe479org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c0f2f5_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP  M_FIG C_FIG One sentence summaryIntranasal administration of mRNA-LNP enables local transfection in nasal epithelium and subsequent secretion of therapeutic oxytocin peptides into the brain, promoting social interactions and reducing pain.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Loo, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fujikake, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bergamasco, M. I.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carr, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Shea, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Du, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cohen, S. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sandra, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thordarson, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martin, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fong, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Neely, G. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-20</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.711938</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Intranasal oxytocin mRNA-LNP can promote social behaviour and reduce pain]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-20</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713106v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Domestic dog introgression in Australian dingoes: environmental drivers and evolutionary consequences 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.22.713106v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Introgressive hybridization between wild and domestic animals is a widespread phenomenon with important implications for genetic diversity, local adaptation, and conservation management. The causes and consequences of this process are poorly understood. In Australia, hybridization between dingoes and domestic dogs presents a dual conservation challenge, threatening the genetic integrity of dingoes while allowing potential adaptive introgression. To investigate the environmental drivers of this process, we analyzed high-density SNP array data in 390 dingoes and 396 domestic dogs. Dingo populations showed regional genetic structure and were clearly differentiated from domestic dogs. Using local ancestry inference and genome-environment association analyses, we found low levels of dog introgression in dingoes from remote areas in Central and Western Australia, and moderate levels in Eastern and Southern populations. Climatic variables (maximum temperature of the warmest month, mean temperature of the driest quarter) and the Human Footprint Index (reflecting density of human populations and environmental modifications) were significant predictors of introgression. We identified four genomic regions with overrepresented dog ancestry, including a large introgressed block on chromosome 27, which contained an olfactory receptor gene showing signatures of positive selection, suggesting adaptive introgression. In addition, a chromosomal inversion previously described in dogs and absent in dingoes was initially identified as an introgressed block. We also detected eight genomic regions nearly free of dog ancestry, suggesting purifying selection against maladaptive variants. Together, these results highlight the complex interplay between introgression, human influence, and local adaptation in dingoes, offering valuable insights for conserving the evolutionary potential of this apex predator in increasingly modified landscapes.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Osuna-Mascaro, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cairns, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Doan, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flores-Manzanero, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nesbitt, B. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Newsome, T. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pilot, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-24</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.22.713106</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Domestic dog introgression in Australian dingoes: environmental drivers and evolutionary consequences]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-24</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713795v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Inactivation of Microorganisms in the Complex Regions of Transvaginal Ultrasound Probes By a UVC-LED Light Based Disinfection System 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.23.713795v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Endocavity ultrasound transducers, particularly transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) probes, contain intricate structures such as notches, grooves, lens surfaces, and handle edges that are highly susceptible to microbial contamination yet difficult to disinfect using conventional high-level disinfection (HLD) methods. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel ultraviolet-C light-emitting diode (UV-C LED) HLD system in eliminating microbial contamination from these complex probe surfaces. Two TVUS probes were sampled from predefined high-risk regions before and after disinfection following clinical use. Probe A was sampled at the top and bottom notches and both sides of the handle, while Probe B was assessed at the lens, edges, and bent groove regions. Microbial contamination was quantified using swab sampling, culture on agar plates, and identification via MALDI-TOF. Environmental sampling of examination and disinfection rooms was also performed. To assess this system robustness, probe sites were repeatedly inoculated with Bacillus subtilis spores and evaluated following UV-C treatment. Before UV-C treatment, contamination rates ranged from 25% to 57% across sampled regions, with microbial loads reaching up to 3.9 log CFU. Identified organisms included Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus cereus, and Propionibacterium spp. Probe sheaths were also predominantly contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis., with counts reaching up to 4.3 log CFU, Environmental sampling revealed diverse microbiota, with higher contamination levels in examination rooms compared to disinfection areas. Following 90 seconds of UV-C exposure, no microbial growth was detected on any sampled site, indicating 100% decontamination. Additionally, UV-C treatment achieved >6.7 log reduction of B. subtilis spores across all tested regions. These findings demonstrate that UV-C LED technology provides rapid, effective, and consistent high-level disinfection of complex TVUS probe surfaces, supporting its potential as a rapid and reliable disinfection modality in clinical setting.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yasir, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Willcox, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-27</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.23.713795</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Inactivation of Microorganisms in the Complex Regions of Transvaginal Ultrasound Probes By a UVC-LED Light Based Disinfection System]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-27</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714356v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Open-source, Hardware-Independent GPU Acceleration for Scalable Nanopore Basecalling with Slorado and Openfish 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.25.714356v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Nanopore sequencing technologies are used widely in genomics research and their adoption continues to accelerate.  Basecalling is an essential step in the nanopore sequencing workflow, during which raw electrical signals are translated into nucleotide sequences. The current state-of-the-art basecaller, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) software  Dorado, relies on proprietary, platform-specific NVIDIA GPU optimisations bundled in the closed-source  Koi library. As a result, practical, high-speed basecalling is effectively restricted to a narrow class of supported hardware, limiting accessibility, portability, and innovation. We present (1)  Openfish, an open-source GPU-accelerated nanopore basecaller decoding library that provides a competitive alternative to ONTs proprietary Koi library; and (2) Slorado, a fully open-source basecalling framework that supports both DNA and RNA with equivalent accuracy to Dorado. Together, Openfish and Slorado remove the hardware lock-in that currently limits high-performance nanopore basecalling. Our framework scales efficiently across heterogeneous computing environments, from low-power embedded devices to GPU-equipped datacenters, without sacrificing speed or accuracy. Openfish and Slorado are available as free open-source packages for basecalling research, optimisation and deployment beyond the constraints of proprietary software and hardware ecosystems: Openfish: https://github.com/warp9seq/openfish, Slorado: https://github.com/BonsonW/slorado.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Wong, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Singh, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Javaid, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Denolf, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Liyanage, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Samarakoon, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Deveson, I. W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gamaarachchi, H.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.25.714356</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Open-source, Hardware-Independent GPU Acceleration for Scalable Nanopore Basecalling with Slorado and Openfish]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714585v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Towards the definition and measurement of routines and the cognitive processes that underpin their maintenance 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.26.714585v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The benefits of routines for daily functioning are widely acknowledged, yet, despite their apparent importance, methods for quantifying routine maintenance and the causes of their disruption remain lacking. Here, we propose a novel means of defining and quantifying routines (transition entropy). Using the transition entropy, we show that routines can be robustly elicited on tasks that require searching through a grid of squares for a hidden target. Over two experiments (N=100 each), we show that use of routines--as quantified by transition entropy--is robustly perturbed by frequent switches between search grids, as locations specific to the currently irrelevant grid become competitive for selection. Using a normative model that tracks task dynamics, we show that disruption to routines can be attributed to reduced sensitivity to the odds of success for completing a task. This suggests that routine maintenance may be disrupted by over-sensitivity to a lack of reward early in routine performance, or increased expectations regarding the utility of pursuing other tasks.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nolan, C. R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Le Pelley, M. E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garner, K. G.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-28</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.26.714585</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Towards the definition and measurement of routines and the cognitive processes that underpin their maintenance]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-28</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714781v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
fishROI: A specialized workflow for semi-automated muscle morphometry analysis in teleosts 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.27.714781v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Quantitative histological analysis of skeletal muscle morphometry provides critical insights into muscle physiology but remains labor-intensive and technically demanding. While recent developments in machine-learning-based image segmentation techniques have facilitated large-scale tissue analysis, existing tools that automate muscle morphometry analysis are largely tailored to mammalian models, with limited applicability to teleosts. Moreover, there is a lack of effective tools for visualizing spatial organization and morphometric variability of teleost muscle fibers, a feature that is important for understanding hyperplastic muscle growth dynamics in teleosts. In this study, we show that cytoplasmic staining combined with deep learning-based cell segmentation offers a robust and accurate approach for automated muscle morphometry analysis in developing zebrafish. We also introduce a FIJI2 plugin, implemented in Jython, that streamlines both morphometric analysis and visualization. This tool accommodates shallow and deep learning-based segmentation techniques and incorporates novel quantification and visualization methods suited to teleost-specific muscle features, including mosaic hyperplasia dynamics. The plugin features an intuitive graphical user interface and is designed for flexibility, with minimal constraints regarding species, image quality, or staining protocol. Its modular architecture allows it to be used as a baseline for automated muscle morphometry analysis, while permitting integration with other tools and workflows.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Lu, Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jamwal, V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Locop, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ruparelia, A. A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Currie, P. D.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.27.714781</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[fishROI: A specialized workflow for semi-automated muscle morphometry analysis in teleosts]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715272v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Coral Probiotics Buffer Adjacent Ecosystem-Level Responses to Extreme Marine Heatwave 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715272v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Probiotics can enhance coral thermal tolerance, yet their ecosystem-level effects remain unknown. Here, we present the first long-term in-situ test of whether coral-targeted probiotics influence adjacent cryptobenthic reef communities during a record marine heatwave. Probiotics were applied to Pocillopora favosa and Acropora spp. coral colonies for 18 months, spanning the fourth global bleaching event. Cryptobenthic communities were assessed using biomimetic monitoring structures integrating biodiversity surveys, molecular profiling, microbial network analyses, and metabolic assays. Before the heatwave, probiotic and control patches were comparable across structural, microbial, and functional metrics. Following thermal stress, control patches exhibited pronounced losses of cryptobenthic invertebrate abundance and taxonomic breadth, microbial network fragmentation, and net carbonate dissolution. In contrast, probiotic-treated patches retained higher biodiversity, cohesive microbial interaction architectures, and positive calcification. These findings demonstrate that coral-targeted probiotics can scale from host-level intervention to buffer adjacent ecosystem-level responses to extreme marine heatwaves under accelerating climate change.

TeaserA coral-targeted probiotic strategy enhances multi-trophic resilience under heat stress.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>El-Khaled, Y. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcia, F. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Santoro, E. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Garcias-Bonet, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Monti, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teixeira, M. A. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Justo, M. S. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gil-Ramos, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sempere-Valverde, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kolbasova, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Beenham, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Duarte, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martins, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Antony, C. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Thomas, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carvalho, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Peixoto, R. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-30</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715272</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Coral Probiotics Buffer Adjacent Ecosystem-Level Responses to Extreme Marine Heatwave]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-30</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.28.714565v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Structural Brain Network Alterations in Relation to Treatment and Illness Severity in Bipolar Disorder 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.28.714565v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundLarge-scale T1-weighted MRI studies have established grey-matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD), with our group contributing to consensus findings. However, structural connectivity, particularly within emotion- and reward-related circuits, remains poorly understood. Diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) enables investigation of white-matter pathways, yet prior work is constrained by small samples, methodological heterogeneity, and unclear medication effects. We conducted the largest dMRI network analysis in BD, relating symptom burden and polypharmacy to tractography-derived connectivity and graph-theoretic metrics.

MethodsCross-sectional structural and diffusion MRI scans from 449 individuals with BD (35.7{+/-}12.6 years) and 510 controls (33.3{+/-}12.6 years), aged 18-65, were analyzed across 16 ENIGMA-BD sites. Standardized segmentation/parcellation and constrained spherical deconvolution tractography generated individual structural connectivity matrices. Graph-theoretic metrics of global and subnetwork organization were related to symptom severity and medications.

ResultsBD showed widespread network alterations (lower density and efficiency, longer path length, and higher betweenness centrality), altered microstructural organization in a limbic-basal ganglia circuit, and abnormal streamline counts in a default-mode/salience/fronto-limbic-basal ganglia network. Longer illness duration, later onset, and psychosis history were associated with greater abnormalities in network architecture, whereas more manic episodes were associated with greater fronto-limbic connectivity. Antidepressant (particularly SSRI), anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic use related to poorer global and fronto-limbic connectivity; no clear lithium effects emerged.

ConclusionsAs the largest structural connectivity study in BD, we reveal widespread disruption in reward and emotion-regulation networks influenced by illness severity and medication use. Results show that multisite harmonization is feasible and highlight ENIGMA-BD as a scalable framework for identifying reproducible neurobiological markers.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Nabulsi, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kang, M. J. Y.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Jahanshad, N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McPhilemy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Martyn, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Haarman, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>McDonald, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hallahan, B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>O'Donoghue, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Stein, D. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Howells, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Scheffler, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Temmingh, H. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Glahn, D. C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rodrigue, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pomarol-Clotet, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Vieta, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Radua, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Salvador, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Karuk, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Canales-Rodriguez, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Houenou, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Favre, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Polosan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pouchon, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brambilla, P.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bellani, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mitchell, P. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Roberts, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Dannlowski, U.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Borgers, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Meinert, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Flinkenflugel, K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Repple, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Lehr, E. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grotegerd, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hahn, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wessa, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Phillips, M. L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Teutenberg, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Kircher, T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Straube, B</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.28.714565</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Structural Brain Network Alterations in Relation to Treatment and Illness Severity in Bipolar Disorder]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-03-31</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715171v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Monocyte Lineage Expansion Drives Transcriptomic Individuality in Genetically Identical Armadillo Quadruplets 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715171v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Genetic diversity shapes phenotypes, yet even genetically identical individuals differ. In nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) quadruplets, we previously showed that allele-specific expression (ASE) imbalances provide a stable molecular fingerprint of individuality. Here, we test whether such transcriptomic individuality reflects functional biological differences. We profiled bulk blood RNA from five cohorts of genetically identical quadruplets across three time points, and found persistent gene-expression signatures that predict individual identity. Focusing on a highly variable cohort, we then performed single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq. In this litter, the most stably distinct individual showed an expanded monocyte-lineage compartment and gene-expression programs enriched for inflammatory and differentiation pathways. These cell-type and regulatory differences were stable over time and robust to experimental leprosy infection. Together, our results link transcriptomic individuality to lasting differences in immune-cell composition, illustrating how early stochastic events can produce persistent, biologically meaningful divergence among genetically identical individuals.

TeaserGenetically identical armadillo quadruplets are identifiable by transcriptomic signatures shaped by cellular composition variation.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Kawaguchi, R. K.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ballouz, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pena, M. T.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>French, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Knight, F. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Adams, L. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gillis, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715171</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Monocyte Lineage Expansion Drives Transcriptomic Individuality in Genetically Identical Armadillo Quadruplets]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715193v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
When Tagging Frequency Matters to Attention: Effects on SSVEPs, ERPs, and Cognitive Processing 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715193v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Selective attention enables the prioritization of task-relevant information while managing distractors, and steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are widely used to track this process by tagging different visual objects at distinct flicker frequencies. However, whether the choice of tagging frequency itself influences other neural and cognitive measures remains unclear. Here, 27 participants performed detection and 1-back working memory tasks while a central target and peripheral distractors flickered at either 8.6 Hz or 12 Hz. The working memory task produced slower responses, more errors, and greater perceived difficulty than detection. Tagging frequency strongly shaped neural responses, with 8.6 Hz eliciting higher SSVEP signal-to-noise ratios than 12 Hz regardless of stimulus location. Nevertheless, stronger SSVEP responses for centrally attended stimuli were associated with fewer working memory errors and larger early visual ERP responses, while SSVEPs for attended and distractor stimuli were negatively correlated. In addition, the working memory task produced a larger P1-N1 peak-to-peak difference, and tagging frequency altered the timing and amplitude of early ERP effects. Together, these findings show that tagging frequency is not a neutral methodological parameter, but one that shapes both neural indices of attention and their relationship to cognitive performance.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Carter, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Shivdasani, M. N.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Grayden, D. B.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hester, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Barutchu, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715193</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[When Tagging Frequency Matters to Attention: Effects on SSVEPs, ERPs, and Cognitive Processing]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715418v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Flexible Asexuality: Naturally occurring variation in mechanisms of parthenogenesis within lineages and individuals of a facultative parthenogen, Megacrania batesii 
]]>
</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.30.715418v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Parthenogenesis is relatively rare and often regarded as an evolutionary dead end. Despite this, certain parthenogenetic animal species have endured for millions of years, but it is unclear what enables the persistence of some parthenogenetic lineages. Transitions from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction can occur through different evolutionary processes that give rise to diverse cytological reproductive mechanisms. These mechanisms are likely to influence genetic diversity, especially in the early stages after the transition to parthenogenesis and may thus affect lineage persistence. To understand such evolutionary transitions, we used experimental crosses to investigate the mechanism of parthenogenesis and the immediate genetic consequences of switching from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction in the facultatively parthenogenetic phasmid Megacrania batesii. We obtained DNA sequence data from multiple lineages propagated over three generations via sex, parthenogenesis, or transitions between reproductive modes. We quantified heterozygosity and within-family genetic variation and compared the genetic patterns with predictions for known mechanisms of parthenogenesis. We found that a single generation of parthenogenesis typically resulted in (near-)complete loss of heterozygosity and an absence of within-family genetic variation, consistent with automixis with gamete duplication or terminal fusion and little/no recombination. However, we also found evidence of variation in the mechanism of parthenogenesis among lineages and even within the same individual, associated with drastic differences in the amount of heterozygosity and within-family genetic variation maintained across generations. Our findings show that considerable variation in parthenogenetic mechanisms can exist within populations and suggest that such variation could influence the persistence and evolution of parthenogenetic lineages.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Miller, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Wilner, D.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Boldbaatar, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Bonduriansky, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.30.715418</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Flexible Asexuality: Naturally occurring variation in mechanisms of parthenogenesis within lineages and individuals of a facultative parthenogen, Megacrania batesii]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-01</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715562v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The genome of the Delisea pulchra: a resource for the study of chemical host-microbe interactions in red algae 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.31.715562v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
BackgroundRed macroalgae (Rhodophyta) are ecologically and economically important marine primary producers, yet genomic resources for most species remain scarce. Delisea pulchra, a temperate red alga known for its halogenated furanone-based chemical defenses, serves as a model for studying algal-microbe interactions, antifouling mechanisms, and disease dynamics.

ResultsHere we present a high-quality genome assembly of this species. The nuclear genome comprises 134 Mbp across 271 contigs with an N50 of 1.47 Mbp and encodes 13,387 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics with other red algae revealed expansions in gene families involved in DNA methylation, and oxidative stress responses, including glutathione S-transferases and superoxide dismutases. Analysis of glycosyltransferases, sulfatases, and sulfurylases implicated in galactan biosynthesis suggests D. pulchra possesses a complex and potentially novel extracellular matrix. We also identified several vanadium haloperoxidases (vHPOs), heme-dependent haloperoxidases (hHPOs), and two type III polyketide synthase (PKS) genes unique to the D. pulchra, which together represent promising candidate genes for bromofuranone production.

ConclusionThe D. pulchra genome provides a foundation for molecular investigations into defense, signaling, and host-microbe interactions. It has been deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB101077. All datasets, annotations, and interactive tools for exploring the genome are also available through the Rhodoexplorer portal at https://rhodoexplorer.sb-roscoff.fr.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Dittami, S. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hudson, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Brillet-Gueguen, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ficko-Blean, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Tanguy, G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Rousvoal, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Legeay, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Markov, G. V.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delage, L.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Godfroy, O.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Corre, E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Collen, J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Leblanc, C.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Egan, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-02</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.03.31.715562</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The genome of the Delisea pulchra: a resource for the study of chemical host-microbe interactions in red algae]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-02</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715990v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
The long noncoding RNA Dory is required for female but not male spatial learning and memory 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.01.715990v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Large numbers of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit region- or cell-specific expression and subcellular locations in the mammalian brain. We analyzed the expression and function of the mouse lncRNA 2700046G09Rik (also called Sgms1os1), which we have named Dory due to sex-specific disruption of spatial memory in rodent gene knockout and RNA knockdown. We show that Dory is predominantly expressed in a punctate pattern in nuclei of excitatory neurons in the hippocampus, and in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the cerebellum. We show by high resolution RNA sequencing that Dory brain transcripts are composed of 1-3 exons with multiple isoforms. Deletion of the constitutive first exon of Dory by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing resulted in the impairment of spatial memory and some aspects of balance in female but not male mice. Dory-null mice presented without overt changes in brain morphology. Knockdown of the rat homolog of Dory in dorsal hippocampus using antisense oligonucleotides confirmed inhibition of spatial memory in females only. RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry revealed differential hippocampal gene and protein expression profiles, notably of prolactin, growth hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin, between male and female Dory knockout mice.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Jung, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Cummins, M. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Altaf, S.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Heggen, R.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Poljak, A.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Delerue, F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ittner, L. M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Mattick, J. S.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-06</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.01.715990</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[The long noncoding RNA Dory is required for female but not male spatial learning and memory]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-06</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
<item rdf:about="https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716446v1?rss=1">
<title>
<![CDATA[
Energetic analysis of Na+/K+-ATPase using bond graphs 
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</title>
<link>https://biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.05.716446v1?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) consumes 19-28% of cellular ATP and is critical for maintaining ion homeostasis. Understanding its energetic efficiency is essential for comprehending cellular physiology and pathophysiology. We develop bond graph models of the NKA that ensure thermodynamic consistency by enforcing conservation of mass, charge, and energy. A simplified 6-state model captures biophysics comparable to a 15-state model while remaining computationally tractable. Through detailed energetic analysis, we demonstrate that under physiological conditions, approximately 65% of the energy from ATP hydrolysis is stored as chemical energy in ion gradients, 10% as electrical energy in the membrane potential, and 25% is dissipated as heat, yielding an overall efficiency of [~]75%. We investigate how the free energy of ATP hydrolysis ({Delta}GATP), intracellular Na+, and extracellular K+ affect NKA efficiency and activity. A critical threshold exists at {Delta}GATP {approx} - 48 kJ/mol below which chemoelectrical transduction drops dramatically, consistent with NKA inhibition under ischemic conditions. The bond graph framework enables quantitative comparison of different NKA models and provides a systematic approach for analyzing ion pumps.

SIGNIFICANCEThe sodium-potassium ATPase is one of the bodys most energy-consuming enzymes, yet its energetic efficiency and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study presents the first comprehensive energetic analysis using bond graph modeling, guaranteeing thermodynamic consistency. By demonstrating that simplified 6-state models capture essential energetic behaviors of complex 15-state models, we establish bond graphs as a powerful, tractable tool for energetic analysis, model comparison, model selection and validation. The bond graph approach can be applied to other transporters, offering a powerful tool for systems physiology and drug discovery.
]]></description>
<dc:creator>Ai, W.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Hunter, P. J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Pan, M.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nickerson, D. P.</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2026-04-08</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>doi:10.64898/2026.04.05.716446</dc:identifier>
<dc:title><![CDATA[Energetic analysis of Na+/K+-ATPase using bond graphs]]></dc:title>
<dc:publisher>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</dc:publisher>
<prism:publicationDate>2026-04-08</prism:publicationDate>
<prism:section></prism:section>
</item>
</rdf:RDF>
